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alaysian Studies is a book in the visual mind maps series that combines
visual maps and diagrams in one book and makes learning more fun. The attractive
and colourful presentation helps students to memorise and understand the facts
effectively. It is specially designed to help students to excel in the subject as
well as in the examination.
alaysian Studies is prepared based on the syllabus formulated by
the Malaysian Qualifications Agency (MQA). This book also presents attractive
illustrations, pictures and maps to generate and stimulate the students interest
to learn. Acronyms and acrostics are also provided to help students memorise
the important facts easily.
his book is very unique compared to other books in the market. It
presents various learning methods which cannot be found in any other books.
Students can use visual maps to memorise the facts easily and will not feel
bored studying the subject. Futhermore, this book provides various types of
questions which help to enhance students understanding of the subject.
s a publisher, we always understand the students problems. This
book provides maximum satisfaction for students to understand and memorise
facts easily. We are confident students will obtain excellent grades through this
book.
trive for Excellence and Success through Malaysian Studies Visual Mind
Maps book.
The Publisher
ISBN 978-967-351-444-1
Visual Mind Maps Malaysian Studies
First Print 2012
PNI Neuron (M
Sdn Bhd
(554690-H)
Printed by:
Kim Guan Enterprise Sdn. Bhd.
No. 100, Jalan PBS 14/4, Taman Perindustrian Bukit Serdang,
43300 Seri Kembangan, Selangor Darul Ehsan.
1
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 EARLY HISTORY
Pre-historical Ages of Malay Archipelago
Early Kingdoms in the Malay Archipelago
The Malacca Sultanate
The Colonial Era - Portuguese Colonization
The Colonial Era - Dutch Colonization
The Colonial Era - British Colonization of Penang, Singapore and Malacca
Direct Intervention - British Intervention in the Malay States
The Federated Malay States
The Non-Federated Malay States
The Japanese Occupation
The Era of Emergency
3
4-8
9-15
16
17
18-19
20-24
25
26
27-30
31-33
34-37
38-40
41
42-43
44
45-47
48-52
53-54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61-64
65-72
73-85
86-96
97-98
99
100-110
111-118
119-120
121-127
128
PRE-Historical
ages
PALEOLITHIC AGE
(EARLY stone age)
S E TTL E M E N T
Nomadic
Lived in caves
ACTI V ITI E S
B E LI E F S
Animism
Worshipped the spirits
of ancestors
Began using
stone tools
MESOLITHIC AGE
(Middle STONE AGE/
HOABINHIAN AGE)
Collected forest
products
Hunted wild animals
Began farming
Animism
Practised special
funeral rites and
burial customs.
NEOLITHIC AGE
(New stone Age)
METAL/BRONZE
AND IRON AGE
Developed permanent
residential areas
near rivers and
caves
Animism
Believed all things
possessed spirits.
YEAR
Began about 35,000 years ago.
AREA/ LOCATION
Tampan Estuary,
Perak
Niah Cave, Sarawak
Tingkayu, Sabah
YEAR
Began about 11,000 years ago.
AREA/LOCATION
Cha Cave, Kelantan
Kecil Cave, Pahang
Kepah Cave, Kedah
Jenderam Hilir, Selangor
Madai Cave, Sabah,
Gamantang Cave, Sabah
Tengkorak Cave, Sabah,
Niah Cave, Sarawak
MEMORY
TEST
Name some
differences
between the
Old and the
New Stone
Ages.
YEAR
Began about 5,000 years ago.
AREA/LOCATION
Cha Cave, Kelantan
Kecil Cave, Pahang
Kepah Cave, Kedah
Jenderam Hilir, Selangor
Madai Cave, Sabah,
Gamantang Cave, Sabah
Tengkorak Cave, Sabah,
Niah Cave, Sarawak
MEMORY
TEST
Describe the
activities
of the New
Stone Age
people.
YEAR
Began about 2,500 years ago.
MEMORY TEST
AREA/LOCATION
three places
Lang River, Selangor Name
in Malaysia where
Langar River, Johor prehistoric remains
Muar River, Pahang have been found.
Terengganu River, Terengganu
Tools were
simple and
crude
YEAR/AREA AND
LOCATIO N
FUNAN KIngdom
(i) An ancient
Indianized kingdom
located around the Mekong Delta.
(ii) Founded in the 1st century A.D. by an
Indian Prince, Kaundiya.
(iii) Funans territory includes present day Cambodia,
Southern Vietnam, parts of Laos, Thailand,
Myanmar and the Malay Peninsula.
(iv) Reached its greatest extent under the rule of
Fan-Shih-Man in the early 3rd century A.D.
(v) The kingdom became rich through maritime
trade and agriculture.
(vi) It dominated an important trade route and was able to
be the meeting place for traders from many parts of
the world.
(vii) The main trading port was Oc Eo.
(viii) Archaelogical discoveries such as a large canal
system linking various settlements within the
kingdom reveals a highly organized society with a
high population density and advanced technology.
(x) Water storage and irrigation system were built for
agriculture.
(xi) The Funan Kingdom was strongly influenced by
Indian culture and had adopted many elements of
the Indian tradition such as the use of the Sanskrit
Language in the high courts, legal system, astronomy,
Hindu and Buddhist religions and literature.
ANNAM
UNDER
CHINA
CH
PA
AM
CHENLA
VYADHAPURA
FUNAN
OC EO
SOUTH CHINA
SEA
MALAY
PENINSULA
FUNAN EMPIRE
LANGKASUKA, PATANI
SOUTH CHINA
SEA
LANGKASUKA (Patani)
KEDAH
MALAY
PENINSULA
Rajendra Chola
SUMATRA
TUN-SUN
Isthmus
of Kra
(v) The King of Tun-Sun ruled over five smaller kings who
also paid tribute to Funan.
(vi) There were five hundred families of Indian merchants
in addition to the Buddhist and Brahmin priests.
SOUTH CHINA
SEA
TR
MA
SU
MALAY
PENINSULA
1. According to Hikayat
Merong Mahawangsa,
who was the founder of
Gangga Negara?
SOUTH CHINA
SEA
Gangga
Negara
TR
MA
SU
(iv) Raja Gangga Shah Johan was among the kings who
ruled the kingdom.
MALAY
PENINSULA
BORNEO
INDIAN OCEAN
MEMORY TEST
Tan-Tan, Terengganu
FUNAN
SOUTH CHINA
SEA
Tan-Tan
TR
MA
SU
MALAY
PENINSULA
A
MEMORY TEST
KINGDOM of chih-tu
SOUTH CHINA
SEA
Chih-Tu
MALAY
PENINSULA
TR
MA
SU
ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM
KING
Minister 1
Minister 2
(xi)
Minister 3
MEMORY TEST
MATARAM, JAVA
Borobudur Temple
MALAY
PENINSULA
INDIAN
OCEAN
BORNEO
TR
MA
(vii)
SU
SOUTH CHINA
SEA
JAVA
Mataram
Temples and monuments built during the Mataram Kingdom.
PNI Neuron (M) Sdn Bhd (554690-H)
Kingdom of Srivijaya
Ligor
Samudera
Langkasuka
MALAY
PENINSULA
M
CA
AC
AL
SUMATRA
SOUTH CHINA
SEA
Kedah
SO
IT
RA
ST
Candi Gumpung
Kampar
Military administration
District administration
Melayu
Jambi
Bangka
Tulang Palembang
Bawang
D
UN
FS
O
T
STRAI
Sunda
Srivijaya
vassal states
JAVA
MEMORY TEST
SOUTH CHINA
SEA
Old
Kedah
KEDAH
PEAK
Gunung Jerai
MALAY
PENINSULA
Gunung
Jerai
Gunung Jerai
SG. MERBOK
Sg.
Merbok Sg. Bujang
Kechil
SWAMP
(vi)
Sg. Muda
TR
MA
SU
A
Ancient artefacts discovered
in Bujang Valley
PNI Neuron (M) Sdn Bhd (554690-H)
Old
Kedah
SOUTH CHINA
SEA
SU
A
TR
MA
Temasik
BORNEO
INDIAN OCEAN
CELEBES
Palembang
MEMORY TEST
JAVA
Majapahit
Singhasari
Singharaja
Borobudur
Mataram
A C R O S T I C
The areas claimed authority
by the Majapahit Kingdom
Vassal states of Majapahit
(i)
Srivijaya - S
-T
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
The King was assisted by the Prime Minister and four ministers.
The King held the highest political authority and legitimacy.
(vii)
Reached its peak of glory under the reign of King Hayam Wuruk
and his Prime Minister, Patih Gajah Mada.
(viii)
(x)
ESTABLISHMENT OF MALACCA
Geographical Factors That Contributed to the
Establishment of Malacca
(a) Water supply was easily available.
(b) Strategic position the centre of trade routes
between east and west.
(c) Harbour protected from the Southwest Monsoon
and Northeast Monsoon.
(d) Natural and strategic harbour the deep sea of
Straits of Malacca.
Malacca
Temasik
Palembang
MEMORY
TEST
Why did
Parameswara
kill Temagi?
MEMORY TEST
Who was the founder
of Malacca?
K I N G / S U LTA N
(b)
The Council of 4 Ministers
(i) Bendahara
(ii) Penghulu Bendahari
(iii) Temenggung
(iv) Laksamana
Four Ministers
A C R O S T I C
Bendahara
Temenggung
Penghulu Bendahari
Laksamana
- B
- T
- P
- L
THE ROLE OF THE SULTAN AND THE MINISTERS IN THE ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM
(a) Sultan
(i) Head of state
(ii) Chief of the armed forces
(iii) Monitors and coordinates the economy of
the state/government
(iv) Symbol of diplomatic unity
(v) Head of diplomatic relations
(b) Bendahara
(i) A position similar to that of a Prime Minister
MEMORY
(ii) Chief minister
TEST
1. List out the duties
(iii) An adviser to the Sultan
of the Bendahara.
(iv) Controlled the military, defence, 2. Who represents
the Sultan during
royal customs and traditions
his absence?
(v) Acts as a substitute (Pemangku) in the
absence of the Sultan
(d) Temenggung
(i) Chief of Police
(ii) Head of the protocol and
customs
(iii) Controlled internal affairs
relating to peace and
order
PNI Neuron (M) Sdn Bhd (554690-H)
MEMORY TEST
1. What was the role of
the Sultan as the head
of the state?
2. What was the
responsibility of the
Penghulu Bendahari?
3. Give an outline of the
Malacca Government
System.
(e) Laksamana
MEMORY TEST
CENTRE OF TRADE
1 GeograPHICAL LOCATION
(a) Situated midway
(b) The deep sea
of the Straits of Malacca
along the trade routes
made Malacca a natural and
between India and
strategic harbour.
China.
The port could handle ocean-going
Situated at one of the
vessels from all over the world.
narrowest points between the
Malay Peninsula and Sumatra.
Malacca was in the position to
control the traffic that passed
through the straits.
(d) Malacca lay at the natural meeting
place of the monsoons. The monsoon
winds enabled Arab and Indian traders from
the west to travel to China in the east and vice
versa.
Had a favourable position in relation to the
spice areas of South-East Asia.
T H E G R O W T H O F M A L A C C A A S A P O RT
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(a) Syahbandar I
(Harbour Master 1)
(b) Syahbandar II
(Harbour Master II)
Supervised the
merchants from Ryukyu,
China and Champa.
(d) Syahbandar IV
(Harbour Master IV)
The Syahbandars were
responsible for matters
of trade and ports.
11
Laksamana
The Admiral who controlled the fleet.
Responsible for the safety of the Straits of Malacca.
The Malacca fleet comprising 40 to 100 ships guaranteed the
safety of the merchants and their goods.
Orang Laut
Carried out the duties of safeguarding the
waters of Malacca.
4 PORT FACILITIES
(a) Provided warehouses to the traders to store their goods.
(b) Provided accommodation to the merchants.
(c) Offered ships, boats, junks and workers to transport
goods to the warehouses.
(d) The damaged ships can be repaired.
(e) Offered food and drinks.
12
R
E
L
A
T
I
O
N
S
Pasai
(b)
Java
(c)
Siak
and
Kampar
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(a) China
(b) Siam
I
N
T
(ii) Had strong diplomatic and trade
E
relations with China.
R
(iii) China recognized the government of N
Malacca as sovereign.
A
T
I
(c) Ryukyu (Japan)
O
(i) Had trade and diplomatic relations
N
with Japan.
A
L
(ii) Sultan Mansor Shah had sent a
letter to the King of Ryukyu informing R
the behaviour of traders from Ryukyu E
who violated the Law of Malacca.
L
A
(iii) The King of Ryukyus reply to Sultan
T
Mansor Shah through
I
a letter,
O
showed
N
that he
S
appreciated
it.
PNI Neuron (M) Sdn Bhd (554690-H)
(i)
(ii)
(i)
(ii)
(ii)
(i)
(ii)
13
R
E
G
I
O
N
A
L
(a)
PEDIR
ACHEH
PASAI
PERLAK
PATANI
PALAWAN
KEDAH
MINDANAO
14
BRUNEI
MALACCA
MOLLUCAS
TR
MA
BORNEO
CELEBES
PALEMBANG
INDIAN
Arab traders
brought Islam to
OCEAN
Malacca (Image courtesy of
the Malacca Historic City
Council)
Centuries :
13th & 14th
15th
16th
DEMAK
JAVA
TUBAN
GRESIK
BALI
T H E FA L L O F T H E M A L A C C A S U LTA N AT E
WEAK LEADERSHIP
family.
(e) Upon realising his mistake, Sultan Mahmud Shah handed over his
reign to Raja Ahmad. Raja Ahmad Shah was weak and inefficient.
(f) Tun Mutahirs successor, Tun Perpatih Putih was very old and ill.
(g) Defamation and corruption were rife.
(h) The current taxation system was not carried out.
Traders were not happy with the high tax rates
and started to divert their attention to other ports.
2
(a)
DISUNITY
A C R O N Y M
15
PORTUGAL
Baghdad
PHILIPPINES
Cameroon
MALACCA
Malindi
Mombasa
Mozambique
Delagoa
Bay
Durban
Controlled
important
trade route
to the east.
fro
m
dia
In
Acheh
hin
a
Cape of Good
Discovered
Hope
the sea route
to the east
through Cape
of Good Hope.
Map Showing Portuguese route to the East
Malacca 1630
MALACCA
TR
MA
SU
SPICE
ISLANDS
BORNEO
Controlled the
spice trade.
to
C
16
Possessed
superior
sea power
and naval
expertise
Spice
Islands
CELEBES
INDIAN
OCEAN
Macassar
Batavia
JAVA
St Pauls church
Calicut
Cochin
AFRICA
PHILIPPINES
MALACCA
TRA
MA
INDIAN
OCEAN
SPICE
ISLANDS
JAVA
Cape of
Good Hope
17
Batavia
Dutch route to the East
Acheh
SU
A
BORNEO
CELEBES
INDIAN
OCEAN
f
from Cape o
Macassar
Bantam
e
op
d H Batavia
Goo
JAVA
SPICE ISLANDS
Stadhuys was an
Christ Church was built
The ruins of Dutch Fort in administrative building during in 1837 during the Dutch
Pangkor Island.
the Dutch Colonization.
Colonization.
Goa
SU
COLONIZATION OF PENANG
THE COLONIAL ERA - BRITISH
SINGAPORE AND MALACCA
BRITISH IN PENANG
(a)
1600
The Straits
Settlements
Flag
Established British East India Company in 1600 to facilitate trade with China.
(b) Became interested in Malay Archipelago after trade with China became not very
successful and wanted to find a pirate-free port.
(c) Britains colonization of Penang was achieved through deception and aggressiveness
by Francis Light.
(d) Penang was considered strategically located to serve as a military as well as commercial base.
Artists
impression
of Early
Penang.
(g) Sultan Muhammad Jiwa offered British to set up settlements for protection - in case of an attack.
(h) Offer was not taken - reoffered by Sultan Abdullah (due to threats in the palace and external
factors).
(j) Francis Light signed the agreement without obtaining permission from his superiors in India.
(k) Later, British East India Company turned down Kedahs conditions to safeguard their
interests with Siam and Selangor.
British attacked Seberang Perai before Kedah could take any action.
Serious defeat on Kedah.
1791
18
BRITISH IN SINGAPORE
Artists impression of the early settlements in Singapore.
(a)
Penangs geographical
(f)
(i)
(j)
(c)
Raffles.
Stamford Raffles
(h)
Stamford Raffles was the founder of
(d)
MEMORY TEST
1. List the lessons
that we learnt from
colonization.
2. State mistakes made
by our people that
resulted in foreign
colonization.
(k)
(l)
(e)
BRITISH INTERVENTION IN
2 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
20
BRITISH INTERVENTION IN
Penang
STRAITS OF
MALACCA
21
BRITISH INTERVENTION IN
S E L A N G O R C I V I L WA R
1 Abdul Samad became Sultan in
1864. The reign of Abdul Samad
saw the beginning of a long civil
war which lasted from 1866 to
1873. Abdul Samad was too weak
to keep control of rich tin districts
such as Klang and Lukut.
6 To avoid trouble, Raja Abdullah
agreed to pay Raja Mahadi a monthly
allowance. But instead of being
satisfied with this arrangement, Raja
Mahadi started looking for support
to help him to press his claim.
7 In 1866, Raja Mahadi captured Klang.
Sultan Abdul Samad gave way when
Raja Mahadi promised to pay him
RM500 a month. However, quarrel
between Raja Mahadi and the Sultan
erupted when the former stopped
paying the monthly tribute.
12 This gave Clarke
the opportunity
to intervene in
Selangor.
2 The cause of
the trouble was
the revenue
collected from
the tin trade
passing along
the Klang River.
9 In 1868, Sultan
Abdul Samad called
in his son-in-law,
Tengku Kudin of
Kedah to help him
restore order.
Yap Ah Loy
22
J. G Davidson
Frank Swettenham
17
PAHANG
16
SELANGOR
JELEBU
15
JEMPOL
ULU MUAR
NOVEMBER 1874
SUNGAI UJONG
13
12
TERACHI
SRI
MENANTI
GUNUNG
PASIR
JOHOL
INAS
REMBAU
7
TAMPIN
STRAITS OF
MALACCA
JOHORE
MALACCA
Negeri Sembilan (19th century)
11
Dato Bandar
did not like
this action and
a short civil
war followed
between he and
Dato Kelana.
10
9
APRIL 1874 In Singapore, Clarke
BRITISH INTERVENTION IN
23
14
Both Dato
Kelana and
Dato Bandar
wanted to
take control of
Sungai Ujong
district.
BRITISH INTERVENTION IN
Wan Ahmad
strived to protect
Pahang from being
colonized as he did not Wan Ahmad
want Pahang to lose sovereignty as
the other Malay States such as
Perak, Selangor and
a
Negeri Sembilan.
He emulated the
b
state of Johore. He
restricted British influence into
c
Pahang by developing the
state. He brought in investors
from other European
d
countries to develop
f
e
Pahang.
British was not
In 1887, a British Agent
comfortable with his action.
was sent to Pahang to watch
In 1887, When
They felt insecure of their
over the interests of British
Sultan Ahmad Frank
Swettenham position. Therefore, they tried
subjects in that state.
their best to extend their
accepted the visited
Pahang in
The agent was
influence into Pahang.
Consular Agent
1885 he advised Wan
Hugh Clifford.
under pressure
Ahmad to have a
from the Maharaja
British Agent
of Johore
to help him.
(Sultan Abu Bakar)
administration
traditional customs
Martin Lister
J.P. Rodger
PNI Neuron (M) Sdn Bhd (554690-H)
24
Pahang
Selangor
Negeri
Sembilan
TR
MA
The Federated
Malay States Flag
Perak
SU
SIAM
SOUTH CHINA
SEA
Sultan Idris
This became very clear when the Sultan became only an ordinary member
with no decision-making power.
Laws were signed and passed by the High Commissioner and not the Sultan.
8 DURBAR
To create a better relationship between the rulers and the British officers, a
conference of the Malay Rulers known as Durbar was introduced.
Durbar Conference, 1897, meeting of the four rulers, to discuss customary
practices, Islam and Malay welfare.
9 Reasons for setting up FMS.
to address Pahangs financial problems.
to standardize the administration (lead
to efficiency)
10 Merits of FMS:
(a) Efficient administration
stable government
peace and
order
to ensure security
to check the
Residents power
Raja Chulan
1
2
Perlis
SIAM
Kedah
Penang
Kelantan
Terengganu
Perak
Pahang
Selangor
Negeri
Sembilan
SU
Malacca
TR
MA
Johore
SOUTH CHINA
SEA
Singapore
DECENTRALIZATION OF POWER
MEMORY TEST
DEFINITION
CONCLUSION
Distribution of power implemented by
British was based on economic and
political motives.
British had intention of ruling the whole of
Malaya under one administration entity,
Malayan Union.
However, this distribution of power was not
successful because the Japanese invaded
Malaya in 1941.
PNI Neuron (M) Sdn Bhd (554690-H)
MEMORY TEST
What were the reasons which led to the federation
of the four states of Perak, Selangor, Negeri
Sembilan and Pahang in 1896?
1
Dissatisfaction among the
Sultans concerning their
decision-making power, unlike
the rulers in Non-Federated
where they had greater power
over their own state.
4 Decline of world
economy in the
1920s.
2
The struggle of power between
the Resident-General and High
Commissioner.
3
Loss of power of the
Sultans and State
Councils.
26
6 British intention
to combine the
FMS and NFMS.
MEMORY TEST
1. What do you understand by the policy of
decentralization? Why was this policy necessary?
2. Trace the main steps in the policy of
decentralization till 1932.
(a) The Japanese propagated Greater East Asia Co.Prosperity Sphere and Asia
for the Asians to gain support from the Asian people.
(b) The Japanese promised to declare independence in
certain South East Asian countries.
(c) To get raw materials (tin).
(d) To get new places to accommodate Japans
increasing population.
(e) To drive out the Europeans.
PNI Neuron (M) Sdn Bhd (554690-H)
27
Penang
(17 Dec 1941)
Taiping
Japanese Battleships
Japanese Aircrafts
Patani
(8 December 1941)
Kota Bharu
(8 December 1941)
Keroh
(14 Dec)
Kuala Terengganu
(8 Dec)
The landing of Japanese troops in Kota Bharu.
Kuala Kangsar
(24 Dec)
Ipoh
(26 Dec)
Teluk Anson
(2 Jan 1942)
Kuantan
(31 Dec 1941)
Slim River
(7 Jan 1942)
Kuala Lumpur
(11 Jan)
Japanese troops riding on bicycles.
Seremban
Gemas
Mersing
Segamat
Port Dickson
(28 Jan 1942)
Malacca
Muar
Kluang
(16 Jan)
Batu Pahat
(21 Jan)
MEMORY TEST
Johore Bahru
(31 Jan)
Singapore (15 Feb)
Kudat
(1 Feb)
From CamRanh
Jesselton
(Kota Kinabalu)
Labuan
(9 Jan)
(1 Jan)
BRUNEI
SABAH
Sandakan
(19 January 1942)
Lahad Datu
(27 January 1942)
Tawau
(24 January 1942)
Miri
(16 December 1941)
SARAWAK
MEMORY TEST
Kuching
(25 December 1941)
28
The Sultans were confirmed as Heads of their respective states and the Bureaux of
Religious Affairs which were set up in each state.
Banana
Money was
issued during
the Japanese
Occupation.
29
T H E E F F E C T S O F T H E J A PA N E S E O C C U PAT I O N
ECONOMIC EFFECT
Malaya was in complete
confusion.
Infrastructure was destroyed
and economic activities were
disrupted.
Worsened the lives of people.
Shortage of food
Life under the Japanese
administration was terribly
difficult.
There
was
shortage of
of water, Shortage of Food
electricity, gas, food
and other basic essentials.
Rubber
trees
were cut
down to
grow
subsistence
crops for the
Japanese
(mainly tapioca,
millet and
maize.)
Inflation
escalated
The Japanese
printed as
much money
as they liked.
These dollar notes were
known as the banana and
coconut notes.
Due to over-printing, the
value of these notes were
very small in many cases,
trade was reduced to
barter.
A scene of destruction
after Japanese aircrafts
bombed Singapore.
Ration card
POLITICAL ASPECT
The Japanese administration was a
period of misery.
This bad experience raised political
awareness.
The Malays were attracted to the slogan
Asia for Asians which stirred them to
build their own government.
The Malays were employed to run the
administration. This gave them
experience and self-confidence and
made them prepared to stand against
British rule after the war.
Malays were also employed in the
military and police force to hunt down
anti-Japanese insurgents who were
mainly Chinese. This therefore led to
a worsening of the Sino-Malay
relationship.
Futhermore the Japanese authorities
tried to get the collaboration of the
Malay nationalist leaders.
Before the war, the Malay left-wing
party, the Kesatuan Melayu Muda (KMM)
had been banned
by the British and
these leaders,
Ibrahim Yaacob
and Ishak
bin Haji Mohammad
were arrested. They
were released when
the Japanese
Ibrahim Yaacob
arrived.
The Chinese
established the MPAJA
to fight against the
Japanese.
The Chinese
strengthened the
Communist Party of
Ishak Haji Mohammad
Malaya (MCP).
The Japanese used the police force
(mainly Malays) to fight against the
MPAJA (consisting mainly Chinese)
thus caused racial friction.
Hence the Chinese suffered most under
the Japanese rule.
They were arrested and executed at the
slightest excuse.
When the Japanese surrended after
World War II, the MPAJA took advantage
to terrorize and take revenge on the
Malays.
This experience had
left lasting
negative racial
sentiment between
the two communities.
MPAJA
30
SOCIAL CONDITIONS
Food and health
The inadequate food
supply led to poor health
among
the
people.
Many
died
Inadequate food supply
from
diseases such
as beri-beri, tuberculosis
and malaria.
Medicine and medical
equipment were seized
and sent to Japan while
preventive measures
against diseases were
not carried out.
Indoctrination
1
(a)
(b)
(c)
Communism crept into Malaya in the 1920s through a branch of Kuomintang party in China.
(d)
It was therefore no surprise that the majority of the MCP members were Chinese.
(e)
The primary objective of MCP was to overthrow the British government and
establish the Communist Republic of Malaya.
(f)
MCP had been an underground movement except during the years 1945 to 1948.
(g)
After the World War II, MCP guerillas prepared a strategy to take over the
controlling power before the British resumed their rule of Malaya.
The MCP formed the Malayan Races Liberation Army (MRLA), better known
as the Three Stars (Bintang Tiga - symbolizing the three main races in
Malaya) to fight for the establishment of the Communist Republic of Malaya.
(h)
(i)
Malayan Communist
Party (MCP)
The MCP also set up a supply and public spy unit known as Min Yuen.
Min Yuen had two main functions:
(a) Get food and medical supplies.
(b) Obtain information on British activities.
COMMUNISM
Chin Peng-Leader
of the MCP
(a)
NO SUPPORT FOR
COMMUNISM IDEOLOGY
COMMUNISM UPRISING
AND TERRORISM
The Asian Communist Youth Congress held in
Calcutta in Feb 1948 greatly influenced the MCP.
(a)
existence of God.
Besides, the MCP was dominated by the Chinese
(c)
(e)
(f)
31
1
Sir Edward Gent
Declaration of
emergency
to the communists.
because it weakened
by the British
Police road blocks to prevent the
movements of the communist.
MILITARY MEASURES
psychological warfare
(the tempLer plan)
A C R O S T I C
Steps to eradicate communists
Declaration of Emergency
Briggs Plan
Military Measures
Psychological Warfare
Acrostic: David Beckham Makes
32
- D
- B
- M
- P
Pizza.
1
(a)
T H E B A L I N G N E G O T I AT I O N ( D E C E M B E R 1 9 5 5 )
After experiencing a decline, the MCP decided to negotiate with
the government of Malaya.
(c)
Tunku Abdul Rahman, David Marshall and Tun Tan Cheng Lock
represented the government while Chin Peng, Chen Tien and
Rashid Maidin represented the MCP.
(d)
(e)
The MCP rejected the governments counter offer and refused to lay down their arms.
G
E
N
C
Y
33
MALAYAN UNION
(a)
The Malayan Union plan was based on the Atlantic Charter signed by the
British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill and Roosevelt, in August 1941.
(b)
Winston Churchill
(c) Based on the principles of the Atlantic Charter, the Colonial Territories Office along with War
Office initiated plans for a political revision in the Malay Peninsula after the Second World War
in February 1943.
(d)
In Julai 1943, the Colonial Territories Office in London formed a Malayan Planning Unit to
structure a new administration for the Malay Peninsula.
(e)
George Hall, Secretary of Colonial Territories, announced the Malayan Union plan on 10th
October 1945.
(f)
(g)
Soon after the Japanese occupation, the British came back to Malaya and introduced
temporary military government or BMA (British Military Administration).
(h) On 1 April 1946, the British replaced BMA with the Malayan Union.
Sir Harold
MacMichael
Malayan Union
was proclaimed
on 1 April 1946.
34
F E AT U R E S O F T H E M A L AYA N U N I O N
MEMORY TEST
(a)
Except for Singapore, all the Malay States were united under one central government
i.e. Malayan Union.
(b)
A British Governor would be appointed in due course with the help of the Government
Council and the Judiciary Council.
(c)
Rulers sovereignty would be abolished - they would only have the authority in
Islamic affairs and customs.
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
This includes the entry into government services and the right to vote in the general
election.
(i)
(j)
Singapore would remain as British colonial territory under the rule of the British Governor
General.
(k)
Harold MacMicheal was vested with the responsibility of getting the agreement of all the
Malay rulers.
(l)
In January 1946, the Constitution of the Malayan Union was passed and on 1 April 1946
the Malayan Union was officially proclaimed, with Edward Gent as the first Governor.
O P P O S I T I O N A G A I N S T T H E M A L AYA N U N I O N
1 Harold MacMicheal succeeded in
1.
getting the rulers signatures through
intimidation.
The Sultan of Kedah, for example was
threatened with loss of power and
throne, if he refused to sign.
2.
2 Erosion of Malay rulers power and
sovereignty.
Among the Malays, the Malay rulers
were the supreme head and has the
power to protect them.
The rulers loss of power meant the
loss of Malay power.
3.
3 The easy granting of citizenship to
the non-Malays.
Could-adversely affect the economic
and political situation of the Malays
since at that time, the total number
of non-Malay inhabitants exceed the
Malays.
George Maxwell
Sir Cecil
R.O Winstedt Clementi Smith
PNI Neuron (M) Sdn Bhd (554690-H)
35
Frank Swettenham
Dato Onn Jaafar
Dato Onn led the Malays against the Malayan Union and instilled
national spirit among them.
Establishment of the
Malayan Union
He established Pergerakan Melayu Semenanjung (Peninsular
Malay Movement) in January 1946 to defend the rights of the Malays.
He chaired the Pan-Malayan Malay Congress meeting on 29 and 30 March 1946
in Kuala Lumpur.
Through this congress the Malays were advised to boycott the Malayan Union
and unite to stage demonstrations on 1 April 1946.
In fact the Malays, went into mourning for 7 days
(from 1 April 1946) by tying a white band to their
headgear (songkok).
36
T H E FA I L U R E O F M A L AYA N U N I O N
Malayan Union.
MEMORY TEST
State the reasons for the
formation of UMNO.
Wrong timing.
The introduction of Malayan Union
was too early, immediately after the
Japanese occupation.
Communal feelings and hostility still
existed between the Malays and the
Chinese during the Japanese occupation.
The Malayan Union was accused of
putting the Malays at a disadvantage and
favouring the non-Malays.
The locals were still occupied with the
Japanese slogan Asia for Asians.
The Malays were not ready to accept
10
Malays.
37
FEDERATION
(f)
PROPOSAL
38
FEDERATION
(a) Non-Malays objected as the working committee did not include any
non-Malay.
(b) AMCJA (All Malayan Council of Joint Action) established on
22 Dec 1946 led by Tun Tan Cheng Lock, consisted of MIC, Malayan
Peoples Anti-Japanese Ex-Services Comrades Association and the
Pan-Malayan Federation of Trade Union.
(c) AMCJA fought on six principles:
Unification of whole Malaya, including Singapore.
Self-rule through a central legislation body which comprised of
members chosen by the people.
Same citizenship rights for all who consider Malaya their homeland
deserving of their allegiance.
The sovereignty of the Malay rulers can be continued but should
be based on the principle of constitutional monarchy.
The Malays should be given special attention to advance.
Dr Burhanuddin
Al-Helmi
Ahmad Boestamam
(a) Not all the Malays were members of UMNO. Some belonged to
other parties.
(b) Angkatan Pemuda Insaf (API), under the leadership of
Ahmad Boestamam.
(c) Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya (PKMM), under the
leadership of Dr Burhanuddin Al-Helmi.
(d) Angkatan Wanita Sedar (AWAS) under the leadership of
Shamsiah Fakeh also protested, the working Committee
Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya
compromised too much with the British and the Malays will lose out.
(e) Later, all these three parties joint together to form Pusat Tenaga Rakyat
(PUTERA) under the chairmanship of Dr. Burhanuddin Helmi.
(f) Four suggestions proposed by PUTERA:
The Malay language would be the official language of the country.
External Affairs and Defence be made the joint responsibility of the Malayan
Government and the British.
The term Malay be used as the name for Malayan citizenship.
Shamsiah Fakeh
The national flag would contain the national colours of the Malay people.
39
FEDERATION
High Commissioner
Federal Legislative
Assembly
CONDITIONS
OF
CITIZENSHIP
(LAW AND
ENFORCEMENT)
Executive
Council
Sultan
Federal Government
State
Council
State Legislative
Assembly
MEMORY TEST
How did the Federation as proposed by Dato Onn put an
end to Malay grievances?
Born and lived for at least 8 out of 12 years in the Federation of Malaya before the application was made.
Lived in the Federation of Malaya for at least 15 out of 20 years before the application was made.
Those who were born in the federation or whose father was a Federation citizen would automatically
become Federation citizens. Those born in Singapore would not become Federation citizen.
40
3
Many of the non-Malays became
citizens of the Federation of
Malaya.
The Federation of Malaya
The Malays hoped that the British
Agreement, 1948.
government would support and
assist them so that they could become more
advanced and be on par with other ethnic
groups with respect to economic and social
aspects. Unfortunately, the
British never took steps in
this direction.
41
TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE
THE MOVE TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE
Unity of various communities, a precondition
for the British to grant independence.
For this reason, Dato Onn Jaafar, changed the
principle of his struggle from Malaya for
Malays to Malaya for Malayans.
Communal tension had developed between
the Malays and the Chinese following the
hartal incident, and for security reason the
British had to set up an Inter-Communal
Relations Committee in Penang in 1949.
11
13
15
12
16
20
42
TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE
merdeka challenges
The Federation of Malaya was established to prepare the people for self-governance.
(MERDEKA)
Unity was one of the main problems in the struggle for independence due to diversity of
origin, culture and religion.
2
3
Every community wanted its mother tongue to be made the national language and became
worried when the Malays wanted Islam to be made the official religion.
The non-Malays who were born here demanded they be granted citizenship.
The Malays, challenged the claim.
The cause of the problems was not just the behaviour of the communities.
It was also the result of the British Divide and Rule policy that isolated them according to place
of residence and occupation. There was no opportunity for interaction and a gap was created.
The British government tried to overcome the problems through the educational system.
The Barnes Report suggested that the same medium of instruction be used in the schools,
English at the secondary level and Malay at the primary level.
The Chinese objected through the Fenn-Wu Report and wanted the Chinese schools to be
continued.
In 1949, the British government set up an Inter-Ethnic Relations Committee (IRC) for open
discussions of racial problems.
10
11
MEMORY TEST
State the objectives of the member system.
MEMBER SYSTEM
Dato Onn
Jaafar
E.E.C
Thuraisingham
1 In April 1951, the British introduced the Member System in the Federal Legislative
2
3
4
5
6
43
A C R O S T I C
Established in 1945
Socialist-inclined
Advocated linking Malaya with Indonesia
Anti-British
Banned by the British
Organization(UMNO)
Malayan Democratic
Union (MDU)
Formed in Singapore
in 1945
Leaders : Western
education
e.g. Tan Cheng Lock
Socialist-inclined
Opposed exclusion of
Singapore from the
Malayan Union
Not successful
2 Union, 1946
Formation of Federation of
3 Malaya, 1948
Independence Negotiation in
7 London, 1956
9 Constitution in London
Independent Malayan
Party
-M
Pan-Malayan Islamic
Party
-P
1957
The Alliance obtained independence for Malaya.
FORMATION OF POLITICAL
PARTIES IN MALAYA (1945-1957)
44
F O R M AT I O N O F
P O L I T I C A L PA RT I E S
I N M A L AYA
EVENTS TOWARDS
INDEPENDENCE
TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE
Malayan Chinese
Association (MCA)
t HE
UMNO
Tunku Abdul
Rahman
Tun
Sambathan
or
TO
INDEPENDENCE
eff
Tun Tan
Cheng Lock
MIC
ts
by
um
no
45
N
TI ER
ON AL
S
MCA
THE
TO
S ISH
EL
E
NEGOTIATIoNS
FOR
INdependence
Representatives
Malay Rulers
i. Datuk Panglima Gantang
ii. Datuk Ahmad Kamil
iii. Abdul Aziz Majid
iv. Dato Mohd Seth
Alliance
i. Tunku Abdul Rahman
ii. Dr. Ismail Abdul Rahman
iii. Dato Abdul Razak Hussein
iv. Colonel H.S Lee
British
i. Lord Lennox Boyd, the Secretary of British
Territories chaired the negotiations
Lord Reid
Sir Ivor
Jennings
B. Malik
Sir William
McKell
Justice
Abdul Hamid
THE
FUNDAMENTAL
PRINCIPLES
46
(a) On the night of August 30 1957, crowds gathered at the Royal Selangor Club in Kuala Lumpur
to witness the handover of power from the British.
(b) At 12.00 midnight, the Union Jack was taken down at the Royal Selangor Club.
(c) The Union Jack descend was received with thunderous applause from the crowd at the field.
(d) The Federation of Malaya flag was lifted and was accompanied by the
national anthem Negaraku.
(e) This was followed by seven chants of Merdeka by the crowd. Tunku Abdul
Rahman gave a salute of respect as the flag rose.
(f) On the morning of August 31 1957, the ceremony for the declaration
of independence took place in the newly - built Merdeka Stadium.
The
Declaration of
Independence
(g) The ceremony was witnessed by more than 20,000 people. Those in attendance included
rulers of the Malay States, foreign dignitaries, members of the federal cabinet and citizens.
(h) The Queens representative, the Duke of Gloucester presented the Independence Charter
to Tunku Abdul Rahman.
(i) Tunku Abdul Rahman then proceeded to read the Proclamation of Independence which
ended in the chanting of Merdeka seven times with the crowd joining in.
(j) Tunku Abdul Rahman was appointed as the first Prime Minister, together with the
announcement of Federations first cabinet of Ministers on the same day. Meanwhile,
the Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan, Tuanku Abdul Rahman was chosen
as the first Yang di-Pertuan Agong of the Federation of Malaya.
(a)
(d)
(b)
(c)
(f)
(e)
47
David Marshall
(c) The formation of Malaysia was an effort to form a large Federation covering the Borneo States
and Singapore.
(d) Sir Malcom MacDonald had made a proposal to form this Federation in 1947 while he was the
British General Commissioner in South East Asia.
Tan Sri
Ghazali Shafie
(e) In 1955, David Marshall and Tan Sri Ghazali Shafie and Tan Cheng Lock suggested a similar concept,
while YTM Tunku Abdul Rahman made several suggestion during the UMNO General Assembly 1955.
(f) 6 months later in June 1956, Tunku Abdul Rahman once again proposed the formation of Malaysia with
Sarawak, Brunei and British North Borneo after they had obtained their independence. But the British
would not agree because Singapore was excluded from his proposal.
(g) Later in 1959, the leader of Peoples Action party (PAP) in Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew,
suggested the incorporation of Singapore into the Federation of Malaya.
(h) The two important reasons for his proposal were to achieve independence
and to eradicate communist influence in Singapore.
(i) Tunku Abdul Rahman and the Federation of Malaya government rejected Lee Kuan Yews proposal
because of fear of social and economic problems arising from racial imbalance.
(j) However, Tunku Abdul Rahman felt that the incorporation would have to be made in due time.
(k) He proposed that the Borneo States (Sabah, Brunei and Sarawak) be included.
(l) In a foreign news conference in Singapore on 27 May 1961, YTM Tunku Abdul Rahman presented the idea
of the formation of Malaysia comprising the Malay Peninsula, Singapore, Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei.
(m) The proposal for the Formation of Malaysia drew various reactions from the British government, foreign
leaders, and even local leaders and citizens in the Malay Peninsula.
(n) The idea to unite Malaysia with neighbouring countries was raised several times.
(o) Merger of Singapore suggested in 1955 by David Marshall but was rejected by Tunku Abdul Rahman.
(p) Lee Kuan Yew proposed the idea again in 1959 but received unfavorable response.
(q) On 27 May 1961, Tunku Abdul Rahman suggested the merger of Malaya with Singapore, North Borneo
(Sabah), Sarawak and Brunei.
(e) Sabah
COUNTRIES INVOLVED
IN THE FORMATION
OF MALAYSIA
(d) Sarawak
PNI Neuron (M) Sdn Bhd (554690-H)
(b)
Brunei
(c) Singapore
48
Collective
Fight
Against
Communism
2
3
Independence
Through
Unification
Ethnic
Balance and
Unity
Economic
Cooperation
Tunku Abdul Rahmans visit to
Singapore to discuss the merger.
United in
International
Relations
Understanding
6
for
Development
PNI Neuron (M) Sdn Bhd (554690-H)
Malaya
Britain
50
Brunei
O
T OWA R D S T H E F R M AT I O N O F M A L AYS I A
2
A Visit To Brunei (July 1961)
Tunkus visit to Brunei.
Objective :
For further clarification
Effect :
(a) A.M. Azahari and his party were
not interested in the idea of the
merger.
(b) The Sultan of Brunei formed a
special committee to assess
the publics opinion.
Cobbold Commission
August 1962 (Date of report)
formed in April 1962
July 1962
Malaysia Pre-agreement
Consultation (London).
Objective :
Resolve the differences in the
Malayan and British reports to
the Cobbold Commission
Effect :
Proposal was adjusted. Malayas
proposal was generally accepted.
51
BRUNEI
President Sukarno
SINGAPORE
General Suharto
INDONESIA
THE PHILIPPINES
52
The legislature
This division is the Parliament which makes
the law.
The constitution states that
Parliament consist of
3 components:
(i) Yang di-Pertuan Agong
(ii) Dewan Negara
(House of Senate)
(iii) Dewan Rakyat
(House of
Yang di-Pertuan Agong
Representatives)
Dewan Negara
To legislate, amend
and annul bill of law.
To approve
the national
budget for a
certain year.
The
ROLE
OF
PARLIAMENT
To introduce new
taxes.
Dewan Rakyat
To enact laws
concerning
defence, safety,
finance,
education,
welfare, etc.
Empowered
to put into
law, bills
that have
been passed
by Dewan
Rakyat and
Dewan
Negara.
The role of Dewan Rakyat is to enact and discuss matters related with the
interest of the people and the country.
53
The JUDiCIARY
Federal
Court
Court of
Appeal
High Court
of Malaya
High Court
of Sabah &
Sarawak
Consist of Sessions
Courts and Magistrate
Courts
Sessions Courts
A C R O S T I C
Structure of Malaysian Courts.
Federal Court
- F
Court of Appeal
- A
High Court
- H
Session Court
- S
Magistrate Court
- M
Acrostic: Federal Agencies
Hire Senior Managers.
Magistrate Courts
Organazational Structure of Malaysian Courts
1
DISTRICT COURT
PENGHULU COURT
(Sub-District Level)
MILITARY COURT
Hears cases
involving
members of
the armed
forces.
OTHER
TYPES
Lower
Courts
54
MEMORY TEST
INDUSTRIAL COURT
SYARIAH COURT
A C R O N Y M
Other types of court.
Military
- M
Industrial Court - I
Syariah Court
- S
Small Claim Court - S
Juvenile Court
- J
Penghulu Court - P
District Court
- D
Acrostic: MISS JPD
CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY
The government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised
by them through a system of representation periodically held free elections.
A government by the people, for the people to the people.
DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM
A political system can properly be
called democratic only if the
government in power can be
peacefully removed by a majority
decision of people, through
fair and open elections.
THE DEMOCRATIC
SYSTEM IN
MALAYSIA
PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY
APPOINTMENT OF
THE AGONG
THE ROLE OF
THE AGONG
a Holds executive authority
in the Malaysian
governments three main
organizations.
b Head of religion
c Power of pardon
d Proclamation of
emergency
THE Yang
A political system in which the legislature (parliament) selects the government - a prime minister along
di-pertuan Agongs
with the cabinet ministers - according to the partys strength as expressed in the general election.
People are involved in the formation of government through election process by electing their
Discretionary Power
representatives to Parliament/State assembly.
To
request
holding the Malay Rulers
By the system, the government acquires a dual responsibility: to the people as well as to the parliament.
Malaysia
is a
The consort of the Yang
di-Pertuan Agong is called monarchy
the Raja Permaisuri
Agong. They are referred to
in English as His Majesty
and Her Majesty
2
A monarchy
administration
system that based
on the provision by
the Constitution
Restriction
Elaborate the roles of the royal institution that will make its presence
significant in the present Malaysian politics and livelihood. Compare the royal
institution of at least TWO other countries in order to make Malaysians aware
of and appreciate the oldest ruling institution.
2 power.
RULERS
IMMUNITY 3 The YDPAs authority is also limited - as stated
in the constitution.
constitution provides privileges to YDPA 4 Our
immunity power.
PNI Neuron (M) Sdn Bhd (554690-H)
Judges
The appointment of the Chief Justice of
Malaysia on the advice of the Prime Minister
and the conference of Rulers.
The appointment of the Chief Justice of
Sabah and Sarawak on the advice of the
Prime Minister and the Conference of Rulers.
MEMORY TEST
Others
Appointments of persons of
important offices
Rulers.
55
Yang di-Pertuan
Agong has the
authority to call,
delay and dissolve
the Parliament.
Malaysia practices a
parliamentary system
of government.
10
56
3
8
4 the largest
LI
AME
7
Before a bill that
is drawn up is accepted
and applied, it must be
6
approved by His Majesty,
if the Yang di-Pertuan
does not do so within 30
days, the bill automatically
becomes law.
The King is
not involved
in the process
of making the
MEMORY TEST
Malaysia pratices parliamentary Democracy.
laws.
Compare and contrast the characteristics
of a Parliamentary system and Presidential
system. For each system, you may choose
any country which is relevant.
Head of
government and
Cabinets chosen
from majority
grouping or
party in an
elected assembly
or parliament.
Party that wins
PA
Article 55 of
The Federal
Constitution
stipulates that
only Yang
di-Pertuan
Agong can call
for Parliament
to be in
session.
Although Parliament has legislative power, it does not have the rights to
legislate power as it wishes.
Malaysia constitution has determined legislative power
between the Parliament and Dewan Undangan Negeri (DUN).
number of
seats forms the
government.
NT
5
Componets of Parliament:
(1) the Yang di-Pertuan
Agong
(2) the Senate (Dewan
Negara
(3) the House of
Representatives
(Dewan Rakyat)
Parliament cannot amend law on Islamic religions, Malay customs, Sabah and Sarawak origins
customs unless permission from the state had already been obtained.
At the end of the five-year period, the Parliament is automatically dissolved and within 60 days from the date, a General Election to elect representatives for
the Dewan Rakyat has to be held, and the Parliament calls for a meeting at a date not more than 120 days from the date of dissolvement.
His highness
also has the
special power to
end or dissolve the
Parliament.
Parliament has the authority to legislate law through reading of bills (Rang
Undang-Undang) in both Dewan Rakyat and Dewan Negara.
Dewan Rakyat has more power than Dewan Negara.
Parliament is
symbolic to the
existence of
Parliamentary
Democarcy.
THE SENATE
(DEWAN NEGARA)
Legislative procedure
MEMORY TEST
57
Federation of Malaysia
(a) A Minister or Ministry draws up a draft
practises parliamentary
of
the
proposed
law
(bill).
(a) Has 2 kinds of members: those elected by
Democracy based on the
(b) Draft will become LAW if approved by both Dewans Federal Constitution.
each state legislature and appointed by
Elaborate how the country
and validated by the Agong.
Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
is being governed with
(c) The bill is then discussed at a meeting of Ministers.
great emphasis on the
(b) Each senator will hold his seats for 3 years.
(d) The bill is then printed and distributed to the Members of concepts of sharing and
(c) The Senator still can be elected and will continue to
separation of power that
Parliament (MP).
are ideal in sustaining
hold the position for not more then 3 years.
(e) In each Dewan, the bill must go through 4 phases:
political and social
(d) The life of the senate is not affected by the
stability.
First Reading
Committee Level
dissolution of Parliament.
Second Reading
Third Reading
(e) Its members are termed Senators and are chaired
(f) First reading
: the minister or his/her deputy presents it to the Dewan Rakyat and
by the Yang di-Pertua.
the
House
Secretary
reads the brief subject matter.
(f) Its members are appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan
(g) Second reading : debated in detail necessary amendments are made if necessary.
or the State governments from prominent citizens.
(g) The term of a senator is 3 years and his length
(h) Committee level : Dewan Select Committee studies it against the MPsviews and
of service cannot exceed two terms (6 years)
make necessary amendments.
whether continuously or alternately.
(i)
Third reading : bill is presented by the Minister or Deputy for approval.
(h) The role of the Senate is to discuss and pass bills
(j) Vote is taken: 2/3 of MPs Support is needed.
passed by the Dewan Rakyat before they are
presented to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
(k) Presented to the Dewan Negara same procedures repeated.
(l) Since Dewan Rakyat has more power, it can even reject
(i) The Senate is only
objection from Dewan Negara.
empowered to delay
THE
(m) Dewan Negara has only the power to delay the
the passing of bill but
but not to veto it.
does not possess the
legislative (n) approval
Presented
to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to be passed.
power to reject them.
(o) A period of 30 days is given to consider the bill.
body
(p) Disagree bill return with reasons within 30 days.
a
(q) Upon agreement : bill pass into law
Law passed
(r) Law takes effect when announcement
THE house of representatives
by DUN
is made to the public by the
(dewan rakyat)
ENACTMENT
Parliament.
d
(a) Its members are called Members of ParliaParl i a m ent p r i v i lege
ment are chaired by the Speaker.
b
Law passed
Nobody
can be sued for whatever he raises in the
(b) They are the elected members who have won
a
by the
Law passed
Parliament.
Parliament
seats
in
the
general
election.
Parliament SPECIAL by Sarawak
(c) The term of a Member of parliament is five
This provision is to enable the members to raise
ACT
TERMS DUN
b concerns, discuss in open and transparent manner.
years or until the Parliament is dissolved for
ORDINANCE
the coming general election.
However, in 1971, due to several incidents ie.
(d) There is no limit to the number of times, a
Law passed
c Ethnic Disturbances (May 13, 1969) the privilege
candidate can be elected as a MP.
during
had been revoked.
(e) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong will appoint a
emegency
Under Constitution Act (Amendment) 1971, i.e. ACT
Member of Parliament as the Prime Minister,
ORDINANCE
who, in his judgement, is likely to command
d A30, effective 10 March 1970, no sensitive issues
c
can be raised and those who does so will be
the confidence of majority in
subjected under AKTA HASUTAN 1948.
the House.
ELECTIONS
T
Y
P
E
S
O
F
c
A general election must
be held within 60 days of
The whole process
the dissolution of
finally determines
Parliament and the new
which candidate or
d
Parliament must be
party wins or forms
Elections serve as a
summoned within 120
the government.
mechanism whereby
days of dissolution.
citizens choose their leaders.
This makes a difference between a
constitutional democracy and an
authoritarian form of government.
1
FUNCTIONS
E
L
E
C
T
I
O
N
S
By-election-also
considered a general
election because the
concept of the election
itself constitutes
the choosing of a
representative by the
public citizens for
both the Councils,
Parliament and the
State Legislative
assembly.
CONDITIONS TO BECOME AN
ELECTION CANDIDATE
ELECTION
COMMISSION
59
INTRODUCTION
LOCAL
GOVERNMENT
THE FUNCTIONS
THE OBJECTIVES
Town centre.
The total of population is
more than 100,000 people.
Annual income not less than Subang Jaya Municipal
RM5 billion.
Council building
Organized and systematic administrative centre.
Peoples wishes are more focused on town services
compare to infrastructural projects.
Examples:
(i) Subang Jaya Municipal Council.
(ii) Petaling Jaya Municipal Council.
(iii) Ampang Jaya Municipal Council.
ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE
MALAYSIAN
CONSTITUTION
AIM
Ensuring administrative
continuity and political
stability
Fundamental rights
and freedoms
Loyalty
THE CONCEPT
INTRODUCTION
The Malaysian Constitution is generally supreme in terms of
giving power (legislation) to Parliament, the DUN or the court.
In short, the superiority of the Malaysian Constitution
means all are guided (limited or spelt out) by the principles
of the Malaysian Constitution.
61
The Malaysian
Malaysia is a
Constitution contains
constitutional
15 Sections, 183 Clauses
monarchy.
1
or Articles and 15 Schedules.
2
9
National language, citizenship
THE MAIN FEATURES
and the special rights of the
8
3 Malaysia is pratising
OF THE MALAYSIAN
Malays and the native tribes of
parliamentary democracy.
CONSTITUTION
Sabah and Sarawak.
7
4 Religious freedom
with Islam as the official religion.
6
Validity and transparency of
5
the Judiciary with
Doctrine of the
Supremacy
exclusive powers.
separation of power in
of the
which the judiciary, the legislative
Constitution
and the executive has each its
and the Rule
freedom to carry out its different
of Law.
functions with no conflict of
interest.
CONSTITUTION AMENDMENTS
The Malaysian Constitution is not set and rigid.
It can be amended through the process of
Parliament. (Article 159 and 161E)
MALAYSIAN CONSTITUTION
Malaysian Constitution
SECTION
State
List
Combined
List
The Federal
F
governments
E 2 power is
mentioned in
D
the Federal
E
List. The
R
Federal
A
Constitution
contains 183
L
Articles and is
divided into 15
sections.
C
O
N
S 4 The Federal
governments
T
power is
I
mentioned in
T
the Federal
List.
U
T
I
O
N
62
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
TITLE OF SECTION
States, Religion and
Federal
Fundamental Rights
Citizenship
Federation
States
Relations between the
Federation and the
States
Financial Allocations
Elections
Judiciary
Public Services
Special Powers to
Oppose Subversive
Powers and Emergency
Powers
General And Additional
Protections for the
States of Sabah and
Sarawak
Temporary and
Transitional Allocations
Exemptions for the
Rulers Sovereignty,etc.
Procedures concerning
the Yang di-Pertuan
Agong and the Rulers
ARTICLE
1-4
5 - 13
14 - 31
32 - 69
70 -72
73 - 95
96 - 112
113 - 120
121 - 131
132 - 148
149 - 151
152 - 161
162 - 180
181
182 - 183
1
STATE
CONSTITUTION
Special Position
of the Malays
Main provisions in
the Constitution
Citizenship
Religion
Rejection/ termination of
the Federation
LANGUAGE
2
In the Malaysian Constitution the provision for the
Malay language as the national language is
recorded under Article 152, Section xii
63
SOME responsibilities
of a citizen
TERMINATION
OF
citizenship
CITIZENSHIP
Ways of
acquiring
citizenship
Naturalization
(Application) :
Residents not
born in
Malaysia.
FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS
Freedom of worship
Freedom to own
property
64
Personal freedom
POPULATION COMPOSITION
AND DISTRIBUTION
SOCIETY
A particular
community of
people living in a
country or region,
and having shared
customs, laws and
organizations.
PLURAL SOCIETY
A condition in which
members of diverse
ethnic, racial, religious or
social groups maintain
their traditional cultures
or special interests
within a common
(shared) culture.
According to Furnival
the plural society
is characterized by
ethnic groups who
live under one
political unit (a
country) but are not
integrated.
Every group has its
own language,
culture, religion,
values, thinking
and way of life.
Item
9th MP
2006
2007
2008
Total Population
26.8
27.2
27.5
Citizens
24.3 100.0
24.7 100.0
Bumiputra
16.0
2009
2006-2010 2011-2015
1.1
27.6 100.0
1.4
1.3
16.5
28.9
2015
1.3
65.6
28.3
2012
29.8
65.6 16.2
27.9
2010
10th MP
66.0 16.8
66.1
17.0
66.1
17.5
66.1
18.5
67.0
1.6
1.6
Chinese
6.2
25.5
6.3
25.5
6.3
25.2
6.4
25.2
6.5
25.0
6.6
24.9
6.7
24.3
1.0
0.8
Indian
1.8
7.6
1.9
7.6
1.9
7.6
1.9
7.5
1.9
7.5
2.0
7.5
2.0
7.2
1.1
0.9
Others
0.3
1.3
0.3
1.3
0.3
1.2
0.3
1.2
0.4
1.4
0.4
1.5
0.4
1.5
2.8
2.6
Non-Citizens
2.5
0.1
-2.2
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.2
Age Structure
0 - 14
15 - 64
65 and above
7.8
17.8
1.2
29.2
7.8
28.7
7.8
66.5 18.2
66.9
18.5
4.4
1.2
4.3
1.2
28.2
7.7
67.3 18.9
4.5
1.3
27.7
7.7
67.7 19.3
4.6
1.8
27.2
7.6
26.3
7.5
25.2
-0.4
-0.5
68.2 19.9
68.9
20.7
69.4
1.9
1.4
4.8
1.6
5.4
3.6
4.1
4.6
1.4
50.3
49.4
48.5
47.7
46.9
45.7
44.1
26.1
26.5
26.8
27.1
27.4
28.0
28.7
Total Fertility
Rate (%)
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.1
Malay
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.6
Other Bumiputera
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
Chinese
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.6
Indian
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.7
Rural (%)
37.1
37.0
36.8
36.7
36.6
36.4
36.2
Urban (%)
62.9
63.0
63.2
63.3
63.4
63.6
63.8
65
A situation in which
two or more culture
groups occupy the
same territory but
maintain their
separate cultural
identities.
Average Annual
Growth Rate (%)
BUGIS
Minangkabau
JAWA
Malay
PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA
Fujian
Hokkien
Chuan-Chew
Xiamen
Chin-Chew
Eng-Hua
Eng-Choon
Hok-Chew
Guandong
Cantonese
Teochew
Hakka
Hainan
Hainanese
Indian
Indigenous
Malayali
Negrito
Punjabi
Senoi
Ceylonese Melayu Asli
Tamil
Telegu
Early Settlers
Chinese Peranakan/
Baba-Nyonya
Indian Peranakan (Chitty)
Eurasian
Sarawak
Kenyah
Bidayuh
Melanau
Bisaya
Malays
Iban
Murut
Kayan
Kedayan Penan
Kelabit
SARAWAK
NEGRITO
SENOI
MELAYU ASLI
KELABIT
BAJAU
KENYAH
SABAH
Bajau
Dusun
Murut
Bisaya
Sabah
Kadazan
Orang Sungai
Orang Laut
Brunei
MURUT
PENAN
MELANAU
BIDAYUH
66
PUNJABI
Chinese
Banjar
Boyan
Bugis
Jawa
Kampar
Kerinci
Mendaling
Minangkabau
Rawa
Johor-Riau
DUSUN
Origins of Malays
MALAYS
PENINSULAR
MALAYA
MEMORY TEST
State the sub-ethnic group that originated
from Sumatra, settled in Negeri Sembilan
and practices Adat Perpatih.
TR
MA
SU
A
KALIMANTAN
Banjar
SULAWESI
Bugis
JAVA
MEMORY TEST
BOYAN
ISLAND
Boyanese
Javanese
Minangkabau
The migration of people from the Indonesian Archipelago into Peninsular Malaya between the 14th and the 19th centuries.
Background of Malayan Population of Indonesian Origin
JAVANESE
BANJAR
BUGIS
BOYANESE
MINANGKABAU
PNI Neuron (M) Sdn Bhd (554690-H)
Concentrated in :
(i) Muar, Batu Pahat and Pontian (Johor)
(ii) Kelang, Kuala Selangor,
Kuala Langat (Selangor)
(iii) Hilir Perak, Krian and Parit
Buntar (Perak)
Business groups
Example:
(i) Kerian, Parit Buntar (Perak)
(ii) Sabak Bernam (Selangor)
(iii) Batu Pahat (Johor)
Many live in :
(i) Perak, mainly merchants
(ii) Langat Valley, Selangor
(ii) Malacca
67
(iii) Pahang
(iv) Johore, Benut, Kulup, Rengit
Concentrated in cities
expert in horse - rearing
During the end of the 19th century and the early 20th century,
most Chinese did not intend to settle permanently in Malaya.
CREDIT TICKET
SYSTEM
Village chief
(Kheh-thau) in China
was employed to
recruit workers who
wished to come to
Malaya.
PERSONAL
RECRUITING SYSTEM
Replace Credit
Ticket System.
The employer would
send an agent,
usually a labour
supervisor (mandor)
or a broker, to China
to recruit workers.
INDIVIDUAL
AGREEMENT
Some Chinese
workers came to
this country at their
own expense.
IN GROUPS
5
From then on, the Chinese began to be citizens of Malaya, causing the
population composition of the country to take on a new dimension. Some came to the country
in groups and opened up
9 Today, the Chinese in Malaysia make the second largest community.
settlements. For instance
Foochow people came to
HISTORY OF THE CHINESE IN MALAYA
Sarawak and Sitiawan Perak.
Fujian
Guandong
Hainan
Rangoon
Manila
CHINA
Fujian
Medan
Guandong
Kuala Lumpur
Singapore
SOUTH CHINA
SEA
Jesselton
(Kota Kinabalu)
Sibu
Hainan
Kuching
Pontianak
Palembang
Migration of the Chinese to South East Asia in the 19th and 20th centuries
Hokkien
Cantonese
Teochew
Hailam
Consist of :
Consist of :
Consist of :
Consist of :
(i) shopkeepers
(i) restaurant
(i) miners
(i) businessmen
(ii) farmers involved in sugar cane plantations
owners
(ii) craftmen
(ii) shopkeepers
(carpenters, (Province Wellesley and Penang Island) and (ii) suppliers of
household
cobblers and gambier plantation and black pepper.
(Johore)
needs
iron smith)
68
Hindu tradition
remains strong
until today in the
Indian community
of Malaysia.
MEMORY TEST
TAMIL
CHINA
Punjabi
TELEGU
Telugu
MALAYALI
Tamil
KARNATAKA
Bangalore
Chennai
SIKH
KERALA
Cochin
Malayali
CEYLON
Ceylonese
Shortage of
food caused by
prolonged draught.
Starvation
often occured
69
INDIVIDUAL
ARRANGEMENTS
THE ABORIGINES
Jahai
Kensui
Semai
Temiar
Jahut
Che Wong
Mah Meri
Semoq Beri
MELAYU ASLI
NEGRITO
Kensui
Kintak
Jahai
Lanoh
Mendriq
Bateq
Temuan
Semelai
Jakun
Kanaq People
Kuala People
Seletar People
KELANTAN
Kintak
Mendriq
Temiar
Che Wong
70
PAHANG
SELANGOR
Semai
Mah Meri
Jakun
Semoq Beri
NEGERI
SEMBILAN
MALACCA
JOHORE
Temuan
MEMORY TEST
Describe the settlement
areas of the indigenous
people in Peninsular Malaysia.
Kanaq People
Semelai
Kuala People
Seletar People
Bateq
PERAK
AREA
Ranau
Tambunan Valley
Kadazan
Murut
Suluk
Brunei
Bajau
Kadazan
Brunei
AREA
71
Coastal area
Along the
Sarawak River
Malay
DESCRIPTION
Muslims
Practice the Malay
culture
Also known as the Sea
Dayaks
Originally from
Kalimantan
Interior of Sarawak Nomads
Baram River
Some lived in
Rajang River
longhouses
The most famous
Baram River
villages in Bario
Rajang River
Coastal area
Along the Oya, Iga
and Mukah Rivers
Inland area
Along the Skrang,
Batang Lupar and
Rajang Rivers
Melanau
Iban
Penan
Kelabit
Malay
Suluk
KALIMANTAN
Penan
SABAH
BRUNEI
Melanau
Kelabit
SARAWAK
Bidayuh
Iban
Kayan
Murut
MEMORY TEST
We are a land of colourful
cultures and lifestyles with
different ethnics dominating
different areas of Malaysia.
For this task, select at least
three communities for each
Sabah and Sarawak and
describe on where they live,
activities and culture. Discuss
the manner on how their
unique culture and tradition
can be preserved.
Semporna
Kota Belud
Timbang Island in
Sandakan Bay
Interior of Sabah
Tenom
Rundum
Pensiangan
Sugut River
Beaufort
Kimanis
Papar
Bajau
DESCRIPTION
CHINESE
Poverty
Political stability and growing economy
in Malaya
Indonesian traits
Political instability in Indonesia
INDIANS
politics
MALAYS
sociocultura l
MALAYS
Politically Strong
Strong representation in Parliament
The dominant prime movers in
politics since 1946.
UMNO (United Malay National
Organization)
Led by English-educated leaders
PAS, Pan Malayan/Malaysian
Islamic Party, headed by
Arabic-educated leaders
CHINESE
INDIANS
72
CHARACTERISTICS
Thoughts/ideas
Examples:
Knowledge, languages, philosophy,
literature, mitos, legend, beliefs and
folks stories.
CONCEPT
ARTS
M at eria lism
Examples:
Buildings, machineries, object of
arts, costumes, foods, medicine
and furniture
CULTURE
FIELD
Examples:
Rules, law custom, folk-ways,
style and behaviour, prohibitions,
religious values and politeness
Multi-racial population which
practises various religions such
as Islam, Buddhism, Taoism,
Hinduism and Christianity.
The Malay language is
the national language
of the country.
SOCIETY AND
CULTURE
73
Is equivalent to a handshake
A young person usually offers
the salam by clasping the
hands of the elders
Bersunat/Berkhatan
THE
M A LAYS
CULTURE
Khatam Al-Quran
CULTURE
Salam
TRADITION
Garments
(i) Baju Melayu (iv) Baju Kebaya
(ii) Songkok
(v)) Tudung
(iii) Batik
(i) Gasing
(ii) Wau
MEMORY TEST
Our country is a multi-racial society
and blessed with fascinating cultures
and traditions. Select any five festivals
including at least one from Sabah or
Sarawak and discuss the significance of
these celebrations in unifying the people.
Adopted a
prosper thy
neighbour
approach
Festivals:
(i) Chinese New Year
(ii) Chap Goh Mei
(iii) Moocake Festival
(Mid-Autumn Festival)
Games
Festivals : Deepavali,
Thaipusam
THE
INDIANS
Social norms
(i) Respect the elders
(ii) Family members are highly
respected.
(iii) Offering family members,
friends and relatives with gifts
when visiting them.
(iv) A handshake is the most common
greeting when meeting for the first
time.
Prohibited food
- Beef
LONGHOUSE
TABOOS
Prohibited food
74
THE
MALAYS
MALAY
CUISINE
According
to the
Malaysian
Constitution,
Malays are
Muslims.
Social norms:
good manners,
strong family ties,
tolerence and
goodwill
They have
strong belief in
Islam:
Rukun Islam.
2
3
They are
easy-going,
warm,
accomodating
and
well-mannered.
FESTIVALS
CULTURE
3
MUSIC AND
ARTS
CUSTOMS
AND
TRADITIONS
tHE
DOS AND
DONTS
1
6
MALAY
They often
converse in the
Malay
Language
(Bahasa
Melayu).
MALAY CUISINE
1 The Muslims follow
CLOTHING/
TRADITIONAL
GARMENTS
STATES
Kelantan
Terengganu
Negeri Sembilan
MALAY CUISINE
Nasi dagang, nasi kerabu,
budu
Nasi dagang, nasi kerabu,
keropok lekor
Rendang Minangkabau,
Masak Lemak Cili Padi
Lemang, tempoyak
Perak
Pahang
Kedah
Gulai tempoyak
Asam laksa
Johor
Nasi Lemak
Ketupat
Satay
Laksa
Penang
Laksa
PNI Neuron (M) Sdn Bhd (554690-H)
Rendang
Otak-otak, botok-botok
Lemang
75
Baju Melayu
Headscarf
Baju Kurung
Samping
Joget Dance
Mak Yong
Zapin Dance
Dikir Barat
Wayang Kulit
Boria
Dondang Sayang
Candle Dance
Serunai
Rebab
PNI Neuron (M) Sdn Bhd (554690-H)
Rebana
Kompang
Gendang
Seruling
76
Gong
Cymbals
11
12
2
A relatively new practice
Dos and Donts
arose in the mid-90s where the
Do not question the intent of
at a Malay
7
wedding couple asks the guests
colleagues, upon short
not to bring gifts or floral displays.
3
Wedding
acquaintance, if they invite you to
The best way is to contribute cash
their daughters or sons wedding.
6
instead of gifts.
4
They really want you to come.
Malay men traditionally
5
wear Songkok, Baju Melayu and
Not responding to the
For women,
Sinjang at these ceremonies. But this
nice and formal invitation, or not attending
is not compulsory as some men prefer
to wear simple attire. It would
dresses, as what can cause a significant insult and
be appropriate to wear a
is worn to a wedding slight to the giver, which can
long-sleeved shirt to a
cause problems in your
would be
Muslim wedding
relationship in the future.
appropriate.
reception.
77
Superstitions
- Malay
Others
78
M aulud Nabi
5
MEMORY TEST
Name the festivals
celebrated by the
Muslims in Malaysia .
awa l muharra m
NUzul a l-quran
CIRCUMCISION
SALAM
6
ADAT BERPANTANG
79
KHATAM AL-QURAN
FESTIVALS
MOONCAKE
MEMORY TEST
State the festivals
celebrated by the Chinese
community in Malaysia.
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
Lion dance
Dragon dance
CLOTHING
Drum
Gong
Erhu
Pipa
Guzheng
Changshan
Cheongsam
FOOD
Flute
Wanton noodles
Mooncakes
Dim sum
Dumpling
Popiah
80
DURING FESTIVALS
TABOOS AND
SUPERstitions
Others
A round table is
used during the
meal.
Both hands are
used when
receiving gifts
from others.
Believe there are numbers that bring good luck and
numbers that do not bring good luck. For example,
the number 8 means wealth, while the number 4
symbolizes death.
Not allowed to cut fingernails and
toenails in the evenings as it is
believed it will welcome ghost and
evil spirits to the house.
Lion dance is believed to bring good fortune and luck.
Not allowed to present wall clocks as a gift to
someone. The best gift is statue of deities.
If a business signboard drops down and breaks it
signals the end of the business or bankruptcy.
Do not knock the bowl with chopstick.
Believed that Jade can protect and
ward off evil. Some children and
even infant wear a piece of jade
because of this belief.
Believe the animal ruling ones birth
year by zodiac signs has a profound
influence on personality and destiny.
81
INDIAN FOOD
Thaipusam
FESTIVALS
Chapati
Idiyappam
Thosai
Vadai
Murukku
Idli
Ugadi
MEMORY TEST
Onam
CLOTHING
Bhangra
Dhoti and
Kurta
Lengha
Salwar
Kameez
Sari
Peacock dance
INDIAN
PERFORMING
ARTS
Bharatanatyam
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
Birth ceremony
According to Indian custom, when a baby turns one
month old, a ceremony is held to celebrate the childs
first month of life.
A priest will be called to conduct prayers to bless the
child during the ceremony.
Lighting lamp
Lamp is lighted before the altar of God in the mornings
and evenings.
Prostrating before parents and elders
Indians prostrate before their parents and teachers by
touching their feet during important ceremonies. The
elders in return bless them by placing their hands on
their heads.
Sitar
Tabla
Wedding Ceremony
Widows are not allowed to bless the newly-wed couple
or take part in the wedding ceremony.
Death ceremony
After a person passes away, the cremation is done
according to certain rituals and the rituals continue a
few days after the death.
PNI Neuron (M) Sdn Bhd (554690-H)
Veenai
82
Nadaswaram
When the baby is born, the family will sound the pontong
to call out the other villagers.
The women have to stay in pantang for 30 days and will
eat certain kinds of food only.
Mothers will undergo a ritual called berdiang and
bersalai. They will have to sit in front of a campfire. The
wood used must be of good quality and must not be wet
because it is believed that the smoke may harm the mother
as well as the baby.
The baby will be given a bath in the river when he is about
1 month old. This is to familiarize the baby with the
river.
IBAN
TABOOS
AND
CULTURE
MARRIAGE AND DEATH
OTHERS
They celebrate Gawai Day (Harvest Festival) for a week
marking the end of the paddy harvesting season and
the beginning of the new planting season.
If someone smoke during a meeting or assembly at the
longhouse, they will be asked not to smoke because
it is prohibited during meetings and assemblies.
When someone wants to go and chop down a tree, he will
have to return home if he sees a rat on the way because
they believe that rats are incarnation (jelmaan) of devils.
They play Tibow and sing certain poems in the hope that
trees and plants will bear more fruits and that the fishes
will breed more.
Those under 18 are not encouraged to drink alcohol
and alcohol will not be served during festivals and
celebrations.
When visiting a longhouse, guests must drink the tuak
(rice wine) which will be served to them. Refusing to drink
the tuak is considered an insult.
Ibans are not encouraged to smoke during festivals and
celebrations.
Marriage
When the parents have found a
suitable girl for their son, they
will go to the girls longhouse to
ask for her hand in marriage.
Normally, several people including
women will make this mission.
Both parents will discuss the form
of marriage customs to be
conducted.
After the discussion, the boys parents will leave behind a
silver girdle or sword to affirm their agreement and they
will fix the wedding date.
Death
The body is placed in the centre of the longhouse and will
be surrounded by sapat .
After the body is placed in the coffin, food will be served
to the body and after that the family will break the plates
that were used during the serving of the food. The broken
pieces will be thrown to the ground through the cracks
within the floor.
The family will spread rice on the body to avoid torture
in the after life.
Once at the grave, the sacrifice of a chicken will take
place so that the sempulang gana will accept the body.
A small shed will be built on top of the grave to put the
belongings of the body.
PNI Neuron (M) Sdn Bhd (554690-H)
MEMORY TEST
Describe the culture and taboos of
the Iban community in Sarawak.
83
Animism
Islam
Christianity Hinduism
What languageS Do they speak?
Lifestyle
MEMORY TEST
State the problems faced by
the Orang Asli community in
Peninsular Malaysia.
Traditional Games
Kercang
Made from rattan
This game is very popular among the natives and the
Malays living around the forests of Endau Rompin in
the past.
Arranged by the level of difficulty
Whoever pulls out the rope first will win
ORANG
Traditional Economy
ASLI
The blowpipe
Made up of bamboo and wood
Body of the blowpipe is made up of seworand is
easily found in Peninsular Malaysia.
It actually has 2 layers of bamboo. The inside layer
has a diameter between 1 to 2cm. The blowing point
can be made of wood or the beak of a hornbill. Both
the blowing point and the body of the blowpipe are
usually decorated with attractive designs. The
traditional bullets used together with the blowpipe are
soaked in poison extracted from either the Ipoh Tree
or a kind of plant called Streyehros Ganus.
84
Hunting tools
BU
AM
DD
SM
HI
ISL
RELIGIONS
The word Hindu is originated
from Sindhu, the ancient
name of Indus
Hinduism emerged around
UI
2000 BC
Hinduism teaches about reincarnation SM
of the soul when a person dies. It is
believed that a person is born again several
times.
If a person did not lead a good life, he would assume
a lower form, perhaps an animal in his rebirth
Conversely, he would rebirth in a higher form and
eventually leave this world to be united with God
Brahma, the Creator
The Hindus believe Trimurthi. This concept
explains that god appears in the form of three
different deities: Brahma (The creator), Vishnu)
The Saviour) and Siva (the Destroyer)
Beliefs of Hinduism
Achieve liberation
Practice of religion based on
Vedas - the fundamental scripture
Belief in rebirth of a soul
(reincarnation)
Belief in Brahma creator of
universe
Festivals : Thaipusam, Deepavali,
Ponggal, Hindu New Year.
TI
ND
AN
HI
IT Y
CO N C E PT
UNITY
Uniting of various groups
that have different social and
cultural backgrounds into one
physical entity.
The unity that exists in the
country is founded upon
power sharing, a democratic
government, sound economy
distribution and cultural
tolerance.
Uniting Sabah, Sarawak and
the Peninsula into one
country or federation, for
example, is the effort at
achieving national unity
NATIONAL INTEGRATION
National Integration as a form of
social nurturing is a process of uniting
various groups in the society through
a common identity by putting aside
major differences but at the same
time not ignoring the original identity
of each group.
The concept of integration is wider
than that.
It is a process of uniting groups with
different backgrounds into one entity
bound by common norms, values
and interests.
Each group or community has its
own norms and values.
It is not easy to set common norms
and values for the country.
What more among communities that are
already different in terms of language,
religion, economic function and descent.
Therefore, national integration is more
of an abstract process, a coming or
binding together that is genuine and
time-consuming.
SABAH
PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA
SARAWAK
PLURAL SOCIETY
86
A C R O S T I C
Stage
of
In the era of the British
e
Co-existence
b
colonists.
STAGE OF
Stage
of
Frequent
The races of different
STAGE OF FREQUENT
INTEGRATION
External Contact
backgrounds have contact
EXTERNAL CONTACT
Stage of Compromise
but rarely communicate.
An ongoing process
During the British rule up
Stage of Unity
to the time of independence
Cooperation among
Stage of Integration
Gradually frequent contact
races can gradually create
Acrostic: Chief Executive
among the communities
a sense of belonging and
Congratulated University
occurred, but it was still unable
strong ties among them
Islam
HISTORY
to establish an understanding
based on a sense of
OF
among them.
responsibility.
ETHNIC
RELATIONS
c
STAGE OF COMPROMISE
STAGE OF UNITY
87
-C
-E
-C
-U
-I
1 SEGREGATION
This is a relation that has the
characteristics of a split among the
ethnic groups in a country.
Splits occurs in residence, school
Segregated public facilities in South Africa
system, transportation
For example, the
2 ACcomodation
Apartheid Policy
This is a process where the
Racial segregation in schools in South Africa.
that was practised
ethnic groups are aware of each
before in South
others norms and values but they
5 AMALGAMATION Africa
continue to safeguard their own
living culture.
This is a process that
However, they live in harmony and
happens when culture or
respect one another.
races mix to form a type of
THE THEORY At the level of the central government
new culture and races. For
each ethnic group sends a
OF
example: Inter-marriages
representative who represents his
RACIAL
own group.
between different ethnic
RELATIONS
groups or races.
3 acculturation
4 assimilation
Assimilation
A C R O N Y M
The process of Integration.
Segregation
-S
Accomodation
-A
Acculturation
-A
Assimilation
-A
Amalgamation
-A
Acronym: 4AS
Low integration
The process of
int egration
Segregation
High integration
ACculturation
assimilation
Accommodation
PNI Neuron (M) Sdn Bhd (554690-H)
MEMORY TEST
88
amalgamation
DEFINITION
HOW IT
HAPPENS
EFFECTS
STEPS TO
OVERCOME
DEFINITION
PURPOSE
EFFECTS
PREJUDICE
A force separating different communities based on some form of social or sectarian discrimination.
This is the attitude of favouring ones ethnic community
In Malaysia, this phenomena is quite obvious in the economic, political, social and cultural whereby
an ethnic group shows favoritism towards those from within the group.
For the benefit of political purposes.
Divide and Rule, protecting interest of own race
Some politicians use religion to manipulate the different races in a way to prevent unity against the
government.
Such communal behaviour can easily lead to tension in relationship and social gaps between
individuals or groups of different ethnic origin.
ETHNOCENTRISM
DEFINITION
It is the tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of ones own culture
Entails the belief that ones own race or ethnic groups is the most important
The individuals with this ideology, will judge other ethnic groups based on:
(i) Concern to Language
(iii) Customs
(ii) Behaviour
(iv) Religion
Ethnocentrism is the tendency This refers to the belief that ones culture is superior to that of others
of one social group to mistrust
Because of this belief, any cultural element or manifestation of another culture that is different,
individuals of another social
group. It involves the belief considered wrong, bad or even dangerous.
that ones own social group is
culturally superior.
The ethnocentric person will automatically assign their own culture the highest status or value
It is not unusual for a person to consider that whatever they believe is the most
FACTORS OF
ETHNOCENTRISM appropriate system of belief or that however they behave is the most appropriate and natural
behaviour.
Leads us to make false assumptions about cultural differences.
Distorts communication between humans.
IMPACT
It is easy to assume that others should have certain perspectives or values.
Extreme forms of ethnocentrism such as racism, colonialism and ethnic cleansing.
PNI Neuron (M) Sdn Bhd (554690-H)
89
Socio-Economic Differences
Cultural Differences
IGNORANCE OF
OTHER ETHNIC
GROUPS
PROCESS OF
SOCIALIZATION
LIMITED TO WITHIN
ETHNIC GROUPS
PNI Neuron (M) Sdn Bhd (554690-H)
SOCIOECONOMIC
DIFFERENCES
COMMUNAL
POLITICS
PHYSICAL
SEPARATION
CULTURAL
DIFFERENCES
90
A C R O N Y M
Causes and Reinforcing Obstacles to Integration
Ignorance of Other Ethnic Groups
-I
Process of Socialization Limited to
Within Ethnic Groups
-S
Communal Politics
-C
Socio-Economic Differences
-S
Cultural Differences
-C
Segregation or Physical Separation
-S
Acronym: I 2C 3S
POLITICAL EFFORT
ECONOMIC EFFORT
91
CULTURAL COMPROMISE
The basis of
racial
Unity of the people can exist if there is
already unity within each ethnic group
unity in
(i) Therefore efforts to unite the members
malaysia
of an ethnic group need to be carried
out before trying to create national unity
(among the ethnic groups).
(ii) National unity can be achieved when economic differences
among ethnic groups are reduced and subsequently eliminated
(iii) The implementation of all policies, economic, social, cultural
and so on, should not stop certain ethnic groups from carrying
out any rightful activity in the areas concerned.
DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT
ECONOMIC GROWTH
Formal education
Mass Media
A C R O N Y M
Methods For Socio-Psycological Development.
Formal Education
- F Social Groups- S
Co-curriculum Activities - C Social Activities- S
Continuous Education - C Acronym: F 2C 2S
A C R O N Y M
Methods For Socio-Economic
Development.
Development of the
rural Folks
-F
Development of Rural
infrastructure
-R
Development in the small
Enterprise sector
-E
Create Bumiputra
Entrepreneurs
and professionals
-E
Improving Educational
infrastructure
-E
Acronym: FREEE
method to achieve
national integration
and professionals
Social activities
Social groups
Improving educational
infrastructure
National Integration
Education
S
T
E
P
S
T
A
K
E
N
T
O
W
A
R
D
S
N
A
The school going age should be from
T
6 to 15 years old.
I
There should be two types of schools:
O
(a) national schools
N
(b) national-type schools
A
The Malay language as the national language to L
be taught in all primary schools, replacing the
English language as the medium of instruction
I
Chinese and Tamil to be taught in a school if
N
there were 15 or more pupils, or if requested
T
by parents.
E
The Malay language replaced the English
G
language as the medium of instruction in the
R
Peninsular in 1970. The 1961 Education Act
A
was extended to Sabah and Sarawak in 1976.
T
With that a single national education came
I
into existence.
O
N
Sekolah Dato Abdul Razak (SDAR) Anglo Chinese School, Ipoh, Perak
93
NATIONAL
CULTURE
POLICY
3
An Advisory Council was formed
to advise the Minister of Culture,
Youth and Sports on matters
pertaining to culture.
A dance perfomance that portrays the
diversity in culture and ethnic backgrounds
of Malaysia.
PNI Neuron (M) Sdn Bhd (554690-H)
94
1
5
Good behaviour
and morality
To achieve a greater
unity of all her peoples
To build a
2
1
progressive society
To maintain a
which shall be
THE
democratic
oriented to modern RUKUN NEGARA way of life
science and
5
DECLARATION
technology
4
Belief in
God
PRINCIPLES
OF RUKUN
NEGARA
Rule of law
Loyalty to
King and the
country
Upholding the
constitution
96
6
For the first 5 years, the
2
NIP has identified 5 priorities known as
NATIONAL
Launched on 23 April 2004 by our PM,
Target 2008:
Datuk Seri Abdullah Hj. Ahmad Badawi
Effectively reduce corruption, malpractices
INTEGRITY
Spread of corruption, incompetence, abuse
and abuse of power.
5
PLAN (NIP)
3
of power, fraud, etc are manifestations of
Increase efficiency of the public delivery system
the decline in integrity
and overcome bureaucratic red tape
Overall objective of the NIP is to fulfill the
Enhance corporate governance and
4
4th challenge of Vision 2020
business ethics.
- to establish a fully moral and ethical
Strengthen the family institution
The specific objectives of the NIP are:
society
Improve the quality of life and
Giving direction and guidance to various sectors,
peoples well-being.
so that they will work together to build a united,
harmonious, moral and ethical society
Raising the level of awareness, commitment and cooperation
among all sectors in their efforts at enhancing integrity
Encouraging a sense of responsibility among members of the
community and promoting the development of civil society
that respects and upholds the principles of integrity
Strengthening the moral foundations of the community and
the country and improving the well-being of the people
Raising Malaysias competitiveness and resilience in meeting
the challenges of the 21st century
Istana Budaya
HERITAGE
Some of these items
Malaysia is a multi-racial country
are kept in libraries,
5
3 with rich
museums, archives,
cultural
art galleries and
4
heritages
cultural centres.
Much of its cultural heritages are recorded in various
formats - manuscripts, artifacts, sculptures, traditional
motif and designs on textiles and jewellers, etc.
The appreciation of culture, arts and
heritage will be enhanced as part of a larger
2 nation-building agenda, in helping to build
awareness of a common history and
heritage as well as to promote a shared
future and destiny for all Malaysians
In this regard, the Government organized
Malaysian Open Houses to celebrate festivals
such as Hari Raya Aidilfitri, the Chinese New
4
Year, Deepavali, Christmas, Gawai and Tadau
Kaamatan
These celebration reflected the spirit of
national unity and harmony in multi-cultural
Malaysia
World Heritage List
Cultural
Melaka and George Town, Historic Cities of
the Straits of Malacca (2008)
6 Natural
Gunung Mulu National Park (2000)
Kinabalu Park (2000)
Properties submitted on the Tentative List
The Taman Negara National Park of
Peninsular Malaysia (2004)
Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary (LEWS)
and Batang Ai National Park (BANP) (2004)
Prehistoric Archaeological Heritage of
Lenggong Valley (2010)
an important
element in the
national culture
Elements from
other cultures
NATIONAL
which are
CULTURE
suitable and
POLICY
acceptable may
be incorporated
i
into it
It must be based on
the culture of the
indigenous people of
this country
National Library
97
The National
Cultural Policy
was formulated
in 1971.
The Policy
consists
of three
important
elements.
SOUTH CHINA
SEA
sABAH World
HEritage Site
Arulmigu
Mahamariamman
Temple
Fort Cornwallis
Kinabalu
National Park
Kapitan Keling
Mosque
PENANG
SABAH
CULTURE AND HERITAGE
BRUNEI
Acheen Street
Mosque
98
City Hall
sARAWAK World
HEritage Site
Lenggong Valley
A Famosa
Goddess of
Mercy Temple
malaCCA World
HEritage Site
ST
M RAIT
AL S
AC OF
CA
SARAWAK
Taman Negara
National Park
Gunung Mulu
National Park
Christ Church
KALIMANTAN
Batang Ai
National Park
The Stadhuys
Lanjak Entimau
Wildlife Sanctuary
1 Malaya Plan 1
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
NATIONAL
DEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND
PLANNING
TECHNOLOGY
ADVANCEMENT
OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
REQUIREMENTS
OF GLOBALIZATION
AGE & INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
PLANNING
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
PLANNING
Economic
background
Concept &
Objective
First
Malaya
Plan
Eighth
Malaysia
Plan
Seventh
Malaysia
Plan
Second
Malaya
Plan
First
Malaysia
Plan
Second
Malaysia
Plan
5-year
Development
Plan
Sixth
Malaysia
Plan
Fifth
Malaysia
Plan
Fourth
Malaysia
Plan
Third
Malaysia
Plan
MAIN POLICIES
National
Development
Foreign Policies
Privatization
National Industry
Main
Policies
Application of
Islamic Values in
Administration
Objectives:
to emphasize on
large-scale
development
gave a high priority to
rural development and
poverty by increasing
budgetary allocations.
establishing rural and
agricultural related
development
institutions, providing
physical infrastructure
and implementing a
diversified range of
agricultural
development
programs.
3 First Malaysia
Plan 1
Objectives:
to emphasize
economic growth
for all
to integrate the
people of the
constituents states
May 13 incident
was a clear
indication that
socio-economic
imbalance was a
major obstacle in
achieving the
long-term plan.
TH E F I VE-Y EAR
PLAN
Objectives:
to achieve economic solidarity
to ensure economic stability
(to speed up economic growth)
Introduce District
Development Guide Book 1987 (RED BOOK II)
Used to improve the
effectiveness of planning,
implementation, administration
and coordination machinery
at every stage
Actions:
PROTON enlarged its areas
of distribution
tourism industry
strengthened to increase
national income
declared 1990 as VMY
the end of NEP (New
Economic Policy)
Objectives:
to downsize the
current economic
recession
to embark upon
heavy industrys
sector (HICOM)
Modernize
system and further
activate agricultural
production through
rubber and oil palm
replanting and
planting of double
cropping paddy
through irrigation
schemes (Sungai
Manik in Perak,
Kemubu in
Kelantan and Muda
in Kedah).
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
5-year
Development Plan
2 Malaya Plan 2
Objectives:
To diversify the economic activities
and sources of income
Develop rural areas to improve the
standard of living, reduce illiteracy,
enhance the standard of health,
eradicate poverty.
Reduce unemployment; improve the
standard of living for the lower
income groups.
Actions:
Rural Industrial Development
Authority (RIDA) was launched.
(later MARA)
Federal Land Development Authority
(FELDA)
Objective:
to encourage, guide, train and help
Bumiputras to become competent
entrepreneurs and traders.
to open new land to resettle the
poor.
Programmes
Objectives
Stages
Approaches
a g ro - f or es tr y
Strategies
Develop the agriculture sector following current
development
Adjust to rapid economic growth and development
and global competition by increasing productivity
through the involvement and cooperation of private
sectors.
Restructure agricultural agencies to become more
effective
Optimise export income through diversification
Introduce modern agricultural technology and
more affective management.
product - based
a ppr o ac h
100
strategies
101
Japan
South Korea
Taiwan
Singapore
United in
the Newly
Industrialised
Countries (NIC)
Programmes
NATIONAL
(i)
Explore
various business opportunities
INCORPORATION
locally and internationally.
(ii) Determine policies and regulations and
POLICY
3
5
The Role of
The Public
Sector
To determine:
(i) policies
(ii) regulations
(iii) facilities
(iv) incentives
Public Private
Partnership
Unit (UKAS) held a
seminar - Designing
A World-Class
Public Private
Partnership
Infrastructure Frame.
provide facilities and incentives.
(iii) Increase earnings through business
income taxes.
(iv) Expertise sharing programmes among
4
ministries and the private sector.
(v) Export promotion council by the Ministry
Private
Sector
of Trade and Industry (1985).
(vi) Malaysian Business Council (1991).
The role of the
(vii) INTAN - sponsored business courses.
private sector:
to support the engine
of growth to achieve high
national economic
development.
increase entrepreneurial
activities through close
cooperation with the public
International Trade on Industry Minister Datuk
sector.
Mustapa Mohamed (second from right) greeting
Malaysian Automotive Association President
Datuk Aishah Ahmad.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
Definition
Definition
Features of the
private sector
Hospitals
Schools
Implication
leasing
management contact
Objectives
Reduce governments financial
and administrative burden.
Improve efficiency and productivity
Accelerate economic growth
Reduce involvement of public sector
in the economy
Help achieve the objectives of the
New Economic Policy
Create more opportunities for the
Bumiputeras to establish in private
NATIONAL
cooperation.
PRIVATISATION
3 Examples of sectors privatized:
POLICY
Telecomunications: Telekom Malaysia, Maixs, etc.
Broadcast: TV3, ASTRO. NTV7
Transport: Roads/Highways - Plus, Elite, Kesas, etc
Airlines - Air Asia
Pros and Cons
Port Management - West Port, Kelang
Port Management, Port of Tanjung
Pros
Cons
Pelepas (PTP)
Railways - KTM, Star, Putra, ERT
Business will run
The government
Public utilities:
more efficiently
has less
control
Electricity - TNB, Independent
The government
over the
Power Producers (IPP) e.g. YTL-Power
will have less
businesses
Water Supply - Puncak Niaga
responsibilities
Formation
of
Waste Management - Indah Water, Alam Flora
Encourages
monopoly
competition within
Business are
businesses
profit-making
Division of
businesses between
the government
and private sector
4
To create
optimum balance
between
economic
growth and
apportionment
To ensure the
preservation of
environment and
ecology
To eliminate social
and economic
inequality among
the people
a
g
THE
OBJECTIVES
OF NDP
e
To build a disciplined
and productive
work force
To strengthen
technological and
human resources
To encourage
the full use of the
countrys natural
resources
a
b
NATIONAL
INDUSTRY
POLICY
To use the
manufacturing sector
as a catalyst for
industrial
growth in
the country
To modernise and
recognize small and
medium-sized industries
To build a progressive
society with positive social
and spiritual values
To re-examine
and amend
regulations
pertaining
to investments
To foster higher
efficiency and
competitiveness
To move into
selected heavy
industries
103
c
d
To promote
export-led
economy
OBJECTIVE
THE CHALLENGES
To cultivate a prosperous community
To produce a Malaysian
community that has
freedom, strength and full
of self-confidence
A C R O S T I C
The Society in 2020
Moral and Ethics
Distribution of Resources
Nation
Economy
Politics
Acrostic: Ministers Review
National Economic Policy
Economy
Competitive
Dynamic
Robust
Resilent
4
THE
SOCIETY IN
2020
Politics
Matured democratic
Community oriented
Nation
Living in harmony
Full and fair partnership
Territorially and
ethnically integrated
Distribution of
Resources
104
-M
-R
-N
-E
-P
A C R O S T I C
The Challenges of Vision 2020
To cultivate a Prosperous
community
-P
To cultivate a community
that is Mature and tolerant
-M
To form a community that has
high Moral, ethics, religious
and strength
-M
To produce a Malaysian
community that has freedom,
Strength and full of self confidence
-S
To ensure the formation of the
community with a fair Economy - E
To form a nation that Stands
as one
-S
To develop a matured
Democratic society
-D
To form a Progressive Science
community
-P
To cultivate a community rich
in values and Loving culture
-L
Acrostic: Prime Minister Manmohan
Singh Encouraged Social Development
Programmes Lately
To increase efficiency
OBJECTIVES
National Research
Consortium
PROGRAMMES
Intensification of
Research in Priority
Areas (IRPA)
Programmes
Action Plan on
Industrial Technology
Department 1987
Industrial Master Plan Investigation implemented
jointly with the Ministry of Trade and Industry in
order to identify ways to improve production quality
Use effective
mechanisms to
encourage Science
and Technology
programmes
105
106
Objectives
To sustain
and
improve
the quality
of life
within
population
To improve
competitiveness in the
fields of
science and
technology
STRATEGY 3
there is a need to
rationalize the institutional
arrangement and
accelerate development
of talent, infrastructure,
innovation and
commercialization capacity.
Provide a methodology
for continuous
monitoring with
feedback signposts so
as to better manage
opportunities and risks
associated with
technology and its
rapid impacts on
market.
Used to identify
potential events along
the future timeline that
will impact the
Technology Focus
Areas and the key
sectors of the
Malaysian economy.
The use of
smart card.
3
The construction
Other
The
of the new
establishment Developments government
of telemedicine
1 administrative
facilities.
The setting up centre at
of institutions of Putrajaya.
Higher Learning,
2 e.g. Multimedia
University.
How it begins
OBJECTIVES
Education Act (1961)
Create a system of education that
can fulfill the nations need.
Encourage cultural, social,
economic and political
development.
To produce
knowledgeble
citizens
with strong
character,
balanced and
harmonious.
New Curriculum
for secondary
schools (KBSM)
1989
Improve the
quality of
education
PROGRAMMES
The school Division and the
department of Private
Education
Extend educational
opportunities through
private institutions
STRATEGIES
The Malay and
English
languages are
compulsory to
be taught in
schools
107
Provide
opportunities
for the learning of
other languages.
For example,
Chinese and
Tamil.
Objectives
PROGRAMMES
Development of manpower
Science and Technology
Programmes
Cultural programmes
Application of moral values
Extend the use of the Malay
language
Sharing of expertise between
local and international
organizations
Rural areas are modernized
through the provision of better
ICT facilities, computers, labs,
and classrooms for schools and
physical infrastructure.
STRATEGIES
SMART SCHOOL
CONCEPT
OBJECTIVES
STRATEGIES
PROGRAMMES
Inculcate moral values to create a society that is harmonious, give
importance to academic excellence, social concerns and nationhood
Use the Malay language
Inculcate the ability to think critically and creatively based on
comprehensive and integrated knowledge and technology
Explore information through the use of Science and Technology
Increase productivity and efficiency
PNI Neuron (M) Sdn Bhd (554690-H)
108
Smart learning
Smart curriculum
Smart assessment
Smart teaching
Smart management
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
7 MP
6 MP
109
CAD/CAM/CAE
VLSI Design
Network:
PALMOILIS,
SIRMLINK,
AGROLINK, CSL,
Jaringan
Pendidikan
Advanced
manufacturing
Advanced Materials
Microelectronics
Biotechnology
ICT
Multimedia
Technology
Energy
Aerospace
Nanotechnology
Photonics
Pharmaceuticals
Multimedia Super
Corridor (MSC)
is Malaysia bold
experimental venture
into the creation of a
world class multimedia
and content industry.
E-Economy (focuses
on Malaysias economic
adaptability in the face
of the emerging global
K-economy)
E-Public Service
(focuses on enhancing
effective and efficient
delivery of services to
the public through
electronic means)
E-Community (focuses
on strengthening
community relations
through electronic
networking)
E-Sovereignty (focuses
on national concerns in
the context of the
borderless world of ICT)
E-Learning (focuses in
strengthening
community relations
through electronic
network)
8 MP
Expansion of ICT
services among
the general
public and rural
area were given
priority
National
Broadband
Communication
and Multimedia
Services
Blueprint was
introduced in
2005 for the
orderly
integrated
development 3
converging
technologies:
cellular
telephony,
internal and
broadcasting
9 MP
Focus on
expanding the
existing
communications
network across
the country
My l CMS 886
Reduce digital
divide
Develop existing
cyber cities and
develop new
ones (MCS
Phase II)
Encourage new
growth sectors
such as
bioinformatics
Develop ICT
talent
Enhancing
information
security
Digital Content
Development
E-Commerce
SSO
Bioinformatics
My l CMS 886
Content
Development
ICT Education
Hub
Digital
Multimedia
Receivers
Communication
Devices
Embedded
Components
Foreign
Ventures
National Information
Technology Council (NITC)
to ensure ICT is well
integrated in the socio economic fabric of the
nation
E-Government
Multipurpose
Card
Smart School
Telehealth
E-Business
R&D Cluster
Technopreneur
Development
National Information
Technology Agenda (NITA)
Catalyses the
transformation of
Malaysia into a value
based economy through
the development of
talent, infrastructure
and applications to
benefit the Malaysian
society.
Objectives
Programmes
National Advisory Council on the Integration of Women
in Department (NACIWID)
Secretariat for Womens Affair (HAWA) 1983
National Council of Womens Organizations (NCWO)
Community Development Division (KEMAS)
National Family Planning Board (NFPB)
Department of Agriculture (DOA)
Rubber Industry Smallholders Development Authority
(RISDA)
Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA)
Objectives
To strengthen unity among various
races
To foster a strong Malaysian identity
based on a spirit of love for race,
religion and homeland
Improve the quality of life which is
physically and spiritually balanced in
terms of socio-economic development
Programmes
Programmes
Development of arts and culture
Art presentations by the National Cultural Complex
Cultural Programmes through the mass media
especially radio and television during festive seasons
Cultural programmes sponsored by various
organizations such as the Ministry of Culture, Arts and
Tourism, State Cultural Council and Cultural
Departments in local universities and colleges
Strategies
Strategies
Foreign Policies
laos
Malaysias policy in
relation to regional and
international affairs
focused in the creation
of peace and harmony.
A country can achieve
peace and harmony
through co-operation in
economic, social and
political activities.
Although
misunderstanding
can exist among
member countries of an
organization, a solution
can be quickly decided.
Hence, any dispute can
be solved, especially
through consultation.
Myanmar
The ASEAN Leaders Formal Summit was first held in
Bali, Indonesia 1976.
thailand
vietnam
cambodia
111
brunei
Malaysia
singapORE
indonesia
The Secretariat of ASEAN in Jakarta, Indonesia.
FOREIGN POLICIES
philippines
FOREIGN POLICIES
Accelerate economic
growth, social
progress and cultural
development in region
Objectives
The Association
ASEAN
of Southeast
A signing ceremony at the very first
3 Pillars
vision 2020
Asian Nations
meeting of the ASEAN in Bangkok on (ASEAN) was formed
ASEAN Security Community
8 August 1967.
ASEAN Economic Community
with the signing of the
ASEAN Sociocultural Community
Bangkok Declaration
The objectives
It started with 5
5 of ASEAN are to improve the 8 August 1967.
2
original member
History
cooperation among the member
nations Malaysia,
nations in economic, social,
1.
Thailand, Singapore,
1 ASEAN was setup because of a failure
cultural, education,
the Philippines and
to build up a comprehensive, sustained,
Establishment
technological and
Indonesia.
unified regional and international strength
administrative
through the South Asia Organization (ASA)
matters.
Aims at
improving
2.
The
failure of MAPHILINDO, established
2
Present ASEAN
cooperation among
in August 1963 with only Malaysia,
10 consists of
Indonesia and the Philippines as
the five founding the member nations
in economic, social,
nations and
members was also the reason for
cultural, educational,
followed by
ASEAN to be set up.
Brunei, Vietnam, technological and
Laos, Myanmar administrative
ASEAN
and Cambodia. matters.
3
4
Fundamental
Principles
PROGRAMMES
ZOPFAN
United Nations
Right of every state to lead
Conference On
its national existence free
Refugees in Geneva
from external interference
ASEAN Industrial
Non-interference in the
Project
internal affairs of one
Asia-Pacific Economic
another
Cooperation (APEC)
Settlement of differences International
by peaceful manner
Conference On Drug
Renunciation of the threat
Abuse and Heroin
or use of force
Trafficking
Effective cooperation
Exclusive Economic
Zone specifically on
Mutual respect for
independence and national
maritime
identity of all nations
STRATEGIES
South East Asia as a zone of peace,
neutrality, and freedom from foreign
interference and good terms with
the Western and Communist blocs
Diplomatic relationship with
Vietnam
Freedom from nuclear arms or
South East Asia Nuclear Free Zone
(SAENFZ)
Increase in industry, infrastructure,
tourism, agriculture,
telecommunications and energy
Problems of refugees,
encroachment and drug
Shared boundaries
Regional cooperation
Consultation and joint patrol
Maintains relationship with the
Peoples Republic of China
Brunei,
6
4
create a Zone of Peace,
the major powers in
Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar
Freedom and Neutrality
the world.
and Cambodia, Malaysia,
(ZOPFAN).
Thailand, Singapore, the
5
Philippines and Indonesia.
PNI Neuron (M) Sdn Bhd (554690-H)
112
Advance education
particularly in the
fields of science
and technology
AIMS
Uphold
international
peace and
security
Promote solidarity
among member
states
Increase cooperation
in social, economic,
cultural, scientific
and political areas
57 Member States
overall
green
background
(symbolic of
Islam)
42
4
21
52
22
35 28
47
53 49
25
55 19
34
15
37
56
36 29
43
44 20
33
14
40
7
1
18 16
17
27
9
3
31
2
11
10
51
41 5
24
32
57
26
23
Mali (49)
Malaysia (50)
Egypt (51)
Morocco (52)
Mauritania (53)
Mozambique (54)
Niger (55)
Nigeria (56)
Yemen (57)
13
30
39
Kyrgyzstan (40)
Qatar (41)
Kazakhstan (42)
Cameroon (43)
Cote Divoire (44)
Kuwait (45)
Lebanon (46)
Libya (47)
Maldives (48)
upwardfacing red
crescent
enveloped in
a white
disc
46
38
48
50 12
6
Allahuakbar"
written in
modern
Arabic
caligrapy
54
Member States
Members once temporarily
suspended
Observer States
Attempted to join but
blocked
FOREIGN POLICIES
113
Azerbajian (1)
Jordan (2)
Afghanistan (3)
Albania (4)
United Arab Emirates (5)
Indonesia (6)
Uzbekistan (7)
Uganda (8)
Iran (9)
Pakistan (10)
Bahrain (11)
Brunei Darussalam (12)
Bangladesh (13)
Benin (14)
Burkina-Faso (15)
Tajikistan (16)
Turkey (17)
Turkmenistan (18)
Chad (19)
Somalia (30)
Togo (20)
Iraq (31)
Tunisia (21)
Oman (32)
Algeria (22)
Gabon (33)
Djibouti (23)
Gambia (34)
Saudi Arabia (24)
Guyana (35)
Senegal (25)
Guinea (36)
Sudan (26)
Guinea-Bissau (37)
Syria (27)
Palestine (38)
Suriname (28)
Comoros (39)
Sierra Leone (29)
FOREIGN POLICIES
Protect and
defend the true image
of Islam, to combat
defamation of Islam and
encourage dialogue among
civilizations and religions
Enhance and
develop science
and technology
and encourage
research and
cooperation
among Member
States in these
fields
Enhance and
consolidate the bonds
of fraternity and
solidarity among the
Member States
UNDER THE
CHARTER, THE
ORGANIZATION
AIMS TO:
6
5
Safeguard and
protect the common
interests and support the
legitimate causes of the Member
States and coordinate and unify
the efforts of the Member States in
view of the challenges faced by the
Islamic world in particular and the
international community
in general
Respect the right of self-determination
and non-interference in the domestic
affairs and to respect sovereignty,
independence and territorial integrity
of each Member State
Ensure active
Strengthen intra-Islamic
participation of the
economic and trade cooperation;
Member States in the global
in order to achieve economic
Reaffirm its
political, economic and social
integration leading to the
support for the
decision-making processes to
establishment of an Islamic
rights of people secure their common interests
Common Market
as stipulated in the
UN Charter and
international law
114
The Council of
Foreign
Ministers
It meets once a
year to examine
a progress report
on the
implementation
of its decisions
taken within the
framework of the
policy defined by
the Islamic
Summit.
The General
Secretariat
Financial
Control
Organ
1
6
5
Permanent
Finance
Committee
COMMITTEES
Islamic
Committee for
Economic, Cultural
and Social
Affairs
Standing
Committee on
Scientific and
Technological
Cooperation
(COMSTECH)
ISLAMIC
DEVELOPMENT
BANK
(IDB)
INTERNATIONAL
ISLAMIC NEWS
AGENCY
(IINA)
sTANDING
115
Saudi Arabian King Faisal and
Jordan King Hussein with Shah of
Iran and Kuwaits Ruler Emir Sabah
Es Salim Es Sabah in 1st Summit of
OIC in 1969 at Rabat-Morocco.
Standing
Committee on
Economic and
Commercial
Cooperation
(COMCEC)
SPECIALISED
INSTITUTIONS
ISLAMIC STATES
BROADCASTING
ORGANIZATION
(ISBO)
ISLAMIC
EDUCATIONAL
SCIENTIFIC AND
CULTURAL
ORGANIZATION
(ISESCO)
SUBSIDIARY ORGANS
STATISTICAL,
ECONOMIC
AND
SOCIAL RES
EARCH AND
TRAINING C
EN
ISLAMIC CO TRE FOR THE
UNTRY (SES
RIC)
RESEARCH
CEN
ISLAMIC HIS TRE FOR
TO
AND CULTUR RY, ART
E (IRCICA)
ISLAMIC UN
IVERSIT Y
OF TECHNO
LOGY
(IUT)
FOREIGN POLICIES
Standing
Committee on
Information and
Cultural Affairs
(COMIAC)
FOREIGN POLICIES
MEMORY TEST
AFFILIATED INSTITUTIONS
ASSOCIATION (OISA)
Name
Nationality
Year
Malaysia
1971-1973
Egypt
1974-1975
Senegal
1975-1979
Habib Chatty
Tunisia
1979-1984
Pakistan
1985-1988
Niger
1989-1996
Morocco
1997-2000
Morocco
2001-2004
Turkey
2005 to present
Promotion of
tolerance and
moderation
President Jammah receives OIC Secretary General
Professor Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu.
1
Emphasizes good governance and
promotion of human rights in the
Muslim world
CHALLENGES IN
THE 21ST CENTURY
4
Trade
enhancement
Modernization
Delegates listening to OIC SecretaryGeneral Dr Abdelouahed Belkezizs speech
at the Business Forum during the 10th
session of the OIC Summit in Putrajaya.
116
THE COMMONWEALTH
The Commonwealth is an organisation made up
of Britain and its former colonies.
There are now 54 countries in the organisation.
Queen Elizabeth of England is the head of the
Commonwealth. She has no political power
over the member countries.
It does not have an official charter or constitution
and member countries are free in their own internal
or external affairs.
The British-Malayan Defence Treaty in 1957 and
the Five-Power Defence Treaty in 1968 have
protected Malaysia from externel aggression.
As a member of the Commonwealth, Malaysia has
benefited from a defence treaty with Britain.
Known as the British-Malayan Defence
Treaty was signed in 1957.
10
FOREIGN POLICIES
52
117
3
6
19
26
1
12
37-38
16
5
49
17
11
33
36
18
14
41
15
25
32
9
51 20
35
47
54
29
44
45
24 8
21
30
42
23
28
46
34
40
53
13
27
43
50
39
48
22
31
Map Showing The Commonwealth Countries
Cameroon (9)
Canada (10)
Cyprus (11)
Dominica (12)
Fiji Islands (13)
The Gambia (14)
Ghana (15)
Grenada (16)
Guyana (17)
India (18)
Jamaica (19)
Kenya (20)
Kiribati (21)
Lesotho (22)
Malawi (23)
Malaysia (24)
Maldives (25)
Malta (26)
Mauritius (27)
Mozambique (28)
Namibia (29)
Nauru (30)
New Zealand (31)
Nigeria (32)
Pakistan (33)
Papua New Guinea (34)
Rwanda (35)
St Kitts and Nevis (36)
St Lucia (37)
St Vincent and the
Grenadines (38)
Samoa (39)
Seychelles (40)
Sierra Leone (41)
Singapore (42)
Solomon Islands (43)
South Africa (44)
Sri Lanka (45)
Swaziland (46)
Tanzania (47)
Tonga (48)
Trinidad and
Tobago (49)
Tuvalu (50)
Uganda (51)
United Kingdom (52)
Vanuatu (53)
Zambia (54)
H IS T O R Y
S TRAT E G I E S
OB J EC TI VES
(i) To preserve world peace and security
(ii) To encourage social, economic and cultural
cooperation among the nations of the
world.
(iii) To protect the basic rights of the people
regardless of race, religion and culture.
P ROGRA M MES
UNITED
NATIONS (UN)
118
FOREIGN POLICIES
SA HAB AT A L A M RE P O RT E D (1 99 8)
Global warm i n g
Gree n Ho u se E ffe c t
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
Water poll ut i o n
AIr poll u t i o n
Main Cause:
Increase in the number of industries in the world.
Tremendous carbon dioxide is being released into
the atmosphere.
Main gas that cause global warming.
The United States, the world greatest industrialized
nation is also the greatest producer of carbon dioxide.
Effects:
The temperature of earth becomes warmer.
Can bring flood to coastal regions.
Vast population migration.
NATURAL SOURCES
A i r P oll u t i o n to propertY
119
H O W is sou n d poll u ti o n
meas u red
Contents of the
Declaration
Importance of KL
Declaration
120
The meeting on
Environment and Development
in Developing Countries
CHAPTER 1
EXERCISE
(VMMP = Visual Mind Maps Page)
Objective Questions
(VMMP : 30)
(VMMP : 24)
(VMMP : 29)
(VMMP : 32)
(VMMP : 19)
(VMMP : 32)
(VMMP : 30)
(VMMP : 24)
(VMMP : 32)
(VMMP : 27)
(VMMP : 16)
(VMMP : 11&12)
(VMMP : 1)
Answer all questions. Each question is followed by four possible answers. Choose the best answer from the answer
marked A, B and C or A, B, C and D.
5 What are the duties of a British
10 The following were the effects of
1 Which of the following
Resident?
Japanese occupation on our country
arrangement is correct about the
I To interfere in Islam and
during the Second World War.
prehistoric era?
Malay customary laws
I Inflation
A Paleolithic, Mesolithic,
II To restore peace and order
II The rise in Malay nationalism
Neolithic and Bronze Age
III Scarcity of consumer goods
B Mesolithic, Paleolithic, III To set up a regular system
of revenue collection
IV Better relations between the
Neolithic and Bronze Age
Malays and the Chinese
C Neolithic, Mesolithic, IV To advise the rulers in the
state administration
A I, II and III
Paleolithic and Bronze Age
B II and III
D Bronze, Mesolithic, Neolithic A I, II and III
B II and IV
C II, III and IV
and Paleolithic Age
C II, III and IV
A All of the above
D All of the above
2 What are the MAIN factors that
lead to the rise of the Malacca
6 Pick the CORRECT statements. 11 What were the reasons for the easy
British defeat by the Japanese
Sultanate?
I The founder of
during World War II?
I Strategic route between
Francis Light
Penang Island
I Pre-occupation of British in
China and India
II The founder of
Europe
Stamford
II Proximity to spice and
Singapore
Raffles
II Sinking of the two British
pepper trade areas
battleships
III Extensive use of Bahasa
III The founder of
Tamil
Malacca Empire Parameswara III Japanese propaganda on
Indian soldiers
IV Discovery of sea route to the IV The first Resident
J.W.W Birch IV Better strategy and war
East
of Perak
tactics of Japanese army
A I, II and III
A I, II and III
A I, II and III
B I and II
B I and III
B I, III and IV
C I, II and IV
C I, III and IV
C II, III and IV
D All of the above
D All of the above
D All of the above
3 What are the MAIN reasons
7 The Malay world was divided
12 Sir Gerald Templer was among
for the Portuguese to conquer
into two parts, currently known
those responsible for eliminating
Malacca?
as Indonesia and Malaysia. If
the communist threat in Malaya.
I To spread Christianity
it was not for this treaty, these
The actions he took included
II To monopolize the spice
two countries could possibly
I Psychological Warfare
trade
have remained as one. What
II Starvation Operation
is the treaty referred to in the
III To develop Batavia
statement?
III Introduction of the white
IV To drive the Dutch out of
A Pangkor Treaty
areas and black areas plan
Malacca
B Bangkok Treaty IV Easing the regulation for
A I and II
C Anglo-Dutch Treaty
citizenship
B I and IV
D London Treaty
A I, II and III C I, III and IV
C I, II and III
B I, II and IV D II, III and IV
D All of the above
8 Which of the following slogans
was used by the Japanese to
13 The relocation plan for the
4 Which of the following are
justify their occupation of
community living at the edge
TRUE about the Residential
Malaya?
of the forest to the new villages
System?
was named as
I The Residents salary was A Asia for Asia
B Asia for Asians
A Chessman Plan
paid from the taxes collected C Malaya for Malayans
B Gurney Plan
II Funds were allocated to D Malaysia for Malaysians
C Templer Plan
implement the policies of the
D Briggs Plan
Residential System
9 In what ways the Japanese
III The administrative systems
implemented the policy of
14 The Emergency that lasted 12 years
in Malaya were changed by
Japanization?
in Malaya brought various
the Residents
I Education system
implications upon the people of
IV The Residents were given the
II Food rationing
the country. What implication from
power to rule in the interest III Economic system
the Emergency still exists today?
of the British
IV Mass media
A I and II
A I, II and III
A The terrorism of MCP
B The racial discrimination
B I and IV
B I, III and IV
C I, II and III
C I and IV
C The rural poverty
D The usage of Identity Card
D III, and IV
D All of the above
121
CHAPTER 2
EXERCISE
(VMMP = Visual Mind Maps Page)
Objective Questions
(VMMP : 40)
(VMMP : 45)
(VMMP : 45)
(VMMP : 42)
(VMMP : 36)
(VMMP : 49)
(VMMP : 42)
(VMMP : 35)
(VMMP : 35)
(VMMP : 39)
(VMMP : 40)
(VMMP : 35)
Answer all questions. Each question is followed by four possible answers. Choose the best answer from the answer
marked A, B and C or A, B, C and D.
A II and III C III and IV
1 What are the main features of the 5 What are the features of the
B I, II and I D All of the above
Federation of Malaya
Malayan Union Constitution?
Constitution?
I The federation of 11 states in
8 The Member System is similar to the
I
Made
up
of
the
nine
Malay
the Malaya peninsula including
system that is being
States and the Straits
Singapore
practised now.
Settlements
of
Penang
II The British Governor is the
A elected representatives
and Malacca
head of the Malayan Union
B cabinet
II
The
powers
of
the
sultans
III Loss of power of the Malay
C senator
were restored
rulers
III The awarding of citizenship D legislative
IV Awarding of citizenship based
became stricter
on the jus soli principle
IV The State Councils were 9 The main purpose of forming the
coalition leftist political parties like
A II, III and IV
given the authority over the
AMCJA, API and PKMM is to
B I, III and IV
local government, land and
A oppose the formation of
C III and IV
agriculture.
Federation of Malaya
D All of the above
A I, II and III
B launch a joint revolt with the
B I, III and IV
Communist Party of Malaya
2 The principle of jus soli in the
C II, III and IV
C oppose the formation of
D All of the above
Malayan Union means
Malayan Union
A anyone born in Malaya after
D further strengthen the urge for
6
the formation of Malayan
Dato Onn Jaafar
merdeka
Union would become the
Tan Cheng Lock
citizen of the country
10 The Alliance Memorandum, also
E.E.C. Thuraisingham
B anyone can claim citizenship
known as the
refers to
After the hartal incident in 1949,
the tolerance among the main races in
based on the place of
the three leaders above had
Malaya in convincing the British of
residence
seriously attempted to ..
their effort to demand independence.
C a persons citizenship depends
A oppose the formation of the A Independence Memorandum
on the citizenship status of his
Malayan Union
B Alliance Contract
or her parents
B improve the relationship C Malayan Memorandum
D ones place of birth does not
among the races
D Social Contract
determine ones citizenship
C draw up the Constitution of
the Federation of Malaya
11 What promises did the Alliance make
3 The MAIN reason of dispute in
D remind the people of
to obtain mass support in the July
the Malayan Union Constitution
the importance of
1955 general election?
among the Malays was
self-development through I To obtain independence as
soon as possible
A The status of the Malay
education
II To develop the economy of
Language as the National
Malaya regardless of race
7 The Inter-Government Committee
Language
III To guarantee the position of the
is one of the important bodies
B The giving of citizenship status
sultans and the special rights of
formed during the formation
to the non-Malays
the Malays
of Malaysia. The following
C Harold Mac Michaels insolent
IV To make the Malay Language
statements
are
TRUE
about
attitude in getting the agreement
as the national language
Inter-Government Committee
of the Malay Sultans
A I, II and III C I, III and IV
EXCEPT
D The integration of the
B I, II and IV D II, III and IV
I also known as the
Unfederated Malay States
Landsdowne Committee
into the Malayan Union
taking the name of the 12 Which of the following was not one
of Tunku Abdul Rahmans objective
Chairman of the Committee
in the forming of Malaysia?
4 In 1946, UMNO opposed
II it was set up earlier than the
A To curb the communist influence
vehemently the formation of
Cobbold Commission that
B To accelerate independence and
Malayan Union, similarly there
also played a part in the
develop the economy of Sabah
was another group of Malay
formation of Malaysia
and Sarawak
nationalists who were also against III brunei was not a member of
C To balance the racial
the Malayan Union concept. What the Inter-Government
composition between the
Committee
is the name of that nationalist
Malays and the Chinese.
IV one of the responsibilities of D To attract foreign countries
group?
the Committee was to draw
A PMCJA C PUTERA
attention and support towards
up the Constitution
B MDU
D KM
him
PNI Neuron (M) Sdn Bhd (554690-H)
122
CHAPTER 3
EXERCISE
Objective Questions
Answer all questions. Each question is followed by four possible answers. Choose the best answer from the answer
marked A, B and C or A, B, C and D.
123
(VMMP : 54)
(VMMP : 56)
(VMMP : 57)
(VMMP : 55)
(VMMP : 55)
(VMMP : 53)
(VMMP : 54)
(VMMP : 56)
(VMMP : 55)
(VMMP : 59)
CHAPTER 4
EXERCISE
(VMMP = Visual Mind Maps Page)
Objective Questions
Answer all questions. Each question is followed by four possible answers. Choose the best answer from the answer
marked A, B and C or A, B, C and D.
(VMMP : 61)
C
D
Malaysia is a Federation
(VMMP : 61)
(VMMP : 61)
(VMMP : 61)
(VMMP : 65)
(VMMP : 62)
(VMMP : 61)
(VMMP : 55)
(VMMP : 61)
(VMMP : 61)
124
(VMMP : 95)
(VMMP : 86)
(VMMP : 73)
(VMMP : 88)
(VMMP : 67)
(VMMP : 88)
(VMMP : 86)
(VMMP : 88)
(VMMP : 88)
(VMMP : 92)
(VMMP : 73)
(VMMP : 88)
(VMMP : 89)
(VMMP : 66)
125
CHAPTER 6
EXERCISE
(VMMP = Visual Mind Maps Page)
Objective Questions
Answer all questions. Each question is followed by four possible answers. Choose the best answer from the answer
marked A, B and C or A, B, C and D.
(VMMP : 109)
(VMMP : 108)
(VMMP : 99)
Plan X refers to
A Ninth Malaysia Plan
B New Vision Plan
C Human Resources
Development Plan
D National Integrity Plan
(VMMP : 118)
(VMMP : 111-118)
(VMMP : 112)
(VMMP : 103)
PLAN X
(VMMP : 109)
(VMMP : 109)
(VMMP : 112)
(VMMP : 104)
126
CHAPTER 7
EXERCISE
(VMMP = Visual Mind Maps Page)
Objective Questions
Answer all questions. Each question is followed by four possible answers. Choose the best answer from the answer
marked A, B and C or A, B, C and D.
(VMMP : 120)
(VMMP : 119)
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(b)
Essay Questions
(a)
(b)
127
ANSWERS
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Chapter 1
1 A
2 B
3 A
7 C
8 B
9 B
13 D
14 D
4 D
10 A
5 C
11 D
6 D
12 C
Chapter 2
1 A
2
7 A
8
A
B
3
9
B
A
4 C
10 B
5 D
11 C
6 B
12 D
Chapter 3
1 B
2
7 B
8
B
D
3
9
C
D
4 D
10 C
5 B
11 B
6 D
12 B
Chapter 4
1 A
2
7 B
8
B
A
3
9
D
D
6 A
Chapter 5
1 B
2 A
7 C
8 B
13 D
14 C
3 B
9 D
15 D
4 C
10 B
16 A
5 D
11 D
6 D
12 D
Chapter 6
1 A
2
7 C
8
A
B
3
9
4 B
10 D
5 C
11 A
6 D
12 B
Chapter 7
1 D
2
D
C
STUCTURE QUESTIONS
1 (a) Anglo-Dutch Treaty
(b) Pangkor Treaty
2 (a) The sultans would lose their political power
(b) The absolute power would remain in the hands of Malayan
Unions Governor and not the sultan
Other suggested answers:
(a) The position of the Malays would be threatened as other races
would possess the same political rights
(b) The Malays were worried that the number of non-Malays
would outnumber the Malays
(c) The jus soli principle of citizenship
3 (a) To expedite the independence of Sarawak, Sabah, Brunei and
Singapore
(b) To bring about political stability in South-East Asia
Other suggested answers:
(a) To contain the threat of communism
(b) To increase regional and economic cooperation
(c) To maintain unity and stability among races
4 (a) Atrocities committed on the people
(b) Racial discrimination by the Japanese
Other suggested answers:
(a) Introduction of the Japanese language
(b) Imposition of Japanese culture
5 (a) Co-curriculum activities
(b) Social groups
Other suggested answers:
(a) Social activities
(c) Mass media
(b) Tourism within the country
6 (a) Legislative authority: make, amend or abolish laws
(b) Impose new taxes, addition taxes or abolish any existing taxes
7 (a) To register new voters
(b) To conduct general elections and by-elections
8 (a) Strategic location sea route between China and India
(b) Protected by North East and South West monsoons
Other suggested answers:
(a) Deep harbour and good facilities
(b) Entrepot of the Malay Archipelago proximity to spice and
pepper trade
(c) Protection from China
(d) Efficient administration
(e) Good tax collecting system and fair taxation
(f) Just laws
(g) Malay Language as the lingua franca
(h) Role of Islam
(i) Political stability
9 (a) To eradicate poverty among the people, regardless of race
(b) To restructure society and obliterate the identification of race
with economic functions or status
10 (a) Theoretically, the powers of the three main bodies namely the
Executive, the Judiciary and the Legislative do not overlap and
each has its own role. This means there is no interference
between the bodies.
(b) To ensure the neutrality or objectivity of each of the bodies
PNI Neuron (M) Sdn Bhd (554690-H)
ESSAY QUESTIONS
1
A Minister or Ministry draws up a draft of the proposed law (bill)
Draft will become law if approved by both Dewans and validated by
the Agong
The bill is then discussed at a meeting of Ministers
The bill is then printed and distributed to the Members of Parliament
(MP)
In each Dewan, the bill must go through four phases
First Reading
Second Reading
Committee Level
Third Reading
First reading: the minister or his/her deputy presents it to the Dewan
Rakyat and the House Secretary reads the brief subject matter
Second reading: Debated in detail necessary amendments are made
if necessary
Committee level: Dewan Select Committee studies it against the
MPs views and make necessary amendments
Third Reading: bill is presented by the Minister or Deputy for
approval
Vote is taken: 2/3 of MPs Support is needed
Presented to the Dewan Negara same procedures repeated
Since Dewan Rakyat has more power, it can even reject objection
from Dewan Negara.
Dewan Negara has only the power to delay the approval but not to
veto it.
Presented to the YDPA to be passed
A period of 30 days is given to consider the bill
Disagree bill return with reasons within 30 days
Upon agreement: bill pass into law
Law takes effect when announcement is made to the public by the
Parliament
(Refer to page 57 for detailed answer)
2 (a) The reasons why british introduced the Malayan Union.
(i) To combine all scattered administration into one ruling
system
(ii) To prepare the locals for own government
(iii) To enforce defence and boost economic recovery and
progress
(iv) To accomplish social development plans
(v) To ensure economic development and political stability
(b) (i) All the Malay States except Singapore were united under
one central government
(ii) A British Governor would be appointed
(iii) The state council would be under the central government
(iv) All races would be given equal rights Jus Soli principle
(v) Singapore would remain as British colonial territory under
the rule of the British Governer General
(c) (i) The Malayan Union would eradicate the power and
sovereignty of the Malay Rulers
(ii) The Malays felt their position was threatened because of the
Jus Soli principle
(Refer to pages 34-37 for detailed answer)
3 (a) (i) Geographical location
(ii) The role of Syahbandar
(iii) The role of Laksamana and orang laut
(iv) The effectiveness of the system of Government
(v) Port facilities
(vi) The Malay language as Lingua Franca
(b) Close contacts between Malacca and Sumatran Muslim port
such as Pasai for supplies of food and other goods.
Parameswara realises importance of attracting Muslim traders
to Malacca.
Parameswara marries the daughter of the ruler of Pasai
After embracing Islam, he changed his name to Megat Iskandar
Shah
(Refer to pages 11-14 for detailed answer)
4 (i) Weak leadership
(iii) The weakness of Malaccas defence
(ii) Disunity
(iv) The arrival of the Portuguese
(Refer to page 15 for detailed answer)
5 (i) The Malay States were rich in raw materials
(ii) Industrial revolution
(iii) The opening of the Suez Canal
(iv) Fear of the intervention of other western powers
(v) The change of government in Britain
(vi) The chaotic conditions in the Malay States
(Refer to page 15 for detailed answer)
128