Magnetic Separators

How industrial plants benefit from apron

feeder magnetic separators

by Timothy G. Shuttleworth and Carlos Stipicic

n the late1970s, mineral processing plants producing copper sulfide concentrates and oxide
leaching feedstocks went online with operating
tonnages that exceeded traditional installations.
This created a need for larger capacity belt conveyors and apron feeders.
Apron feeders are slow moving, heavily loaded conveyors that feed a deep bed of ore from a
bulk holding location (a bunker) as a controlled
stream, often into a large capacity crusher. Apron
feeders use sprockets and caterpillars, while belt
feeders use rubber belts with motorized head
pulleys to convey the material. The damaging of
belts and clogging of transfer points from tramp
iron required larger magnetic separators and the
removal of tramp metal cannot prevent these serious problems. Corrective action at this location
is important for two reasons:

Removing tramp iron early in the ore

stream protects downstream equipment
from potential costly damage.
Installing apron feeder magnets before the primary large capacity crusher
means that secondary and tertiary crushing steps (made up of multiple parallel
units) operate more efficiently, since
tramp metal is removed at the onset.

Using belt or apron feeders

with suspended electromagnets

Belt and apron feeders have been successfully

protected by suspended electromagnets in many
industrial applications. The use of sprockets
and caterpillars for apron feeders must be nonmagnetic, preferably made of iron with a high
manganese content. The nonmagnetic caterpillars should come from the same manufacturer as
the apron feeder, according to the requirements
of the customer. When using a conveyor belt, it
is recommended (but not mandatory) that the
shell of the head pulley be nonmagnetic stainless steel. When feeding pebbles, the head pulley
should also ideally be nonmagnetic.
For the primary crushing applications, where
the ore is normally sized 15.2- to 20.3-cm (6- to
8-in.), the main purpose of the suspended electromagnet is to protect the belts and to avoid the
clogging of the chutes. Tramp iron measuring less
than 10 cm (4 in.) is not typically harmful to the
belts or chutes, so electromagnets are set to capture only the larger pieces of tramp iron.
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For copper sulfides processed in semiau- Eriez separators

togenous grinding (SAG) mills, no downstream installed at Cerro
suspended magnets are required after the belt Verde.
or apron feeder magnets, because there are no
secondary and tertiary cone crushers. For oxide
leaching plants, manual or self-cleaning standard
magnets are used on belt conveyors to remove
tramp metal after the primary crushers, but before the cone crushers and the leaching piles.
To remove tramp iron smaller than 10 cm (4
in.), a nonmagnetic shell pulley is required, especially for pebble applications. In the pebble
crushing plants of the Chiles Codelco Chuquicamata, Pelambres, Esperanza mines and Antamina in Per, the shell of the pulleys are nonmagnetic.
Belt feeders are used more often at the discharge end of suspended electromagnets because
apron feeders are historically more expensive
and have limited application (mainly for minerals larger than those found on belt feeders). For
the apron feeders in current use,
the customer or supplier is not alTimothy G. Shuttleworth is
ways willing to change the existing
president and chief executive
magnetic caterpillars for ones that
officer of Eriez, Carlos
are nonmagnetic.
Stipicic is general manager
Therefore, protection of earlier
of Polimin LTDA in Santiago,
crushers by an apron feeder magChile, e-mail: tgshuttleworth
net can provide significant [email protected].
on-investment through less plant
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41

Magnetic Separators
Table 1
Some Eriez electromagnets installed during the past 30 years.
Kennecott Copper Mine
Bingham Canyon Utah, USA
SER 700


315 cm x 168 cm (124 in. x 66 in.)
Installed:


1988
Material:


Copper ore
Capacity:


91. kt/h(10,000 stph)
Belt feeder width

305 cm (120 in.)
While this magnet does not look particularly large today, at the time of
its construction it was the largest.
Codelco Chuquicamata Division
Chile
SER 700

275 cm x 178 cm (108 in. x 70 in.)

Cerro Verde
SER 700

Material:

Capacity:

Material size:
Belt feeder width:
Burden depth:

229 cm x 229 cm (90 in. x 90 in.)

Copper ore
5.2 kt/h (5,800 stph) each
7.6 to 10 cm (3 to 4 in.)
213 cm (84 in.)
38 cm (15 in.)

Antamina
SER 700

Material:

Capacity:

Material size:
Apron feeder width:
Burden depth:

Magnet orientation. Suspended magnets

over conveyors or head pulleys are nearer to
horizontal than to vertical. In contrast, apron
and belt feeder suspension is nearer vertical than
horizontal (Fig. 2). This requires different internal and external construction, both of the magnet
structure and the internal electrical coil assembly.
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Space constraints. These magnets

(and the ancillary equipment) are often installed after plant construction
and must be retrofitted into existing
space, because relocating the bulk ore
bunker or the large downstream crusher is impractical.

254 cm x 238 cm (100 in. x 94 in.)

Copper ore
5.7 kt/h (6,300 stph)
2.5 to 31 cm (1 to 12 in.)
198 cm (78 in.)
63.5 to 76.2 cm (25 to 30 in.)

downtime and maintenance expense.

In the early 1980s, the first suspended electromagnets were installed at the discharge of belt
conveyors in the Codelco Chuquicamata, Chile
operation. These were the first large electromagnets with rectangular cores installed anywhere in
the world. Eriez has installed many of these during the past 30 years (Table 1). However, before
reviewing these applications, consider the technical designs needed for these huge magnet installations.
Apron magnets differ from usual magnetic
separation in mineral processing conveyor applications in the following ways.

Operating gap. As these magnets

are often positioned before large capacity crushers sometimes even
primary crushers large lumps of ore
must be allowed to pass. This leads to
a larger operating gap than is seen in
conveyor applications. A large gap, between the face of the magnet and the
location of the tramp iron to be separated, means a much stronger magnet
is required to pull the iron across that
large gap to the magnet face. Stronger magnets, besides being more costly,
sometimes also need other facilities,
such as force cooling (see ancillary
equipment).

Manual cleaning. Apron feeder

magnets have manual cleaning capabilities for several reasons:
Large pieces of tramp metal are rejected from the face of the magnet
without operator assistance.
The tramp metal is discharged in
a safe manner, minimizing risk to
personnel or nearby equipment.
The flow of ore past the magnet
creates a significant amount of dust. Manual cleaning apron magnets are sealed to the
chute work and contain the dust.

Housing and surrounding structure. The usual suspended, manual cleaning magnets have an
open gap between the magnet face and the passing ore, which can be easily observed and monitored by plant staff. When ferrous tramp iron has
accumulated, an operator can move the magnet
aside and discharge the iron. Excess iron on the
magnet face can lead to ore sweeping iron off
the magnet or cause ore spillage. Because the accumulated iron on the apron magnet cannot be
observed inside the sealed chute work, a magnet
load monitor is fitted to the magnet.
Ancillary equipment. Apron magnets require:

Transformer-rectifier power supplies

(standard for all electromagnet applications).
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Magnetic Separators
Table 2
Eriez suspended electromagnets installed at 60 to 65 inclines.

Monorail or trolleys to move the magnet

back for cleaning (standard for all manual cleaning). These monorail or trolleys
can be overlooked, but they perform an
important role in the entire system and
their design and engineering is essential.
Manual cleaning electromagnets at the
discharge end of the feeders now use
trolleys that move the magnets between
working, cleaning and maintenance positions. There are several reasons why
magnets should be moved away from
the conveyor in line rather than to the
side, such as less time being needed for a
cleaning cycle because the distance to the
cleaning point is shorter and tramp iron
being stuck to the face of the electromagnet can hit the housing of the feeder or
nearby structure and fall off.
Auxiliary cooling systems in some applications of force-cooled magnets.
Tramp iron carts or baskets to safely remove the iron from the cleaning station
and the processing plant.
Magnet load monitor, an electronic product installed on the outside surface of the
manual cleaning magnet. (This device
tracks the amount of steel on the face
of the magnet by a sensitive hall effect
element and control unit located off the
magnet. Once steel has accumulated on
the magnet, an audible and visual alarm
alerts the plant operators when it is time
to move the magnet aside and clean off
the accumulated tramp iron.)
Apron magnet applications
are on another scale both technically and financially. Project
costs exceeding $1 million are
not uncommon.

Installation
Number of magnets installed
Collahuasi


4
Cerro Colorado

1
Quebrada Blanca

1
Codelco Radomiro Tomic
6
Zaldivar


8
Lomas Bayas

1
Escondida Sulfuros

1
Escondida Oxidos

1
Spence


3
Gaby


5
Pelambres


5
Codelco Andina

2
SurAndes


2
Codelco El Teniente

4 (2 apron, 2 belt feeder)
Esperanza


4
maintain an adequate suspension height over the
feeder.
Slow speed. Since maximum speeds of belt
and apron feeders are relatively slow at less than
0.5 m/s (100 fpm), material is not thrown out from
the conveyor in a long, flat trajectory as it is at
higher speeds. In these feeders, the material falls
off the end of the feeder or conveyor. When the
burden falls, it sloughs to about one-half the previous depth on the conveyor or feeder.
Because of the slow speed, the suspended
electromagnets at the discharge end can be positioned much closer to the feeders, resulting in

Eriez magnetic
separators
diagram.

These characteristics of belt and

apron feeders make them ideal for the
suspension of electromagnets at the
discharge end.
Burden depth of the material over
the belt or the caterpillars. Regardless
of belt speed which varies from 0
to 0.5 m/s (0 to 100 fpm) the burden depth on the belt or caterpillars
remains constant. The height is determined by the gap of the transfer chute
of the material to the moving surface.
When the speed increases, capacity increases without varying the burden depth. The electromagnet at the
discharge end remains stationary to
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Magnetic Separators

creasing magnet efficiency.

When the feeders have a width greater than
1.2 m (48 in.), the electromagnet must have a
rectangular coil and core. This generates a homogeneous magnetic field, both at its center and
sides, covering the entire burden depth. Standard
suspended electromagnets have circular cores
and coils that generate stronger magnetic fields
in the center and weaker ones at the sides.
Quick cleaning cycle. Removing captured
tramp iron from the surface of the electromagnet can be handled in a few minutes. Since the
electromagnets are inclined between 60 to 65,
it is not necessary to move them great distances.
The horizontal projection of the magnetic face is
never greater than the length of the electromagnet. This characteristic allows the electromagnet
to be cleaned quickly with a few steps:

An installed
Eriez magnetic
separator.

higher separation efficiency. Tramp iron is efficiently captured by the suspended electromagnet
while the material falls from the feeder.
The slow speed of these feeders requires that
the electromagnets be manually cleaned and installed at steep angles, inclined as much as 60 to
65. This angle positions the magnetic field where
the material has the least possible depth. At inclines this steep, using a self-cleaning electromagnet, both tramp iron and product would be
discharged in nearly the same direction, making
separation of the two almost impossible.
Self-cleaning electromagnets are not easily
enclosed to dust. Manual cleaning electromagnets allow flexible booting to seal between the
discharge chute and the magnet.
Flat belts or caterpillars. Most belt feeders have maximum idler angles of 20, although
many are flat. This causes a humped configuration to the burden, with the center depth being
the steepest. Apron feeders are completely flat.
Burden depth is distributed evenly across the
feeder and with a lower overall burden depth, in-

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Stop the feeder.

Move the electromagnet back to its
cleaning position.
Turn off the electromagnet.
Detach the tramp iron into a non-magnetic container.
Move the electromagnet back to its work
position.
Turn on the electromagnet.
Turn on the feeder.

The tramp iron should be placed inside a nonmagnetic container made of stainless steel, plastic or even wood, then transported to discharge
chutes. This is because residual magnetism from
the collected tramp metal could adhere to mild
steel chute work.
Automating the operation of the electromagnet and the cleaning cycle. Apron and belt
feeders can be operated manually or automatically, locally or remotely. The electromagnets
and their trolleys have the same possibility. To
automate this equipment, Eriez developed the
magnet load monitor, which detects tramp iron
on the magnetic face of the manual cleaning
electromagnet.
The magnet load monitor is installed near
the electromagnet with a probe on the magnetic
face. The probe is pre-set to send a signal when a
specified amount of tramp iron accumulates on
the magnet face, triggering the need for a cleaning cycle. This signal of 4 to 20 milliamps can be
used to warn or automatically initiate the cleaning cycle.
Eriez has many installations of suspended
electromagnets at 60 to 65 inclines at the discharge of belt ad apron feeders (Table 2). n
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