Bridge Design W ECs RAOUL 20121002-Ispra

Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012
Design of steel and composite bridges

Highway bridges
Jol Raoul
Main selected features
General presentation and scope of EC3 and
EC4 related to steel and composite bridges

Materials
Structural analysis
Cross-section analysis at ULS and SLS
Treatment of instabilities
Fatigue
application
s
Partie
2
bridges
Partie
7.1
pylons
Partie
7.2
chimneys
Partie 6
Cranes
Partie
4.1
Partie
4.2
Silos
tanks
Partie
4.3
Partie
5
Pipelines
piling
Partie
1.1
General rules
Partie
1.7
Plated elements
loaded transv.
Partie
1.2
fire
Partie
1.8
joints
Partie
1.3
sheetings
Partie
1.9
Fatigue
Partie
1.4
Stainless steel
Partie
1.10
Brittle
fracture
Partie
1.5
Plated
elements
Partie
1.11
cables
Partie
1.6
shells
Partie
1.12
generic
rules
S500 to S690
Eurocode 3 : steel structures
EN 1994 : composite steel-concrete structures

EN 1994-2 general rules and bridges
(self-sufficient)
CONCRETE PART
STEEL PART
EN 1992-2
EN 1993-2
Scope of EN1993-2
All steel bridges (in general with an orthotropic deck) and the
steel part of composite bridges
Scope of EN1994-2
Composite bridges
Girder bridges
Economy : two-girder
bridges even for 2X2 lanes
due to robustness rules
Box girders
Composite members
Tension members (tie of bowstring arch)
10
Composite plates
11
12
Filler beam decks

In the transversal direction
In the longitudinal direction
13
Materials
Concrete :
Between C20 and C60 for composite bridges (C 90 for concrete bridges)
Steel :
up to S460 for steel and composite bridges
(S 500 to S 700 in a separate part 1-12 for steel bridges)
Choice of material :
avoid brittle behaviour
HOAN BRIDGE 2000
14
An overlooked defect is assumed during execution :

e.g. : a = 2.2 mm for tf=80 mm
It grows acc. to fracture mechanics laws (assuming

fatigue is governing the design)
Up to the critical defect

depending on Charpy energy
at service temperature
Over a period depending

on the inspection periodicity
NOTE: fabrication rules and

quality plan are given in EN 1090
They are assumed
to be met when using EN 1993
15
EN 10025
grade quality
16
Structural analysis
Elastic
Plastic (buildings, bridges in accidental situations)
17
18
Classes of steel cross-sections

Cl.1
Cl.2
Mpl
Cl.3
Mel
Cl.4
Class of
flanges
19
20
Global analysis of composite bridges:

two aspects are considered
Cracking of concrete on
support
Non linear behaviour at
mid span
Mpl,Rd
Mel,Rd
Class 1
21
Modular ratio used in a composite section

n L n0 . 1 Lt
n0
Ea
E cm
Value of t0 :
and
t t t 0 creep coefficient given by EC2 :
t0 = 1 day for shrinkage

t0 = a mean value in case of concrete cast in several stages
SIMPLE CALCULATIONS
L is given by :
Permanent loads
shrinkage
Imposed deformations
1,1
0,55
1,5
22
Plate buckling and shear lag
Effectivep width
(plate buckling)
effectives width
(shear lag)
23
Effectives width of concrete slab (ULS and SLS)
bei min(
be1
b1
b1
Le
; bi )
8
beff
b0
be2
b2
Effectives width of stiffened plates

1.2
Shear lag at ULS:

3 alternatives, black
one recommended
beta (alpha0,x)
( 1.4 x )
24
1.2
beta lastique en fonction du raidissage
0.8
( 1 x)
Shear lag atelu

SLS:
( 1.4 x )
elastic (red line)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.083056
0
0
01/50
0.2
0.4
0.6
x x
0.8
b0/Le
1
1.
25
Composite cross-section verification at ULS (M>0)

fck/gc
0,85 fck/gc
compression
PNA
ENA
traction
fy/gM
Elastic resistance
(for class 1, 2, 3)
fy/gM
plastic resistance
(for classes 1/2)
NOTE : gM is 1.0 (recommended for resistance formulae)
Verification at SLS
Limitation of stresses for steel and composite bridges
As in EN1992-2 and EN1993-2 (fy in the steel part)
Limitation of crack widths for composite bridges
As in EN1992-2 with tension stiffening (wk=0.3mm in
general)
Using a simplified method
26
Treatment of instabilities
exprimental behaviour
27
mechanical model
Aeff
equ
=0
2=-cr
1
1
Principle of verification
28
u = ultimate loading (without instability)/ ULS loading

cr = critical loading / ULS loading

u
cr
PRd=PRk/gM
f ( )
Test /theory
(mechanical
model)
calibration
PRk Pu
NOTE : gM is 1.1 (recommended for stability formulae)
Plate buckling of stiffened plates in EC3
29
30
Fatigue verification in EC3

Calculation of DE,2 under a fatigue loading
P = 480kN
Influence of the type of influence line

Influence of the type of traffic
Influence of the number of lanes
31
partial factor for

loading= 1,0
verification
Dc =80
Category of
detail
Orthotropic decks : recommended detailing

Deck plate thickness in the carriage way

in the heavy vehicle lane
t 14 mm for asphalt layer 70 mm
32
SETRA
33
1st bridge entirely

designed to EC4 in
Avignon
4500 t
SETRA
34
Outstanding composite bridges

Max span 144 m: Verrires viaduct (composite box-girder bridge)
SETRA
Max S460 thickness 120 mm: Guarrigue viaduct

SETRA
SETRA
Surface > 20000 m: Vzre viaduct
SOME INNOVATIONS / ECONOMY ISSUES
Enormous scientific work

Simplicity of calculations
Robustness (fatigue + brittle fracture)
Full exploitation of the materials (postcritical range)
Steels up to S690
Hybrid girders
Harmonization of the format and the reliability of all
the instability formulae
Treatment of stiffened plates
Design of orthotropic decks
35

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Bridge Design W ECs RAOUL 20121002-Ispra

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Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012

Design of steel and composite bridges

Main selected features

General presentation and scope of EC3 and

EC4 related to steel and composite bridges

Eurocode 3 : steel structures

EN 1994 : composite steel-concrete structures

Tension members (tie of bowstring arch)

Filler beam decks

In the longitudinal direction

HOAN BRIDGE 2000

An overlooked defect is assumed during execution :

It grows acc. to fracture mechanics laws (assuming

Up to the critical defect

Over a period depending

NOTE: fabrication rules and

Plastic (buildings, bridges in accidental situations)

Classes of steel cross-sections

Global analysis of composite bridges:

Modular ratio used in a composite section

t t t 0 creep coefficient given by EC2 :

t0 = 1 day for shrinkage

Plate buckling and shear lag

Effectives width of concrete slab (ULS and SLS)

Effectives width of stiffened plates

Shear lag at ULS:

beta lastique en fonction du raidissage

Shear lag atelu

Composite cross-section verification at ULS (M>0)

NOTE : gM is 1.0 (recommended for resistance formulae)

u = ultimate loading (without instability)/ ULS loading

NOTE : gM is 1.1 (recommended for stability formulae)

Plate buckling of stiffened plates in EC3

Fatigue verification in EC3

Influence of the type of influence line

partial factor for

Orthotropic decks : recommended detailing

Deck plate thickness in the carriage way

1st bridge entirely

Outstanding composite bridges

Max S460 thickness 120 mm: Guarrigue viaduct

Surface > 20000 m: Vzre viaduct

SOME INNOVATIONS / ECONOMY ISSUES

Enormous scientific work

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