ION-EXCHANGE: Ion-Exchange Resins Are Solid Materials Which

:Introduction
Natural water contains various ions (cations and anions) at .

different concentrations. Calcium (Ca2+) and/or magnesium (Mg2+)
form insoluble salts with household soaps. As a result the cleaning
action of the soap is reduced. To avoid the formation of these
undesirable insoluble compounds and precipitates, calcium and
magnesium ions should be removed from the water. This process is
called water softening. On the other hand, anions such as Cl- cause
a lot of corrosion problems in industrial systems. Therefore, they
should be removed from the water
Removal of undesirable ions or species from water is usually

referred to as water treatment. Many methods are used in water
treatment to remove certain species from the water. Solid ion.exchanges is one of the most used methods in water treatment
ION-EXCHANGE: Ion-exchange resins are solid materials which

exchange ions with solution if comes in contact with. These resins
have their molecules or atoms arranged in a certain structure which
enables the solution to penetrate and come in contact with a very
. large surface area
Two main groups of ion exchangers are available commercially

acidic and basic ion-exchangers. The acidic (cationic) exchange
resins are made of molecules containing acidic group such as the
strong acidic sulfonic group (-SO3H) or the more weakly acidic
carboxyl group (-COOH) attached to the molecule. The basic
(anionic) exchange resins are made of molecules containing basic
.group such as quaternary ammonium salt or quaternary amines
As an example of the acidic exchanger process, consider the sul:fonic resin. The sulfonic acid (RSO3H) ionizes completely in water
RSO3H ======== RSO3- + H
The negative part of the acid is attached to the solid resin while H+
is free to move through the aqueous solution. Other cations in the
water replace the hydrogen ions in the resin to neutralize the

. charge
RSO3-H+
+ Na+ ======== RSO3- Na+ + H
With this process, sodium ions are removed from the water and H+
.are introduced
However, the above equilibrium can be displaced to the left if an
acid with a relatively high concentration is added to the resin. This
.process is the regeneration of the resin
The same discussion applies to the basic resins. As an example

consider the following reaction
RNH2 + H2O ======== RNH3+ + OH
The OH- is free to move in the aqueous solution enabling other

negative ions in the water to replace OH- in the resin. To regenerate
the basic resin, a relatively strong basic solution (NaOH for example)
.
is used
Usually both types of resins are used to demineralize water. In this
experiment tap water is allowed to pass through a column where it
comes in contact; first with a cation-exchange resin and then with
an anion exchange resin. The H+ and OH- ions liberated from the two
.
stages unite to form a water molecule
In this experiment you will see the effect of both types of resins on
tap water by analyzing the water before and after each ion
.
exchange column
Analysis should be performed to check the pH, electrical

.conductivity, Cl- content and total hardness
Regeneration of cationic resins can done by adding concentrated

HCl (H+ and Cl-). H+ replaces back attached cations. The anionic
resins can be regenerated by adding concentrated NaOH (Na+ and
OH-) solution. OH- replaced back the attached anions
: Result and discussion

In table1 the tap water before any treated process has a big amount of
concentrated undesirable ions and cation that obtained after titrate the AgNO3
.and EDTA to calculate the listed values
.Table 1: tap water testing results
volume of
V (ml)
PH
conductivity AgNO3
10
7.7
539
volume of EDTA Clhardness

3 ml
2
0.03
0.002
In table2 the values after the first treating that remove the cation ( positive
sign always remove before anion because PH value will increase to very high
value if reverse process done ) , in this process all of cation removed that
mean's the first treated done successfully , in other hand the concentration of
.Cl- not changed ( 0.005 different in error )
.Table 2: testing result of water after the first resin
vl(ml)
PH
10
3.2
conductivity
volume of AgNO3 volume of EDTA
Clhardness
490
3.5
0
0.035
0
In table3 the water has become almost neutralized, also the amount of AgNO3
used for the titration e decreased which indicate a decrease in the Cl- ion in
. water , but there are many errors in the system
.Table 3: testing results after the second resin
vl(ml)
PH
10
conductivity
volume of AgNO3 volume of EDTA
Clhardness
8.7
132
0.8
0
0.008
0
:References
Chemical processing laboratory manual , Dr. Khalil Ali Hlhouli , JUST-irbid (*)
. 2002-2003
:Sample Calculation
Cl- = volume of AgNO3 *0.1/10

: For the first one
CL- = 3 ml * 0.1 M / 10ml = 0.03 M
hardness = volume of EDTA *0.01/10

For the first one
Hardness = 2*0.01/10 = 0.002 M

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:Introduction

Natural water contains various ions (cations and anions) at .

Removal of undesirable ions or species from water is usually

ION-EXCHANGE: Ion-exchange resins are solid materials which

Two main groups of ion exchangers are available commercially

water replace the hydrogen ions in the resin to neutralize the

+ Na+ ======== RSO3- Na+ + H

The same discussion applies to the basic resins. As an example

RNH2 + H2O ======== RNH3+ + OH

The OH- is free to move in the aqueous solution enabling other

Analysis should be performed to check the pH, electrical

Regeneration of cationic resins can done by adding concentrated

: Result and discussion

volume of EDTA Clhardness

Cl- = volume of AgNO3 *0.1/10

hardness = volume of EDTA *0.01/10

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