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    Chemistry Unit 1 Water Technology Part A Question Bank

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    Chemistry Unit 1 Water Technology Part A Question Bank

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    CHEMISTRY UNIT 1 WATER TECHNOLOGY PART A QUESTION BANK

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    Chemistry Unit 1 Water Technology Part A Question Bank

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    of 4

    S. A.

    ENGINEERING COLLEGE, CHENNAI-77


    (An Autonomous Institution)

    Subject/Code : Engineering Chemistry / CY1101


    UNIT I (WATER TECHNOLOGY)

    QUESTION BANK (with Answer)


    PART A

    1. Define Hardness of water.


    Ans. Hardness of water is the property of water which does not produce lather with soap
    due to presence of Calcium and Magnesium salts.
    2C17H35 COONa + CaCl2 → (C17H35COO)2 Ca ↓ + 2 NaCl

    2. What are the salts responsible for causing hardness?


    Ans. The salts responsible for causing hardness are chlorides, sulphates and bicarbonates of
    Calcium and Magnesium.
    Carbonate hardness: Ca(HCO3)2 &Mg(HCO3)2
    Non-carbonate hardness: MgSO4, MgCl2,CaCl2 andCaSO4
    3.Why should water be softened before it is fed into the boiler?
    Ans. Hard water from natural sources if fed directly into the boilers cause troubles like Scale and
    Sludge formation, Priming and Foaming ,Caustic Embrittlement and Boiler Corrosion .

    4.Differentiate softwater from hard water.


    Ans. Soft water is due to the absence of Calcium and Magnesium salts.
    Hard water is due to the presence of Calcium and Magnesium salts.

    5.What is meant by boiler feed water?


    Ans. Water fed into the boiler for the production of steam is called boiler feed water.

    6.Differentiate scale from sludge.


    Scale Sludge
    Hard adherent coating Loose, slimy and non adherent precipitate
    Scale forming substances are Ca(HCO3)2,CaSO4 sludge forming substances are MgCO3, MgSO4,
    Mg(OH)2 etc. MgCl2 and CaCl2

    7.Expand EDTA and write its structure.


    Ans. EDTA: Ethylene diammine tetraacetic acid
    (CH2COOH )2N-CH2-CH2-N(CH2COOH) 2

    8.What are the alkalinity causing ions present in water?


    Ans. Hydroxide(OH ), Carbonate(CO32-), Bicarbonate(HCO3-)
    -

    9. What is meant by blowdown operation?


    Ans: The process of removing a portion of concentrated water by fresh water frequently from the
    boiler during steam production.

    10.Define Caustic embrittlement.


    Ans. Caustic embrittlement means inter crystalline cracking of boiler metal
    It is prevented by using sodium phosphate as softening agent instead of sodium carbonate

    11.How does dissolved oxygen cause boiler corrosion?


    Ans. Dissolved oxygen in water attacks the boiler material at higher temperature and precipitate
    the boiler material
    4Fe + 6H2O +3O2 → 4Fe(OH)3 ↓
    12.Why is hydrazine ideal for removing dissolved oxygen in water?
    Ans. N2H4 + O2 → N2 + 2H2O
    Hydrazine is ideal for removing DO in water since the products are water and
    inert nitrogen gas

    13.What is meant by internal conditioning? Give examples of boiler compounds?


    Ans. The removal of scale forming substances which were not completely removed in the external
    treatment by adding chemicals directly into the boilers. Boiler Compounds: Calgon/Phosphate/Carbonate

    14.What is meant by carbonate conditioning?


    Ans. Scale formation can be avoided by adding Na2CO3 to the boiler water.
    It is used only in low pressure boilers.
    The scale forming salt like CaSO4 is converted into CaCO3.
    CaSO4 + Na2CO3 → CaCO3 + Na2SO4

    15. Explain Calgon conditioning.


    Ans. Calgon is sodium hexa meta phosphate Na2[Na4(PO3)6]
    This reacts with calcium ions forming a highly soluble complex and
    thus prevents scale formation.
    2CaSO4 + Na2[Na4(PO3)6] → Na2[Ca2(PO3)6] + Na2SO4

    16..What are the advantages of zeolite process?


    Ans. 1.Water obtained by this process will have only hardness of 1-2 ppm.
    2.This method is cheap , because the regenerated zeolite can be used again.
    3. No sludge is formed during this process.
    4.The equipment used is compact and occupies a small space.
    5.Its operation is easy.

    17.What is zeolite?
    Ans. 1.Zeolites are naturraly occurring hydrated sodium aluminosilicate.
    Its general formula is Na2 O. AI2 O3. xSiO2. yH2O. (x=2-10, y=2-6)
    2.Synthetic zeolites is represented by Na2Ze.The sodium ions which are loosely
    held in Na2Ze are replaced by Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions present in the water.

    18.What are ion exchange resins?


    Ans. 1. Ion exchange resins are long chain, cross linked, insoluble organic polymers
    with a microporous structure.
    2.The functional groups attached to the chains are responsible for the ion exchanging
    properties.

    19.What are the disadvantages of demineralization process?


    Ans. Disadvantages:
     Water containing turbidity and Fe & Mg cannot be treated.
     Equipment is costly.

    20.Explain reverse osmosis.


    Ans. When two solutions of different concentrations are separated by a semi permeable membarane.
    Solvent flows from a region of lower concentration to higher concentration. This process is called osmosis
    When solvent flows from higher concentration to lower concentration this is called reverse osmosis.

    21.What is meant by desalination?


    Ans. The removal of dissolved salts(Sodium chloride) from water is known as desalination.
    22.How is the exhausted bed regenerated in demineralization process?
    Ans. Regeneration of Cation Exchange Resin: By adding HCl
    RCa + 2HCl → RH2 + CaCl2
    RMg + 2HCl → RH2 + MgCl2
    Regeneration of Anion Exchange Resin: By adding NaOH R’Cl2 +
    2NaOH → R’(OH) 2 +2 NaCl
    R’SO4 + 2NaOH → R’(OH) 2 + Na2 SO4

    23 What are the disadvantages of formation of deposits in boilers?


    Ans. 1. Wastage of fuels 2. Decrease in efficiency 3. Boiler explosion:

    24.Demineralised water is soft water but soft water is not demineralised water.Why?
    Ans. Soft water contains ions like Na+, K+, Cl- So2-. But demineralised water does not contains
    both anions and cations. Hence, soft water is not demineralised water. But, Demineralised water is
    soft water.

    25. Differentiate external and internal treatment


    No. External Internal
    1 Treatment carried out before Treatment carried out with in the
    entry into boiler boiler
    2 For high pressure boiler For low pressure boiler
    3 Preventive method Corrective method
    4 Treatment includes Soda-Lime Treatment includes Colloidal, Calgon,
    Process, Zeolite Process and Ion- Phosphate and Carbonate
    Exchange Process. Conditioning process

    26.How is hardness estimated? What is the indicator used in the method?


    Ans. *Hardness is determined by EDTA method(complexometric titration)
    *The indicator used is ErioChrome Black -T

    27.Mention few Units of hardness:


    Ans.* Parts per million(ppm)-It is defined as the no.of parts of CaCo3
    eqivalent hardness per 10 6 parts of water.
    *Milligram per litre(mg/lit)-It is defined as the no.of milligrams of
    CaCO3equivalent hardness per 1 litre of water.

    28.How is alkalinity in water determined and what are indicators used in the titration?
    Ans. Alkalinity in water is determined by titration with Std. HCl. The indicators used are
    phenolphthalein and methyl orange.

    29.If P=0, what is the nature of alkalinity?


    Ans. The water contains only Bicarbonate ions.

    30. Mention the requisites of a boiler feed water?


    The boiler feed water must have the following requirements.
    1 Hardness Less than 0.2 ppm 2 Soda alkalinity 0.15-1.0 ppm
    3 Caustic alkalinity 0.15-0.45 ppm 4 Excess soda ash 0.3-0.55 ppm
    5 Dissolved gases like O2, CO2 - 0 ppm

    31.Name the type of titration involved in the estimation of hardness?


    Ans.Complexometric titration by EDTA method
    32.When indicator is added the solution turns wine red. Give reason.
    Ans.. The Ca and Mg ions in the hard water form unstable complex with the indicator EBT in the
    pH range of 9-10, (Ca/Mg)-EBT complex gives the wine red colour.

    33. Why does the colour change to steel blue at the end point?
    Ans.. Ca and Mg ions form an unstable complex with the indicator EBT. As EDTA is added Ca
    and Mg ions forms stable colourless complex with EDTA, liberating EBT which is Steel Blue in
    colour.

    34.Why is EDTA used for complexometric titrations?


    Ans.s. EDTA is preferred in omplexometric titrations as it is a good complexing agent and
    forms stable, colourless complex with Ca and Mg ions.

    35.Hydroxide (OH-), Carbonate(CO32-) and Bicarbonate(HCO3-) ions do not co-exist, why?


    Ans.. As HCO3- combine with OH- to form CO32- , all the three cannot exists together.

    36.Among the three ions which are two ions neutralized at the phenolphalein end point?
    Ans. Hydroxide (OH-) and Carbonate(CO32-) ions are neutralized at the phenolphalein end point

    ***ALL THE BEST***

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