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    Antiquities of the Mesa Verde National Park: Cliff Palace
    Antiquities of the Mesa Verde National Park: Cliff Palace
    Antiquities of the Mesa Verde National Park: Cliff Palace
    Ebook214 pages2 hours

    Antiquities of the Mesa Verde National Park: Cliff Palace

    By Jesse Walter Fewkes

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    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherArchive Classics
    Release dateNov 27, 2013
    Antiquities of the Mesa Verde National Park: Cliff Palace

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      Book preview

      Antiquities of the Mesa Verde National Park - Jesse Walter Fewkes

      The Project Gutenberg EBook of Antiquities of the Mesa Verde National

      Park: Cliff Palace, by Jesse Walter Fewkes

      This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with

      almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or

      re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included

      with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org

      Title: Antiquities of the Mesa Verde National Park: Cliff Palace

             Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 51, Government

                    Printing Office, Washington, 1911.

      Author: Jesse Walter Fewkes

      Release Date: March 5, 2013 [EBook #42266]

      Language: English

      *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MESAVERDE ***

      Produced by Jana Srna, Carlo Traverso, fh, The Internet

      Archive and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at

      http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images

      generously made available by Biodiversity Heritage Library.)

      SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

      BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY

      BULLETIN 51

      ANTIQUITIES OF THE MESA VERDE

      NATIONAL PARK

      CLIFF PALACE

      BY

      JESSE WALTER FEWKES

      WASHINGTON

      GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

      1911

      LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

      Smithsonian Institution,

      Bureau of American Ethnology,

      Washington, D. C., May 14, 1910.

      Sir: I have the honor to submit the accompanying manuscript, entitled Antiquities of the Mesa Verde National Park: Cliff Palace, by Dr. Jesse Walter Fewkes, with the recommendation that it be published, subject to your approval, as Bulletin 51 of this Bureau.

      Yours, very respectfully,

      F. W. Hodge,

      Ethnologist in Charge.

      Dr. Charles D. Walcott,

      Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution ,

      Washington, D. C.

      CONTENTS

      ILLUSTRATIONS

      ANTIQUITIES OF THE MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK

      CLIFF PALACE

      By

      Jesse Walter Fewkes

      INTRODUCTION

      In the summer of 1909 the writer was detailed by the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, at the request of the Secretary of the Interior, to continue the excavation and repair of ruins in the Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado. This work was placed under his sole charge and continued through the months May to August, inclusive. In that time the writer was able to repair completely this great ruin and to leave it in such condition that tourists and students visiting it may learn much more about cliff-dwellings than was possible before the work was undertaken.

      The force of laborers, numbering on an average 15 workmen, was from Mancos, Colorado. Many of them had worked on Spruce-tree House during the previous year and had become expert in repairing ruins. By their aid it was possible to accomplish more and at less expense than was expected. It has fallen to the writer to prepare the report on the work which he had the honor to direct, and he is conscious how difficult it is to put it into a form that will adequately express the devotion with which those under him have accomplished their respective tasks.

      A report on the general results accomplished at Cliff Palace was published by the Secretary of the Interior in 1909; the following account considers in a more detailed way the various scientific phases. The purpose of the present paper is to present a more accurate account of Cliff Palace than was possible before the excavation and repair work was done, and to increase existing knowledge by directing attention to the scientific data revealed by excavations of this largest, most picturesque, and most typical cliff-dwelling in the Southwest. In order to give this account a monographic form there have been introduced the most important descriptions of Cliff Palace previously published. There is also included a description of the few minor antiquities brought to light in the progress of the work. These specimens are now in the United States National Museum, where they form the nucleus of a collection from Cliff Palace. The increasing interest, local and national, in the prehistoric culture of the Southwest and the influence of these antiquities in attracting visitors to localities where they exist, furnish a reason for considering in some detail various other questions of general interest connected with cliff-dwellings that naturally suggest themselves to those interested in the history of man in America.

      The method of work in this undertaking has been outlined in the report on Spruce-tree House published by the Secretary of the Interior.[1] The primary thought has been to increase the educational value of Cliff Palace by attracting tourists and students of archeology.

      The reader is reminded that from the nature of the work at Cliff Palace very few specimens can be expected from it in the future, and that so far as the minor antiquities are concerned the objective material from this ruin is now all deposited in public museums or in private collections. Additional specimens can be obtained, however, from other ruins near it which will throw light on the culture of Cliff Palace. It is appropriate, therefore, to point out, at the very threshold of our consideration, that a continuation of archeological work in the Mesa Verde National Park is desirable, as it will add to our knowledge of the character of prehistoric life in these canyons. The next work to be undertaken should be the excavation and repair of a Mesa Verde pueblo. The extensive mounds of stone and earth on the promontory west of Cliff Palace have not yet been excavated, and offer attractive possibilities for study and a promise of many specimens. Buried in these mounds there are undoubtedly many rooms, secular and ceremonial, which a season's work could uncover, thus enlarging indirectly our knowledge of the cliff-dwellers and their descendants.[2]

      The writer considers it an honor to have been placed in charge of the excavation and repair of Cliff Palace, and takes this occasion to express high appreciation of his indebtedness to both the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution and the Secretary of the Interior for their confidence in his judgment in this difficult undertaking.

      Maj. Hans M. Randolph, superintendent of the Mesa Verde National Park, gave assistance in purchasing the equipment, making out accounts, and in other ways. During the sojourn at Cliff Palace the writer was accompanied by Mr. R. G. Fuller, of the Peabody Museum of Harvard University, a volunteer assistant, who contributed some of the photographs used in the preparation of the plates that accompany this report. The writer is indebted also to Mr. F. K. Vreeland, of Montclair, New Jersey, for several fine photographs of Cliff Palace taken before the repairing was done.

      CLIFF PALACE A TYPE OF PREHISTORIC CULTURE

      In the following pages the walls and other remains of buildings and the objects found in the rooms have been treated from their cultural point of view. Considering ethnology, or culture history, as the comparative study of mental productions of groups of men in different epochs, and cultural archeology as a study of those objects belonging to a time antedating recorded history, there has been sought in Cliff Palace one type of prehistoric American culture, or rather a type of the mental production of a group of men in an environment where, so far as external influences are concerned, caves, mesas, and cliffs are predominant and aridity is a dominant climatic factor. Primarily archeology is a study of the expression of human intelligence, and it must be continually borne in mind that Cliff Palace was once the home of men and women whose minds responded to their surroundings. It is hoped that this monograph will be a contribution to a study of the influence of environment on the material condition of a group of prehistoric people. The condition of culture here brought to light is in part a result of experiences transmitted from one generation to another, but while this heritage of culture is due to environment, intensified by each transmission, there are likewise in it survivals of the culture due to antecedent environments, which have also been preserved by heredity, but has diminished in proportion, pari passu, as the epoch in which they originated is farther and farther removed in time from the environment that created them. These survivals occur mostly in myths and religious cult objects, and are the last to be abandoned when man changes his environment.

      It is believed that one advantage of a series of monographic descriptions of these ruins is found in the fact that the characteristics of individual ruins being known, more accurate generalizations concerning the entire culture will later be made possible by comparative studies. There is an individuality in Cliff Palace, not only in its architecture but also in a still greater measure in the symbolism of the pottery decoration. These features vary more or less in different ruins, notwithstanding their former inhabitants were of similar culture. These variations are lost in a general description of that culture.

      The reader is asked to bear in mind that when the repair of Cliff Palace was undertaken the vandalism wrought

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