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    IP - Subnetting

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    Abhishek kapoor
    The document discusses network design fundamentals including IP addressing, subnetting, and binary calculations. It covers IP address format and reserved addresses, defines subnetting terms, and demonstrates how to calculate the subnet ID, broadcast ID, and usable address range given an IP address and subnet mask by converting them to binary and applying the subnet mask using binary AND operations.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    IP - Subnetting

    Uploaded by

    Abhishek kapoor
    363 views20 pages
    The document discusses network design fundamentals including IP addressing, subnetting, and binary calculations. It covers IP address format and reserved addresses, defines subnetting terms, and demonstrates how to calculate the subnet ID, broadcast ID, and usable address range given an IP address and subnet mask by converting them to binary and applying the subnet mask using binary AND operations.

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    IP - subnetting

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    The document discusses network design fundamentals including IP addressing, subnetting, and binary calculations. It covers IP address format and reserved addresses, defines subnetting terms, and demonstrates how to calculate the subnet ID, broadcast ID, and usable address range given an IP address and subnet mask by converting them to binary and applying the subnet mask using binary AND operations.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    363 views20 pages

    IP - Subnetting

    Uploaded by

    Abhishek kapoor
    The document discusses network design fundamentals including IP addressing, subnetting, and binary calculations. It covers IP address format and reserved addresses, defines subnetting terms, and demonstrates how to calculate the subnet ID, broadcast ID, and usable address range given an IP address and subnet mask by converting them to binary and applying the subnet mask using binary AND operations.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 20

    Network Design

    Fundamentals
    Internet Protocol: Subnetting
    Presented by,
    Jack Crowder, CCIE
    Agenda
    • Review
    – IP Addressing
    • Format
    • Classfull
    • Reserved
    • Subnetting
    – Terms
    – Binary calculations
    – IP subnet calculation

    2
    Review
    • RFC 1466 (IPv4)
    • Address format:
    – 4 octets, dotted decimal notation
    – Example: 192.168.005.100
    – Applied to any interface that wants to communicate in
    an IP network
    • Purpose:
    – Addresses logically grouped: Subnet
    • Routers “deal in” subnets

    3
    Classfull Boundaries – 1st Octet
    00000000 0 Class A /
    01111111 127

    10000000 128 Class B /


    10111111 191

    11000000 192 Class C /


    11011111 223

    11100000 224 Class D


    11101111 239

    4
    RFC 1878 and 1918
    • reserved: 0.0.0.0 – 0.255.255.255 /8
    • Class A: 1.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255
    – reserved: 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 /8 (private)
    – reserved: 127.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255 /8 (loopback)
    • Class B: 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255
    – reserved: 128.0.0.0 - 128.255.255.255 /8
    – reserved: 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 /12 (private)
    • Class C: 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255
    – reserved: 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 /16 (private)
    • Class D: 224.0.0.0 – 239.255.255.255
    – reserved: 224.0.0.0 - 225.255.255.255 (Multicast)
    • reserved: 255.255.255.255 (Broadcast) /32
    5
    Subnetting Terms
    • Address
    • Subnet
    • Subnet Mask
    • Network field (as determined by the Subnet Mask)
    • Host field (as determined by the Subnet Mask)
    • Subnet ID: all 0’s (in the Host field)
    • Broadcast ID: all 1’s (in the Host field)
    • Unicast (useable address on a subnet)
    • Host route

    6
    Binary Calculation
    2 to the power of X
    • 4 Octets (a.k.a. Bytes) in a IPv4 address
    – 8 bits in an octet
    – 32 bits in an address
    • 8 Bits in each octet
    – 28 = 256
    • Decimal number range:
    0 – 255 (256 numbers counting “0”)
    • Binary range:
    00000000 – 11111111 (256 combinations of 1’s and 0’s)

    7
    Decimal to Binary
    255 = 11111111 255 = 11111111
    128 = 10000000 252 = 11111100
    64 = 01000000 248 = 11111000
    32 = 00100000 240 = 11110000
    16 = 00010000 224 = 11100000
    8 = 00001000 192 = 11000000
    4 = 00000100 128 = 10000000
    2 = 00000010 0 = 00000000
    1 = 00000001
    0 = 00000000
    8
    Binary Template
    always start counting from 0

    x
    2 = 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
    X= 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
    Position = 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

    9
    Subnet Mask
    • Purpose:
    – Apply the Mask to the IP Address to determine:
    • Network bits
    • Host bits
    • Subnet ID, Broadcast ID & Unicast range
    • Format:
    – 4 octets, dotted decimal notation (same as IP address)
    – Contiguous binary 1’s starting from the left
    • Examples:
    – 255.255.255.0 (typical for LAN segment)
    – 255.255.255.252 (typical for WAN pvc)
    – 255.255.255.1 (incorrect)
    10
    Subnet Mask in Binary
    • 255.255.255.0
    • 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

    • 255.255.255.252
    • 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100

    • 255.255.255.1 - incorrect
    • 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000001

    11
    Subnet Calculation
    • Step 1 – Convert:
    – decimal address & mask format to binary address & mask
    format
    • Step 2 – Apply:
    – binary subnet mask to the binary IP address using the
    “and” function
    • Step 3 – Calculate:
    – Subnet ID
    – Broadcast ID
    – Unicast range (usable subnet addresses)
    12
    Step 1 XXX = 0 - 255
    DECIMAL

    XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX

    Network bits Host bits

    address 185.213.22.219
    subnet mask 255.255.255.0
    13
    Step 1
    XXXXXXXX = 00000000 - 11111111

    xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
    BINARY

    Network bits Host bits

    10111001.11010101.00010110.11011011

    11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

    14
    Step 2: IP Subnet Calculation

    Subnet MASK
    <AND> IP Address
    IP Subnet
    <AND> Rules:
    1 and 1 = 1
    1 and 0 = 0 Another way:
    0 and 1 = 0 1 and X = X
    0 and 0 = 0 0 and X = 0
    15
    Step 3 – IP Subnet – Example 1
    185.213.022.219 255.255.255.000 /24

    11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
    ________.11010101.00010110.11011011

    Subnet ID
    Broadcast ID

    Subnet ID: ____.____.____.____


    Broadcast ID: ____.____.____.____
    Unicast: ____.____.____.____ - ____
    16
    IP Subnet – Example 2
    185.213.022.219 255.255.255.252 /30

    11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100
    ________.11010101.00010110.11011011

    Subnet ID
    Broadcast ID

    Subnet ID: ____.____.____.____


    Broadcast ID: ____.____.____.____
    Unicast: ____.____.____.____ - ____
    17
    Useable IP Address Calculations
    1) 32 bits in address
    2) 32 - network bits = host bits
    3) 2 to the power of host bits = addresses on subnet
    4) addresses - 2 (Broadcast and Subnet ID)
    = usable addresses on subnet

    255.255.255.240 = /28
    32 - 28 = 4
    24 = 16 Addresses on Subnet
    16 - 2 = 14 Unicast addresses on Subnet
    18
    Host Route
    • Purpose:
    – Used on Loopback and Dial-up interfaces
    • Example:
    – 10.5.109.22 255.255.255.255 (/32)

    19
    IP Subnet example 3
    • IP Address: ____.____.____.____
    • Subnet Mask: ____.____.____.____ ____
    • Network bits ____ Host bits ____

    • Subnet: ____.____.____.____
    • Broadcast: ____.____.____.____
    • Usable Range: ____.____.____.____
    • through ____.____.____.____

    20

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