IR305 Reading List 2015-16

BSc International Relations 2015-16: IR305
Strategic Aspects
of International
Relations I
BSc (Econ) 2nd or 3rd Year
Professor Christopher Coker

Room CLM.5.09 (Administrator, Room CLM.6.11)
Recommended lectures IR305 (15)

Beginning Michaelmas Term
Week 1 MT: Mon 28 Sept 15 17.00-18.00 Room CLM.2.02
No lecture Week 2 MT (9 Oct)
Then Fridays 14.00-15.00
Room CLM.6.02
Classes (5): Mon 10.00-11.00
Tues 10.00-11.00
Tues 12.00-13.00
Tues 14.00-15.00
Wed 11.00-12.00
IR305 Strategic Aspects of International

Relations
Introduction
This is not a conventional Strategic Studies course. It is a course which treats
war as a cultural activity. Culture is now very much in fashion in International
Relations but its role is much disputed. My own understanding is that war is a
supremely cultural activity and the way societies think about it and practice it
are fundamentally influenced by cultural factors, such as attitudes to
technology, cultural predispositions (or ways of warfare), ethical preferences,
religious allegiances, and general attitudes towards globalisation (both for and
against). As a dynamic subject, the course material frequently changes: in
the Cold War we were interested in theories of nuclear deterrence and the
struggle between the superpowers in regions such as Southern Africa and
Central America. Subjects of interest now include everything from nuclear
proliferation, transnational organised crime, and even problems like AIDS
(described first by President Clinton in 2000 as a national security threat to
the United States).
Aims and Objectives
The aim of this course is to provide an intellectual challenge to academically
able students by engaging with difficult and demanding material in the IR field.
The material addresses a number of key normative issues such as the
evolving nature of war (both western and non-western), and the on-going
debate about the viability and legitimacy of the use of force in international
society. In providing an insight into the relationship between theory and
practice it will provide a basis for further study or for careers in government,
international organisations, media and the military.
The objective of the course is: to promote a critical engagement with a wide
range of literature, predominantly from the social sciences, but also including
contemporary literature, philosophy and sociology; and to display this
engagement through the development of a succinct writing style (for essays)
and the ability to present complex arguments in class presentations.
Brief Course Description
Every lecture series needs an approach. One can begin with the advice
Richard Southey received from his tutor when he went up to Oxford in 1793
You wont learn anything by attending my lectures; so if you have any studies
of your own, youd better pursue them. The academic world has changed
since then and you can no longer expect to hear such a frank admission. Yet
the lectures that I offer 15 in all are designed to inspire students to pursue
their own interests. By adopting a cultural approach marrying anthropology,
sociology, and even literature with different theories of war I hope the lectures
will enable you to pursue your interests more systematically. In that sense,
the lectures are designed to provide a framework within which you can place
the more interesting things that attract your fancy: what the Rambo film
2
culture has to say about American attitudes to war; or works such as William
Gibsons novel Virtual Light have to tell us about terrorism in the future; or
why a best seller, Tom Swoffords memoir of the Gulf War, Jarhead, still looks
back to the Achilles myth when attempting to define what makes a warrior
different from a soldier.
The lectures are intended, in other words, to bridge the gap between the
academic study of war and the experience of our time. They will provide a
commentary on the main security debates of our time.
At the moment there is no single text book to which I can direct you. The
three key works I recommend you buy are John Keegans History of War for
its cultural approach to military history, Martin Van Crevelds Transformation
of War to better understand the contemporary security environment, and
Sebastian Jungers War for its insight into the warriors personal experience of
war.
Books marked in bold in this reading list are recommended.
Teaching Methods
1.
2.
3.
There will be a series of 15 lectures (IR305) running through the

Michaelmas and Lent terms. A lecture list is provided overleaf. These
lectures are designed to provide an overview of the course syllabus
with commentary on the literature.
Fifteen weekly classes will be arranged, commencing in Week 3 of
Michaelmas Term. Please check the Sessional Timetable for details.
Revision classes will be offered in the Summer Term as well. Details
of Class Discussion Topics and some basic reading for each class
are also provided at the end of this syllabus (see below). Classes,
which are compulsory, are an opportunity to explore in depth particular
issues and to engage in discussion in a small group context. Students
will be expected to contribute to such discussions and present papers
each week.
Students will be expected to engage in independent study, employing
the reading lists provided to deepen their knowledge of the subject.
Course Requirements
Students will be required to write three essays (of c.1,500 words each) in the
course of the year, in Michaelmas and Lent Terms. The essays will be due in
the last week of November, February and April (precise deadlines to be set by
class tutors). The purpose of these essays is to provide experience of
summarising succinctly and engaging with complex material and to assist in
preparation of the course examination.
Students will be required to make presentations in class.
Course Assessment
Assessment will be via an unseen, three-hour examination in the Summer
Term (100%). For guidance some past examination papers are attached to
this document as an appendix. Students should note that International
Relations is an evolving subject and past examination papers need to be
treated with caution. Further guidance on the examination will be provided at
a later date.
Moodle
Moodle is the LSEs virtual learning environment a website bringing together
a range of resources and tools to support the IR305 course. The IR305
Moodle site is shared with the post-graduate course in the same area, IR415.
Material specific to either undergraduates or postgraduates is clearly marked
with the relevant course number.
Moodle is available anytime and from any place via the Internet. Features
include: course information and reading lists; access to readings (journal
articles and e pack readings, i.e. scanned readings that are not otherwise
available online), discussion and presentation boards, space for class
presentations and other work.
Moodle is accessed from the LSE home page (via the Apps menu in the top
right hand corner), or directly at http://moodle.lse.ac.uk using your LSE
network username and password. Help in using the system is available
online. The Centre for Teaching and Learning (CLT) also runs tutorials, which
students are encouraged to make use of.
SEE Moodle for full interactive reading list:

https://moodle.lse.ac.uk/course/view.php?id=4858
THOUGHT FOR THE DAY:

When the Russian tanks go west
Who will protect you and me?
Perhaps, Col. Slochoms 2nd Essex Rifles
And the Light Horse of the LSE
(Philip Larkin, 1968, on reading that the British Government was withdrawing from East of Suez)
IR305 Strategic Aspects of International

Relations
15 LECTURES
Strategic Theory (Weeks 1-4)
1
The Changing Character of Strategy: Antiquity to the Present
2.
Thinking about war: Clausewitz
3.
Thinking about war Sun Tzu & Thucydides
4.
The End of War?
Strategic Culture (Weeks 5-10)

5.
Humane Warfare
6.
READING WEEK-No Lecture or Classes
7.
War and Culture: Ways of Warfare
8.
War and Technology
9.
Asymmetrical Warfare
10.
The Risk Society at War
Strategic Practice (Weeks 11-16)

11.
Globalisation and War: the new security agenda
12.
NATO: the clash of political/military cultures
13.
Genocide
14.
The New Geo-politics
15.
War and the developing world
16.
Terrorism
Recommended Course Reading List

Baylis, John, Gray, Colin, Wirtz, John, Strategy in the contemporary world: an
introduction to strategic studies, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010 Course
collection U162 S89
Billingsley, Dodge, Fangs of a Lone Wolf: Chechen Tactics in the Russian Chechen
Wars 1994-2009
Billingsley, Dodge & Grau, Lester. Operation Anaconda: Americas First Major Battle
in Afghanistan
Bradley Jay Strawser; Jeff McMahan Killing by remote control: the ethics of an
unmanned military, New York: Oxford University Press 2013, Library Online Access
Bruce Riedel, Return of the Knights: al-Qaeda and the Fruits of Middle East
Disorder, Survival, Vol. 49, No. 3 (Autumn 2007), pp. 107-20
Clarke; Walter Jeffrey Ira Herbst,Learning from Somalia: the lessons of armed
humanitarian intervention, Boulder, Colo : Westview Press 1997, Course collection
books DT407 L43
Coker, C, Humane Warfare: the new ethics of post-modern war, Routledge, 2001
U21.2
C68
Chapter
1,
pp.
7-23.
online
at
https://catalogue.lse.ac.uk/Record/1219261
Coker, Christopher. Waging war without warriors? : the changing culture of military
conflict. Boulder, Colorado. : Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002, Chapter 4, pp.
61
82.
and
epack:
https://library
2.lse.ac.uk/elib/e_course_packs/IR305/IR305_16415.pdf
Coker, Christopher, Warrior Geeks: how technology is changing the way we fight and
think about war (London: Hurst, 2012)
Coker, C, (2009) War in an Age of Risk, Polity Press - U21.2 C68
Coker, Christopher, The Improbable War: China, the US and the logic of Great
Power conflict, (Hurst 2014)
Donald MacKenzie; Judy Wajcman, The social shaping of technology Open

University Press 1999. Library Online Access.
Edwards, Paul N. The closed world: computers and the politics of discourse in Cold
War America, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 1996, Library Online Access
Foster, Nigel Alwyn Changing the Army for Counterinsurgency Operations, Military
Review, Vol. LXXXV, No. 6 (November-December 2005), pp. 2-15
Freedman, Lawrence & Efraim Karsh, How Kuwait Was Won: Strategy in the Gulf
War, International Security, Vol. 16, No. 2 (Autumn 1991), pp. 5-41
Lawrence Freedman, Victims and victors: reflections on the Kosovo war, Review of
International Studies, Vol. 26 (2000), pp. 335-58
Freedman, Lawrence, War. Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press 1994. LSE
Library Course collection books U21.2 W25
Gray, Colin S, War, Peace and International Relations: an introduction to strategic
history, Routledge, U21.2 G77
Gray Colin S.The strategy bridge theory for practice, Oxford: Oxford University
Press 2010. Library Online Access.
Gray, Colin S. Another Bloody Century : Future Warfare London: Weidenfeld &
Nicolson, 2005. U21.2 G77 Chapter 4, pp. 131-167. U21.2 G77 and epack:
https://library-2.lse.ac.uk/e-lib/e_course_packs/IR305/IR305_16311.pdf
Gray, Colin S, Thinking Asymmetrically in Times of Terror, Parameters Spring 2002,
pp5-14.
Heuser, Beatrice, Reading Clausewitz, Blackwell, 2002. U55.C6 H59. Chapter 8
inepack:
https://library2.lse.ac.uk/elib/e_course_packs/IR305/IR305_16324.pdf
http://www.carlisle.army.mil/USAWC/Parameters/02spring/gray.htm
Joshua Johnson, From Cuba to Bolivia: Guevaras Foco Theory in Practice,
Innovations, Vol. 6 (2006), pp. 26-32 LINK
Kilcullen, David, The Accidental Guerrilla: fighting small wars in the midst of a big
one, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009, U240 K41 and online at:
Luttwak, E, Towards a post heroic warfare, Foreign Affairs, May/June 1995
http://heinonline.org.gate2.library.lse.ac.uk/HOL/Page?collection=journals&handle=h
ein.journals/fora74&id=495 and Post heroic military policy, Foreign Affairs,
July/August 1996 JX1 or
http://heinonline.org.gate2.library.lse.ac.uk/HOL/Page?collection=journals&handle=h
ein.journals/fora75&id=589
and online at
https://gate2.library.lse.ac.uk/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.gate2.library.lse.a
c.uk/docview/214225681
McFate, Sean, The Modern Mercenary: private armies and what they mean for world
order, OUP 2015
Moreno, Jos A. Che Guevara on Guerrilla Warfare: Doctrine, Practice and
Evaluation, Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 12, No. 2 (April 1970),
pp. 114-133
O Tuathail, Gearoid, Understanding Critical Geopolitics: Geopolitics and Risk
Society, Journal of Strategic Studies, 22, 2/3 (1999), pp107-124 MC U162 and
online at:
http://dx.doi.org.gate2.library.lse.ac.uk/10.1080/01402399908437756
Paul Williams, Security Studies: an introduction, London: Routledge c2008, Library
Online Access
Peter Paret, ed., Makers of Modern Strategy From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986)
Philip H. Gordon, Winning the Right War, Survival, Vol. 49, No. 4 (Winter 2007-08),
pp. 17-46
Peter R Neumann & MLR Smith, Strategic Terrorism: The Framework and its
Fallacies, Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 28, No. 4 (August 2005), pp. 571-95
Robert A. Pape Jr, Coercive Airpower in the Vietnam War, International Security,
Vol. 15, No. 2 (Autumn 1990), pp. 103-46
Rosencrance, Richard /Steven Miller (eds) The Next Great War: the roots of World
war 1 and the risk of US-China conflict ( MIT Press 2015)
Stephen Peter Rosen, Vietnam and the American theory of limited war, International
Security. Vol. 7, No. 2 (Fall 1982), pp. 83-113
Stone, John, Air-Power, Land-Power and the Challenge of Ethnic Conflict, Civil
Wars, Vol. 2, No. 3 (Autumn 1999), pp. 26-42
Stone, John, Clausewitzs Trinity and Contemporary Conflict, Civil Wars 9 (2007),
282-96.
Smith, M. L. R. & Roberts, S. War in the Grey: Exploring the Concept of Dirty War,
May 2008 In: STUDIES IN CONFLICT AND TERRORISM. 31, 5, p. 377-398
Smith, M. L. R. Escalation in Irregular War: Using the Principles of Strategic Theory
to Examine from Frist Principles, 2012 In: The Journal of Strategic Studies. 35, 5, p.
613-637
Smith, Rupert, The Utility of Force: The Art of War in the Modern World (London:
Allen Lane, 2005). U27 S65
Van Creveld, Martin, Technology and War: from 2000BC to the present, Free Press,
1991 D25 V21 [REC] Conclusion in epack:
Johnson, The Afghan Way of War: How and Why they Fight, Oxford University
Press, 2011.
Recommended Journals
Full Access available via LSE Library
Adelphi Papers IISS
Journal of Global History
African Security Review
Journal of Intelligence History
Asian Security
Journal of International
Peacekeeping
Civil Wars
Journal of Military History
Comparative Strategy
Journal of Peace Research
Conflict, Security & Development
Journal of Strategic Security
Ethics & International Affairs
Journal of Strategic Studies
European Journal of International
Security
Millennium
Foreign Affairs
Military Balance IISS
Foreign Policy
NATO Review
Geopolitics
Orbis
International Affairs
Parameters
International Organization
Review of International Studies
International Politics
RUSI Journal
International Security
Small Wars and Insurgencies
International Studies Quarterly
Strategic Comments IISS
International Studies Review
Strategic Studies Quarterly
Janes Defense Review
Strategic Survey IISS
Janes Defense Weekly
Studies in Conflict & Terrorism
Journal of Cold War Studies
Survival IISS
Journal of Conflict and Peace

Management
Terrorism & Political Violence

The World Today
Journal of Conflict Resolution

World Politics
9
Interesting Films
Ancient Warfare
Gladiator
300
Spartacus
Middle Ages
Henry V
Braveheart
Kingdom of Heaven
19th Century
Waterloo
Last of the Mohicans
Dances with Wolves
Gettysburg
Glory
The Patriot
Master &
Commander
The Alamo
Colonial Warfare
Zulu
Zulu Dawn
Breaker Morant
Battle of Algiers
Laurence of Arabia
World War 1
All Quiet on the
Western Front
Gallipoli
Paths of Glory
Le Grande Illusion
Sergeant York
World War 2
The Longest Day
Saving Private Ryan
A Bridge Too Far
Where Eagles Dare
Guns of Navarone
Enemy at the Gates
Memphis Belle
Das Boot
Run Silent Run Deep
Cross of Iron
The Battle of Britain
Empire of the Sun

The Sun
Downfall
The Great Escape
Days of Glory
The Thin Red Line
Cold War
Dr Strangelove
Red Alert
Platoon
Full Metal Jacket
Hamburger Hill
Apocalypse Now
We Were Soldiers
Hunt for Red October
Ice Station Zebra
Rambo 1,2,3,4
Thirteen Days
JFK
Nixon
The Good Shepherd
The Deer Hunter
The Fog of War
Civil War
Salvador
Romero
Lumumba
Dogs of War
Che
Of Gods & Men
The Wind that
Shakes the Barley
Catch a Fire
Genocide
Schindlers List
Hotel Rwanda
The Killing Fields
The Pianist
Shooting Dogs
Shake Hands with
the Devil
Post-Cold War
1990s
Black Hawk Down
Jarhead
The Siege
Patriot Games
Paradise Now
Munich
Delta Force 1
Commando
True Lies
Three Kings
Lord of War
Behind Enemy Lines
Crimson Tide
21st Century
Restrepo
Green Zone
The Kingdom
Zero Dark Thirty
Route Irish
The Hurt Locker
Redacted
Battle for Haditha
Body of Lies
Syriana
Waltz with Bashir
American Sniper
Act of Valour
Captain Philips
Spy game
Team America
Four Lions
Fahrenheit 9/11
Good Kill
Stop Loss
Lions for Lambs
Post-Apocalyptic
1984
Mad Max 1, 2, 3
The Road
Terminator 1 & 2
28 Days Later
28 Weeks Later
The Postman
Twelve Monkeys
District 13
The Matrix Trilogy
World War Z
10
Recommended You Tube Documentaries

BBC Empire Warriors- Insurgency in Aden, Palestine, Kenya, Malaya
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=bbc+empire+warriors&qpvt=bbc+empir
e+warriors&FORM=VDRE#view=detail&mid=5411893394F4A4A3BD8B5411
893394F4A4A3BD8B
http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x1vz709_bbc-empire-warriors-2of4-thejewish-war_shortfilms
http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x1vzxfe_bbc-empire-warriors-3of4-theintelligence-war_shortfilms
http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x1vzbvq_bbc-empire-warriors-4of4-thehunt-for-kimathi_shortfilms
Mexico's Drug War - BBC Documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ThcAPtAA0ec
Sendero Luminoso/People Of The Shining Path
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7aPCcC6tSUQ
In the Name of the People: El Salvador's Civil War 1985 DOCUMENTARY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHO-WiiZba0
The Fog of War - Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KSqnK_9WRA
First Tuesday: Four Hours In My Lai
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2VFxPNdBXps part 1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k7ESAvk2tVs part 2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fv5JJDQ4DfE part 3
BBC Documentary on Iraq War
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7AKnu8upe4Q
Northern Ireland: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wcS2LBx3nZ4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-LzeZGd12o
Al Qaeda:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Agi0UUO4Jog
Terror From Within (1995 Oklahoma Bombing Documentary)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tT5PS_cIjgo
Truth of the LTTE - Full Documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vDMAh9flF9E
Chechen War Beslan (2006)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zslPUpLkvDs
11
Afghanistan- Battle of Qala-I-Jangi 2002

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fMstzQQIgJw
REEL BAD ARABS: How Hollywood Vilifies a People
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aKD3CnPJNOE
Private Military Companies- Shadow Company
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vf80zCnl8Do
Humanitarian Intervention in Sierra Leone
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dp7Q018O6s4
Genocide in Srebrenica 1995
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fliw801iX84
GHOSTS OF ABU GHRAIB Documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bcGMsfs5Kt4
Torture: The Guantanamo Guidebook
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HCUzHnVeI10
The Devil came on horseback- The Janjaweed
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MX1Wm1jo5-c
Darfur Dilemma Sudan
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TfUHHEiOKeI
The Arab Awakening - Death of Fear
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8_4OzV8DLw
What Really Happens in Iraq. WARNING VERY GRAPHIC IMAGES! (BE
WARNED!) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n233Vyi21Vg
The Islamic State (Full Length)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AUjHb4C7b94
The Battle for Iraq: Shia Militias vs. the Islamic State
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pEZcCJIKkg
The Trident Missile System - Modern High Tech Weapons - Full Documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wj7Q1Z83pFA
Fault Lines - Deadly Force: Arming America's Police
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vciY_1e8n2o
12
COMBAT FILMS & RESEARCH DOCUMENTARIES

Operation Anaconda
Summary tbc
Virgin Soldiers
With unprecedented access, award winning filmmaker Dodge Billingsley tells the story of
India Company 3rd Battalion, 7th Marine regiment, crack U.S. frontline troops in Iraq. With
some as young as 19, the invasion of Iraq was the first time any of them had actually been
sent into combat. Experience a day in the life of these young men as they play a vital role in
the liberation of Iraq. With remarkable battle footage, Virgin Soldiers reveals the true story of
men who fought their way into the heart of Baghdad. "I have never seen a more accurate
portrayal of war than Virgin Soldiers. The documentary's greatest strength is showing the
perspective of war as lived by our junior enlisted Marines." - Captain Jeff Pool, Public Affairs
Officer for the 2nd Marine Division
"With unprecedented access to US troops during the war in Iraq, Billingsley documented a
month of fear, doubt, frustration and boredom as India Company made its way towards
Baghdad. He captured a picture of what life was really like for frontline soldiers, many of them
very young and in combat for the first time - who fought their way into the heart of the city.
Judges Comment: You can feel that the soldiers trusted him, which makes it one cut above
other features of embedded journalists. Technically outstanding."
Fog & Friction

War is complicated and has always been so. From Clausewitz, to Jomini to the think-tank of
the twentieth century, the military thinker has struggled with the concepts of Fog and Friction.
Today friendly-fire incidents, collateral damage, and plans that fall apart under the stress of
combat seem unavoidable. Marines from 3rd Battalion 7 Marine Regiment prepare to cross
into Iraq during the race for Baghdad, unsure of the enemys strength amidst a number of
confusing signals. Later, Marines and soldiers from 1st Battalion of the 187th Combat Brigade
find themselves on the outskirts of Baghdad, facing a determined enemy conducting
operations from a complex urban landscape. In another part of the world, the pilots and
gunners of Bravo Company Apaches take heavy fire requiring them to improvise new tactics
ad hoc during Operation Anaconda in eastern Afghanistan. So too, the war reporter in both
Afghanistan and Iraq also struggles to make sense of his experience, to convey the story of
war, often without the operational knowledge that soldiers receive. Fog and Friction seeks to
add clarity to confusion by examining war today as it is fought and reported.
Swift & Company K: 3/25 Marines Engage in West Africa

On November 10, 2003 members of Kilo Company 3rd Battalion 25th Marine Regiment flew
to West Africa to participate in joint training with local military forces in the countries of Ghana,
The Gambia, and Senegal. Swift and Company K follows Kilo Company 3/25 Marines as they
interact for the first time with their West African counterparts. As one of only three reserve
infantry battalions not activated for deployment since September 11, 2001, this is the unit's
first overseas deployment, consisting of a variety of missions including joint patrol, helo
insertions, live-fire exercises with multiple weapons, riverine operations, and amphibious
landings. In the context of increased global security concerns, Kilo Company's mission to
Africa also marks an increasing US interest in Africa. It also gave the Marines a chance to
13
engage one-to-one with West African soldiers at a time when stereotypes of Africa, Muslims,
Christians, and Americans are hazy at best.
Fault Lines and Pipelines

The beautiful and historic Caucasus Mountains are home to three major conflicts in the former
Soviet Union, Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia and Chechnya, and multiple minor struggles.
Corruption is rampant and coups, random killing and kidnappings are so prevalent that
foreigners in Georgia's capitol Tbilisi are warned not to walk after dark in its most affluent
district, Rustaveli, more commonly referred to as the "red zone". Intertwined in this convoluted
political and geographic landscape is a significant portion of the world's known oil reserves.
The Caspian Sea basin boasts great fields of crude and natural gas with one major caveatthere is no accessible sea route to get the precious energy sources to the world market.
Pipelines, constantly under sabotage, exist running east to west through the Caucasus
valleys to the Black sea, while a more aggressive international pipeline project spanning the
region is in various stages of planning and preparation. The Baku-Ceyhan pipeline will skirt
four regional wars and numerous ethnic enclaves where war can break out at any moment.
Fault Lines and Pipelines examines this intriguing yet treacherous region in the context for a
secure pipeline route.
Chechnya: A look inside Chechnyas Warrior Culture

Chechnya: Separatism or Jihad? examines the nature of Islam in the ongoing Chechen
conflict. In early 1995, numerous foreign mujahadeen arrived in Chechnya to assist the
separatist movement, and there have been foreigners there ever since. Their contribution on
the battlefield and their influence in the political situation within the Chechen resistance is not
clear and has often been politically manipulated by all sides in the conflict. More disturbing,
four large-scale hostage taking raids into Russia in the past decade, Budyonnovsk (1995),
Kizlar (1996), Moscow Theater (2002) and Beslan (2004), now referred to as "spectaculars,"
seem to run parallel to the radicalization of the conflict and serve as a chronological timeline
for the story and illustrate an evolution and escalation of militant Chechen tactics. Chechnya:
Separatism or Jihad? explores the larger question of wether or not the Chechen
independence movement has been hijacked by militant islam.
Arms Bazaar
War is complicated and has always been so. From Clausewitz, to Jomini to the think-tank of
the twentieth century, the military thinker has struggled with the concepts of Fog and Friction.
Today friendly-fire incidents, collateral damage, and plans that fall apart under the stress of
combat seem unavoidable. Marines from 3rd Battalion 7 Marine Regiment prepare to cross
into Iraq during the race for Baghdad, unsure of the enemys strength amidst a number of
confusing signals. Later, Marines and soldiers from 1st Battalion of the 187th Combat Brigade
find themselves on the outskirts of Baghdad, facing a determined enemy conducting
operations from a complex urban landscape. In another part of the world, the pilots and
gunners of Bravo Company Apaches take heavy fire requiring them to improvise new tactics
ad hoc during Operation Anaconda in eastern Afghanistan. So too, the war reporter in both
Afghanistan and Iraq also struggles to make sense of his experience, to convey the story of
war, often without the operational knowledge that soldiers receive. Fog and Friction seeks to
add clarity to confusion by examining war today as it is fought and reported.
Unfortunate Brothers: The Dilemmas of Korean Unification

Shot over the course of three years, Unfortunate Brothers: Korea's Reunification Dilemma
seeks to explore these issues by following Mr. Lee, a North Korean defector trying to adjust to
life in his newly adopted South Korean homeland. Through Mr. Lee's intensely personal
14
account of his journey from North Korea, as well as expert interviews, the film tries to unravel
the riddle of Korean unification and promote deeper understanding of two countries many of
us know little about. The Beyond the Border series is a collection of documentary films
covering conflict, geography, politics, history and current affairs. Produced by Combat Films &
Research for the David M. Kennedy Center for International Studies at Brigham Young
University, the series examines events, trends and stories from around the world with an
emphasis on international relations.
Immortal Fortress
Award winning Immortal fortress takes the viewer on a dangerous behind-the-scenes journey
into Chechnya, exploring the tiny mountain republic's war-driven culture whil searching for its
most prolific warrior, Shamil Basayev. After centuries of blood feuds and resistance to all
foreign occupiers, the warrior cult defines Chechen society. Ideally every Chechen man is first
a warrior. Shamil Basayev personifies this warrior spirit. to Russia and the west he is a
terrorist, but to man in Chechnya a hero. The surprise attack on the Russian city
of Budyonnovsk in 1995 and the invasion of Dagestan in 1999 have given him international
attention and brought Russia back to the battlefield. Immortal fortress is a riveting look behind
the scenes of one of the world's most controversial men and least understood cultures. It
answers the broader question of why Shamil Basayev and thousands of other Chechens fight.
"The wild west may be gone but there are still a few places on the planet were everyday
events are larger than life. One such place is Chechnya, where Dodge Billingsley went to
shoot a documentary on the region. the result is on of those rare films that its you in the gut,
but makes you a bit more informed at the same time. these people come from a different
culture, and the voices and images enable you to connect with it. Not necessarily agree with
it, but certainly understand the Chechen thought process. It's not fiction, but fact, and
compellingly presented fact at that." -Jim Dunnigan (Author of "How to Make War" and "A Quk
Dirty Guide to War")
Helen Foster Snow: Witness to Revolution

Summary tbc
Masses to Masses: An artist in Maos China
What happens to the individual artist when culture becomes a tool of government? From the
Masses to the Masses is the story of Jin Zhilin, a Chinese artist whose career was altered
dramatically by the currents that shaped Communist China. Jin responded to Mao Zedong's
call for artists to learn from the masses and create for the masses. But after Mao launched
the Cultural Revolution in 1966 to purge China's intellectuals and those he deemed
insufficiently "red," Jin found himself on the wrong side of the new artistic mandate and was
imprisoned. Sent to Yan'an upon his release, Jin was finally able to pursue his lifelong
passion: to learn from the masses, in this case the traditional artists of Yan'an. With his
students, Song Ruxin, Feng Shanyun, and Chen Shanqiao, he spent the next seven years
capturing his life and history of the revolutionary capital using oil, watercolor and woodblock
prints. From the Masses to the Masses features original art, restored and preserved, and
interviews with the artists to document the hardships and dreams of artists during this
important watershed period in modern Chinese history.
15
Ukraine Sonata
As the shadow of soviet control slipped away from the former satellite states, Ukraine
stepped forward and declared its independence. free of Moscow's grip, hone is the state
funding that supported the arts. Music is an abandoned program. Once a source of great
pride and honor for the former Soviet Republics, many formerly celebrated musicians are
now destitute. Young students of music have an uncertain future. The spiritual repression
of the Soviet era, ironically, inspired creative genius and stands in marked contrast to the
state of music today in Ukraine. As communism collapsed, a surge of nationalism
emerged in the light of freedom as the population and musicians alike searched for a
heritage from a history dominated by Russia. Ukraine Sonata looks at the years before,
during, and after the great "Perestroika" of the Soviet Union and how the Independent
Republic of Ukraine is negotiating the changes on a musical level.
Global Car
Global Car examines globalization by exploring the dynamics of the automotive global supply
chain. The car is a symbol of American ingenuity and technological progress. Beyond that, it
is a symbol of the American psyche. But there's probably not truly an American car that's built
anymore. Consumers often do not appreciate how much their lifestyle depends on global
networks of goods and services. Trade balance, domestic content, off-shoring, outsourcing what do these things mean to the average American? By looking at one vehicle - the Dodge
Ram pickup - and tracing the origins of its component parts from all over the world, a symbol
of the world economy appears, and it is in your garage.
16
Recommended Fictional Books

Mark Twain, A Connecticut Yankee in the Court of King Arthur for
understanding the catastrophic problems of regime change and state building.
A Yankee engineer from Connecticut is accidentally transported back in time
to the court of King Arthur, where he fools the inhabitants of that time into
thinking he is a magicianand soon uses his knowledge of modern
technology to become a "magician" in earnest, stunning the English of the
Early Middle Ages with such feats as demolitions, fireworks and the shoring
up of a holy well. He attempts to modernize the past, but in the end he is
unable to prevent the death of Arthur and an interdict against him by the
Catholic Church of the time, which grows fearful of his power.
Stephen Cranes The Red Badge of Courage excellent for how war shatters
romantic illusions very quickly. Taking place during the American Civil War,
the story is about a young Private of the Union Army, Henry Fleming, who
flees from the field of battle. Overcome with shame, he longs for a wound, a
"red badge of courage," to counteract his cowardice. When his regiment once
again faces the enemy, Henry acts as standard bearer.
Frederick Manning Her Privates We for a different take on WW1 from the
English war poets - why even the bloodiest of wars do not always appear
meaningless for the participants. Set during the Battle of the Somme and told
from the perspective of an ordinary private.
Tolstoy Hadji Murat for the encounter between the western and non-western
worlds. Set in the 19th Century in the Caucasus, the protagonist is Hadji
Murat, an Avar rebel commander who, for reasons of personal revenge,
forges an uneasy alliance with the Russians he had been fighting.
Norman Mailer, The Naked and the Dead is a 1948 novel based on his
experiences with the 112th Cavalry Regiment during the Philippines Campaign
in World War II. The book is interesting for exploring how 20th Century wars
produced the 'big' issues and ideas that the War on Terror doesn't.
Tim O'Brien, The Things They Carried for the realities of asymmetrical
warfare. The protagonist, who is named Tim OBrien, begins by describing an
event that occurred in the middle of his Vietnam experience. The Things
They Carried catalogs the variety of things his fellow soldiers in the Alpha
Company brought on their missions. Several of these things are intangible,
including guilt and fear, while others are specific physical objects, including
matches, morphine, M-1 6 rifles, and M&Ms candy.
Don Delillos short story Human Moments in World War 3 for the realities of
drone warfare. A first person story told by an astronaut, in orbit around the
Earth, accompanied by Vollmer, in which they both discover the human
moments while a non-nuclear WWIII rages down below.
Most of these works are discussed in my book Men at War: what fiction tells
us about conflict from the Iliad to Catch-22 (Hurst 2014)
17
STRATEGIC THEORY
The term strategy must be one of the most commonly used terms in public
discourse. It is employed to refer to anything from state policy to personal
choices. Yet, few appreciate what this term really is, and what it implies as a
system of inquiry. In fact, I have rarely been called upon to state what it is that
explicitly underpins a strategic theory approach to the study of social
phenomena.
The notion of strategic theory as a method of analysis has slowly, over the
course of 40 years, permeated the domain of international relations and
political studies via the work of those like Thomas Schelling and Colin Gray
classic strategic theorists and has been increasingly used and
acknowledged as a tool to assist in the comprehension of decision making.
One of the best statements of the utility of strategic theory has been given by
Harry Yarger: Strategic theory opens the mind to all the possibilities and
forces at play, prompting us to consider the costs and risks of our decisions
and weigh the consequences of those of our adversaries, allies, and others.
In essence, strategic theory is the study of correlations between ends and
means, including the use, or threat of use, of armed force as a conscious
choice of political actors who are intent on rationally pursuing their objectives
18
Strategic Thinking & The Changing Character of War

One day in the summer of 1945 at 08.15, the 29 year old Tsutomu Yamaguchi was walking
towards the dockyards in Hiroshima where he worked as a draftsman designing oil tankers for
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. His three-month secondment to the shipyard was due to end the
morning the Americans dropped the first atomic bombs. The bomber was the Enola Gay, so
named after the pilots mother and the baby in her belly nicknamed Little Boy weighted more
than 40 tonnes. It took one minute to reach the target. Almost instantly a fireball expanded
into a mushroom cloud. The picture of the cloud snapped by the military photographer
George Caron is one of the most iconic photographs ever taken. Yamaguchi was unlucky.
He fled to his home two days walk from the city. He arrived in Nagasaki just in time to
experience the second bomb.
The Pacific War was so far the only atomic war weve experienced. But conventional war was
bad enough. Twenty-seven million Russians alone died during 1941-5. Earlier still, in one
days battle on the Somme in 1916, 20,000 British soldiers were killed. If that was a
percentage of the present US population, the figure would be 280,000.
Wars now involve much reduced expenditure of human capital and correspondingly less
material damage. Precision guided munitions enable more accurate targeting. Public news
media demands minimum collateral damage. Wars are no longer fought about ideas and
ideologies but about interests, and even more, the management of risks. What we are
witnessing is a clash of cultural styles between a post-modern world (the West) and the
modern one and both employ violence very differently.
LECTURE
Bauman, Zygmunt, 'Reconnaissance Wars of the Planetary Frontland'. Theory, Culture and
Society 19, no. 4 (2002) or
http://tcs.sagepub.com.gate2.library.lse.ac.uk/content/19/4/81.full.pdf+html
Creveld, Martin Van, The Changing Face of War: Lessons of Combat, from the Marne to Iraq
(New York: Ballentine Books, 2006). D431 V21
Coker, Christopher, The Warrior Ethos : Military Culture and the War on Terror New York, NY:
Routledge, 2007. U21.2 C68
Edmunds, Timothy, 'What Are the Armed Forces For? The Changing Nature of Militaries in
Europe'. International Affairs 82, no. 6 (2006): 1059-75. JX1 or
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2006.00588.x
Freedman, Lawrence, 'The Age of Liberal Wars'. Review of International Studies 31 (2005)
Supplement S1. 93-107. JX1 or
Hillman, James. A Terrible Love of War. Penguin. London 2004. Chapter 1, pp. 1-42 U21.2
H65 or epack
Laidi, Zaki, A World without Meaning: The Crisis of Meaning in International Politics.
Translated by June Burnham and Jenny Coulon (London: Routledge, 1998). D860
L18 and online via:
Smith, Rupert, The Utility of Force: The Art of War in the Modern World (London: Allen Lane,
2005). U27 S65
19
CLASS
QUESTION: How has the character of war changed since 1815?
The Changing Character of War
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qGIsrM9pZrc
Top 10 Bloodiest Wars of the Last Century
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j_Z67hjsi0s
Iraq Explained -- ISIS, Syria and War
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQPlREDW-Ro
Is War Over? A Paradox Explained
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NbuUW9i-mHs
NEED TO KNOW | The ghost city: Inside Mogadishu, Somalia | PBS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xv72Hh-9Fh0
Crime and Violence in Central America
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w6DfQ11b5EM
Is crime in South Africa worse since Apartheid?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xteF2DVCCvQ
Thinking about war: Clausewitz

The two classic writers Sun Tzu and Clausewitz have done more than any other to shape
western strategic thinking. It is often argued that strategy transcends both the time in which it
is formulated and the culture from within which it emerges. There may be societies that do
not think strategically, but they are not important ones. Tribes dont think in terms of strategic
choices but all states do which is why the writing of the oldest strategic writer, Sun Tzu, is
timeless.
And it is interesting that months before the last Gulf War the US distributed 100,000 books to
its forces in the Gulf, among them The Art of War. The force commander, General Tommy
Franks, could quote much of Sun Tzu by heart. The notion of attacking the enemy
psychologically without firing a shot is attributed to Colonel John Boyd, an American tactician
whom Donald Rumsfeld calls the most influential military thinker since Sun Tzu.
Does Sun Tzus importance in the modern American military bear out Michael Handels belief
that there is no truth to the prevailing contention that both Clausewitz and Sun Tzu epitomise
opposing culture-bound approaches to the study and conduct of war?
But the very first man to write about war, Thucydides, has still much to tell us, particularly
about wars paradoxical nature. It is said that when he was Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of
Staff Colin Powell used to display a quote on his desk from Thucydides History: Of all
exercises of power, restraint is the greatest. It was at the heart of what came to be known as
the Powell Doctrine. Thucydides, as it happened, never said it, but he came near to saying it
in the sixth book of his History, putting the words into the mouth of an Athenian general,
Nicias. It is an illustration of Thucydides famous irony: life, and particularly war, is full of
paradoxes. Once used, military power can diminish very rapidly.
20
I shall argue in this lecture that although strategy is indeed culture bound, the strategic
thinking of both writers must be located in a cultural context: a distinctive Chinese, and
western way of thinking about war. One is holistic, the other dialectical. It is only by
understanding the cultural and philosophical presuppositions of both books that one can
grasp the importance of what their authors are saying.
LECTURE
Clausewitz, Carl von, On War (trans) Michael Howard/Peter Paret, Princeton University
Press, 1976 [avoid the Penguin edition with the Introduction by Anatol Rapoport] U102 C61
Gardner, N, Resurrecting the Icon: The Enduring Relevance of Clausewitzs On War,
Strategic Studies Quarterly, Spring 2009
http://www.au.af.mil.gate2.library.lse.ac.uk/au/ssq/2009/Spring/Gardner.pdf
Heuser, Beatrice, Reading Clausewitz, Blackwell, 2002. U55.C6 H59. Chapter 8 in epack:
Holmes, Terence, Planning versus Chaos in Clausewitzs On War, Journal of Strategic
Studies, 30:1, February 2007
Meilinger, Philip, Restoring balance to the influence of Clausewitz, Strategic Studies
Quarterly, 1:1 Fall 2007 http://www.au.af.mil/au/ssq/2007/Fall/Meilinger.pdf
Paret, Peter, Clausewitz in his time: essays in the cultural and intellectual history of thinking
about war, (Berghahn books 2015)
Stoker, Donald, Clausewitz: his life and work, OUP 2014
Strachan, H Clausewitz in the twenty-first century Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007
U102.C6643 C61 and electronic resource:
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com.gate2.library.lse.ac.uk/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/97
80199232024.001.0001/acprof-9780199232024
Schuurman, Bart, Clausewitz and New War School, Parameters, 40:1, Spring 2010
http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/Articles/2010spring/40-12010_schuurman.pdf
CLASS
QUESTION: Can we find contemporary examples of the centre of
gravity; the fog of war; moral forces; and clash of wills?
Stone, John, Clausewitzs Trinity and Contemporary Conflict, Civil Wars 9 (2007), 282-96
Honig, Jan Willem, Interpreting Clausewitz, Security Studies 3:3 Spring 1994 D31
https://gate2.library.lse.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09636419409347562
Joint Vision 2020
http://www.fraw.org.uk/files/peace/us_dod_2000.pdf
21
Joint Vision 2020 Emphasizes Full-spectrum Dominance

http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=45289
Clausewitz and Contemporary War
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otJp3Qt7Vuw
USAWC expert discusses Clausewitz
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pSF_UtEWnCg
Donald Stoker | Clausewitz: His Life and Work
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g8K312sz9to
Thinking about Thucydides & Sun Tzu

LECTURE
Bartley, C M, (2005) The Art of Terrorism: What Sun Tzu can teach us about International
Terrorism, Comparative Strategy, 24(3), July-August, pp237-251. Available online
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=18448840&site=eho
st-live
Berkowitz, B, (2003) John Boyd: The America Sun Tzu, Orbis: A Journal of World Affairs,
47(2), Spring, pp370-5. JX1 and http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0030-4387(03)00012-7
Coker, C, (2003) What would Sun Tzu say about the war on terrorism?, RUSI Journal, Vol
148:1, February, pp 16-19. Available online at:
Connor,
W.
Robert,
Thucydides,
Princeton
University
http://quod.lib.umich.edu.gate2.library.lse.ac.uk/cgi/t/text/textidx?c=acls;idno=heb01431
Press,
1985
Grinter, L, Cultural and Historical Influences on conflict in Sinic Asia: China, Japan and
Vietnam in Blank, S (ed), Conflict and Culture in History, Washington, 1993
Orwin, Clifford, The Humanity of Thucydides, Princeton University Press, 1994 DF229.T6
O71
Platias, Athanassios and Koliopoulos, Constantinos Thucydides on Strategy: Grand
Strategies in the Peloponnesian War and their relevance today, Hurst, 2010 NOT IN
BLPES
Strassler, Robert Landmark Thucydides New York: Free Press, 1998, DF229.T55 T53
Sun Tzu, The Art of War (many editions) UNESCO (326) [REC]
Wee, C H, (Trans and Commentary), (2003) Sun Zi Art of War: An Illustrated Translation with
Asian Perspectives and Insights, Singapore: Prentice Hall
Yuen, Derek, Deciphering Sun Tzu (Hurst 2014)
22
CLASS
QUESTION: Can we apply an analysis based on the ideas of Thucydides
and Sun Tzu to the invasion of Iraq in 2003?.
Lebow, Richard Ned, The Tragic Vision of Politics, Cambridge University Press, 2003,
UA10.5 L44 or online at:
McCready, D M, (Chaplain/Colonel, US Army Reserve), (2003) Learning from Sun Tzu,
Parameters, May-June, pp85-88.http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/
Peloponnesian War and Thucydides

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EfYvXXxz_hU
Thucydides: A Master Historian
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1x3Ii1diRPI
Sun Tsu - The Art of War
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VMNaULHLH9c
The Art of War, By Sun Tzu. Chapter 1 Modern Interpretation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2dcAUYozdmI
The End of War?

A few years ago at the height of the war in Bosnia, General Slavko Lisica tried to shame Serb
conscripts in Croatia into fighting by declaring that all those that are not prepared to defend
the glory of the Serbian nation should lay down their arms and take off their uniforms. To his
astonishment, they all did, including their commanding officer. Furious, he shouted at them to
remove everything, including their underpants, and with the exception of one man, they
removed everything and marched off completely naked. Later the recruits managed to
commandeer a cannon and used it to shell Lisicas headquarters. Elsewhere, back in Serbia
itself, young men mainly reacted by determined draft dodging.
From such stories writers such as John Mueller have deduced that war is coming to an end,
even if warfare is not. We were inundated at the end of the twentieth century with books
promising the end of art, the end of nature, the end of science, and the end of history.
Foucault famously even predicted the end of Man. It is possible to write a book about the end
of war? Mueller has. This lecture will explain that although modern states may be structurally
unfit for war, war retains its iron grip on culture. It is a self-replicating pattern of behaviour, a
self-reproducing cultural activity. And it appears to be one of the most robust cultural
activities of all. War still has a future.
LECTURE
Clarke, M, Does War Have A Future in Lindley-French, J and Boyer, Y (eds) The Oxford
Handbook of War, Oxford University Press, 2012
23
Coker, Christopher, The Future of War : The Re-Enchantment of War in the Twenty-First
Century, Blackwell Manifestos Malden, MA ; Oxford, Eng.: Blackwell Pub., 2004.
U21.2 C68 and online at: https://catalogue.lse.ac.uk/Record/1210236
Horgan, John The End of War, McSweeney Books: San Francisco 2012 [NOT in BPLES]
Hedges, Chris. War Is a Force that Gives Us Meaning. 2002. Public Affairs, NY. Perseus
Books Group. 210 pages. Chapter 1: The Myth of War, pp. 19-42 and epack:
Mandelbaum, Michael, Is Major War Obsolete? Survival 40(4) Winter 1998-9 U162
https://gate2.library.lse.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/survival/40.4.20
Mueller, J, The Banality of Ethnic War International Security 25(1) Summer 2000 JX1 and
online: http://www.jstor.org.gate2.library.lse.ac.uk/stable/2626773
Van Creveld, M, The Rise and Decline of the State, Cambridge University Press, 1999 JC11
V21 and online at:
https://gate2.library.lse.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511497599
CLASS
QUESTION: Can war be eliminated?
Gat, Azur, Is War Declining and Why?, Journal of Peace Research 50:2 2013
Gerr, T, Ethnic Warfare on the wane, Foreign Affairs 79(3) May/June 2000 JX1 and online:
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=3008909&site=ehos
t-live
Mueller, J, War has almost ceased to exist - an assessment, Political Science Quarterly
124:2, 2009
John Horgan: The End of War?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vM6rvequsz4
The Evolution of a Global Peace System
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f1HMRAZNQd8
24
STRATEGIC CULTURE
According to Hudson, constructivism views culture as an evolving system of
shared meaning that governs perceptions, communications, and
actions...Culture shapes practice in both the short and long term. At the
moment of action, culture provides the elements of grammar that define the
situation, that reveal motives, and that set forth a strategy for success.
Cultural approaches to strategic studies have existed in various forms for
hundreds of years. The argument that culture influences national security
policy is grounded in classic works, including the writings of Thucydides and
Sun Tzu. Clausewitz advanced these ideas by recognizing war and warfighting strategy as a test of moral and physical forces.
The goal of strategy was much more than defeat of the enemy on the
th
battlefieldit was the elimination of the enemys morale. In the 20 century,

national character studies linked Japanese and German strategic choices in
World War II to deeply rooted cultural factors. Russell Weigleys 1973 classic,
The American Way of Warfare, further underlined the importance of cultural
roots of strategic dispositions. Jack Snyders work on Soviet nuclear strategy
during the Cold War directed scholarly attention to the key link between
political and military culture and strategic choice.
Recent events have renewed scholarly interest in the role of culture in
international security. Scholars and practitioners have begun to interpret
challenges like democratization in Iraq, U.S.-China trade disputes, nuclear
tensions with Iran, and the war on terror through the lens of national identity and
culture. Contemporary scholarship claims that a focus on strategic culture offers
valuable perspective on military doctrine and critical choices such as nuclear
strategy and the use of force.
25
Humane Warfare
There has been a major attempt to humanise warfare in the past 20 years. There are many
descriptions of this term: that war is now post-modern; post-heroic; virtual (or virtuous);
network-centric etc. But isnt humane warfare a contradiction in terms? Isnt all war, by
definition, inhumane? Doesnt Clausewitz tell his readers that to try and fight humanely is
ridiculous: that war is by nature bloody and that it is impossible to win without bloodshed?
The lecture will take further the work that I began in my book Humane Warfare (2001) and it
will use the same framework, looking at the subject in terms of three concepts (1) humanism;
(2) humane weapons systems; (3) humanitarianism.
LECTURE
Coker, C, Humane Warfare: the new ethics of post-modern war, Routledge, 2001
U21.2 C68 [SET]
Daalder, Ivo, OHanlon, Michael, Winning Ugly: NATOs War to save Kosovo, Brookings,
2000 DR2087 D11 [NORM]
Ignatieff, Michael, Virtual War: Kosovo and Beyond, Chatto & Windus, 2000
DR2087 I21 [NORM]
Krauthammer, Charles, The Short Unhappy Life of Humanitarian War, The National Interest,
57:4, 1999, pp5-8 E183.7
Luttwak, E, Towards a post heroic warfare, Foreign Affairs, May/June 1995 and Post heroic
military policy, Foreign Affairs, July/August 1996 JX1
McInnes, C, Spectator Sport War: the West and contemporary conflict, Lynne Rienner, 2002
U21.2 M47 [SET]
Toffler, A D, War and Anti-War, 1993 U102 T64 [1_WK]
Virilio, Paul, Pure War, Semiotext(e) 1997 U21.2 V81 [SET]
CLASS
QUESTION: How and why has the West tried to make war more
humane?
Hickery, James, Precision-guided munitions and human suffering in war,
Ashgate 2012
Miller, Mark, Spectacle: Operation Desert Storm and the Triumph of Illusion, Simon &
Schuster, 1992 XX(725816.1)
Norris, Christopher, Uncritical Theory: Post-modernism, intellectuals and the Gulf War,
Lawrence & Wishart, 1994 HM101 N85 [REC]
Gulf War Highway of Death
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=gulf+war+highway+of+death&qs=n&form=QBVR&pq=
gulf+war+highway+of+death&sc=0-12&sp=1&sk=&ghc=1#view=detail&mid=4E9591157DA9F76462324E9591157DA9F7646232
26
USMC Venon Multi-launcher

http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=MILITARY+non+lethal+weapons&qs=n&form=QBVR&
pq=military+non+lethal+weapons&sc=018&sp=1&sk=#view=detail&mid=ADE73299567E130D804CADE73299567E130D804C
USMC Active Denial System
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=USMC+ACTIVE+DENIAL+SYSTEM&FORM=HDRSC3
#view=detail&mid=B5C40333D4965D23E231B5C40333D4965D23E231
BBC Psychological-Operations in Afghanistan
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4w18t5pntyI
President Clinton Policy on Humanitarian Military intervention in Somalia
http://www.c-span.org/video/?51257-1/un-intervention-somalia
British Intervention in Sierra Leone
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=british+intervention+in+sierra+leone&qs=AS&form=QB
VR&pq=british+intervention+&sc=421&sp=1&sk=#view=detail&mid=C23F9F7487FC511E8FEAC23F9F7487FC511E8FEA
War and Culture: Ways of Warfare

Eurocentrism, were told, is an abiding sin. But it persists. When Life magazine employed
two dozen editors in September 1997 to compile a list of the 100 most important men and
women of the last millennium, they came to the conclusion that the West had a
disproportionate number of global movers and shakers. All but seventeen of the hundred
were of western origin. This, the magazine told its readers, reflected not the biases of its
editors, but the socio-political realities of the past thousand years.
Whether one agrees with this list or not, its fairly incontrovertible that the West has been
supreme in war for the past two hundred years. The thesis that there is a distinctive Western
way of war which can be traced back to the Greeks has done much to enhance the reputation
both of Victor Davis Hanson and John Keegan. Hansons book Culture and Carnage was on
the top of President Bushs reading list in 2003.
This lecture will discuss whether there is a Western way of war, and whether it is possible to
endorse Hansons claim that there are military affinities across time and space in Western
war-making that are uncanny, enduring and too often ignored. There are at least three
criticisms that have been made of the thesis. The first is that it is overly reductionist
historically: second, that it is guilty of Orientalism; third, that it is guilty of Occidentalism. In
short, there is no straight highway from the ancient world to modern times. Instead there are
a number of roads, some cul-de-sacs, other false turns, and some that lead nowhere.
LECTURE
Black, Jeremy, War and the Cultural Turn (Cambridge: Polity, 2012), CB481 B62
Bousquet, Antoine, The Scientific Way of Warfare: order and chaos on the battlefields of
modernity, Hurst, 2008, F8693
Buley, Benjamin, The New American Way of War: military culture and the political utility of
force, Routledge, 2007, U21.2 C68 and online at
Coker, Christopher. Waging war without warriors? : the changing culture of military conflict.
Boulder, Colorado. : Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002, Chapter 4, pp. 61 82. and
epack:
27
Hanson, Victor Davis, The Western Way of War: Infantry Battle in Classical Greece,
University of California Press, 1998 U33 H25 [SET]
Anthony Davis How the Taliban became a military force in William Mahey(ed)
Fundamentalism Reborn: Afhghanistan and the Taliban Hurst:1998 DS371.3
CLASS
QUESTION: Is there a western way of warfare?

Echevarria, Antulio, Towards an American Way of War, Strategic Studies Institute, 2004
http://www.dtic.mil/futurejointwarfare/ideas_concepts/echeverria_american_way_of_w
ar.pdf
Porter, Patrick, Good Anthropology, Bad History: the cultural turn in studying war,
Parameters, 37:2 Summer 2007
Victor Davis Hanson in NAS Conference Keynote: "Western Culture is Unique"

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KR7Bezi380w
Victor Davis Hanson: In Defense of Liberty: 3 Poisonous Ideologies Destroying the West
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OqYvJhtUe1s part 1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gMdiaC-RnBs part 2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUxHz1xON74 part 3
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XOffaUquN5s part 4
WWII Blitzkrieg Lightning War
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XFFcxqGaTbg
Ancient Discoveries - Chinese Warfare
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P9ed2pIvOEw
War and Technology

The United States is instrumentalising war in terms of the three ps: productivity;
predictability; and programming. The computer, write George and Meredith Friedman in The
Future of War, has become the definitive mark of the American system, and what makes it
definitive is its pragmatic character. For the computer does not contemplate aesthetic, moral
or ethical issues. Its programming language focuses on solving immediate and practical
QUESTIONs. To that extent, it expresses the American spirit and defines a style of warfare
that even Americas allies find they cannot replicate, even if they wished to.
We are now in an age of Information. War has become an exercise in information processing.
It has been pioneered by the United States . The Americans (some claim) through the
Military Transformation (as the Revolution of Military Affairs is now more commonly known
have even challenged two principal features of war which have not been challenged by
technology before: the fog of war and its nonlinearity. The problem with the Military
Transformation is that it doesnt tell you how to fight. All it offers is a way to address three
traditional problems which all armies have faced throughout history. First, it solves the
problems associated with the culminating point of operations the point beyond which it is
impossible to logistically support forces in the field. Second, it offers the US military
information dominance including the complete knowledge of enemy dispositions. Finally, it
allows the US to paralyse the enemys command and control systems. In all three respects,
28
the new technologies have given the United States a decisive advantage tactically, but they
have not enabled the US to transform tactical success into a decisive political outcome.
Since 1991, however, weve seen another, possibly decisive, change in the character of war:
the Coming of The Machines. Robotics is undoubtedly the future. In 1991 in the last hours of
the Gulf War, a CNN camera crew caught sight of five Iraqi soldiers surrendering to an
unmanned American machine called Pioneer. It was the first time in history that soldiers had
surrendered to a robot. By the time of the Second Gulf War ten years later, over 5000 robots
were being used in the field. Over the skies of Iraq and Afghanistan the drone has become
the definitive image of the American way of war.
LECTURE
Van Creveld, Martin, Technology and War: from 2000BC to the present, Free Press, 1991
D25 V21 [REC] Conclusion in epack:
Boot, Max. War Made New: Technology, Warfare, and the Course of History: 1500 to Today.
Gotham Books, NY and Penguin London. 2006. 617 p. The Rise of the Information
Age, pp. 307-317. D214 B72
Freedman, Lawrence, The Revolution in Strategic Affairs, Adelphi Paper: 318 London: IISS,
1998 U162 F85 [NORM]
Gray, C.S. Strategy for Chaos: Revolutions in military affairs and the evidence of history,
London:
Cass,
2004,
U162
G77
and
online
at:
Etzioni, Amatai, Unmanned Aircraft Systems: the moral and legal case, Joint Forces
Quarterly, Issue 57:2 2010 http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/images/jfq-57/etzioni.pdf
Boyle, Michael, The Costs and Consequence of Drone Warfare, International Affairs 89:1
2013
Williams, Brian, The CIAs Covert Predator Drone War in Pakistan 2004-10, Studies in
Conflict and Terrorism 33:10, 2010.
CLASS
QUESTION: Is technology the determining factor in the way in which the
West chooses to engage in war?
Chamayou, Gregoire,Drone theory, (Penguin 2015)
Carpenter, Charli, Dont fear the Reaper: four misconceptions about how we think about
drones, Foreign Policy 7, June 2011
Kaag, John & Kreps, Sarah, Drone warfare (Univ of Massachusetts 2014)
Sloan, Geoffrey, Military Doctrine, command philosophy and the generation of
power: genesis and theory, International Affairs 88:2 2012
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.gate2.library.lse.ac.uk/doi/10.1111/j.14682346.2012.01069.x/abstract
fighting
29
An Introduction to American Empire | American Empire

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6fD7ew69wiI
U.S. imperialism in Nicaragua and Latin America
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5d_J-fUG_b0
CrossTalk: Imperial Pax Americana
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XFgMz2bAXBU
Drones: A military revolution
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xbnmpi49vg4
RISE OF THE DRONES
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ikuu2VU2WCk
Peter Warren Singer, "Cybersecurity and Cyberwar: What Everyone Needs to Know"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0SXO5KUZIo
Asymmetrical Warfare
This lecture will begin with three propositions: the first that asymmetrical warfare means
different things to different writers but it is not a shorthand for strategy. Strategy is a
dialectical process: pitting opposites against each other; subject and object; theory and
reality; war and politics; attack and defence; intent and execution. The dialectic of warfare is
grounded on the fact that pure symmetry would result in stalemate. The dialectic means that
theres always, to a greater or lesser extent, asymmetry within warfare. The second
proposition is that asymmetry is a mark of culture and different cultures fight in different ways.
Asymmetric warfare is not about acting out of character, but in character. The third
proposition is that asymmetrical warfare is as old as the encounter between different cultures
and not, as we might think, the encounter between the West and the non-Western worlds.
If asymmetric warfare has been an intrinsic feature of war for centuries, why is it so much
talked about today? Largely because of globalisation which has highlighted five key types of
asymmetry: asymmetry of interest; will; values; strategy and tactics; and time. In other words,
asymmetrical wars now highlight the increased complexity of warfare.
LECTURE
Arreguin-Toft, Ivan, How the Weak Win Wars: A Theory of Asymmetric Conflict, International
Security, Vol 26, No. 1 (Summer 2001) pp 93-128.
Fischer Keller, Michael, David versus Goliath: cultural judgements in asymmetric wars,
Security
Studies,
7:4,
1998,
pp1-43
JX1
and
online
at:
Gray, Colin S, Thinking Asymmetrically in Times of Terror, Parameters Spring 2002, pp5-14.
http://www.carlisle.army.mil/USAWC/Parameters/02spring/gray.htm
Gray, Colin S, Irregular Enemies and the Essence of Strategy: Can the American Way of War
Adapt?,
Strategic
Studies
Institute,
Carlisle,
2006
http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/download.cfm?q=650
30
Gray, Colin S, Irregular Warfare: One Nature, Many Characters, Strategic Studies Quarterly,
Winter 2007
Hashim, Ahmed S, The Insurgency in Iraq, Small Wars & Insurgencies 14:3 September 2003
Sullivan, Patricia, War aims and war outcomes; why powerful states lose limited wars
Journal of Conflict resolution 51:3 2007
CLASS
QUESTION: Are all wars asymmetrical?
Smith, M.L.R. Guerrillas in the Mist: Reassessing Strategy and Low Intensity Warfare. Jan
2003 In Review of International Studies. 29,1, p. 19-37
McMaster, H R, On War: Lessons to be Learned, Survival 50:1 February/March 2008
http://www.tandfonline.com.gate2.library.lse.ac.uk/doi/pdf/10.1080/003963308018994
39
Iraqi Insurgency Documentary and Counterinsurgency

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNLHM-Rn5EI
Pentagon Sets Asymmetric War as High Priority
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nmNYIa_FuY0
Asymmetric Warfare: Peoples Tactics & Sun Tzus Art of War
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nSmwaLrFgqc
Asymmetric Warfare Group
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8IFDe2MSpPs
Michael Walzer on Moral Responsibility in Asymmetric Warfare
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=28Nrq8THvoc
The Risk Society at War

In this lecture I shall invite you to look at the general climate of war through the eyes of
sociologists, anthropologists, economists and others who address the subject of risk the
definitive theme of the age. The eclectic range of authors upon whom I shall draw are there
for a reason: to illustrate my principal thesis: that war has become risk management in all but
name.
From Ulrich Beck I have taken the idea of risk as the predominant reality of our times.
Clausewitz tells us that every age fights wars in its own ways, which is why every era of war
has its own defining characteristics. This is what he means by the word grammar but it is not
a word that comes easily to mind when looking at ourselves. When you speak your own
language grammar is usually the last thing you learn; when you begin to study a foreign
language it is usually the first. For the role of grammar is to make conscious the ways in
which language unites meaning and function. Grammar is difficult for those who already know
a language because meaning and function are fused and seem indivisible. This is why we
often know so little about ourselves and why I have chosen to use the work of sociologists in
this lecture course in an attempt to throw light on the reasons why the West wages war as it
now does.
31
LECTURE
Beck, U. (1992) Risk Society. Trans. Ritter, M. London: Sage Publications. HM101 B39
Coker, C, (2009) War in an Age of Risk, Polity Press - U21.2 C68
Heng, Yee-Kuang, War as Risk Management: Strategy and Conflict in an age of globalised
risks, Routledge, 2006, pp. 115-143. UA646 H51 and epack:
Williams, Michael J., NATO, security and risk management : from Kosovo to Khandahar.
Abingdon ; New York : Routledge, 2009. Chapter 2, pp. 9-24, epack:
Rasmussen, Mikkel, The Risk Society at War, Cambridge University Press, 2007, JZ1253
R22
Power, M. (2004) Risk Management of Everything. Rethinking the Politics of Uncertainty.
London: DEMOS. HD61 P88
CLASS
QUESTION: What are the strengths and weaknesses of the risk society
argument?
Tuathail, G.O. (1999) Understanding Critical Geopolitics: Geopolitics and Risk Society. The
Journal of Strategic Studies 22 (2/3), 107-124. U162 or
Rasmussen, M.V. (2004) It Sounds Like a Riddle: Security Studies, the War on Terror and
Risk, Millennium: Journal of International Studies 33 (2), 381-395. JX1
Complexity management: Wicked problems

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LmwLr_UDjiI
Counter-Terrorism & Infrastructure Protection
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GFdPu5FXQwQ
Operation Allied Protector (documentary) - NATO in Gulf of Aden mission
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4mLLirNS7bE
Analysis: Why Did Somalia Piracy Begin? Democracy Now 4/14/09 1 of 2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0X2yChphxkk
SOMALIA PIRATES CAUGHT BY WARSHIP
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QBrG5NVzPh0
32
STRATEGIC PRACTICE
War, the waging and avoidance of it, may have been the central
preoccupation of states for the last few hundred years, but increasingly
security is no longer linked to traditionally concepts of war. Since time
immemorial man has sought security. But what is security in an age when war
in the West seems ever more obsolete? In recent years, the primary threat to
the security of many major states has not been war waged by another state.
Instead, non-state terrorism, disease and environmental change have become
primary concerns. Whereas security was once threatened by strong states,
today weak states such as Afghanistan, Pakistan and Somalia seem to pose
the greatest challenges. At the same time issues such as global warming
threaten more death and destruction that war ever did. How can the state
achieve security in this environment?
The issues, themes and dynamics explored and analysed in the first half will include:
New forms of conflict in the post-Cold War period; Ethnicity and national citizenship
in contemporary conflicts; Terrorism, insurgency and political violence; Issues of
gender in conflict; Sovereignty, the Nation-State and international intervention; New
forms of international conflict management
33
Globalisation and War: The New Security Agenda

The civilised and the barbarians, the conquerors and the conquered, the coloniser and
the colonised, North and South. Whatever the labels attached to these two spheres, more
developed civilisations have always bordered societies less advanced, less organised and
less powerful. Yet the contrast between these two poles has never seemed as stark as
today. While globalisation is increasingly creating a single global economy and society,
another trend that of marginalisation seems to be creating a group of global outcasts.
Global inequality (both of income and living standards) has not, in fact, increased since 1960.
What has happened instead is that the developing world has become more differentiated.
The first group of developing economies in south-east Asia and Central Europe is increasingly
catching up with the developed world. A second group of countries in Asia and the Americas
including China, India and Brazil, has managed to establish some important links with the
globalised world while still suffering from grave structural problems. The third group consists
of large parts of equatorial Africa and Central Asia. These countries have been largely
uncoupled from the global economy.
Rather late in the day, our politicians have begun to recognise that the main security threats
we face in future will result from the exclusion rather than integration of this world. The end of
the Cold War and collapse of the Soviet Union spurred the search for a new conceptual
framework that would define international security agendas. The comparatively
straightforward traditional security threats of the bipolar order were replaced by a plethora of
pervasive transnational challenges. Many trends and phenomena that had largely been
treated as matters of internal state order and of low politics, were recast as urgent
challenges to regional and international security. Attention was particularly focused on the
perceived potential of transnational organised crime, environmental degradation, and HIVAIDS epidemics to undermine the integrity and stability of all states.
As a State Department Official commented in 2003, global capitalism needs a human face.
Otherwise the fighters for Third Worldism are more likely to be recruited from the Third World
countries themselves. And because the old anti-imperialist slogans of the past no longer ring
true, these ideologies are being replaced by more deeply-rooted cultural value systems, such
as religion. In turn, a globalised arms market may equip these twenty-first century warriors
with the necessary hardware. Small arms such as the ubiquitous AK-47 or anti personnel
landmines are being mass-produced in over fifty countries and flow freely into conflict areas
the world over. Know-how for low-tech weapons such as fertiliser bombs is easily available
on the internet. Weapons of mass destruction are more available than ever, mainly from the
former Soviet Bloc which now offers both expertise and components on the world market. Is
this the human face of our global future?
LECTURE
Emmers, Ralf, The Securitisation of Transnational Crime in ASEAN, Working Paper No 39,
Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, Singapore, November 2002 DS526.7 E51
Joyce-Hasham, Miriyam, Emerging Threats on the Internet, Briefing Paper, New Series 15
(Chatham House), July 2000 DT727
Mittelman, J and Johnston, R, The Globalisation of Organised Crime, The Courtesan State
and the corruption of Civil Society, Global Governance 5:1 (1999) JX1901 and online
at:
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=2004469&site=ehos
t-live
Dyer, Hugh, Environmental Security and International Relations: the case for enclosure,
Review of International Studies 27 (3), 2001 JX1 and online at:
34
http://www.swetswise.com/link/access_db?issn=14699044&vol=27&iss=3&page=441&year=2001
Litfin, Karen, Constructing Environmental Security and Ecological Interdependence, Global
Governance, 5:3, July-September 1999 JX1901 and online at:
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=2339978&site=ehost-live
Brower, Jennifer & Chalk, Peter, Factors Associated with the Increased Incidence and
Spread of Infectious Diseases, chapter 2 in The Global Threat of New and Reemerging
Infectious
Diseases,
Santa
Monica,
CA,
2003,
online:
http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR1602/MR1602.ch2.pdf
Brower, Jennifer & Chalk, Peter, US Capabilities to Counter Infectious Diseases, chapter 5 in
The Global Threat of New and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Santa Monica, CA,
2003, online: http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR1602/MR1602.ch5.pdf
Prescott, Elizabeth, SARS: A Warning, Survival, Autumn 2003, pp. 207-226. U162
(use the InformaWorld not the SwetsWise on LSE library to access this article) and
online at:
http://www.informaworld.com/openurl?genre=article&issn=00396338&volume=45&issue=3&spage=207
Eberstadt, Nicholas The Future of Aids: Grim Toll in Russia, China, and India, Foreign
Affairs, November/December 2002. JX1 and online at:
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=7568881&site=ehost-live
Price-Smith, Andrew T, Infectious Disease and Security, Chapter 4 of The Health of Nations,
Cambridge, Mass: 2002 RA643 P94
Davis, Michael C and Raj Kumar, C, The Scars of SARS - Balancing Human Rights and
Public Health Concerns, Hong Kong Lawyer, May 2003. Online: http://www.hklawyer.com/2003-5/May03-phprac.htm
CLASS
QUESTION: In a globalised world are there more important security risks
than war?
Baldwin, David, Security Studies and the End of the Cold War, in International Security:
Volume III, Eds Barry Buzan and Lene Lansen. London: Sage Publications, 2007
JX1 and online
Coker, Christopher, Globalisation and Insecurity in the Twenty-first Century: NATO and the
Management of Risk (Adelphi Paper 345) London: IISS, 2002 UA646.3 C68
Cilluffo, Frank and Salmoiraghi, George, And the Winner is. the Albanian Mafia, The
Washington Quarterly Autumn 1999 JX1
Russian Mafia Documentary on Russian Organized Crime Full Documenatry

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cxXq5byB7WA
35
Special Report: Spread Of Ebola In West Africa

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=24MgktJKyc0
The Frozen Regions of The Earth and Climate Change Documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xaaYiF4uQ3M
Waters Wars How Aquatic Scarcity sparks Conflicts between States
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AZ1kyhRr4B8
NATO: the clash of political/military cultures

NATO is debating whether it should go global now that it is fighting its first war in
Afghanistan. It is desperately trying to prove its relevance in the War on Terror but it is losing
much of its credibility in the eyes of some. This lecture will provide a framework for discussing
whether NATO has a future, and how it might be reformed.
LECTURE
Ackerman, Alice, The changing transatlantic approach: a socio cultural approach,
International Politics, 40 (1) 2003 pp121-36, JX1 or
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, An Agenda for NATO, Foreign Affairs, 88:5 Sept/Oct 2009
http://heinonline.org.gate2.library.lse.ac.uk/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/fora88&i
d=768&collection=journals&index=journals/fora
Cottey, Andrew, NATO: globalisation or redundancy?, Contemporary Security Policy 25.3,
2004
0574
Daalder, Ivo H/Stavridis, James, NATOs Victory in Libya, Foreign Affairs, 91:2 2012, JX1
or http://search.proquest.com.gate2.library.lse.ac.uk/docview/923213994
Dorman, Andrew, NATOs 2012 Chicago Summit: a chance to ignore the issues once again,
International Affairs 88:2 2012 JX1 and online at:
https://gate2.library.lse.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01072.x
Hallams, Ellen, Towards a post-American alliance, International Affairs Vol.88:2 2012
Flockhart, Trine, Towards a Strong NATO Narrative: From a practice of talking to a practice
http://www.palgraveof
doing,
International
Politics,
49:1
2012,
journals.com.gate2.library.lse.ac.uk/ip/journal/v49/n1/full/ip201131a.html
Flockhart, Trine, Towards a strong Nato narrative: from the practice of talking
the practice of doing International Politics 49:1 (2012)
to
Harries, Owen, The Collapse of The West, Foreign Affairs, vol 72, no 4, 1993, pp41-53 JX1
and online at:
https://gate2.library.lse.ac.uk/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.gate2.library.lse.ac
.uk/docview/214283019
36
Kashmeri, Sarwar NATO:reboot or Delete, Potomac Books, 2011

Kupchan, Charles, The End of the West, Atlantic Monthly, 290, 2002, 4 Online at:
http://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/2002/11/kupchan.htm
Kay, Sean, What went wrong with NATO? Cambridge Review of International Affairs 18:1
April 2005 JX1 or
89
Walt, Stephen, Why alliances endure or collapse, Survival 39:1,1997
CLASS
QUESTION: Can NATO survive the contemporary challenges posed by
Russia/IS?
Rasmussen, Anders Fogh, NATO after Libya: the Atlantic Alliance in austere times, Foreign
Affairs, 90:2 2011
Yost, David, NATOs evolving purposes and the next strategic concept, International Affairs
86:2, 2010
Zyga, Ioanna-Nikoletta, Emerging Security Challenges: a glue for NATO and partners?,
Research paper 85, NATO Defense College, November 2012
Williams, M J, Empire Lite Revisited: NATO, the comprehensive approach and state building
in
Afghanistan,
International
Peacekeeping,
18:1
2011
http://www.tandfonline.com.gate2.library.lse.ac.uk/doi/abs/10.1080/13533312.2011.5
27513
Wallander, Celeste A. Institutional Assets and Adaptability: NATO After the Cold War,
International Organization 54:4 (2000), 705-35.
The history of NATO - video timeline

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MkqFg7HIpEg
President Clinton's News Conference on Kosovo & NATO Action (1999)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lG9p44P4l2M
KOSOVO JUNE 1999: NATO BOMBS VILLAGE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w9eldAkajnw
Lessons of Kosovo: Operation Allied Force
PART 1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sberCNmEjoQ
PART 2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gW8xdzF76lA
PART3
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v6lmAyYEYJM&list=PL05DADF2F5CC641F6&index=3
PART 4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BTBOKSEQSeE
PART 5 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QNzTp7I6OOE
Ukraine Crisis Escalates as Russian Forces Cross Border, NATO Moves to Expand in Region
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-HQ38gMfSOg
37
Head to Head - NATO: Guardian of peace or bellicose bully?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wu43miZNfvc
Genocide
Genocide it is claimed is as old as humanity an observation that can be challenged. In its
modern form it derives its force from the concept of Objective Criminality first introduced in
the French Revolution and from the revolutions slogan Liberty Equality Fraternity or
Death! As Chamfort famously remarked, the ideology of the revolution could be summed up
by the slogan Be my brother or I will kill you. It was a remark that got him condemned to the
guillotine by the revolutionary tribunal. The slogan of the revolution gave rise to the three
dominant ideologies of the modern era liberalism, socialism and fascism. All three
ideologies were at war with each other for much of the twentieth century. Genocide was (and
still is) an instrument of war and as such it will be discussed in this lecture.
LECTURE
Bartrop, Paul, The relationship between war and genocide in the C20th: a
consideration Journal of Genocide Research 4; 4 2002
Bauman, Zygmunt, Modernity and the Holocaust, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1989 HM26 B34
Hinton, Alex, Annihilating Difference: the Anthropology of Genocide
(Berkeley: Univ of California 2002)
Leven, Mark, The Crisis of Genocide, OUP 2014 (2 volumes)
Meierhenrich, Jens, ed., Genocide: A Reader (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013)
Power, Samantha, A Problem from Hell: America and the age of genocide, London: Flamingo
Publishing, 2002, HV6322.7 P88
Shaw, Martin, War and Genocide, Cambridge, 2003 U21.2 S53
Shaw, Martin The general hybridity of war and genocide Journal of Genocide Research 9:3
2007
Valentino B, Final Solutions: the causes of mass killing and genocide, Security Studies 9(3)
Spring 2000 JX1 or online at:
CLASS
QUESTION: Is genocide an act of war?
Mahmood Mamdani, The Politics of Naming: Genocide, Civil War, and Insurgency, London
Review of Books, March 8, 2007.
Andrew Woolford, Ontological Destruction: Genocide and Canadian Aboriginal Peoples,
Genocide Studies & Prevention, Vol. 4, No. 1 (April 2009), pp. 81-97.
38
Tribes Battle for Rwandan Capital: New Massacres Reported, The New York Times, April
16, 1994.
American Holocaust of Native American Indians (FULL Documentary)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gTrbVf6SrCc
Namibia - Genocide and the Second Reich
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O4OZ7Xc5pWQ
The Armenian Journey - A Story Of An Armenian Genocide
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gE-XI6blXB0
Rwanda Genocide documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Sa4jkLjRQA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y9_sDp1PGYg PART 1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xhl59JqTHBY PART 2
Cambodian Genocide - Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-SI8RF6wDE
The New Geo-Politics

We live (we are told) in a post-American world. The US is battling to shore up its hegemonic
position. The rise of China is opening up the prospect of a forthcoming (though not inevitable)
war between the two countries. There is also a new Great Game and Scramble for Africa
taking place primarily amongst the US, Russia, and China for control of areas rich in natural
resources. Whilst contemporary geo-political games may be considered by many to be
fundamental to understanding and explaining the underlying logic and relationships of key
international conflicts, however, critiques of geopolitical thought must also be addressed.
LECTURE
Philips, Andrew, War, Religion and Empire: The Transformation of International Orders,
Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2011 BL65.I56 P55 and e-book:
http://ebooks.cambridge.org.gate2.library.lse.ac.uk/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9780511761102
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and its Geostrategic
Imperatives, New York: Basic Books, 1997, MC E840 B91 and online at:
http://search.proquest.com.gate2.library.lse.ac.uk/docview/230934812/abstract?acco
untid=9630
Cooper, Robert, The Breaking of Nations: Order and Chaos in the Twenty-First Century
(London: Atlantic Books, 2004) JZ1308 C77
Kearns, Gerry, 'Naturalising empire: echoes of Mackinder for the next American century?'
Geopolitics 11 (2006) 74-98
MC JC319 or online at:
http://www.swetswise.com/link/access_db?issn=1557-3028&vol=11&iss=1
Klare, Michael, and Volman, Daniel, America, China, and the Scramble for Africas Oil,
Review of African Political Economy, 33, 108 (2006), 297-309, MC HC800 or online at:
http://www.swetswise.com/link/access_db?issn=1740-1720&vol=33&iss=108
39
Ikenberry, John, Liberal Leviathan: The Origins, Crisis and Transformation of the American
World Order, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2011 E895 I21 or
He, Kai, and Feng, Hulyun If not soft balancing, then what? Reconsidering soft balancing and
American policy towards China Security Studies, Vol 17, 2008 online at:
Buzan, Barry, A leader without followers? The United States in World Politics after Bush
International
Politics,
Vol
45,
2008
online
at:
https://gate2.library.lse.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ip.2008.21
Ferguson, Nial, Colossus: The Rise and Fall of the American Empire, London: Penguin, 2005
JZ1480 F47
Blunden, Margaret, Geopolitics and the Northern Sea-route, International Affairs 88:1 2012
JX1 or online at:
https://gate2.library.lse.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.14682346.2012.01060.x.
CLASS
QUESTION: What are the main geopolitical challenges facing the world
today?
Buzan, Barry, A World Order without Superpowers International Relations Vol 25:1, 2011
online at:
O Tuathail, Gearoid, Understanding Critical Geopolitics: Geopolitics and Risk Society,
Journal of Strategic Studies, 22, 2/3 (1999), pp107-124 MC U162 and online at:
Nexon, Daniel, Whats at stake in the American Empire debate? The American Political
Science Review, Vol 101:2 2007
Geopolitical and Geo Economic Thinking on the Arctic Presentation by Heather Conley
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MeikaZX4Bu8
China vs USA Empires at war Documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6ysthZCBDk
'Japan, US struggle to contain China at any cost'
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5er19YH_d6M
The Great Game Was Never Ended
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uO-OImVlg-I
Alexander Cooley on the New Great Game in Central Asia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mW4d5aP1uYM
40
War and the developing world

Mary Kaldor and other writers are firmly of the school that war as we have traditionally known
it is over, as too is the warrior as a class or caste of men. Instead, wars of our time whether
in the Balkans or Rwanda, are not clashes between cultures or civilisations, nor are they the
result of recent ethnic hatreds, but manufactured conflicts, born of the collapse of civil society,
perpetuated by greed, paranoia and fear, and run largely by gangsters. We tell ourselves that
there are still wars. We accept at face value the ideological veneer in which others wrap them
because of the myths of war: the myth of the Serbian warrior who will fight to the death to
honour the Battle of Kosovo (1381) or the myth more recently of the Taliban soldier, the
warrior of God, willing to die for his faith. As a result we are often prevented from intervening.
Myths are dangerous when swallowed whole, for they permit us to stand aside.
Kaldor is not alone in that view. Michael Ignatieff also found the new warrior in the
paramilitary, guerrillas and warlords, in the barefoot boys with Kalashnikovs, the paramilitary
in wraparound sunglasses, the turbaned zealots of the Taliban who check their prayer mats
next to their guns. Others too have seen what they find to be criminals or Mafiosi figures
fighting in the name of war but dishonouring its message.
LECTURE
Keen, David, A rational kind of madness, Oxford Development Studies, 25:1, 1997,
HD1751 and online at:
https://gate2.library.lse.ac.uk/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct
=true&db=bth&AN=9703173250&site=ehost-live
Hoffman, Danny, The Civilian Target in Sierra Leone and Liberia: Political Power, Military
Strategy, and Humanitarian Intervention, African Affairs, 103/411, 2004 DT1 and
online at:
Keen, David, Greed and Grievance in Civil War International Affairs 88:4, 2012
Duffield, M, Post-Modern Conflict: War Lords, Post-Adjustment and Private Protection, Civil
Wars April 1998 and online at:
Cramer, Civil War is not a stupid thing: accounting for violence in developing countries, Hurst
2006 HN981.V5 C88
Cillufo, Frank, And the Winner Is.the Albanian Mafia, Washington Quarterly, 22:4, Autumn
1999 JX1
Bowen, J R, The Myth of Global Ethnic Conflict, Journal of Democracy 7:f 1996: pp3-14
JC421 and online at:
http://muse.jhu.edu.gate2.library.lse.ac.uk/journals/journal_of_democracy/v007/7.4bo
wen.html
Wood, Reed, Rebel capability and Strategic violence against civilians Journal of Peace
Research 47 (5) 2010 Online at:
http://www.swetswise.com/link/access_db?issn=00223433&vol=47&iss=5&part=&page=601&
year=2010
41
CLASS
QUESTION: Most wars are now civil wars. (World bank Report)(2013)
Do you agree?
War, Hunger & Displacement Vol.1
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198297390.001.0001/acprof9780198297390
War, Hunger & Displacement Vol.2
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198297406.001.0001/acprof9780198297406
Sudan ... History of a Broken Land

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5RtG7IEKN34
Forgotten War Colombia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xatVsK25-F4
History of the war in Sri Lanka BBC
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PlN_copvSmg
Africas Civil Wars Sierra Leone Documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JcOplqsgTqQ
Haiti and the 'Devil's Curse'
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EVwqar4e4Ks
Terrorism
The War on Terror was the paradigm of first choice in the United States before President
Obama came to power. Whether it is a war or not is hotly debated. It will be debated here in
terms of its ideological, methodological and conceptual features. Ideologically, it involves the
claim that fundamentalist groups are depersonalising enemies by reintroducing the concept of
objective criminality into the political discourse, while making their attacks more lethal than
ever. Methodologically, we will look at the rise of virtual networks and of Al Qaeda as a new
phenomenon. Conceptually, we will discuss the extent to which terrorism can be seen as a
reaction not to modernity, but globalisation. Further attention will be paid to the concept that
there may be a terrorist mentality and what that term means.
LECTURE
Cronin, Audrey Kurth, Transnational Terrorism and Security, chapter 13 in Brown, Michael
(ed) Grave New World, Washington DC: Georgetown University Press, 2003, pp 279301
JZ5588
G77
Epack:
https://library-2.lse.ac.uk/elib/e_course_packs/IR305/IR305_42541.pdf
Kilcullen, David, The Accidental Guerrilla: fighting small wars in the midst of a big one,
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009, U240 K41 and online at:
42
Stevenson, Jonathan, Counter-terrorism: containment and beyond, Adelphi Paper 367,

London: IISS, 2004. U162 S84
Stern, Jessica, The Protean Enemy, Foreign Affairs, 82:4 July/August 2003, pp 27-40 JX1
and online:
st-live
Hoffman, Bruce, Inside Terrorism (Revised and Expanded Edition), New York: Columbia
University Press, 2006 HV6431 H69
Derschowitz, Alan, Why Terrorism Works, Yale University Press 2002 HV6431 D43
Cronin, Audrey Kurth, How Al Qaida Ends: the decline and demise of terrorism groups,
International Security 31:1, 2006
Byman, Daniel, Do Targeted Killings Work?, Foreign Affairs, Mar/April 2006, Vol 85, Issue 2
JX1 and online at:
st-live
Bloom, Mia, Dying to Kill: The Allure of Suicide Terror, New York: Columbia University Press,
2005 HV6431 B65
Boyle, Michael, Bargaining, Fear and Denial: explaining violence against civilians in Iraq
2004-2007, Terrorism and Political Violence 21:2 2009, HV6431 and
CLASS
QUESTION: Can terrorism only be managed rather than defeated?
Gerges, Fawaz, The Far Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global, London: Cambridge University
Press, 2005 BP182 G36 and online at: https://catalogue.lse.ac.uk/Record/1115923
Gartenstein-Ross, Daveed, Dabruzzi, Kyle, Jihads New Leaders, Middle East Quarterly,
Summer 2007, Vol 14, Issue 3
Gabriel, Mark A, Journey into the Mind of an Islamic Terrorism: Why They Hate Us and How
We Can Change Their Minds, Lake Mary, FL: Frontline, 2006 BP182 G11
Stern, Jessica, The Protean Enemy, Foreign Affairs, 82:4 July/August 2003, pp 27-40 JX1
and online:
st-live
Philip H. Gordon, Winning the Right War, Survival, Vol. 49, No. 4 (Winter 2007-08), pp. 1746
Peter R Neumann & MLR Smith, Strategic Terrorism: The Framework and its Fallacies,
Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 28, No. 4 (August 2005), pp. 571-95
43
Bruce Riedel, Return of the Knights: al-Qaeda and the Fruits of Middle East Disorder,
Survival, Vol. 49, No. 3 (Autumn 2007), pp. 107-20
10 Of The Worst Terrorist Attacks In History

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUsHMDE2InE
Exclusive Osama Bin Laden - First Ever TV Interview
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dqQwnqjA-6w
Imam Anjem Choudary justifies Paris France Islamic Terrorism Fox News Sean Hannity
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uxwJCf7JYfI
The REAL HISTORY Of TERRORISM (Military War Documentary)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uttAxMqdv1Y
Peshawar: Video footage of gun and suicide attack on Shia Muslim mosque by Taliban in
Peshawar
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJV9uPQ1WIc&oref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.co
m%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DoJV9uPQ1WIc&has_verified=1
Roadside Bombing in Basra, Iraq
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HLtFzHoH_Y8&oref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.co
m%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DHLtFzHoH_Y8&has_verified=1
a SUICIDE BOMBER (actual video)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x2pnlNgjGI&oref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dx2pnlNgjGI&has_verified=1
Footage of Taliban attack in Lahore
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VO6-5BqBkIM
44
2012 Examination
IR305
Strategic Aspects of International
Relations I
Instructions to candidates
Time allowed: 3 hours.
All QUESTIONs will be given equal weight (25%). Answer FOUR of the
following TWELVE QUESTIONs.
1
Each society and culture tends to have a unique version of warfare which
affects how they fight. Discuss with respect to any ONE way of warfare.
Can war be given a humane face?
Is asymmetry a feature of the nature of war or of its present character?
Discuss the role of technology in contemporary warfare.
What insights about war can we learn from the work of the great strategic
thinkers? Discuss with reference to ONE of the following: Thucydides; Sun
Tzu; Clausewitz.
A rational kind of madness (David Keen). How rational or irrational is conflict

in the developing world?
What is the importance of the Libyan operation (2011) in the continuing

debate about NATOs future?
Is genocide simply war by another name?
What lessons have we learned about terrorism since 9/11?
10
EITHER Why is geopolitics back in fashion? OR In what ways, if any, has

globalization reshaped the security agenda?
11
The events of the post-9/11 world including terrorism and the war in Iraq
were all metaphors for the defining characteristic of our era risk (Robert
Samuelson). Do you agree?
12
Despite the confusion and uncertainty, it seems just possible to glimpse the
outline of a world without war (John Keegan). Discuss.
45
2013 Examination
IR305
Relations I
All QUESTIONs will be given equal weight (25%). Answer FOUR of the
1
Clausewitz was right: you cant fight war without bloodshed. Discuss with
reference to humane warfare.
2.
The Cultural Turn in war has been taken too far. Discuss with reference to
any ONE way of warfare.
3.
Killing by remote control. What does the use of drones tell us about the
increasing reliance of Western countries on technological solutions to military
problems?
4.
However absorbed a commander may be in the elaboration of his own

thoughts, it is sometimes necessary to take the enemy into consideration
(Colin Gray). Discuss with reference to asymmetrical warfare.
5.
Our alliance is moving from conflict to cooperation. (NATOs SecretaryGeneral, 1990). Is this still true?
6.
Is twenty-first century warfare too complex for the strategic concepts of

Clausewitz and Sun Tzu? Discuss with reference to BOTH writers.
7.
What are todays geopolitical realities?
8.
Is genocide a tool of war?
9.
Is risk a useful concept in analysing how Western societies fight and think
about terrorism?
10.
Is globalisation as a concept very useful in thinking about international

security?
11.
Greed can be a significant factor in civil wars, often interacting with

grievances in complex ways (David Keen). Discuss with reference to conflict
in the developing world.
12.
War will never be eliminated. Discuss.
46
2014 Examination
IR305
Relations I
All QUESTIONs will be given equal weight (25%). Answer THREE of the
1
Technical progress has enormously reduced the pain and anguish implied in
the act of killing. (J V Nef) Discuss with reference to the concept of humane
warfare.
2.
Different peoples can have different conceptions of war and when they clash
in battle the fact they are fighting by different rules creates a reality that
neither adversary expected. (John Lynn) Discuss the concept of ways of
warfare with reference to any ONE society or culture.
3.
Is asymmetrical warfare a useful concept?
4.
Is 21st century warfare purely driven by technological change?
5.
Given the US pivot to Asia, is NATO still a viable alliance?
6.
Clausewitz and Sun Tzu illustrate different aspects of warfare.

agree?
7.
Discuss different academic explanations for the persistence of conflict in the

developing world.
8.
Genocide is a form of absolute war. Discuss.
9.
Geopolitics is a 19th century invention which has no relevance in a 21st

century world. Discuss.
10.
Has globalisation changed the security agenda? Discuss with reference to

ONE of the following: terrorism; disease; crime; the environment.
11.
Has war become risk management?
12.
The only purpose of war is peace. (Aristotle) Will we continue to fight for
peace?
Do you
NB: Course did not run in 2014/15 so there is no examination paper from
2015.
47

IR305 Reading List 2015-16

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BSc International Relations 2015-16: IR305

Professor Christopher Coker

Recommended lectures IR305 (15)

IR305 Strategic Aspects of International

There will be a series of 15 lectures (IR305) running through the

SEE Moodle for full interactive reading list:

THOUGHT FOR THE DAY:

IR305 Strategic Aspects of International

The Changing Character of Strategy: Antiquity to the Present

Thinking about war: Clausewitz

Thinking about war Sun Tzu & Thucydides

The End of War?

Strategic Culture (Weeks 5-10)

READING WEEK-No Lecture or Classes

War and Culture: Ways of Warfare

War and Technology

The Risk Society at War

Strategic Practice (Weeks 11-16)

Globalisation and War: the new security agenda

NATO: the clash of political/military cultures

The New Geo-politics

War and the developing world

Recommended Course Reading List

Donald MacKenzie; Judy Wajcman, The social shaping of technology Open

Journal of Global History

African Security Review

Journal of Intelligence History

Military Balance IISS

Review of International Studies

Small Wars and Insurgencies

International Studies Quarterly

Strategic Comments IISS

International Studies Review

Strategic Studies Quarterly

Janes Defense Review

Strategic Survey IISS

Janes Defense Weekly

Studies in Conflict & Terrorism

Journal of Cold War Studies

Journal of Conflict and Peace

Terrorism & Political Violence

Journal of Conflict Resolution

Empire of the Sun

Recommended You Tube Documentaries

Terror From Within (1995 Oklahoma Bombing Documentary)

Afghanistan- Battle of Qala-I-Jangi 2002

COMBAT FILMS & RESEARCH DOCUMENTARIES

Fog & Friction

Swift & Company K: 3/25 Marines Engage in West Africa

Fault Lines and Pipelines

Chechnya: A look inside Chechnyas Warrior Culture

Unfortunate Brothers: The Dilemmas of Korean Unification

Helen Foster Snow: Witness to Revolution

Recommended Fictional Books

Strategic Thinking & The Changing Character of War

Thinking about war: Clausewitz

Joint Vision 2020 Emphasizes Full-spectrum Dominance

Thinking about Thucydides & Sun Tzu

Peloponnesian War and Thucydides