Archaelogical Report 50 Bowery

50
Bowery: Phase IB Archaeological Monitoring and Field Testing of

the 50 Bowery site (Block 202, Lot 23), New York, New York
Prepared for:
50 Bowery LLC
183 Centre Street 6th Floor
New York, New York 10013-4118
Prepared by:
Alyssa Loorya, M.A., MPhil., R.P.A., Principal Investigator,
Diane George, M.A., MPhil., R.P.A. and
Eileen Kao
July 2014
50 Bowery: Phase IB Archaeological Monitoring and Field Testing of

the 50 Bowery site (Block 202, Lot 23), New York, New York
Prepared for:
50 Bowery LLC
183 Centre Street 6th Floor
New York, New York 10013-4118
Prepared by:
Alyssa Loorya, M.A., MPhil., R.P.A., Principal Investigator,
Diane George, M.A., MPhil., R.P.A. and
Eileen Kao
Chrysalis Archaeological Consultants, Inc.
July 2014
MANAGEMENT SUMMARY TABLE
Involved State/Federal Agencies:
None
Phase of Survey:
Phase IB Archaeological Monitoring and Field Test
Location Information:
New York, New York

New York County
Survey Area:
New York City Block 202, Lot 23: 75 x 200
USGS 7.5 Quad Map:
New York, New York
Archaeological Survey Overview:
Potential eighteenth century wall fragments,

nineteenth century wall fragments and material
remains recovered
Results of Archaeological Survey:
No further archaeological testing
Results of Architectural Survey:

Buildings within Project Area:
Buildings adjacent to Project Area
Previous N/R Buildings:
Eligible N/R Buildings
0
N/A
0
0
Report Authors:
Alyssa Loorya, M.A., MPhil., R.P.A.

Diane George, M.A., MPhil., R.P.A.
Eileen Kao
Date:
July 2014
ii
MANAGEMENT SUMMARY
In April 2014, Chrysalis Archaeological Consultants (Chrysalis) was contracted by 50 Bowery
LLC, to undertake a Phase IB Archaeological Monitoring and Field Testing for the
redevelopment of their property at 50 Bowery, Block 202, Lot 23, New York (New York
County), New York.
Located in the area today known as Chinatown in the southern portion of Manhattan Island, the
site is bounded by Bowery to the east, Elizabeth Street to the west, with Canal Street to the north
and Bayard Street to the south. The entrance to the Manhattan Bridge Plaza is directly across the
street from the site. The site is currently owned by 50 Bowery LLC who is renovating the site
from existing mixed commercial use into a hotel.
As the project is privately funded, the site is not subject to the City Environmental Quality
Review Act (CEQRA), the State Environmental Quality Review Act (SEQRA) or Section 106 of
the Historic Preservation Act, 1966, as amended. The work undertaken was at the discretion of
50 Bowery LLC. Review and approval of the report by The City of New York Landmarks
Preservation Commission (LPC) or the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic
Preservation (NY SHPO) is not required.
A Phase IA Documentary Study and Archaeological Assessment was completed earlier in 2014.
The report highlighted the potential to uncover remains of the eighteenth century Bulls Head
Tavern and nineteenth century Atlantic Beer Garden within certain areas within the overall
project area.
Archaeological monitoring uncovered fragmentary remnants of a potential eighteenth century
stone wall. The nature of the remains did not lead to a positive identification of the Bulls Head
Tavern. Remains of the nineteenth century Atlantic Beer Garden were identified. In addition,
nineteenth and early twentieth century material remains were recovered from the site.
As the entire area was excavated for the new building, no further archaeological concerns for the
site remain. All material remains were returned to the property owner for their use.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page:
Management Summary (Table and Text)
Table of Contents
List of Maps, Images and Tables
Acknowledgements
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iv
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vii
I.
II.
III.
IV.
01
05
33
35
Introduction
Phase IB Results
Summary and Recommendations
References
Appendices
A:
B:
C:
D:
E:
F:
Archaeological Scope of Work

Artifact DataBase
Artifact Images
Field Images
Additional Information
Resumes
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137
iv.
LIST OF MAPS, IMAGES AND TABLES

Title:
Page:
Map 01.
Map 02.
Map 03.
Map 04.
Map 05.
Map 06.
Map 07.
Project Area Map
03
Plan view schematic of archaeological feature locations.

1891 Bromley map depicting the original property lots.
Plan view of the excavation and features within the 50 Bowery lot
Profile map of the features within the historic 50 Bowery lot
Profile of the interior of the cistern structure
1857 Perris Atlas - project area and historic lots configuration
04
06
07
08
18
22
Image 01.
Image 02.
Image 03.
Image 04.
Image 05.
Image 06.
Image 07.
Image 08.
Image 09.
Image 10.
Image 11.
Image 12.
Image 13.
Image 14.
Image 15.
Image 16.
Image 17.
Image 18.
Image 19.
Image 20.
Image 21.
Image 22.
Image 23.
Image 24.
Image 25.
Excavation of south wall of the Atlantic Garden

Atlantic Garden basement exhibiting brick floor and alcoves
Late nineteenth century oval shaped dish stamped HOTEL.
Glass paneled beer mug
09
09
10
12
Cooking pot lid
12
Lea Perrins bottle

Small glass vial
Decorative tiles found within the former Atlantic Garden basement
Cistern with vaulted roof when first exposed.
Redware lid from a utilitarian vessel.
Stoneware water bottle with
Bocksbeutel wine bottle from Brgerspital Wine Estate, Germany
1896 wine and drinks menu from the Atlantic Garden
Small artifact scatter deposit.
Dr. J. Hostetters Stomach Bitters bottle
Plastered fieldstone wall and brick wall from 52 and 52 Bowery
North American Brewing Company bottle
Bottle of Dr. Dadirrians Zoolak
An ad for Dr. Dadirrians Zoolak
Cover of an 1896 program from the Atlantic Garden
13
14
15
16
19
19
20
21
24
26
27
29
30
31
34
Medicine Bottle
78
Henry Imhof
19th Century Newspaper add for Chemist
79
Medicine Bottle, no markings

Medicine Bottle
80
80
81
v.
LIST OF MAPS, IMAGES AND TABLES (continued)

Title:
Image 26.
Image 27.
Image 28.
Image 29.
Image 30.
Image 31.
Image 32.
Image 33.
Image 34.
Image 35.
Image 36.
Image 37.
Image 38.
Image 39.
Image 40.
Image 41.
Image 42.
Image 43.
Image 44.
Image 45.
Image 46.
Image 47.
Image 48.
Image 49.
Image 50.
Image 51.
Image 52.
Image 53.
Image 54.
Image 55
Page:
Medicine Bottle
Bowery Bottle
Bowery Bottle
82
83
84
Premium Soda Water bottle embossed

Premium Soda Water bottle embossed
E & J Burke Co. bottle displaying the cat logo
85
86
87
Beer Bottle
88
Bowl and Saucer in a pottery type known as Hotelware

Flow blue whiteware plate with a scrollwork design, 1835 1925
Flow blue whiteware plate with a scrollwork design, 1835 1925
Transfer-printed plate with the Willow pattern
Short stoneware mug with a half-heart shaped handle
Lug handeled salt-glazed stoneware jar with
Citrate Magnesia bottle
Lea & Perrins Worcestershire Sauce in a club style bottle
Blob Top style mineral water bottle
Clay smoking pipe
50 Bowery Excavation
89
89
90
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vi.
ACKNOWELDGEMENTS
Chrysalis Archaeology would like to thank Alex Chu, Irene Chu, Jonathan Chu, Lauren Chu and
David Ho from 50 Bowery LLC for the opportunity to work on this interesting property and
project. We appreciate your understanding, respect and support of the archaeological process
throughout. Anton Plano (Allied CMS) was also instrumental in providing assistance and
support to the project team. Thanks to everyone at Flintlock, including their site foreman, Frank.
Thanks to Simeon Bankoff, Executive Director, Historic Districts Council for information on the
Bowery and Joseph Ditta from the New York Historical Society for help with last minute
research.
vii.
I. INTRODUCTION
50 Bowery Holdings, LLC (50BH) is undertaking development of a high-rise hotel at 50 Bowery
in Manhattan, New York County, New York. The project encompasses City Block 202, Lot 23
(Map 01). Beginning in October 2013, Chrysalis Archaeology conducted a Phase IA
documentary study of this property. This study was contracted to determine if the property was
the location of the eighteenth century Bulls Head Tavern. Based upon the research and
recommendations of the documentary study 50 Bowery Holdings, LLC decided to proceed with
Phase IB archaeological work. The proposed 50 Bowery project is a private development and not
within a historic district, as such, archaeology was not required by city, state or federal
regulations. All work was voluntarily undertaken by 50BH.
The Phase IA documentary study (Chrysalis 2013) determined that the project site had a high
sensitivity for cultural materials in the previously undeveloped rear yard areas of the Bowery and
Elizabeth Street properties, corresponding to the central portion of the modern day lot. A review
of documents in conjunction with a survey of the existing structure suggested high potential for
preservation of subsurface features such as wells, cisterns and privies. Specifically, the central
area of the modern structure had a concrete slab foundation with no apparent subsurface
disturbance. Among the historic properties identified on the site were the Theatre Hotel, serving
patrons of the adjacent Bowery Theatre in the 1820s to 1840s, and the Atlantic Garden, a popular
and influential German beer garden present from the mid-nineteenth thru early twentieth
centuries. It was determined that backyard features from these establishments as well as from
earlier and contemporaneous residential structures on adjoining lots within the project footprint
might be substantially intact. Based on this potential, Chrysalis recommended monitoring in
identified sensitive areas.
The Phase IA study found no conclusive evidence of the precise location of the Bulls Head
tavern building. Historical documents confirmed that the tavern fronted the Bowery within
present-day Block 202 and that the project site was part of the larger Bulls Head lot, which also
contained cattle yards and stables. While tax records and other documents strongly suggested the
tavern itself was most likely at 50 Bowery, this could not be definitively proven. The findings of
the documentary study did rule out the former 5252 Bowery lots1 as the tavern location. This
was an important determination, as claims had been made that intact portions of the Bulls Head
were present in the basement of these lots.
Archaeological monitoring occurred during excavation of the property prior to the installation of
pile supports for the proposed construction. The majority of monitoring took place along the
eastern half, and center, of the property, where there was potential for remains of the Bulls Head
Tavern and for associated back yard features. Monitoring identified several features including
the basement of the Atlantic Gardens and an early to mid-nineteenth century cistern (Map 02).
52 and 52 Bowery were merged into the 50 Bowery lot in the twentieth century. Prior to that time they were
independent lots and structures.
The purpose of the Phase IB Archaeological Monitoring was to: 1. determine whether the project
area contains significant (i.e. National Register eligibility) cultural resources based on the
archaeological sensitivity as determined by the Phase IA Archaeological Assessment (Chrysalis
2013); 2. Perform all laboratory analysis of material remains recovered (i.e. washing, cataloging,
creation of a database); 3. develop a historical and archaeological context(s) for the interpretation
and evaluation of any potential archaeological resources that are or may have been exposed
within the APE; 4. produce a draft and final report of the results.
Alyssa Loorya, M.A., MPhil., R.P.A., Principal Investigator, Diane George, M.A., MPhil.,
R.P.A., and Eileen Kao authored this report on behalf of Chrysalis. All work was performed in
accordance with the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation (NY
SHPO), the City of New York Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) and New York
Archaeological Council (NYAC) guidelines and regulations.
Map 01: Project Area Map
Map 02: Plan view schematic of archaeological feature locations.
II. PHASE IB RESULTS

Chrysalis monitored excavation over a five-week period based on the approved Archaeological
Work Plan (Appendix A). Archaeological monitoring occurred during the initial excavation on
the Elizabeth Street side of the property, during excavation along the south wall on the Bowery
side of the property, in the northeast corner of the property and for portions of the center of the
lot in the former rear yard areas. Eight features were identified, including the basement of the
Atlantic Garden beer garden, a nineteenth century cistern, basement walls from early nineteenth
residential buildings at 52-52 Bowery, an artifact deposit, a small deposit of oyster shells and
two large bottle deposits. Over seven hundred artifacts were collected from the site. The listing
of material remains is presented in the Artifact DataBase (Appendix B). Appendices C and E
contain additional artifact images and information. The overall project findings are discussed
below in three sections organized by location within the project lot. Additional filed images are
presented in Appendix D.
50 Bowery2
Chrysalis monitored excavation in the southeast quadrant of the Project Area along the southern
property line of the original 50 Bowery lot (Map 03). The property line abuts the neighboring
building. The most significant archaeological resources were found in this area (Map 04 and
Map 05). These consisted of a brick and fieldstone wall with a large number of mid-to-latenineteenth century artifacts and a large brick cistern. The cistern contained numerous artifacts
dating from the early to late nineteenth century. Monitoring identified two features towards the
west end in the southern half this area. One was a large bottle deposit with hundreds of midnineteenth century bottles. The second feature was a rectangular cinderblock subsurface
construction containing a considerable amount of coal in the fill. At the western end of the
northern half of the historic 50 Bowery lot, a small deposit of oyster shell was uncovered.
Brick and fieldstone basement
The remains of a brick and fieldstone basement wall with an associated brick floor and numerous
artifacts were uncovered along the south property line between 25 and 50 west of the Bowery
building line (Image 01). A north-to-south oriented fieldstone wall remnant was present at 50
west of the building line. The wall remnant measured at least 15 long and consisted of
sandstone, granite and schist with a sand-and-shell based mortar. At its south end, the wall
remnant connected to and formed a corner with a brick and fieldstone wall, which ran along the
south property line, abutting the former Bowery Theatre building. This southern wall consisted
of two fieldstone segments and two segments with brick set on a fieldstone base. On top of these
segments was concrete and brick, added at a later date. At least two alcoves had been constructed
along this wall, corresponding with the changes in wall construction (fieldstone versus brick and
fieldstone). Thin brick walls, or supports extending 1 2 north from the wall created shallow
recesses along the wall. A brick lip of slightly more than one foot delineated the alcoves from a
brick floor that continued to the north for an indeterminate distance (Image 02).
This section excluded 52 52 Bowery which, historically were separate lots.
The purpose of these alcoves is not clear. While the construction is suggestive of a hearth, there
was no distinct evidence of burning on the walls and no ash or cinder debris within the
associated soil. A possible explanation is that these alcoves could have been cold storage areas,
with the brick-framed, subsurface niches providing some insulation for food items that needed to
be kept cool, or perhaps for storage of wine and beer.
Map 03: 1891 Bromley map depicting the original property lots.
Map 04: Plan view of the excavation and features within the historic 50 Bowery lot.
Map 05: Profile map of the features within the historic 50 Bowery lot.
Image 01: Excavation of south wall of the Atlantic Garden

basement showing both brick and stone wall segments.
Image 02: Atlantic Garden basement exhibiting brick floor and alcoves along the southern wall.
This feature and the associated artifacts were archaeologically excavated. Numerous late
nineteenth century artifacts, including a large amount of plain Hotel Ware ceramic and glass
alcohol bottles, were recovered. These appear to have been dumped into the alcoves. The date
range and nature of the artifacts allows firm identification of the feature as the basement of the
Atlantic Garden. The construction materials, however, suggest that portions of the structure may
have been repurposed from the Theatre Hotel.
Most of the artifacts excavated from the basement feature were ceramic or glass, with copper
cooking pots, animal bones (food remains), architectural items such as nails, window glass and
brass fixtures, and clay smoking pipes making up the remainder of the collection. Taken
together, the artifacts are consistent with debris from an eating establishment. The vast majority
of ceramic was a type known as Hotel Ware, which is a heavy, thick-bodied, plain white
utilitarian ware similar to what is still seen today in restaurants, particularly diners and coffee
shops. A number of the pieces were stamped Hotel on their base (Image 03).
Image 03: Late nineteenth century oval shaped dish stamped HOTEL.
Also present was another similar ware type known as Ironstone. Several of the vessels had
makers marks on their bases, including John Maddock and Wedgewood, both English
potteries. This ware was present in various vessel forms, including plates, cups, small bowls and
individual casseroles. Many of the pieces were complete and unbroken. A number of stoneware
and redware storage vessels were also recovered. A few fancier items were found, including
transfer printed whitewares, pearlware, and a small amount of porcelain. These items may have
been reserved for more elite diners or special dishes while the Hotel Ware was used for the bulk
10
of the serving. Another marker that this was an eating/drinking establishment was the presence
of several beer mugs. These were squat, paneled glass mugs with large handles (Image 04). The
collection of artifacts from this location also included copper lids of varying sizes that were most
likely from pressure cookers. These had wood and iron handles, which were still partially
preserved (Image 05).
The majority of the glass vessels recovered were from alcohol bottles, probably beer, wine and
champagne. The bottles were not machine-manufactured, which places their production in the
nineteenth century. A few bottles from Lea and Perrins Worcestershire Sauce were found, at
least one was intact with its intact glass stopper (Image 06). Lea and Perrins began importing
their condiment to the United States in 1839, but this type of stopper was not used until 1850.
The collection also contained some medicinal bottles, including one labeled in German Die
Keisserliche Privilegirt Attonatiche W. Kronessents which translates as The Royal (Kaiser)
Privileged Altona Essence (Image 07). This was a medicinal tincture produced under the
auspices of the crown beginning in near Hamburg, Germany. It was claimed to be an elixir of
long life and effective for multiple diseases.
The faunal remains recovered in this area round out the picture of refuse from a hospitality
establishment. Dozens of bones were identified, from both poultry and medium to large
mammals, including cow. Many had cut marks showing butchering or marks from utensils used
by the diner. Several rodent jaws were collected as well, perhaps indicating that the Atlantic
Garden suffered the same pest problems as restaurants today, although these could represent later
rodent activity.
Finally, many terra-cotta architectural tiles were present throughout the area around this feature
as well as the southeast section of the 50 Bowery lot in general. Many of these were plain
brick red, but a number had yellow or polychrome floral and geometric decoration (Image 08).
The tiles were labeled with the mark of the American Encaustic Tile Company. This company,
based in Zanesville, Ohio, had a showroom on East 41st Street in Manhattan, and manufactured
tiles between 1877 and 1935. At one time, it was the largest tile producer in the United States.
11
Image 04: Glass paneled beer mug.
Image 05: Cooking pot lid.
12
Image 06: Lea Perrins bottle
13
Image 07: Small glass vial that reads Die Keisserliche Privilegirt Attonatiche W. Kronessents
which translates from German as The Royal (Kaiser) Privileged Altona Essence.
14
Image 08: Decorative tiles found within the former Atlantic Garden basement.
As discussed in the initial Phase IA documentary study (Chrysalis 2013), the exact location of
the Bulls Head tavern building could not be identified, but evidence strongly suggested it was
located at least partially on the 50 Bowery lot. However, no artifacts were found during this
project that could have been associated with an eighteenth century tavern and no intact
eighteenth century structures were identified (i.e. building foundation, well, privy or cistern). It is
possible, however, that the fieldstone portions of the wall uncovered at 50 Bowery were
remnants of the Bulls Head Tavern, incorporated into a nineteenth-century construction, either
the 1825-1827 Theatre Hotel or the later structure of the Atlantic Garden. The nature of the
construction materials observed in these fieldstone wall remnants could be consistent with either
eighteenth or early nineteenth century construction. However, due to the regular nature of the
fieldstone and brick intervals in the south wall of the feature, it is more likely that the entire
structure was built at the same time, for the Theatre Hotel or for the Atlantic Garden.
15
Cistern
Backhoe excavation on the south side of the Project Area uncovered a circular brick cistern a few
feet below grade 60 west of the Bowery building line (Image 09). The feature was 9 in
diameter and had a vaulted roof. The interior of the structure was archaeologically excavated.
Image 09: Cistern with vaulted roof when first exposed.

The cistern was constructed of brick with limestone-based mortar. Excluding the vaulted ceiling,
the cistern was 6 deep with a brick floor covered by plaster or mortar. In one area of the interior,
a thin sheet metal lining was observed and a series of thin wood planks were laid at
approximately mid-depth, slightly more than 3 below the top of the structure. These may have
served as a filter system for the water stored in the cistern. Soil beneath the wood was coarse
sand, which was sometimes used for filtration. Evidence for this, however, is not conclusive. An
alternative explanation could be that the wood was laid after sediment had built up in the bottom
of the cistern, and was used to screen the sediment out of the main water supply.
The fill inside of the cistern, above this wood layer, was distinct from the reddish sand found
elsewhere throughout the site. The top layer contained a large amount of brick, tile and mortar
rubble. Beneath this were two soil layers, each containing a large amount of ash and varying
amounts of later nineteenth century glass, metal and ceramic artifacts. This covered a darker,
moist soil with decayed shell, some ash and coal and clinker as well as earlier nineteenth century
ceramic. In profile, a distinct line of ash and/or decayed shell was visible, marking a specific
trash disposal event (Map 06).
16
In the upper level of the cistern, the artifacts were similar to those found along the wall. These
included tiles from the American Encaustic Tile Company, Hotel Ware, alcohol bottles, and
sherds from utilitarian storage containers, stoneware and redware. Most of the pieces from a very
large, heavy redware lid were recovered and mended in the lab (Image 10). Similar types of
household fixtures and hardware were also found here, including an electrical insulator. Transfer
printed whiteware, a popular table ware in the mid nineteenth century was also found. Two
interesting bottles, both from Germany, were found in this upper layer. The first was a stoneware
Kronthaller mineral water bottle (Image 11). This water came from Kronthal Springs at
Kronberg, Germany, where the Kronthaller Company began bottling water in 1875. The second
was a wine bottle with a blob type seal reading Brgerspital Wurzburg. Brgerspital is a
German wine estate still in existence today (Image 12). It has been operating since 1316 making
it one of the oldest wine estates in Europe. The bottle type recovered is known as a bocksbeutel,
literally a flattened, round bottle shaped like a leather pouch for bottling the Stein wine"
(Brgerspital 2014). Two menus from the Atlantic Garden show that German wines and spirtis
were being served through Brgerspital is not listed (Image 13).
The artifacts in the lower levels of the cistern did not contain any Hotel Ware or liquor bottles. A
few bottles were found but these were likely mineral water or beer bottles. The ceramic wares
were either utilitarian redware or stoneware, or common table ware such as transfer printed
whiteware.
Based on its location and construction, the cistern would have been associated with an early
nineteenth century structure at 50 Bowery, most likely the Theatre Hotel. The building materials
suggest that it was likely built during the early to mid-nineteenth century, when the Theatre
Hotel was present. The dimensions of the Theatre Hotel are not known, but the 1857 Perris
Atlas, depicting the building at the time it was a stove dealership owned by Matthew and Eliza
Wilkes, shows a 50 deep building on the lot (Map 07). It seems unlikely that the Wilkes would
have invested the money to expand the structure for their business. More likely they simply took
over the Theatre Hotel building. The cisterns location at about 60 back from the building line
would place it immediately behind a 50 structure, providing convenient access to water from a
rear door for the buildings inhabitants. Cisterns were not used for drinking water, as the ground
and rainwater they collected was not clean enough for that purpose. Rather, the water would
have been used for things like bathing, washing dishes and other task work.
The chronological distinction between artifacts in the lower and upper levels of fill within the
cistern suggests that it fell into disuse before it was completely covered over. It may have been
partly filled during the mid-nineteenth century as sediment built up in the bottom. Once water
was more widely available via the Croton Aqueduct system, around 1842-1844. Once running
water was readily available cisterns commonly fell into disuse were been filled with debris. In
this instance, the debris would be from the Theatre Hotel or possibly refuse from the proprietors
family, as the artifacts are consistent with household refuse. Typically, cisterns had a domed top
that was extant at ground surface. On this site, it appears this was covered over when the
Atlantic Garden was expanded in the late 1860s. Broken and worn artifacts from the Beer
Garden may have been used as fill.
17
Map 06: Profile of the interior of the cistern structure.
18
Image 10: Redware lid from a utilitarian vessel.
Image 11: portion of a stoneware water bottle with its seal identifying it as
from Kronthal Springs - Kronberg, Germany.
19
Image 12: Bocksbeutel wine bottle from Brgerspital Wine Estate, Germany.
20
Image 13: 1896 wine and drinks menu from the Atlantic Garden.
21
Map 07: 1857 Perris Atlas showing the project area

and historic lots configuration
22
Bottle deposit
Backhoe excavation with the southern third of the Project Area, near the center of the lot,
uncovered a large collection of bottles (Map 02). Most of the bottles were broken, indicating that
this was a trash deposit. No evidence of a structure was present, so the bottles were likely
dumped in a shallow pit in the back yard of 50 Bowery. The type and manufacture technique of
the bottles indicates that they were trash from the early days of the Atlantic Garden before the
structure was extended to Elizabeth Street. Virtually all of the artifacts were alcohol or mineral
water-type bottles manufactured with methods consistent with late nineteenth century bottlemaking techniques. None were machine-manufactured, but rather were made by blowing glass
into a mold, meaning they were made prior to the twentieth century, and could have been
produced during the 1860s-1870s. This rather large dump may represent an area that was used
for bottle disposal over a period of time.
Concrete sub-surface structure
At the rear property line of 50 Bowery a rectangular concrete sub-surface construction with a
large amount of coal in the fill was exposed. This structure was located between 80 and 100
west of Bowery (Map 02). It extended 25 north and measured 4 high.
Historic documents (maps and atlases) do not indicate any structure in this location prior to the
expansion of the Atlantic Garden, and a concrete slab, as observed in the modern, now
demolished, structure, covered this area. From 1854 1876, Eliza and Matthew Wilkes owned
50 Bowery. At some point during their ownership, a stove dealership was present on the property
with a coal yard in the rear. It is possible that this feature was built to contain coal for this
business.
Shell deposit
A small trash deposit was found in the rear of the historic 50 Bowery lot, on the northern side of
the property. It consisted of an accumulation of oyster shell located within the rear 10 of the lot.
There were no other artifacts within the deposit.
The location of the shell suggests this was garbage from the early Atlantic Garden or the Theatre
Hotel, perhaps from one, or a few, nights entertainment. The accumulation was located in an
area that was covered by the concrete slab foundation of the expanded Atlantic Garden, and was
still present when the building was recently demolished. The shells were large, which is typical
of pre-twentieth century oyster shell. There is no way to determine at what point prior to the Beer
Gardens expansion this trash was discarded, or to distinguish which of the two eating
establishments the Theatre Hotel or the Atlantic Garden served the shellfish to its patrons,
but it can safely be said that the oyster was the remains of several hopefully enjoyable meals
served by a previous hospitality establishment to its patrons.
23
52-52 Bowery
Three features were identified on the northern third of the project area that historically was 5252. One was the basement walls from the residential buildings present at these addresses in the
early nineteenth century, uncovered in the northeast corner of the property. They had been
heavily modified, but the historic fabric became visible during excavation. The second feature in
this area was a thin deposit of household trash in the rear yard of 52 Bowery. The third feature
found in this area was a large deposit of bottles and some ceramic trash located at the back of the
property along the north wall.
Artifact deposit
In the rear of what was historically 52 Bowery, at the south edge of the lot, a thin scatter of
household trash was unearthed (Map 02). Broken ceramic, food remains, coal and window glass
were found here within a patch of dark soil. This soil had higher clay content, probably from
organic material, such as food remains, within the deposit. The entire deposit only extended 5
deep, and was less than one foot square (Image 14)
Image 14: Small artifact scatter deposit.

The artifact deposit most likely represents a single episode of trash dumping done sometime in
the later-nineteenth century. The size and shape of the feature, thin and flat, and the amount of
artifacts indicate that it was not the result of an accumulation of trash over time. The earliest
possible date for the deposit is 1872, which comes from one of the bottles, CC Haley &
Companys Celebrated California Pop Beer. An 1873 advertisement describes California Pop
Beer as a healthful and pleasant summer drink, which cheers but does not inebriate (Clinton
Courier, May 29, 1873). This beverage, which contained wintergreen and spruce oils, sassafras,
24
and ginger root in addition to more traditional beer ingredients, was patented October 29, 1872.
The deposit was made sometime between that date and 1885, by which time the 52 Bowery
tenement covered the entire lot (Robinson 1885).
Most of the items in the trash dump were ceramic or glass, with a small amount of architectural
debris and food refuse (animal bone). Bottles were both medicinal and alcoholic, beer, wine and
liquor bottles. Perhaps whoever consumed the alcohol needed something to settle their stomachs
afterwards, as least two Dr. Hostetters Stomach Bitters bottles were found (Image 15). These
stomach bitters were a popular medicinal drink developed by Jacob and David Hostetter of
Lancaster, Pennsylvania and mass marketed in 1853. It was sweetened with sugar and contained
anise, coriander and other oils and vegetable bitters. Some drinking establishments sold the
product by the glass it was so popular. Some of its popularity may be at least in part due its high
alcohol content (47%) (NPS Midwest Archaeological Center). Dr. Hostetters also had an
expansive advertising campaign. The following is from their entry in the 1867 United States
Almanac:
Hostetter's Bitters
Dyspepsia's pangs, that rack and grind
The body, and depress the mind;
Slow constitutional decay,
That brings death nearer, day by day;
Nervous prostration, mental gloom,
Agues, that, as they go and come,
Make life a constant martyrdom;
Colics and dysenteric pains,
'Neath which the strong man's vigor wanes;
Bilious complaints, -- those tedious ills,
Ne'er conquered yet by drastic pills;
Dread Diarrhea, that cannot be
Cured by destructive Mercury;
Heralds of madness or the tomb;
For these, though Mineral nostrums fail,
Means of relief at last we hail,
HOSTETTER'S BITTERS medicine sure,
Not to prevent, alone, but cure.
The artifacts found within the deposit suggest trash from a household context or possibly an
eating establishment. The ceramics consist of the type of wares that were common in households
during the early to mid-nineteenth century, such as shell-edged pearlware, and hotel-type wares
that could be consistent with the type of serving dishes the Atlantic Garden would have used.
Two pieces of American Encaustic Tile, produced between 1877 and 1935, match the tile found
in large quantity in the Atlantic Garden basement, but could be intrusive pieces, mixed in during
demolition of the present building. Given the location of the deposit at 52 Bowery, it is most
likely this was trash from the residents of the tenement building, discarded sometime in the
1870s or early 1880s.
25
Image 15: Dr. J. Hostetters Stomach Bitters bottle

Basements
One of the basements utilized in the modern, recently demolished building was located in the
northeast corner of the Project Area, within the 52 to 52 Bowery lot. The conditions of the
basement just prior to building demolition are described in the Phase IA document study for this
project (Chrysalis 2013). At that time, a site inspection revealed some evidence of either an
historic structure that had been extensively modified or elements from a deconstructed building
that had been repurposed in the more modern basement. These included axe-hewn beams.
Monitoring allowed for a more detailed evaluation of this structure, leading to the conclusion
that the skeleton of the historic buildings at these addresses remained largely intact but were
heavily modified in the twentieth century.
Backhoe excavation exposed the north, east and part of the south walls of the basement (Image
16). The north and south walls and part of the east wall were constructed of sandstone, granite
and schist fieldstone secured by a sand-and-shell based mortar. The remainder of the east wall
was made of brick. Specifically, the east wall consisted of a 13 segment of fieldstone and an
approximately 5 segment of brick held with limestone-based mortar. Some evidence of an
additional fieldstone wall was visible to the south of the brick segment, but excavation
circumstances did not allow for investigation of this area. The composition of the brick
suggested the construction was early to mid-nineteenth century. The fieldstone appeared to have
been of an earlier construction. No record exists of any structure at this location prior to the first
decade of the nineteenth century. The brick and fieldstone walls were not integrated, which, in
26
conjunction with the differences in construction materials, suggests that the brick wall was built
after the fieldstone wall.
Image 16: Plastered fieldstone wall and brick wall from 52 and 52 Bowery basements.
The northern third of the Project Area where these walls were found was historically divided into
two addresses: 52 and 52 Bowery. As described in the Phase IA report, tax records indicate
that by the mid-nineteenth century, structures at these addresses measured 12 wide. Tax records
also indicate that there were buildings here prior to this time, but there are no details about their
size. It is possible that there originally was a 13 wide structure at the north portion of the
property. This building was either demolished or significantly reconstructed sometime in the first
half of the nineteenth century. The brick could have been an addition built when the two 12
buildings were constructed. The total width of the basement, however, was approximately 20,
suggesting the structure was originally wider; later subdivided into two buildings at 52-52.
This was not an uncommon practice during the tenement era. Likewise, the structure could have
also been used for housing. The stone glimpsed to the south of the brick may have completed the
25 width.
No artifacts were found within the basement proper, but to the east of the brick portion of the
wall, beneath the sidewalk, a few late-nineteenth century artifacts were collected. This area had
been a sidewalk vault at some point as indicated by a wall extending east of the building line
below the sidewalk. Any excavation beneath the sidewalk was not monitored, and the artifacts
were collected from the fill at the building edge of the vault. Based on the artifacts, which
included milk glass and machine made bottle glass, it is likely that the sidewalk vault was filled
sometime around the turn of the twentieth century.
27
Trash deposit
A large trash deposit was found in the rear of 52 Bowery. Excavation of the feature was not
directly monitored so its dimensions are not known. Numerous artifacts were recovered from
this area. These included a number of late-nineteenth century bottles and mid-nineteenth century
ceramic. Several bottles from the North American Brewing Company (NABC), located on
Greene Avenue in Bushwick, Brooklyn indicate that the deposit was made sometime after 1892,
as this was the earliest production date for this brewery (Image 17). Although an 1885 Robinson
Atlas shows structures covering the entire lot, the property must have been redeveloped after
William Kramer purchased the property in 1891 in order for the trash to get beneath the floor.
Prior to Kramer, the property was owned by Sarah Boreel, who rented the buildings to tenants
and used the ground floor as storefronts. At some point after Kramer purchased the 52-52
Bowery lot, he expanded the Atlantic Garden. The Sanborn 1904 Atlas depicts the Atlantic
Garden covering the entire 75 width of the lot along Bowery. Apparently, he either renovated or
completely rebuilt the structures on this lot at that time. A comparison of the 1885 and 1891
atlases shows much more detail in the buildings on the latter map. This could simply be the
choice of the surveyor, but may support the idea that Kramer did redevelopment work. That
would account for the presence of the bottles, which could have been disposed of during the
construction, beneath the new floor. This would have served the dual purpose of trash disposal
for the beer garden and fill for the construction.
This interpretation is supported by the fact that the large number and type of bottles are
consistent with refuse from the beer garden and not a residential tenement building. In addition
to the NABC beer bottles, several mineral water bottles and numerous bottles of Dr. Dadirrians
Zoolak were recovered (Image 18 and 19). Zoolak was one of the most popular of several
fermented milk beverages marketed as a medicine and as a healthy beverage sold for enjoyment.
Advertisements claimed Zoolak was prescribed extensively by medical professionals and used
in leading hospitals for dyspepsia, fevers, kidney and liver problems, and diabetes, as well as
being a favorite drink at all soda fountains (Cornell and Shober 1900). It was also
recommended for personal use as a digestive and sleep aid, or for consumption alone in a glass,
with a spoon, or with rice, crackers or bread or with fresh berries (Telford and Armington
1908). While a few bottles of Zoolak might represent residential trash, the large number found
here, particularly in conjunction with the beer bottles, points more towards a hospitality
establishment.
The ceramic recovered from the same general area includes utilitarian stonewares and redwares
as well as pearlware tablewares. The table wares tend towards a slightly earlier date than the
bottles, most being produced sometime in the early nineteenth century. However, ceramic is
typically used over a long period of time, so these earlier production dates do not represent the
date the pieces were discarded. It is likely that both bottles and ceramic were deposited at the
same time.
28
Another interesting item found in this area was a large, thick graphite pencil. The object had a
tapered end and appears to be a writing implement. It could have been used to write menus on a
board or indicate when orders were ready for pick up by the wait staff. There may also have been
games played at the beer garden in which the scores, or bets, were written on a large board with
this type of pencil. The Atlantic Garden contained several bars, a shooting gallery, bowling
alleys and billiard tables.
Image 17: North American Brewing Company bottle.
29
Image 18: Bottle of Dr. Dadirrians Zoolak.
30
Image 19: An ad for Dr. Dadirrians Zoolak
31
Elizabeth Street
Based on the findings of the Phase IA documentary study, Chrysalis did very little monitoring of
excavation on the Elizabeth Street side of the lot. Two areas, however, deserve mention: the
location of the basement walls for 22 and 24 Elizabeth Street and the basement structure and
artifacts found at 26 Elizabeth Street (Chrysalis 2013).
22-24 Elizabeth Street
Basement walls from the buildings at both 22 and 24 Elizabeth Street were uncovered during the
initial excavation at the site. The rear walls of both buildings were located at 35 from the front
building line on Elizabeth Street. The wall at the rear of 22 Elizabeth was constructed of
concrete as was the party wall between 22 and 24. At the rear of 24 Elizabeth, the wall was brick.
The basement stairs and front basement wall of the latter property was exposed at a later date,
and appeared to be constructed of early-modern building materials, including brick and concrete.
The only artifacts observed from this area were associated with the modern Chinese restaurant
that occupied the building prior to its demolition.
26 Elizabeth Street
The building at 26 Elizabeth Street was not demolished for the present project, but excavation
exposed the exterior foundation walls. The south wall was composed of sandstone, granite and
schist fieldstone with a sand-and-shell based mortar in a deteriorating state. The rear wall was
constructed of brick with limestone mortar. Tax records show a structure on this lot by 1806. The
south wall of the building is consistent with construction in this time period, indicating that the
present foundation is from no later than the first decade of the nineteenth century. The Boos
family, who owned in and lived at this address in the first quarter of that century, possibly
constructed it.
The rear brick wall may have been at least partly constructed at a later date given the difference
in materials. Excavation circumstances did not allow for observation of the entire wall, but there
was at least one doorway, indicating that at some point there was another sub-surface space
beyond the current structure. The 1891 Bromley Atlas shows an approximately 25 square, onestory structure at the rear of the 50 building (Map 03). The brick may have been a modification
to 26 Elizabeth to allow access to an additional basement space.
A small number of material remains were collected from this area. These included ceramic, shell
and window glass. Most of the ceramic dates to the early nineteenth century. Given the late
nineteenth century construction in this area, these artifacts were most likely re-deposited when
the basement space was filled in, probably by William Kramer as part of the renovations
to/remodeling of the space subsequent to his purchase of the remainder of the Project Area in
1891.
32
III. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

As predicted by the Phase IA report, archaeological monitoring identified several features in the
rear yard areas of the various historical properties within the project area.
No definitive evidence of the Bulls Head Tavern was uncovered. Archaeological monitoring
revealed a record of the nineteenth century through early twentieth century occupation and use of
the property. On the Elizabeth Street side of the property the basement walls from the nineteenth
century residential buildings at 22 and 24 Elizabeth Street were exposed. Deposits and
foundation walls from 52 52 Bowery and most notably the basement and materials from the
famed Atlantic Garden were documented.
The Atlantic Garden was a well-known and popular establishment (Image 20). It was one of the
top establishments in the area of its kind. Not only did it serve the local German immigrant
community it was a noted tourist spot within New York City particularly for German visitors. At
the Atlantic Garden patrons could sample authentic German fare, food and drink and
entertainment. Serving dishes, cooking utensils, drinking mugs, beverage bottles and food
remains; as well as parts of the building architecture (i.e. plumbing, tiling, lighting) were all
recovered. Many of these artifacts are intact. Together with the documentary history these add to
our understanding of the continuity of over two centuries of use at this site. They also provide
insight into the tavern culture of the period. It is interesting to note that medicinal tonics were
present in notable volume prior to prohibition. These tonics contained a high alcohol content and
were often consumed to skirt the ban on alcoholic beverages. Likewise, as many of the tonics
discovered seem to have been used to alleviate stomach and digestive disorders.
The 50 Bowery property has a history as long as the Bowery itself. The Bowery was the road
into New York City; lined with taverns, establishments for travelers to obtain a mean and drink
or rest for the night as well as conduct business. The archaeological work undertaken at this site
has provided invaluable information about its history and the character of the Bowery. Although
the eighteenth century tavern was not recovered, the sites nineteenth century history of
continued use by hospitality establishments has now been enhanced with the material remains
used within those businesses. The history and materials provide a tangible link between past and
present, highlighting a continuity of New York Citys neighborhoods, immigrant communities
and multi-cultural character. The tradition of a place to dine and have drink or find a place to
stay for the night was continued with the Theatre Hotel and the Atlantic Garden, the future 50
Bowery Hotel, currently under construction.
Based on the depth of excavation for the new hotel complex along with the monitoring and
recovery of the material remains from the areas of the site where potential eighteenth and
nineteenth century materials were recovered, the site no longer retains a potential for the
recovery of significant material remains. Therefore, any future development/work on site would
not require additional archaeological testing.
33
Image 20: Cover of an 1896 program from the Atlantic Garden.
34
IV. REFERENCES
Bromley, George W.
1891 Atlas of the City of New York. New York, New York.
Chrysalis Archaeological Consultants, Inc.
2013 Phase IA Historical Documentary Report and Archaeological Assessment of 50
Bowery (Block 202, Lot 23), New York, New York. Report on file with the City
of New York Landmarks Preservation Commission. New York, New York.
City of New York - Landmarks Preservation Commission, City of New York
1973 Soho-Cast Iron Historic District Designation Report. Report on file with the City
Of New York Landmarks Preservation Commission. New York, New York.
Google
2013 Map of the City of New York.
Perris, William.
1857 Map of the City of New York.
35
Appendix A:
Archaeological Scope of Work
36
37
38
39
40
Appendix B:
Artifact DataBase
41
Unit/F cat
S
no
Qty Category
Object
Material
Medical
Bottle,
Medicine
Glass
Indetermina Bottle
te
Household
Bottle, Wine Common

Glass
dark
olive/black
mouth blown, uptooled double ring

finish
Household
Container
Glass
Glass
colorless
multi-sided
container with lip
for possible lid
16
Indetermina Bottle
te
Common
Glass
light aqua
mold blown bottle,

partially mended, oil
finish
Household
Refined Whitew Flow Printed blue

Earthenw are
are
Indetermina Hollowware Porcelain Hotel

te
Ware
Indetermina Indetermina Refined Cream

te
te
Earthenw ware
are
1762-1820
Indetermina Indetermina Refined Pearlwa

te
te
Earthenw re
are
1775-1840
Indetermina Hollowware Refined Pearlwa

te
Earthenw re
are
1775-1840
Household
Refined Pearlwa
Earthenw re
are
1775-1840
Indetermina Indetermina Refined Pearlwa

te
te
Earthenw re
are
1775-1840
Household
Hollowware Porcelain Bone

China
10
Household
Hollowware Porcelain Porcelai Painted

n, Hard
Paste
Bowl
Plate
Ware
type
Decoration
Color
Embossed
colorless
Common
Glass
Pattern
white
Notes
mold blown; oval

with flat front and 2
beveled corners and
a rounded back;
"CAP OZ" embossed
at base in front;
collared ring finish
brown
Molded
Pattern
Date
early 1900
Floral
1835-1925
multi-sided
1860-present
Molded
Pattern
mouth blown,
prescription finish
that is warped on
one side
thick walled flat

base sherds
1795-present multi-sided vessel,

thin walled, possibly
teaware of some
kind
gold
Banded
single gold band

painted on interior
beneath lip
42
Unit/F cat
S
no
Qty Category
Object
Material
11
Household
Flatware
12
13
Color
Pattern
Porcelain Porcelai Painted

n, Hard
Paste
gold
Banded
Indetermina Bottle
te
Common
Glass
light aqua
Indetermina Bottle
te
Common
Glass
14
Household
Common
Glass
15
16
Bottle,
Liquor
Ware
type
Decoration
Embossed
aqua
Date
Notes
possibly a large
dish, single gold
band painted on
interior beneath lip,
body is fluted with
raised garland along
rim
two-piece mold
blown oval bottle
with open pontil
scar (somewhat fire
polished), part of
finish present, a
reinforced
prescription finish;
heavily patinated
Lettering
"REE__" embossed
on fragment
dark
olive/black
double ring finish,

rounded lip and
down-tooled string
rim
Indetermina Indetermina Common

te
te
Glass
light aqua
fragment of circleshaped glass, 3.5"

diameter

te
te
Glass
light aqua
fragment of circleshaped glass, 2.75"

diameter
17
Architectural Plate Glass
Glass
colorless
.5 cm thick, corner
section present
18
Architectural Window
Glass
Glass
light aqua
19
Personal
Clay
20
Indetermina Coral
te
coral
possibly used as
ballast
21
Furnishings
Valve
Copper
Alloy
valve fixture (like

that on the side of a
house to attach
hose)
22
Hardware
Drawer Pull Metal
heavily rusted
23
Faunal
Bone
indeterminate
species; calcined
24
Household
Platter/Dish Refined Whitew Flow Printed blue

Earthenw
Smoking
Pipe
White
Ball
Clay
Molded
Pattern
Ribbed
5/64" bore hole,

bottom half of bowl
is ribbed, upper
portions missing too
much to tell pattern
Bone
Geometric
1835-1925
look to be from
same vessel but
43
Unit/F cat
S
no
Qty Category
Object
Plate
Material
Ware
type
are
are
Decoration
Color
Pattern
Date
Pattern
25
Household
Refined Pearlwa TransferEarthenw re

printed
are
26
Ornament/D Vase
ecorative
27
Architectural Pipe,
Coarse
Unident Stamped
Sewer/Wate Earthenw ified
r
are
Coarse
Earthen
ware
28
Household
Flatware
Ironstone White Molded

Granite Pattern
29
Household
Flatware

Granite Pattern
30
Household
Hollowware Refined Cream

Earthenw ware
are
Dipt
31
Household
Hollowware Refined Cream

Earthenw ware
are
Dipt
32
Household
Cup
Refined Pearlwa Molded

Earthenw re
Pattern
are
33
Household
Plate

printed
are
34
Household
Hollowware Refined Pearlwa Dipt

Earthenw re
are
35
Household
Hollowware Refined Pearlwa Dipt

Earthenw re
are
36
Household
Indetermina Refined Pearlwa Indetermina

te
Earthenw re
te
blue
Diaper
pieces do not mend

1783-1830
Stonewar Unident Green Glaze light green

e
ified
Stonew
are
brown
Notes
ovoid base, partially

mended vessel; gray
bodied
1833-?
stamped with
company logo
"Greenwich
Pottery/Iron Stone
Drain Pipe/West
18th St/ New York"
1842-1930
thin impressed band

below rim, not circle
shaped but number
of edges unknown
Floral
1842-1930
scalloped rim with

floral elements
molded at the rim
indentation
brown,
yellow, blue
Banded
1770-1820
thin brown bands

between alternating
thicker yellow and
blue bands on
cream background
brown, blue
Banded
1770-1820
thin brown bands

above thicker blue
band
Fluted
1775-1840
Floral
1783-1830
heavy printed
pattern, pieces do
not mend but most
likely from same
vessel
blue
1775-1850
solid blue
background color
blue
1775-1850
solid blue
background color
1775-1840
partially mended
blue
Lettering
44
Unit/F cat
S
no
Qty Category
Object
Material
Ware
type
Decoration
Color
Pattern
Date
Notes
are
3
37
Household
Flatware
Refined Pearlwa Indetermina

Earthenw re
te
are
1775-1840
38
Household
Indetermina Refined Pearlwa Indetermina

te
Earthenw re
te
are
1775-1840
39
Household
Plate
40
Household
Hollowware Refined Pearlwa

Earthenw re
are
1775-1840
41
Household
Hollowware Refined Pearlwa

Earthenw re/Whit
are
eware
1815-1860
42
Household
Plate
Refined Pearlwa Painted

Earthenw re
are
blue
Shell Edge, 1840s-1860s

Unscalloped,
Impressed
Repetitive
43
Household
Plate

Earthenw re
are
blue

Unscalloped,
Impressed
Repetitive
44
Household
Platter/Dish Refined Pearlwa Painted

Earthenw re
are
blue

Unscalloped,
Impressed
Repetitive
45
Indetermina Hollowware Coarse

Redwar Undecorate
te
Earthenw e
d
are
46
Household
Plate
Household
Hollowware Stonewar Salt

e
Glazed,
Gray/Bu
ff
Bodied
iridescent brown
slipped interior
Hardware
Spike
Metal
heavily rusted
Electrical
Insulator
Porcelain
Household
Bottle
Common
Glass

Earthenw re
are
blue

Unscalloped,
Impressed
Repetitive
partially mended
partially mended
plain, unglazed
Ironstone White
Granite
1830-1900
partially mended,
maker mark on
exterior base
"PORCELAIN A LA
FRANCAISE"
1878-1970
brown
45
Unit/F cat
S
no
Qty Category
Object
Material
Ware
type
Decoration
Color
Pattern
Indetermina Container
te
Glass
Indetermina Hollowware Porcelain Porcelai Molded

te
n, Soft Pattern
Paste
Household
Saucer
Porcelain Porcelai Painted

n,
Chinese
Export
Household
Plate
Refined Whitew Flow Painted blue

Earthenw are
are
Indetermina 1835-1925
te
Household
Utensil
Copper
Alloy
Indetermina
te
10
Household
Container
Glass
Common
Glass
dark green
11
Glass
Common
Glass
light aqua
12
Indetermina Indetermina Glass

te
te
13
12
Faunal
Bone
Bone
14
Household
Plate
Refined Whitew Molded

Earthenw are
Pattern
are
15
Household
Dish
Refined Pearlwa Indetermina

Earthenw re
te
are
16
Indetermina Hollowware Stonewar Unident Glazed

te
e
ified
Stonew
are
17
Indetermina Hollowware Stonewar Unident Green Glaze

te
e
ified
Stonew
are
18
Household
tile, wall/
floor
Refined
Earthenw
are
multi
multi
1880-1935
19
Household
Dish
Coarse
Redwar Slip
Earthenw e
Decorated
are
yellow
Trailed Slip
up to 1850
Milk Glass
Date
Notes
1743-present
Scalloped
blue and red Imari Style
Finial
1745-1795
1700-1780
utensil handle with

decorative element
at end of handle,
indeterminate
decoration
light patina
colorless
indeterminate
species, small
animals
Scalloped
1815-present
1775-1840
grey
greyish beige glaze

on both sides, tan
colored paste
tall, narrow vessel
American Encaustic
Tiling Co. tiles, some
plain, some faience
46
Unit/F cat
S
no
Qty Category
Object
Material
Ware
type
Decoration
20
Household
Flatware
Ironstone Hotel
Ware
1860-present partially mended
21
Household
Flatware
Ironstone Hotel
Ware
22
Household
Flatware
Ironstone Hotel
Ware
1860-present oval plate or platter
23

Redwar Unglazed
te
Earthenw e
are
Medical
Bottle,
Medicine
Common
Glass
Household
Dish
Porcelain Hotel
Ware
1860-present
Household
Dish
Ironstone Ironsto Undecorate

ne/Ston d
e China
1870-1960s
Household
Plate
Ironstone Hotel
Ware
Undecorate
d
1860-present "HOTEL" stamped

on base
Household
Flatware
Ironstone Hotel
Ware
Undecorate
d
Household
Plate

Granite Pattern
Household
Plate
Ironstone Ironsto
ne/Ston
e China
Household
Flatware
Porcelain Hotel
Ware
Embossed
Color
Pattern
Date
Notes
thick walled coarse

earthenware,
unglazed on both
sides
light green
Lettering
Fluted
mold blown,
prescription finish,
"Die Keisserliche
Privilegirt
Attonatiche W.
Kronessents" "The
Royal (Kaiser)
Privileged Altona
Essence"
makers mark on
base "John
Maddock & Sons,
Staffordshire
Potteries,
ENGLAND"
1842-1930
1842-present
Undecorate
d
1860-present
47
Unit/F cat
S
no
Qty Category
Object
Material
Household
Flatware
Porcelain Hotel
Ware
Undecorate
d
1860-present
10
Household
Bowl
Ironstone Hotel
Ware
Undecorate
d
1860-present
11
Household
Saucer
Porcelain Hotel
Ware
Undecorate
d
1860-present
12
Household
Bottle, Wine Common

Glass
13
Indetermina Bottle
te
Common
Glass
14
Household
Bottle
Common
Glass
15
12
Faunal
Bone
Bone
16
Household
Saucer
Ironstone Ironsto
ne/Ston
e China
1865-1877
Makers Mark on
base, partially
mends
17
Household
Saucer
Ironstone White
Granite
1870-1960s
impressed makers
mark, John
Maddock &
Sons/Burslem
Staffordshire
18
Household
Saucer
Refined Pearlwa
Earthenw re
are
1775-1840
partially mends
19
Household
Plate
Refined Whitew TransferEarthenw are

printed
are
20
Household
Tableware,
General
Porcelain Unident Painted,

ified
Overglaze
Porcelai
n
21
Glass
Common
Glass
light aqua
Household
Stonewar Salt
Painted
e
Glazed,
Gray/Bu
ff
Bodied
cobalt
Jar
Ware
type
Decoration
Applied
Color Label
Color
Pattern
Date
Notes
dark olive/
black
mouth blown,
indeterminate
pontil
light aqua
applied paper label

but unclear what is
printed, cup mold
blown with patent
finish
dark green
mold blown with

crown finish,
indeterminate
pontil
indeterminate
species
blue
Floral
Indetermina
te
1815-1915
20th century
porcelain
light patina
Floral
lug handle. Larger

piece with handle
and painted
decoration from FS
18 (mixed strats incl
48
Unit/F cat
S
no
Qty Category
Object
Material
Ware
type
Decoration
Color
Pattern
Date
Notes
FS 6)
6
Household

Painted
e
Glazed,
Gray/Bu
ff
Bodied
cobalt
Household

slip
e
Glazed,
Gray/Bu
ff
Bodied
light brown,
orangish-tan
Household
Cup

Redwar
te
Earthenw e
are
mend. Flower pot or

storage container

Redwar
te
Earthenw e
are
probably goes with

Cat 5
Indetermina Hollowware Stonewar Salt

te
e
Glazed,
Gray/Bu
ff
Bodied
burnt interior glaze,

light blue glass
melted/fused to
exterior. Not
decoration because
it extends over the
edge of the sherd
Household
Bottle
Common
Glass
dark olive
Household
Bottle
Common
Glass
aqua
10
Indetermina Indetermina Milk Glass

te
te
11
Household
Hollowware glass
12
Hardware
Nail
13
Indetermina Indetermina Copper

te
te
Alloy
sturdy spiral wire,

may be coated or
may have been in
plaster
14
Faunal
poultry, 7 long
bones, one
breastbone.
Bone
Porcelain Indeter
minate
Iron
Floral
probably same
vessel as Cat 1;
from FS 18
body
interior slip is
orangish-tan,
exterior light brown
Mend. Small,
cylindrical cup with
mark where handle
has broken off
indeterminat
e
turn mold
very heavy patina.

Dark olive or brown
glass. Heavy handle
- could be mug or
pitcher
square
49
Unit/F cat
S
no
Qty Category
Object
Material
Ware
type
Decoration
Color
Pattern
Date
Notes
15
Household
Bowl

Earthenw re
are
brown
Banded
1775-1850
small, flared foot

ring
16
Household
Hollowware Refined Ironsto

Earthenw ne/Ston
are
e China
1840-1930
small foot ring, part

of body
17
Household
Flatware
Refined Hotel
Earthenw Ware
are
1860-present minimal rounded

foot ring
18
Household
Flatware
Refined Ironsto
Earthenw ne/Ston
are
e China
1840-1930
19
Household
Flatware
Refined Hotel
Earthenw Ware
are
1860-present
20
Household
Dish
Refined Ironsto
Earthenw ne/Ston
are
e China
1840-1930
Household
Platter/Dish Refined Hotel

Earthenw Ware
are
1860-present flat base. "HOTEL"

stamped on base
Household

Earthenw Ware
are
1860-present Mend. Flat base .

"HOTEL" stamped
on base
Household
Flatware
Refined Hotel
Earthenw Ware
are
1860-present could be ironstone?

Minimal foot ring
Household
Flatware
Refined Hotel
Earthenw Ware
are
1860-present could be ironstone?
Household
bottle,
mineral
water
Common
Glass
Household
Plate
Porcelain Hotel
Ware

Redwar Mottled
te
Earthenw e
Glaze
are
Embossed
aqua
Lettering
1856-1861
designated as
ironstone due to
bluish cast - could
be hotel ware
probably ironstone thinner than the

hotel ware
blob top applied

finish; snap case
manufacture;
"MINERAL WATER",
"HONESDALE
GLASSWORKS PA"
1860-present
brown on red
base
glazed on bother
surfaces, interior
has splotch of
brown
50
Unit/F cat
S
no
Qty Category
Object
Material
Ware
type
Decoration
Color
Pattern
Date
Notes

te
te
Alloy
Household
Bottle
Common
Glass
Embossed
aqua
Lettering
mold blown,
embossed but only
"S" visible, possible
mends
Household
Bottle
Common
Glass
Embossed
aqua
Lettering
mold blown,
embossed but only
"B/TU/112 WA/N.Y"
is visible, possible
mends
Household
Bottle
Common
Glass
aqua
Household
Bottle
Common
Glass
aqua
1840-1920
post bottom
molded
Household
Bottle
Common
Glass
aqua
1810-1880
two-piece hinge
mold, mold seem
extends across base
of bottle
Household
Bottle
Common
Glass
aqua
blob finish, mouth

blown
10
Household
Bottle
Common
Glass
aqua
blob finish, mouth

blown
11
Household
Bottle,
Beer/Soda
Common
Glass
Embossed
aqua
Lettering
12
Household
Bottle
Common
Glass
Embossed
light aqua
Lettering
13
Household
Bottle
Common
Glass
14
Indetermina Indetermina plaster

te
te
15
Household
Bottle,
Liquor
Common
Glass
dark olive
turn mold; flattened

string rim
16
Household
Bottle,
Common
dark olive
turn mold; broken

just above base of
long, thin, narrow

strip of copper,
patinated
very light
aqua
Molded
Pattern
1840-1920
post bottom
molded, "W.
EAGLE/VESTRY,
VARICK, & CANAL
STS/PREM'M SODA
WATER/UNION
GLASSWORKS/PHIL
A"
mold blow, blob
finish, "MEYER &
ROTTMAN NEW
YORK"
mouth blown, very
high kick-up
grooved
looks like vessel

foot, but made out
of plaster, unglazed
and untreated
51
Unit/F cat
S
no
Qty Category
Object
Material
Liquor
Glass
Ware
type
Decoration
Color
Pattern
Date
Notes
neck
17
Household
Bottle,
Liquor
Common
Glass
dark olive
blown; large sherds.

All small sherds
discarded in the
field
18
Household
Bottle,
Liquor
Common
Glass
dark olive
fragment; blown
19
Household
Bottle,
Liquor
Common
Glass
dark olive
turn mold; part of

shoulder intact
20
Household
Bottle,
Liquor
Common
Glass
dark olive
turn mold;
substantial amount
of body intact
21
Household
Bottle,
Liquor
Common
Glass
dark olive
top of push-up
broken; may be
sand pontil
22
Household
Bottle,
Liquor
Common
Glass
dark olive
push-up only.
Mamelon but also
rough surface that
could be sand pontil
23
Household
Bottle,
Liquor
Common
Glass
dark olive
push-up and some

resting point.
Possibly turn-mold.
Mamelon but some
roughness similar to
sand pontil
24
Household
Bottle,
Liquor
Common
Glass
dark olive
mend. Blown. Could

be iron pontil
25
Household
Bottle,
Liquor
Common
Glass
dark olive
blown; body and

partial resting point
with minimal pushup
26
Household
Bottle,
Liquor
Common
Glass
dark olive
mostly complete
base; blown;
mamelon, probably
turn mold but
roughness around
mamelon in center
of push-up
27
16
Household
Bottle,
Liquor
Common
Glass
dark olive
blown. Complete
base; mamelon,
probably turn mold.
28
Household
Bottle,
Common
dark olive
Blown. Complete
finish , neck &
52
Unit/F cat
S
no
Qty Category
Object
Material
Liquor
Glass
Ware
type
Decoration
Color
Pattern
Date
Notes
shoulder.
Champagne-style
shoulder and finish.
Visible stretch
marks on neck
29
Household
Bottle,
Liquor
Common
Glass
dark olive
blown. Complete
finish & neck with
shoulder fragment.
Champagne-style
shoulder and finish.
Visible stretch
marks on neck
30
27
Household
Bottle,
Liquor
Common
Glass
dark olive
complete finish,
mostly complete
neck. Blown.
Champagne finish,
some with flat top,
some with sloped
top. Most necks
have visible stretch
marks
31
21
Household
Bottle,
Liquor
Common
Glass
dark olive
blown. Complete
finish with partial
neck. Champagne
finish, some with
flat top, some with
sloped top. Most
necks have stretch
marks
32
Household
Bottle,
Liquor
Common
Glass
dark olive
Incomplete
circumference.
Blown. Champagne
finish with flat top.
33
Household
Bottle,
Liquor
Common
Glass
dark olive
blown. Complete
finish & neck with
bore-portion of
cork. Champagne
finish with uneven
flat top. Visible
stretch marks on
neck
53
Unit/F cat
S
no
Qty Category
Object
Material
Ware
type
Decoration
34
Household
Bottle,
Liquor
Common
Glass
dark olive
blown. Complete
finish & neck with
cork. Cork extends
above and on top of
lip, abruptly
narrows where it
enters bore.
Champagne finish,
uneven flat top.
Visible stretch
marks on neck
35
Household
Bottle
Common
Glass
amber
Heavily patinated,
no visible seams.
Down-tooled, twopart applied finish
Glass
glass
Household
Plate
Refined Ironsto
Earthenw ne/Ston
are
e China
1840-1930
MEND- complete
plate. Small foot
ring. Makers mark:
"Ironstone China"
inside shield with
crown on top,
"Powell & Bishop"
on garland at base
of shield
Household
Flatware
Refined Ironsto
Earthenw ne/Ston
are
e China
1840-1930
Mend
Household
Flatware
Refined Hotel
Earthenw Ware
are
1860-present "HOTEL" with "E"

below stamped on
bottom
Household
Flatware
Refined Ironsto
Earthenw ne/Ston
are
e China
1840-1930
small foot ring
Household
Flatware
Refined Ironsto
Earthenw ne/Ston
are
e China
1840-1930
Marly. Could be
hotel ware
Household
Flatware
Refined Hotel
Earthenw Ware
are
1860-present "..EL" stamped on

base
Household
Flatware
Refined Hotel
Earthenw Ware
are
1860-present Marly & Cavetto
Household
Flatware
Refined
1840-1930
Painted
Ironsto
Color
red
Pattern
Date
Indetermina
te
Notes
traces of red paint,

no discernable
pattern
54
Unit/F cat
S
no
Qty Category
Object
Material
Ware
type
Decoration
Color
Pattern
Date
Notes
Earthenw ne/Ston
are
e China
9
10
Household
cup
Refined Hotel
Earthenw Ware
are
1860-present MEND
11
Household
Hollowware Refined Hotel

Earthenw Ware
are
1860-present probably mug or

cup
12
Household
Hollowware Refined Hotel

Earthenw Ware
are
1860-present probably mug or

cup
13
Sanitary
Chamber Pot Refined Whitew

Earthenw are
are
1815-present flared pedestal base
14
Household
Hollowware Coarse
Redwar Mottled
Earthenw e
Glaze
are
brown
Banded
15
Household
Flatware

printed
are
blue
Landscape
1815-1915
Thin Marly.
Landscape
decoration extends
almost to rim.
Border with linked
chain and ovals
16
Household
Flatware

printed
are
blue
Romantic
Scenery
1815-1915
Printed maker's
mark: "-- Mayer", "-Upon Trent" (prob.
Thomas Mayer,
Stoke Upon Trent)
Could be Canova
17
Household
Jug
Stonewar Salt
slip
e
Glazed,
Gray/Bu
ff
Bodied
brown
Lettering
18
Household
Jug
Stonewar Salt
slip
e
Glazed,
Gray/Bu
ff
Bodied
brown,
orangish tan
19
Household
Jar
Stonewar Salt
Albany slip
e
Glazed,
Gray/Bu
ff
Bodied
dark metallic
brown
cylindrical vessel;
most of glaze is
chipped off;
horizontal bands
around body
brown slip on
exterior; "--W &
Co", "-lymouth"
impressed on
shoulder
interior slip is
orangish tan,
exterior is brown,
possibly iron oxide
wash
55
Unit/F cat
S
no
Qty Category
Object
Material
Ware
type
Decoration
Color
Pattern
Date
Notes
20
Architectural Tile
terra
cotta
Painted
yellow
floral
geometric
1877-1935
small square tiles

with differing
abstract/geometric
vaguely floral
designs. Raised
letters on rear:
"A.E.T. Co Limited"
(American Encaustic
Tiling Company),
"No. 4" on one, "No.
5" on other
21
Architectural Tile
terra
cotta
1877-1935
partial tile,
rectangular. No
decoration but
same composition
as cat 20. "No. 18"
in raised lettering
on rear. Note Cats
20 & 21 are
samples. Discarded
a number of tiles on
site
22
Medical
Bottle,
Medicine
Common
Glass
1853-1958
Square bottle,
tooled finish; Key
mold base On side
panel: "Dr. J
Hostetter's Stomach
Bitters"; On base:
"McKee & Co." and
"2"
23
Medical
Bottle,
Medicine
Common
Glass
brown
probably a Dr.
Hostetter's Bitters
bottle; tooled finish
24
Medical
Bottle,
Medicine
Common
Glass
brown
square bottle,
corner; probably Dr.
Hostetter's Bitters
25
Indetermina Bottle
te
Common
Glass
brown
flat piece, no patina
26
Indetermina Bottle
te
Common
Glass
brown
flat resting point

with raised dots
around
circumference; cup
mold? No seams on
base
27
Household
Drinking
Vessel
glass
clear
cut or pressed
panels
28
Household
Drinking
glass
clear
cut or pressed
Embossed
brown
Lettering
56
Unit/F cat
S
no
Qty Category
Object
Material
Ware
type
Decoration
Color
Pattern
Date
Vessel
Notes
panels on base
29
Household
Bottle, Beer Common

Glass
Embossed
aqua
Lettering
1872-?
MEND; On side: "-RN-- BEER"; "TRADE

MARK"; "--TED";
"OCT 29th 187-"; On
base: "THIS BOTTLE
NOT TO BE SOLD".
Appears to be CC
Haley & Co
Celebrated
California Pop Beer
Patented Oct 29th
1872
30
Indetermina Bottle
te
Common
Glass
aqua
31
Indetermina Bottle
te
Common
Glass
aqua
32
Indetermina Bottle
te
glass
clear
33

te
te
Glass
aqua
34
Household
Bottle
Common
Glass
olive
35
Household
Bottle
Common
Glass
olive
36
Glass
Common
Glass
light aqua
37
Architectural glass
glass
Etched
geometric
floral
acid etching?
38
Architectural privacy glass glass
molded
Ribbed
thin, continuous
raised ribs.
39
Tools &
Equipment
graphite
pencil
Graphite
thick pencil
40
Personal
Smoking
Pipe
clay
6/64"
41
Tools &
Equipment
vise
Iron
pressed six(?) sided

panels. Could be
bottle shoulder,
dish or lid
turn mold
57
Unit/F cat
S
no
Qty Category
Object
Material
Ware
type
Decoration
10
10
Household
Jar
Coarse
Redwar slip
Earthenw e
are
10
Household
Hollowware Coarse
Redwar
Earthenw e
are
10
Household
10
10
10
Color
Pattern
Date
Notes
dark brown
mended except for

two sherds in
separate bag. Very
large, heavy lid with
knob and center
covered with
crackled/puckered
brown slip

slip
e
Glazed,
Gray/Bu
ff
Bodied
light brown,
tan
cylindrical vessel;
tan interior slip,
light brown exterior
slip
Household
Hollowware Refined Whitew TransferEarthenw are

printed
are
blue
Floral
1815-1915
Household
bottle,
mineral
water
Stonewar Salt
slip
e
Glazed,
Gray/Bu
ff
Bodied
tan
Lettering
1875-?
Household
Bottle
Common
Glass
olive
mend. Push-up
appears to be
separate from
resting point
(indented ridge
between the two)
10
Household
Bottle
Common
Glass
dark olive
possibly turn mold
10
Household
Bottle
Common
Glass
olive
10
Household
Bottle
Common
Glass
olive
10
10
Indetermina Bottle
te
Common
Glass
lime green
flattened string rim.
10
11
Indetermina Bottle
te
Common
Glass
aqua
applied finish (club

sauce finish?)
Mended. Circular
stamp:
"KRONTHALER
MINERAL BR" with
lyre in center; "-THALER ----L
QUELLEN ---- HIEMAN-" and one
additional illegible
line. On rear,
stamped "N 6-"
58
Unit/F cat
S
no
Qty Category
Object
Material
10
12
Household
Bottle
Common
Glass
10
13
Indetermina Bottle
te
glass
Embossed
clear
10
14
Hardware
Refined
Earthenw
are?
glazed
clear
10
15

te
te
Alloy
bottle top or part of

lighting equipment
10
16
Furnishings
light bulb
glass,
copper
alloy
glass fuse, screw

cap and electrical
contact
10
17
Furnishings
light bulb
glass,
copper
alloy
screw cap, electrical

contact and thick
aqua glass
10
18
Household
Bottle, Wine Common

Glass
10
19
Household
Plate
Refined Hotel
Earthenw Ware
are
11
Personal
Smoking
Pipe
Clay
11
Household
Flatware
Refined Ironsto TransferEarthenw ne/Ston printed

are
e China
11
Household
Hollowware Refined Pearlwa Slip

Earthenw re/Whit Decorated
are
eware
11

Redwar Lead Glazed dark brown
te
Earthenw e
are
11
Medical
electrical
insulator
Bottle,
Medicine
glass
Ware
type
Decoration
Color
Pattern
Date
brown
Stamped
Notes
partial. Flat resting

point
Lettering
"400" embossed on
base; small, ovoid
bottle
amber
complete bottle
with shard missing
from neck & finish.
Blob seal with
embossed lettering:
"Burger Spital
Wurzburg" and
flower (?) in center;
flattened string rim
1860-present flat base
4/64"
Embossed
gray
Floral
1840-1915
blue, tan
annular
1775-1850
clear
exterior unglazed
Lettering
1851-1900
tooled finish with

prescription lip;
concentric circles
around stylized
"ACD" initials on
body. "Albert C.
Dung New York.
Established 1851.
59
Unit/F cat
S
no
Qty Category
Object
Material
Ware
type
Decoration
Color
Pattern
Date
Notes
Trademark" in
consecutive circles.
No seam on base
11
Household
Bottle
Common
Glass
11
Household
bottle
Common
Glass
11
Household
Bottle
Common
Glass
11
Indetermina Indetermina glass

te
te
11
10
Furnishings
11
11
11
aqua
Embossed
aqua
Lettering
"--RRINS" probably
Lea & Perrins
olive
clear
possibly a handle.
Piece is faceted.
Interior is shattered
lighting glass glass
clear
small thin-bodied
tube with traces of
copper on interior

te
te
clear
12

te
te
11
13
Furnishings
copper
alloy,
glass
glass fuse, screw

cap and electrical
contact with small
amount of light bulb
glass in socket
11
14
Indetermina Indetermina copper

te
te
small, round circular

item. Flat piece with
two small
rectangular prongs
on one side, very
short, exteriorthreaded shaft on
other side. Maybe a
plug for something?
12
Faunal
Bone
large mammal rib
12
Faunal
Bone
mammal
12
Faunal
Bone
poultry pelvis
12
Household
Bottle
light bulb
Common
Glass
molded
frosted
one edge has very

slight lip. Possibly a
lighting globe
olive
flattened string rim
60
Unit/F cat
S
no
Qty Category
Object
12

Redwar
te
Earthenw e
are
12

te
e
Glazed,
Gray/Bu
ff
Bodied
12
Indetermina Hollowware Refined Yelloww molded

te
Earthenw are
are
13
Household
Creamer
Porcelain porcelai Printed &

n,
Painted
indeter
minate
13
Household
Cup
Refined Hotel
Earthenw Ware
are
13
Faunal
Bone
13
Indetermina Bottle
te
Common
Glass
13
Medical
Common
Glass
Bottle
Material
Ware
type
Decoration
Color
Pattern
Date
Notes
base
flower pot or
storage container
thin horizontal ridge
blue
Floral
1869-?
small pitcher with

partly solid handle,
painted band on
edge of handle and
below rim, flowers
on upper body.
Base has maker's
mark "L Straus &
Sons New York"
around a crown,
"vitrified" on ribbon
below crown,
"England" and
"Mildred" below
1860-present no handle
cow
aqua
Embossed
amber
small, square, thin

bodied bottle with
chamfered corners
Lettering
1853-1958
key-mold base with

"A" embossed in
center; "DR J.
HOSTETTER'S
STOMACH BITTERS"
on side; large
square bottle with
slightly chamfered
corners; tooled
finish
61
Unit/F cat
S
no
Qty Category
Object
Material
13
Household
Bottle,
Liquor
Common
Glass
olive
push-up appears to
be separate piece
from resting point:
post-bottom mold?
but no visible side
seams. Flattened
string rim; deep
vertical stretch
marks; gold patina
13
Household
Bottle,
Liquor
Common
Glass
dark olive
turn mold; flattened

string rim
13
Household
pressure
cooker
copper,
iron
large copper lid with

broken iron handle
13
Household
pressure
cooker
copper,
iron
medium copper lid

with iron handle
13
10
Household
pressure
cooker
copper,
iron
small lid with

broken iron handle
13
11
Household
pressure
cooker
Iron
broken iron handle
13
12
Household
Jar
Stonewar Salt
Painted
e
Glazed,
Gray/Bu
ff
Bodied
13
13
Furnishings
lighting
fixture
copper
dome shaped, looks

like table lamp
shade or possibly
wall sconce
13
14

te
te
Alloy,
glass
looks like base of

light bulb but has
flat sheet of glass
across opening
where base of glass
bulb should go
13
15
Hardware
door
fastener
Copper
Alloy
plate/track for door

chain
14
Household
mug, beer
glass
14
Indetermina Bottle
te
Common
Glass
aqua
14
Household
Common
Glass
aqua
Bottle
Ware
type
Decoration
Color
cobalt
molded
Pattern
Floral
Paneled
Date
Notes
Molded rim. Mends

with FS 6 cat 1,
bagged with FS 6.
complete base &

handle; panels
around base and on
bottom of body
tooled finish
62
Unit/F cat
S
no
Qty Category
Object
Material
14
Household
Bottle,
Liquor
Common
Glass
dark olive
14
Glass
Common
Glass
aqua
14
Faunal
Bone
rodent mandible
with three teeth
14
Faunal
Bone
mammal rib, cut
14
Faunal
Bone
mammal long bone

(one is metatarsal?),
broken
14
Faunal
Bone
large mammal,
possibly cow,
shoulder?
14
10
Indetermina Indetermina Iron

te
te
small square crossshaped item
14
11
Hardware
Indetermina Copper
te
Alloy
plumbing item?
Small thin hollow
cylinder, slightly
tapered, with screw
threads inside
14
12
Hardware
knob
Copper
Alloy
small metal knob

with decorative
center of ceramic or
other material
14
13
Hardware
Indetermina Copper
te
Alloy
possibly a shutter
hinge or decorative
piece. Curved
question-mark
shape, broken at
straight end. Some
impressed numbers
and possibly letters
on one side of
straight piece: 55?
Straight segment is
grooved on edge
14
14

te
te
Alloy
very thin flat

rectangular piece of
metal with rounded
ends and circular
cut-out in center,
small rectangular
piece extending
from one side
14
15
Household
Plate
Ware
type
Refined Ironsto
Earthenw ne/Ston
Decoration
Color
Pattern
Date
Notes
blown; two-part
applied finish with
down-tooled lip
1840-1930
Flat base. Impressed

maker's mark on
63
Unit/F cat
S
no
Qty Category
Object
Material
Ware
type
are
e China
Decoration
Color
Pattern
Date
Notes
base: "Stone
Granite
Wedgewood & Co"
14
16
Household
Plate
Refined Ironsto
Earthenw ne/Ston
are
e China
1840-1930
Mend. Minimal,
rounded foot ring.
Very faint
impressed maker's
mark, probably
Maddock
14
17
Household
Flatware
Refined Hotel
Earthenw Ware
are
1860-present
14
18
Household
Flatware
Refined Hotel
Earthenw Ware
are
1860-present
14
19
Indetermina Hollowware Refined Hotel

te
Earthenw Ware
are
1860-present
14
20
Indetermina Hollowware Refined Yelloww Painted

te
Earthenw are
are
blue
14
21
Indetermina Hollowware Stonewar stonew slip

te
e
are,
indeter
minate
yellowish
brown
14
22
Household
Flatware

printed
are
flow blue
te
14
23
Household
Salt Dish
Porcelain porcelai Transfern,

printed
indeter
minate
black
Floral
15
Household
Flatware
Refined Hotel
Earthenw Ware
are
1860-present
15
Household
Flatware
Refined Hotel
Earthenw Ware
are
1860-present
15
Household
Flatware
Refined Hotel
Earthenw Ware
are
1860-present very minimal,

rounded foot ring
te
body is highly
vitrified, almost
porcelain
1869-?
Could also be a tea

bag plate. Partial
maker's mark on
base, "--RED"
(Mildred): L Straus
manufactured
Mildred pattern
ceramics, see FS13,
cat1
64
Unit/F cat
S
no
Qty Category
Object
15
Indetermina Indetermina Refined Hotel

te
te
Earthenw Ware
are
15
Household
1860-present minimal, rounded

foot ring
15
Indetermina Hollowware Stonewar stonew slip

te
e
are,
indeter
minate
chocolate
brown
15
Household
peach
15

slip
te
e
Glazed,
Gray/Bu
ff
Bodied
dark brown
exterior is slipped
and salt glazed;
interior unglazed
15

slip
te
e
Glazed,
Gray/Bu
ff
Bodied
orangish tan
exterior decoration,
interior unglazed
15
10
Household
Jug
yellowishbrown
body is highly
vitrified. Same
vessel as FS14,
cat21
15
11
Household
Hollowware Coarse
Redwar Incised
Earthenw e
are
15
12
Household
Flatware
15
13
Indetermina Hollowware Refined Yelloww Dipt

te
Earthenw are
are
15
14

te
te
Alloy
Flatware
Material
Ware
type
Decoration
Color
Pattern
Porcelain Hotel
Ware

Molded
e
Glazed, Pattern
Gray/Bu
ff
Bodied
Stonewar stonew slip

e
are,
indeter
minate

printed
are
molded
Date
Notes
most of slip is
chipped off
Petaled
Buff body. Interior is

slipped and salt
glazed. Exterior is
molded and
unglazed
Banded
faint band just

below exterior rim
blue
Floral
1815-1915
blue
Mocha
1827-1900
blue dendritic
pattern on white
background on
exterior; interior
yellow glaze
ribbed copper
(alloy) tubular
object, hollow, in
hook shape. Iron in
hollow of straight
end, could be postdepositional
65
Unit/F cat
S
no
Qty Category
Object
15
15
Architectural Nail
15
16
Faunal
Bone
large mammal rib
15
17
Faunal
Bone
poultry ribs
15
18
Faunal
Bone
poultry long bone
15
19
Faunal
Bone
indeterminate
mammal bones, one
has substantial cut
marks
15
20
Faunal
Bone
small rib bone,

indeterminate
animal
15
21
Household
bottle, sauce Common

Glass
15
22
Indetermina Bottle
te
glass
clear
15
23
Household
Bottle,
Liquor
Common
Glass
dark olive
15
24
Household
Bottle,
Liquor
Common
Glass
dark olive
15
25
Household
Bottle,
Liquor
Common
Glass
dark olive
15
26
Indetermina Bottle
te
glass
15
27
Personal
Smoking
Pipe
Clay
16
Faunal
Bone
poultry long bones
16
Faunal
Bone
rib bone, large

poultry?
16
Faunal
Bone
rodent jaw bone
16
Faunal
Bone
poultry pelvis
16
Faunal
Bone
indeterminate long
bone, possibly
poultry
16
Faunal
Bone
mammal, clavicle
16
Faunal
Bone
mammal rib
16
Faunal
Bone
large mammal
16
Architectural Nail
Iron
square
16
10
Personal
Clay
4/64"
Smoking
Material
Ware
type
Decoration
Color
Pattern
Iron
Date
Notes
square
Embossed
molded
light aqua
clear
1839-present Lea & Perrins bottle
neck & shoulder

fragment
Lettering
small, 10-paneled
bottle with
embossing on sides:
"--MIDY" and "--RIS"
5/64"
66
Unit/F cat
S
no
Qty Category
Object
Material
Ware
type
Decoration
Color
Pattern
Date
Notes
Pipe
16
11
Household
Jug
Stonewar Salt
slip
e
Glazed,
Gray/Bu
ff
Bodied
16
12
Household
Flatware
Refined Hotel
Earthenw Ware
are
16
13
Household
Hollowware Refined White

Earthenw Granite
are
16
14
Indetermina Hollowware Refined Indeter Mottled

te
Earthenw minate Glaze
are
yellow,
brown
16
15
Household

Earthenw re
Pattern
are
green
16
16
Indetermina Bottle
te
Common
Glass
green
16
17
Indetermina Bottle
te
Common
Glass
light aqua
16
18
Indetermina Indetermina Milk Glass

te
te
16
19
Indetermina Bottle
te
18
Household

Earthenw Ware
are
18
Household
Flatware
Refined Hotel
Earthenw Ware
are
1860-present
18
Household
Flatware
Refined Hotel
Earthenw Ware
are
1860-present
18
Household
Flatware
Refined Hotel
Earthenw Ware
are
1860-present flat base; part of

"HOTEL" stamp on
base
18
Household
Plate
Refined Hotel
Earthenw Ware
are
1860-present minimal foot ring;

"H--" on bottom of
base
18
Household
Flatware
Refined Hotel
Earthenw
1860-present minimal foot ring
Flatware
Common
Glass
brown
very light salt glaze;

interior slip is
metallic, may be
Albany type
1860-present
could be ironstone
Shell Edge,
Even
Scalloped,
Straight
Lines
1800-1825
fragment, large
bottle
curved body
amber
hard to determine
color due to
discoloration
67
Unit/F cat
S
no
Qty Category
Object
Plate
Material
Ware
type
are
Ware
Decoration
Color
Pattern
Refined Ironsto
Earthenw ne/Ston
are
e China
Date
Notes
1855-1870
maker's mark stamp

on base: "John
Maddoc-" "Burs--"
(Burslem)
18
Household
18
Indetermina Bottle
te
18
Household

Glass
Embossed
aqua
Lettering
1850-1940
18
10
Household

Glass
Embossed
aqua
Lettering
1839-present two different

bottles - lettering
overlaps
18
11
Household
bottle
Common
Glass
18
12
Medical
Bottle
Common
Glass
Embossed
amber
Lettering
1853-1958
Mend. Key mold

base, no lettering
on base; "Bitters"
on side - Dr.
Hostetter's bottle;
square bottle
18
13
Medical
Bottle
Common
Glass
Embossed
amber
Lettering
1853-1958
square bottle;
tooled finish; key
mold base with "S McKEE & Co" and
'7'; "DR.
HOSTETTER'S
STOMACH BITTERS
Common
Glass
amber
complete neck &

finish; tooled finish;
flask or ovoid
shaped bottle
aqua
complete bottle
with glass club
sauce stopper with
Lea & Perrins on
top; Lea & Perrins
and 'Worcestershire
Sauce" on body. L &
P imported to US
from 1839
(http://www.leaperr
ins.com/history.asp
x)
may be part of a Lea

& Perrins bottle
68
Unit/F cat
S
no
Qty Category
Object
Material
Ware
type
Decoration
Color
Pattern
Date
Notes
on side of bottle
18
14
Medical
Bottle
Common
Glass
Embossed
amber
Lettering
1853-1958
no finish (broken);
"DR. J. HOSTETTER'S
STOMACH BITTERS";
key mold base with
no lettering; square
bottle
18
15
Household
Bottle, Case Common

Glass
18
16
Indetermina Bottle
te
Common
Glass
18
17
Household
Mug, Beer
glass
molded
clear
Paneled
18
18
Medical
Bottle,
Medicine
glass
Embossed
clear
Lettering
?-1885
" A.C. DUNG NEW

YORK"; on base:
"WT & Co" and "Q";
small square bottle
with chamfered
corners,
prescription lip,
tooled finish; Dung
was pharmacist, 61
Bowery, corner of
Grand St from at
least 1879
18
19
Medical
Bottle,
Medicine
glass
Embossed
clear
Lettering
1871-1890
Lettering on side:
"HENRY IMHOF'S
PHARMACY 189
EAST BROADWAY
NY", faint "W' on
base. Tooled finish
with prescription
lip. Seam stops at
base of neck. Bottle
is ovular with front
concave panel
where lettering is
18
20
Household
bottle,
alcohol
Common
Glass
dark olive
applied finish, very

short neck
turquoise
flattened string rim;

remnants of
aluminum (?) cover
olive/darkgreen
handle broken off;

panels not quite
half way up body
bottle is not as
deeply olive colored
as typical dark olive
bottles. Flattened
string rim, turn
mold base. Neck
appears to be
faceted but may be
stretch or tooling
marks.
69
Unit/F cat
S
no
Qty Category
Object
Material
Ware
type
Decoration
Color
Pattern
Date
Notes
18
21
Household
Plate
Refined Hotel
Earthenw Ware
are
1860-present partial "HOTEL"

stamp visible on
base with "E"
below. Piece is
lightly burnt or
discolored and
rusted
18
22
Household
Plate
Refined Hotel
Earthenw Ware
are
1860-present
18
23
Household
Flatware
Refined White
Earthenw Granite
are
1868-1930
18
24
Architectural Nail
18
25
18
26
18
18
partial impressed
maker's mark on
base: globe with
"WARRANTED" on
ribbon across center
and "MERCER"
arced over top.
Ware type
designated based
on maker's mark.
End date based on
Miller
Iron
square shaft, head

may be circular
Tools &
Equipment
Indetermina Iron
te
large, heavy ovular

loop with broken
shaft, possibly
lever/ valve key
type of equipment
Furnishings
plumbing
fixture
screw threaded
shaft attached to
socket with interior
screw threads and
washer
27
Faunal
Bone
28
Architectural Tile
Copper
Alloy
mammal long bones

Clay
encaustic
painting
polychrome
floral,
stylized
1877-1935
Mend. 3/4 of tile.

Red and yellow clay
with blue, green
and white paint.
Stamped on back "
The American
Encaustic Tiling Co
Limited" and "No 3"
70
Unit/F cat
S
no
Qty Category
Object
Material
Ware
type
Decoration
18
29
Household
Jar
Stonewar Unident Lead Glazed brown

e
ified
Stonew
are
19
Household
Mug
Stonewar Salt
Painted
e
Glazed,
Gray/Bu
ff
Bodied
19
Household

Glass
19
Household
Bottle
Common
Glass
brown
champagne-type
bottle with applied,
flattened string rim.
Visible slop-over
above and below
string rim. No seams
19
Household
Bottle
Common
Glass
brown
blown, probably
snap-case
19
Household
Bottle
Common
Glass
dark olive
possibly snap-case
manufacture.
Interior coated with
thick yellowishbrown substance,
possibly predepositional
contents?
Embossed
Color
Pattern
Date
Notes
two complete
vessels, missing lids.
Barrel-shaped,
groove for flange on
flat top
cobalt,
brown
Banded
aqua
Lettering
short mug with

large half-heartshaped handle.
Single painted line
around base and
below rim
1839-present neck is broken, no

finish. Post-bottom
mold with 'JDS' in
triangular
arrangement on
base. "Lea &
Perrins" vertically
on body and
"Worcestershire
Sauce" horizontally
immediately below
shoulder
71
Unit/F cat
S
no
Qty Category
Object
Material
Ware
type
Decoration
Color
Molded
clear
Pattern
Date
Notes
19
Furnishings
Soap Dish
glass
19
Faunal
Bone
20
Household
Bottle,
Liquor
Common
Glass
dark olive
20
Household
Bottle
Common
Glass
dark green
fragment, probably
machine-made
20
Indetermina Bottle
te
glass
clear
Embossing of
woman with
halberd, "--ERZ" and
"--ERY"; "Mark"
(probably 'trade
mark')
20
Indetermina Bottle
te
glass
clear
square bottle
20
Household
Stemware
glass
clear
complete base
20
Architectural Glass
Fragment
glass
20
Architectural Tile
Milk Glass
20
Indetermina Indetermina Iron

te
te
small, circular
object. Button or
coin
20
Faunal
Bone
poultry. Sample another ~6 bones

discarded in field.
Two long bones,
one pelvic (?)
fragment
21
Sanitary
Chamber Pot Refined Cream

Earthenw ware
are
21
Household
Flatware

Earthenw re
Pattern
are
blue
Shell Edge, 1800-1835

Even
Scalloped,
Curved Lines
21
Household
Bowl

Earthenw re
are
blue
Chinese
Landscape
21
Indetermina Hollowware Refined Indeter

Earthenw
thick, heavy glass,

rectangular shape
with chamfered
corners
large mammal rib
bone. Substantial
cutting or gnawing
marks
Embossed
Molded
Pattern
Floral
molded only on one

side
1762-1820
originally one piece,

broke in transit
1775-1810
Probably ironstone,
possibly pearlware.
72
Unit/F cat
S
no
Qty Category
Object
te
Flatware
Material
Ware
type
are
minate
Decoration
Color
Pattern
Date
Notes
Small, flared foot

ring
21
Household
Refined Pearlwa molded

Earthenw re/Whit
are
eware
1815-1860
thin ridge just above

base
21
Indetermina Hollowware Refined Cream

te
Earthenw ware
are
21
Indetermina Indetermina metal,

te
te
wood
21
Glass
21
Faunal
shell, oyster
22
Household
Mug
Stonewar Salt
Painted
e
Glazed,
Gray/Bu
ff
Bodied
cobalt
Banded
Thick cobalt band

around base; point
of attachment for
handle at base
22
Household
Jar
Stonewar Salt
Painted
e
Glazed,
Gray/Bu
ff
Bodied
cobalt
Spiral
Slightly everted rim.

At base of rim are
multiple, very thin
raised ridges
22
Household

Painted
e
Glazed,
Gray/Bu
ff
Bodied
cobalt
Banded
possibly a mug.
Horizontal molded
ridges. May have
been a sprigmolded medallion
at top - large,
circular patch of
glaze missing from
vessel exterior
22
Household
Plate

printed
are
blue
Willow
1818-1842
22
Household
Flatware

printed
are
blue
Geometric
Pattern
1784-1840
22
Household
Flatware

Earthenw re
Pattern
are
blue
Shell Edge,
Even
Scalloped,
Straight
Lines
1800-1825
1762-1820
pressed
Common
Glass
black
some type of handle

for wooden object,
possibly utensil
light aqua
discarded in field
discarded in field
printed maker's
mark on back:
"Warranted Stone
China Carey's". Does
not look like
ironstone, however
73
Unit/F cat
S
no
Qty Category
Object
Material
22
Household
Flatware
22
Household
Bowl
22
Household
Hollowware Coarse
Redwar Lead Glazed clear
Earthenw e
are
22
10
Household
Jug
22
11
Indetermina Hollowware Refined Yelloww Slip

te
Earthenw are
Decorated
are
white, blue
22
12
Indetermina Bottle
te
glass
clear
flask-type/ovoid
shape. Mold blown.
Single rib on each
side
22
13
Indetermina Bottle
te
Common
Glass
brown
large bottle, blown

but otherwise
indeterminate
manufacture.
Appears to be
writing or
decoration on base
- very faint. Center
is flower
22
14
Indetermina Bottle
te
Common
Glass
brown
post-bottom mold.
D-shaped bottle
22
15
Household
Color
Pattern

Earthenw re
Pattern
are
blue
Shell Edge, 1810-1835

Even
Scalloped,
Curved Lines
Refined Pearlwa Dipt

Earthenw re
are
brown, gray- Cat's Eye

green, bluegray
Decoration
22
16
Commercial/ writing
Communicat implement
ion
Graphite
thick piece with

pointed end
22
17
Toy/Recreati film
on
celluloid
additional pieces
discarded in field.
Nothing on film.
35mm
22
18
Personal
Clay
4/64"
Stonewar Salt
Albany slip
e
Glazed,
Gray/Bu
ff
Bodied
Hollowware glass
Smoking
Ware
type
molded
Date
1811-1850
impressed lines are

faint, uneven
"multi-chambered"
slip
minimal molding
just above base thin raised ridge
Lettering
clear
Notes
Banded
Fluted
shoulder.
Incomplete stamp,
reads "-KER"
1827-1900
Mend. Probably a
chamber pot. Small
amount of handle
lid for candy dish or

other similar object,
octagonal finial
knob
74
Unit/F cat
S
no
Qty Category
Object
Material
Ware
type
Decoration
Color
Embossed
light aqua
Pattern
Date
Notes
1857-1938
round, squat bottle

with wide opening,
screw threads.
"FREE SAMPLE"
around shoulder.
On base: "WT" in
triangle and "10".
WT is Whitall Tatum
Co., glass
manufacturer from
Millville, NJ
Pipe
22
19
Indetermina Bottle
te
Common
Glass
22
20
Household
Bottle
Common
Glass
22
21
Medical
Bottle
glass
22
22
Household
22
23
Household
22
24
Household/ Bottle
medical
dark aqua
Cup-bottom mold.
Crown finish.
Embossed
clear
mid 1870searly 1900s
partial neck, no
finish. Mold blown.
Post-bottom mold.
Embossing on side:
"CITRATE
MAGNESIA" on
banner inside circle
Bottle, Beer Common

Glass
Embossed
light aqua
1892-1933
no reference for
dates on web page.
Stylized "NABC"
inside six-pointed
star on side of
bottle. Post-bottom
mold, crown finish
Bottle, Beer Common

Glass
Embossed
light aqua
1892-1933
no reference for
dates on web page.
Stylized "NABC"
inside six-pointed
star on side of
bottle. Post-bottom
mold
aqua
1885-?
Health food, but

offered at soda
fountains and
restaurants. Cup
mold, tooled crown
finish. Produced at
least until the 1920s
(International
Common
Glass
75
Unit/F cat
S
no
Qty Category
Object
Material
Ware
type
Decoration
Color
Pattern
Date
Notes
Record of Medicine
and General
Practice Clinics,
v115, Jan 4, 1922)
23
Household
Jug
Stonewar stonew Slip

e
are,
Decorated
indeter
minate
light brown
shiny, almost
metallic exterior slip
23
Household
Jar
Stonewar Salt
Slip
e
Glazed, Decorated
Gray/Bu
ff
Bodied
brown
brown slip on
interior of top of lid;
large heavy lid with
large flange
23
Household
Salt Dish
Porcelain Porcelai
n, Hard
Paste
23
Indetermina Hollowware Refined Pearlwa Transferte

Earthenw re
printed
are
blue
23
Household
Bottle, Beer Common

Glass
green
23
Household
Bottle,
Liquor
Common
Glass
dark green
Turn mold,
mamelon;
champagne finish
with sloped top
23
Household
Bottle,
Liquor
Common
Glass
dark olive
turn mold; applied

crown finish;
horizontal seam
below shoulder
te
possibly flow blue
1849-mid 20th Machine made. E&J

c
Burke Co. Name &
cat logo with 5 dots
on base
76
Appendix C:
Artifact Images and Specific Artifact Data
The following is a presentation of additional artifact images and data to further support the
findings presented in the main section of the report. This additional information highlights and
expands on the themes presented.
77
Image 21:Medicne Bottle

Henry Imhof was a prominent pharmacist in New York City for more than 40 years. He was an
active member and the former president of the German Apothecaries Society and a life member
of the New York College of Pharmacy. Born in Germany in 1839, he came to the United States
in 1866. He opened a store at 6 Carmine Street in 1869, moving to 189 East Broadway in 1871
until 1890.
78
Image 22: Henry Imhof
79
Image 23: 19th Century Newspaper add for Chemist
Image 24: Medicinal bottle, no markings.
80
Image 25: Medicinal Bottle

Dungs Pharmacy was a well-known establishment at the corner of Canal Street and Bowery.
Following the death of Albert C. Dung in 1883 M. J. Breitenbach took over the business.
81
Image 26: Medicinal Bottle
82
Image 27: Bowery Bottle
A glass bottle with remnants of a paper label. Though the label is too worn to read and determine
the contents it clearly reads Bowery on a portion of the label.
83
Image 28: Bowery Bottle (close-up)
84
Image 29: Premium Soda Water bottle embossed with W. Eagle Vestry Varick Canal Sts
8
85
Image 30: Premium Soda Water bottle embossed with W. Eagle Vestry Varick Canal Sts
86
Image 31: E & J Burke Co. bottle displaying the cat logo on the base of the bottle.
Edward Frederick Burke and John Burke were Irish brothers whose business operated in New
York City from 1874 1953. The distillers, brewers and bottlers were originated in Dublin. In
New York City they were importers and sellers of beer and whiskey. For a time they were the
sole importers of Guinness.
Their New York City Headquarters were located at 616 West 46th Street. The six-story red brick
E & J Burke Company warehouse (S/NR-eligible) was built in 1912-1913 for the E & J Burke
Company, an importer and seller of beer and whiskey. Architect Thomas J. Duff, who was the
architect of several churches in Manhattan, designed the building which has a four-bay-wide
faade, street level loading docks, two end bays that project slightly forward from the two center
bays, and regular fenestration with historic two-over-two double-hung sash. The parapets of the
end bays extend above the center bays. A stone panel inscribed with the words "E & J Burke"
spans the top of the center bays. Two copper finials extend above the roof.
87
Image 32: Beer Bottle note that the bottle in Image 36 likely had a paper label that may have
been similar to this image.
88
Image 33: Bowl and Saucer in a pottery type known as Hotelware.
Image 34: A flow blue printed whiteware plate with a scrollwork design, 1835 1925.
89
Image 35: A flow blue printed whiteware plate with a floral design, 1835 1925.
Image 36: Transfer-printed plate with the Willow pattern.
90
Image 37: Short stoneware mug with a half-heart shaped handle.
Image 38: Lug handeled salt-glazed stoneware jar with cobalt blue floral design.
Likely locally made in New York City.
91
Image 39: Citrate Magnesia bottle, historically it was often sold carbonated and used for
constipation.
92
Image 40: Lea & Perrins Worcestershire Sauce in a club style bottle.
93
Image 41: Blob Top style mineral water bottle.
94
Image 42: Clay smoking pipe.
95
Appendix D:
Site Excavation Images
The following images provided additional information as to the Archaeological Monitoring
process.
96
Image 43: 50 Bowery Excavation
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
Appendix E:
Additional Artifact Information
This appendix provides additional data, information and resources consulted as part of the
project. It contains information gathered from various sources, including the Internet. The
opinions of some of the web pages reproduced are not necessary the opinions of Chrysalis
Archaeology, but is presented to highlight the multitude of research potential and ideology that
has been placed on many of the material remains from the time period.
104
AMERICAN ENCAUSTIC TILING COMPANY SHOWROOM--ZANESVILLE, OH

Materials Used: Ceramic tiles
General Description:
At one time the American Encaustic Tiling Company (c. 1877-c. 1935) of Zanesville, OH was
the largest tile producing company in the United States. AET had a showroom on the third floor
of the Administration Building in its complex according to Zanesville tile historian Michael
Sims.
The showroom had a patterned tile floor, tiled windows and radiator grilles, a stage to display
tiles for customers, and a fountain designed by Lois and Frederick Hurten Rhead. Two other
AET designers are pictured below: Frank Northrup and Karl Bergman.1
Year Created or installed:
Does Installation Still Exist? No
If Not, What Happened?
The U.S. Army used the AET plant during World War II and, according to Mr. Sims, dismantled
the showroom.
105
State: Ohio
City: Zanesville
Additional Information, Websites, Citations:
Evan and Louise Purviance, Zanesville Art Tile in Color, Wallace-Homestead Book Co., Des
Moines, IA, 1972. (B&W photos, below, and the color grille photo, taken from this book)
E. Stanley Wires, Norris F. Schneider, Moses Mesre, Zanesville Decorative Tiles, Selfpublished, Zanesville, Ohio, 1972, p. 32.
Karl Bergman (1889-1955) was a graduate of the Royal Academy of Brussels, Belgium. He
worked for the Mosaic Tile Company, then the American Encaustic Tiling Company in
Zanesville. Afterward Bergman started his own tile company, the Continental Faience and Tile
Company, in Milwaukee, WI. (Purviance)
Harry Northrup worked at the Zanesville Art Pottery and then the Mosaic Tile Company until he
served in the Armed Forces in World War I. After the war he became the head of glazing
formulas, casting, and then decorating until 1935. (Purviance)
Submitted by and Year: Zanesville local historian Michael Sims; November 2010.
106
From Society for Historical Archaeology (www.sha.org)

The preceding wording is embossed on two sides of another mid-19th century "blob-top" soda
bottles that is embossed with the maker - the Honesdale Glass Works of Honesdale, PA. - and
not the user of the bottle. This bottle has an applied blob finish, was blown in a post-bottom
mold, no base pontil scar (i.e., a "smooth" base), and no evidence of air venting. This represents
a generic (no bottle purchaser proprietary embossing) bottle sold to and used by potentially many
different customers for mineral water. The location of Honesdale, PA to New York City (about
100 miles) probably made that large city a major customer of this glassworks. The Honesdale
Glass Works operated under that name from 1856 to January of 1861 when the factory was
destroyed by the flood resulting from a breeched dam upstream (Barbe & Reed 2003). The
majority of soda and mineral water bottles made during this time period have iron pontil scars on
the base. The late 1850s and early 1860s was, however, the heart of the transition period from
pontil rods to non-scarring snap case tools, one of which was certainly used in the production of
this bottle.
sha.org
107
Hostetter's "Celebrated" Bitters was a nostrum developed by Dr. Jacob Hostetter of Lancaster,
Pennsylvania. His son, David Hostetter, put the formula into large scale production in 1853 and
it soon became a national best-seller. During the Civil War, Dr. J. Hostetter's Stomach Bitters
was sold to soldiers as "a positive protective against the fatal maladies of the Southern swamps,
and the poisonous tendency of the impure rivers and bayous." The original formula was about
47% alcohol -- 94 Proof! The amount of alcohol was so high that it was served in Alaskan
saloons by the glass. Hostetter sweetened the alcohol with sugar to which he added a few
aromatic oils (anise, coriander, etc.) and vegetable bitters (cinchona, gentian, etc.) to give it a
medicinal flavor. From 1954 to 1958, when it was no longer marketed, the product was known as
Hostetter Tonic. (NPS Midwest Archaeological Center)
Throughout the Civil War, Northern patent medicine manufacturers remained enormously
successful, supplying a sundry of remedies to the Union troops, preying on their fears of
southern tropical afflictions and, in particular, water-borne dysenteric ailments. Official medical
records of the time confirm that bowel complaints were most prevalent among the Union troops
and caused the most deaths. To alleviate these digestive disorders troops took a variety of
"medicinal" bitters: herbal brews steeped in alcohol.
One popular brand shipped on board the SS Republic was Dr. J. Hostetters Stomach Bitters
(nearly 100 green and amber bottles), first introduced to the market in 1853. Fortified by up to
47% alcohol, advertisements directed towards army consumption claimed that the bitters
provided a positive protection against the fatal maladies of the Southern swamps, and the
poisonous tendency of the impure rivers and bayous. The Hostetter marketing campaign proved
108
so successful that the War Department authorized the distribution of Hostetters Stomach Bitters
to the Union Army.
A major concern for the military was cholera, a lethal bacterial disease borne largely through
contaminated water supplies and designated Americas greatest scourge after its widespread
ravages in 1849 in New York and New Orleans, spreading ultimately across the entire country
into Canada. Cholera once again reached New Orleans in 1865 and broke out into an epidemic
the following year. While contemporary eruptions in other cities were often mild and short-lived,
New Orleans suffered greatly and repeatedly until 1868.
Union soldiers especially feared yellow fever. While the fevers mosquito-bred, nautical origins
and method of transmission remained a mystery at the time, the virus was known to flourish in
southern sub-tropical and swampy environments. Throughout the 1860s, Western medicine had
contended with its outbreaks. New Orleans, in particular, was no stranger to the disease. Between
1817 and 1905, the year of the citys last epidemic, more than 41,000 people died from yellow
fever. No doubt, Dr. Hostetters Stomach Bitters and similar antidotes provided bottled
courage to frightened men in times of need. Veterans returned home addicted to bitters and other
medicinals that they believed had prevented these illnesses during the war, spurious remedies
which they then passionately advocated to their families and friends. In fact, Hostetters Bitters,
known as the "Soldiers Safeguard", was so successful that after the war shots of it were sold in
local bars and saloons (Odysseys Virtual Museum).
109
Hostetter's Bitters
Dyspepsia's pangs, that rack and grind
The body, and depress the mind;
Slow constitutional decay,
That brings death nearer, day by day;
Nervous prostration, mental gloom,
Agues, that, as they go and come,
Make life a constant martyrdom;
Colics and dysenteric pains,
'Neath which the strong man's vigor wanes;
Bilious complaints, -- those tedious ills,
Ne'er conquered yet by drastic pills;
Dread Diarrhea, that cannot be
Cured by destructive Mercury;
Heralds of madness or the tomb;
For these, though Mineral nostrums fail,
Means of relief at last we hail,
HOSTETTER'S BITTERS medicine sure,
Not to prevent, alone, but cure.
Hostetter's United States Almanac, 1867
110
LEA & PERRINS

The club style sauce bottle is a distinctive shape that is closely identified with sauces intended
for meats, and in particular, various brands of Worcestershire sauce. The origin of this style was
apparently the bottle designed by or for the Lea & Perrins (L&P) company (illustration below
& picture to the left) and which was first reportedly used in the 1840s (Rinker 1968; Rock 2001).
Due to the incredible success of L&P, the sauce was copied by scores of other companies and put
up in bottles of the same shape as L&P - often with the same embossing pattern (just different
lettering for the producer). L&P pursued trademark infringements extensively and successfully
during the early 20th century (Zumwalt 1980). Based on bottles observed by this author on
scores of 19th and early 20th century historical sites, it appears that L&P still outsold all of the
other competitors combined by a wide margin (empirical observations). Note: Since L&P was
by far the biggest producer of "club sauce" it is the bottle primarily covered here; the competitors
bottles would follow the same general dating guidelines though not the company specific ones,
of course.
The club sauce bottle style followed the same design exceptionally close across a wide time
span, from brand to brand, and in the different though relatively limited sizes that were produced.
These bottles are always cylindrical, relatively tall and narrow in cross-section (between 3 to 4
times taller than wide), have parallel vertical body sides and virtually parallel neck sides (usually
with a very slight taper towards the base of the finish), the neck/finish combination is about the
same height as the body from the heel to the base of the steep shoulder, and are almost always
topped with the distinctive three-part club sauce finish, though on occasion it is found with a
two-part mineral type finish (Lunn 1981). Earlier club sauce bottles will tend to have some
111
variety to the finish, though bottles from the 1870s on almost always have the "classic" three-part
club sauce finish (Switzer 1974; Zumwalt 1980). The earliest L&P bottles were cork sealed,
although a large majority of the L&P and competitors bottles were closured with a combination
glass stopper & shell cork with a club sauce finish having a cork resting ledge on the inside of
the bore. That closure/finish combination was used by L&P until 1958 when a plastic pour spout
and external screw thread finish was adopted and is still in use today (Anonymous 1958; Rinker
1968; Zumwalt 1980; Rock 2001). Click Glass & Cork closure to view the section of the Bottle
Closures page that covers this type closure. Click on the IGCo 1906 pages 204-205 to view the
Illinois Glass Company (Alton, IL.) offering of a "Worcestershire or Club Sauce" bottle in 3
sizes with "Shell Corks and Glass Stoppers to fit" (lower right corner). The Illinois Glass
Company illustration clearly shows that their version came with the distinctive three-part club
sauce finish.
Mid-19th century Lea & Perrins sacue bottle; click to enlarge.The bottle pictured above is an
early machine-made (1910-1920) Lea & Perrins bottle embossed with LEA & PERRINS
(vertically on the body) and WORCESTERSHIRE SAUCE (horizontally on the shoulder), which
was the typical embossing for these bottles for about 70 years, i.e. 1850s to about 1920. This
particular example also has J D / S / 26 embossed on the base which is for John Duncan & Sons
(New York, NY) - aka John Duncans' Sons - who were the American licensees for importing the
sauce from about 1877 until 1930. (In 1930 L&P was bought by the company that made the
competing HP Sauce according the L&P website [link below].) The L&P sauce was reportedly
imported into the U. S. from about 1877 to 1900 in casks and then bottled by Duncan. Sometime
around 1900 to 1902 the secret formula was given to Duncan and a plant for producing the sauce
from imported materials was built in the U. S. (Rinker 1968; Lunn 1981; L&P website 2007).
The embossed bottles were apparently discontinued in 1920-1921 and unembossed, label only
bottles of the same distinctive shape used after that. Aqua glass was also reportedly discontinued
in 1944, though may have largely disappeared by the early 1930s in favor of colorless glass
(Rinker 1968; Toulouse 1971; Zumwalt 1980; Lunn 1981; Rock 2001). (Note: The L&P bottles
today have embossing once again, though only on the shoulder.) Click on the following links for
more images of the pictured bottle: base view showing the J D / S / 26 embossing and the shell
encased stopper to the left (note: the "26" is most likely a mold number with no known
significance at this point in time); close-up of the front shoulder, neck and finish; close-up of the
back shoulder, neck and finish. This bottle exhibits evidence of early machine manufacture in
that it has relatively crude wavy glass, multiple small bubbles, and uneven base glass
distribution.
Halford Leicestershire Sauce bottle from the 1870s; click to enlarge.The illustration to the right
is of a bottle with the same body embossing pattern as the example above but is 60+ years older.
(Illustration courtesy of California State Parks.) The illustrated example is of one of the earliest
molds for L&P that came from the context of a mid-19th century historic site in "Old Town" San
Diego, i.e., 1855-1865 (Peter Schulz pers. comm. 2007). Other similar examples are known to
date to the early 1850s (Lunn 1981). These earlier examples typically have a crudely applied
"club sauce" finish, were (probably) blown in a post-bottom mold, and lack evidence of air
venting. The A C B Co embossed on the base is the makers mark for Aire and Calder Glass
Bottle Company (Castleford, Yorkshire, England) who are conclusively known to have produced
these bottles (Lunn 1981; Rock 2001), although some authors attributed these bottles to the
112
Albion Bottle Company of Worchester, England (Rinker 1968). Although neither of these glass
company names perfectly fits the initials on the base, other bottle types have been noted that are
embossed with AIRE & CALDER BOTTLE CO. - a perfect fit to the initials. In any event, the
A C B Co bottles are the earliest versions typically found in the U. S. Click ACBCo to view an
image of this base embossing on an example salvaged from the SS Republic and thus known to
date from 1865 when that ship sank. Click Lea & Perrins to view this same 1865 bottle in its
entirety. (Photos by George Salmon Photography, courtesy of Odyssey Marine Exploration)
One example (of dozens possible) of a competitor to L&P was the product contained in the bottle
to the left which is identical in form to the L&P bottles. It is embossed horizontally on the
shoulder with HALFORD - HALFORD, on the front vertically with LEICESTERSHIRE and on
the back vertically with SAUCE. (Images off of eBay.) These bottles contained Halford's
Table Sauce which was advertised in 1880 as follows: The Most Perfect Relish of the Day. An
absolute Remedy for Dyspepsia. Invaluable to all Good Cooks. A Nutritious Combination for
Children. Invaluable for Soups, Hashes, Cold Meats, and Entres" (advertisement found on
internet). Even meat sauce claimed medicinal properties in the 19th century! This bottle has a
crudely applied club sauce style finish, was blown in a post-bottom mold, and likely had no
evidence of mold air venting - all features supporting a manufacturing date of about 1865 to
1885. These bottles were likely manufactured in England during the noted period as American
and English bottle making technology at that time was roughly on a par with each other
(Zumwalt 1980; empirical observations). Click on the following links for more images of this
club sauce bottle: base view; back and shoulder view; front and shoulder view.
Lea & Perrins bottles are quite likely the most commonly found embossed bottle on mid-19th
to early 20th century historic sites. The author has observed them in the trash dumps ranging
from the fanciest big city hotels to isolated sheep camps in the Great Basin. They came in at
least three sizes - half pint (probably the most common size), pint, and quart although the two
larger sizes at least were likely "scant" sizes, i.e., did not quite hold the full quantity (Illinois
Glass Co. 1903, 1906). Later mouth-blown bottles are embossed on the base with J D S (and
usually a mold number) like the machine-made bottle discussed above. Some of these late
mouth-blown bottles were reportedly made in England - possibly by Aire and Calder or Albion
or possibly neither (Toulouse 1971).
113
From: United States Bureau of Foreign Commerce. 1901. Mineral-Water Industry

Publications of the Bureau of Foreign Commerce. U.S. Government Printing Office.
114
CERAMIC MARKS
From www.thepotteries.org:
This mark was used by John Maddock

before 1855, Other similar marks can be
found with the name J Maddock "&
Son" added.
John
c.1855-70
Maddock
&
Son (NOTE:
not
"sons")
Printed
mark
c.1880-96
(Ltd was not added until after 1896)
Printed
mark
c.1880-96
(Ltd was not added until after 1896)
115
Printed mark c.1896+

(note the addition of Ltd)

This is the only mark with "& CO" Marks before and after this one all have
"& Sons"
116
Printed mark in use in the early 1930's
117

Similar to the 1927 mark but
"ENGLAND" replace with "MADE IN
ENGLAND"

"Ivory Ware" replaces the earlier "Royal
Ivory"

slight variations occur
118
Maddock Pottery Co of Trenton,

New
Jersey,
America.
Printed mark c.1893-1900
any mark with 'Maddocks' (note the
's' at the end) is an American
company and not Maddock & Sons
of Burslem, England.
The company dates from 1893-1915.
The company was owned by
Thomas Maddock & Sons, Moses
Collear, C.A. May and Thomas P.
Donoher.
119
L Strauss & Sons

From Straus historical society (http://www.straushistoricalsociety.org/lazarus--sara-straus.html):
Isidor & Ida Blun Straus

Isidor's privately published autobiography gives us a glimpse into their lives in Talbotton and
later in Columbus GA where they moved in 1863. The Strauses became successful merchants. At
the close of the Civil War, Columbus was burned and Lazarus decided to move his family north.
They settled in New York, opening L. Straus & Sons (1869), importers of china, porcelain,
glassware and crockery. In 1873 Nathan convinced Rowland H. Macy to allow them to open a
concession in the basement of Macy's store on 14th Street. By 1884 the Strauses were part
owners and by 1896 they were sole owners of R. H. Macy's & Co.
Isidor continued to run Macy's until his death, along with that of his wife Ida, on the "Titanic" in
1912. He served in the House of Representatives in 1894-5 and was a founder of The
Educational Alliance in New York City. He belonged to many philanthropic organizations and
was active in city politics.
L. Straus & Son(s) c. 1869 - ?
Family took over Macys at end of 1800s.
Family leader died on Titanic 1912.
120
RIDGWAY (from Kowalsky Encyclopedia of Marks, and California Dept. of Parks and
Rec. website )
John Ridgway
Origin: Shelton, Hanley, Staffordshire
Date: c. 1830-1855
Formerly: J. & W. Ridgway
Subsequently: Ridgway, Bates & Co.
Factory: Cauldon Place
Type: Transferprint
121
BOTTLES
From Charles Jewett, ed. List of Exchanges.Annals of the Anatomical and Surgical Society,
Vol. II. 1880. 28 Madison Street, Brooklyn, NY. P.25:
Albert C. Dung company: 1851-c.1900 (Dung dies c. 1885, MJ Breitenbach wakes over 1883,
new store Madison Ave. 1891 under his name). (from The Pharmaceutical Era, Vol. XVII, April
22, 1897. Charles W. Parsons, ed. D.O. Haynes & Co., New York, NY.)
122
Pop Beer
123
124
125
126
Star of David bottle mark

http://www.antique-bottles.net/forum/Star-Of-David-beer-bottle-m438232.aspx
When associated with brewing, the hexagram is called the Brewer's Star.
"THE SIX POINT BREWERS STAR

by Peter Blum
For centuries, it was customary for brewers -- particularly those in Europe and, later, in America
-- to brand or paint a six-point star on the ends of their beer kegs. And, indeed, many brewers of
the 19th and early 20th centuries actually fashioned their logos to incorporate the six-point star -known as the "brewer's star." So, what exactly does the star have to do with beer or brewing? It
127
is known that the star was the official insignia of the Brewer's Guild as early as the 1500s, and
that its association with beer and brewing can be traced as far back as the late 1300s.
Whatever the case, it is clear that the brewer's star was intended to symbolize purity; that is, a
brewer who affixed the insignia to his product was thereby declaring his brew be completely
pure of additives, adjuncts, etc. In fact, folklore has it that the six points of the star represented
the six aspects of brewing most critical to purity: the water, the hops, the grain, the malt, the
yeast, and the brewerBut others assert that the emblem's use by beer-makers originated
indpendently of the Jewish Star, and has no historical connection thereto.
The latter have some historical facts on their side. This geometric figure, which is technically
called a hexagram, has existed throughout the world for several millennia, usually as a talisman.
This includes the Middle East, Africa, and the Far East. The earliest appearance in a Jewish
context is in the 13-16 centuries BCE, but long after that it continued in widespread use in other
circumstances not associated with the Jewish faith.
The first use of the term "Shield of David" was about 1300 CE when a Spanish practitioner of
Jewish mysticism wrote a commentary on the central book of that mysticism, the Zohar. The first
actual linkage of the hexagram to a Jewish community appears in the early 1300s on the flag of
the Jewish community of Prague, which was designed with permission of Charles IV when he
became king of Bohemia. It is known that the star was the official insignia of the Brewer's Guild
as early as the 1500s, and that its association with beer and brewing can be traced as far back as
the late 1300s.
Whatever the case, it is clear that the brewer's star was intended to symbolize purity; that is, a
brewer who affixed the insignia to his product was thereby declaring his brew be completely
pure of additives, adjuncts, etc. In fact, folklore has it that the six points of the star represented
the six aspects of brewing most critical to purity: the water, the hops, the grain, the malt, the
yeast, and the brewer." From The Brewing Museum.
http://lostnewyorkcity.blogspot.com/2012/02/green-mystery-of-onderdonk-avenue.html
.. As for the beer bottle, from the description of the trademark perhaps it once contained the
product of the North American Brewing Co., which stood in nearby Bushwick at the corner of
Greene St. and Myrtle (which was named Hamburg Ave. here before WWI) from 1892 until the
late 40's?
http://www.taverntrove.com/brewery.php?BreweryId=1000
Trade Names for the brewery at 1306/1336 Greene Avenue, Brooklyn, NY:
North American Brewing Co. (1306 Greene, Hamburg & Myrtle Avenue) 1892-1933
Brewery operations shut down by National Prohibition in 1920
Issued permit L-?? for the production of non-alcoholic beverages during Prohibition 1920
Issued U-Permit No. NY-U-212 allowing the resumption of brewing operations 1933
North American Brewing Co. (expanded to 1306/1336 Greene Avenue) 1933-1946
128
Chas. Schaefer Corp. 1946-1948

Closed in 1948
Status of the building is unknown.
Products:
Paramount Near Beer 1927 - 1937
Imperial Near Beer 1930 - 1935
Doerschuck Ale 1933 - 1946
Doerschuck Bock 1933 - 1946
Doerschuck Beer 1933 - 1946
Imperial Ale 1933 - 1946
Imperial Beer 1933 - 1946
Paramount Ale 1933 - 1946
Paramount Beer 1933 - 1946
Pilsener Beer 1934 - 1946
Polo Beer 1935 - 1940
Good Host Beer 1938 - 1944
Pilser's Porter 1941 - 1943
Pilser's Beer 1941 - 1943
Lion Beer 1944 - 1945
Koenig's Beer 1944 - 1946
Paramount Special Beer ?? - ??
129
ZOOLAK
Submitted by MontanaHistorian on Sat, 12/13/2008 - 4:39pm.

http://www.shorpy.com/node/4989
ZOOLAK.
The subjoined analysis of Dr. Dadirrian's zoolak was made by Edgar E. Wright of Brooklyn, N.
Y.
In every 100 parts of zoolak there are:
Water 87.69
Proteid substances 3.98
Fat 4.91
Milk-sugar 2.03
Alcohol 0.07
Ash or mineral salts 0.78
Lactic acid 0.50
Carbon dioxide 0.04
130
This analysis shows that in the production of zoolak but little change is wrought in the
percentage composition of the original cow's milk, save what would naturally be produced by the
fermenting and peptonizing actions of the kefir ferment. These fermentative changes primary and
secondary consist in:
1. The transmutation of a portion of the natural milk sugar into alcohol, lactic acid, and carbon
dioxide.
2. The transmutation of a certain percentage of the proteid substances into protoses, and finally,
perhaps, into true diffusible peptones.
LTH Forum Chicago based culinary chat site
http://www.lthforum.com/bb/viewtopic.php?t=18642
So I am reading some early stories from the always delightful P.G. Wodehouse, and I come
across this passage in "My Battle with Drink." The drinks involved in this satirical piece are
dispensed by soda fountains.
Doctor," I said, covering my face with my hands, "I am a confirmed soda-fiend."
He gave me a long lecture and a longer list of instructions. I must take air and exercise and I
must become a total abstainer from sundaes of all descriptions. I must avoid limeade like the
plague, and if anybody offered me a Bulgarzoon I was to knock him down and shout for the
nearest policeman.
I learned then for the first time what a bitterly hard thing it is for a man in a large and wicked city
to keep from soda when once he has got the habit. Everything was against me. The old convivial
circle began to shun me. I could not join in their revels and they began to look on me as a
grouch. In the end, I fell, and in one wild orgy undid all the good of a month's abstinence. I was
desperate then. I felt that nothing could save me, and I might as well give up the struggle. I drank
two pin-ap-o-lades, three grapefruit-olas and an egg-zoolak, before pausing to take breath.
Whither the bulgarzoon?
Bulgaria? Kalamazoo? Mattoon?
Why vanished the zoolak, lackaday?
I do not see these offered at
the soda fountains of today.
For that matter, what the heck were they?
How to Live: Rules for Healthful Living Based on Modern Science, published in 1916 by the
Life Extension Institute (the Hon. William Howard Taft, chairman of the board), tells us that a
bulgarzoon has 131.57 calories and costs 5 cents at a "'Quick Lunch' Restaurant," but offers no
other details. ("How to Live" also advises, "It would, of course, be a great mistake to regulate the
diet solely with regard to fuel value. Digestibility, as well as protein, mineral and vitamin
131
requirements, must also be considered. Nevertheless, the main requirement is for fuel, and this,
as the table shows, can be secured at a surprizingly {sic} low cost.")
Further search tells us that "Bulgarzoon Scientifically Fermented Milk" was popular enough that
Childs restaurant in New York advertised it on the cover of its 1940 menu. A 1915 New York
agricultural report confirms its milkiness, and introduces yet another zooly libation: "We cannot
understand fully, for example, the fundamental chemical facts involved in the process of cheesemaking and cheese-ripening, the chemical changes taking place in its constituents when milk
sours or when it is made into fermented beverages such as kumyss, imitation buttermilks,
matzoon, zoolak, bulgarzoon, etc."
The matzoon we can trace. It is Armenian, according to the 1908 Bacteria in Relation to Country
Life by Jacob G.L. Lipman, A.M., Ph.D., a New Jersey "Boil Chemist and Bacteriologist," who
provides wonderfully wiggly illustrations. And a 1900 advertisement for Dr. Dadirrian's Zoolak
("To avoid imitations always specify ZOOLAK") tells us that this product is equivalent to
matzoon and, moreover, "One bottle of ZOOLAK is equal to two bottles of Kumyss in
nourishment."
Ah, and here we have a recipe, from Henley's Twentieth Century Formulas, Recipes and
Processes Containing Ten Thousand Selected Household and Workshop Formulas, Recipes,
Processes and Moneymaking Methods for the Practical Use of Manufacturers, Mechanics,
Housekeepers and Home Workers (1914):
MATZOON.
Add 2 tablespoonfuls of bakers' yeast to 1 pint of rich milk, which has been slightly warmed,
stirring well together and setting aside in a warm room in a pitcher covered with a wet cloth for a
time varying from 6 to 12 hours, according to the season or temperature of the room. Take from
this, when curdled, 6 tablespoonfuls, add to another pint of milk, and again ferment as before,
and continue for five successive fermentations in all, when the product will have become free
from the taste of the yeast. As soon as the milk thickens, which is finally to be kept for use, it
should be stirred again and then put into a refrigerator to prevent further fermentation. It should
be smooth, of the consistence of thick cream, and of a slightly acid taste.
The milk should be prepared fresh every day, and the new supply is made by adding 6
tablespoonfuls of the previous day's lot to a pint of milk and proceeding as before.
The curd is to be eaten with a spoon, not drunk, and preferably with some bread broken into it. It
is also sometimes eaten with sugar, which is said not to impair its digestibility.
The final instruction makes me think that Henley and Dr. Dadirrian might disagree.
However, I believe I'm fairly safe in saying that if you seek the modern-day equivalent of these
early-20th-century beverages, it'll be something like this.
Last edited by LAZ on May 27th 2008, 11:49pm, edited 3 times in total.
132
Medical Record, Volume 97

edited by George Frederick Shrady, Thomas Lathrop Stedman
William Wood & Co, 1920
books.google.com/books?id=YA5YAAAAYAAJ
Cornell & shober's directory of trained nurses

New York: Cornell & Shober, 1900
books.google.com/books?id=QO8ykHu1GCwC
133
134
The Evening Telegram Cook Book

By Emma Paddock Telford, M.A. Armington
New York: Cupples & Leon Co, 1908
books.google.com/books?id=h-4qAAAAYAAJ
International Record of Medicine and General Practice Clinics, Volume 115
135
Jan 4, 1922
books.google.com/books?id=mN8yAQAAMAAJ
136
Appendix F:
Resume of Key Personnel
137
138
139
140
141
142
143

Archaelogical Report 50 Bowery

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50

Bowery: Phase IB Archaeological Monitoring and Field Testing of

50 Bowery: Phase IB Archaeological Monitoring and Field Testing of

MANAGEMENT SUMMARY TABLE

Involved State/Federal Agencies:

Phase IB Archaeological Monitoring and Field Test

New York, New York

New York City Block 202, Lot 23: 75 x 200

USGS 7.5 Quad Map:

New York, New York

Archaeological Survey Overview:

Potential eighteenth century wall fragments,

Results of Archaeological Survey:

No further archaeological testing

Results of Architectural Survey:

Alyssa Loorya, M.A., MPhil., R.P.A.

Archaeological Scope of Work

LIST OF MAPS, IMAGES AND TABLES

Project Area Map

Plan view schematic of archaeological feature locations.

Excavation of south wall of the Atlantic Garden

Cooking pot lid

Lea Perrins bottle

Medicine Bottle, no markings

LIST OF MAPS, IMAGES AND TABLES (continued)

Premium Soda Water bottle embossed

Bowl and Saucer in a pottery type known as Hotelware

Map 01: Project Area Map

Map 02: Plan view schematic of archaeological feature locations.

II. PHASE IB RESULTS

This section excluded 52 52 Bowery which, historically were separate lots.

Image 01: Excavation of south wall of the Atlantic Garden

Image 04: Glass paneled beer mug.

Image 05: Cooking pot lid.

Image 06: Lea Perrins bottle

Image 09: Cistern with vaulted roof when first exposed.

Map 06: Profile of the interior of the cistern structure.

Image 10: Redware lid from a utilitarian vessel.

Map 07: 1857 Perris Atlas showing the project area

Image 14: Small artifact scatter deposit.

Image 15: Dr. J. Hostetters Stomach Bitters bottle

Image 17: North American Brewing Company bottle.

Image 18: Bottle of Dr. Dadirrians Zoolak.

Image 19: An ad for Dr. Dadirrians Zoolak

III. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Image 20: Cover of an 1896 program from the Atlantic Garden.

Bottle, Wine Common

mouth blown, uptooled double ring

mold blown bottle,

Refined Whitew Flow Printed blue

Indetermina Hollowware Porcelain Hotel

Indetermina Indetermina Refined Cream

Indetermina Indetermina Refined Pearlwa

Indetermina Hollowware Refined Pearlwa

Indetermina Indetermina Refined Pearlwa

Hollowware Porcelain Bone

Hollowware Porcelain Porcelai Painted

mold blown; oval

thick walled flat