Fiber to Yarn Engineering

Part I: Short staple spinning

Roving

Content:

Importance of fiber properties for spinning and end-use

Challenges meeting fiber to yarn conversion system

Short spinning systems

Preparation for spinning

Spinning

Classical ring spinning

Developments based on ring spinning systems ( siro, solo, core,
compact yarn spinning)

New principles of spinning systems (Open-end, Dref, Air jet,
Vortex Spinning Systems)

Yarn irregularity and faults and yarn cleaning

Special yarn production systems, fancy yarn, elastomeric, sewing
threads

Fiber to Garment Flow-Chart

Hierarchical Relationships of Fiber, Yarn, Fabric

and Garment to the Performance of Clothing
Fibers are the fundamental and the smallest elements constituting textile materials. The
mechanical functional performance of garments are very much dependent on the fiber
mechanical and surface properties, which are largely determined by the constituting
polymeric molecules, internal structural features and surface morphological
characteristics of individual fibers. Scientific understanding and knowledge of the fiber
properties and modeling the mechanical behavior of fibers are essential for engineering
of clothing and textile products.
Molecular
properties

Fiber
Structure

Fiber
Properties

Yarn
Structure

Yarn
Properties

Fabric
properties

Count, twist,
strength,
irregularity

Weight/m,
density, strength,

Fabric
Structure

Garment
Structure

Definition of Fiber Characteristics

Fiber Morphology
Fiber morphology:

The morphology of fibers includes

macrostructure, microstructure, sub-microscopic structure and fine
structure of fibers.

Macrostructure: includes
a)Fiber size: has a very important influence on fiber stiffness, which
Fiber crimp

affects the stiffness of the fabric, and hence the fabric drape and how
soft it feels.
b) Fiber length: fiber length is the most important property of a fiber. Fiber length is
critical in processing of fibers and yarns and in the translation of fiber strength to yarn
strength. In general, a longer fiber length is preferred. Textile fibers are either staple or
filament. Short staple fibers range from 2 to 46 cm; filament fibers are of infinite length.
All natural fibers except silk are of staple length. Silk and manufactured fibers may be
staple or filament fibers.
c) Fiber crimp: Crimp refers to waves, bends, twists or curls along the fiber length. It is
Expressed as Crimps per unit length. Some natural fibers are linear, others form twoDimensional or three- dimensional crimps as shown in the Figure. Crimped fibers tend to
have higher elongation than linear fibers.

Microstructure of fibers:

includes their surface contour and

cross-sectional shape. It may be round, triangular, dog-bone, kidney-bean, flat,
and so on. The shape of a fibers cross-section is important in many applications.
It has influence on bending stiffness and torsional stiffness of the fiber. Cotton
has the least resistance to bending.

Submicroscopic structure:

details of fibers on the surface, as well as

in the inner side, are observable. The figure shows the schematic microscopic
structure of wool fiber.

Fine structure:

All fibers are assemblies of macromolecules, called

polymers, in the form of hundreds or even thousands of individual chemical
units, covalently bonded together one after the other as illustrated in the figure.
Fine structure describes the length, width, shape, and chemical composition of
these polymers. It largely determines the ability of a fiber to withstand
mechanical forces. There are three types of polymers comprising textile fibers:
homo-polymers, copolymers, and block polymers. In homo-polymers, the most
common type, one monomer (one chemical compound) repeats itself along the
polymer chain. In copolymers, two or more monomers comprise the polymer
chain. In block polymers, blocks comprised of homo-polymers are repeated along
the polymer chain. Polymer length is specified as the number of times the
monomer is repeated along the chain, called the degree of polymerization.
Polymer length plays a role in fiber tensile properties.

Wool submicroscopic structure

Fine structure of
fibers

Definition of Fiber Characteristics

(Mechanical behavior Tensile properties)
Mechanical behavior: The mechanical properties of fibers are their
responses to applied forces and to recovery from those forces. They
contribute both to the behavior of fibers in processing to yarns and to the
properties of the final products so that a knowledge of fiber behavior is
essential to an understanding of yarn mechanics and fabrics mechanics.

Tensile properties:
Stressstrain curve: Because of the linear shape of a fiber, the tensile
properties (the behavior under forces and deformations applied along
the fiber axially) are the most important properties and are the most
studied. The figure illustrates the tensile deformation. In general
engineering, the tensile stress = force/area,
= F / Ao
the tensile strain = change in length/original length,
= l / lo.
In textile technology, a specific stress is often used instead of the general
stress used in engineering area.
= F / T.
Specific stress (Tenacity) = force/linear density,

Schematic tensile
deformation

Definition of Fiber Characteristics

(Mechanical behavior Tensile properties)

Stress Strain diagram

The figure shows a model stressstrain curve. The curve
begins with a straight-line segment that rises as stress is
increased (AB) and then suddenly flattens and rises at a
slower rate (BC). Close to the failure point, the curve rises
steeply (CD). The details of each of the regions is addressed
as follows:
In region AB, the deformation is a result of bond stretching
and flexing. It is completely reversible. Hookes law is
obeyed :
= E where E is the slope of the line,
called Youngs modulus. As the fiber extends along the axial
direction, it contracts laterally. Poissons ratio, defined as
the ratio of lateral contraction to axial extension, is another
important material characteristic that deals with the
behavior in the elastic region. After the yield point,
deformation becomes nonlinear, and it is usually plastic.

General Stress-Strain
curve

Resilience:

The resilience, also called work of recovery, of a fiber is the ratio of energy returned to
energy absorbed when a fiber is deformed and then released. It may be extensional, flexural,
compressional, or torsional. In the forgoing figure, the fiber resilience of extension is the ratio of area
x to area x + y.
Creep and stress relaxation are the tests developed to probe their time-dependent behavior. In
the creep test, the strain increases with time in a sample under constant load. In the stress relaxation
test, the stress decays with time after the sample is given an instantaneous strain. Moisture also
affects the mechanical behaviors of fibers. Basically, the moisture lodges in the non-crystalline regions
and plasticizes them, reducing the modulus.

Bending:

When a fiber is bent, the under curvature will compress;

those on the upper curvature will extend; and those on the center plane will
be unchanged in length. Flexural rigidity (resistance to bending, stiffness) of
a fiber is defined as the couple required to bend the fiber to unit curvature.
The flexural rigidity can be expressed in terms of the Youngs modulus E as:

1 ET 2
B=
4

where,

is a shape factor related to the

cross-section of the fiber, and T, are

the density and linear density respectively.

Bending of a fiber.

Strain as a function of time

due to constant stress over
an extended period

The specific flexural rigidity,

Rf

is equal to the flexure

rigidity of a filament of unit tex R f =

1 E
.
4

Flexural rigidity is defined as the force couple required to bend a rigid structure to a
unit curvature

Shear and torsion: the figure shows the shear deformation of a

solid cube unit. The shear stress

is expressed as F/A0 and the
shear strain is calculated as x/y. Then, in the elastic region, the
shear modulus G can be defined as the ratio of shear stress to
shear strain:
G = /

Shear deformation
of a cube.

Compression: The figure shows a cylinder under axial

Axial compression of
a cylinder

compression. A compression stress is simply negative to tensile

stress and a compression strain is also a negative one. The initial
compressive modulus is generally the same as the initial tensile
modulus. However, as the compression force increasing, the fiber
will buckle easily.
Transverse
compression

The torsional rigidity: The figure shows the twisting deformation

of a fiber of circular cross-section. If we look at a small region, the fiber is
sheared. The torsional rigidity of a fiber, its resistance to twisting, is defined
as the couple needed to achieve unit angular deflection between the ends
of a specimen of unit length. Usually theRspecific
torsional rigidity,
the
t
torsional rigidity of a specimen of unit linear density (in tex), independent
of the fineness of the particular specimen, is used. the bending rigidity can
be obtained in terms of the Youngs modulus: Rt = n /
Here,
and are the density and the shape factor of the fiber respectively and n is
shear modulus and expressing the twist per unit length.

= (1/ 2 ) / l
Fiber friction is the force that holds together the fiber in a spun yarn and
the interlacing threads in a fabric. Here, high friction is an advantage to
enable a greater proportion of the strength of the individual fibers to be
obtained. However, lower friction of a fiber may be desired in other cases,
such as in minimizing wear of fibers and fabrics, providing good fabric
drape, and so on. Friction coefficient,
, is used to denote the friction

property of a fiber.

Shear or torsion on
a cylinder.

Trend of world production

Of textile fibers

CLASSIFICATION OF
FIBERS

PHISICAL PRPERTIES OF TEXTILE

FIBERS

DURABILITY PROPERTIES OF FIBERS & THEIR

FABRICS

SELECTION OF DYES FOR VARIOUS FIBERS

PHISICAL PRPERTIES OF FIBERS

Cotton

Top ten cotton producers 2009

(480-pound bales)
Peoples Republic
of China

32.0 million bales

India

23.5 million bales

United States

12.4 million bales

Pakistan

9.8 million bales

Brazil

5.5 million bales

Uzbekistan

4.4 million bales

Australia

1.8 million bales

Turkey
1.7 million bales
Cotton is a natural cellulosic fiber obtained from
Turkmenistan
1.1 million bales
bushy perennial cotton plants. The cotton plant
Syria
1.0 million bales
belongs to the species Gossipium.
fiber Length, Strength, Fineness (Micronaire value), Maturity, Colour and
Uniformity are the important requirements for fiber selection. fiber Length,
Fiber Strength, Microniare value and the type of yarn decide the
Countrange.
Cotton is a very versatile fiber and is used in many textile and non-textile
applications. China, India, USA, Brazil, Pakistan, Turkey & Uzbekistan are
important cotton producing countries.
Since Cotton cultivation requires a huge amount of Pesticides, Genetically
Modified (GM) Cotton was developed to reduce the dependency of
pesticides. Organic Cotton is produced without the use of insecticides &
pesticides.

PHISICAL PRPERTIES OF FIBERS

Cotton
Merits

Demerits

Strong

Wrinkles easily

comfortable

Easily attacked by Mildew

Versatile

Long drying time

Non-allergenic

Poor crease resistant

Easy to wash

Flammable

Fiber science

PHISICAL PRPERTIES OF FIBERS

JUTE
Jute is natural cellulosic fiber belonging to bast fibers group. Jutes belong to the
family Tiliaceae. The two species are Corchorus capsularis and Corchorus
olitorius. The strand of Jute fibers lie just beneath the bark of the Jute Plant. The
plant is cut and the Jute fibers are removed from the plant by the retting
process. Then the fibers are separated from one another by drying, softening &
scotching. The colour varies from yellow to brown. The fiber are coarse and the
length ranges from 150 mm to 350 mm.
India & Bangladesh are the major Jute producing countries. Jute is the second
most important natural fiber nest to cotton and has a variety of uses. Jute
fabrics are Hessian cloth and the Jute bags are called Gunny bags. These are very
much useful in packing & transporting.
Jute is 100% bio-degradable & eco-friendly. It is useful in industrial fabrics, nets,
packaging, agriculture, floor covering, ropes, twines, geo-textiles & technical
textiles.

Fiber science

PHISICAL PRPERTIES OF FIBERS

JUTE
Merits

Demerits

100% bio-degradable

Poor extensibility

Very strong

Poor drapability

Breathability
Acoustic & Thermal
insulating properties
Non-allergenic

Poor crease resistant

Brittleness

Moderate moisture re

Fiber shedding
Yellowing in sun-light

Fiber science

PHISICAL PRPERTIES OF FIBERS

FLAX & LINEN
Flax is cellulosic bast fiber. Flax plant is a member of the genus Linum
usitatissimum. Flax plants grow up to 1.2 m tall with slender stems. Flax
is grown for both its Flax Seeds and Flax fibers. Flax fibers are
recovered from the Plant by the retting & scotching process. Flax fibers
are also called Linen fibers. Linen fibers generally have a length of 25
cm to 125 cm.
After the fibers have been separated and processed, they are spun into
yarns and woven or knit into linen textiles. Generally textiles with
linen-weave texture from cotton and other non-flax fibers are also
called as linen.
Linen threads are used in stitching upholstery, life belts, tarpaulins.
Linen fabrics are used in making costly handkerchiefs, parachutes, mail
bags,, table & bed-linen. Linen fabrics are used in bed & baths cloths,
wall-coverings, oil painting, luggages, suits, canvas etc.

Fiber science

PHISICAL PRPERTIES OF FIBERS

FLAX & LINEN
Merits

Demerits

Very strong

Poor elastic

Highly absorbent

Wrinkles easily

Smooth

Poor press-crease
resistant
Poor mildew resistant in
damp condition
Longer drying time

No pilling / no lint
shedding
Very durable
Withstands high
temperatures

Flammable

PHISICAL PRPERTIES OF FIBERS

WOOL

Wool, common name applied to the soft, curly fibers obtained chiefly from the fleece
of domesticated sheep, and used extensively in textile manufacturing. The fleece of
sheep raised for wool is generally shorn once yearly, in the spring or early summer. In
regions where the climate is warm throughout the year, shearing may occur twice
annually. The fleece is cut close to the skin, usually with mechanical shears, and
removed in one piece.
The value of wool on the market depends primarily on fineness and length of fiber.
Strength, elasticity, amount of crimp, and uniformity are also considered. Two
different systems are followed in wool processing, the woolen system and the worsted
system. In the woolen system, the fibers are carded and then spun. In the worsted
system, the fibers proceed to a combing process, which separates the long from the
short fibers. Before the wool can be used for commercial purposes it must be scoured
or cleaned. Scouring & cleaning may be done using warm water, detergent, alkali &
carbonization.
Wool is used in clothing, shirting, suiting, woolen sweaters, blankets, upholsteries, felt,
horse rug, carpets, insulation.,

Fiber science

PHISICAL PRPERTIES OF FIBERS

WOOL
Merits

Demerits

High absorbency

Easily felts in moist heat

& friction
Stretches during wear
Easily attacked by moths
Allergic to some people

Provides warmth
Wrinkle resistant
Elastic
Can be easily dyed

Builds up static
electricity

Fiber science

PHISICAL PRPERTIES OF FIBERS

SILK
Silk is a natural protein fiber used in producing textiles. Silk fibers are
produced as a cocoon covering by the silkworm. Although cocoon coverings
of fiber are made by a large number of insects, only those of the mulberry
silk moth, Bombyx mori, and a few other moths closely akin to it, are used by
the silk industry.
The cocoons are first heated in boiling water to dissolve the gummy
substance that holds the cocoon filament in place. After this heating, the
filaments from four to eight cocoons are joined and twisted and are then
combined with a number of other similarly twisted filaments to make a
thread that is wound on a reel to give filament silk. The damaged outer
portion & inner portion of the cocoons after brushing give staple silk which is
spun to produce spun silk.
Silk fibers have a triangular cross section with rounded corners. This reflects
light at many different angles, giving silk a natural shine.. Silk is used for
clothing such as shirts, blouses, formal dresses, high fashion clothes,
negligees, pyjamas, robes, skirt suits, sun dresses, underwear, furnishing
applications, upholstery, wall coverings, bedding etc.

Fiber science

PHISICAL PRPERTIES OF FIBERS

SILK
Merits

Demerits

Lustre & soft

Perspiration & sunlight

weakens
Sensitive to alkali & acids

Strong
Absorbent
Warm & suitable for
winter
Highly drapable

Insects attack silk easily

Yellowing with aging
Leaves water spots

Fiber science

PHISICAL PRPERTIES OF FIBERS

VICOSE RAYON
There are many types of Rayon namely, Nitrocellulose, Acetate, Cuprammonium, Viscose
etc., Here we consider Viscose rayon only. Viscose Rayon is a regenerated cellulosic fiber. It
is made from cellulose extracted from wood pulp produced from trees. The wood pulp
obtained from trees is bleached and then sent to Rayon factories in the form of sheets and
boards which contains about 87 to 98% cellulose.
The Viscose fibers are produced both in filament form & staple form. The fibers are
produced in cut lengths of 28, 32, 38, 44, 51 & 60 mm for cotton spinning system. The
deniers are generally 1.2, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0 & 4.0 .
Rayon is a very versatile fiber and has the same comfort properties as natural fibers. It can
imitate the feel and texture of silk, wool, cotton and linen. Rayon is easily bio-degradable.
Rayon is used in making apparel (e.g. blouses, dresses, jackets, lingerie, linings, scarves,
suits, ties, hats, socks), furnishings (e.g. bedspreads, blankets, window treatments,
upholstery, slipcovers), industrial uses (e.g. medical surgery products, non-woven products,
tire cord), and other uses (e.g. yarn, feminine hygiene products, diapers)
High Wet Modulus rayon (HWM) is a modified version of viscose that has a greater strength
when wet and can be mercerized like cotton. HWM rayons are also known as
POLYNOSIC.and has a trade name MODAL. High Tenacity rayon is another modified
version of viscose that has almost twice the strength of HWM. This type of rayon is typically
used for industrial purposes such as tyre cords

Fiber science

PHISICAL PRPERTIES OF FIBERS

VISCOSE RAYON
Merits

Demerits

High absorbency

Easily felts in moist heat

& friction
Stretches during wear

Provides warmth
Wrinkle resistant
Elastic
Can be easily dyed

Easily attacked by moths

Allergic to some people
Builds up static
electricity

Fiber science

PHISICAL PRPERTIES OF FIBERS

POLYESTER
Polyester is a synthetic fiber produced from the polymer Poly Ethylene Terephthalate (PET).
PET is produced by reacting Purified Terephthalic Acid (PTA) or Dimethly Terephthalate (DMT)
with Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG). All these raw-materials are from Petroleum products. From
the PET polymer Polyester fibers are produced in various forms namely Staple fibers (PSF) and
Filament forms Partially Oriented Yarn (POY), Draw Textured Yarn (DTY), Fully Drawn Yarn
(FDY).
PSF are produced in cut lengths of 38, 44 & 51 mm and in deniers of 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.5, 2.0, 2.25
and 3.0. POY have deniers of 51 to 245 with number of filaments between 14-34. Crimping is
done PSF which facilitates production of spun yarns.
PSF are sold in various strengths namely Low-pill fibers, Medium Tenacity, High Tenacity &
Super High Tenacity. Various lustre level fibers are available like Bright, Semi dull, Dull & Extra
dull.
Polyester woven fabrics are used in apparel and home furnishings such as bed sheets, beds,
curtains and draperies. Industrial polyesters are used in tyre reinforcements, ropes, fabrics for
conveyor belts, safety belts, coated fabrics and plastic reinforcements with high . Polyester
fiber-fills are also used to stuff pillows, beds and cushion padding.
Polyester fabrics have a "less natural" feel when compared to natural fibers like cotton in
textile uses. Polyester fibers are spun together with other natural fibers to produce a cloth
having the merits of both synthetic & natural fibers

Fiber science

PHISICAL PRPERTIES OF FIBERS

POLYESTER
Merits

Demerits

Strong

Collects static electricity

Wrinkle & abrasion

resistant
Shrink resistant

Sensitive to heat

High dimensional
stability
Mildew resistant
Easy care

Low moisture absorption

Pilling

Affinity for oily stains

Melts in fire

Fiber science

PHISICAL PRPERTIES OF FIBERS

POLYAMIDE (NYLON)
Nylon is synthetic fiber generally called Polyamide fibers.
Nylon 6 is produced from Caprolactam. Nylon 6, 6 is produced
from Hexamethylene diamine & Adipic acid.
Nylon is a thermoplastic fiber, round, smooth, and shiny. Its
cross sections can be either
trilobal or multilobal.Its most widely used structures are ,
monofilament, multi-filament, staple or tow and is available as
partially drawn or as finished filaments.
Regular nylon has a round cross section and is perfectly
uniform. The filaments are generally completely transparent
unless they have been delustered or solution dyed. Nylon is
related chemically to the protein fibers silk and wool.
Nylon is used in carpets, apparel, clothing, bags, panty-hose,
wind-cloths, air-bags, swim-wear, umbrella, slings, ropes,
climbing gears, parachutes, balloons, tooth-brush bristle, etc.,

Fiber science

PHISICAL PRPERTIES OF FIBERS

POLYAMIDE (NYLON)
Merits

Demerits

Very strong

Very low moisture

absorbency
Collects static electricity

Resistant to abrasion
Good dimensional
stability
Resistant to mildew
Highly durable

Pilling
Holds oils
Yellowing

Fiber science

PHISICAL PRPERTIES OF FIBERS

ACRYLIC
Acrylic fibers are synthetic fibers made from a polymer
Polyacrylonitrile. The polymer is formed by free-radical
polymerization in aqueous suspension. The fiber is produced
by dissolving the polymer in a solvent such as N,Ndimethylformamide or aqueous sodium thiocyanate,
metering it through a multi-hole spinnerets and coagulating
the resultant filaments in an aqueous solution of the same
solvent (wet spinning) or evaporating the solvent in a stream
of heated inert gas (dry spinning). Washing, stretching,
drying and crimping complete the processing.
Practically all acrylic fibers are produced in staple fiber from
with lengths varying from 38 to 64 mm for the cotton system
and 75 to 125 for worsted system. The deniers range from
1.2 to 3.0 for normal application and 5, 7 & 15 for special
applications.
Acrylic is lightweight, soft, and warm, with a wool-like feel. It
has excellent colourfastness. It is resilient, retains its shape,
and resists shrinkage and wrinkles. Acrylic is used in clothing
as an alternative to wool.

Fiber science

PHISICAL PRPERTIES OF FIBERS

TENCEL (LYOCELL)
Lyocell is "a cellulosic fiber and is classified under the sub-category of rayon. Lyocell is the
generic name of the Tencel fiber. Lyocell is produced from wood pulp by solvent spinning
methods. The wood pulp is dissolved in N-Methylmorpholine N-oxide, creating a solution
called "dope." The dope is then pushed through a spinneret to form the individual fibers. After
the dope has been spun into lyocell fibers, it is washed and the chemicals are retrieved from
the water, purified, and recycled. This is an eco-friendly process because most of the solvent
used is recycled and there are relatively lesser by-products.
Lenzing and the former Courtaulds each obtained a license from Akzo, the predecessor of Akzo
Nobel, to develop Akzo's lyocell technology. Courtaulds commercialized lyocell under the
Tencel brand name in 1992 and Lenzing commercialized lyocell by brand Lenzing Lyocell in
1997.
Tencels Lyocell plants are in the USA (Mobile, Alabama) and UK (Grimsby). Lenzing AGs
Lyocell plant is at Heiligenkreuz, Austria.
Akzo acquired Courtaulds in 1998 and combined the companies' fiber businesses, including
Tencel, to create Acordis. Another company CVC bought a 64% stake in Acordis in 1999: Akzo
owns 21% and the Acordis management holds the rest. Corsadi BV was created as part of the
international financial group CVC to keep the Acordis Tencel business with it. Then Tencel
business of Acordis was taken over by Lenzing AG, Austria. Now Lenzing AG is the only
producer of Lyocell in the World and now marketed in the name of Tencel.

Fiber science

PHISICAL PRPERTIES OF FIBERS

TENCEL (LYOCELL)
Tencel has the breathability & absorbency of natural fibers and durability & easy care
performance of man-made fibers with smoothness, resilience and drape. It has softness of
silk, coolness of linen, warmth of wool and strength of polyester. Because of its special
structure it has a sensual, suede-like and peach touch. After dyeing it has very high colour
vibrancy. It can be machine washed and dried and it retains its shape, colour and appearance.
MERITS : Nanofibrils, better moisture management, natural cooling, smooth, non allergic to
skin, non-irritating, better temperature control, chemical free, bacterial growth reduction,
numerous applications, high tenacity and eco-friendly manufacturing process.

Fiber science

PHISICAL PRPERTIES OF FIBERS

BAMBOO
Bamboo fibers are cellulosic fibers produced from Bamboo Plants a type of grass.
There are two methods of producing bamboo fibers namely Mechanical method &
Chemical method. Mechanical methods are similar to Flax production ( retting,
enzyme treatment, boiling, scutching, cutting etc.,) and this gives Natural bamboo
fibers. There are two types of Chemical methods namely Bamboo Viscose Rayon
method & Bamboo Lyocell method.
Bamboo Viscose Rayon method produces Bamboo fibers in the same way as Viscose
Rayon production methods. Bamboo Lyocell method produces Bamboo fibers in the
same way as Lyocel / Tencel production methods. But the majority of the bamboo
fibers for textile application is produced by the Viscose Rayon Production methods.
Bamboo fibers & Textiles are used in bed linen, bath robes, flannels, bath mats,
towels, aprons, oven gloves, tea towels, nappies, sanitary napkins, intimate
apparels, include sweaters, bath-suits, blankets, underwear, swimwear, tight t-shirt,
socks, bandages, mask, surgical cloths, wall paper, curtains & furnishing fabrics.
MERITS: Soft, silky to touch, natural sheen, drapes well, highly absorbent material,
quick drying, machine washable, anti microbial properties, anti UV, breathability,
bio-degradable, and odour absorption properties.

Fiber science

PHISICAL PRPERTIES OF FIBERS

BAMBOO

YARN FORMING

Yarn Classification
Group

Sub-group

Examples

Continuous filament yarns

Un-textured (flat)

Twisted, Interlaced, Tape.

Textured

False twisted, Stuffer box crimp

Bi-component, Air-jet.

Staple Spun Yarns

Non-effect/Plain

Carded, Combed Ring Spun,

Or (Conventional)

Worsted, Semi-worsted, Woolen.

Non-effect/Plain

Rotor, Compact, Air-jet, Vortex,

(Unconventional)

Friction, Hollow-spindle wrap,

Repco

Fiber blend

Blend of two or more fiber types

comprising non-effect yarn

Composite Yarns
Effect/fancy

Folded/Plied/Doubled

Filament core
Staple core
Filament Staple

Fancy twisted, Hollow-spindle fancy

yarn, Spun effects
Core spun (filament or staple fibers
forming core) and staple fibers as
sheath
Two or more yarns twisted together

Production Chain of Garment Production

Choice of Fiber
(Natural, Manmade, or Blends)
Criteria: Softness, Easy care, etc.

Yarn Forming
Yarn Structure
(Plain, Fancy, Plied)

Un-textured
False Twist Textured
Air-jet
Textured
Continuous Filament Yarns
Un-textured
False Twist
Textured of a
Air-jet
Production
Textured
Continuousparticular
Filament Yarns
end use

fabric:

Fabric Forming
Fabric Structure
(Weave: Plain, Twill, etc)
(knit: Single or double
Jersey, etc.)

Fully Fashioned

Choose type of Fibers

Finished
Fabric
(Cotton, worsted,
Woolen, etc.)

Garment Production

Spinning into a yarn

structure of specified
properties
Woven or knitted structure
give the desired fabric
aesthetic and/or technical
performance
Nonwoven is also widely
used for technical and
industrial purposes.

YARN Numbering SYSTEMS

It is not the practice to set up a spinning machine to produce a specified yarn

diameter. A more useful and practical measure that indirectly gives an indication of
yarn thickness is a parameter that is termed the yarn count or yarn number
The linear density is defined as the mass per unit length. In System International
(SI)units, the mass is in grams, and the unit length is meters.

Direct system. This expresses the count as the mass of a standard length. The mass is
measured in grams, and the specific length is either 1 km for tex and 9 km for denier.

Indirect system. This gives the length that weighs a standard mass. The standard

mass is either 1 kg for metric count or 1 lb for English count, and the associated length
is, respectively, in meters or yards respectively.
The standard length can be 1 km, 840 yd, 560 yd, or 256 yd. The standard lengths in
yards are commonly called hanks, or some cases skeins.
We can now say that the indirect system gives the number of kilometers that weigh a
kilogram (metric units) or the number of hanks that weigh one pound (English Imperial
units).
For carded and combed ring spun yarns, an 840-yd hank is used; a 560-yd hank is
associated with worsted and semi-worsted yarns, and a 256-yd hank with woolen
yarns.

Conversion between yarn numbering systems

Yarn numbering system and conversions.htm

With reference to the yarn helix

model, the yarn diameter is
related to the count as follows:

1000 d y

Tt =

4 y

Where y = the specific volume in g/m3,

Tt and d y can be measured, and y can be
y
calculated.

Twist of plied yarns

1.
2.
3.
4.

Direction of Twist
Twist Angle
Twist Level (degree of twist or twist intensity)
Twist Multiplier.

Count plied = Count1 + Count 2

tex plied = tex1 + tex 2

1
1
1
=
+
c o u n t p lie d
c o u n t1 c o u n t 2
1
N

p lied

1
1
+
N e1
N e2

Automatic Bale opener

Opening
to
small
tufts,
cleaning and trashes, and
blending the fibers together

Carding
Opening to individual fiber,
further cleaning and straitening
the fibers, Card Sliver
Carded yarns coarser than 15 tex

Combed yarns finer than 15 tex

Preparation for Combing

Drawing:
Further
fiber
straitening, more even slivers,
Lap forming to be fed to the

Lap Forming

Drawing

Drawing I & or II passages

Combing

Fiber Straightening and

equalizing the slivers

Elimination of short
fibers and impurities

Yarn forming with different methods of twist

insertion than the ring traveller mechanism

Roving Frame
Forming
fine,
small
twisted
strand of fibers

Dref Spinning

Murata Jet Spinning

Open-End Spinning

Ring Spinning

Forming the yarn,

fine, twisted strand
of fibers

Winding & Cleaning if required

Twisting and Rewinding if required

Principle of Twist Insertion Systems

Tasks of the fiber to yarn conversion system

Fiber Mix

Spinning
Preparation

Yarn Forming
(Spinning)

Yarn

Prepared fiber strand

Massive Bulk of Fibers
Immense number of Fibers
High Variability within Fiber Bales
High Variability Between Bales
Trash and Foreign Matter
Fiber Neps, seed coats, Short fibers

Very long linear strand

Consistent appearance along yarn
length
Consistent Properties along yarn
length
Trash free
High productivity at economical level

Principle of Fiber to yarn

conversion systems
Convert a high variable raw
material to a very consistent
fiber strand.
Variability exists Within
bales, Between bales within
one mix, and Between mixes
(lay downs).
Quality criteria is high
degree of uniformity,
consistent properties along
the yarn.
fibers are normally
intermingled with all kinds of
trash, dust, seed coat
fragments,
The yarn produced must be
pure, clean and defect free
and high efficiency.

Flow chart
Cotton Ring Spinning

Blowing room
Short Staple Pre-Spinning Machinery
All Modern Spinning mills are equipped by some sort of Automatic Bale Opener.
In General short lines, does not need material handling, and hence less reliable
for faults.
Short staple pre-spinning emphasized compact lines with integrated multifunctional equipment.
Major emphases were placed upon equipment allowing for a compact 800
Kg/hr opening line, an integrated separator, a more precise removal of foreign
fibers, and a waste control measuring system.

Rieter opening line

The main task of opening room is to open the big flocks to small
tufts, cleaning i.e. trash removing, fiber mixing and even feed for
carding machine.

Rieter VarioSet Blowing room/Carding room

Trutschler Modular Opening Component Line

The Different machines comprising the opining line are multi functional
New features are installed such foreign matter separator to prevent mixing
of different fibers in the blend
Completely automated and computerized control, vision system is enabled
on-line

Blending Bale Opener

working width of 1720 mm and a machine length of 50 m, about 130 bales can be accommodated (one or two
sided). The BLENDOMAT with a working width of 2300 mm even accommodates up to 180 bales. Assuming a
cleaning line production rate of 800 kg/h, this allows unattended operation for two days (48 h).

4
3
2

(1) Control unit, (2) fiber bales, (3) working head with
tooth discs, (4) Swivel tower, (5) air duct for
material transport, And, 6) protective light barrier.

Blendomat BO-A, from

Trutzschler

Waste fiber feeder

Waste Opener:
Process waste with high fiber content (usually from the intermediate process to
spinning, up-stream of the blowroom) may be recycled by feeding into the process line
around 5% of waste with the virgin fiber.
Since the waste is usually made up of fibers that have previously passed through the
blowroom, it is important to keep further mechanical treatment to a minimum, so as
to reduce fiber breakage.

heavy particle detection and extraction

1 The material is sucked off an automatic bale
opener
2 Fan automatically control the constant
negative pressure
3 A new guiding profile for the aerodynamic
heavy particle separator 4 The spark sensor
detects burning material
5 In the air flow separator the dusty air is
separated
6 metal detector detects any kind of metals
7 The diverter is actively opened and closed
8 fan in front of the mixer, sucks the material
off here.
9 A flap feeds the separated heavy particles
10 The two waste containers are large-size
11 A fire extinguishing unit extinguishes the
burning material in the waste container
12 A heat sensor monitors the waste container
for fire
13 The dusty exhaust air
14 Opened waste

Multi-Function Separator SP-Mf

Blending/mixing

The direct feeding of a cleaner of the CLEANOMAT system by an integrated

mixer MX-I is an important element of the compact blowroom. This mixer
produces a homogeneous and even web for feeding the cleaner. The air
separation at the mixer provides additional dust removal. This combination of a
cleaner with a mixer is the solution which ensures the greatest savings in floor
space and energy and is the preferred solution when processing cotton.

intensive opening and cleaning

Optimum setting of cleaning
Gentle opening is achieved by having the first beater clothed in pins angled ca. 10
from the vertical, and the remaining beaters having saw-tooth clothing, the tooth
angle increasing from roller to roller (e.g. 15, 30, 40). The teeth density (number
of points per cm2) should also progressively increase from beater 1 to 4, depending
on fineness of the fiber being produced. Importantly, the beater speeds should
progressively increase from beater 1 to 4 (for example 300, 500, 800, 1200, rmin1).
Hence, the mean tuft size is decreased (approximate figures) from 1 mg by the first
beater to 0.7 mg, 0.5 mg and 0.1 mg by the second, third and fourth beaters,
respectively. It is only the fourth beater that reaches a sufficiently high surface speed
at which the finest trash particles are ejected.

Sensor measures the proportionality between trash and fiber in the waste,
and sets the deflection plate at optimum value

Cleanomat CL-C4

intensive opening and cleaning

Details of Cameras and

Separation Nozzles

Separation of foreign fibers is

optically detected. Cotton should be
highly opened. This is provided
directly before feeding the Material
to the card. The SECURMAT SP-F Is
used

Carding Process
Introduction:
The card is the heart of the spinning mill or Well Carded is half Spun.
There is no processing stage that changes the form, assignment, condition, and composition of the
cotton so strongly as the carding process does. Opened and cleaned materials arrive at the carding
stage in the form of small tufts composed of entangled fibers. the purpose of the carding stage is
to disentangle these tufts into a collection of individual fibers, the collection being in the form of a
web of fibers, and then to consolidate this collection into a sliver. Rate of production and quality
should be optimized.
High production
Production rate increased since 1965 from 5 kg/h to 100 kg/h
Concept of carding machine is unchanged since 1770
Definition: Carding is the action of reducing tufts of entangled fibers into a filmy web of individual
fibers by working the tufts between closely spaced surfaces clothed with opposing sharp points.
THE TASKS OF CARD
Opening to individual fibers, Elimination of impurities, Elimination of dust, Disentangling of neps,
Elimination of short fibers, Fiber blending, Fiber orientation, Sliver formation.
Three types that are of importance in the processing of:
cotton, wool and man-made fibers: 1.revolving flat card , 2.worsted card, 3.woolen card

THE REVOLVING FLAT CARD

Carding
Postcarding
Segments
Precarding
Segments

Doffing

Carding

Basic Elements of carding

Machine

Revolving flats
Carding action

Doffing action

Cotton flats strip

Types of card clothing

Flexible wire

Taker in

Cylinder

Flats (half rigid)

Saw teeth wire

Details of carding machine

Chute feed system

Feed system

1- High volume
upper trunk
2- Integrated air
volume
separator
3- Feed roll,
electrically
coupled to the
feed roll of the
card
4Segmented
tray to secure
clamping
5- Opening roll
with pins
6- Closed air
circuit
with
integrated fan
7- Self cleaning
air outlet combs.

The deflection of
all
10
spring
elements
are
processed
to
become
one
signal for the
short-wave
regulation. Thus
it is possible to
avoid thickness
variation and to
feed an even web
to the Licker-in
system
WEBFEED

The feed system of the

card TC 03
1) A special clothing of the
feed roll prevents lap
formation
2) Spring-loaded feed
table
3) Spring-loaded
measuring lever
4 ) Spring elements
5) First roll of the
WEBFEED unit

Flats setting

Web feed

Increasing active clothing

Drawing and Integrated Card-Drawing Machines

Drawing is the term applied to the operation

involving the doubling and roller drafting of
slivers.
Doubling is the combination of several
slivers that are then attenuated by a draft
equal in number to the slivers combined,
thereby resulting in one sliver of a similar
count.
Roller drafting is the process of attenuating
the count of a material using a combination
of pairs of rollers.
PRINCIPLES OF DOUBLING:
This involves placing several slivers in
parallel (usually 6 or 8) and roller drafting the
combination using a draft

Single-zone drafting arrangement

Objective of Drawing
Equalizing
Relationship between the of ideal
evenness and doubling, Drawing
Ideal unevenness
Parallelizing
C V i 2 10 4 V 1
Blending
2
C VO =
+
*
D
Ni
D
Dust removal

Drawing frame

The drafting system must be:

Simple in construction, Stable in design ,
suitable for all raw materials
Optimal control over the movement of the fibers
High precision both of operation and adjustment
Rapid and simple adjustability of rollers

The drafting arrangement

Operating principle

1) Can , 2)Feed roller, 3) Drafting system, 4)

Guide tube, 5) Calenders, 6) Coiler and 7) Draw
sliver

Features of drawing frame

3 over three and 4 over 3 drafting system

large coils is dc / dB = 1.45, and

for small coils dc / dB = 2.5

Laying of sliver

Highly
dynamic,
digitally
controlled,
maintenance free direct drivers
Comprehensive quality monitoring
Sliver weight
Sliver evenness
Thick places
Spectrogram
Self optimizing adjustment of break draft
Reliable sensors development
Active lifting of top rollers during machine still
stand
Computer control with touch screen
Infinitely variable setting of draft, break draft,
sliver weight and delivery speed.

Integrated Draw Frame IDF

Process steps that do not

exist do not produce any
fault and do not cost any
money.
Coupling of Card to draw
frame i.e. one drawing
passage is a good example
for open-end spinning.
In combed spinning mill,
process cutting with
integrated draw frame is
not useful.

Integrated Draw Frame IDF

Integrated Draw Frame IDF

Process steps that do not exist do
not produce any fault and do not
cost any money.
Coupling of Card to draw frame i.e.
one drawing passage is a good
example for open-end spinning.
In combed spinning mill, process
cutting with integrated draw frame is
not useful.

THE COMBING PROCESS

The combing process is normally used to produce
Smoother, finer, stronger and more uniform yarns
Combing is also used for upgrading the quality of
medium staple fibers
Production coast is increased by about 1 US$/Kg

Tasks of combing:
Elimination of precisely pre-determined quantity
of short fibers
Elimination of the remaining impurities
Elimination of a large proportion of the neps
Formation of a sliver having maximum possible evenness
Producing of more straight and parallel fibers
Elimination of short fibers improves mainly the staple length Micronaire value of
combed sliver is slightly higher than that of feedstock
Types of applications:
Long staple combing:
High quality cotton, containing a low proportion of short fibers
Medium-staple combing:
medium cotton qualities, spun to medium (to fine) yarns of good quality at
economic production costs.
Short (to medium) staple combing mills:
Upgrading quality of cotton, extracting low level noil level (6 14%)

Methods for Preparation for Combing I

Conventional (Lap Doubling) method:

Sliver Lap (D=1624, V=1.1 .2)

Sliver lap Machine

and

Ribbon Lap (D=6,

V=6)

Ribbon lap machine

16 to 32 are fed to a sliver lap machine, of three pairs of drafting rolls followed by
two pairs of calender rolls
Lap pf 50 to 70 g/m, width of 230 to 300 mm and diameter of 500mm and weight of
to 27Kg. Draft ratio commonly is 1.5 to 2.5. Draft ratio commonly is 1.5 to 2.5.
Laps from the sliver lap machine are taken to the ribbon lap machine thin sheets
from the heads are led down over a curved plate, which turns at a right angles,
inverts them and superimpose one upon the others

Methods for Preparation for Combing II

(Sliver Doubling): e.g. Super lap from Whitin
About 20 drawing slivers are fed to a vertical
2/3 daft system, and drafted 3 to 5x.
The laps are super imposed (width of 293
mm) through a pair of calander rolls, the batt
is compressed and the lap is formed

Unilap from Rieter (drawing/lap)

two steps: a standard drawing process in
which a number of card slivers (typically 20
24) are drawn Together to form a drawn
sheet lap weight 50 70 g/m delivery speed
up to 100 m/min production rate is up 360
kg/h.
Laps of up to 25 Kg weight, 250-300
mm width
The Unilap system is designed
to achieve fully automatic doffing
and transportation of laps to the combing.

The Combing Machine

The Combing Cycle 1

The Combing Cycle 2

Influence of combing operation on quality

Dependence of various
quality parameters n noil.
A, improvement of yarn
quality %; B, Noil in %)
a) yarn strength, b) yarn
evenness;
)
yarn
Imperfections.

Staple diagram before combing

After

Noil

THE ROVING FRAME

The roving frame is a necessary evil
The draft needed 300 to 500
draw frame cans represent the worst
mode of transport
The roving frame itself is a complicated,
liable to faults, causes defects
Automation of the machine is very
difficult
Demands placed upon modern roving
frame:
Design of simpler machines, less liable
to faults; Increasing in spindle rotation
rates; Large packages;
Automation of machine and of package
transport
Tasks of the roving frame:
Attenuation the sliver to a fine strand
A protective twist must be inserted, that
the roving can be wound on a package
transported
Roving winding makes the roving frame
relatively complex winding requires in
addition to the spindle and flyer, a cone
drive transmission (or variable gear), a
differential gear and a builder motion.

transport rollers (2)

Draw slivers cans (1)
drafting arrangement (3 ) unsupported length (5)
flyer (6)
spindle (7)
bobbin (8)
the bobbin rail (9)

lever (10)

Spindle and flyer

Imparting twist:
The flyer inserts twist.
Each flyer
rotation
creates one turn in the
roving
The spindle:
The spindle is simply
a support and drive
element for the flyer
The flyer
one of the two legs
has
usually
been
hollow, i.e. with a
deep guide groove
that is open in a
direction opposite to
the
direction
of
rotation
the strand has low
level of twist only
protective twist

Drafting system
Arrangement of flyers

Details of roving frame

As the flyer rotates with the centre spindle,
twist is inserted into the drafted ribbon
issuing from the front rollers of the drafting
system, thereby forming the roving. The
contact between the roving and the rim of
the flyer inlet imparts an
added false twist), which strengths the
roving length between the flyer and front
drafting rollers, permitting a low value of
real twist to be used.
the hollow spindle rotates at a higher
speed than the center spindle, and the rail
lifts and lowers the bobbin past the presser
arm to build successive layers of roving
coils and make a full bobbin. This is often
referred to as winding-up by bobbin lead.
If the bobbin rotates at speed Nb, and the
spindle at Ns, then the speed, Vw, at which
the roving would be wound onto the bobbin
tube is given by

where Db = the bobbin tube diameter (in

meters) at the instant of winding

Various designs of flyer

Derive of top mounted flyer

Spindle mounted flyers Top mounted flyers Closed flyers

Automatic doffing

The Ring Spinning Frame

The American Thorp invented the ring-spinning machine in year
1828. In 1830, Another American, Jencks contributed the traveler
rotating on the ring. During the last 160 years, the machine has
passed many considerable modifications, but the principle of yarn
forming remained unchanged. In spite of the many yarn forming
introduced, the ring spinning frame will continue for some time
for the following reasons: It is universally applicable, i. e.
processes any material for any count, quantities.
It delivers a yarn with optimal characteristics (regarding
structure and properties).
It is uncomplicated and easy to master,
The know-how for operation is well established and friendly use.
It is flexible as regards (blend and lot size.)

Basic Principle of Spinning:

Drafting mechanism
Consolidation mechanism
Winding and package forming mechanism.
The ring spinning is characterized by two main
features:
1) Continuity of fiber flow roving to yarn.
2) Tension-controlled spinning process.

Principle of Twist Insertion Mechanism

Ty =

r / t mt .Vt
sin

dr

Twist = Turns / meter (t . p.m) =

nspindle (rpm)
Vdelivery ( m / min)

In practice, spindle speed (rpm) is used instead of traveler speed (rpm) in the above equation; this
results in a slightly over-estimated value of twist because nspindle is slightly greater than ntraveler. The
difference in speed between spindle and traveler causes the yarn to wind on the package. The increase
or a decrease in twist is mainly a result of a change in the speed of the delivery roller. Thus twist affect
level affect productivity.

Yarn count ranges: 6s to 250s

Recent developments in
ring spinning machines

Ring and traveller

Key Main Machine Variables

Balloon Control
Lift (balloon height)
Spindle Speed
Ring/Traveller

Stator part of the magnetic

system

Suspended disk with yarn go

through the eye

Modification of Ring Spinning

1 Compact Spinning
2 Siro Spinning System
3 Solo Spun
4 Core Yarn Spinning

Principle of Compact Spinning

Conventional RS

Compact RS

1)Draft arrangement
1a) Condensing element
1b) Perforated apron
VZ Condensing zone
2) Yarn Balloon with
new Structure
3) Traveler,
4) Ring
5) Spindle,
6) Ring carriage
7) Cop,
8) Balloon limiter
9) Yarn guide,
10) Roving
E) Spinning triangle
of compact spinning

Compact spinning

Ring spun

Compact

Compact spinning is essentially a ring spinning with additional feature to

eliminate or reduce yarn hairiness in the so called condensing zone. This
is done to improve surface integrity and increase yarn strength.
The spinning triangle is reduced or eliminated to condensing the fibers in
a narrow path. The close and parallel device is closely situated before the
twist imparting.
There are two basis systems, air flow or mechanical one.
Compact spinning offers near perfect structure by applying air suction or
magnetic system for condensing the fibers before twisting, thereby
eliminating of the spinning triangle.
Compact spinning has been shown to significantly improve yarn tensile
properties and reduction in yarn hairiness. Both characteristics are
crucial for performance in downstream manufacturing operations.
Compact spinning was introduced as a trial system in 1995.

Factors Affecting Compact Spinning

Condensing zone is heart of compact
spinning.
Fiber length, fineness and stiffness are
factors affecting the fiber transport by
air flow, this necessitates apron moving
to be less than delivery rollers
(condensing) .
Changing the perforation
increases air velocity.
Smooth guides
propagation.

gives

better

width
twist

Hairs of less than 2mm, give better

cover factor,
Hairs> 3 mm are Problematic for
processing

Rieter Com4 Compact Spinning System

The Com4 system was conceived by Dr. Ernst
Fehrer, the founder of friction spinning. The
condensing system of Rieter consists of a
perforated drum, just situated after the
double apron arrangement and works
simultaneously as a delivery roller of the
draft system. On the perforated drum, two
pressure are situated. The first roller acts as
nipping point of the draft system, while the
second roller works as twist stop to prevent
twist escaping to the condensing zone. The
fiber bundling occurs through the suction
zone, which is found inside the perforated
roller, and in the region between the two
pressure rollers. Under this air suction ,
fibers merging from the delivery nip of the
drafting unit are held against the drum
surface
and
moved
at
the
same
circumferential speed as the drum surface. In
ATME 2000 Rieter south Carolina
introduced an innovation in the air guide
providing more fiber compactness both
against the drum and in lateral direction.
This innovation is known as K44-C.om4.

The Condensing zone

Perforated rollers

Details of Compact Spinning

Sussen Elite Compact Spinning System

Suessen compact system consists of a tubular
profile, subjected to a negative pressure and
closely embraced a lattice apron. The delivery
top roller fitted with rubber cots, presses the
lattice apron against the hollow profile and
drives the apron, at the same time forming the
delivery nipping line.The tubular profile has a
small slot in the direction of the fiber flow,
which commences at the immediate vicinity of
the front roll nipping line in the region of the
delivery nipping line. This creates an air
current through the lattice apron via the slot
towards the inside of the profile tube. The air
current seizes the fibers after they leave the
front roller nipping line and condenses the fiber
strand, which is conveyed by the lattice apron
over a curved path and transported to the
delivery nipping line. As the slot, being under
negative pressure, reaches right up to the
delivery nipping line, the fiber assembly
remains totally compacted. This results in a
substantial disappearance of the spinning
triangle.

1) Profile tube, 2) Lattice apron,

3) Delivery top roller

Profile tube with

inclined lattice apron

Zinser Compact System

The system of Zinser, is characterized by

extending the draft system by a double
roller. A perforated apron is moved over the
upper roller, where the suction profile
element is found. Between the delivery roller
and the perforated apron, the condensing
zone occurs. The roller pair is working in a
classical way as in ordinary draft system.

RoCos , the Rotorcraft

compact spinning

RoCos the Rotorcraft siro

spinning system

RoCos the Rotorcraft

core spinning system

Rotorcraft drafting
system

Elements o f RoCos compact

Spinning system

RoCos the Rotorcraft

compact spinning system

The rocos spinning system avoides

using air with its complexity and
expanse. It works without air suction
and uses magnetic-mechanical
principle only. Rotorcrafts magnetic
compacting system is claimed to
produce 80% less hairiness, 10%
greater strength than systems based on
pneumatic copmacting.
Twin RoCos application for siro spun
system.
Rocos for core spun yarn and denim
and other coarser yarns.

Siro Spun Twofold Yarn

The SiroSPUN process adapted some of the selftwist discoveries of CSIRO to the ring spinning
technology of the worsted system, and combined
spinning and doubling in the one operation. The
technology maintains two separate strands during
the spinning process, and this allows a number of
fiber-binding mechanisms to operate before the
strands are twisted about each other. An important
aspect of the SiroSPUN system is a simple device
to break out the remaining strand if one of the
strands should be accidentally broken. SiroSPUN
is used also for short staple fibers as cotton and
blends. The roving strands, which are drafted
parallel, are combined after passing the front
rollers at the exit from the drafting system, with
some twist being produced in the individual strands
right up to the nip point. Once past the front roller
of the drafting system, the two strands are
combined producing a twofold-like yarn. The yarn
has uni-directional twist like a singles yarn but the
fibers are bound sufficiently for the yarn to survive
weaving.

Multi folded Threads

Advantages of SiroSpun

Siro-core compact
yarn

To achieve higher quality requirements, multi folded threads are

manufactured on compact yarns twisted together.

Core Spun Yarn

Core Spun

Yarns are
produced
on
Ring
Spinning machines or
Compact R.S Machines.
Essentially is adapting the
tension of the filament
yarn. Also the percentage
of Core/ sheath determine
the yarn characteristics.

Different Types of Multi Folded Yarns

Siro Yarn

Single yarn

compact Plied

Multi Plied compact

R.S.Plied

Solo spun

SOLOSPUN yarn is a singles worsted yarn which

can be woven as a warp without plying, sizing or
any other yarn finishing treatment. To achieve
this, the fiber geometry within the yarn structure is
modified so that all the fibers are securely bound
within the yarn. The resulting SOLOSPUN yarn
has a very high level of resistance to the abrasive
forces imposed by the weaving process.

SOLOSPUN yarns are made using a small

patented roller attachment which simply clips
onto the shaft of the front drafting roller. It does
not affect the normal operation of the machine
and
is
compatible
with
auto-doffing
mechanisms. Roller life is expected to be more
than six months in a typical production
operation.
SOLOSPUN units are easily fitted or removed
from the spinning frame. Easily set up on most
spinning frames. Fits all drafting arms. Fit 100
spindles in one hour. Independent adjustment
of roller position and pressure. Tenacity,
extensibility and evenness of SOLOSPUN yarns
are not much different from conventional twofold weaving yarns. Yarn cross-section is more
circular than two-fold yarn so SOLOSPUN yarn
is a little harder and less bulky. SOLOSPUN
yarns are less hairy than conventional singles
yarns because the individual fibers are bound
securely into the body of the yarn at several
points along the fiber length. Fiber ends are far
less likely to be rubbed up as 'hairs'. Woven
cloth has a smoother finish and cleaner
appearance.
55% cheaper

Non-Conventional Spinning Systems

1 Open end Spinning

2- Core Spun Rotor Spinning
(Rotona)
Dref spinning system
3 Air Jet Spinning
Murata Air Jet Spinning
Murata Vortex Spinning

Principle of Open End Spinning

In rotor spinning, the drafting
mechanism consists of three main
operations: (i) mechanical opening using
an opening roll, (ii) air drafting using an
air stream and transporting duct, and
(iii)
doubling
mechanism.
The
mechanical drafting is achieved using a
toothed opening roll. In order to
minimize fiber disorientation, the
airflow in the duct should have a velocity
exceeding that of the surface speed of the
opening roll. To obtain such an airflow,
the inside of the rotor is run at a vacuum
which may be achieved by designing the
rotor with radial holes to allow the rotor
to generate its own vacuum (selfpumping effect).

ndf tex f V f = n yf tex f V y

Thus,

n yf
ndf

Vf
Vy

Rotor-Yarn Structure :

Factors Influencing RotorSpinning Performance I

The low tension, and the subsequent lack of torque control results in a structure that is unique
for rotor-spun yarns. In general, this structure consists of a core, which is fully twisted (similar
to ring-spun yarns), and an outer-layer that is partially twisted. In addition, some fibers called
"belly or belt fibers" are randomly deposited on the yarn surface. These fibers result from the
interfacing between the processes of laying fibers on the rotor-collecting surface and the
peeling off of the yarn from the collecting surface (see previous Figure). This interface occurs
once per each rotor revolution. These bellybands are laid at these times; they may take a
clockwise or an anti-clockwise direction.
As a result of the partial true twist in rotor-spun yarns, the yarn has a natural curling (or
snarling) tendency, similar to ring-spun yarns. The major difference, however, lies in the fact
that in rotor-spun yarn, the natural torque resulting from the real twist is partially balanced
by a torque caused by the wrapping effect of the belly bands.
The curling tendency can be determined by the residual twist or the difference between the
measured yarn twist and the nominal twist (T ). The assumption made here is that the higher
the value of T, the lower the curling tendency, and the higher the number of bellybands or
the higher the level of their tightness. Typical T values may range from 10% to 40%. Using
this value, Artzt et al examined the cause and effect of curling tendency and made the
following important points:
The main spinning parameters influencing the twist difference (or curling tendency) are
rotor speed and rotor diameter (or the ratio of rotor diameter to fiber length, dR/FL).

Important Fiber Properties in RotorSpinning I

From the above discussion, which clearly
point at many of the fiber properties that
are important in rotor spinning. Perhaps,
the most important fiber property is fiber
fineness. This is due to the structural
limitations of rotor-spun yarn discussed
earlier, which require more fibers per yarn
cross-section to compensate for the loss of
fiber contribution to yarn strength. For the
same reason, fiber strength is another
important characteristic. Indeed, the
introduction of rotor spinning has greatly
shifted the attention to these two properties.
With regard to fiber length, rotor spinning has altered the traditional view that ring spinning had
established for many years; that is, fiber length is the most important fiber property. The reason
for this is that long fibers are likely to be more disturbed by turbulent airflow than medium or
short fibers.
Some early studies revealed that long fibers result in lower rotor-yarn strength compared to that
of ring-spun yarn. A high level of short fibers will result in low yarn strength and excessive
ends-down

Important Fiber Properties in RotorSpinning II

They also revealed that the longer the
fiber length, the higher the C.V%
evenness of rotor-spun yarns compared
to that of ring yarns. However, the key
length parameter in rotor spinning is
short fiber content. A high level of short
fibers will result in low yarn strength and
excessive ends-down.
In addition to the above fiber
characteristics, rotor spinning has set
new standards for the level of fine trash
and dust in the fiber strand. This is due
to the fact that trash content is the
primary cause of spinning ends-down.
Values of trash percent of less than 0.2%
in the fed sliver are recommended for
rotor spinning.

Core Open-End Spun Yarns (Rotona)

The filament entered to the rotor through the
shaft. The fibers forming the Open end yarn
wraps around the filament, which has no twist.
It is also important to keep the tension at a
constant value. The yarn produced can be
compared with the classical ring spun core
spun yarns.
The production speed is up to seven times as
ring spinning.
Better elasticity of yarns
The counts produced Ne. 5- 30
The yarns can be used in sport wears and in
rubber industry.

Air jet spinning

The classical air-jet spinning uses the
principle of false-twisting to produce a yarn of
uniquely different structure from that of ring
or rotor spun yarn. While ring-spinning is
characterized by a continuity in the fiber flow,
and rotor spinning is characterized by a
complete separation of fibers prior to
spinning, air-jet spinning exhibits an
intermediate feature in which part of the fiber
strand flows continuously and another part is
separated.

Air-Jet Spinning
The classical air-jet spinning uses the principle of false-twisting to
produce a yarn of uniquely different structure from that of ring or
rotor spun yarn. While ring-spinning is characterized by a continuity in
the fiber flow, and rotor spinning is characterized by a complete
separation of fibers prior to spinning, air-jet spinning exhibits an
intermediate feature in which part of the fiber strand flows
continuously and another part is separated.
Similar to rotor spinning, the input strand in air-jet spinning is a drawn
sliver, which may be carded or combed. Drafting is achieved using
multiple zone roller drafting. The consolidation mechanism in air-jet
spinning is achieved by blowing out compressed air through air nozzle
holes of about 0.4mm diameter to form an air vortex. The air revolves
at high speed (more than 3 million rpm). Thus, the rotating element in
air-jet spinning is air. This results in a rotation of the fiber bundle at a
rate typically ranging from 200,000 to 300,000 rpm.
The figures shows the air-jet spinning system produced by Murata.
Two air nozzles are used: nozzle 1 may be called the "end-opening"
nozzle, and nozzle 2 may be called "the twisting nozzle". These names
imply the specific functions of these two nozzles as explained below

The Principle of Air-Jet Spinning

To simplify the principle of the consolidation mechanism,
suppose that only nozzle 2 is at work and that air is
rotating in a clockwise direction. This action will result
in twisting the fibers fed to the nozzle to form a yarn.
When the yarn leaves the nozzle, untwisting takes place.
Thus, with one air nozzle, a case of pure false twisting is
achieved. In the actual machine, another nozzle (nozzle
1) is positioned between the nip of the front roller and
nozzle 2, with air rotating in a counterclockwise
direction. Thus, the two nozzles apply air rotation in two
opposite directions. However, the air in nozzle 2 has a
higher rotational speed than nozzle 1 to avoid complete
false twisting. The fiber strand, coming out of the
delivery roll, forms a spinning triangle similar to that in
ring spinning. However, fibers in this triangle are under
much less tension than those in ring spinning. In other
words, the fibers in the triangle are comparatively loose.
The air rotation of the fiber strand in the two nozzles
results in ballooning the fiber bundle between the front
roller and nozzle 1, and in turning the balloon in nozzle
2. This balloon has no significant tension, which results
in some fibers being raised from the bundle surface and
move freely. This process is called "the end-opening"
action. Thus, the opposite rotation of air in nozzle 1
assists in detaching some fibers from the input strand

Main Parameters affecting Air Jet Spinning

The main spinning parameters in air-jet
spinning are as follows :
The main draft ratio (VFront Roller/VSecond or
Apron roller); this varies from 15 to 50, but
generally runs from 30 to 40.
Distance between the first nozzle and the
nip of the front roller, k.
The feed ratio ((VFront Roller/VDelivery); this
ranges from 0.98 to 0.99
Spinning speed (up to 300 m/min)
Air pressure in nozzle 1 (typically, 2-5
kgf/cm)
Air pressure in nozzle 2 (typically, 2-5
kgf/cm)

Developments in Air-Jet Spinning

Air-jet spinning machinery may be divided
into two main types: single end spinners,
and twin spinners
In the twin-spinner, two slivers are fed to
the same drafting system where they are
drafted. The drafted strands are then fed
to two different spinning units (air nozzles)
to produce two single yarns. These two
yarns are then doubled together onto a
take-up package suitable for two-for-one
twisting system. The twin spinner is
therefore suitable for applications where
plied yarns are required. In comparison
with ring spinning, the twin spinner
eliminates roving, winding, and doubling
machinery.

Murata Vortex system

Details

Murata Vortex Spinning (MVS)

The Murata Vortex Spinning (MVS) system was introduced
in 1998 under the commercial name MVS851. This system
uses the principle of air vortex to produce a yarn similar in
structure to that of the ring-spun yarn. The idea of this
development is to improve two important features of the jetspinning system: (i) the number of wrapper fibers, and (ii)
the length of wrapper fibers. Accordingly, MVS should be
considered as an inevitable and natural evolution of the MJS
system. The driving force of MVS development was to
produce 100% cotton yarns on jet spinning .
As in the conventional MJS, a finished drawn sliver is
directly fed to a roller drafting system, similar to that used
on the MJS system. The drafted fibers are passed through an
air-jet nozzle and hollow spindle. Fibers exiting the nip of
the front rollers are sucked into a spiral orifice at the
entrance of the air nozzle, and they are then held together
more firmly as they move towards the tip of a needle
protruding from the orifice. At this stage, the force of the air
stream twists the fibers. This twisting motion tends to flow
upwards. The needle protruding from the orifice prevents
this upward propagation (twist penetration). Therefore, the
upper portions of some fibers are separated from the nip
point of the front rollers but they are kept open.

Comparison between MJS and MVS

changing the system from two dimensional to

three dimensional offers the possibility of
dramatically increasing the number of edge
fibers and hence the number of wrapper fibers.
There is non twisting section, twist of certain
level are given to the entire yarn from the
center to the surface of the yarn . The yarn
thickness is uneven. Twisting is concentrated at
the finer section, with twisting is loose at the
thicker section and hairiness tends to come out.

Dref spinning system

As indicated earlier, the twisting

mechanism in friction spinning is
achieved by feeding the fibers into
the nip of two spinning (friction)
drums, which rotate them to form
the yarn. The resulting twist,
however, does not correspond to
the ratio of yarn diameter to drum
diameter because of the slippage
effect, which can lead to a loss of
up to 60%. The problem
associated with fiber landing
discussed above adds to the
problem of twist loss by
introducing a great deal of twist
variability.

DREF 3000, the only spinning system

to offer the production of special
high-tech, core and multi-component
yarn constructions in the NM 0.5 NM 25 (cc 0.3 - cc 14.5) yarn count
ranges in a single, straightforward
working process.

Yarn Unevenness and Yarn Faults

Yarn Cleaning

Yarn Irregularity and Faults

Yarn irregularity affect twist distribution in yarn (thick places have less
twist)
yarn irregularity mainly affect fabric appearance and many other
properties. Uster evenness tester is the most popular instrument used for
evaluation of irregularity characteristics.
Irregularity can be defined as the continuous variation in mass per unit
length and expressed as coefficient of variation CV, where faults are discrete
function and are expressed as number of faults per unit length. Faults may
occur frequently and known as imperfections (thick, thin places and neps), or
occur seldom. These have longer length (slubs, fly, piecing, long thick or thin
places, snarls and loops )
Analysis of yarn irregularity can be provided on the base of descriptive
statistics methods (CV% values) or on the basis of time series and signal
analysis principles.

Mass evenness, capacitive measuring

principle

Capacitive measuring system

A high-frequency electric field is generated in the sensor slot between a pair of

capacitor plates. If the mass between the capacitor plates changes, the electrical signal
is altered and the output signal of the sensor changes accordingly. The result is an
electrical signal variation proportional to the mass variation of the test material
passing through. This analog signal is then converted into a digital signal, stored and
processed directly by the USTER TESTER computer. The capacitive measuring
principle is very reliable and has a good signal stability. With this measuring principle
not only yarns, but also rovings and slivers can be tested. The output contains a large
amount of information which cannot be provided by the spectrogram, by the U/CVvalue or by the counting of imperfections. The diagram is especially valuable for the
detection of the following faults: Seldom-occurring events, and long-term variations

Mass diagram of different cut lengths

Normal diagram: The mass diagram directly shows the mass variation of the test
material in graphical form. A normal diagram contains the entire information from
which the other test results (CV, Spectrogram, IPI, etc.) are derived

1 cm cut length diagram, scale 100%

10 m cut length diagram, scale 20%

1 m cut length diagram, scale 20%

Determination of frequently
occurring yarn faults

Yarns spun from staple fibers contain "imperfections" which can be

subdivided into three groups: Thin places, Thick places, Neps
Faults are due to: a) raw material or b)an imperfect processing
Thick places and thin places, referring to those, which can be classified under
the term "imperfections", exceed -30% or +35% with respect to the mean
value of yarn cross-sectional size, "neps" can overstep the 100% limit.

Imperfection Indicator IPI

Thin, thick and neps

Thin places: The USTER 4 allows

the following ensitivity thresholds
for thin places: -30% / -40% / -50% /
-60%. Every time the selected limit
is exceeded, a thin place is counted.
Thick places The USTER 4 allows
the following sensitivity thresholds
for thick places: +35% / +50% /
+70% / +100%. Every time the
selected limit is exceeded, a thick
place is counted.
Definition of neps: The USTER 4
allows the following sensitivity
thresholds for neps: +140% / 200%
/ +280% / +400% , reference length
of 1 mm.. Every time the selected
limit is exceeded, a nep is counted.

Index of irregularity

Hubertys index of irregularity:

I = CVeff CVlim
CVeff

measured (actual) value of unevenness

CVlim

calculated (limit) value of unevenness

Theoretical background:

Cutting and weighting

Total length Lc, divided to N
portions. In each portion of
length L are created local
elements of length Lij .
Each portions and elements
are weighted.
Weights are denoted W, Wi
Wij

Lc W

Lij Wij

L Wi

Theoretical background:

Variances
Total variance division

1 N 1 Ni
s = [Wij W ]2
N i=1 Ni j =1

2
c

Ni
1 Ni
1
[Wij W ]2 = [Wij Wi + Wi W ]2 = sVi2 + (Wi W )2

Ni j =1
Ni j =1

1 N 2
1 N 2 2 2 2
2
[sVi + (Wi W ) ] = sVi + sB = sV + sB

N i=1
N i=1
Variance within portion
Total variance is sum of
external (between portions)
and internal (within portions)
Variances

sC2 = sV2 (L) + sB2 (L)

1 N 2
s = sVi
N i=1
2
V

sC
sV

sB
L

Effect of tarb mass irregularity on the

fabric appearanceMass unevenness

Measurements of Mass unevenness

Normal test
Inert test (larger cut lengths
virtual extension of electrodes
length)
Modern apparatus: variance
length curve. CVB(L) vs. L.
Deviation rate curve

Uster Statistics

Cumulative frequency (portion of companies producing yarns

with CV less or equal to a given value (here 50%)

Deviation rate I

The approach based on the percentage of mass deviation exceeding or

falls below a certain limit is used for characterization of yarn
unevenness.
The deviation rate DR(b) expresses a portion of the length of yarn that
is not within the limits

The DR(b) has the form:

D(i) = 0 if y - b < y(i) < y + b

DR(b) =

D(i)
i=1

*100

D(i) = 1 elsewhere

The DR - plot is then dependence of DR(b) on b

Deviation rate II

The DR(b) is closely connected with

probability for which is random process
y(i) exceeding of value b

Deviation rate III

Alternatively, the deviation rate
DRR(b) corresponding to the portion of the
length
of yarn that is above limit and deviation rate
DRL(b)
expressing a portion of the length of yarn
that is below limit can be computed. From
DRR(b) and DRL(b) the DR -mass histogram
in logarithmic scale of DR can be created.
Into this graph the histogram of normal
distribution is superimposed.
This graph is useful for comparison of unevenness at various cut lengths L.
Standard selection is L = 0.01 m, 1.5 m and 10 m.

SPECTROGRAPH
The Fast Fourier Transformation is used to transform from time domain to frequency
domain and back again. There are many types of spectrum analysis, Power spectrum,
Amplitude spectrum, Auto regressive frequency spectrum, moving average frequency
spectrum, ARMA spectrum.
h40sussen.txt
Parametric Reconstruction [7 Sine]
10
7.5

2.5

2.5

0
0.0062095

0.5
0

10.505

11.609
10.478

0.2324

0.5

10.492

10.481

-0.5

-0.5

-1
-1.5
0

100

200

300

400

Hair Sussen

10
7.5

Hair Sussen

Hair Sussen

Hair Sussen

r^2=1e-08 SE=0.994675 F=9.2185e-06

-1
-1.5
500

dis tance

h40sussen.txt
Fourier Frequency Spectrum
1.75

1.75

1.5

1.25

1
90

0.75

0.75

0.5

0.5
95
99

99.9

0.25

0.25

0
0

10

15
Frequency

20

0
25

PSD TISA

PSD TISA

1.25

1.5

50

Autocorrelation R(1)
ACF
0.05

Autocorrelation coefficient of first order R(1) can be

evaluated as

n
oit
c
n
uf
n
oti
al
er
r
o
c
ot
u
A

-0.05

-0.1

-0.15

N 1

20

40

( y( j) y )*( y( j +1) y )
Roughly, if R(1) is in interval

R(1) =

[s2 (N 1)]

2/ N R(1) 2/ N
h40sussen.txt
Autocorrelation
1

0.99

0.99

0.98

0.98

0.97

0.97

0.96

0.96

0.95

0.95

0.94

0.94

0.93
0

50

100

Autocorrelation

Autocorrelation

0.93
150

Lag

Simply the Autocorrelation function is a comparison of a signal with

itself as a function of time shift. Also could be considered as the
correlation between y(x) and y(x+u), wher u is the lag (distance)

60
Lag

80

100

Practical Uster Unevenness

Irregularity: Continuous variation in
mass expressed in CV% or U%.
Count Variation: Variation in mass
over length measured by weighing
100 m or 120 yards.

Imperfection: Sporadic thin or

thick places or neps. Measured as a
number per 1000 m of yarn
Seldom occurring defects: infrequent
large thick places or long thin places,
measured on Uster classimat system and
expressed in number/ 100000 m.

Practical Uster Unevenness

Ideal Spectrum: Spectrum

calculated from fiber distribution.
It was found that maximum
amplitude is given at about 2.5 to 3
(2.8) * mean fiber length

Mechanical fault
caused by machine

Draft waves due to bad setting

Of the draft arrangement

Types of faults in short spinning process

Foreign matter: This type of fault is

easy to explain. In most cases it refers to
non textile material which is already
available in the bales or is colored at
some during further processing.

Fiber Entanglement:
These entanglements are found primarily in
yarn containing mad-made fibers. They
consist of fibers which are bonded together
and in many cases are combined with
collection of finishing agents.

Synthetic un-drawn fibers: These are

fibers which are stuck together in the
form of single fibers or fiber groups.

Effect of mechanical faulrs of fabric

Cotton yarn: An eccentric

front roller caused a periodic
fault identical in length with
circumference of roller

Yarn Faults Classification

Classimat System QUANTUM

USTER CLASSIMAT QUANTUM, is used for checking cleared and uncleared yarn, providing perfect classification of thick and thin places, as
well as checking infrequently occurring yarn defects and, recently, foreign
fibers in the yarn. You can determine the optimal setting parameters for
yarn clearing, analyze new material and competitors products and
improve the quality and value of your yarns.
Also, recognition and classification of foreign fibers and vegetable matter
Direct comparison with production data of the USTER QUANTUM
Compatible with USTER CLASSIMAT 2 and 3

Classimat System
The introduction of the USTER CLASSIMAT 1 in 1968 revolutionized the
checking and determining of yarn quality in production and commerce.
The later models CLASSIMAT 2 and CLASSIMAT 3 optimized and extended
the application possibilities.
Today, the USTER CLASSIMAT is used in yarn classification system
which is accepted worldwide.

Classimat System QUANTUM

Fully equipped system with pre-installation of all required software applications,
consisting of capacitive basic measuring head, foreign fiber sensor (optional), control
unit, PC, color printer, flat screen, keyboard and mouse.

USTER CAY (Computer Aided Yarn

clearing)
Graphic classification of all yarn
defects in the thick and thin place
matrix and of foreign fibers in the
foreign fiber classification.
Simulation of all yarn defects and
their effect, either in yarn (such
as USTER Simulation of all yarn
defects and their effect, either in
yarn (such as USTER GRADES), in
woven or in knitted fabric according
to choice.
GRADES), in woven or in knitted
fabric according to choice.

Yarn cleaning System

Accumulation
of trashes

Elder systems of Classimat, requires installing

the cleaning limits using the so called
Correlatortor find the optimized yarn faults to
be cleaned due to Winding. The newer
systems find automatically the optimized
cleaning limits.
Old system of
Classimat

Cleaning limits

Moir effect
Yarn faults

Fabric
appearance

Spectrum

Uster evenness tester

Dual
light
beams
perpendicular
to
each
other, is used. This design
reduces shape error caused
by irregular yarn crosssections. The variation in
yarn diameter is measured
by the fluctuation of the
light intensity or shadow on
the sensor caused by the
beam of light passing
across the yarn crosssection.
Projected yarn diameter using two
cameras

Projected yarn diameter using

single camera

Zweigle OASYS
Optical Assessment Systems through Yarns Simulation

The system operates with the principle

of absolute optical measurement using
infra-red light beam. The measuring
systm compares the yarn diameter with
the constant reference mean and records
variations in length and diameter. The
yarn testing module uses an infrared light
sensor operating with a precision of
1/100 mm over a measuring field length
of 2 mm. The speed of measurement may
be selected on a graduated scale
between 100 and 400 m/min.

Keisokki Laserspot LST-V

Laserspot
Keisokki KET-80 and Laserspot
LST-V [4] are two types of
evenness testers based on
capacitive
and
optical
measurement
principles,
respectively. The Laserspot
evenness
and
hairiness
instrument uses laser beam
and is based on the Fresnel
diffraction principle. With this
principle the yarn core is
separated from hairs, allowing
yarn diameter and hairiness to
be measured at the same time.

QQM-3 yarn quality analyzer

1- Measuring head 2- PSION work about
terminal, 3- Battery charger
4- TTL RS232 converter, 5- RJ-6 Cable

Measuring

Head

Optical
Sensor

2 mm

Processor
For controlling different blocks

TTL
Digitizing
A/D
300 m/min

Memory
equalizer

Serial
Port

Hand
Held
2 MX
Data
storing

RS
232 PC

Yarn
speed

2 Optical sensors of 2mm width, equipped with infra diodes and transistors
positioned in the direction of yarn delivery, 10 mm apart, sampling rate is
limited to 300 m/min (capability 600 m/min) because hand held TTL is slower.

YARN DIAMETER MEASUREMENT

PRINCIPLE

YAS Lawson-Hemphill

Diameter Measurement Principle

The yarn diameter is measured optically while the yarn is passing between an
optical sensing head and a light source. For simplicity, we will call the Optical
Sensing Head as the Camera. The camera has 2048 light receiving elements,
which we refer to as Pixels.
Light is projected on one side of the yarn and is either blocked by the yarn or
received by a pixel in the CCD array. The pixels that receive light are considered
Light Pixels while the ones that are not receiving light are called Dark Pixels.
The computer calculates the yarn diameter as the distance between the first dark
pixel and the last dark pixel, the figure .
The maximum value of D is 6 mm, which is also the maximum yarn diameter that
can be measured by this system.
The YAS software reports the yarn diameter value in millimeter, and 1 mm = 308
pixels.