Extinct Birds (1902)

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EXTINCT BIRDS.
This copy
joo
sole,
copies
the
is
No.
'*-'^'
of the limited edition of
for the British Empire, of which 280 arc for
names of Subscribers being registered at our
Signed
Paternoster Row,
London.
office.
'^Z^^21l^tL-^:^ll^^
EXTINCT BIRDS.
An attempt
those
to
unite
in
one volume
a short
Birds which have become extinct
times
that
is,
hundred
account
of
in historical
within the last six or seven
To
years.
which
added a
few
which
exist,
but
are
the
verge
are
still
on
of
extinction.
BY
The
Hon.
WALTER ROTHSCHILD,
Ph. D.,
With 45 Coloured
Plates,
F.Z.S.
embracing 63 subjects, and
other illustrations.
LONDON.
HuTCHiNso.\
&
Co.,
Paternoster Row, E.C.

1907
LONDON
A.
CHRIS. FOWLER, PRINTER,
TENTER STREET,
MOORFIELDS,
E.C.
ii tJil^y
PREFACE.
"1 "1
THEN
decided
to
read
paper
Ornithological
the
before
Congress of 1905 on Extinct and Vanishing Birds,

necessary
to
These drawings roused
my
and
lecture,
publish the
far
hesitation
of the
lecture
and
drawings,
to
do
in
in
find,
the
following
itself
International
friends,
has
to
who have
otherwise,
been
and
thank
Fleming,
kindly
especially
Dr. von
my way
to
could
After some
the Congress.
greatly
owing to
of
the persuasion
a book required
my
totally
in
the
different
numerous
"
account
readers
that
to
The
additions.
Proceedings
of
the
IVth
Congress."
very
Dr. K. Lampert, Dr. O.
Mr.
pages,
published
Ornithological
wish
not see
if
as corrections and
the lecture, as well
lecture
to
the lecture, and therefore
considerably more research than

will
listened
The preparation
Leverkiihn.
drawings.
of
book form, as these plates were
in
this,
number
it
among those who
the proceedings of
for
Paul
Dr.
late
interest
special
determined
by
paper
was asked by many
numerous
too
my
illustrate
found
heartily
me
helped
Dr.
H.
Finsch,
O.
all
with
those
of
my
ornithological
the
loan
of
specimens or
Forbes,
Dr.
Professor Dr. A.
Scharff,
Professor
Koenig, Dr. Kerbert,
Lorenz, and others.
WALTER ROTHSCHILD.
INTRODUCTION.
THE
study of the forms of

scanty
the
preserved
remains
interest almost
a special attraction, as
state to
Although
to
us,
has
from the commencement of
small portion of this vast field
living
no longer existing on the earth, from
life
historical times.
some
our immediate forefathers and even to
distinct categories,
namely those known externally as well as
known from
two
into
and
internally,
descriptions or figures in
In the present
ancient books, as well as those of which specimens exist.
to
fall
ourselves.
Under the former
which we know bones and egg-shells only.
category might be included those merely
work
of
have here arranged the species systematically, they
those of
familiar in a
deals to a great extent with forms
it
The very
treating of in the following pages has
am
great
very
provolied
several plates have been reconstructed from such descriptions in order
some
give
difference
many
idea
opinion as to the approximate date
of
pleistocene and
variously determined as
considerable
is
the disappearance of
of
deposits which have been
known from bones dug from
of the species
There
probable appearance.
their
of
post-pleistocene.
It
seems
to
me
that this problem can never be entirely solved, but the significant fact remains,
that while
in the
many bones
of these species in one locality have
kitchen-middens of the former inhabitants,
bones occur
in
what seem
much
to be
present treatise,
eight-hundred
exterior
is
viz.,
more or
about some
less
we have
my
first
"
Blue
a very
knowledge.
many
"
of
Even
species,
now
Bourbon,
in
viz.,
is
many
the last seven- or
those species whose
literature,
in
scope;
such as the
Notornis, while of others, such as
West
and
in
species
range of the
very variable
and even redundant
full
extinct Parrots from the
Bird
category,
known, our knowledge
Great Auk, the Labrador Duck, and

of the
have mentioned
which have become extinct
birds
Taking
years.
probably consider outside the
will
same
other localities the
in
older formations.
In view of this and kindred facts,
which some ornithologists
been collected
so
Indies, the
forth,
"Giant"
we have
most
of Mauritius, the
the
very
scantiest
the times of Leguat and Labat there must have been
extinct,
of
which no mention has ever been made, for
INTRODUCTION
viii
species which impressed themselves
these old writers only mentioned such
on their memories either from their

or excellence and
size, peculiar
usefulness for food
fact
in
shape, beauty of plumage,

culinary property of the
the
One
various birds seems to have been their principal interest.
phenomena
interesting
connected
with
recently
birds
extinct
most
of the
the
is
resemblance of the fauna of the Mascarene Islands and that of the Chatham
number
the possession of a
Islands in
because
case of Notornis,
was necessary
it
believed to be quite
in
more than
Orn.
extinct,
known
little
parts of
already ceased to
alluded to at
191-207,
pp.
may
still
known
to
few species
individuals
the other
my
species referred to in
threatened
as
up certain
clear
to
with
hand
still
it
is
lecture (Proc.
have
destruction,
be the case with some
also
may
birds
not
all.
In several instances
have treated of extinct
genera including existing species capable of

that
inconsistent, seeing
flight.
species
flightless
This
under
may appear
to be
maintain Notornis separate from Porphyria, but,
considering flightlessness
while not
some
range, while on
their
1907)
This
live.
that
possible
is
it
likely that several of the
Congress
is
In the case of a
misconceptions and contradictory statements.
exist
number
be
to
there seems no doubt that they will vanish soon, and
firstly
secondly, as in the
known
confined to species actually
is
but a few are included of which a small
extinct,
exist,
the whole, this book
though the
Rails,
much exaggerated.
significance of this fact has been
On
large flightless
of
in
itself
generic
character, the great
development of the wing-coverts and the modification of the toes appear of

value
generic
sufficient
this
in
case.
know
that
several
eminent ornithologists of the day, among them Dr. Sharpe,
and are convinced that the

that
modification,
it
is
loss
the power of flight
of
imperative
that
we
should
treat
of
diffêr
is
the
most
from me,
so profound a
it
as
sufficient
for generic distinction.
While agreeing that many genera are founded on much

modifications,
power
of
flight
difficult
to
aborted
wings.
cannot concur
is
find
The cause
also
at
of
this
opinion, for,
unless
accompanied by other changes,
first
sight
recent
directly or indirectly to
in
even
specific
extinction
man, but
we
among
in
diffêrences
birds
is
in
less
striking
the loss of the
some cases
other
than
it
is
the
most cases due
also have instances of birds
becoming
extinct for no apparent reason whatever.
Man
has destroyed, and
is
continually destroying species directly, either for
INTRODUCTION
food or for sport, but also in
Some
many
ix
other ways he contributes to their destruction.
species have been exterminated by the introduction of animals of prey,
such as
mongoose,
rats, cats,
etc.,
other birds, such as the mynah,
Again we
find
the
that
and we know that also the acclimatisation of

has proved to be harmful to the native birds.
etc.,
introduction
of
domestic creatures or others kept
may prove
as pets has brought diseases which
fatal
to the indigenous fauna.
Another means by which man causes immense destruction,
By
natural habitat of various species.

prairies, or scrub,
off
down
cutting
and by bringing the land under
by destroying the
is
or burning the forests,
cultivation,
man
indirectly kills
a species through starvation, from extermination of certain insects or plants
on which
it
Many
depends for food.
greatly reduced in
species, such as the
Moas, were evidently
numbers by cataclysms of Nature, such as volcanic outbreaks,
earthquakes, floods, bush
and then died out from what appears only
fires, etc.,
The
explicable by the natural exhaustion of their vitality.
extermination of the
Moas was undoubtedly
chief cause of the
their slaughter by the
food, but in several inaccessible parts of the interior
Maoris for
numbers
large
of
Moa
remains have been found which undoubtedly had died for no apparent reason.
This cause also seems to be the only explanation of the dying out of such
birds as Aechmorhynchus, Chaetoptila,
The melancholy
rats,
fact
Camptolaimus and others.
however remains that man and
his satellites, cats,
dogs, and pigs are the worst and in fact the only important agents of
destruction of the native avifaunas wherever they go.

I
have not included
the body of this
in
work the
fossil species
pleistocene of Europe, Asia, Australia and America, as
believe
from the
that
these
belonged to an avifauna of an epoch considerably anterior to those attributed to

the pleistocene of
New
Zealand and the adjacent islands, as well as that of the
Mascarenes and Madagascar.
I,
however, give here the
described from the above mentioned regions which
our literature, to serve as a guide to those
work
included them in the
....
Vultur melitensis Lydekker
Phalacrocorax
sp.
De
Vis....
De
who may
think
Vis
Anas benedeni Sharpe

Alopochen pugil Winge
....
Malta.
....
....
Malta.
....
....
Queensland.
....
....
....
New
....
....
....
Queensland.
....
....
....
Queensland.
....
....
....
Lydekker
Aythya robusta De Vis

Alias elapsa
list
of the
species
have been able to find

I
itself.
Sfrix melifensis Lydekker
Pelecanus proaviis
Zealand.
Belgium.
Brazil.
in
ought to have
INTRODUCTION
Dendrocygna validipennis (De
Queensland.
Vis)
Branta hypsibata Cope
Oregon.
Branta propinqua Schufeldt
Oregon.
Anser scaldii Van Beneden
Belgium.
Anser
England.
Lydekker
sp.
Anser coudoni Schufeldt
Cygnus
Oregon.
....
Lydekker
sp.
Malta.
Cygniis falconeri Parker
Malta.
....
De
Palaeopelargus nob ills
Vis
Queensland.
Prociconia lydekkeri Ameghino

Platibis subienuis
De
Vis
Brazil.
Queensland.
....
New
Grus proavus Marsh

Grus melitensis Lydekker
Malta.
....
Grus turfa Portis
Italy.
Grus primigenia Milne Edwards

Fulica prior
De
Fulica pisana
Jersey.
Vis
France.
....
Queensland.
....
Port'is
Italy.
Porphyria mackintoshi
De
De
Gallinula strenuipes
Vis
Queensland.
Vis
Queensland.
GaUinula peralata DeVis....
Queensland.
Microtribonyx effluxus
De
Vis
Queensland.
Progura gallinacea De Vis
Queensland.
Coliimba melitensis Lydekker
Malta.
Lithophaps ulnaris
De
Vis
Queensland.
New
Gallus sp. Lydekker

Gallus sp. Lydekker
Central Germany.
Phasianus
sp.
Perdix
Issel
Italy.
Tetrao sp. Issel
Italy.
sp.
Lydekker
Metapteryx bifrons
De
Germany.
....
Vis
Queensland.
....
Dromaius queenslandiae (De

Dromaius
Zealand.
Queensland.
Vis)....
gracilipes (De Vis)
Dromaius patricius (De
Queensland.
East Australia.
Vis)
Genyornis newtoni Sterling
&
South Australia.
Zeitz
Casuarius lydekkeri nom. nov.
"The
pit
distal
extremity of the tibio-tarsus
is
narrow, without a semilunar
on the lateral surface of the ectocondyle, and with a very deep e.xtensor
groove
"
(Lydekker, Cat. Fossil B. Brit. Mus.,
p. 353).
INTRODUCTION
Type, a caste of the distal portion
Museum.
British
The
was obtained from

in
original
in
in
the
right
tibio-tarsus,
Museum
at
to be extinct
Doubtless this
entirely, but at present
Sydney and
is
Monarcha dimidiata, from Rara-
birds
known
is
a species which will one day vanish
it
to be
more or
in
less
on the verge of extinction which
omitted any species, be given here, but

only
know
and mostly almost
some
of
it
my
having
must be understood that of these
the fact that their numbers have been greatly reduced
to vanishing point.
have already mentioned before that
them may already have disappeared, but
investigations are wanting,
and
that they are threatened and
Myadestes sibilans
all,
therefore, that
may soon become
....
many
in
cases recent
can be said of them
extinct,
if
they
still
Martinique.
Cinclocerthia gutturalis
Martinique.
Rhamphocinclus brachyurus
Martinique.
Ixochicla olivacea
Mauritius.
Mascarene
Islands.
Trochocerciis borbonicus
Mascarene
Islands.
Oxynotns typicus
Mauritius.
Foudia newioni
Bourbon.
Drymoeca rodericana
Rodriguez.
Cyanorhaviphiis cooki
Norfolk Island.
Cyanorhamphus
Antipodes Island.
Phediiia borbonica
....
erythrotis
Cyanorhamphtis unicolor
Antipodes Island.
Ttirnagra fanagra
North
....
albifacies....
is
exist.
St. Vincent.
Myadestes genibarbis
Sceloglaux
the main part of this book might, for
convenience of reference and to avoid possible controversy as to
the
hardly comes within the scope of this work.
have not thought advisable to give
species
in
March, 1901, two specimens, male and female, were procured by
the Earl of Ranfurly.
The
preserved
the
the pleistocene cavern-deposits in the Wellington Valley
New South Wales.

A bird usually stated
Tonga, but
is
of
XI
Island,
Middle Island,
New
New
New
New
New
New
Miro albifrons
North
Miro australis
Middle Island,
Clitonyx albicilla
North
Island,
Pogonornis cincta
North
Island,
Hypotaeiiidia miilleri
Auckland Island.
Mergtis australis
Auckland Island.
Island,
Zealand.
Zealand.
Zealand.
Zealand.
Zealand.
Zealand.
INTRODUCTION
Xll
Nesonetta aucklandica
Auckland
Ocydromus
Lord Howe's
? sylvestris
Island.
Hawaiian Islands.
Puffinus newelli
Telespiza flaviceps
Hawaii.
....
Nesocfien sandvicensis
Hawaii.
Pareudiastes paciflcus
Samoa.
Nesomimus
Charles? and Gardener
trifasciatus
Galapagos Islands.
Island,
Phalacrocorax harrisi
Galapagos Islands.
Meleagris americana
United States.
Conurus carolinensis
Southern United States.
Pseudgryphus californianus
California.
Amazona
St. Vincent.
guildingi
Campephilus principalis
Southern United States.
Pyrrhula pyrrhnla muritia
Azores.
Stringops habroptilus
New
Islands.
Gallinago pusilla
Chatham
Islands.
Thinornis novaezealandiae
Chatham
Islands.
Amazona augusta
....
Dominica.
Amazona
....
St.
....
Dominica.
bouqueti
Amazona
versicolor
Hemignathus
Many
my
of
...
readers
will,
two or three bones.
doing this
when
Especially will
My
under the formula Pachyornis
the
gives
Emeus
species
authors
different
In the case of others,
species.
unless
and
so
in
more concise
the
both
to
using
they,
author
cases
name
all
are
fully
so in the
me for
who have
blame
described,
or Anomalopteryx
same
the
formula
and
and
quotes
page
only
are
have thought
these forms
it
foregoing
for
Casuarius
quoted,
easier
quite
B, the
other
form, but
species
confusion
for
in
but quoted
species
name a
to
reference
or
must
and
which have been described or
differentiated without a binomial or trinomial appellation.
refrained from doing
bestowed
of bones, single
fear,
where an author fears
characters
distinctive
sp.,
for having
reasons for doing so are very simple:
Parker's species which
such cases as Dr.
in
me
these forms have been described by other authors
refrained from giving names.
lies
with
fear, find fault
known only from fragments
of forms,
bones, or
danger
Lucia.
Lanai, Sandwich Islands.
lanaiensis
names on a number
also
Zealand.
Chatham
Anthornis melanocephala
arise,
Island.
list
of
have, however,
Pleistocene species in the
INTRODUCTION
following
eight
cases as
was not
with the material or literature at

Phalacrocorax
Anser
sp.
Cygnus
Gallus
sp.
sp.
sp.
Lydekker
Lydekker
Lydekker
Lydekker
Gallus sp. Lydekker
Phasianus
Perdix
sp.
Lydekker
my
able
to
xiu
decide
disposal, viz.
....
....
anything
about
New
Zealand.
England.
Malta.
New
Zealand.
Central Germany.
Germany.
sp.
Issel
Italy.
Tetrao sp.
Issel
Italy.
them
LITERATURE
REFERRING TO
EXTINCT BIRDS.
No
attempt
has
made
been
to
quote
all
books
mean
not only would that
which extinct birds
in
a tedious, long work,
have been mentioned
and a book
but, the repetitions being so
have been of very
itself,
in
use.
little
On
important literature referring
the other hand,

Extinct
to
in
would
it
have tried to quote the most
and
Birds,
anxious to cite and verify the principal ancient literature.
works on birds
numerous,
have specially been
Well known general
which extinct species have, of course, also been mentioned,
as a rule, not quoted
such as
The 27 volumes
are,
of the Catalogue of Birds
Brisson's Ornithology; Daubenton's, Buffon's and Montbeillard's works; Latham's
Ornithological Writings
Linnaeus' Systema Naturae
writings; popular natural histories and school books
various editions;
Finsch's Papageien
Synopsis Avium,
lists
of
specimens
in all its editions
Brehm's Thierleben
Gray's and Sharpe's Hand-lists
Museums, and many
in
Vieillot's
in its
Dubois'
others, in
which
extinct birds are as a matter of course mentioned.
Three
"
most
complete
detailed
bibliographies
Bibliography of the Didinae," forming Appendix
its
Kindred"
the
new
(1848), the Bibliography of
Edition of
referring to the
and XXVII
Most
in
my
vol.
Alcu
named:
be
B. of Strickland's "
iiiipettnis
The
Dodo and
by Wilhelm Blasius
in
XII, pp. 169-176 (1903), and the Bibliography
Moas by Hamilton,
in
the Trans.
New
Zealand Institute
XXVI
(1894, 1895).
of the books
the Zoological
and
Naumann,
must
Museum
and pamphlets quoted hereafter are
at Tring, in the ornithological part of
have been specially interested for

library are
marked with an
many
years.
in
my
library at
which Dr. Hartert
Those books that are not
asterisk, but several of these
have been able
to consult in other libraries.
The chronological order appeared

subject treated
of.
to be best suited to the particular
LITERATURE REFERRING TO EXTINCT BIRDS.
XVI
Avium
Collaert, Adrian.
1580 or 90.
vivae icones, in aes incisae
&
1625.
(On one
(On
of the plates
is
of the
figured the "Avis
This figure seems to have been the

original of the representations in Dubois' and
Leguat's works.)
1626.
Het tweede
Jacob Cornelisz Neck.
1635.
mention of Aphanapteryx bonasia.)
Joannis Evsebii
Niere.mberg.
etc., etc., etc.
maxime peregrinae,librisXVI
Nie-
Naturae,
Historia
(On picture No. 2, page 7, the Dodo is

" Desen
and described as follows
Voghel de is soo groot als een Swaen, gaven
hem de naem Watchvoghel, want doen wy
de lecUere DuyfUens ende ande cleyn ghevoghelte ghenoech vinghen, doen taelden wy
This appears
niet meer naer desen Voghel."
Dodo in
to be the first mention of the
figured
relation of
years' Travaile.
Boek, JoLirnael
inhoudende een warachtig verhael,
Middelburch, Anno 1601.
etc., etc.
Dagh-register,
Sir Tho.mas Herbert.
some
mention
first
Reunion Dodo.)
rembergii
oft
chapter XV.,
331, in
p.
(First
1601.
Pilgrimes.
his
In five books.
editae
ab Adriano Collardo.
Indica."
Purchas
Castleton.
distincta.
In quibus rarissima Naturae arcana,
Antverpiae
MDCXXXV.
account and figure of the Dodo

On p. 237 the
reproduced on pp. 231, 232.
Great Auk (" Goifugel ") mentioned).
(Clusius'
*1638 and 1651. Cauche.

et curieuses de
(Two
literature.)
Relations veritables
I'isle
de Madagascar.
editions.)
(See Aphanapteryx bonasia.)
1605.
Clusius.
Carol! Clusii Atrebatis
Exoticorum
Animalium,
libi-i
decern
Plantarum,
describuntur.
historiae
1640.
Pere Bouton.
des
Quibus
Aromatum
Ex Officina
Relation de
Fran9ais
Martinique,
dep.
des
I'vne
(Describes,
among other
and Parrots of the island

(On
p.
p. 100 van Neck's Dodo is reproduced,

103 the Great Auk, sub nomine " Mergus
1646.
Americanus.")
De
Bry.
de
the
Aras
Achter Theil der Oriental-
birds,
of Martinique.)
Journ. of te gedenckw.
BoNTEKOE.
Reyse.
beschr. van de Ost. Ind.
Haarlem
1606.
I'ile
antilles
I'Amerique.
Plantiniana Raphelengii, 1605.

on
I'etabl.
en
1635,
(On
p.
1646.
6 mention of the Reunion Dodo.)
ischen Indien, begreiffend erstiich ein

Histor. Beschr. d. Schiffahrt, so der
Adm. Jacob von Neck ausz
1655.
(On
Hollandt,
figure
Frankf. 1606.
etc., etc.
1658.
Cornelisz
Neck.
Historiale
Inhoudende
een
vande veyse
Schepen van
ghedaen met acht
Amsterdam, etc., etc.
Amsterdam,
7),
editions
described.
of i5oi.)
lib.
Ill,
Auk
and
Faroe
description
from
the
is the same as in the other

Neck's voyage, the Dodo is
There is also a French edition
Iles
Naturelle
Antilles
et
de
Morale
l'Amerique.
Raretez
qui
sont
les
plus
considerables
Avec un
Rotterdam 1658.
d'ecrites.
(The title-page has no author's name, but

P6re du Tertre the author is
Rochefort,
Ministre
de
de
Contains important notes on
Rotterdam."
former bird-life on the Antilles.)
according to
" Le
Sieur
which
of
Great
y
vocabulaire caralbe.
(Evidently another edition of Neck's voyage

On page 5 and on Picture No. 2
i6oi.
(page
des
verhael
1619.
of
of
Enrichie de pleusieurs belles figures
Beschryvinghe,
waerachtich
300, 301,
HisToiRE
DES
Jacob
pp.
Islands.)
(Figure and mention of the Dodo.)
1619.
Museum Wormianum.
WoR.vi.
1665.
The
same.
Rotterdam
1665.
Second
Edition.

1658.
BoNTius.
Gulielmi
Medici
Pisonis
1696.
Amstelaedamensis de Indiae Utriusque

re naturali et medica libri quatuordecim.
Third
medici
civitatis
Bataviae
Novae
in
Java Ordinarii,
Historiae
Natur.
et
Part:
Jacobi
Medici Indiae Orientalis

(On
Caput
libri
point
Bontii,
(A very
Antilles
1
habitees
1,
par
1707.
Francois.
les
contenantl' Histoire Naturelle.
interesting
translated
collection
of
French.
into
is
I,
1708.
Beschreibung
DER
Antillen Inseln in America gelegen.
HisTORiscHE
In
begreiffend
sich
Gelegenheit, darinnen
Sachen,
Leguat,
Sitten
Londres 1707.
A New Voyage
Francis.
of
the
Containing their
two
islands.
(Valuable notes on the birds of
Rodriguez
in
1708.
and Mauritius.)
Von dem
1707.
die
in
edition
Natural
of
Hans.
Madera,
S. Christofers
Frankfurt 1668.
second
Sloane,
islands
Trees,
Voyage
Barbados,
(Page
12
the
" Solitaire."
four-footed
1707; vol.
Did us
Cf.
the
and Jamaica, with the

the Herbs and
Beasts,
Fishes,
Insects, Birds, Reptiles, etc.
Carre, Voyage des Indes Orientates.
to
Nieves,
History of
Rochefort's book.)
*1668.
Leguat
desert
London
natiirl.
Tag gegeben, nunmehr aber

(Translation
companions.
his
adventures
Einwohner
Herrn de Rochefort, zum zweiten

mahl in Franzosischer sprach an den
Teutsche ubersetzet.
and
deroselben
befindl.
sampt deren
und Gebraiichen.
Vol.
Leguat,
Francois.
Voyages
et
Avantures de Fran9ois Leguat, et de
ses Compagnos, en deux Isles desertes
to the East Indies by Francis

1668.
ancient
In
translation of
des Indes Orientales.
Paris 1667.
(On p. 246. Traite V. Des aniniaux de I'air.
Les Arras. II, Des Perroquets. 5 III,
Des Perriques.)
Nouvelle
1696.
II,
I,
Bontekoe's travels to
the " East Indies," with figures of the Dodo
and other interesting notes.)
II
XVII.
Tome
Relations
publie'es.
Vol.
voyages,
sex.
Histoire generale des
este'
Edition.
p.
Du Tertre.
Thevenot,M.Melchisedec.
de divers voyages curieux qui nont
70 an excellent figure of the Dodo.

Appendix: De Dronte, aliis
Dod-aers.)
1667.
xvii
II,
Vol.
I,
1725.
(Gives most valuable
solitariiis.)
including
the
notes on the birds,

Goatsucker, Aestrelaia and
Parrots.)
1668.
J.
Marshall.
Memorandums
con-
cerning India.
(In the article
on Mauritius occurs a mention
1722.
of Geese.)
1674.
Pere
contenant
Les Voyages faits

par le Sieur D.B. aux Isles Dauphine
ou Madagascar, and Bourbon, ou
Mascarenne, es annees 1669-70-71-72.
Dubois.
(Of this extremely rare work

together
Sanson belonging to it.)
beautiful
Jean
aux
Labat,
Voyage
copy,
with
the
pays.
In Vol.
I'Amerique
naturelle de ces
I'histoire
Paris 1722. 6 vols.

II,
chapter VIII, the different species
and
it is
stated that
each island had three kinds, viz., an " Aras,"

a " Perroquet " and a " Perrique," evidently
meaning a Macaw, an Amazona and a
Conurus.)
of
(On p. 168 we find " Description de quelques

Oyseaux de I'lsle de Bourbon," with figures of
the " Gânt " and " Solitaire.")
de
of Parrots are described,
possess a
map
Nouveau
Baptiste.
lies
1742.
Nouvelle Edition.
8 vols.
JCVllI
1752.
Avium Genera.
MoEHRiNG.
1789.
ominous work, which, through an

by Poche in Zool. Anz. 1904, has
recently caused so much quite unnecessary
cf.
nomenclatorists
among
disturbance
Hartert, Zool. Anz. 1904, p. 154, and Proc.
The
283.
IV. Int. Orn. Congress, pp. 276
Dodo is mentioned under the name "Raphus.")
Botany Bay,
this
(In
The Voyage of Governor Phillip
article
staiileyi
etc.
(Among other
1790.
is
London
interesting
to
1789.
birds
Notornis
figured on the plate opposite
p.
273.)
White.
Journal of a Voyage to
South
Wales with sixty-five
New
J.
Plates of Nondescript Animals, Birds,

1763.
L'Abbe de la Caille. Journal Historique du Voyage fait au Cap de
have a copy with black and white, and

(1
another with coloured plates. Notornis alba.)
(Some birds from Mauritius mentioned, but

no descriptions.)
1804.
Voyage a
de France, a I'isle de
Bourbon, au Cap de Bonne Esperance,
etc.
Avec des observations nouvelles
sur la nature and sur les hommes.
Par un officier du roi.
Neuchatel
London
etc.
MDCCXC.
Bonne esperance.
1773.
Serpents,
Lizards,
Hermann.
Observationes Zoolog.
(On page 125 the extinct Bourbon Palacornis
l'isle
is
1807.
1773.
described as Psittaciis seinirostris.)
M. F. Peron. Voyage de decouvertes

aux terres australes, ex^cut^ par
ordre de Sa Majeste I'Empereur et
1807 and 1816
Roi, etc., etc.
2 vols.
and Atlas.
1775.
voyage to the island of Mauritius,

etc.
By a French Officer. (Transla-
(On p. 467 is described the Little Emu from

Kangaroo Island, which have named Dromaius
peronii, in honour of its discoverer, Franjois
P^ron.
A memoir of this extraordinary and
admirable man's short and brilliant life will
be found in Vol. VI of the " Naturalist's
I
tion of the above).

(Lettre IX, page 67, treats of the
isle of France.")
"Animals
natural to the
Library," Edinburgh, 1843.)
1782.
Voyage aus
Sonnerat.
Two
et k la Chine.
(In
Volume
II,
iles
orientales
1810.
volumes, 1782.
Andre Pierre Ledru.

iles
on plate loi, opposite page 176,
de
Teneriffe,
Thomas, Sainte-Croi.x
the e-xtinct Alectroeiias tiituiissiina is figured,

under the name of " Pigeon hollandais.")
(?)
Voyage Botany Bay.
Callam.
(According
mentioned
to
under
Gray
the
Notoniis
name
of
alba
"
Sparrmann.
(On
1789.
pi.
is
White
Museum Carlsonianum
et Porto- Ricco,
Two
volumes, 1810.
II,
I.
23 Poiiiarea nigra Sparrm.)
G. Dixon.
*1826.
Voyage round the World.
(On
p. 357 is note and figure of the extinct

apical is, under the name of the "Yellowtufted Bee-eater.")
Voyage
Bloxam.
of the Blonde.
(See Phaeornis oahensis, Loxops coccinea

interesting
notes on other
Also
rufa.
Sandwich-Islands Birds.)
Moho
1789.
Browne,
Patrick.
The
Natural History of Jamaica.
Civil
Saint-
page 39, are mentioned various

birds as occurring on the Danish West-Indian
Islands, which are not found there at present.
" Un todier, nomm6 vulgairement perroquet
de terre " and seven species of HummingBirds !)
(In Vol.
Gallinule.")
1786.
Voyage aux
Trinite,
execute par ordre du Gouvern. franâis,

etc., etc.
*1783
la
and
1827.
Pallas.
Zoogr. Rosso
Asiat.
11
p.
305:
Phalacrocorax perspicillatus, the
now
e.xtinct
Island.
Cormorant from Bering

1830.
QuoY
Zool.
ET Gaimard.
242
p.
pi.
Voy. Astrolabe,
1848.
24.
(Cotttrnix novaezealaiidiac described.)
Memoires
KiTTLiTZ.
1830.
Petersburg
Turdus
describes
(Kittlitz
Acad.
Sc.
terrestris
and
I.
XIX
Strickland and Melville. The Dodo

and its kindred; or the history,
affinities, and Osteology of the Dodo,
Solitaire, and other extinct birds of
the islands Mauritius, Rodriguez and
Bourbon. London 1848.
and
(141 pages
15 plates.)
Fringilla papa.)
*1848.
New
PoLACK.
*1838.
Zealand.
p. 147,
work
Don de Navarette.
*1838.
Rel. Quat. voy.
not available, as only 3 or 4 copies

but see
is
exist of
it,
Cassin.
U.S.
Christ.
and Orn.
1838.
Abhandl. K. Akademie
LicHTENSTEiN.
d.
Wissenschaften
(Heiiu'giiatlins
obsciinis
p.
Is.
Exp.
Expl.
148
p. p.
pi.
XI
ossements
des
et
Madagascar
trouv^s
Mamm.
(1858).
Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire.
sur
nomine
sub
Hemignathus
and
1851.
448, plate V.
ellisiantis
U.S. Expl. Exp. Birds.

pi. XL, is described and figured
the extinct Chaetoptila aiigustipliima, under

This
the name of Eiitoiniza atigitstipliiina.
mention of Moas.)
(First
Peale.
(On
Notice
des
oeufs
dans
les
lucidus
alluvions modernes, et provenant d'un
described.)
oiseau gigantesque.
Dieffenbach's
1843.
Travels
Annales des Scienc. Naturelles, 13
In
New
in
tome
(This volume
Zoologie,
Zealand,
E.
J.
1843.
Appendix, Birds, by
On page
Gray.
197
s^rie,
40.
dated " 1850," but the above

have been read before the
Academy on January 27, 1851, therefore the
date of publication must be rather 1851 than
Ralltis
is
article is said to
dieffenbachii described.
1850.)
1843.
Owen. P.Z.S.
1843, p.
1.,
letter read
1854.
from Rev. \V. C. Cotton, mentioning

remains of gigantic birds in New
Zealand,
p.
8 the
novaezealandiae
name
given
to
den Dodo en zijne verwanten.

In
Dinornis
the
Ook een woordje over
H. Schlegel.
Verslagen
Mededeelingen
en
der
der Wetenschappen,
Afdeel. NaturUunde, Deel II, p. 254.
Koninglijke
first
Moa-bones exhibited.
1857.
Japetus
Akademie
Steenstrl'p.
Bidrag
til
Geirfuglens Naturhistorie, etc.

1846.
In
the
Terror,"
"Voyage of Erebus and

Birds, Gray describes and
In
(The first history and bibliography of

Great Auk.)
figures Nesolimnas dieffenbachii.
1847.
GossE.
(Cf.
Birds of Jamaica.
Ara
erythrocephala,
americanus and other Jamaican
1858.
Siphonorhis
birds.)
Naturh. Forening. Vidensk. Meddel. for
1855, Nos. 3-7.
Schlegel.
H.
Mascarenhas-eilanden.
hanger
1848.
Edm. DE Selys-Longchamps. Resume

les
Oiseaux brevipennes
mentionnes dans I'ouvrage de M.
Strickland sur le Dodo.
concern,
In Rev. Zool. 1848, pp. 292-295.
Over eenige
storvene reusachtige
tot
zijne
the
uitge-
Vogels van de
(Een tegender
geschiedenis
Dodo's.)
In
Verslagen
Koninglijke
en
Akademie
der
Mededeelingen
van Wetenschappen,
Afdeel. Naturkunde, Deel VII, pp. 116-128.
(Leguatia gigantea. Porphyria (Notornis ?)

cacrulescens.)
zx
1860.
A.
V.
1867.
Sitzungsberichte der Mathemat. NaturAkademie Wien Bd. XLl, No. 15,

(Mit
pp. 319-332.
In
376.
1867.
Researches
WoIIey's
represent
the
Island
Picture
Didine
the
of
Bourbon
Trans. Zool. Soc. London

Plate 62.
VI, pp. 373-
the
Bird
of Aepyoruis, the Colossal
of Madagascar.
Iceland
in
On
George Dawson Rowley.
Egg
Abstract of Mr.
Newton.
Alfred
to
Tafel.)
(Lengthy account qi Nestor iiorfolcensis,

from Bauer's Manuscript, Notoniis alba, etc.)
1681.
On
Newton.
(Reunion).
CI.
wiss.
Alfred
supposed
Bird of
Norfolk.
Insel
In
Zur Ornithologie der
Pelzeln.
London
In Proc. Zool. Soc.
respecting the Gare-fowl.
1867, pp. 892-
895.
In Ibis, 1861, pp. 374-399.
1868.
1862.
W.
Notice
Broderip.
J.
of
an
including a figure
Original Painting,
of the Dodo.
In Trans. Zool. Soc.
1862.
William
London
Dronte
und eines
gligen
V'ogels,
poule
IV, p.
zweiten
kurzfla-
des
wahrscheinlich
rouge au bee de becasse der
197.
Maskarenen, in der Privatbibliothek

S.M. des verstorbenen Kaisers Franz.
Wien 1868. Mit 4 Tafeln.
Ueber Plautus
Preyer.
Frauenfeld, George Ritter von.

aufgefundene Abbildung des
Neu
impennis.
In
Journ.
Orn.
f.
1862,
pp.
110-124,
337-
1868.
356.
Schlegel & Pollen.

Oiseaux,
et
in
Mammif^res
Pollen
Dam, Recherches sur

1865.
In
Natural
467-488)
Vol. Ill
id.
id.
Hist.
in
Review XII
Encylcl.
Madagascar
Leyde 1868.
The Gare-fowl
Alfred Newton.
and its Historians.
(1865),
la
von
et
faune
de
de ses dependances.
et
pp.
Britannica Ed. IX,
1868.
Diet. Birds, p. 220-221.
Owen, on Moas
in
Trans. Zool. Soc.
London, VI.
(Diiionu's inaximus established.)
1866.
Owen. Psittacus matiritianus named,

Ibis
in
p.
168;
also
Trans. Zool. Soc. VI,
mentioned
p. 53,
ontdekte afbeelding van den Dodo.
1866.
In
(See Lophopsittacus.)
Milne-Edwards.
Recherches sur la Faune Ornithologique
Eteinte des iles Mascareignes et de
Madagascar. Paris 1866-1873.
Alph.
1866-1873.
(With 37
plates.
This volume consists of
Verhandlingen der Koningl. Akad.
1869.
In
p.
of
the
1869.
Trans.
Zool.
Soc.
London VI,
1869,
70.
Elliot.
New
and heretofore
unfig.
N. American Birds.
added.)
figured.)
is
osteology
the
Dodo.
periodicals, though not a word of

mentioned.
To the plates originally
issued with the articles, several new ones are
French
On
Owen.
sp.
this
d.
Wetenschappen, Deel XI, Amsterdam 1868.
reprints of the author's articles on the suhject

in
Over eene nieuw
H. C. Millies.
1868.
in
(In Vol.
Carbo
II,
part 14, No.
perspicillatiis
3,
from
the
now
Bering
extinct
Island

1872.
W. HuTTON. On
F.
the Microscopical
1875.
Rowley.
structure of the Egg-shell of the Moa.

Proceed. New Zealand Inst. IV,
pp. 166-167, with illustrations.
Porphyrio Stanleyi.
In Ornith. Miscell.
I,
pp. 37-48, plate.
&
In Trans.
1875.
HuTTON.
Swamp
1872.
XXI
F. W. HuTTON.
Notes on some Birds
from the Chatham Islands, collected
by H. H. Travers, Esq.
(Miro traversi and Sphenoeacus rufescens
(Cabalus
Moa
&
N. Zealand
Proc.
Inst.
VII,
V.
HuTTON & Coughtrey.

Description
some Moa Remains from the
Knobby Ranges.
Trans.
In
"Rallus
iiiodestns),
the
of
of
(Boii'dleria rufescens of this book) only found

First description of " Rallus
on Mangare.
modestus"
Trans.
In
p. 123, pi.
1875.
In Ibis 1872, pp. 243-250.
Description
at Hamilton.
p. 266, pi.
&
N. Zealand
Proc.
Inst.
VII,
XIX.
dieffenbachi" already extinct.)
1875.
1872.
On Recent Moa Remains
Hector.
J.
New
in
Zealand.
Trans, and
In
Proc. N. Zealand
Inst.
IV,
no.
p.
Alfred Newton. P.Z.S. 1875,p.350:

the name Lophopsittacus established.
1875.
On
HuTTON.
Dimensions
the
of
Dinornis bones.
1872.
Julius Haast.
Notes on Harpagornis
Moorei.
In Trans,
and Proc. N. Zealand
Inst.
&
1875.
A.
V.
Pelzeln.
On
the Birds in the
Researches and
and near the Moabone Point Cave, Sumner Road, in
In Trans,
from the Leverian Museum.

(Most important notes on some of Latham's
Cf. Drcpanis pacifica, Platycercus
tilietanus, Notornis alba.)
types.
Van
'1875.
pis.
Ozeanien.
1876.
Beneden.
of
A.
&
New Zealand.
Anas
Milne-Edwards.
la
faune
ancienne
1877.
Ann. Sciences naturelles
s6r.
V,
Tome
XIX, article 3 (Erythromachus, Strix miirivora,

Colittuba rodericaiia, etc.)
Zool.
IV,
finschi.)
On
the Psittaci of
Salvadori.
Fregilupus
:
Nota intorno
variiis.
Atti della Reale
Accademia
delle Scienze
Torino, Vol. XI, pp. 482-488.
iles
Mascareignes.
In
di
Recherches
des
E. Newton.
To.vimaso
al
In
sur
Journ.
In Ibis 1876, pp. 281-288, plate VI.
1876.
A.
Institute
the Mascarene Islands.
(On pages 138-144 a popular account and

wood cuts from Brehm's Thierleben of
Moas and other Gigantic Birds.)
1874.
New Zealand
II.
Oberlander.
Christmann und
The Birds
I,
p. 267.
(Description of
BuLLER.
in
and Proceed.
VII, pp. 54-85,
In Ibis 1873, pp. 14-54, I03"i24.
1873.
VII,
the year 1872.
Imperial Collection at Vienna obtained
1873.
Inst.
Julius von Haast.
Excavations on,
1873.
N. Zealand
Proc.
274.
IV,
192.
p.
Trans.
In
p.
G.
D.
Rowley.
On
the
Extinct
Birds of the Mascarene Islands.

In Orn. Miscell.
LIII.
II,
pp. 124-133, plates LII,
xxu
1878.
Remarks on the
Extinct Gigantic Birds of Madagascar
G.
Rowley.
D.
New
and
Miscell.
Supplementary note on the Great

in Trans. Edinburgh Field Nat.
Id.:
Auk
Zealand.
Ornith.
In
1897.
Soc. 1897, pp. 238-273.

Ill,
237-247,
pp.
pis.
CXII-CXV.
1886.
December.
1879.
Birds of the
Dole.
List
of
Hawaiian Islands.
Corrected from
the Hawaiian Almanack.
Reprint:
On
Julius von Haast.
Megalapteryx
hectori, a
new
Gigantic
Species of Apterygian Bird.

Trans.
In
Zool.
London
Soc.
Xll, p. 161,
XXX.
pi.
Ibis 1881, p. 241.
(Pcnniila
iitilhi,
1887.
Ciridops anna.)
Henry Seebohm.
The Geographical
Distribution of the family Charidriidae.

1879.
Owen,
Richard.
Memoirs
on
(Plates of Prosobonia leiicoptera and AechDwrhynchiis cancellata.)
the
Wingless Birds of New

with an Appendix on those
England,
Australia, Newfoundland,
of
Mauritius and Rodriguez.
1888.
(Memoirs on the Dinornithidae, their bones,

integument and plumage, Notornis,
eggs,
Aptornis, Cnemiornis, Alca inipennis, Didus
and Pezophaps.
With many woodcuts and
1889.
Extinct
Zealand
BuLLER.
New
Trans.
In
GUNTHER AND E. NeWTON, OH

Aphanapteryx leguati in Philosophical
Vol.
Presidential
Norwich
and
Norfolk
Natural.
Society IV, pp. 540-547.
1889.
pi.
Edward Newton.
Sir
1873.)
address.
(See also Owen's articles in Trans. Zool.

Soc. London III, IV, VI, X, XI.)
Transactions.
History of the Birds of
two volumes. Second Edition. (See
In
plates.)
1879.
Zealand.
Nouvelle Preuve
A. DE Quatrefages.
de I'Extinction recente des Moas.

In
Le Naturaliste
1889, p. 117.
168, pp. 431-432,
XLin.
1889.
C.
F.
Die Vei-anderung
Noll.
in
der Vogelwelt im Laufe der Zeit.

1879.
W.
On
Forbes.
A.
position
and
scientific
In
the systemat.
name
of
"
Bericht iiber die Senckenberg. Naturf.

Frankf.-a.-M. 1887-1888, pp. 77-
Gesellsch. in
Le
142.
Perroquet mascarin " of Brisson.

In Ibis 1879, p. 303.
1890.
Stejneger and Lucas.
Contributions
to the History of Pallas'
1884.
Wilhelm
Blasius.
Zur Geschichte
With
von Alca impennis.

In Journ.
f.
1-
In Proc. U.S. Nat.
list
till
A. B.
In
Hawaiienses
Meyer.
Notornis
Zeitschr. ges Orn.
Symington Grieve.
Garefowl.
pp. 83-94.
11, p.
Its
and Remains.
45, pi.
1.
The Great Auk or
History, Archaeology,
London
& Evans. Aves

The Birds of the SandWith numerous plates.
Itochstetteri.
1891.
Richard
the
1885.
Mus. Xll,
Scott B. Wilson
1890-99.
wich Islands.
1885.
Cormorant.
IV.
Orn. 1884, pp. 58-176.
(The most accurate and complete

of specimens of Alca impennis.)
1884
plates
1885.
Fossil
Museum.
Birds
London
in
the
British
1891.
(Pages I-XXVII, 1-368.

the text.)
Catalogue of
Lydekker.
With 75
figures in

1891.
Frederic A. Lucas.
Animals recently
1892.
extinct or threatened with extermination, as
represented
of the U.S. National
in
the collection
1892.
Mus.) 1889 (1891
1),
Inst. (U.S.
pp. 609-649, pis.
stones,
XCV-CV.
1892.
Hartert. KatalogderVogelsammlung
(Alca impennis, Ttirdus terrestris, Chaunoproctus ferreorostris, Hemiphaga spadicea

mentioned.)
revised
in
list
1893.
Gizzard-
the genus Aptornis,
Vier seltene Rallen.
Abhandl.
d.
Vereins
Naturwiss.
zu.
XII.
H. O. Forbes.
inhabiting the
List of the Birds
Chatham
Islands.
In Ibis 1893, pp. 521-546.
(Notes on the living and extinct forms. The

Egg of
genus Palaeoliiiinas established.
Cabalus tiwdestus figured, etc.)
The Labrador Duck.

historical
1893.
notes.
W. W.
1891, pp. 301-316,
Notes
Smith.
species of
Auk
Moa
of the extant specimens
North America, with some

In
Zealand
XV-XVII.
172.
On
Hartlaub.
Bremen
Ges. Frankfurt-a-M.
Will. DuTCHER.
Zealand.
New
pp. 175-184.
In
im Museum der Senchenberg. Naturf.
New
pp. 93-172, pis.
Notes on
t.c. p.
Hamilton.
t.c.
1892.
1891.
XXIV,
Hamilton.
of
Proceed.
Nat.
(An account of some of the larger animals

which have become extinct within historic
times, or are threatened with extinction, with
reasons suggested for their disappearance.)
1891.
and
Trans,
Institute Vol.
Museum.
Smithson
In Report of the
The Moas
HuTTON.
In
XXUl
New
on
certain
Zealand Birds.
In Ibis 1893, pp. 509-520.
pi. 2.
(Methods of colonization and their disastrous
1894.
Will. DuTCHER.
With
results to the birds described.)
The Labrador Duck.
additional data respecting extant
1893.
specimens.
In
Auk
Milne-Edwards & Oustalet.
sur quelques especes d'oiseaux actuelle-
1894, PP- 4-12.
ment
eteintes qui se trouvent repre-
sentees dans les collections du

1892.
Forbes, H. O.
Preliminary Notice
New
de
Zealand (Abstract).
In Trans,
Vol.
XXIV,
and Proceed.
New
la
Inst.
Pp. 189-252,
Aphanapteryx and
other remains in the

In Nature, Vol.
XLVI,
Chatham
p.
Islands.
252.
(Short notes on avian remains which, unfortunately, were never properly studied afterwards.)
museum
d'histoire
commemoratif
professeurs du Museum.
pis. I-V.
:
Fregiliipus variiis,
Camptolaemus labradorius,
Droiiiaiiis " afer," but these beautifully figured
and masterly described and discussed.)

1893.
Newton and Gadow. On

additional Bones of the Dodo and
Sir
other
H. O. Forbes.
museum
Centenaire
Mascarinus mascarinus,
(Only 6 species
Alca
impennis,
nitidissima,
Alectroenas
Volume
public par les
pp. 185-189.
(The editors say that the paper is published

in abstract, as it had been
impossible to
prepare the drawings for its illustrations in
time.
It
is a most
pitiful
and unscientific
proceeding to publish such preliminary abstracts
containing insufficiently founded names and
complete " nomina nuda " without publishing
a fuller account such, as far as I know, has
never appeared.)
1892.
fondation du
naturelle.
Zealand
In
d'histoire naturelle.
of Additions to the Extinct Avifauna

of
Notice
E.
Extinct
Birds
of
Mauritius
obtained by Mr. Theodore Sauzier.

In Trans. Zool. Soc. London XIII, pp. 281Pis. XXXIII-XXXVII.
302.
(Strix sauzieri, Astiir alphotisi, Butorides
Sarcidiornis
nanus,
Plotus
mauritianus,
inaiiritianus.
Anas
theodori, etc.)
XXIV
The Moas and
A. DE QuATREFAGES.
1893.
and Proceed.
XXV,
New
Zealand
Inst.
history to date of the Birds of the
pp. 17-49.
French article which

appeared in the Nos. for June and July of the
"Journal des Savants" by Laura BuUer.)
(Translation
The
Rothschild.
Avifauna of Laysan and the Neighbouring Islands: with a complete
Moa-hunters.
In Trans,
Walter
1893-1900.
the
of
Hawaiian Possessions.
1900. With numerous
London 1893plates.
(Account and coloured plates of the extinct

birds of
Parker.
On the classification and
mutual relations of the Dinornithidae.
1893.
By
XXV,
Observations
and Proc.
Trans,
In
Hawaii.)
Milne-Edwards
1894.
T. J. Parker.
Oahu and
New
Zealand
Grandidier.
et
sur
Aepyornis
les
pp. 1-6, pis. I-IIl.
In
Comptes Rendus hebd. des Stances de

CXVIII, Part
I'Acad. d. Sciences, Paris, Vol.
New Species of
F.W. HuTTON.
1893.
In Trans,
XXV,
and Proc.
New Zealand
Moas.
Inst. Vol.
1894.
Parker.
J.
antiqua.
Skulls.
On Anomalopteryx
In Trans,
1894.
XXVI,
Inst.
On
Hamilton.
Remains
Avian
in
Southland.
T.c. p. 14, pi. IV.
In Trans,
R.
223.
p.
BuRCKHARDT,
Abhandl.
VI,
Heft
XXVI,
Inst.
Palaontolog.
in
2,
226.
p.
*1893.
Notes on Three Moa-
pp. 6-13.
W. HuTTON.
F.
I,
pp. 122-127.
(Diiioniis stremius, Anoiiialopteryx fortis,

Eiiryapteryx compacta, Pachyornis inUabilis,
P. valgus.)
1893.
de
Madagascar.
Inst.
pp.
127-145,
1894.
Hamilton.
Materials for a Biblio-
graphy of the Dinornithidae.
Taf. 1-4.
In Trans,
(Aepyornis.)
Inst.
XXVI,
pp. 229-257.
(A careful
1893.
The Moas
H. O. Forbes.
of
Zealand.
1895.
In Natural Science
II,
list
pp. 374-380.
C.
A. Hamilton.
On
Aepyornis
of
In
the Fissures and
Caves at the Castle Rocks, Southland

with a description of the remains of
the Existing and Extinct Birds found
1895.
and Proceed. New Zealand
p.
A.
my
readers.)
in
On some
remains
Hon.
Walter
the
Museum
at Tring.
Novitates Zoologicae
II,
pp. 23-25.
Inst.
XXVII,
228-232.
Inst.
pp. 88-106; with figures.)
1895.
1893.
In Trans,
(In Trans,
XXV,
refer
Hamilton.
Further contributions
towards a Bibliography of the Moas.
them.
in
which
W. Andrews.
Rothschild's
1893.
to
New
Newton.
" Extermination."
Jefferv
Parker.
Encyclopaedia Britannica.)
Phylo-
geny of the Dinornithidae.

In Trans. Zool. Soc.
in
the Cranial
Osteology, Classification, and

In
Dictionary of Birds.
(See also
On
373-431,
pis.
LVI-LXII.
London
Vol. XllI, pp.

1895.
On
Hamilton.
Feathers of a
the
1897.
In Trans,
Forbes and
Two
small Moa.
Inst.
(On
See
norfolceiisis.
\V.
C.
bones,
On
Andrews.
Aepyornis
1900.
Magazine
Geological
in
etc.,
W. WoLTERSTORFF.
On
Kapua.
1900.
and Proc. N. Zealand Inst. XXVIII,
Id. On the Moa-bones from Enfield,
627.
p.
Museum
Natur-
zu Magdeburg.
Mit 2 Abbildungen.
in
On
W. Andrews.
C.
Die Moas im
wissenschaftl.
645.
Extinct
the
Naturwiss. Vereins
Jahresbericht
Magdeburg
1896.
Verein
Verlag von E. Nagele.
Mertens.
A.
im
zu
gehalten
Mit zwei Abbildungen.
Stuttgart.
a deposit of Moa-bones
In Trans,
t.c.p.
Ausgestorbcnc
Naturwissenschaftlichen
HuTTON.
at
figured Nestor
is
Vortrag,
Magdeburg.
on
35.
t.c. p.
p. 5.)
Riesenvogel.
1895.
1896.
Note
Robinson.
Species of Pigeon,
(Hemiphaga spadicea.)
pi. I of the same vol.
XXVIl,
pp. 232-238.
*1895.
XXV
zu
1898- 1900. (Pp. 1-24 in separate
fiir
copy.)
Birds of the Chatham Islands

In Novit Zoolog. Ill, p. 73-84
W.
Key
A. Bryan.
to the Birds of
the Hawaiian group.
Palaeolimnas
hawkinsi,
( Diaphorapteryx
1901.
and 260-271.
chathciinensis, Nesoliinnas dieffeiibachii.)
1902.
Walter
Rothschild and
Ernst
Further notes on the
fauna of the Galapagos Islands.
Hartert.
En
Hartlaub.
G.
1896.
zur
Beitrag
Geschichte der ausgestorbenen Vogel
In Nov. Zool. 1902, pp. 381-418; cf. also

Nov. Zool. 1899, pp. 154, 163.
(Geospiza magnirostris and dentirostris.)
der Neuzeit, sowie derjenigen, deren
Fortbestehen bedroht erscheint.

In
Abhandl.
(Also
as
manuscript, with
gn.
1902.
Hawaian
of the same, printed

few alterations and
of
list
Birds of the
the
Possessions,
(The most useful, comprehensive pamphlet

on recently extinct birds.)
habits.
On some
Andrews.
Carinate
of
Birds
the
of
Birds
fossil
remains
from
Central
1903.
Madagascar.
with
and IX.
their
The Black Emu.
Zoologist 1903, pp. 8i-88.
Wilhelm
of
Hawaiian
on
Honolulu 1902.
Der Riesenalk,
Blasius.
Alca impennis L.
In Ibis 1897, pp. 343-359, pis. VIII
notes
Graham Renshaw.
In
complete
being a
Islands,
additions.)
1903.
1897.
W. Henshaw.
H.
Heft.
Second edition
Vereins
Naturwiss.
d.
Bremen XIV Band,
Naumann
In the
called "
New Edition
Naumann, Natur-
geschichte der Vogel Mitteleuropas

1897.
H. O. Forbes.
On
(sic),
an apparently
new, and supposed to be
now
species of Bird from the
vol.
XII,
pp.
169-208,
pis.
17,
17a-17d, 1903.
extinct,
(Among others the most complete

graphy and very detailed descriptions.)
Mascarene
biblio-
Islands, provisionally referred to the
genus Necropsar.
In
Sturn.
Bull.
I
Liverpool
With
Museums,
(Necropsar leguati).
1903.
plate.
I,
p.
34,
pi.
Fleming,
Pigeon.
In Auk
J.
H.
1903, p. 56.
On
the
Passenger
XXVI
1903.
M. GuiLLAUME Grandidier.
bution
I'etude
de
Contri-
I'Epiornis
1905-1906.
Sir
Walter Buller.
Supple-
New
Zealand."
to the " Birds of
ment
de
Madagascar.
Two
In
Comptes Rendus des Stances de I'Acad.
Sc, Paris 1903 (pp. 1-3 in separate copy.)
e.xtinct
volumes.
(Though containing very interesting notes on

and threatened birds, these two volumes
They contain very

new, and are mainly composed of
quotations from other people's writings or
letters.
Buller's former great book on the
Birds of New Zealand was a most important
and creditable work, though not without shortcomings.
Our knowledge of New Zealand
Birds might have been brought up to date in
his supplement, but we cannot say that this
has been done properly, and errors are
are rather disappointing.
little
1903.
Grandidier.
G.
Note au sujet du
squelette de VAepyoniis ingens.

In Bull.
Mus. Paris 1903, pp. 318-323, with
figures.
1903.
Paul
Observations
Carie.
quelques oiseaux de
I'ile
sur
Maurice.
that
is
frequent.)
In Ornis XII, p. 121-128.
(We
echo
are informed that neither Palaeornis
sub nomine eqiies -nor Nesoeiias mayeri
1906.
are extinct.)
Baldwin Spencer.
The King
Island
Emu.
1905.
A.
Clark.
H.
Extirpated
In
West
Indian Birds.
In
1905.
Auk
1905.
A.
The Lesser
Antillean
1905, pp. 266-273.
H.
Clark.
The
West
Indian
Parrots.
In
Auk
(1906),
(Dromaius miuor described.)
A. H. Clark.
Auk
Naturalist XXIII
1905, pp. 259-266.
Macaws.
In
The Victorian
pp. 139, 140.
1905, pp. 337-344-
1907.
Walter Rothschild. On Extinct

and Vanishing Birds. A short Essay
on the Birds which have presumably
become extinct within the last 500
years, and also of those birds which
are on the verge of extinction, including a few which, though not yet so
far gone, are threatened with extinc-
1905.
A. H. Clark.
The Greater
Macaws.
In
Auk
1905, pp. 345-348.
Antillean
tion in the near future.

In
Proceed, of the IV Intern.
Congress, London 1905, pp. I9:-2I7.
Ornith.
LIST OF PLATES.
1.
Fregilupus
Mus.
2.
3.
From
varius.
Hist.
the
plate
the
in
Volume
"
Centenaire,"
Naturelle, Paris.
From
1.
Fottdia bruante.
2.
Necropsar rodericanus.
3.
Necropsar leguati.
1.
Geospiza magnirosiris.
2.
Geospiza strenua.
3.
Nesoenas mayeri.
4.
Chaimoproctus
the figure in Daubenton's work.
Made up from
From
description.
the type specimen in Liverpool.
From
the type specimen
From specimen
Head.
From specimen
3
ferreorostris
London.
at Tring.
in the British
From
in
the
Museum.
pair
the
in
British
Museum.
4.
1.
After a drawing from the type in the Berlin
Hemigjiathus ellisianus.
Museum.
2.
3. Psittirostra
4a.
5.
From
Heterorhynchus lucidus.
From
psittacea deppei.
4.
Ciridops anna.
From
1.
Moho
From specimen
2.
Chaetoptila angusiipluma.
1.
Miro
2.
Traversia
apicalis.
traversi.
From
lyalli 3
in
From specimen
From
the
Museum.
Museum.
the Tring
skin in the Tring

J
Museum.
the type in the Tring
a specimen in the Tring
and
Museum.
a specimen in the Paris
in
the Tring
Museum.
Museum.
specimens
type
in
the
Tring
Museum.
3.
5a.
6.
Bowdleria rufescens.
From
From
Siphonorhis americanus.
1.
Nestor norfolcensis.
From
a skin in the Tring
Museum.
skin in the British
Museum.
the plate in the Bulletin of the
Liverpool
Museum.
2.
Head
From
of Nestor prodiicttis.
7.
Lophopsittacus mauritiantts.
8.
Necropsitiacus borbonicus.
9.
Mascarinus mascarinus.
From
From
From
a specimen in the Tring
ancient drawing and description.
a description.
the drawing
in
the
Volume commemoratif,
Centenaire Mus. Paris.

10.
Ara
tricolor.
From specimen
in
Museum.
the Liverpool
Museum.
LIST OF PLATES
xxviii
H.
Ara
gossei.
12.
Ara
erythrocephala.
13.
Anadorhynchus purpurascens.
14.
Ara
martinicus.
15.
Ara
erythrura.
16.
Conurus
17.
Amazona
violaceus.
18.
Amazona
tnartinicana.
19.
Palaeornis exsul.
20.
Palaeornis wardi.
21.
Hemiphaga
22.
Alectroenas nitidissima.
From Gosse's
From Gosse's
From
From
From
labati.
description.
From
description.
description.
description.
description.
From
description.
From
From
description.
the plate in the " Ibis."
From
the plate in the " Ibis."
From
spadicea.
description.
du Centenaire, Mus.
the specimen in the Tring
From
the plate in the
Made up from
Pezophaps
24.
Didus cucullatus.
From drawings.
24a.
Didus cucullatus.
See explanation, page
172.
24b.
Didus cucullatus.
172.
24c.
Didus cucullatus.
172.
25.
Didus
specimen
25a.
25b.
Didus
1,
2,
solitarius.
5,
7,
in
8.
descriptions and ancient drawings.
a picture supposed to be taken from a living
Amsterdam, but beak and wing restored.

After Dubois' description.
Pezophaps
3.
page
4,
From
solitarius.
Volume commemoratif
Paris.
23.
solitaria.
Museum.
solitarius.
Reproduction
of
ancient
figures,
see
solitarius.
Reproduction
of
ancient
figures,
see
177.
Didus
page 177.
OF PLATES
LIST
26.
I.
British
2.
From
Hypotaenidia pacifica.
Forster's
xxix
unpublished drawing
in
the
Museum.
From
Pennula sandwichensis.
unique specimen
the
in
the
Leyden
in
the
British
Museum.
3.
27.
Pennula
From
millsi.
Nesolimnas
skin in the Tring
From
dieffenbachi.
Museum.
specimen
unique
the
Museum.
28.
From
\.
Cabalus modestus.
2.
Coturnix novaezealandiae.
29.
Aphanapteryx bonasia.
30.
Erythromachus
skin in the Tring
From
From
Museum.
skin in the Tring
ancient drawing.
Made up from
leguati.
Museum.
ancient
outUne
figure
and
description.
Made up from
3L
Leguatia gigantea.
32.
Apierornls coerulescens.
33.
Notomis
34.
Notomis
alba.
From
From
description.
the plate
in
From
hodistetteri.
ancient figures and descriptions.
"Ibis," 1873.
the
plate
in
the
Zeitschr.
f.d.
ges.
Ornithologie.
35.
1.
Aedwiorhynchtis
"
2.
cancellatus.
From
the
plate
in
Seebohm's
Charadriidae."
After the unpublished drawings in the British
Prosobonia leucoptera.
Museum, but
the
artist
has
not
shown the white patch on the
shoulder.
36.
Camptolainms
labradoriits.
From
the
two
specimens
in
the
Tring
Museum.
37.
Aestrelata caribbaea.
38.
Alca impeiinis.
39.
Carbo perspicillatus.
40.
Droinaius peroni.
41.
Megalapteryx huttoni.
42.
Dinornis ingens.
From
From
the type specimen in the Dublin
the stuffed specimen in the Tring
From
From
a specimen
in
the British
Museum.
Museum.
Museum.
the type of the species in the Paris
Museum.
Restored from osteological remains and feathers.
Restoration from skeleton and some feathers.
PALAEOCORAX
THIS
genus
forbes.
founded on cranial ciiaracters
is
The vomer
of parasphenoid present but rudimentary.
three-pointed
the latter anchylosed to the expanded
The
ossified
of the
the
base
ossified
mesethmoid stretches backward and
upper surface of the vomer, so that
between
complete
of
the
lodged
is
flat,
and
nasal septum.
the
in
concavity
presents a form intermediate
it
such
forms,
aegithognathous
broad,
anchylosed to the premaxillaries,
Maxillaries
front.
in
Basipterygoid processes
as
compound aegithognathous forms, such as Gymnorhina,
in
Corviis,
and
the
which desmogna-
thism was superadded by "anchylosis of the inner edge of the maxillaries with
" (Parker).
a highly ossified alinasal wall and nasal septum
PALAEOCORAX MORIORUM
Corvus moriorum Forbes, Nature
Palaeocorax morionan Forbes,
FORBES says
DR. comix.
The
XLVI
Bull.
252 (1892).
p.
B.O.C.
this bird is of
(forbes).
p.
XXI
(1892).
about half the size again of a Corvus
principal characters are cranial,
and the same as those
of the genus.
Habitat
Chatham
Many
Islands,
and possibly the Middle
and bones
skulls
in
the Tring
Island,
New
Museum.
PALAEOCORAX ANTIPODUM
Palaeocorax aiitipodum Forbes,
HIS
is
said
to
smaller size.
forbes.
Ibis 1893, p. 544.
be distinguished
Habitat
Zealand.
North
from P. moriorum by
Island,
New
Zealand.
its
considerably
FREGILUPUS
UGE
crest,
One
long and curved.
bill
LESSON.
species, extinct.
FREGILUPUS VARIA
(Plate
"
(bodd.)
1.)
Huppes oil Callcndrcs," Voyages du Sieur D.B. (Dubois) aux lies Dauphine on Madagascar,
and Bourbon ou Mascarenne, etc., p. 172 (1674 Bourbon).
Hiippe du Cap de Bonne Espirance Daubenton,

Hiippe noire
PI. Enl. 697.
blanche du Cap de Bonne Espirance MontbeiUard, Hist. Nat. Ois. VI,
et
463 (1779).
p.
Madagascar Hoopoe Latham, Gen. Syn.
Upupa varia Boddaert,
Tabl. PI. Enl.
Upiipa capensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat.
La Huppc
I,
B.
II
pt.
43 (1783
p.
466
grise Audebert et Vieillot, Ois. Dor., "
Le Mirops huppi
690 (1783).
p.
Promerops
" p.
Levaillant, Hist. Nat. Promerops, etc., p. 43,
Upupa madagascariensis Shaw, Gen.

Coracia cristata
I,
ex Daubenton).
(1788 ex MontbeiUard).
p.
Vieillot,
Zool. VIII,
pt.
Pastor upupa Wagler, Syst. Avium, Pastor,
sp.
pi.
iii (1802).
18 (i8o6).
140 (1812).
p.
I,
Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. VIII,
15
pi.
3 (1817).
p.
13 (1827).
Fregiliipus borboniciis Vinson, Bull. Soc. d'Acclimat 1868,
p.
627.
p. 203 (1877); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XIII

Oustalet, Centenaire Mus. Hist. Nat., p. 205, pi. II
Fregiliipus varius Hartlaub, Vog. Madagasc.
194 (i8go)
p.
Milne-Edwards
&
(1893).
AS
long ago as 1674 a note about the "

Dubois.
i.e.,
"
of
He
Hoopoes or
says,
when
{i.e.,
to eat)
This
by
exists,
"
Le Sieur D.B.,"
describing the birds of Reunion (translated)
Callendres,' having a white tuft on the head, the rest
'
the plumage white and grey, the
they are a
Huppe"
little
larger than the
when
it is
bill
and the feet
young pigeons
another good
this is
a bird of prey
like
game
fat."
description
has
generally
been
accepted
as
referring
to
the
Fregilupiis, though that of the
bill
and feet
author, for Fregiliipus has
bill
and feet of a member of the Sturnidae
the
is
then due to an error of the
or family of Starlings.
Good
in
many
females
in
least,
the
"Huppe" have been
given
places (see literature), but whether they were taUen from males or
is
the female
At
descriptions and representations of the
generally not known.

is
this
museum
smaller, and has

is
The sexes seem
a shorter and straighter
the conclusion of Dr.
at Troyes.
As
to be alike in colour, but
Hartert,
who saw
bill
than the male.
the four examples
far as he could see through the glass
all
four
seemed
bills,
but two were larger with longer and more curved
to be adult birds,
two smaller and with shorter and straighter beaks, so that they are
evidently
two
pairs.
This bird seems to have become extirpated about the middle of the
The
century.
last
late
Monsieur Pollen wrote
become so rare that one
species has
dozen years.
has been destroyed
It
still
me
old Creoles told
"
the
bird
inhabitant
Reunion,
seen a dozen
search for
it
We
in
kill
therefore,
is,
Mr. A.
Legras,
them with
The
wrote
They
sticks.
about
common, and
still
wrong what
not
this
call this
distinguished
with
bird
in vain in
the
belonging to the late
grieved to
our museum."
are certain that Fregilupus existed
me
we were even
our wanderings to discover birds;
Monsieur Desjardins,
Two
these birds were
that, in their youth,
It
in
words: "The Hoopoe has become so rare that we have hardly
following
has sent
and even
exist in the forests of the interior, near St. Joseph.
Hoopoe."
of
mentioned for a
in all the littoral districts,
were so stupid that one could
that they
not hear them
did
"This
Trustworthy persons, however, have assured us
the mountains near the coast.

that they must
1868 (translated)
in
on Mauritius, wrote
living
Professor Milne-Edwards:
four alive from Bourbon in May,
on
still
in
"My
in
1835, as
manuscript
formerly
friend, Marcelin Sauzier,
They
1835.
have escaped some months afterwards, and
Reunion
it
eat everything.
might well happen that
they will stock our forests."

It
seems, indeed, that specimens were
where they
in
did not originally exist.
killed
in
1837 on
Verreaux shot an example
Mauritius,
in
Reunion
1832.
The names "La Huppe du Cap" and
"
Upupa madagascariensis"
arose
out of the mistaken notions that this bird lived in South Africa or Madagascar,
but
we know now
that
its real
WE ARE AWARE
home was Reunion
or Bourbon.
OF THE FOLLOWING SPECIMENS PRESERVED
IN
COLLECTIONS.
2 stuffed ones, one in good, one
bad condition, and two
in
in
spirits, in
4 stuffed in Troyes.
from the Riocour
stuffed,
in
in Turin.
in
1,
the Florence
Museum.
Pisa.
rather poor and old, in Leyden.
in
Stockholm.
in
the
in the collection of
collection, in the British
Museum.
in
Museum
Genoa.
at Port Louis,
on the island
of Mauritius.
the late Baron de Selys Longchamps.
the Paris
Museum.
NECROPSAR
HE
GiJNTHER & NEWTON.
authors state that this genus was very closely allied to Fregilupus,
and,
some minor
besides
differences, give
the shorter and less curved
as the principal difference
bill.
NECROPSAR RODERICANUS
(Plate
2,
& Newton,
Necropsar rodericanus Giinther
Fig.
2.)
Phil.
Trans,
gunth.&newt.
vol. i58, p. 427, pi.
XLII,
figs.
A-G
(1879).
TH E
anonymous author
original description given by the
Rodrigue
de rile
" is
as
follows:
"These
birds
of the " Relation
are a
little
larger
than a blackbird, and have white plumage, part of the wings and the
tail
beak and the legs yellow, and make a wonderful warbling."
black, the
Our author
also says they inhabited the
eggs and dead
The
lingered
Islet
au Mat, and fed on seabirds'
turtle.
evidently
bird
little
longer
became extinct on
on the
outlying
Rodriguez
islets.
before
1730,
and
Only known from bones,
mostly collected by the Rev. H. H. Slater, and the above description.

Habitat
There
The
of the bird
is
Rodriguez and neighbouring
one
figure
is
is
tibia in
the Tring
islets.
Museum.
coloured according to the description, while
evident from
its
bones and
relation.
the shape
NECROPSAR LEGUATI
(Plate
Necropsar
Fig. 3.)
2,
Forbes, Bull. Liverp. Rlus,
legitati
forbes
Stuniidac
p. 34, pi.
I,
FORBES' description
as follows
DR. where,
except on the outer webs
is
"
(1897-1898).
General colour white everythe primaries and
of distal half of
secondaries and the outer webs of the newly moulted and both webs
of
the
unmoulted
rectrices,
which
marked with
are
darker
or
lighter
ferruginous."
Dr.
which
Forbes then gives an exhaustive description of the structure, to
refer
my
measurements :
readers, and the following
32
mm.
109
Tail
98
Tarsus
31-5,,
Culmen
....
....
....
....
....
....
Wing
of
should have been inclined to consider this bird an albinistic specimen
the bird described in " Relation de
the tibia of Necropsar rodericanus
46
mm.
in
length,
36-41
mm.
Islet
au Mat
is
in
bird,
too close to
52-59
Rodrigue," but for the fact that
mm.
length, while this
in
while the metatarsus measures 31 "5
rodericanus.
A'^.
is
I'lle
mm.
is
as opposed to
cannot accept the theory that this
and therefore different from
Rodriguez to have
had
A'^.
starling.
the
is
the
rodericanus, as
different
only
islet
therefore
believe this bird to have been an albinistic specimen of the Mauritius species
of
Necropsar, for
ferruginous colour
conclude that
black
A'^.
like
the
the
there
is
can
little
doubt
that
it
is
much stronger on one wing than on
colour
Rodriguez
rodericanus, from which
Habitat
be
doubtful.
in
the wings and
bird,
it
The
and that
tail
A'^.
leguati
differed principally in its
type specimen
bears
the other
was
much
Lord
the
and
specimens was
normal
in
as
albinistic,
close
ally
of
smaller size.
Derby's
Museum
number, 1792, and a label of Verreaux giving Madagascar as the habitat,
which
is
certainly erroneous.
FOUDIA BRUANTE
(Plate
Bruant de
I'isle
L)
Fig.
2,
(p.ls. mull.)
de Bourbon Daubenton, PI. Enl. 321.
Le Mordori, Montbeillard,
Hist. Nat. Ois.,
Fringilla bruante
Miill.,
P.L.S.
Quarto Edition
Natursyst.,
Suppl.
IV., p.
No. 51 (1776
164,
p.
366 (1778
Bourbon).
ex
Daubenton
PI. enl).
Emberiza fuscofulva Boddaert, Table

Montbeillard's " Morder6 ").
Emberiza borbonica Gmelin,
Bnl. p. 20
PI.
Syst. Nat.
p.
(1783
ex
based
WE
know
Brit.
Mus. XIII
Enl. 321
and
IV., pp.
p.
543 and 548 (1889).
484 (1890).
absolutely nothing about this bird, except Daubenton's figure
and the description by Montbeillard.

including the
back,
species of Foudia, while the
brown borders.
PI.
Daubenton and Montbeillard).
886 (1788
Foudia bruante Newton, Trans. Norf. and Norw. Nat. Soc.

NesacaiUhis fusco-fulvus Sharpe, Cat. B.
on
is
In
uniform red, about the same red as
wings and
In the description the
tail
are dark
body plumage
("mordere") and the wings, wing-coverts and

rufous ("d'un mordore plus ou moins clair
that of a Bunting, but the
tail
tail
The
").
in
other
brown with yellowishis
described as rufous
as more or less bright

size is
said to be about
shorter and the wings longer.
According to Dr. Sharpe (Cat. B. XIII,

considered identical with
the plate the whole body,
p.
484) "it has generally been
Foudia madagascariensis," but the
latter has the
back marked with longitudinal black spots, while both the figure and description
of F. bruante represent a uniform red upperside
latter is expressly stated,
moreover the
and as we know other forms of Foudia from the
Seychelles, Mauritius, Comoros, Aldabra and Madagascar,

to doubt the statement.
We
doubtless extinct bird, though
Museum
we have no
reason
are not aware of any specimen existing of this

it
would be worth while
for this treasure.
Habitat
locality of the
Reunion or Bourbon.
to search the
Paris
CHAUNOPROCTUS
Chaunoproctus Bonaparte, Consp. Av.
THE
genus Chaunoproctus contains only one species, which
by
its
enormous
nearly straight, and there
is
The
maxilla.
has red
in
total length
is
mandible being greater than
the
of
The cutting-edge
which
it
115)
p.
I,
the posterior half of the
in
The
adult male
opinion
of
is
that
bird
this
and not with the Greenfinches and
allies,
placed
is
of the
brown, above and below.
is
Fauna
pal.
connected with Carpodactis and
Hawfinches, among
no tooth
is
characterized
is
about seven to eight inches.
the plumage, the female
Dr. Hartert (Vogel

is
the depth
bill,
between the nasal apertures.
the distance
maxilla
526 (1850).
p.
Bp.
in
Birds in the
Catalogue of
the
Museum.
British
CHAUNOPROCTUS FERREOROSTRIS (vio

(Plate
Coccothraiisfes ferreorostris
Voy. Blossom,
Fringilla
papa
Vigors, Zool. Journ. IV
Kittlitz,
p.
32
M6in. Acad.
Imp. Sc.
description,
original
Dark brown;
p.
pi.
239,
15 (1830);
id.
Bp. and Schlegel, Monogr. Loxiens
Mus. XII
Brit.
"Catalogue
of
31 (iS
p.
the
Latin,
Length of body 8 J,
Birds,"
XII,
quill
p.
4j
bill
tail 3,
both
31,
is
abdomen
head, breast and upper part of
wings from the carpus to the third

the
In
translated from
very strong, feet plumbeous.

;
Petersbourg
526 (1850)
p.
Chaunoproctus ferreirostris Sharpe, Cat. B.
height I
Beechey's
38 (1850).
pis. 37,
VIGORS'
in
id.
24, pi. 32, 2 {1832).
Chaunoproctus papa Bonaparte, Consp.

p.
354 (1828)
p.
22, pi. 8 (1839).
p.
Kupfertaf. Vog.
(sic)
Fig. 4.)
3,
as follows:
scarlet.
gape
at
J,
Bill
If^,
tarsus J inches."
sexes
are
carefully
described.
It
obtained
appears
during
that
Captain
suggested that the
one
Beechey's
brilliantly
now
pair,
Kittlitz,
who
visited
obtained a number of
in
Frankfurt-a.-M.,
Museum, was
British
enough.
Curiously
Vigors
coloured adult male might be the young, the
Pine-Grosbeak
the largest of the
specimens,
one
the
in
voyage.
the adult bird, " as is the case in the
female
two
only
of
or two
which
in
" {Sic !).
Bonin Islands
some
Leyden,
are
and,
in
I
May, 1828,
in
St.
Petersburg,
believe,
in
Paris.
10
These
seem
to
be
all
the
known
specimens
Mr. Seebohm's collector, the late Hoist,
Owston's men, who several

who were promised good
is
still
obtain
to
failed
it,
for
specimens, did not get one.
some unknown reason
this bird
on the main island of the group, which alone was visited by
That
numerous.
that one
is
it
obliged
he found
it
keeps concealed,
to
became
mostly on the ground.
is
in
Its
very phlegmatic, and
Kittlitz
fruit
The
am
extinct,
Kittlitz.
is
so
saw
it
little
if
shy
one
but seldom on high trees,

is
a very fine piping sound.
and buds of one kind of tree were
found.
Habitat:
and
the woods along the coast, but not
frequently heard note
crop and stomach small
it,
not collect
go back for some distance, before shooting,
wishes to preserve the specimen.
In the
and Mr. Alan
the possibility that the recent collectors did
Kittlitz tells us that
museums.
European
times went to the Bonin group to obtain

prices
therefore convinced that for
though there
in
largest of the Bonin Islands, south of Japan.
11
GEOSPIZA MAGNIROSTRIS
(Plate
Fig.
3,
1.)
Geospiza magnirostris Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1837,

Rothschild & Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1899 p. 154, 1902 p. 388
XII, pp.
AS
6,
7 (Fig.
explained in
p.
;
Nov. Zool. 1899,
p.
154,
I,
495 (1901).
p.
where Darwin
uncertain
is
it
(Galapagos Islands)
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
Ridgway, B. North and Middle America
gould.
obtained the type specimens of Gould's G. magnirostris, as "Unfortunately,
most
Darwin
the specimens of the finch-tribe were mingled together," as
of
us in his "Journal of Researches"
(New
only " strong reasons to suspect that
some
tells
and he had
Geospiza are confined to
sub-group
separate
Edition 1890,
420),
p.
of the species of the
We
islands."
however,
are,
convinced that the types of G. magnirostris can only have come from Charles
where
Island,
is,
it
probably, the
seems, however, that
have
collectors
U.
the
in
S.
magnirostris
failed
Nat.
(cf.
are
wing
as
91,
26-5 and a
95;
wing
tarsus
of 91
of
huge examples
(No.
It
subsequent
all
immature specimen
an
unless
Island
115,905),
is
young
p. 388).
Museum
base
23-5-24;
26-5,
25
mm.
27,
it
is
height
27;
These
mm. combined do
of strenua, and therefore
no longer, for
the three black specimens in the British
Culmen
follows:
91,
Charles
Nov. Zool. 1902,

of
exists
specimens,
obtain
to
Mus., from
The dimensions
representative of G. strenua strenua.
G. magnirostris
of
bill
measurements
not occur
at
culmen of over
among our
hardly possible that G. magnirostris
large series
is
composed
of strenua only.
As Charles Island has been inhabited

unlikely that a bird
became extinct on that
for
many
place.
On
magnirostris and a head of G. strenua for comparison.
years
it
plate 3
is
not at
is
figured G.
all
12
GEOSPIZA DENTIROSTRIS
Geospiza dentirostris Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1837,
Nov. Zool. 1899 p. 163, 1902 p. 396.
THIS
curious form
bill,
which
slightly
British
is
differs
bowed
" toothed "
Museum
certainly
in
on
from G.
fortis fortis
think that
Museum
it
cutting edge.
came from Charles
(Charles Island!)
The one specimen
Island,
fortis.
is
dentirostris.
is
in
its
in
the
certainly no reason
skins in
some reason
Otherwise
extinct, as, in spite of special attention being paid to
met with G.
Hartert,
and we may, therefore,
As the
Island.
from each other, there
they are both aberrations of G. fortis
collectors
&
towards the end of the upper mandible, and

its
came from Chatham
slightly differ
6; Rothschild
p.
conclude that the other also came from there, and there
to
gould.
it
it,
the
British
to suspect that
must have become

none of the recent
13
POMAREA NIGRA
Miiscicapa nigra Sparrmann, Mus. Carlson.
Pomarea nigra Sharpe,

" Society Islands,
the
list
IN Intern.
E.
of
bird
of birds
Marquesas group
now
Orn. Congress,
Layard's
L.
I,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. IV,
fully
I
Islands).
etc.,
").
Proceedings of the Fourth
the
extinct, in
enumerated Po7narea nigra, on the strength
statement,
has undoubtedly become
Society
Full
synonymy,
description,
434 (1879
23 and text (1786
pi.
p.
(sparrm)
P.Z.S.
1876,
Large
extinct.
p.
501,
who
"This
says:
sums have been
offered
by
Messrs. Godeffroy's collectors for the acquisition of a single specimen, but

in vain
I,
The
very old natives say they
remember the
however, overlooked the fact
that
this
bird
and
call it "
Moho."
note of Layard's referred
to the Friendly Islands only, and that this bird has afterwards been obtained
in
numbers on
interesting to
the
Marquesas
group.
It
would,
compare specimens from the various
group, Marquesas and Tongatabu, to see
if
nevertheless,
islands, viz.
be
very
the Society
they are perfectly similar.
15
MIRO TRAVERSI
(Plate
Miro traversi
New
Buller, B.
Petroeca traversi Hutton,
Zealand, Ed.
late
Sir
Mus. IV
Brit.
Buller, Suppl. B. N.
p.
The whole
Chatham
i8g.
II
125
p.
Miro traversi as follows:
1873,
in
blackish brown,
brown
Irides dark
tail-feathers
tail 2-6;
0-5,
bill
tarsus
black
bill
the
black, very
and toes
tarsi
Total length 6 inches;
the soles of the feet dull yellow.
wing, from flexure, 3-4;
the base of
black,
brown, the former greyish on their inner surface;

brown.
XII (October, 1906).
pi.
wing-feathers and their coverts tinged with
feathers dark plumbeous;
slightly tinged with
Islands).
236 (1879).
plumage
the
of
p.
Zealand
Walter Buller described,
"Adult male.
123 (1873
p.
Journ.-f.-Orn. 1874,
Miro traversi Sharpe, Cat. B.
THE
1.)
Ibis 1872, p. 245.
Myiomoira traversi Finsch,
Miro traversi (partim)
Fig.
5,
duller.
middle toe and claw
O'l,
hind toe and claw 0-8 inch."

"
Female.
tinge on the wings and
may
It
smaller
Slightly
Miro traversi
without the brown
and
male,
tail."
be added
somewhat brownish
than the
that
Miro
traversi
is
pure
not
slaty black.
is
only
known from
Chatham
the
where
Islands,
formerly very common, but, according to a letter from the late

the cats,
which have been
seems
introduced
it.
island of the
Chatham group, long
and Henry Palmer found
Mangare and
The
Little
bird
it,
to
in
from the Snares
traversi
black, that
Walter
is
quite
first
diff'erent,
primary.
named
Buller
(Suppl.
Chatham
B.N.Z.
II,
it
do not doubt
it
it
p.
524)
islets of
from the Snares were
all
M. dannefaerdi.
as has, apparently,
Islands.
p.
has
125)
his
confounded
plate
looks so
represents rather the latter than the former.
Of course M. dannefaerdi alone occurs on the Snares, and
p.
have
being deep glossy black
and dannefaerdi, and the figure he gave on

I
rabbits,
Mangare.
be feared that a similar fate will one day befall
Sir
and
ago, for H. O. Forbes (Ibis 1893,
already befallen its congener from the
M.
rats
was
W. Hawkins,
1890 and 1892, only on the outlying
and having a shorter and narrower

It is to
destroy
to
it
have disapppeared from Warekauri, the main
exterminated
It
of a
but
black,
dannefaerdi.
Buller's traversi
Dr. Finsch's statement (Ibis
1888,
308) that Reischek's specimen from the Snares "agreed in every respect
with specimens from the Chatham
Islands "
is
entirely wrong, for, even
if
16
one prefers unscientifically to lump
from
Chathams agrees
the
allied
every
in
forms, one cannot say that a Miro
respect
one
with
from the Snares.
BuUer's doubts about the distinctness of the latter might easily have been
removed,
if
he had taken the trouble to compare them, for
any genius to see the differences.

geographical forms
them M.
would
admit that with
would regard the
traversi traversi
still
I
two
my
it
does not require
present views on
Miro as sub-species, and
call
and M. traversi dannefaerdi but most ornithologists

,
consider them to be "good species."
may add
correctly, for
in
that
his
Buller,
I.e.,
p.
has not
125,
quoted
my
description
rendering are several disturbing misprints, and
in
the
fourth line from the bottom occurs a " not " which ought not to be there, and
which makes the sentence incomprehensible.
Also the
name
itself
is
spelt
incorrectly.
I
Palmer
have a series from Mangare and

in
1890.
Habitat
The egg seems
Chatham
Islands.
to be
Little
unknown.
Mangare, taken by Henry
17
TURDUS TERRESTRIS
Turdus
terrestris Kittlitz,
M6m. Acad.
Sc. Petersburg
Geocichla terrestris Bonaparte, Consp. Av.

p.
(i88i)
183
Turdidae,
p.
Kat.
Hartert,
107,
I,
following
Museum
pi.
245,
17 (1830
Boninsima).
Senckenb,
33 (1902).
pi.
Sharpe's
Dr.
is
p.
268 (1850); Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. V,

Sharpe, Monograph
p. 6 (1891)
p.
Vogels.
Cichlopasser terrestris Bonaparte, C.R. XXXVIII,
THELeyden
kittl
p.
from
description
"General colour of
6 (1854).
specimen
upper parts
the
olive-brown,
shading into chestnut-brown on the rump, upper tail-coverts, and

the inside
web
lores dark
brown
of each feather
on the inside web
tail;
darker, approaching black on the back;
much
eye-stripe very obscure
the
in
lesser wing-coverts brown, darkest
median coverts dark brown, with large olive-brown
tips
greater coverts nearly black, broadly tipped, and narrowly margined towards
the base with olive-brown
primary coverts black, with a broad olive-brown
patch on the outer webs; tertials dark brown on the inner web, and olive-
brown on the outer web

the outer webs
a spot where
brown
primaries brown, with the basal half of the outer webs, and
the
emargination
ear-coverts
secondaries brown, margined with olive-brown on
brown
begins,
tail-feathers
white tips
under tail-coverts dark brown, with
brown
axillaries
under wing-coverts
Geocichline markings on inner webs of quills dirty white.
brown.
culmen 085, tarsus
inches, tail 2-6,
The only person who ever
was
Kittlitz,
one
in
who
chestnut-
underparts olive-brown, shading into white on
the chin, throat, and centre of belly

irregular diamond-shaped
olive-brown
1-07,
Wing
3'8
bastard primary 08."
collected
this
short-tailed
obtained four specimens, one of which
Frankfurt, one in Vienna, and one in
Leyden.
is
in
Ground-Thrush
St. Petersburg,
Neither
Hoist, nor
Alan Owston's Japanese collectors obtained specimens, though their special

attention
was
called
to
it.
Therefore,
unvisited the most important island
became
of
unless these
the group,
extinct.
Habitat
Bonin Islands, south-east of Japan.
recent collectors
we must
left
suppose that
it
19
PHAEORNIS OAHENSIS
wilson & evans.
Phaeomis oahensis Wilson & Evans, Aves Hawaiienses,

"
Turdus woahensis
NOTHING
"
this
(1899
Based
on
and
250 (1826-Oahu)
evidently extinct bird, which
on the island of Oahu, except

is
p.
Bloxam M.S.)
known about
is
existed
which
Introd. p. XIII
sandwichensis var. Bloxam, Voy. " Blonde " App.
Turdus
as follows
extremities of the feathers
"
Bloxam's
Length 7J inches
much
lighter colour
short
formerly
description,
upper parts olive-brown,
tail
and wings brown
bill
bristled at the base."
The corresponding
notes
is
brown
Length
bill
It
is
description of
8 inches
Phaeomis obscura
belly light ash
slender, f-in. long, bristled at the base.
thus evident that
Bloxam's M.S.
and wings an ash-
beautiful songster."
justified in
to
be
distinct,
naming the extinct
form.
We
are not aware of any specimens being preserved in any
though Bloxam obtained a
labelled,
were placed
by a copy of the
sent, as
skin.
Messrs. Wilson and
Evans
(I.e.)
Museum,
write
specimens obtained by Mr. Andrew Bloxam, properly prepared and
" All the
this
tail
Bloxam considered both forms
and Messrs. Wilson and Evans were perfectly
Oahu
back,
in
some
at the disposal of the
letter
Phaeomis
he wrote to their Secretary, and probably
certainly were, to the
unique specimen of
oahensis,
is
Lords of the Admiralty, as shewn
a vanished
now
British
species,
forthcoming."
Museum
all
were
but no other trace of
which may be properly called
21
BOWDLERIA RUFESCENS
(Plate
Sphenoeacus rufescens
original description
p.
I,
is
206.
No. 2913.
(1869.)
"Upper
as follows:
sides,
parts,
dark rufous brown, brightest on the crown and hind-neck
tail
feathers
and
shoulders
the
of
dusky black, margined with rufous
abdomen
breast and
marked with
Buller's
Fig. 3.)
5,
Buller, Ibis 1869, p. 38.
Megaluriis rufescens Gray Hand-l. B.
BULLER'S
(buller).
black.
fawn colour;
pale
Bill light
is
Streak
sides of
preserved
in
over the
very different to his description.
throat,
eye,
ear-coverts
black, feet dark
spirit,
the
Quills
black.
the head and
brown with the ridge
type probably had been
fresh specimens
brown.
with
centred
sides
and
brown."
as the colouration of
The general colour above
and on the flanks chestnut rufous, most feathers with darker or black centres;
breast and
chin, throat,
abdomen pure white
whity buff or buffy brown.

Habitat:
rats
Cats,
now
quite
Chatham
Wing
crissum and under tail-coverts
2-6 inches, tail 3-9 inches,
Islands.
and weasels have exterminated
extinct.
culmen 0-65 inch."
Messrs.
Travers
and
this fine species,
Dannefaerd
have
which
supplied
is
the
specimens
in
most colonial museums, while Henry Palmer collected the 14
at Tring.
few
in
Liverpool and two
Europe,
in
addition to those at Tring.
to
me
in
in
the British
Museum
are
all
known
23
TRAVERSIA
rothsch.
Only one species known.
See description below.
TRAVERSIA LYALLI
(Plate
Fig. 3.)
5,
Traversia lyalU Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. IV
p.
(December
29th, 1894); Nov. Zool. 1895,
81.
p.
Xenicus insularis
Buller, Ibis 1895, p. 236,
Traversia insularis Buller, Suppl. B.N.Z.
1894
described this remarkable
IN nov.
Xenicidarum.
Differs
Xenicus and Acanthidositta.

shorter,
rothsch.
if
at
in
pi.
II
p.
little
109,
(1906).
bird as follows
important
several
Bill
pi.
much
" Traversia,
from
both
points
larger and stouter,
gen.
very
little
than the tarsus; the latter about as long as middle toe
all,
without claw, or the hind toe and claw, while
about twice as long as the hind
in
The
toe.
Xenicus and Acanthidositta
principal difference, however,
it
is
is
the weakness of the wing, which suggests flightlessness, as does also the
very soft and loose character of the entire plumage, and the very Ralline
There are only ten
aspect of the bird.

the tarsus
in
is
the Xenicidae at once

"
The type
"
Male.
is
Above
dark
brownish-black border.
and
Sclater, Cat. B.
(cf.
Traversia
lyalli, sp.
brownish
narrow
XIV,
its
position
p. 450).
nov.
olive-yellow,
distinct
each
and breast chrome-yellow, each feather
slightly
with
feather
yellow superciliary
umber-brown, the inner webs darker; wing-coverts
tail
throat,
and the scutellation of
These two points determine
Xenicus.
like that of
tail-feathers,
Wings
line.
like back.
Chin,
edged with greyish
Flanks, abdomen, and vent pale brown, centre of feathers paler.
brown.
"
Upper surface umber-brown, each
Female.
very dark brown
wings and
feathers edged with pale brown.
wing 18
to
19,
tail
0-8,
hind toe without claw 05.
but
similar.
tail
feather bordered with
Under surface huffy
grey,
the
Total length about 4 inches, culmen 06,
much
concealed, tarens 075, middle toe 0-65,
24
Habitat
New Zealand. Discovered by

me by Mr. Henry H. Travers."
Stephens Island,
lighthouse-keeper, and sent to
new
received nine specimens of this
any others had been taken at that time.
December
meeting,
the
of
1894,
bird,
As
Ornithologists
British
my
Dr. Hartert to exhibit the birds in
and was not aware that
was unable
When
name.
Mr. Dr. Lyall,
attend the
to
Club,
asked
he had done so and
had read the description, the Chairman, Dr. P. L. Sclater, said that the bird
had also been received for
Walter
Duller,
and he
asked
Hartert
Dr.
Hartert said that
Dr.
description.
my
authority to withdraw
the proceedings of
nine, of both
new
My
bird.
me
in
is
study by any competent

it
suppose
now
it
is
in
new
whom
to
collection "
was
same page
Ill
published
his supplement.
in
sell
December,
in
any
it
afterwards.
to
which DuUer's
sold for a thousand pounds, as Duller

p.
167,
under the heading of Glaucopis
but he makes a mistake about the price, as
sold to me,
mentioned these unimportant
of
was
Sir Walter Duller also tells us that his " second
and severely complained about

p.
this
was not
Buller's type
he would
certainly did not pay a thousand pounds for

I
my
only one specimen,
the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh,
II,
the
No doubt
He had
bird.
ornithologist, while
was
On
from Sir
withdraw
as everybody knows, available for
and,
Tring,
himself tells us in his Supplement

!
Ibis,
would have been equally hard luck for
it
" third collection," 625 specimens,
wilsoni
not
had paid a high price for them, as types of
was uncertain
museum, and
the
the same bird.
to
with the
sexes, and
type
in
would
meeting should be printed without consideration of
the
he had forestalled
had
and he and Dr. Sharpe thought that
description,
hard luck on Sir Walter Duller, but

if
if
was unfortunate, but he had no
this
any manuscripts which might refer
me
and description
illustration
my
may
1894,
it.
details,
because
Duller rather bitterly
Wren, on
describing the Stephens' Island
only add that of course
has
the
priority
over
his,
my
name, being
which
was not
published before April, 1895.
The
history of
any bird known.
All the
lyalli
specimens
is
perhaps the most extraordinary of
am aware
"Xenicus insularis"
in
the late Canon Tristram's collection, one
in
collection, the type of

in
Traversia
of, viz.,
the eight
now
in
my
Duller's former collection, one
the Dritish
Museum
(ex Tring),
and two or more offered some years ago by Mr. Travers, were brought
by the lighthouse-keeper's
cat.
Evidently this feline discoverer has at the
same time been the exterminator

been digested by that unique
in
of
cat, as
Traversia
in
lyalli,
letters received
and many may have

from Mr. Travers
25
have been told that no more specimens could be obtained, and Buller
says: "Very diligent search has been
made on Stephen
specimens of the Island Wren, but without success, and there
is
reason to fear that this species has almost immediately after
its
become
(I.e.)
Island for further
too
much
discovery
extinct."
Habitat
mile in extent,
Stephen
Cook
Island,
a small, partly wooded
islet,
about a square
almost impossible that this bird has
Strait.
It
is
only existed on Stephen Island.
It
must have been overlooked on d'Urville
Island or
and
cats,
the
in
" mainland,"
where
it
and similar pests long ago.
probably became extinct
through
rats
27
MOHO
APICALIS
(Plate
" Yellow-tufted Bee-eater" (non
Moho
Moho
THIS
&
London
rarest species of the
p.
pt.
in
(?
text
p.
357,plate (1789).
Hawaii).
and plate
(1894).
223 and plate (1900).
Mohos formerly
where specimens were obtained

localities
i860, p. 381
Evans, Av. Hawaii,
apicalis Rothschild, Avif. Laysan, etc.,
The
1.)
Latham !), Dixon, Voyage round the World,
apicalis Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Acrulocercus apicalis Wilson
4a,
gould.
inhabited the island of Oahu,
1837, near Enero, by
Herr Deppe.
Dixon and that of the type
of the specimens figured by
of Gould are uncertain, but they must have been obtained on Oahu.
1837
we have no
further traces of
Moho
apicalis.
The only specimens known are those

two
in
which
the British
I
obtained
home from
the
in
Museum, and one
in
in
Berlin, collected
my Museum
at Tring.
exchange from the British Museum,
Sandwich
specimen of Moho apicalis

Habitat: Oahu.
Islands
in
by
the Vienna
Since
Capt.
Lord
Museum.
is
Byron.
by Deppe,
The
latter,
the one brought
There
is
no
29
CHAETOPTILA
Chaetoptila Sclater, Ibis 1871
DR. orSCLATER
Molto
358.
new
justly proposed a
"
"
p.
scl.
angustipluma
generic term for the " Entomyza."
former
of
This
authors.
bird
belongs
doubtless to the family of Meliphagidae or Honey-eaters, and the genus

distinct
is sufficiently
The
from
There are no fleshy wattles anywhere.
others.
all
long and strongly graduated
tail is
The plumage
at their tips.
and chest almost
fluffy
of the
the rectrices are obliquely pointed
all
body
very
is
the head, throat
soft, that of
the feathers of the chin, throat and forehead end in
hair-like bristles.
We
know
only one species.
CHAETOPTILA ANGUSTIPLUMA
(Plate
Fig.
4a,
2.)
aiigusfipliima Peale, U.S. Expl. Exp., Birds
Entomiza
Mohoa angustipluma
Moho angustipluma
Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1855

Cassin, U.S. Expl. Exp.,
(peale).
p.
147
p.
440.
Mamm. &
pi.
XL
Orn.
p.
fig.
148
(1848 Hawaii).
pi.
XI
fig
(1S3S
Hawaii).
Wilson
&
Evans, Aves. Hawai.
Rothschild, Avif. Laysan, etc.,
THIS
remarkable
bird,
pt. II
p.
and
plate
(1891 Hawaii).
215 and plate (1900).
belonging to the family Meliphagidae, used to inhabit
the island of Hawaii in the Sandwich Archipelago.
Mr. Dole to inhabit Molokai, but
is
unknown the name
Mr. Dole being that of Numenius

not
know
the reason
why
it
tahitiensis.
has been said by
evidently an error.
this is
nobody on the island of Hawaii has any recollection of

former native name
It
Kiowea
"
The
its
" erroneously
bird
is
At present
presence, and
extinct,
its
quoted by
though we do
disappeared.
THE ONLY SPECIMENS WE KNOW OF ARE THE FOLLOWING:

1.
The type
2.
One
3.
One
in
in
in
the
Museum
at
Washington, U.S.A.
the Bernice Pauahi Bishop

the
Museum
Museum
in
Honolulu.
of the University at Cambridge, obtained in
exchange from Honolulu
by Mr. Scott Wilson.

4.
One
in
my Museum
at Tring, obtained in
The type was obtained by

the island of Hawaii.
exchange from the Honolulu Museum.
Peale, the three others by the late Mr. Mills on
30
STRIGICEPS LEUCOPOGON
less.
Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 266 Suppl. aux (ruvres

Strigiceps Icucopogon Lesson, Echo du Monde Savant 1840 (?)
compl. de BuPfon, Descr. de Mammif. & Ois, r^cemm. d*icouverts, p. 277 {1847 Nouvelle HoIIande)
Hartlaub, Beitrag Gesch ausgest Vogel, in Abhandl. Natunv. Ver. Bremen, 2te Ausgabe, als M.S. gedr.,
;
p. 40 (1896).
Nobody has
hitherto identified the curious bird described by Lesson,
generic characters he gives
it
is
evident that
head and throat, and long, strongly graduated
it
was
c, under
the above name.
bill,
From
the
lanceolate feathers on the
doubtless belonging to the McUphagidac.
tail,
the colouration is as follows

" Back, wings and tail bright greenisholive
a bird with a long, curved
The
description of
quills
brown
inside
rectrices canarj-yellow
shafts of the
from below, glossy brown-red from above top of head and neck chestnut, each feather being narrow and streaked
with white, then with fawn-colour on the top the feathers of the throat arc elongated and fringed out on their
cheeks, sides of neck and chest ferruginous,
edges, very narrow and lanceolate, grey at base, white at the tips
some white streaks on the feathers of the chest and in the middle of the throat flanks and belly clear rufous,
;
passing into canary-yellow on the under tail-coverts.
above brownish, below yellowish with brown
tip.
Tail from
below greenish-yellow
tarsi
Length about eight french inches and a half
horn-colour,
bill
(0.23 centim6tres)."
{Translated.)
have made enquiries, but the type seems to have

I
This bird was said to have come from Australia.
Unless the
There is something in the description reminding us of ChactoptHa angustipluma.
disappeared.
description
is faulty,
this bird
not been observed since, and
came probably not from

is
possibly extinct.
Australia, but from one of the
Pacific
Islands.
It
has
31
DREPANIS
TEMM.
Drepanis Temminck, Man. d'Orn. Ed. II, I p. LXXXVl (1820 " Espfeces: Certhia pacifica
obscura
vestiaria et probablement falcata, que je n'ai pas vu."
Type by
elimination
THE
Drepanis pacifica.
name Drepanis
now
is
Sandwich
of the natives of the
and yellow
black
striking
Drepanis pacifica has a very
Islands.
colouration
somewhat loose-webbed
the
under tail-coverts cover about three-quarters of the
Nostrils
mentary, hidden by
The
of feathers.
tail
covered by an operculum.
large,
its
There
covert.
is
The
tail.
bill
long,
is
upper mandible a few millimetres longer than the
curved, non-serrated, the
lower jaw.
"Mamo"
restricted to the practically extinct
is
and
silky, soft
primary rudi-
fluffy axillary
The metatarsus
rounded.
slightly
First
is
patch
covered with
large, partly fused scutes.
Only one species known.
DREPANIS PACIFICA
Great Hook-billed Creeper Latham, Gen. Synops.
Certhia pacifica Gmelin, Syst. Nat.
BOTH
this bird in
former times
Leverian collection, which

half a century
fine
Latham).
is
the
of the
"Mamo"
male, which
woods
Of the
we know
of
Latham's description) from a pair
now
W. Henshaw saw
near the same place.
year 1898 or 1899.
1892,
was caught before
in
Museum.
presei'ved in the Vienna
until, in
Kaumana, and
actual status of
Latham described
nothing.
ago several specimens were collected by the
July, 1898, Mr. H.
call
ex
on the island of Hawaii, the only island where
was heard
in
470 (1788
Hawaiian Avifauna.
(Gmelin named this species after
703 (1782).
Mr. Scott Wilson and myself have at length discussed this beautiful
bird in our books on the
Hilo,
p.
p.
(gm)
my
it
existed.
collector
his eyes
"at least a
late
W.
it
in
first
the
About
Mills near
Nothing certain
Henry Palmer obtained
by a native birdcatcher.
pair, possibly
In
a whole family,"
1899 a native heard the, to him, well-known
This brings the existence of the
Mamo down
In view of the futile efforts of Messrs.
to the
Henry Palmer,
32
Henshaw and
Perkins,
others to observe this rare bird again,
suppose that this species

are
is
either extinct, or will very
we may
soon vanish
if
well
any
left.
In
former times the
Mamo was
probably more or less common.
Its
golden yellow feathers were of great value, and, though the majority of the
famous war-cloaks are composed of the feathers of Moho

cloaks are
known
to consist of
Mamo
feathers.
It
is
nobilis,
a few such
supposed that
it
took
generations to complete such a cape.

I
only
know
of specimens of this bird in Vienna, Leyden, Paris, Honolulu,
Cambridge and Tring.
The two examples

the sale of the Leverian
portion of the
bill
in
wanting.
Museum were obtained by

One is perfect, the other has
the Vienna
collection.
Fichtel at
the upper
33
HEMIGNATHUS OBSCURUS ELLISIANUS

(Plate
Fig.
4,
1.)
Hemignathus obscurus Lichtenstein (non Gmelin!), Abh. Akad. Wiss.

pi.
fig.
(Hcniigiiathiis) ellisiaiia Gray, Cat. B. Trop.
Drepanis
Lichtenstein's
Is.
Pac. Oc.
p.
g (1859
based
on
H. obscurus from Oahu.
lichtensteini Scott Wilson, Ann.
Hemignathus
Berlin, 1838, p. 440
(Oahu).
&
Mag. N. H.
ser. 6, vol. IV, p.
401 (1889
Oahu, based on the Berlin specimen).
Hemignathus
WE
know
lichtensteini, figured
the
name
Herr
they are
and described by Lichtenstein,
Hemignathus obscurus.
of
names
Lichtenstein
Deppe procured several specimens, but there
in
still
it
and Palmer to
in
only one
is
was discovered by Deppe.

this day,
have
is
from Wilson
All recent collectors,
failed to find a trace of
the dense forests and rugged mountains of
Oahu
Although collecting
it.
is
extinct on
most
we may
difficult,
suppose that at least one of these collectors would have come across
it
The
following
is
made by
the description
Dr. Hartert of the type in
olive-brown,
more greenish on the back and rump,
and somewhat more greyish on the head and hind-neck

feathers on
the
the dark bases of
head showing through, lores deep brown.
yellow superciliary stripe.
Chin, throat, and middle of
white (apparently somewhat
Upper breast
faded).
abdomen
distinct
brownish
dull
tail
white.
deep brown, bordered with yellowish green.

Bill
Wings
Under-wing coverts
brown, somewhat horn-brown, but not blackish, as
in
of
sides
olive-greenish,
breast and flanks dull olive-greenish, more olive-brown on the flanks.
and
if
"Above greenish
the
it,
existed.
still
Berlin
be,
existence.
There can hardly be any doubt that H. obscurus ellisianus

Oahu, where
under
in 1838,
true that
is
It
ellisianus
Museum, and we have no knowledge where the others may
in the Berlin
if
only of one single specimen, the type of the
and
that
says,
ellisianus Rothschild, Avif. of Laysan, etc., p. 87 (1893) p. 310 (1900).
dull
the other
forms of Hemignathus.
It
is
not probable that the
Heterorhynchus lucidus collected and

side with H.
Wing
0.
ellisianus, the
83-5, tail
53,
bill
culmen
and
bill
stuffêd at
and feet are

56,
lower mandible from mental apex to
feet are faded, as in
bill
tip
the
still
same time and kept
side
by
blackish and not brown.
from gape to
40 mm."
specimens of
tip in
a straight line 475,
35
HETERORHYNCHUS LUCIDUS
(Plate
Hemignathus
figs.
liicidus Lichtenstein,
4,
Abh.
d.
Fig.
(licht)
2.)
Kon. AUad. Wissensch. Berlin 1838
p.
451,
pi.
2^ 3? (1839 Oahu).
Heterorhynchus olivacens Lafresnaye, Mag. de Zool. 1839
THE Oahu form

we
as far as
of Heterorhynchus
know, preserved
in
is
now
the
pi.
extinct,
Museums
X. and text (Oct. 1839).
and specimens are only,

of
Berlin (types of
H.
Boston (type of H. olivaceus), Francfort, Paris, Leyden, London,
lucidtis),
Cambridge, Liverpool.
In 1838
Deppe saw
of the banana
plantations.
this bird in great
As the
bird
numbers
flying
round the flowers
was apparently common,
it
possible that specimens are preserved in several other collections, and
be most welcome
in
if
the
officials of
continental
Museums would
Oahu.
it
quite
would
give information
case they should find specimens of this interesting extinct bird.
Habitat
is
37
PSITTIROSTRA PSITTACEA DEPPEI

(P..Te
ROTHSCH.
4,
F.G. 3.)
Psittirostra olivacea Rothschild, Avifauna of Laysan
nomen nudum &
p.
193
(1900 Oahu, ex Lichtenstein
M.S.)
Psittirostra psittacea deppei Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. XV. p. 45

above, the name olivacea being preoccupied by Ranzani).
PSITTIROSTRA PSITTACEA PSITTACEA

birds
on
most
of
Hawaiian
the
slightly smaller dimensions,
more olivaceous upperside.
in
the
museums
Oahu, and
this species in
recent collectors did not

of
Hemignathus
exist in a
few
all
pairs, or
in
the male, and
somewhat
Specimens have been collected on Oahu by Prof.
of
in
pair in
my
spite of great efforts
come across
it.
collection,
There
Berlin and Vienna.
is
only
no trace
Mr. Palmer and
know
of
left
of
all
other
This form has thus shared the fate
ellisianus, Heterorhynchiis lucidus,
oahensis, which have
was
it
P. p. deppei, distinguishable by
more whitish abdomen
Behn and Herr Deppe, and besides a

examples
for the
one of the commoner
except Oahu, where
Islands,
formerly replaced by a closely allied form,
is still
(1905 new name
Moho
apicalis and Phaeornis
disappeared from Oahu, while Loxops
has possibly followed suit already.
ritfa
may
still
39
LOXOPS COCCINEA RUFA

Fringilla rufa Bloxam, Voy. " Blonde "
p.
Loxops wolstenUolmei Rothschild,
Brit.
Bull.
bloxam.
250 (:826).
Orn. Club
Loxops rufa Wilson, Aves Hawaiienses part VI,
plate
I,
p,
LVI (i893-Oahu).
and text (1896)
Rothschild, Avif.
of Laysan, etc., p. 177 (1900).
THIS
form of Loxops
rare now,
if
not already extinct.
on April 20th, 1893,
and
is
my
in
only found on Oahu,
is
collection.
of recent collectors, and,
in
last
it
is
doubtless very
known specimen was shot
the mountains of the Wailua district, on Oahu,
This
if
The
where
is
the only specimen obtained by the efforts
any should
still
exist,
we may suppose
that their
fate is sealed.
L.
size
c.
rufa differs from L. coccinea coccinea of
Hawaii by
its
smaller
and more brownish, somberer coloration.
We
know
of specimens in the
Bloxam's Fringilla rufa,
Vienna and Tring.
in
British
Museum,
including the type of
Liverpool, Philadelphia, Berlin, Berlepsch Castle,
41
CIRIDOPS
Ciridops Wilson, Nature 1892,
THOUGH
WILSON
469.
p.
Fnngillidae,
formerly supposed to belong to the
now
is
it
generally acknowledged to belong to the family Drepanidae, a peculiar
Islands.
The genus Ciridops seems
however,
it
easily
is
distinguished
and scanty, while
crown and throat are
We
only
is
it
soft
by the form of the
and
its
(Plate
Dole, Hawaiian
anna
Ciridops
anna Wilson & Evans, Aves
Avifauna of Laysan,
THEknown,Ulaaihawane
" of
collector,
still
in
of
the
1879,
p.
(dole).
4.)
49 (Hawaii); reprint
Hawaienses, Part
1880.
Ibis
in
and plate
IV, text
Rothschild,
being on
Museum
in
is
one of the rarest birds
record one, the
Honolulu, and two in
type, in
my
Honolulu, the other
No
was shot by a
native
other examples have been obtained.
many hawane palms
in
my
for
it
still
exist there
and purposes Ciridops antui may be looked upon as
extinct.
from
former
As there are
elevated districts of Hawaii, there
course, a possibility that a few examples
the
collection.
was brought home by Mr. Scott Wilson, who obtained
Mr. Palmer.
a good
Fig.
the natives of Hawaii
Bernice Pauahi Bishop
Bishop
The feathers
183.
p.
only three specimens
Mr.
4,
Almanac
Fringilla
of these
somewhat
is
species belonging to this genus.
CIRIDOPS ANNA
One
the pattern of
plumage, which
Loxops.
rich in
bill,
pointed.
know one
"
from which,
to stand nearest to Loxops,
colouration, stronger feet, and the structure of

stiff
the Hawaiian
in its distribution to
forms restricted
family of different
but to
all
is,
of
intents
43
SIPHONORHIS
Siphonorhis Sclater, P.Z.S. 1861,
" '
I
"HE
decurved
J.
and
Wing
developed.
strongly
the
base,
at
tubular
nostrils
Type: Caprimulgus ainericanus L.
p. 77.
broad
extremely
is
bill
scL.
prominent
very
longest
The sexes
Tarsi long and naked.
rounded, almost graduated.
tail
differ slightly
SIPHONORHIS AMERICANUS
(Plate
"Small Wood-Owle" Sloane, Voy. Jamaica
(l.)
5a.)
296, pi. 255,
11, p.
(1725).
fig. i
Ex Sloane.
Capriiinilgiis ainericanus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, p. 193 (1758
America calidiore
p.
Linnaeus
of
63 (1850).
77;
P.Z.S. i866,
id.
Mus. XVI,
Indies, p. 139 (18S9); Hartert, Cat. B. Brit.
diagnosis
p.
I,
Siphonorhis americanus Sclater, P.Z.S. 1861,
whole
"Habitat
").
Chordeiles americanus Bonaparte, Consp. Av.
THE
(Hartert.)
in coloration."
in
heavily
bristles
rictal
primary
third
pointed,
and
strong
tip
is
"
p.
p.
144; Cory, B.
W.
592 (1892).
Caprimulgus
narium
tubulis
eminentibus," but the prominent tubular nostrils are just the character
which distinguishes S. americanus most strikingly from

goatsuckers, and
indicate this bird.

"
the other
think that Sloane's figure and description are sufficient to
Sloane says as follows
This was seven Inches from the end of the
and ten from the end of Wing

long crooked black
all
bill,
to
Wing expanded,
it
Bill to
that of the Tail,
had a quarter of an Inch
with two Tubuli about one eight Part of an Inch
long for the Nostrills, along the upper Mandible were several bristly Hairs in
a Line,
like
those of
a Cat's Mustachoes of a black Colour, the Aperture of
Chaps or Swallow was extraordinary
large.
The Feathers on the Head and
under the Chaps were many, the Tail was four Inches long, the Head and
Back were cover'd with Feathers

and
black, the
Wings and
Tail
the Chaps, Breast and Belly
were
was
of
mixt Colour of Feuille Morte, grey
of the
same Colour only Lighter under
also of the same, the
Legs and Feet were an
Inch and half cover'd with brown Scales, the Toes four, three before, that
the middle three-quarters of an Inch long, and one behind.
in
44
" Its
The
Stomach was not very muscular,
it
was
fill'd
with Scarabei, &c.
rest of the Bowells agreed in everything with those of the greater Sort,
concerning which see the description above.

"
They feed on Scarabei and other Insects
"
They are found with the former."
Specimens of
this
of that Kind.
Goatsucker are very rare
in
only aware of the existence of examples in American

pair obtained
the British
by Osburn
Museum.
in
Jamaica about
Recent collectors have
failed to
by the introduced mongoose and other animals.

:
Jamaica.
it
procure
am
of
the
and
museums and
half a century ago,
therefore to be feared that, like Aestrelata caribbaea,
Habitat
collections,
and now
it,
and
it
in
is
has been exterminated
45
NESTOR PRODUCTUS
(Plate
head.)
6,
Wilsou's Parrakeet Latham, Gen. Hist. B.
II,
Plyctolophus productus Gould, P.Z.S. 1836,
p.
Nestor productus Gould, Syn. Austr. B. and
Naumannia
Ceiitrnrus productus Bp.,
LATHAM'S
original
(gould.)
170 (1822).
p.
19.
adj.
Isl.
pt.
I,
pi.
flg.
(183
?).
1856, Consp. Psitt. No. 265.
description
is
as follows
"
Length thirteen inches.
very long and hooked, and upper mandible measuring almost two
Bill
under three-quarters, colour dusky
the
inches,
plumage
general
in
greenish ash, inclining to brown, and clouded here and there with orange as
the
in
edges of the feathers of the back dun
Crossbill,' but the
'
the under parts of the body mixed yellow and dull orange
under wing coverts
end of the
tail
dull yellow
which
tail,
bars
whitish
met with a
fine
brown
is
marked on
specimen of
it
in
webs
all
red
dull
both quills and
with
New
Inhabits
the collection of
the quills reach almost to the
the inner
dusky, toes very long.
legs
rump
somewhat, but not greatly, cuneiform
former
brown, the
are
thighs
colour
or
five
South Wales.
six
I
Thomas Wilson, Esqre."
has long been a question whether Nestor productus of Gould and
It
Nestor norfolcensis of Pelzeln were really distinct or only individual varieties

of
one species.
had
individual varieties, for

Island,
Philip
for
time
long
considered them
could not persuade myself that a small island like
almost contiguous to Norfolk Island, could have
however,
write this book,
Nestor,
was
in
given for N. productus by the earlier
the case of
come from N.
said to
is
S.
Wales.
Notomis
and
was intercourse by regular
there
colonies and Lord
This fact
Howe's
Island.
Now we
vessels
is
know
there
is
the
easily explained,
in the early
between
plying
these
find in the case of several other birds
that distinct local forms occur on Norfolk and Lord

far as
alba, which, like
Wales and Norfolk Island were both penal settlements
as N. S.
days,
same way as
different
have come to somewhat different conclusions.
In the first place no special locality
the
Since commencing to
species of Nestor to that found on the larger island.
authors, in
be merely
to
Howe's
Islands, while as
no other record of a distinct bird from Philip Island.
therefore believe that Nestor productus inhabited both Norfolk and Philip
Islands,
and that
all
specimens extant are from Philip Island, where
some years longer than on the main
island, while the
it
lingered
specimens of Ferdinand
Bauer and Governor Hunter, and possibly the supposed
A'^.
norfolcensis
of
46
Canon Tristram's
Howe's
now
collection,
Liverpool, had been brought from Lord
in
were kept as pets
Island in cages and
Norfolk Island; and then, as
in
our science was unknown,
the value of exact data in those early days of

the references were
One
brought.
is
made
whence the specimens were seen or
to the place
thing however
is
certain, the
bill
Ferdinand Bauer's sketch
in
Latham expressly
evidently a monstrous growth produced by captivity, for
describes the
The
of Governor Hunter's bird as ending in a long thin point.
bill
differences of N.
and throat
the
with the
bill
and
herewith
plate given
is
a reproduction of the
Ferdinand Bauer's sketch added, as
of
corner a head of the specimen of
in the
the Tring
sides of face, chin,
green head and hind neck, and the total absence of bars on
dull
The
tail.
bird,
the dull crimson
norfolcensis are
Museum, when the
late
A'',
Mr. Wallace's
Liverpool bird,
wanting
this is
in
that
productus, purchased for
Museum
Distington,
at
Cumberland, was dispersed.

I
have carefully examined the three
Museum, and the conclusion
in the British
described
by Gould
specimen, and was

called "superbus"
British
as
in
quarters shorter than those
One
in Prague,
in
bill,
in
Philip Island
in
One from Ward,
A^.
A'',
in
productus what the aberrations
The
it
at
is
of the
least
half-an-inch
to
Bell
three-
the Tring and Florence specimens.
in
chin.
Island.
two
Florence,
in
Vienna, one
Amsterdam, are known to me.
the Vienna
bill,
in
Museum were
brown chest and
The other from Baron von
and very red cheeks and
bills
The one from the
different.
London, one
with a short
yellow breast-band.
but
that the bird
is
was an abnormal
productus
and probably Norfolk
Leyden, one
The two specimens
very
are
Tring, three in
two
his
have come to
and "esslingi" are to N. meridionalis.
has the long, thin
Habitat
of
normal
relation to
Museum specimens
collection
bill
adult
the
specimens of Nestor productus
fine
both bought
throat,
Hilgel,
in
1839.
and a very wide
which has a long
47
NESTOR NORFOLCENSIS
(Plate
6,
figure.)
full
Long-billed Parrakeet Latham, Gen. Hist.
pelzeln
II,
171 (1822).
p.
(i860 detailed
AUad. Wiss. XLI, pp. 322-325, pi.
description from the manuscript of the late botanist, Ferdinand Lucas Bauer, and
The specimen was from
figure of head with an evidently abnormally developed bill.
Nestor norfolcensis Pelzeln, Sitzb.
Norfolk Island
LATHAM'S
Bill
it
k.
had disappeared before Pelzeln's time).
is
"Length above
as follows:
12 inches.
very long and curved, thick halfway from the base, but tapering
quite to a point at the
tip,
and under mandible truncated at the end,
colour of both, dusky; head and neck dull green;
and throat pale crimson
sides under the eyes, chin
upper parts of the body, wings and
breast yellowish; belly, thighs and vent more or less crimson;
tail
tail
dusky
cuneiform;
legs brown."
"One
from Norfolk
the
tail is
was
of these
Island;
cuneiform
The only
in
bird of
in
from
possession of Governor Hunter,
the
much
this
bill
it
seems
related
to
who brought
the
other,
greater degree, without any bars across
species
extant
is
the one in
Liverpool,
it
but
it."
from
the Tristram collection.
Governor Hunter's specimen and Bauer's bird were both brought from
Norfolk
A'^.
Island,
prodticttis,
I,
but as they were cage-birds, and differed so markedly from

for reasons given under
from Lord Howe's

Habitat:
Island.
Lord Howe's Island
(?).
A^.
product us, believe this bird came
49
LOPHOPSITTACUS
HE
huge
if
i.e.,
and peculiar shaped
bill
the figure
this genus.
is
correct
(P.Z.S. 1875,
n EWTON.
with the
crest, together
very
apparently,
short wings are characteristic
350.)
p.
LOPHOPSITTACUS MAURITIANUS
(Plate
Owen,
Ibis,
(owen).
7.)
Broad-billed Parrot Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. VI,

Psittaciis mauritiaiius
of
p.
53 (1866).
168 (1866).
p.
Psittacus (Lophopsittacus) mauritiaiius A. Newton, P.Z.S. (1875), pp. 349, 35-
Lophopsittacus mauritiaiius Newton, Enc. Brit.
THIS
extraordinary parrot
by Professor
Owen
in
was
first
1866.
He
(ed. 9)
described
nothing more of importance

Schlegel discovered
in
the
the
was found
relating
in
and the statement that
the fact that this bird

in
of
is
it
was wholly
first
of
understood when
would
like all big
44, 46 (1875).
made known
to science
from 2 lower mandibles,
Except
Mare aux Songes.
Edward
by Sir
to
this
is
bird
Newton,
Professor
till
the
Mascarene birds to
we
consider that the bird
From
of a grey-blue colour.
it
in
a sketch of Lophopsittacus
not mentioned by the voyagers
the 2nd and 3rd decades of the 18th century,

the
ff.
A.D. 1601-1602 of Wolphart Harmanszoon,
which among other items of natural history there

life,
732,
Library of Utrecht the manuscript journal kept
during the voyage to Mauritius
from
it
remains, mostly collected
few further osseous
p.
described and
much damaged, which were dug up from

a
III,
is
become
who
visited Mauritius
probable that
extinct.
was one
it
This
was apparently unable
is
to
easily
fly,
and
parrots prove excellent eating.
Only known
from
osseous
remains
and
the
above-quoted
drawing
and notes.
35 tarsi and
tibiae,
and 60 complete and incomplete lower mandibles
and fragments of palatine bones

Habitat
Mauritius.
in
the Tring
Museum.
51
ARA TRICOLOR
(Plate
Le
petit
L'Ara
Ara D'Aubenton,
10.)
Enl. 641.
PI.
tricolor Levaill., Perr.
p.
5 (1801)
pi.
17,
Psittacus tricolor Bechst., Kurze Ueb.
p.
Sittace ? lichtensteini Wagl., fide Bp.,
Naumannia
BECHSTEIN'S
" This Aras,
bechst.
description, taken
64, pi.
(181
from Levaillant,
the red-fronted species, or
ft.
The
18 lines.
bill
is
(translated) as follows:
which others have held to be only a variety of Macao,
according to Vaillant a distinct species.
and the
1).
1856, Consp. Psitt.
10
in.
latter
is
long, of
It
is
is
one third smaller than
which the
tail
takes 11 inches
colour and has the upper
of a black
mandible less curved, and the sides of the lower mandible more swollen than
is
Ara
the case in the other
back of the neck pale yellow
back, shoulders and
wing coverts brownish red bordered with yellow or green
undertail coverts
Two
coverts red, the larger yellow, and brownish green.

all
red with blue
centre
the outer ones blue on outer webs and
tips,
smaller
flanks yellowish,
with green and brown-red borders
blue
pale
Crissum
azure blue, below coppery red.
primaries above dark
white, with
Head, front and sides of the neck, breast, belly
three lines of red feathers.
and thighs red
The cheeks are naked and
species.
violet
blue,
under-wing
feathers
tail
red on
tips,
the rest of the feather."
Paris,
Of
this
one
in
bears the
bird
know
Leyden, one
inscription "
Menagerie 1842."
in
only
of
two
Liverpool.
Macrocercus
in
the
British
The specimen
tricolor (Bechst.)
Probably, however, there
are
in
Museum, one
the Paris
Museum
M. E. Rosseau.
more specimens
in
in
Cuba.
other
museums.
Apparently the last specimen was shot
Americ. Nat.
Like
XXXIX,
p.
became extinct through

Habitat
1864 at
La Vega (Bangs,
200).
the extinct
all
in
its
West
Indian
Macaws, Amazons and Conures,
persecution by the inhabitants for food.
Formerly Cuba and
Isle of Pines.
it
52
ARA GOSSEI
(Plate
Yellow-headed
Macaw
gossei Rothsch., Bull. B.O.C.. XVI,
Ara
tricolor (non Bechstein) Clark,
black
description
apical
ash coloured
of face,
around
scarlet
fine
half,
;
eyes,
is
ash
the
tail,
is
as follows
and
anterior
201 (1907).
p.
348.
"
Basal half of upper mandible
lower
mandible,
black, tip
parts
lateral
breast
The
deep
red
feet are
said
sides
and back, a
the neck,
sanguine
and
legs
of
only
and
winglet
have been
to
red and yellow intermixed (Rob.)"

" If
Mr. Gosse also remarks,
which
1905, p.
Proc. IV, Orn. Congr.,
forehead, crown, and back of neck, bright yellow
primaries an elegant light blue.

black
Auk
260 (1847).
p.
14 (1905)
p.
coloured
wing coverts and
11.)
Gosse, Birds of Jamaica,
Ara
MR. GOSSE'S
ROTHSCH.
the only
Macaw
not
this is
am aware
of
the
tricolor
Le
of
marked with a yellow
Vaillant,
nape,
it
is
probably new."
In spite of the
Ara has always been
evident
differences
united with the
in
Cuban
October, 1905, by Mr. Austin H. Clark (Auk,

it
A.
Gosse, was shot about 1765,
by
Mr. Odell,
even as
1905, p. 348),
lately
as
though he queries
Robinson, here quoted by

the
in
the Jamaican
description,
tricolor,
The specimen described by Dr.
a footnote.
in
the
mountains
of
Hanover
parish, about ten miles east of Lucea.
Habitat
Jamaica.
The specimen described no longer

collection
exists,
and there are none
tricolor
group
of
Macaws found
on the large island of Haiti, which Mr. Clark has also united under A.
I
any
known.
There was a third member of the
but
in
believe
it
must have been
different, just as the
Jamaica
bird.
tricolor,
53
ARA ERYTHROCEPHALA
(Plate
Ara
Birds of Jamaica,
militaris Gosse,
Ara erythroccphala
Rothsch.,
12.)
261
p.
(1847).
B.O.C., XVI,
Bull.
GOSSE
says the description given to him
Mr.
Hill,
was
follows
as
"
and the
blue;
IV Orn. Congr.,
letter, just
received from
under plumage, both of wings and
The specimen here
Trelawny and
St.
neck,
and
shoulders,
and
the greater wing coverts
a mass of intense orange yellow."
tail,
was
described
Anne's by Mr.
red
and blue on the upper surface, with the
scarlet
tail
in
Head
underparts of a light and lively green
"
Proc.
14 (1905)
p.
201 (1907).
p.
quills,
rothsch.
White,
procured
mountains
the
in
proprietor of
of
the Oxford estate."
No specimen now known.

Habitat
large
St.
Jamaica.
Mr. Gosse also
relates
Macaws
near
flying
that the
the
Rev. Mr. Coward,
in
1842,
mountains
in
the
of
foot
the
been blue and yellow
home
precise island
if
probably they were
so,
(Plate
Aras
P6re
my Ara
erythrura,
of
to have
whose
unknown.
is
ARA MARTINICUS
Les
parish
These birds were said
near the centre of the island.
James,
saw two
Bouton,
Rel.
de
I'^tab.
(rothsch.)
14.)
d.
Fran9ais
dep.
en
1635,
I'ile
Martinique
pp. 71.72 (1640)
Anadorhynchus martinicus Rothsch.

p.
PERE
Bull.
B.O.C. XVI,
p.
14 (1905); Proc.
IV Orn. Congr.,
202 (1907.)
bouton
says,
"
les
Perroquets et ont
que
j'ai
No specimen
Habitat
vus avaient
preserved.
:
Martinique.
les
Les Aras sont deux ou
trois
un plumage bien different
fois
en
plumes leleucs et orangees."
gros
couleur.
comme
Ceux
54
ARA GUADALOUPENSIS
Les Arras Du Tertre,
Hist. gen. des Antilles Vol.
Ara Rouge D'Aubenton,

Ara
fire
while the
tail is
Macaws
Arras
is
proved because those of
is
while this Arras
entirely red
larger than these
is
and a foot-and-a-half long."
Du
of this colouration are mentioned by
and others of the older authors as being found on
De
Tertre,
of
is
wrong, and
Red Macaw,
Habitat
so
This
feel
name
to the
Guadaloupe form.
Guadaloupe.
No specimen
existing.
ARA ERYTHRURA
(Plate
De
Dominica
believe each of the three islands had a distinct species
confine this
Rochefort,
Guadaloupe,
and Martinique, and Mr. Clark has united them under one name.
sure
a sort of
wings are a mixture of yellow azure, and crimson feathers
its
" The
has the head, the neck, the belly and the back of the
It
colour of
the other Parrots, both those from the
all
Islands as well as from the Mainland

third.
This
the others.
all
Guadaloupe are larger than
by one
272 (1905).
p.
gives the following description
Parrot bigger than
248 (1667).
p.
Enl. 12 (1779).
PI.
gtcadaloupensis Clark, Auk, XXII,
DU TERTRE
II
clark.
Rochefort, Histoire
Nat.
&
Mor. des
nom. nov.
15.)
lies Antilles,
&c. (1658),
p.
154, Art.
IX (Des
Arras).
Anadorhynchus coeruleus (non Gmelin) Rothsch.,
IN
the Bull. B.O.C. XVI,
15 (1905),
XVI,
p.
15 (1905).
unfortunately described this bird
under the name of Anadorhynchus coeruleus (Gm.), having

description,
in
p.
Bull. B.O.C.,
the
Ibis
attention
to
really meant.
"
and also said

Series
(1906)
my
double
The
8,
error,
it
came from Jamaica.

VI,
Vol.
but
Among them
are some which
neck, and the back of a satiny
Parrots,"
entirely
realise
to
calls
bird
have the head, the upper side of the

;
the
underside of
belly, and undersurface of the wings, yellow, and the
p 451,
what
(translated) as follows
is
sky blue
No specimen existing.
Habitat
One of the West
Professor Salvadori,
"Notes on
failed
misread his
Indian
Islands.
tail
the
neck,
entirely red."
the
55
ANODORHYNCHUS PURPURASCENS
(Plate
Le gros Perroquet de
pi.
II
la
Guadaloupe Don de Navarette,
Rel. Quat. voy. Christ, p. 425
(1838).
Anadorhynchns purpurascens Rothsch.

Congr.,
THE
ROTHSCH.
13.)
p.
original
Bull.
B.O.C. XVI,
p.
13
(1905)
description
Native name
Ond
of this
couli.
bird
says
No specimen
it
was
extant.
entirely
I
species in the genus Anodorhynchiis on account of

colour.
Habitat
Proc. IV Orn.
202 (1907).
Guadaloupe.
deep
violet.
have placed
its
this
uniform bluish
57
AMAZONA VIOLACEUS
(Plate
Du
Perroquet de la Guadeloupe
Perroquets Labat, Voy. aux
LABAT'S
translated
Guadaloupe are a
de TAmSr.,
iles
I,
vol.
II
is
: Ps.
viridi,
Tertre's description
All the
is
as
No specimens
Habitat
in
nigris, reliquis
Those of
"
ex
luteo, viridi,
He
is
about as big as a fowl,
mixed with black and green, shot

is
green, strongly
neck
like
the
washed
and red."
black, rest yellow, green
collections.
Guadaloupe.
(Plate
"Perroquets" Labat's Voy. aux
iles
clark.
18.)
de I'Am^r.
II
p.
214 (1742).
luartitiicana Clark, Auk. XXII, p. 343 (1905).
LABAT'S
description
reads thus
"
Those of Dominica have some red
feathers on the wings, under the throat, and in the

is
"
All the feathers of the head,
AMAZONA MARTINICANA
Atnazona
et orbitae incarnata."
upper part of the back
Outer primaries
with brown.
violaceus viridi et nigro admisto
follows
belly are of a violet colour, a little
throat of a pigeon.
246 (1667).
few green and black feathers,
Rostrum
has the beak and eyes bordered with red.
and
follows
as
is
remigibus majoribus
et rubro variis, tectricum macula rosea.
Du
p.
smaller than the Aras; they have the head, the
Gmelin's description reads thus
ex fusco
fig.
and the wings are yellow and red."
entirely green,
varius, dorso
p. 250,
214 (1742).
p.
neck, and the belly slate colour with a
the back
11,
337 (1788).
p.
description
original
little
17.)
Tertre, Hist. Nat. Antill.
Psittacus violaceus Gmelin, Syst. Nat.
(gm.)
green
(Amazona bouqueti,
same plumage as the
last
No specimen now known.

:
Martinique.
Those of
all
Martinique
mentioned, but the top of the head
with a small amount of red."
Habitat
w.r.).
tail
is
the rest
have
the
slate colour
59
CONURUS LABATI
(Plate
Perriques Labat, Voy. aux
Conunis labati Rothsch.
iles
Bull.
de I'Am^r.
rothsch.
16.)
II
B.O.C. XVI,
p.
p.
218 (1742).
13 (1905)
Proc. IV Orn. Congr.,
p.
202
(1907).
LABAT'S
translated description
Guadaloupe are about the
of this bird
size of
is
They are very
gentle, loving,
No specimens known.
Habitat
Island of Guadaloupe.
follows
" Those
of
a blackbird, entirely green, except a
few small red feathers, which they have on

white.
as
their head.
and learn to speak
easily."
Their
bill
is
61
NECROPSITTACUS
Necropsittacus Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sc. Nat.
MILNE-EDWARDS
considered
(5)
milne-edw.
XIX,
Art.
18 (1874).
3, p.
Necropsittacus
closely
genus Palaeornis, and at the same time to show
show
his opinion, to
that this bird belonged to a
with the
affinities
same time the two mandibles were
At the
Loriidae.
the
to
allied
sufficient,
in
generic group standing
little
near Palaeornis.
NECROPSITTACUS RODRICANUS
(MILNE-EDW.)
Psittacus Rodricaniis A. Milne-Edw., Ann. Sc. Nat.
Necropsittacus rodericanus A. Newt., P.Z.S.
THIS
was described from a
parrot
Milne- Edwards,
Professor
Giinther
Dr.
and
and
^-
pi. ?
2 (1867).
i.
41 (1875).
portion
then
Edward
Sir
p.
(5) VIII, pp. 151-155,
of
the upper mandible by
was more
fully
Newton, who
described
examined
by
nearly
complete skull and other bones.
manuscript discovered in the Archives of the Ministry of Marine

proves
Paris
in
distant
about
date,
it
that
having
year 1731.
the
been
In
only
bird
this
became
extinct
the
was
said
this
manuscript the
bird
that
handsomer
It
smaller
;
was undoubtedly
to the
green
we can
so
though much
and
safely
blue
parrot
assume that our
{Palaeornis
bird
was
of
closely allied to the genus Palaeornis.
manuscript
to
have a
and a very large
exsid)
was
much
sombre colouration.
The two
following,
brighter coloured and but scantily described, apparently belong
same genus.
Habitat
very
Unfortunately the writer does not mention the colour, but adds
bill.
the
tail
not
seen alive by the writer of
body considerably larger than a pigeon, with a very long

head and
at
Rodriguez.
62
NECROPSITTACUS
(P.ATB
THIS
parrot
terms
"
is
described
Body the
BORBONICUS
(?)
NOM. NOV.
8.)
by the Sieur D.B.

a
of
size
large
upper part of wings the colour of

the other parrots which are true
(Dubois)
pigeon,
the following
in
;
head,
it
is
evident
and
tail
As he compares
fire."
Palaeornis,
green
it
with
that this
bird
must have been a Necropsittacus.

This
description
the
is
sole
evidence
we have
of
the
existence
of
this bird.
Habitat
Bourbon or Reunion.
NECROPSITTACUS (?) FRANCICUS

ROTHSCH.
Necropsittacus franciciis Rothsch., Proceedings
ORIGINAL
description:
wings green."
various
Habitat
We
"Voyages"
Mauritius.
"Head
only
know
and
Int.
tail
Ornith. Congress 1905,
fiery
this bird
to Mauritius in the 17th
red,
rest
of
p.
197 (1907).
body and
from the descriptions
in
and early 18th centuries.
the
63
MASCARINUS
Mascariiius Lesson, Trait6 d'Orn.
name Mascariiius has been
THE
generic
Newton
E.
Finsch included
erithacus),
in
1879,
separate
united
mixture of forms.
By
elimination the
this
have
bird
been
discussed
by
various
it
with the Vaza Parrots
Psittacus.
and Salvadori
W.
Mascariiius.
A.
in
the genus Coracopsis,
together with the Vazas and the Grey Parrot {Psittacus
it,
the genus
genus,
agree with
of
restricted to the Mascarine Parrot).
Wagler, Gray, Pelzehi, Hartlaub (1877) and Messrs. A. and
authors.
Forbes
affinities
i88 (1831
p.
lesson.
Recent authors
B.
(Cat.
This
is
XX,
p.
421,
evidently
Forbes, Oustalet and
Oustalet
1893,
W.
A.
1891) have admitted a
the
proper course,
Salvadori that
its
and
nearest affinities
appear to be the genus Taiiygnathus rather than Coracopsis, and that the
place of Mascariiius
The
large red
is
among
bill,
the Palaeornithinae of Salvadori.
with distinctly ridged gonys, concealed nostrils and
moderately long, strongly rounded

tion
is
unique.
Only one species
tail,
is
are peculiar characters.
known.
The
coloura-
64
MASCARINUS MASCARINUS
(l.)
MASCARINE PARROT.
(Plate
" Perroqueis iin
9.)
pen plus gros que pigeons, ayant
le
pliiinage dc coiileur de petit gris,
chaperon noir siir la teste, le becq fort gros, & couleitr de feu" Le Sieur D.B,
(Dubois), Voyages aux lies Dauphine ou Madagascar, and Bourbon ou Mascarenne.
"Bourbon ou Mascarenne").
p. 172 (1674
Psittacus Mascarinus Brisson, Orn. IV., p. 315 (1760); Hahn, Orn. Atlas, Papageien p. 54,
lilt
pi. 39 (1835).
Psittacus iiiascarin. Linnaeus, Mantissa Plantarum, regni animalis appendix p. 524 (1771
" Habitat in Mascarina."
Ex Brisson).
Perroquet Mascarin Levaillant, Perroquets II, p. 171, pi. 189 (1805 "Madagascar,"
errore).
Mascarinus tnadagascariensis Lesson, Trait6
d'Orn,
(1831
189
p.
"Madagascar,"
ex
Levaillant).
Pelzeln, Verb. Zool. Bot.

Coracopsis mascarina Wagler, Mon. Psittac. p. 679 (1832)
Ges. Wien 1863, p. 934.
Mascarinus obscurus (non Psittacus obscurus L.) Bonaparte, Rev. & Mag. de Zool. 1854
Syst. Nat. Ed. X, p. 97, 1758, ex Hasselquist
p. 154 (Linnaeus, Psittacus obscurus
M.S. though identified by himself with the Marcarine Parrot in 1766 Syst. Nat.
Ed. XII, I, p. 140 cannot be the same as P. mascarinus ; the description disagrees
entirely, and the bird was described from a specimen probably seen alive by Hasselquist,
What Linnaeus' P. obscurus was, is difficult to say if it
with uncertain locality.
was not for the long tail, one might consider it a variety of the Grey Parrot).
Finsch was not
Psittacus madagascarensis Finsch, Papageien II pp. 306, 955 (1868
acquainted with the history of this Parrot, as he still considered Madagascar to be
its home, and wondered why it had not been found there by recent collectors).
Psittacus tnadagascariensis Pelzeln, Ibis 1873, p. 32.
Mascarinus duboisi W. A. Forbes, Ibis 1879, pp. 304, 305 (figures), 306; Milne-Edwards
& Oustalet, Centenaire Mus. d'Hist. Nat. pp. 191-205, pi. I (1893 excellent lengthy
;
(1891 Reunion).
account).
Mascarinus mascarinus Salvadori, Cat. B.
Brit.
Mus. XX,
p.
421
has been mentioned above that " Le Sieur D. B."
IT this
Parrot clearly
Madagascar.
scientific
1674, and that
in
Linnaeus
name on
1771
(see
above)
(Dubois)
described
Reunion, and
was the
first
not on
bestow a
to
though Brisson had already again described
it,
Linnaeus' diagnosis
in
on
lived
it
it
in
1760.
as usual, rather poor, and not quite correct*, but his
is,
reference to Brisson leaves no doubt as to what he meant.
This parrot
is
one of the rarest of extinct
One normally
specimens being known.

the
Museum
been
of Natural History in
figured
Museum
by
Daubenton
and
in
Vienna
some white feathers on the

however, lived formerly
depicted by
Hahn
and
is
and
is
tail.
preserved in
evidently this which has

in
my
the
"
Centenaire
du
figure has been taken.
unfortunately semi-albinistic,
there
Another normal
being
individual,
Menagerie of the King of Bavaria, where
it
was
Unfortunately this specimen has not been preserved.
" Psi/facMS brachyurus fuscus, facie nigra, Cauda albente.
Caput caerulescens."
it
the latter plate
back, wings and
in the
in 1835.
is
only two stuffed
coloured specimen
Levaillant,
From
d'Historie Naturelle."
The example
Paris,
birds,
Habitat
in
.Mascarina.
Rostrum incarnatum.
65
PALAEORNIS EXSUL
(Plate
Palaconiis exsu! A. Newton,
LEGUAT
was the
and
bleus,"
et
Ibis
newton.
19.)
1872, p. 33.
first
to mention
that
they were
these parrots as
wonderfully
"
Perroquets verds
and
also
Of moderate
size.
good to
eat
delightful pets.
Professor Newton's description
as follows
is
"
Female
From
General appearance greyish-glaucous, darker above than beneath.

corner of
becomes
mouth proceeds an
the
broader
as
backward
passes
it
ill-defined
and rectrices above
when seen
is
which
somewhat
Head, nape and shoulders, upper
seen against the
light,
blue
tinge
in
and the green
Rump
the contrary aspect; the outer rectrices paler.
in
stripe,
ceasing
greyish-glaucous, the
dull
which predominates when the bird
black chin
upward,
and
abruptly on reaching the level of the ears.

wing-coverts,
dull
the
verditer
Primaries with their outer, and most part of their inner, webs deep
blue.
greenish blue, the former with narrow, lighter edges, and the latter broadly
bordered
with
pitch
black;
shafts
and
lower
surfaces
Secondaries much the same as the primaries, but of a
still
greyish
black.
deeper shade.
Breast dull greyish-glaucous, but lighter than the upper parts and passing
on the
which becomes lighter and greener on the vent.
belly into verditer,
Rectrices
beneath yellowish
feathers.
Bill black."
grey,
The specimen was sent
to
spirits
in
toward
darker
Sir
the
tips
of
Edward Newton
the
in
longer
1871 by
Mr. Jenner, the Magistrate of Rodriguez.
The male
differs
fading into horn at the
tip.
Top
having the upper mandible crimson,
in
of head
more glaucous.
Black stripe from
Black chin stripe prolonged almost to meet on nape of neck.
nostril to eye.
Most
from the female
of primaries with dull black patch on inner webs.
Middle secondaries
dusky black.
The male was sent
to Sir
Edward Newton
Total length
Tail
if
not quite extinct.
status are very desirable.
Habitat
1875 by Mr.
16
Wing
Probably almost
in
Rodriguez Island.
J.
Caldwell.
inches.
7-5
8-5
Recent investigations about
its
66
PALAEORNIS WARDI
(Plate
Palaeornis wardi E. Newton, P.Z.S. 1867,
THE
"
translation
Similar
to
P.
20.)
346 (Seychelles).
p.
Edward Newton's
Sir
of
alexandri,
but
newton.
e.
with
diagnosis
stouter
is
as
follows
red
purple
bill,
shoulder patches, and the hind neck without a red band.
Crown
"Adult Male.
of
head and throat
chin and line round base of
bluish,
cheeks ochraceous green,
mandible black, continued
in
a stripe from the
gape to the hind neck; back and wings grass green; rump brighter; a single
wide band
(or patch)
on the shoulders purplish red;
remiges and rectrices
deep green washed with blue, the latter yellowish, the former dusky below;
belly
length
yellowish green
bill
16 inches, wings 775,
Female
scarlet with
vivid
tail
male but
similar to the
without the black mandibular
paler tip
duller,
and with the
Mahe, but now confined to the
become
extinct.
little
islet
in
bill all
black,
and
the Seychelles, especially
of Silhouette,
According to E. Newton
vert."
Habitat
Total
stripe.
Formerly abundant on most of the islands
probability
feet dusky.
9."
Seychelles Islands.
its
where
it
name was
will in all
"
Cateau
67
PALAEORNIS EQUES
Psittaca borbonica torquata Briss., Orn. IV
PsittacHS alexandri var. y Linnaeus, S.N.
Perruche d
de
collier
Perniche a double
I'Isle
p.
328,
(bodd).
XXVII
pi.
f.
142 (1766).
p.
de Bourbon Daubenton, PI. enl. 215.
collier Buff.,
Hist. Nat. Ois. VI, p. 143 (1779).
Alexandrine Parrakeet var. C. Double Ringed Parrakeet Latham, Syn.

Psittacus eqiies Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl.
p. 13
Psittacus semirostris Hermann, Obs. Zool.

Psittacus bitorqiiatus Kuhl, Consp. Psitt.
Rose Ringed Parrakeet
var. B.
p.
p.
II
p.
Palaeornis bitorquatus Vigors, Zool. Journ.
II
p.
51
(1825).
Palaeornis borbonicus Bp., Rev. and Mag. Zool. 1854,
was
It
first
Pal. echo.
asserted
that
p.
No. 140.
152.
confusion with regard

it
occurred
on
XX,
and
Mauritius birds, while quite
parrot.
Bourbon
both
Salvadori, however, in Cat. Birds. Brit. Mus.
Bourbon
this
to
Then Professor Newton separated the Mauritius
Mauritius.
the
161 (1822).
1385 (1823).
considerable
326 (1781).
92 (1820).
p.
been
p.
125 (1804).
Ill
has
(1783).
Latham, Gen. Hist.
Psittacus bicollaris Vieillot, Enc. Meth.
THERE
(Bourbon.)
(1760).
p.
and
bird
as
442, reunited
unaccountably stating
only
Mauritius as the habitat.
The Abbe Dubois describes
this bird
as follows
"
Green Parrots as
large as pigeons having a black collar."
Now
the species of Palaeornis from Rodriguez, the Seychelles, and the
mainland of Africa are
all
distinct,
and the other land birds of Mauritius are
and were different from those of Bourbon.

that
Professor
from P.
forms
Newton
is
right,
and that
though, unfortunately,
eqties,
we do
his
not
therefore feel quite certain
Palaeornis
know
in
echo
is
distinct
which way the two
differed.
Habitat
Bourbon or Reunion, but now
extinct.
No specimens known.
68
PALAEORNIS ECHO
Palaeoniis echo Newton, Ibis 1876,
p.
284.
Palaeornis eques Salvador!, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. XX,
DESCRIPTION
narrow
Male
of
black
p.
442 (1891).
Green, the occiput
from
stripe
new TON.
the
nostrils
to
with
tinged
the
bluish
broad
eyes;
black
mandibular stripes passing down and across the sides of the neck
where they meet a pink

wing-coverts
bluish
tail
yellowish
which
collar,
green
interrupted on the hind neck;
is
central
below dark yellowish grey
tail
Wing
7'5
inches,
female differs by the absence of the

bill
with
upper mandible red, under mandible
almost black with only a brownish tinge
round eyes orange.
tinged
scarcely
feathers
under
in places.
Iris yellow.
8'75
bill
tail
inches,
no bluish
collar,
tint
Naked
9 inches.
skin
The
on occiput, and the
entirely blackish.
It
from
differs
colour and broader

the island, but
Habitat
is
:
tail
P. torquatus
feathers.
in
the incomplete
This bird
is
still
collar,
found
in
darker green
the interior of
rare and apparently on the verge of extinction.
Mauritius.
Three specimens at Tring, four
in
the
British
Museum.
69
CYANORHAMPHUS ZEALANDICUS
(LATHAM.)
Red Rumped Parrakeet Latham, Syn.
No. 50 (1781).
p. 249,
I,
Psittacus novae seelandiae Gmelin (nee. Sparrm.), S.N.

PsittacHS zealandictts Latham, Ind. Orn.
Psittacus novae-zcalandiae Kuhl, Consp.
I,
Platycercus pacificus, part. Vigors, Zool. Journ.
I,
Platycercus phaeton Des Murs, Icon. Orn.
pi.
Cyanorhamphus pacificus Bonaparte,
et.
Rev.
p.
529 (1825).
p.
Mag.
Cyanorhamphus
270
THIS
p.
129, No. 9 (1826).
449.
II, p.
II,
p.
i5 (1845).
Cyaiiorhaniphus erythronotus Gray, Hand-list

forstcri Finsch, Papag.
(1820).
1387 (1823).
p.
Platycercus erythronotus Stephens, Gen. Zool. ^XIV.,

Coiiurus phaeton Des Murs, Rev. Zool. 1845,
1854, p. 153, No. 184.

140, No.
8029 (1870).
(18
names owing
bird has received a variety of
No. 83 (1788).
No. 67 (1820).
p. 45,
Enc. M6th.,
3, Vieillot,
p. 328,
102, No. 58 (1790).
p.
Psitt. p. 44, var.
Psittacus erythronotus Kuhl, Consp. Psitt.

Psittacus pacificus var. No.
I,
to the adult bird being
very different to the younger and quite young birds.

black
scarlet
rump
scarlet
under-tail coverts
outer,
from lores
stripe
brown on
passing
back and breast
through
dull
green
webs
bend of wing blue
hind-neck
cheeks, head, neck, belly,
and wing coverts, bright green.

inner,
almost to
eye
;
Adult, forehead
Flight-feathers blue on
tail
feathers blue, edged
with green.
Young
differs
having a dull bluish-black forehead, brownish head,
in
back mixed brown and green, rump and eye
stripe
chestnut red, and the
underside greyish green.
This
species
was confined
the
to
Society
Islands,
where
it
was
obtained during Cook's Voyage by Ellis and by Forster, and lastly by Lieutenant
de Marolles
in
1844.
We
only
existence of two specimens, one
whose
origin
Marolles.
is
doubtful,
What became
and of Forster's and

Habitat
and
one
specimens,
Society Islands.
for certain at the present
the British
of the other
Ellis'
Evidently extinct.
know
in
in
Museum, ex Massena
Paris,
collected
two specimens of the

I
day of the
cannot say.
by
collection,
Lieutenant de
latter's collecting,
70
CYANORHAMPHUS ULIETANUS
Society Parrot Latham, Syn.
250 (1781).
p.
Psittacus uliefanus Gmelln, S.N.
p. 328,
Platycercits iiUetaniis Vig., Zool.
p.
n.
Platycerciis fannaeiisis Finsch, Papag.
Psittacus fiiscatus Pelz., Ibis 1873,
" Olive
85 (1788).
533, Suppl.
Cyanorhamphiis ulictanus Bonaparte, Rev.
A DULT
et
pi.
3 (1825).
Mag. de Zool. 1854,
153, n. 188.
p.
272 (i858).
II, p.
p. 30.
brown, the head brown-black
rump and
basal upper
coverts brown-red, the longest upper tail-coverts olive
back
and
underparts olive-yellow
tail-feathers grey
XX
(Salvadori, Cat. B.
inches,
tail
p.
Wing
579).
tail-
like
the
primary-coverts, under wing coverts
base of upper mandible grey
black,
bill
quills,
brown
5-3 inches,
bill
08
feet brown."
inches, tarsus
08
5 inches.
Habitat
Ulietea, Society Islands (fide Latham).
The type from

Bullock's
(gm)
collection
the Leverian
is
in
specimens known, and as
The specimen
in
British
is
now more
olive,
tail
Vienna, and a specimen from
These are the
only two
than a hundred years since anyone
we may suppose
Vienna, which
the head, back, wings, and
upper tail-coverts
is in
Museum.
the
it
has procured a specimen,
Museum
that this
is
an
e.xtinct
species.
have recently been able to examine, has
deep umber-brown, the rump dark-crimson,
underside brownish yellow.
CYANORHAMPHUS SUBFLAVESCENS
SALVADORI.
Parrot from Lord Hou-e Island
Cyaitorhamphus
VERY
This
stibfiavesceiis Salvadori,
and C.
similar to C. cooki
more
yellowish
than
in either of
species
is
Phillips, Bot.
than
C.
Bay,
225 (1789).
& Mag.
Ann.
saisseti
saisseti,
p.
(6)
VII, p. 68 (1891).
and intermediate
in size.
below more greenish,
tail
Above
shorter
the latter.
believed
to
be
extinct.
specimens of a Cyanorhamphiis from
Last year
received
some
an inhabitant of Lord Howe's Island,
but from subsequent letters these appear to have been collected on Norfolk
or Philip Island, and they certainly are
Habitat:
Lord Howe's
pair in the British
cooki.
Island.
Museum appear
to be the only
known specimens.
71
BUBO(?) LEGUATI
Stn'x sp. Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat.
MILNE-EDWARDS
described this
had
bone,
though he stated
more
getting
it
(5)
XIX
but refrained
13 (art. 3.) 1874.
p.
only a single
it
from giving
Asio
this
form and
a specific name,
it
was probably a small Bubo,
in
the hopes of
material.
we have no further specimens,

think
am justified in
Leguat, who first mentions Owls on Rodriguez.
Milne-
after
Edwards' description of
in
of
tibio-tarsus
As, however,
naming
nom. nov.
accipitrinus,
this tibio-tarsus is that
but
was
distinguished
inward curvature and the great development
it
equals in length that bone
from the
in
by the strong
latter
width of
its distal
Tibio-iarsiis.
77
mm.
....
25
,,
....
lOS
,,
....
,,
37
Total length
Length from the pro.Kimal extremity to the

top of the peronial ridge
....
Width
at distal extremity
Width
at proximal extremity
Width
of shaft
Habitat
Rodriguez.
....
....
extremity.
73
SCOPS COMMERSONI
Scops commersoni Oustatet, Ann.
THIS
owl,
leave
it
Sci. Nat. (8)
III,
35
p.
believe, is not a true Scops, being
first
common
says that owls were
the year 1606,
in
"The
and even the
digits
nearly to
a point
being armed with hooked
The beak
which
is
The
stiff,
is
very stout,
is
The
arched
nostrils pierce the
which
eyes, of
The
centre.
Matlief
in
1837,
here reproduce
stiff
feathers running
are very strong, they
digits
from
base;
its
the other and covering

bill
it,
the upper mandible,
is
as
if
cut square at
pretty high up in the horny portion.
could not see the colour, are round, and placed, like
They are surrounded by a
the entire family, in front.
in
when Admiral
nails.
much longer than
the point.
the
appearance.
its
are not feathered, only on
tarsi
the front portion of these latter one sees some short,

to
we must
Monsieur Desjardins,
the Island.
in
us as to
accurate description of the bird, of which
first
the translation.
down
too big, but
that genus for the present, as there are no specimens or bones
in
mention of owls on Mauritius was
gave the
3 (1896).
much
extant, and only Jossigny's drawing to guide
The
fig
oust.
thread-like feathers, which
is
Two
perceptible on the throat.
tufts, similar to
or disc of
circle
interrupted at the sides.
sort of collar
those of the Eagle
Owls
and Eared Owls, and very apparent, are behind the eyes and towards the
top of the occiput.
The wings are a
little
longer
than
the
tail,
the fourth
and
fifth
primaries being the longest, the third and sixth are shorter, and the second
still
tail
shorter, being equal to the eighth,
reaches
lengthened
to
all
end
the
of
the
and the
digits;
it
first is
is
the retrices are equal in length.
shortest
rounded
The
and
oif
all.
much
not
ear-tufts are
The
brown,
with some slight buff shading, the discal plumes being white marked with
All the
buff.
upper side
is
of a dark
brown
colour, the feathers of the head,
the neck and the back are edged with rufous, but not very distinctly so;
this rufous colour is
more apparent on the
scapulars,
and some of these even
have on the outer web one or two whitish patches surrounded with brown.
The
large
tail
feathers are less
lighter rufous marbling
The
centre,
tertials
brown and more rufous
in colour,
with
mixed with brown.
and secondaries have a darker brown bar towards the
and their outer web
is
pleasantly
marked with somewhat square
or irregular bands of white, pale buff, and brown.
The
ocelli
large primaries or
74
present the same ornamentation, but more strongly developed,
flight feathers
and the blotches are buffy white on the inner web, which produces a regular
spotting on a brown ground colour
brown on a
stippled with
white on the wings
the tip of these large feathers
ground
fairly pale
and there
is
finely
is
patch of
large
in addition.
The throat and abdomen are
nicely adorned with
dark buff feathers,
which have a black brown centre and two to four large round white
The large feathers on the

marked with
flanks
are whitish, with a brown
All the well feathered parts,
buff.
spots.
shaft line
and
underneath the feathers are
covered by a very thick black down."
The colour
= 365 mm.
Creek."
killed
at
and
feet
is
reddish brown.
1836,
in
the
forest
1837 several were
Curepipe by Dr.
believed to have
to
bill
Desjardins says the specimen
end of October,
In
of
been one
still
Dobson
of,
if
Total length, 13J inches
he described was
crowning the
hills
killed
close to
"
Bamboo
seen near " La Savane," and one

of
the 99th
Regiment.
the
at
was
This latter
not the last of this species, so
is
we have
thank that excellent naturalist, Desjardins, and Monsieur Jossigny, the
companion of Commerson, that we know what

Habitat
Mauritius.
this extinct species
was
like.
75
ATHENE MURIVORA
milneedwards
Strix (Athene) miirivora Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat.
PROFESSOR MILNE-EDWARDS
and a tarso-metatarsus collected
and says that he considers
it
(5)
XIX
p.
13 (Art. 3.)
(1874).
described this bird from a tibio-tarsus

in
Rodriguez by Sir Edward Newton,
to belong to the
genus Athene, because
the proportions of the tibio-tarsus and tarso-metatarsus agree with those of
The most remarkable
that genus.
ridge to which the fibula
is
the outer edge of the bone.

distal
extremity
is
specific characters
articulated
is
stout,
The diaphysis
furnished
with
two
is
appear to be that the
and extends very far along
large and nearly straight; the
equal
condyles
deep channel.
Tibio-tarsus.
71
Total length
Length from proximal extremity to end of

peronial ridge
Width
of distal extremity
Width
of proximal extremity
Width
of shaft
....
Tarso-metatarsus.
Total length
Width
Width
at distal extremity
Width
of shaft
Habitat
Rodriguez.
....
separated
by
77
SCELOGLAUX RUFIFACIES
Sceloglaux nififacies Buller,
Ibis 1904, p.
639;
New
Suppl. B.
id.
duller.
Zealand
II, p.
65, pi.
VII
(1906).
ORIGINAL
"Adult female: Similar
description:
but appreciably smaller
face dull rufous brown, instead of being white
crown and nape blackish brown

with rufous
of rufous
pale
brown
"
bill
entire upper surface strongly suffused
marked with regular transverse bars and a terminal edging
quills
brown
to Sceloglaux albifacies,
tail-feathers uniform yellowish brown, obscurely barred with
lemon-yellow
Wairarapa
feet dull yellow."
near
district,
North
Wellington,
Island,
summer
the
in
1868-9."
This supposed " species "

in
the Tring
that
Museum
did not feel
is
of the type (which
justified
in
buying
forms, types and varieties) by Messrs.
beyond doubt to
showed signs
"
all
three of
of immaturity.
was
fond as
it,
for such a high price
am
of possessing extinct
Hellmayr and myself proved
Hartert,
was not
fully adult, but
Walter Buller that
said to Sir
close examination
me
offered
us that the specimen

If
a very doubtful one.
was an
it
extremely young, hardly fledged Sceloglaux" this was certainly incorrect,
and was perhaps just an exclamation after a hasty preliminary examination,

for the bird
of course fully fledged
is
On
one moult of the feathers.
and has passed,
It
Gadow
at once by Dr.
"
to be an adult bird
be
necessarily to
" character of the
in
(cf.
Newton's
letter
also
is
less
among
tail,
if
easily
it
is
p. 66, I.e.),
though
by Hartert, Hellmayr
Buller says he " pronounced
he continues that he thinks the
markings continues to be juvenile."

of
this
owl,
question
the
from S. albifacies from the South
different
done.
is
on
plumage," and
adult
Buller described
the distinctive characters
however,
fully adult are
is
admits that the bird " had moulted, though not
Having thus discussed the age

considered
question
shows unmistakable signs of immaturity, as noticed
Moreover Professor Newton
and myself.
it
certainly
through
the other hand, both Professor Newton's and
Dr. Sharpe's reputed statements that the owl in
not correct.
at least partially,
" skillfully "
complimentary adverb) stuck
(as
in,
(see
it
as a
"new
species,"
above) the colour of
Buller calls
it,
though
must
Island.
being
abraded,
Certainly, however, the
its
This
and mentions
the
tail.
The
should use a less
and does not belong to a Sceloglaux, but to
an Australian Ninox, and also some feathers on the neck are foreign.
wings
be
slightly
colouration
smaller
in
length
general
is
is
not
slightly
very
The
significant.
more rufous than
78
in S. albifacies,
and the face
Walter
like
As
too
though some of
more
is
my
specimens approach
Professor
rufescent.
aluco,
for myself,
many
and
this
almost completely,
phase,"
North Island specimen represented the
latter.
do not think that S. albifacies has two phases, as
collection eight specimens
from the South
not seen juvenile examples; but
warned Sir
might possibly have a red
specimens, and found them to vary but
Island specimen
it
cautiously
"
Buller, suggesting that S. albifacies
Symium
Newton
it
is
Island.
little.
On
have seen
have now
the other hand,
in
I
my
have
very likely that the rufous face of the North
a character peculiar to the North Island form, which would
is
then be a sub-species of S. albifacies from the South Island, and should be

called S. albifacies rufifacies.
killed in the
has come
summer
forth,
extinct by this time.
The type from Wairapara
is
said to have been
of 1868-9, and, since no further evidence of its existence
presume that the North Island race
of this owl
must be
79
NEWTON
STRIX
Strix sp.
Newton and Gadow, Trans. Zool. Soc.
XIII,
MESSRS. NEWTON AND GADOW
nom. nov.
p.
287 (1893).
give the
describe a pair of metatarsi procured witii

Strix satizieri, and state that they do not
as they are fully adult bones,
it is
assume, what
species of
unlikely, that the
is
we have
Strix,
to
tiie
in
of which this
is
with that species.
the
they wrote
this, did
For,
smaller size
part: "Unless
two
we
different
short pair of metatarsals
Evidently Messrs.
."
belonged to a small individual of Strix sauzieri,
Gadow and Newton, when
first
much
Island of Mauritius possessed
conclude that the
and
of,
remains described as
impossible to attribute their
They then add a sentence
to youth.
fit
measurements
not remember the fact that
throughout a very large portion of the range of Strix flammea,
its
various
geographical races are found side by side with another species of the group
of Strix, namely, S. Candida and S. capensis, popularly called " Grass owls "
these
in
nearly every case have the legs considerably longer than in the true
"Barn Owls"
{Strix
Therefore
Strix
representative
flammea and
consider
Mauritius,
inhabited
of
the
"
it
not
and
Grass
its
Sir
in
naming
this
races).
the least unlikely that two species of
in
that
Strix
sauzieri
while
these
Owls,"
belonged to the representative of the

pleasure
form after
"
Barn Owls."
the collector
Edward Newton.
Length of tarso-metatarsi, 56 mm.
Habitat
Mauritius.
was
two
I
Mauritian
the
short
metatarsals
therefore have
of these
bones,
much
the late
80
STRIX SAUZIERI
Strix sauzieri
Newton & Gadow, Trans.
MESSRS. NEWTON
Zool. Soc. XIII,
AND GADOW
metatarsi, three tibiae, and
p.
286,
describe
two humeri.
length of the tibia to the metatarsus

of the
newt. & gad.
is
pi.
XXXIII,
this
They
Hgs. Ii-i8 (1893).
species from
four
state that the relative
very constant and characteristic
various families and genera of owls.
In
the present instance this
comparison indicates a species of Strix.
The longer and higher cnemial process

of the
humerus serve amply
of the tibia
and the shortness
to justify the specific separation of this Mauritian
owl.
The
following are the measurements
Humerus, length
71
Tibia-tarsus, length
Tarso-metatarsus, length
Habitat
Mauritius.
....
....
mm.
9093
66
63
81
''CIRCUS HAMILTONI"
Circus hamiltoni Forbes, Trans. N.Z.
VERY
large harrier,
much
Inst.
XXIV,
p.
i85 (1892
forbes.
-no proper description).
larger than Circus gouldi, but not so big as
Harpagornis.
Habitat
Middle Island,
New
Zealand.
''CIRCUS TEAUTEENSIS"
Circus teauteeiisis Forbes, Trans. N.Z.
NOTHER
Inst.
XXIV,
186 (1892
no
proper description).
very large harrier from Teaute, which has never yet been
properly described.
Habitat
p.
forbes.
Middle Island,
New
Zealand.
83
ASTUR ALPHONSI
Astur
sp.
Milne-Edwards, Ann.
Sci.
Nat
(5)
XIX,
newt &
Art.
pp. 25, 26,
II,
Astur alphonsi Newton and Gadow, Trans. Zool. Soc. XIII
pi.
2S5,
p.
gad.
15 flg
2.
(1874).
XXXIII,
pi.
figs g,
10
(1893).

on a pair of
side
left
proportions
description
as
of
of
A.
this
a pair of metatarsals, and the metacarpals of the
tibiae,
bestowed the name Astur alphonsi
goshawk apparently
melanoleucus
goshawk as a
of
South
distinct
that most of the Mascarene extinct species
the same size and
of
They
Africa.
species,
were
first
distinct
of
relative
justified
all
by the
their
fact
and then because the
bony ridge for the M. flexor digitorum communis was more strongly developed,
the fibula reached further
down
the
tibia,
the peroneal crest
and longer, and the cnemial crest slanted more gradually

inner edge of the shaft of the
which he had
for examination as follows
Width
Width
at distal
Width
at smallest part of shaft
solitary tarso-metatarsus
extremity
Gadow and Newton
....
....
80
mm.
11
13
,,
give the length of their tarso-metatarsi as
81 mm., of their tibiae as 117 mm., and of the metacarpals as 55
Habitat
Seven
Mauritius.
tarsi in the
the anterior
Total length
Messrs.
into
straighter
tibia.
Milne-Edwards gives the measurements of the

of this bird
was
Tring Museum.
mm.
85
HARPAGORNIS
LLIED
to
Aquila, from which
by the ulna being
distinguished
is
it
haast.
relatively shorter and the tarso-metatarsus stouter.
HARPAGORNIS MOOREI
Harpagoniis inoorei Haast, Trans. N.Z.
DESCRIPTION
forward,
Inst. IV, p. 192 (1872).
femur (from
of
and above the
extremity
the
of
The
Haast):
distal
The hollow on the top
haast
head
is
it
shaft
cylindrical
curved back.
slightly
is
very
bent
and measures
large
42 inch across.
The trochanteric
ridge
is
developed and the outer side
well
is
very
rough, showing that muscles of great strength and thickness must have been
attached to
it.
The inter-muscular
linear
ridges are
well
raised
above the
shaft,
of
which the one extending from the fore and outer angle of the epitrochanteric
articular surface to the outer condyle
the attachment of
marked.
the
The femur
shaped, resembling
in
ligaments
is
in
is
the most prominent.

inter-condyloid
the
pneumatic, the
proximal
orifice
The
fossa are
is
large
for
pits
strongly
and
ear-
form most closely that of the Australian Sea Eagle.

6-66
Total length
Circumference at proximal end

Circumference at
distal
end
Circumference at thinnest part of shaft
Ungual phalanx (probably of
left
....
hallux)
Length
Circumference at articular end
Ungual phalanx (probably of right second
toe)
Length
Circumference
Type
Habitat
New
Type bones:
....
Glenmark Swamp.
locality:
Zealand.
left
femur, 2 ungual phalanges, and
For a more detailed description

actions of the
New
my
rib.
readers must refer to the Trans-
Zealand Institute VI, pp. 64-75 (1874).
87
CARBO PERSPICILLATUS
(Plate
39.)
Phalacrocorax perspicillattis Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso. -Asiat.

Gould, Zool. Voy. Sulphur,
p.
No.
Proc.
29,
p.
iSo (1885)
id.
XXXII
49, pi.
and
text
New and
Elliot,
the
gives
the
of
bill
Amer. B.
II,
bare,
red,
III, p.
spectacles.
Weight
(From
description
as follows
"
the former
of
of
this
Of the
blue and
12 to
which,
bird,
of a very
size
Cormorants), which
(sc.
The body
doubly crested.
tuft,
white, mixed,
is
entirely
Female
pounds.
14
in
round the base
Skin
Round the
a turkey.
as in
a pair of
like
smaller, without
and
crest
"
Steller.)
who was shipwrecked on Bering
Steller,
3,
144 (1899).
eyes a thick, bare white patch of skin, about six lines wide,
spectacles.
part 14, No.
narrow pendant plumes round the neck, as
white,
long,
Occiput with a huge
Herons.
(1889
II-IV
pis.
357 (1898).
patches on the flanks.
also resembles in the white
A few
p.
heret. unfig. sp. N.
is
Of the shape
large goose.
black.
XXVI,
recognizable
first
as translated from the Latin,
it
305 (1827 Berings Island);

Stejneger, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
II, p.
;
plate (i85g).
Pallasicarbo perspicillattis Coues, Osprey
PALLAS
(1844)
U.S. Nat. Mus. XII, pp. 83-94,
Osteology); Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
Graculus perspicillatus
(pall.)
discoverer of C. perspicillatus, and
Island
in
1741,
was the
Pallas took his diagnosis from Steller's
notes.
The Spectacled
It
Two
existence:
London.
in
Cormorant
is
one of the rarest of
generally said that four specimens are known,
is
five
or Pallas's
One
in
the St.
of these latter
Petersburg Museum, one
birds.
but five are really in
Leyden, and two
in
no
perfect, while the other has
is
all
Probably
tail.
in
all
have been obtained by Kuprianoff, the Russian Governor at Sitka, who,
1839, gave
The
one to Captain Belcher, and sent some others to
careful
researches
shown
clearly
that this
of
and
Stejneger
Cormorant
others
their
principal
diet
when other meat was
would not so soon have become extinct
if
difficult
it
Bering Island
on
Formerly
exists no longer.
have been numerous, but the natives were fond of
St. Petersburg.
is
said to
flesh,
which formed
obtain.
Probably
its
to
it
have
it
had not been that their rather
short wings resulted in a certain slowness of locomotion on land and in the

air.
more
detailed
good description
is
given
the Catalogue of
one by Stejneger (Proc.
Brandt's manuscript.
Habitat:
in
Bering Island.
U.S.
Nat. Mus.
Birds,
and
1899, p.
86)
still
from
88
CARBO MAJOR
"
PhaJacrocorax novaezealandiae var. major

(1892
"
(forbes).
Forbes, Trans. N.Z.
that
FORBES only informed
DR. dimensions
than Ph. novaezealandiae
us
Ph. carbo).
especially,
if
Inst.
XXIV,
p.
1S9
no proper description).
It
this extinct
would be interesting
New
(a
to
form was incapable of
Galapagos Islands.
Habitat
this
Zealand.
shag
was
very closely
of
greater
allied
form of
know more about

flight,
like
Pli.
it,
and,
harrisi of the
89
PLOTUS NANUS
newt. & gad.
Plotus nanus Newton and Gadow, Trans. Zool. Soc. XIII
p.
288,
pi.
XXXIV
figs
1-5.
(1893).
THE
humerus, the pelvis with sacrum, and the
tibia
on which our authors founded this new species.
were the materials
They
state that
all
the strongly developed characters in these bones leave no possible doubt

as
to
its
distinguishes
being
of
species
Plotus,
and
from the three known species
it
its
diminutive
size
at
P. anhinga, P. melanogaster,
and P. novaehollandiae.
The measurements are
as follows
Left humerus, length

Left
tibia,
length
89
mm.
61
Distance from acetabular axis to anterior end of sacrum 30
mm.
Distance between ventral inner margins of the acetabula 145

Habitat
Mauritius.
once
(Also recorded from Madagascar.)
mm.
91
''CHENOPIS SUMNERENSIS"
Chenopis sumnereiisis Forbes, Trans. N.Z.
THIS
Inst.
XXIV,
p.
i88 (1892)
forbes.
(Nomen nudum).
appears to have been a very large species, with not very great
powers of
Habitat
flight,
:
New
if
not flightless.
Zealand and Chatham Islands.
Bones from Chatham Islands
in
my
collection.
93
CHENALOPEX SIRABENSIS
Chenalopex
THIS
sirabeitsis
Andrews,
Andrews.
Ibis 1897, p. 355, pi. IX, figs 1-3.
species of which skull, sternum, pelvis, the bones of fore and hind
limbs,
&c.,
are preserved, appears to be closely allied to Chenalopex
Mr. Andrews
is,
such
has
but
aegyptiacus,
think, quite
number
small
of
justified in separating
agree with him when he suggests that perhaps
it
is
it
that
differences
I
do
however,
not,
Newton
the same as
and Gadow's Sarcidiornis mauritianus, although many of the bones agree.
Of
course, his line
of comparison
was strengthened by the
bones of Plotus nanus occurring both
does
follow
not
occurred
in
that
because
in
in
one
Mauritius
family
two places the others must do
of
fact
of subfossil
and Madagascar
birds
same
the
likewise, and, therefore,
but
it
species
one must
not necessarily regard a certain similarity of osteological characters as proof

of
identity.
must here again refer
my
readers to Mr. Andrews' very
full
description.
Habitat
Sirabe in C. Madagascar.
67
Coracoid
mm.
Humerus
132147
Radius
126134
Ulna
129142
Metacarpus
The smaller
male
75
individuals.
....
....
....
....
76
85
,,
bones, undoubtedly, belonged to female, and the larger to
95
CENTRORNIS
ALLIED
form
to
Andrews.
Chenalopex and Chenopis, but
and proportion of
its
from Chenalopex
differs
metatarsus, and
from
all
in
other Anserine
forms by the extreme length and slenderness of the shaft of the

tarsus and the
differs in
relative
several
From
shortness of the fibular crest.
respects,
and the very long
the
tibio-
Clienopis
it
crest of the latter at
fibular
once separates them.
CENTRORNIS MAJORI
Cenironiis majori Andrews,
THIS
species
Robert
in
in
was
the
1896-1897.
and Chenalopex but

legs.
Indeed,
and the
Andrews.
Ibis 1897, p. 344, pi. VIII.
by
discovered
bed
of
It
was
differed
Forsyth
Dr.
an old lake at Sirabe,

similar
in
in
many
large size
its
slight degree of inflection of the

ill
my
to
Sarcidiornis
and the great length of
its
femur
metatarsus and
lower end of the long
seems
tibia, it
adapted for swimming, though a good runner.
The wings were long and powerful and armed with a long
refer
Monsieur
Madagascar,
Central
respects
judging from the slenderness of the
probable that this bird was
Major and
spur.
must
readers for a fuller description to Mr. Andrews, as quoted above.
Tibia.
Length (exclusive of cnemial
crest)
Width
of upper articular surface
Width
of middle of shaft
Thickness of shaft
Width
....
of distal extremity
....
Femur.
Length
Width
Width
of distal extremity
Width
of shaft
....
....
213-
96
Metatarsus.
Length
130
Width
of shaft
Width
of middle trochlea
Coracoid.
Length
Width
of glenoidal surface
Scapula.
Width
Radius.
Length
Ulna.
Width
at middle of shaft
Metacarpus.
Greatest width at proximal extremity
Length of spur
Width
Habitat
of second metacarpal
Madagascar.
97
CNEMIORNIS
SKULL
short and
sternum aborted.
rounded and
beak
massive, with
OWEN.
Limb-bones short and
stout.
Carina
of
very stout, the ulna being
shorter than the humerus, and having very prominent tubercles for the
secondaries
cnemial crest of
and fourth trochleae of tarso-metatarsus.
third
The power
of flight
presence
the
of
was
extra
absent.
No foramen between
greatly developed.
tibia
The
pre-sacral
chief differences
vertebrae,
three ribs articulate with the sacrum
Spines of dorsal vertebrae
so
tall.
from Cereopsis were
two only instead
that
of
and an elevated pent-roof arrangement
of the ossa innominata, which indicate more decided cursorial habits.
CNEMIORNIS CALCITRANS
Cnemiontis
"
''
calcitraiis Osven, Trans. Zool. Soc. V, p. 396 (1865).
"'HE type
J.
owen.
species.
Very considerably larger than the existing Cereopsis
novaehollandiae, with the limbs relatively
much
stouter and shorter
"
(Lydekker).
Height of back from ground
....
....
26 inches.
Length from beak
....
....
34
Habitat
For
(1874).
full
Middle Island,
to
tail....
New
,,
Zealand.
description see Trans.
N. Z. Inst. VI,
pp.
76-84,
pis.
X-XII
98
''CNEMIORNIS GRACILIS"
Cnemioniis gracilis Forbes, Trans. N.Z.
MOST
XXIV,
Inst.
p.
187 (1892)
forbes.
(Nomcn nudum).
elegantly moulded goose from the North Island."
this is all that
Habitat
Unfortunately
has been published about this form!
North
Island,
New
Zealand.
CNEMIORNIS MINOR
Cnemioniis minor Forbes, Trans. N.Z.
Inst.
XXIV,
p.
forbes.
187 (1892); vide also Trans. N.Z.
Inst. VI, pp. 76-84 (Hector).
HIS
its
species appears to be distinguished from Cnemiornis calcitrans by
very small
Habitat
size,
being hardly bigger than Cereopsis novaehollandiae.
Middle Island,
New
Zealand.
99
CEREOPSIS NOVAEZEALANDIAE
Cereopsis novaezealaiidiae Forbes, Trans. N. Zealand
THIS
species
was founded on an incomplete
C. novaehollandiae by
Habitat
Inst.
New
its
Zealand.
slightly larger size.
XXIV,
skull,
p.
forbes.
i88 (1892).
and differed from
101
SARCIDIORNIS MAURITIANUS
Sarcidioniis maiiritiaitus Newton
Trans. Zool. Soc. XllI,
p.
290, pi.
XXXIV,
9-10.
figs.
THEand
& Gadow,
newt. & gad.
evidence on which this species
an incomplete
left half
is
founded
of the pelvis.
is
a single
left
metacarpal
character
Its specific
the
is
very large size as compared to the two existing species.

Habitat
Mauritius.
In
J.
an
old
Marshall (1668)
passage
this
"
work
in
"Memorandums concerning
entitled
the article on the
They are many Geese
bill
Plenty of Ducks."
here or
that these
in
As there
Mauritius, there occurs
Island of
the halfe of their wings towards the
end are black and the other halfe white;

good.
by
India"
is
they are not large, but fat and
no mention of the caruncle on the
Other authors alluding to geese
geese were this Sarcidiornis, but
in Mauritius,
believe
Oustalet doubted
this
merely to have
been an oversight of Marshall's and that his description goes far to prove
the distinctness of
The
Newton and Gadow's
species.
allusion to the small size also points to the geese of Marshall being
the Sarcidioniis.
the fact that
on
L'Abbe Dubois
in
"
Les Voyages du Sieur D. B." records
Bourbon were some wild geese
geese of Europe but having the same plumage.

It
is
also
probable that
wild
slightly smaller
Their
geese were found on
bill
than the
and feet were
Rodriguez.
red.
There
is
nothing to show what these Bourbon geese were, and as no osseous remains
of
such birds
have been
found as yet
it
is
impossible
mention the fact of such birds having been recorded.
to
do more than
103
ANAS FINSCHI
Alias fiiischi
123
p.
THIS
Van Beneden,
Journ. Zool. IV,
p.
van beneden.
267(1875); Ann. de
la
Soc. Geol. Belg.
II,
(1876).
duck
most
is
peculiar, as
and Dendrocygna
it
stands intermediate between Querquedtda
and
structure,
in
its
nearest
known
ally
seems to
be the extinct A. blanchardi of Europe, and of living forms apparently
Clangula clangula.
nearest to that of Clangula clangula but wider, nostrils more
Skull
elongated, eye-sockets smaller, and the whole skull
Sternum
from that of C. clangula by having the notch lower, more
differs
and
behind
FuUgula
more regularly rounded
shorter
in
Humerus
marila.
C. clangula, as are the
and
Clavicle
front.
and
larger
coracoid
than
stronger
resemble
faint
those
marila
F.
in
off.
of
and
femur, tibio-tarsus and tarso-metatarsus, which are
almost double as long and thick.
Judging from the shape of
its
leg-bones this bird must have been a
strong runner, and probably at the same time was a poor
Middle Island,
Habitat:
New
Zealand.
ANAS THEODORI
Anas
Newton & Gadow, Trans.
theodori
(1893
flyer.
Mauritius).
Zool.
newt. & gad.
Soc. XIII,
founded
p.
291,
pi.
XXXIV,
this species
figs
11-17
on a fragment
of a sternum, a pair of coracoids, eight humeri, and a pair of tarso-
These are referable to a duck of larger
metatarsi.
bemieri, and
somewhat intermediate between N. punctata and Anas
The sternum
differs
keel and by the shape
coracoid
in
is
in length
melleri.
from that of A. melleri by the lesser height of the
and direction of the anterior margin of the
longer and larger than in
A^.
bemieri, but
is
A. melleri, though agreeing with that of the latter
plain almost
size than Nettion
in
The
shorter than
shape, and
by the
The seven humeri vary
ridgeless ventral surface of the shaft.
from 70-78 mm., and agree
in
much
latter.
size with those of
A'^.
punctata, thus
proving our species to be smaller than A. melleri.
The two tarso-metatarsi are

42 mm.
in length,
poor condition
the right one measuring
thus indicating that A. theodori was a bird with a shorter
foot than A. melleri.
Habitat
in
Mauritius.
105
CAMPTOLAIMUS LABRADORIA
(Plate
Anas
labradoria Gmelin, Syst. Nat.
36.)
2,
I,
(gm)
(1788
537
p.
"Habitat
gregaria in America,
Ex Pennant and Latham.)
boreali."
Anas labradora Latham,
Ind. Orn.
Rhynchaspis labradora Stephens,
II, p.
in
859 (1790).
Shaw's Gen. Zool. XII,
Fnligula labradora Bonaparte, Ann. Lyceum N.Y.
Somateria labradora Boie,
II,
2,
121 (1824).
p.
391 (1826).
p.
1828, p. 329.
Isis
Kamptorhynchiis labradorus Eyton, Mon. Anat.
p. 151
Fuligiila grisea Leib, Journ. Acad. Sc. Philad. VIII,
(1838).
young
170 (1840
p.
bird).
Dutcher, Auk. 1891,

95 (1841)
p. 201, pi. II; 1894, pp. 4-12; Hartl. Abh. naturw. Ver. Bremen XVI, p. 23 (1895).
Campfolaemus labradorius Baird, B.N. Amer. p. 803 (1858) Baird, Brewer and Ridgway,
Water B. N. Amer. II, p. 63 (1884); Milne-Edw. and Oustalet, Centen. Mus. d'Hist.
Camptolaimus labradorus Gray,
Gen. B. ed.
List.
p.
2,
Nat., Notice
THE
IV (1893)
Ois. 6teint. p. 51, pi.
Salvadori, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. XXVII,
416 (1895).
p.
adult male and a
young male, both
my museum,
in
are represented
on plate 36, but the young bird became too rufous, through the colour
Though
type reproduction, and should be somewhat more mouse-gray.

first
named by Gmelin
technically
in
1785 by Pennant, in the Arctic Zoology

"
on the summit of the head

the head and neck, white
coverts
wings
of
cuneiform,
and
II,
With the lower part
Pied Duck.
white
dusky
this
1788,
duck was
559, as follows:
p.
of the
bill
an oblong black spot
is
black, the upper yellow,
forehead, cheeks, rest of
the lower part encircled with black
back,
black.
legs
breast,
belly,
The
described in
first
and
bill
black
primaries,
the
of
scapulars and
tail
female
supposed
resembles that of the male, head and neck mottled with cinereous brown and
dirty white; primaries dusky; speculum white; back, breast,
with different shades of ash-colour

Size of a
and
dusky and cuneiform
tail
legs
black.
common Wild Duck.
"Sent from Connecticut,
Possibly the great flocks
to Mrs. Blackburn.
of pretty Pied
Ducks, which whistled as they flew, or as they
Mr. Lawson
the western branch of Cape Fear
in
The Labrador-Duck
is
belly clouded
not easily explained.
the cause of
its
is
one of those
As Mr. Dutcher
disappearance, but
inlet,
birds, the
truly said,
we have no
were
fed,
seen by
of this kind."
disappearance of which
"we
facts to
can speculate as to
warrant a conclusion."
Formerly Camptolaimus was of regular occurrence along the northern Atlantic

shores of North America, in winter south to
has often been sold on the markets of

anticipated even
fifty
New
New York
Jersey and
New
York.
It
and Baltimore, and nobody
years ago that they might become extinct, but they
106
we have no
appear never to have been very numerous, at least
islets,
breeding haunts, and, not content
to shoot the birds."
that
know
has
to be
where the breeding haunts
for certain
anyone
ever
them.
visited
who
nests, mercilessly
its
mere conjecture, as we do
of this
Duck have
been, and
known about the
says that his son
was shown
This information
is
certainly too
draw any conclusions from, but the breeding places might
uncertain to
much
as well have been
The number
Town Museum:
(J
ad. (Auk.
48.
is
1897, p. 87),
bought from Salmin (Hartl.
1,
just
further to the north, and probably were.
of specimens extant
Museum:
Paris:
yearly to
which a clerk of the fishing establishment
of bushes,
him were those of the Labrador Duck.
Berlin
man began
information
All
that of Audubon,
is
empty nests on the top
Amiens,
since "
plundering
in
seems
This, however,
breeding of this bird
told
us that this duck used to breed on rocky
tells
" its fate is easily understood,"
and that
visit its
not
Newton
true that Professor
It is
proof of this.
London, British Museum
2,
and a ?
ad.
,J
p. 23).
M. Hyde de Neuville.
adult, presented 1810 by
ad.,
neither of
them with exact
locality or
date.
Liverpool
2 3 ad.,
Cambridge
Dublin
Tring
Brussels
St.
l^jun.
Petersburg
Vienna
purchased from Salmin.
ad.,
Germany
in
Leiden
1 <?
poor specimen.
the
and two doubtful eggs

ad.,
,?
Museum
Hamburg
7,
State Museum, Albany
collection
,J
U.S. National
ad.
ad.
J ad.
J ad.
Vermont
University of Vermont, Burlington,
Philadelphia
2 3 jun.,
in
1846, for 4
in
Duke
of Leuchtenberg.
should say.
Locality
1830.
Gulden
New York
three of which formerly belonged to George N. Lawrence.
Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N. York
Cory
wrong
from the Prince of Wied.
Island Historical Society, Brooklyn
New York
collection of the
latter doubtless
exchanged from Baron von Lederer
American Museum, New York:
Long
J ad., bought from Brandt in
in litt.)
(See below.)
The Museum possesses a male from the
Dresden
jun.
ad.
Heine Museum
Munich
1 <7
mounted J (Dr. Scharff
ad.,
1 3"
fine
ad.
Museum, Washington
Collection of Mr. William Brewster
Boston Society of Natural History
^
3
jun.,
J jun.
jun.
<?
Collection of Dalhousie College, Halifax
This makes a total of 48 known specimens.
107
The
Manan
specimens
last
date of
the
Island,
bought from a Mr.

is
were those shot
killed
which
and
As the specimen
perfectly certain.
Grand
at
the specimen
G. Bell in 1879, for the Smithsonian Institution, which
J.
seems not quite certain
That several other specimens were shot
p. 9).
Mr. Lawrence's
May, 1871,
absolutely certain,
is
said to have been shot in 1875, but this date
Auk, 1894,
in
about
question
later than 1852
of 1875, or thereabouts,
the
birds
old
is
(Cf.
a young male,
is
certainly
As,
justified.
however, no Labrador Duck has been recorded later than 1871 or 1875
may suppose
My
that
it
now
is
young male was bought
bird-stuffer,
is
in the finest possible condition.
Plummer, shortly before

November,
My
p.
176.
It
1893.
Island.
It
York, about
was mounted by John
bought this bird from the
He
his death.
Auk, 1891,
(Cf.
adult male
is
New
Fulton Market,
the
in
died at his
home
p. 206.)
the one of which the history
is
this
city,
given in Auk, 1894,
is
described there in detail and then added
who has
Mr. William Dutcher of

of the
kindly placed
New York
Mr. Thompson, mentioned
and
Bay
of Laprairie "
purchased
it
"
Shot
simply a
Lawrence, just south of
maps
of Quebec.
it
at
my
disposal
for
in
the bay
Thompson
examination."
City bought this specimen from the

in
name
widow
the above note as the original owner,
from Mr. William Dutcher, who informs

is
Gordon
late
in Brookline, Mass.,
of Laprairie this spring (1862) by a habitant, and purchased by Mr.

of
Bell,
through whose hands several Labrador Ducks have gone, and
in
we
extinct.
and probably came from Long
1860,
is
me
that " the
given to a wide part of the River St.
Montreal, Quebec.
The name
is
found on good
109
''BIZIURA LAUTOURI"
Biziura lautouri Forbes, Trans. N.Z.
DR.
FORBES,
It
XXIV,
p.
i88 (1892
nomen
many
nudum).
unfortunately, gives no description whatever of this bird.
would be interesting to know something about
its
in so
Inst.
forbes.
powers of
flight
extinct birds.
were impaired, as
it
seems
it,
and especially
to have been
if
the case
Ill
ARDEA MEGACEPHALA
milneedwards.
"Biitors" Leguat, Relation du Voyage (1708).
Ardea megacephala Milne-Edwards, Ann.
LEGUAT'S
XIX, 1874,
Sci. Nat. (5)
description, here translated, is as follows
than the
He
gelinotes.' "
for the birds, especially for the
We
"
They are tamer and more
as big and as fat as capons.

'
''
P-
The
also says, "
shook them down from
the branches with a pole, these birds ran up and gobbled them
of us, in spite of
to do so they
all
came
we
could do to prevent them
in the
and even
head
its
is
so large and
understand that Leguat should have called
The bony structure

and thick proportions
of the head
the skull itself
if
we
down
in front
only pretended
same manner and always followed us about."
Milne-Edwards remarks, among other notes, that

true Bittern, but
caught
easily
lizards often serve as prey
When we
Bitterns.
had Bitterns
is
is
it
" This bird is not
feet so short that
its
is
easy to
its
massive
it
so.
remarkable on account of
strongly enlarged posteriorly, and the
temporal fossae are bordered by very pronounced ridges, especially those on
The upper
the occipital region.

interorbital region
The
The
beneath.
nostrils are large
very far towards the

It is
is
hardly convex, and the
large, but only slightly depressed along
is
stout, almost straight, a
bill is
side of the skull
good deal enlarged
middle
its
at its base
and rounded
and preceded by a large groove, which extends
tip.
impossible to confound this skull with that of any Bittern, the latter
having the beak relatively slender and only barely exceeding the skull
These
skull
also
have the skull much constricted at the temporal region.
from Rodriguez
therefore presents
Heron, but differs from
all
Grey, Purple and Goliath
known
now
is
is
much
less
it
is
its
conical
inhabiting Madagascar, the
extinct species, but
area
species in
bill
in length.
The
characters essentially those
Herons, as well as
narrower, more elongated, the

atricollis,
line.
massive appearance.
in
fossil
of
In the
the Egrettes, the head
and
less
strong.
In
is
Ardea
beak much resembles that of our
longer and less enlarged at the base.
The
interorbital
wider, while on the other hand the hinder portion of the skull
narrower and more elongated, which gives to the
skull a totally different
aspect.
The
feet
conclude that
of Rodriguez.
relatively to the
we know no
head are e.xtremely short, and from
species of
Heron which can be compared
Nevertheless, the tarso-metatarsus presents
all
this
to that
the characters
112
of Ardea, and
short
in
the
it
surpasses
Herons
quite as large as in the
creature
was
tibia is
length the tarso-metatarsus by about a third, as
in
but the femur on the contrary
The
removed from that of Botaurus.
far
is
is
and
big
is
usual
strongly developed, being
Ardea cinerea ; which shows us that the body of
this
of large size, and that the reduction in size of the feet had only
taken place at their extremities.
The sternum
It
is
is
clearly that of
much
hardly as big as
shorter than
in
in
The wings
in
the
Bittern, but the coracoidal
also
were short and
Butorides atricapilla.
the Bittern.
It
The main body
is
feeble, the
is
is
size.
even
bones are very
humerus being
conspicuously slenderer and
of the bone
and the lower articular condyle
outside,
powerful wings, and
a bird not furnished with
less elongated than
long and slender.
on the
puny and small as compared with the creature's
is
slightly
large and flattened.
curved
I
have
not been able to examine any bone of the " manus," but the metacarpal bone
shows exactly the same proportions
for the
wing as does the humerus, as
also barely reaches the size of that of Butorides atricapilla.
are as follows
The measurements
Skull.
154
Total length
Length of upper mandible
....
....
....
94
Width
of upper mandible at base
....
....
22
Width
of interorbital region
....
....
22
....
....
40
....
Space between the mastoid apophyses
Width of skull at level of postorbital apophyses

Length of lower mandible
....
....
....
mm.
40
147
Tarso-metatarsus.
Total length
95162 mm.
Width
....
Width
at distal extremity....
Width
of shaft
14
013514
00627
Tibio-tarsus.
Total length
it
140210 mm.
Width
at distal extremity
12-13
Width
1314
Width
of shaft
60065
113
Femur.
9092 mm.
1516
Total length
Width
of distal extremity
Width
Width
of shaft
14-16
00627
Sternum.
6488 mm.
3548
Total length
Width
in
front
Width behind
Width
costal facets
at posterior border
2636
27-35
Comcoidals.
67
Total length
59
Width
17-18
at lower extremity
mm.
Humerus.
118180 mm.
Total length
Width
Width
of distal extremity
Width
of shaft
2027
016524
711
Metacarpals.
6298 mm.
Total length
Width
Width
of distal extremity
The anonymous author

(see Ann. Sci. Nat. (6)
this bird as
only
fly
follows
a very
little,
11
p.
....
17
711
12
....
of the manuscript " Relation de
I'ile
"
Rodrigue "
133 et seq. 1875) about the year 1830 mentions
" There
are not a few Bitterns which are birds which
and run uncommonly well when they are chased.
are of the size of an Egret and something like them."
Habitat
Rodriguez Island.
2 Humeri, 2
Femora, 2 Tibiae, and 2 Metatarsi
in
the Tring
Museum.
They
114
ARDEA DUBOISI
Butors ou Grands Gauziers Dubois, Les Voyages
'ABBE DUBOIS
*-^
is
the only author
told us that the Island of
nom. nov.
par
faits
who
most other birds of
The
this island,
was
distinct
fat
is
and good.
each feather spotted with white, the neck and beak
lives
on
like
the feet of
it
Reunion or Bourbon.
flightless
it,
after him.
as follows
" Bitterns
or
They have grey plumage,

like
a Heron, and the feet
PouUets d'Inde (Porphyria,
fish."
Habitat
can ascertain,
and so feeling sure that
name
translation of his original description
made
p. 169.
Reunion also had a large almost
Great Egrets, large as capons, but very
green,
Sieur D.B. (1674)
has, as far as
Heron as well as Mauritius and Rodriguez

like
le
w.r.).
This bird
115
ARDEA MAURITIANA
Butorides mauritianus Newton
THE
& Gadow,
bones on which this species
Trans. Zool. Soc.
is
in
question are
all
vol.
XIII,
p.
289 (1893).
founded are a pair of ulnae, one radius,
The
four metatarsi, and one coracoid.
bones
(newt. & gad.)
description
as follows
is
" The
considerably shorter than the corresponding
bones of A. {Nycticorax) megacephala.
The metatarsi agree otherwise
detail with those of the latter species
every
in
this relative stoutness indicates that
a Night-Heron or Bittern
they belonged to
like
The two
A. megacephala.
ulnae cannot, unfortunately, be compared with those of A. megacephala; their

length, 110 mm.,
compared with the length
humerus
of the
of A. megacephala,
119 mm., shows, however, likewise that they were those of a considerably
smaller bird.
The
single left coracoid agrees in all the features of its dorsal
or scapular half with A. megacephala, but

considerably,
first
by the much more
its
ventral or sternal half differs
marked
strongly
the
ridge of
linea
intenituscularis on its ventral surface, secondly by the almost straight instead

of
inwardly curved margin
distal
between the processus
lateralis
and the
lateral
corner of the sternal articulation, thirdly by a very low but very distinct
which arises from the median margin of the coracoid, a
and sharp
ridge,
above
median articulating corner.
its
entirely
absent
in
A. megacephala and
in
all
other
Nycticorax and Botaurus.
bone belonged, however, to an Ardeine bird

configuration,
is
is
Herons which we have
been able to examine, but at least a slight indication of

individually varying degree in
little
This roughness or prominent ridge
it
That
clearly indicated
occurs
this
by
in
an
coracoid
its
whole
notably by the shape and position of the precoracoid process,
the various articulating facets at the dorsal end, and the prominent
visceral or internal surface of the
lip
on the
median portion of the sternal articulating
facet."
The following are the measurements

Length of ulna
Habitat
....
....
Length of metatarsus
....
Length of coracoid
....
....
112
81 87
Ill
....
48
mm.
Mauritius.
Although megacephala and mauritiana have been placed

Butorides respectively, from the short, stout
inclined to think that
all
legs
and general
in
Ardea and
build,
am
three of these Herons belong to the genus Nycticorax.
117
PROSOBONIA
THIS
genus
long
containing
the
singular
bird
placed
it
in
and
has even
and
afterwards),
(see
however,
is,
latter
by
not
Birds,
placed
being
longer
Prosobonia
to
from the former
long hind toe,
it
tarsus,
addition
in
Aechmorhynchus
Catalogue of
the
in
is,
somewhat
it
its
quite
The
certain.
It
but
doubtless wrongly
creditable that
been
Forster and
is
position
of
its
this
Henry Seebohm
late
Ellis,
not
We
know
it
belonged to
only one species.
from an Eimeo-specimen, but
in
all
advisable
now
to
it
hardly
is
Latham appears
Ellis,
have
to
Both
three different from each other.
drawings
their unpublished
well as Latham, evidently considered

it
by
latter
suggested that
belongs to a different species.
it
had three specimens, which were
and
and
Sharpe bestowed a new name on the figure of
Dr.
said to have been taken
is
the
the genus Phegornis, though the latter has no hind toe whatever,
true that
is
culmen,
Tringites,
the
The
tail.
with
section
than
from
differs
square
in
genera
the
the RalUdae, rather than to the Charadriidae.
which
BR
all
the
in
British
same
three to belong to the
over-rule
their
verdict,
Museum, as
given
species,
with
the
specimens before them, merely on account of the different plumages, since
we
all
know
that most waders,
considerably in
that "P.
ellisi"
plumage, according to age and seasons.
has been a younger
the different habitat, but this

is,
at the nearest point, not
and
it
is
quite against
plausibility that
of a
and especially brightly-coloured ones,
all
two such
is
bird.
no argument
closely
are convinced
Sharpe attaches importance to

in this instance,
more than seven and a
precedents
We
differ
because Eimeo
half miles
from Tahiti,*
among Charadriidae and beyond
situated islands
have closely
Wader.
"See Findlay's South Pacific Ocean Directory,
p. 642.
allied
all
forms
118
PROSOBONIA LEUCOPTERA
(Plate
(gm.)
35.)
White-winged Sandpiper Latham, Gen. Syn.
LXXXII
Ill, pt. i, p. 172, pi.
(1785
Otaheite
and Eimeo).
Tringa leucoptera Gmelin, Syst. Nat.
Dierk.
\,
p. 51, pi.
Totanus leucoptenis
15 (1854
Vieillot,
678 (1788
p.
I,
Figure
ex
Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. (Ed.
Calidris leucoptenis Cuvier, R^gne Anim.
I,
p.
p.
DR.
Ill,
Sharpe, Bull. B.O.C. XVI,
SHARPE'S
is
as
brown
follows
;
description,
:
" Adult.
p.
the middle pair
562 (1850)
p.
85
452
p.
banded
pi.
18 (1888).
spot
Museum,
the type in the Leyden
upper surface blackish
General colour of
rump ferruginous
centre tail-feathers
on the two next
with black, less distinctly
wing-coverts blackish, with a white spot near the carpal
mixed with black
blackish, the hind-neck browner,
and
Sharpe, Cat. B.
(1906 "Eimeo").
bend of the wing, formed by some of the lesser coverts
lores
46 (1871).
made from
the lower back and
blackish, the rest rufous,
p.
Otaheiti).
525 (1896).
Tringoides leucopterus Gray, Handl. B.
ellisi
174 (1844
p.
Phegornis leucoptenis Seebohm, Geogr. Distrib. Charad.
Prosobonia
VI, p. 396 (1817).
II)
Rend. XXXI,
Prosobonia leucoptera Bonaparte, Compt.

Mus. XXIV,
Bijdr.
526 (1829).
Tringa pyrrhetraea Lichtenstein, Forster's descr. anim.
Brit.
Latham!); Westermann,
of the type).
ear-coverts
slightly
more
reddish,
crown
head
of
sides of face brown, the
behind the eye a
little
white
cheeks and under surface of body ferruginous red, the throat buffy
Length 67 inches, culmen 09, wing 445,
white.
tail 2- 15,
tarsus
IS (Mus.
Lugd.)"
We
know nothing
Museum, which
is
of this
bird,
Leyden
but the one specimen in the
the type, or at least one
of
the
types.
As no other
specimens have been obtained for nearly a century and a quarter, there
every reason to fear that this bird
is
extinct.
My
by Mr. Lodge from the unpublished drawings of

British
plate has been

Ellis
Museum.
Habitat
Tahiti,
and the adjacent
islet of
Eimeo.
is
made up
and Forster
in
the
119
AECHMORHYNCHUS
THIS
genus appears to be closely
shorter hind toe.
allied to Prosobonia, but
colouration
Its
coues.
has a
much
very different, and quite that of
is
a Sandpiper, while the pattern of Prosobonia
most
is
Seebohm
singular.
placed Aechmorhynchus, together with Prosobonia, in the genus Phegornis.
We
know
only one species.
AECHMORHYNCHUS CANCELLATA
(Plate
Barred Phalaropc Latham, Gen. Syn.
(gm.)
35.)
III.
pt.
i,
Christmas
274 (1785
p.
Island in the
Pacific Ocean).
Tringa cancellata Gmelin, Syst. Nat.
I,
p.
675 (1788
Tringa parvirostris Peale, U.S. Expl. Exp., Birds

Cassin, U.S. Expl. Exp.
p.
321,
38, 2 (1858
pi.
ex
p.
Latham).
pi.
235,
LXVI,
2 (1848
Paumotu).
Totanus (Tryngites?) cancellaius Gray, Cat. B. Trop. Islands Pac. Ocean,

Phegornis cancellatus Seebohm, Geogr. Distrib. Charadr.
Aechmorhynchus cancellatus Sharpe, Cat.
"
I
1
3 ILL short, straight,

J quills very nearly
secondaries
former robust
stripe over
tail
tibia
and slender; wings

equal
p.
rather long, wide, rounded
more than
and behind the eye ashy-white.
pi.
51 (1859).
p.
17 (1888J.
525 (1896).
p.
and third
long, first, second,
but very
tertiaries
feathered for
451,
Mus. XXIV,
B. Brit.
Paumotu)
little
and toes
legs
half
its
longer than the

long, the
length.
distinct
Entire upper parts umber-brown,
unspotted on the top of the head, but on the other upper parts edged and
Tail-feathers umber-brown, with
tipped with ashy-white and reddish fulvous.

irregular and
imperfect transverse
white,
and
ashy
throat and
tipped
under coverts
brown,
coverts.
Bill
the
of
latter
with
the
middle
the
tail
most
of
narrow bands
Underparts
same.
the
spotted,
apparent
abdomen
on
the
Under wing-coverts ashy-white,
(Cassin.)
breast,
tinge
sides,
irregular transverse
sides,
flanks,
irregularly
greenish, darker at the tip; legs dark green.
female slightly paler."
with
white,
unspotted
and with
and pale reddish-
of ashy
and
spotted
and
bars of
under
with
of
tail-
brown.
Sexes very nearly
alike,
120
have here given the synonymy of
this
bird,
An
generally accepted by Seebohm, Sharpe, and others.

of
not
the types would,
however,
know where the type
Island
lies
much
to
have been obtained
of
be very desirable,
Latham
the north of
since
the
is,
the
U.S.
and
if
but,
it
as
has
now been
unfortunately,
still
Paumotu group
Exploring
it
actual comparison
exists.
we do
Christmas
As no specimens
Expedition,
we may
safely
suppose that the species has ceased to exist for some reason.
Habitat
Islands."
"
Christmas
Island
in
the
Pacific
Ocean and
Paumotu
121
GALLINAGO CHATHAMICA
Gallinago chathamica Forbes,
EVIDENTLY
Bill
Chatham
Several skulls and

little
1893,
P-
to
allied
545-
G.
ptistlla,
but
very
much
larger.
three inches long.
Habitat
only a
species
Ibis
forbes.
Islands.
few bones
in
the
Tring
Museum.
larger than the existing Gallinago aiicklandica.
This
is
a snipe
123
HYPOTAENIDIA(?) PACIFICUS
(Plate
Pacific rail Latham, Gen. Syn.
Ill,
Rallus pacificus Gmelin, Syst. Nat.
FORSTER'S
description
white spots or bars

ferruginous
i,
p.
I,
as
is
26.)
255 (1785).
p.
717 (1788).
follows,
translation
in
"
Black
abdomen, throat, and eyebrow white

grey
breast
pt.
(gm)
blood-red
bill
red.
iris
hind neck
straight,
Bill
compressed, narrowed at the top, thicker at the base, and blood-red.

mandibles subequal, pointed
fuscous
gape medium.
upper
the
for
running,
The
the tip pale
Eyes
linear.
bill,
Feet four-toed,
blood-red.
Iris
Femora
coloured.
flesh
curved, with
almost at the base of
Nostrils
placed above the gape of the mouth.

built
slightlv
semi-bare,
with
slender,
split,
medium
of
length.
"Tibiae slightly compressed, shorter than the femora.

of
which three point forward (are front
long as the Tibia, the side ones
'of
raised from
short,
the ground.
light
coloured.
from
bill
to occiput
very short.
Breast
Head
Nails
small,
slightly
pointed, and
incurved,
depressed, fuscous.
superciliary line
Hindneck ferruginous.
Neck
sparsely dotted with minute white dots.
black,
Abdomen, crissum, and
grey.
bluish
The middle one almost as
toes).
Throat white.
whitish.
Back and rump
toes, slender,
equal length shorter, the back one short,
slightly
oval,
Four
loins
wholly black, variegated with broken white bands.
Wings
white.
Remiges
short.
short,
Rectrices
extremely short, black spotted with white, hardly to be distinguished from

the coverts.
Total length from
bill
to tail
....
....
Total length to middle toe
....
....
....
....
inches.
12|
Bill
Tibiae
....
....
\^
,,
1^
Middle toe
Mr. Keulemans' plate was done from Forster's unpublished drawing

the
British
Museum, and no specimen
is
in
existence.
The
legs
in
should,
however, be less bright red, more flesh-colour.

Habitat
Tahiti, but evidently long extinct.
This bird, according to Forster,
on Otaheite, and the neighbouring
was
islands.
called "
Oomnaa
"
or " Eboonaa,"
125
NESOLIMNAS
DIFFERS
from Cabalus by the

culmen
whole
convex with
Andrews.
shorter
relatively
the
bill
by having the
sharply decurved, by having a
tip
close instead of a loose plumage, and a much less reduced sternum,
with
well-developed
instead
almost
of
obsolete
Type
keel.
genus
of
Nesolimnas diejfenbachi (Gray).
NESOLIMNAS DIEFFENBACHII
(Plate
27.)
Rallus Dieffenbachii Gray, Dieffenb., Trav. N.Z.
Ocydromus diejfenbachi Gray, Voy. Ereb. and
II
App.
p.
197 (1843).
Terr., Birds p.
Hypotaenidia dieffenbachi Bonaparte, C.R. XLIII,
p.
15 (1846).
14, pi.
599 (1856).
Cabalus dieffenbachi Sharpe, Voy. Ereb. and

B. Brit. Mus. XXIII p. 47 (1894).
Terr., Birds p. 29,
Nesolimnas dieffenbachi Andrews, Novit. Zool.
III.
ADULT:
gray.
p.
266,
pl.
X,
pl.
flgs
15 (1875),
id..
Cat.
3-15 (1896).
"General colour above, brown, banded on the mantle and scapulars,
and spotted on the upper back with ochreous
buff,
these buff markings
being margined with black, which takes the form of broad bars on
the mantle
lower back and rump uniform brown
barred across with light rufous and black
lesser
upper
wing
tail
coverts brown,
coveiiis like the
median and greater coverts, as well as the primary coverts and

chestnut, barred with
ochre and black,

the base
like
crown
of the head
tail
feathers brown, mottled with chestnut near
and nape uniform brown, followed by an
patch of chestnut on the hindneck

line of bluish grey,
quills, light
inner secondaries spotted and barred with
black, the
the back
back
lores dull rufous,
indistinct
surmounted by a broad
extending from the base of the nostrils to the sides of the
nape; rest of the sides of the face bluish grey, extending on to the lower
throat
broad band
along
lower
grey area of
this
the
upper part
throat
ochreous
the face
separated from the grey eyebrow by a
of dark chestnut, which extends from
buff,
black,
of
the
barred
ear-coverts
across
with
the lores through the eye
and upper throat white
chin
white
banded rather narrowly with black,
fore
neck
and
chest
this pattern of colouration
126
extending up the sides of the neck to the chestnut on the ear coverts
breast and
abdomen
black,
banded with white, the
and vent feathers being tinged with ochreous

banded with
black
barred with white
Wing
and ochre
under-wing
quills chestnut,
culmen
27"
Chatham
1-35, tail
under-tail
coverts and
under surface of
4-8 inches,
Habitat
light bars
lower
on the flanks
coverts
axillaries
broadly
blackish,
with broad black bars.
(Sharpe).
Islands.
The type and only known specimen
is
that in the British
Museum.
127
CABALUS
Cabalus Hutton, Trans. N.Z.
Cabahis modestus).
CAPTAIN HUTTON
a
VI
Inst. Vol.
HUTTON.
p. io8, pi.
characterized his
XX
(1874
new genus
Type
as follows: "Bill longer
than the head, moderately slender and slightly curved, compressed
in
the middle and slightly expanding towards the tip
in
membranous groove which extends beyond the middle
exposed, oval, near the middle of the groove.

quills
first
and unique species
soft,
the outer
webs as
the thumb.
and
Tail very short
of the
Wings very
soft as the inner, fourth
nearly as long as the second
nostrils placed
and
openings
bill,
rounded
short,
the longest,
fifth
a short, compressed claw at the end of
soft,
hidden by the coverts.
Tarsi moderate,
shorter than the middle toe, flattened in front, and covered with transverse
scales
toes long and
slender, inner
nearly as long as the outer, hind toe
and placed on the inner side of the tarsus
short, very slender,
claws short,
compressed, blunt.
"The
bird
incapable of
is
and the stomach of the specimen,
flight,
dissected by Dr. Knox, contained only the legs and elytra of beetles."
Captain Hutton also adds,
One
I.e.,
a valuable description of the skeleton.
species known.
CABALUS MODESTUS
(Plate
Rallus modestus Hutton,
Cabalus modestus
(Mangare, Chatham Islands.)
Ibis 1872, p. 247.
New
Hutton, Trans.
(hutton).
28.)
Zeal.
Inst.
VI
p.
(The genus Cabahis
108.
established.)
"Rallus dieffcnbachii
luw." BuUer, B.
Cabalus dieffenbachii
p.
(part., juv.
New
Zealand, Ed.
pp. 179, 180; Ed. II p. 121 (1888).
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXIII
p.
47 (1894)
corr.
331.
Cabalus modestus Forbes,

op.
I)
cit.
Sharpe,
Bull. Brit.
Orn. Club. No. IV.
p.
XX
(Dec. 1892)
Salvador!,
XXIII
(Jan., 1893); Forbes, Ibis 1893, PP- 532. 544, pi. XIV, fig. 4, egg;
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXIII p. 331 (1893); Buller, Suppl. B.N.Z. I p.
45, pi. Ill
p.
(lyos)-
Ocydromus pygmaeus Forbes, Nature XLVI,

P-
p.
252 (1892
nomen
nudum
cf.
Ibis
1893,
544)-
CAPTAIN hutton
species
follows
as
plumbeous
(Ibis
:
"
1872,
p.
Olivaceous
feathers of the
247)
described
brown,
bases
this
of
breast slightly tipped with
interesting
the
pale
feathers
fulvous,
those of the abdomen and flanks with two narrow bars of the same colour;
128
Quills soft brown,
throat dark grey, each feather slightly tipped with brown.
the
three
first
middle toe and claw
single specimen
The author knew

this excellent species.
rides light brown,
from gape
bill
bill
1-4,
the
fifth
and legs
tarsus
1,
black.
and young from Mangare
also a specimen in spirits."
what he was doing when he described
perfectly well
BuUer afterwards
Sir Walter
declared "after carefully comparing
pp. 179, 180)
and
fourth
fulvous,
1'4.
Uniform brownish
Young.
it
New
(B.
Zealand, Ed.
I,
with the type of Rallus
and submitting the matter to the judgment of other competent
dieffenbachii,
ornithologists,
immature
reddish
Length 875 inches, wing 315,
brown.
with
short, brown.
and
Tail very soft
longest.
light
barred
faintly
have no hesitation
state
plumage."
of
considering
in
{Sic
!)
the same species,
it
Sharpe,
Unfortunately, Dr.
in
an
the
in
Catalogue of Birds XXIII, repeated BuUer's error, and, on Plate VI, figured
Cabalus modestus under the name of Cabalus dieênbachii, though the

is
latter
not congeneric with C. modestus, and must be called Nesolimnas dieffenbachii,
while the third form included
Howe's
must
Island,
Formerly
in
Cabalus by Dr. Sharpe,
modestus
Great
inhabited
Chatham
it
this island being
Unfortunately even there
overrun with cats and
is
it
rats, besides
as
the species
existed there no more, though being plentiful on the
outlying island of Mangare.
now,
Island,
when
Dr. Forbes proved by bones found by himself at Warekauri, but
was discovered
Lord
from Cabalus.
also be separated generically
Cabalus
viz. sylvestris of
little
evidently extinct
which, according to
BuUer, the original vegetation has been ruthlessly burnt down for the purpose
of sowing grass-seed, as even this bleak
enterprising
secured by the late
W. Hawkins.
specimens
British
the
Henry Palmer
I
It
island has been claimed by an
Fortunately a good
sheep-farmer.
in
little
failed to get
have
Museum,
in
Liverpool,
and
is
in
in
Cambridge.
the Ibis by Dr. Forbes.
creamy white, with
spots.
Chatham
one
and there are
specimens when he visited Mangare.
measures 40 by 21-4 mm., and
Habitat
my museum,
fifteen in
have also the egg described and figured
and purplish roundish
many specimens have been
Islands, east of
New
Zealand.
faint
pale reddish
129
OCYDROMUS MINOR
Ocydromits
sp.
Hamilton, Trans. N.Z.
Ocydromus minor Hamilton
THIS
species
is
been placed
to
I
Inst.
(nee. Forbes)
XXV,
p.
Hamilton.
103 (1893).
I.e.
nearest allied to sylvestris Scl., which has quite erroneously

in
the genus Cabalus by Dr. Sharpe
form the type of a new genus, but
sylvestris will
until the skull of
minor
is
have
known
prefer to leave the latter temporarily in Ocydromus.
The present
tibiae,
and
five
measurements
sylvestris,
but
species
is
known from two
metatarsi, as well as the front

all
show
owing
been a much stumpier
to
that
minor
was
having a much
bird.
pelves,
seven
femora,
six
portion of a sternum.
The
form
than
slightly
shorter
larger
tibio-tarsus
it
must have
131
APHANAPTERYX
BILL
frauenfeld.
The
produced, not cut short, rather curved.
and situated
at the base of the
legs of moderate length.
nostrils are
exposed
Halluces of the naked fowl-like
bill.
Wings
Front of legs apparently scutellated.
abortive, no rectrices apparent.
APHANAPTERYX BONASIA
(Plate
A Hen
Sir
Thomas
Herbert,
Veli-lweiiders Reyer Cornelisr,
29.)
relation of
some
years' Travaile (1626).
Van der Hagen's voyage
Ponies rottgcs an bee de Becasse
selys.
Cauche, Relations
(1646).
curieuses de
vfiritables et
I'lsle
de
Madagascar (165 1).

Apterornis bonasia Edm. de S6Iys-Longchamps, Revue Zoologique,
Didus herberti Schlegel, Vers. Med. Ak. Wetensch.,

Didiis broecki Schlegel,
II,
p.
I.e.
Aphaiiapteryx imperialis Frauenfeld, Neu aufgef. Abbild. Dronte,
Aphanapteryx
broeckii
292 (1848).
p.
256 (1854).
Milne-Edwards,
Ann.
Nat.
Sci.
(5),
X,
p.
6 (1868).
pp.
325-346,
15-18
pis.
(1868).
Pezophaps broeckii Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Struthiones,
HERE
I
give
size of
Frauenfeld's
brown red
uniform
a fowl, of a
4 (1873).
original
all
decomposed, as
Feathers
yellowish.
Iris
of
translation
p.
over.
in
the
diagnosis:
"Of
the
and legs dark,
Bill
Apteryx,
somewhat
lengthened on the nape."

This
G.
description
Hoefnagels,
in
the
was
made
Imperial
by
Herbert,
Menagerie
and
at
Cauche's
Ebersdorf.
drawing
have
to
drawings are somewhat startlingly different
sacrum and fragments, and

Habitat
Mauritius.
drawing
in
by
about the year
Dodo, apparently drawn from

This
descriptions
four drawings and osseous remains.
from
executed
Vienna,
Library,
1610, and, together with that of the
Imperial
Frauenfeld
life
in
the
proves Van den Broecke,
been
shape.
correct,
though
their
Only known from these
18 fragments of beaks, 5 pelves, 35 tibiae,
vertebra
in
the Tring
Museum.
133
DIAPHORAPTERYX
THIS genus
whole,
is
Aphanapteryx and Erythromachus,
closely allied to
nearer to Aplianapteryx.
is
and Ocydromus
in
forbes.
but,
on the
from both these genera
differs
It
the large protuberances on the basi-temporal region
of the skull, and the tarso-metatarsus
For complete diagnosis of
this
was much shorter than
genus see Andrews
in
Aphanapteryx.
in
Novitates Zoologicae,
Vol. Ill, pp. 73-76 (1896).
DIAPHORAPTERYX HAWKINSI
Aphanapteryx hawkinsi Forbes, Nature XLVI,
Diaphorapteryx hawkinsi Forbes,
THE
the late
New
W. Hawkins, from
Zealand.
Wharekauri.
Dr.
In
Diapliorapteryx.
Mr.
appears
first
XXI, 1893.
sent to Dr. H. O. Forbes in 1892 by
the
Chatham
to
have been
Forbes subsequently went to
number
collected a large
agency of
It
252.
p.
Bull. B.O.C.I. p.
remains of this bird were
Islands, 500 miles
E.S.E. of
the
Island of
confined to
the Chathams himself and
of bones of various extinct birds, including those of
1895
bones through the
received a consignment of
Dannefaerd, from
the Chathams, such
as has never
equalled from any deposit elsewhere, for literally there were

of
thousands
From
of
bones of
this collection
(forbes).
Mr. C.
considerable
W. Andrews was
number
able to
many hundreds
species
of
been
of
birds.
draw up a most minute
description of the skeleton of Diaplwrapteryx, founded on several practically
complete skeletons, some thirty or more
bones of various
portions
the
of
skulls,
skeleton.
"Novitates Zoologicae," Vol. Ill, pp. 73-84,
and so
must refer my readers
This
to
bird, as well as the
is
and several thousand individual

This
published
description,
in
too long for reproduction here,
it.
Palaeolimnas, shows an apparent relationship
between the Chatham Islands and the Mascarene Islands
but
believe that
134
this is not a real
connection,
but
relationship,
merely
as has been asserted, due to a
case
of
parallel
development
former land-
owing
to
similar
conditions of existence.
Habitat
In
the
Wharekauri
Tring
Museum
thousand bones, and about
One
Island,
are
Chatham
two
Islands.
complete
more than a
fifteen skulls.
almost complete skeleton, and the type,
the British Museum.
skeletons,
skull,
and bones, are
in
135
ERYTHROMACHUS
"
EGS
T
I
made
stout,
and from a quarter to
for running,
Body
very small.
massive than
less
more developed, but not serviceable

and about 60 mm.
straight, pointed,
the eye
one-fifth shorter than
Ocydromtis, the three anterior digits well developed and the hallux
in
slightly
milneedwards.
= 24
in
Ocydromus, with the wings
for flight.
inches.
Head
small
bill
red,
red naked patch round
plumage pale grey."
ERYTHROMACHUS LEGUATI
MILNE-EDWARDS.
Gelinote Leguat,
II
t.
p.
71
(1708).
Erythromachus leguati Milne-Edwards, Ann.

Aphanopteryx leguati Giinther
&
Sci. Nat. (5)
XIX,
pp. 6, 7, pis. XI,
XII (1874).
E. Newton, Phil. Trans. Vol. i58, pp. 431-432,
pi.
XLIII
(1879).
OF
the older writers only Leguat appears to have described the Rodriguez
There are several references to "Hens,"
flightless rail.
&c., but all
Our
'
Their colour
as follows
is
gelinotes
is
Veld Hoenders,"
appear to refer to the Mauritius bird Aphanapteryx bonasia.
Leguat's description
"
"
are fat
'
all
the year round and of a most delicate taste.
always of a bright grey, and there
plumage between the two sexes.
They hide
is
very
little
difference in
their nests so well that
not find them out, and consequently did not taste their eggs.
we
could
They have a
red naked area round their eyes, their beaks are straight and pointed, near
two and
two-fifths inches long,
them too heavy

will
fly at
we had an
If
it.
you to catch
it
you
offêr
also.
They cannot
them anything
out of your hand, and
fly,
their fat
red, they are so

in
makes
angry they
the heat of the combat
opportunity to take them with ease."
Quite
One
for
and red
extinct.
Only known from descriptions and osseous remains.
tibia in the
Tring Museum.
Habitat
Rodriguez Island.
137
PENNULA
Penniila Dole, Hawaiian Alman. 1879
BELIEVE
I
they have
54 (Reprint in Ibis 1880
p.
p.
241).
that the genus Pennula should be placed near Porzanula, but

softer, the rectrices are next to invisible, but
wings are
its
DOLE.
stiff
mm.
shafts and are about 13
The
hidden by the soft tail-coverts.
long,
can be
as
felt,
though being entirely
bare for about 7 mm., the meta-
tibia is
tarsus covered in front with nearly a dozen transverse, very distinct scales, and
The
distinctly reticulated behind.
Two
species can be recognized
surface, and
much
bill
as in Poliolitnnas and Porzanula.
Pennula
millsi,
with a uniform upper
distinctly spotted
Pennula sandwichensis, with a
upper
Both
side.
forms are now extinct.
PENNULA MILLSI
MOHO OF THE
(Plate
Pennula
p.
millet (misprint for millsi)
241.
"Uplands
extinct")
ALL we know
whom
in
All recent
extinct.
I
"
apud Wilson
in
Almanac 1879
honour of Mr.
etc., p.
241
pi.
p.
54 (reprint
in Ibis
grass,
Honolulu.
LXXVI.
Evans, Aves. Hawaii., part V, text and plate.
Two
for the late Mr. Mills of Hawaii.
There
in
Cambridge, and two
in
futile.
disappearance
to
bush
is
"
between Hilo and the volcano Kilauea,
was a dainty on the
is
now
Mr. Palmer,
Vaccinium and Dianella, forms the thickest cover
Moho
of
the Bishop-
can be no doubt that this bird
attempts to find specimens have been
In former times the "
mongoose and
1880
Mills, spec, in Mills's Coll., nearly
sent a specially trained dog, also failed to find even traces of
where thick
its
&
in
my Museum, one
lived formerly in the counti-y
but
Dole, Hawaiian
named
named Hawelu
now
Museum
3.)
of this bird are the five specimens caught by an old native
bird-catcher
Pauahi
Hawaii
Rothsch., Avif. Laysan,
"Pennula ecaudata
these are
ofj
NATIVES.
Fig.
26,
dole.
in
it.
It
places
possible.
tables of the Hawaiian kings,
probably due to the introduction of the obnoxious
fires.
138
PENNULA SANDWICHENSIS
(Plate 26, Fig.
Rallus Sandwichensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat.
insulis
Sandwich
p.
(gm.)
2.)
717 (1788
ex
Latham
" Habitat exilis in
").
Pennula Wilsoni Finsch, Notes Leyden Mus. XX

specimen in the Leyden Museum is not the type
name and therefore renames it).
p.
77 (1898
of
Latham
Finsch
explains that the
and therefore
of Gmelin's
For
full
synonymy and explanations
also plate
of
name,
etc., cf.
Avifauna of Laysan,
p.
239, 240
and
243,
LXXVI.
LATHAM'S description from which
Gmelin's diagnosis was taken
distinctly
says that the feathers were "darkest in the middle," and in the Index
Ornith. " supra maculis obscuris."
Ellis,
well reproduced in Mr.
Moreover, the unpublished drawing of
Scott Wilson's book, shows beyond doubt the
identity of the bird of the old authors with the
The Leyden specimen

this bird
"
is all
we
specimen
Islands."
the Leyden
Museum.
are acquainted with, and of the history of
we know nothing but Latham's statement
Sandwich
in
that
it
came from the
139
TRIBONYX ROBERTI
Tribonyx roberti Andrews, Ibis iSgy,
THIS
bird
The
the pectineal process.
in
that of
It
fossal,
the
in
ilia
left tibio-tarsus
not having
in
front of the acetabulum and above
in
also differs in having a rather wider pelvic escutcheon
and the supra-acetabular ridges of the
The beautifully-preserved
the Australian bird.

T.
IX, figs 4-7.
pi.
from that of T. mortieri
pelvis differs
the deep depression
and wider renal
356,
described from an imperfect pelvis, a perfect
is
and a femur.
than
p.
Andrews.
mortieri in having the
ilia
left tibia
are smaller
differs
from
intercondylar groove wider and shallower,
the inner condyle less massive, thus making the difference between the inner
and outer condyle more marked

above
the
e.xtensor
bridge
wider,
T. roberti also
the
bridge
has the shaft immediately
itself
less
oblique,
fibular crest is longer.
Pelvis.
Length of Ilium
82
Least width of acetabular region of Pelvis
Width
at Antitrochanter
Width
at anterior angle of Pelvic
Width
at Posterior angle of Pelvic Escutcheon.
Length of Sacrum
....
....
Tibia.
Length
Width
Width
at middle of shaft
....
Femur.
Length
Width
Width
at middle of shaft
Habitat
Sirabe
in
....
C. Madagascar.
Escutcheon
mm.
and the
141
NOTORNIS
DIFFERS
from Porphyria by the secondaries being nearly as long as
more or
the primaries, and the wing-coverts

nearly hiding the
Type
OWEN.
sometimes
less elongated,
quills.
Notornis mantelli.
NOTORNIS MANTELLI
Notornis mantelli Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc.
THIS
Ill, p.
377,
was founded on a nearly
species
entire
Mantell at Waingongoro, North
Island,
more
that
than
twice
the
of
size
basisphenoidal surface, however,
the base of the presphenoid, and there
is
skull,
New
of
owen.
7-11 (1848).
figs.
collected
Zealand.
Porphyria
by Walter
This skull
melanotus.
is
The
the anterior angle projects below
flatter,
is
LVl,
pi.
a slender ridge continued from each
paroccipital to the lateral angles of the platform, the posterior angles being
hemispheric tubercles as in Palapteryx.
The
more
The
region
occipital
vertical
The
Porphyria.
in
forwards as
inclines
post-frontal
is
from that of Porphyria
chief distinction
The breadth
four-sided figure of the skull.
is,
it
rises,
broader than
The
back part.
in
is
Porphyria.
however, the almost regular
of the anterior part
that of the occipital region, and the extent of the sides
that of the front and
while the same
is
is
almost exactly
much more than
not
parieto-frontal region of the skull
is
very unlike that of Porphyria, being convex and oblong, and Notornis also lacks
Owen
cerebral or hemispheric convexities.

differences, but
I,
my
XXIV,
Owen compared
Aptornis defossar
is
176,
p.
him
Trans. Zool. Soc.
Owen
he compared
skull
it
North
Island,
New
Dr. H. O. Forbes, Trans.

of
tibiae
the Otago
and
femora
Museum
of
till
we
pi.
52, figs.
is
1-7),
really that of
and, therefore,
found a great likeness to Dinornis
in
with was really that of the Ralline

all.
Zealand.
N.Z.
Notornis,
Inst.,
discusses at length measurements
provisionally
Natarnis parkeri, as a
wait for confirmation
D. casuarinus
to
Ill,
Aptornis, and not the Struthious Dinornis at
Habitat
which Professor
1892, that the Dinornis skull, with
quite natural that Professor
Notornis, as the
already mentioned by Mr. Hamilton, Trans.
is
Notornis, referred by
(v/cfe
of other
readers to the original article as above, pp. 366-371.
however, must state here, as
N.Z. Inst.
it
refer
number
gives a large
new
naming
species, but
the
skeleton
consider
get an associated skeleton of N. mantelli.
in
we must
142
NOTORNIS HOCHSTETTERI
(Plate
34.)
&
Notornis Hochstetteri A. B. Meyer, Abbild. Vogelskelett, Lief. IV
XXXVII (1883 South

(1885
figures
IV,
Zealand,
pi.
THE
Zealand)
Zeitschr.
ges.
V,
28,
p.
Orn.
II,
pi.
p.
XXXIVpi.
45,
of the bird).
Owen
Notornis maiitelli (non
London
New
Island,
a.b.m.
pi.
1848
1)
Gould, P.Z.S. London, 1850,
(1850); Gould,
25
B.
Austr.
Suppl.,
(1873); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXIII,
name Notornis
p.
pi.
21
Trans. Zool. Soc.
76 (1869); BuUer,
pi.
New
B.
208 (1894).
based on a cranium and some
mantelli having been
leg-bones from the North Island, and the bones of a specimen from the
South
justified
A^.
showing marked differences. Dr. A. B. Meyer was
Island,
describing
in
the
form
latter
as
under
different,
fully
name
the
of
hochstetteri.
According to the describer there are considerable differences
the
but the comparison of the leg-bones shows such differences in
cranial bones,
size that these alone
would be
The femur
forms.
in
of
A'',
sufficient to separate the
hochstetteri
measures
North and South Island
109, that of A^.
mantelli 122,
the tibia of the former 165, the tarso-metatarsus 109, the tibia of the latter
200,
the tarso-metatarsus
129
Meyer, Abbild. Vogelskelett
The upper surface

quills are
with
olive-green
is
tail-coverts white,
tip of
Although
both mandibles.
this
bird
captured as late as 1898,
is
it
see A.
B.
30.
webs
some
slaty-blue
shading,
the
rectrices blackish, green on
Head, neck, and under surface purplish
Under
towards the
New
p.
For further measurements
black with purplish blue outer
the outer webs.

blackish.
I,
mm.
frontal plate
and
blue,
thighs
more
bright red, yellow
bill
Feet red.
a specimen having been
evidently not extinct,
seems that not many examples
live at
present in
Zealand, as they have been sought after a good deal, and yet only four
have been
taken so
far,
i.e.,
the
two
in
the
British
Museum, one
in
the
Dresden Museum, and the last-mentioned one.

Full accounts of the capture of this last specimen have been given in
the Trans.
Buller's
the
New
Zealand
Institute,
Supplement to the Birds of
year of
the capture
is
XXXI,
New
extinct.
146-150,
I,
articles
and
in
Sir
Walter
pp. 66-74, where, however,
not mentioned, though
must have taken place shortly before the

Habitat
pp.
Zealand,
on
one can guess

it
that
it
appeared.
Middle Island, usually called South Island, apparently nearly
143
NOTORNIS STANLEYI
White
gallinule, Voy. of Gov. Phillip to N.S.W.,
Porphyria stanleyi Rowley, Orn. Misc.

Porphyria melanotiis
p.
I,
to
first
Museum and
Liverpool
The
Rowley.
Voyage
is
is
205 (1894).
anonymous author
the
in
Dawson
was Mr.
Vienna
in
now
bird
of Phillip's
resembles the purple Gallinule
of
irides red
that of the claws
to
bill
shape
feet three inches.
whole of the top of the
the
it,
two
is
the sides of the head round the eyes are reddish,
very thinly sprinkled with white
The
without exception, white.
feathers
whole
the
legs the colour of the
common on Lord Howe
a very tame species.
in
superior in size, being as large as a dunghill fowl.
very stout, and the colour of
head and the
is
specimen
the
p.
between the
differences
greatly
bird
much
is
The length from end
pretty
(1875).
Ibis 1862, p. 214.
original description of the
beautiful
and make, but
bill
tab. (1789).
as follows :
" This
The
out the
point
IX
36, pi.
cum
273,
Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. XXIII,
(part.)
Porphyria alba G. R. Gray, List Birds N.Z., &c.,
THE
p.
(rowley)
Island, Norfolk
The other
Island,
of
the
plumage
This species
bill.
is
and other places, and
supposed to be the male,
sex,
is,
said to
is
have some blue on the wings."
Gray
states under Porphyria alba, in Ibis
that a similar kind

flight.
The wings
was found on Lord Howe

were
of the male
Island which
2,
pp.
Notornis, and that
in
a Notornis
A^.
difference
should
and
find
is
Norfolk
flightless
A'^.
of
Museums,
Vol. Ill,
alba, puts
but
it
in
not a Porphyria but a
is
also probably a specimen of
of
the
feel
this
wings
sure
Island
was a
stanleyi of
Habitat
Lord
if
Notornis alba.
That
it
think the length of the wing-coverts
out of the question that the
we had
two birds could
still
Island.
kept the
Nesonetta aucklatidica of
that of
New
further
Howe
have therefore
other specimens with exact data
chlarotis of
Lord
Howe
very well.
case to
parallel
Auckland Islands and Anas

of
was incapable
Moreover, the two original pictures of Phillip and White show
be the same.
separate,
it
equally believe
the type of
this
stated
62-68 (1901), gives an exhaustive account of Rowley's type,
which he comes to the conclusion that the bird
is
is
beautifully mottled with blue."
Dr. H. O. Forbes, in the Bulletin of the Liverpool
No.
"It
1862, p. 214:
we
the
Zealand, and that Notornis alba
degenerate
Island.
two
Wing
form
to
nine inches.
the
already
144
NOTORNIS ALBA
(Plate
White
(white)
33.)
Callam, Voy. Botany Bay (1783?) (teste Gray).
galliniilc
Fulica alba White, Journ. Voy. N.S.W.,

Gallinula alba Latham, Ind. Orn.
I,
p.
238 and plate (1790).
p.
768 (1790).
Porphyria albiis Temminck, Man. d'Orn. II, p. 701 (1820).

Porphyria melanotus var. alba Gray, Voy. Ereb. and Terror, Birds,
Porphyria melanotus Gray, Voy. Ereb. and Terror, Ed. II (1846), p.
Notoniis? alba Pelzeln,
Akad. Wiss. Wien. XLI,
Sitz. k.
Notoriiis alba Salvin, Ibis 1873,
THERE
has been
Gallinula alba, and which
specimen
now
is
328 (i860).
p.
connection with
in
the
to
fact
White not having
of
Latham founded his

the Vienna Museum. That the Vienna
in
proved because
is
it
was bought
Leverian Museum, and White expressly states that
of the
deposited
It
quite
impossible to say with
Notomis alba or
the sale
were
of
which of the two forms,
certainty
came from Norfolk
stanleyi,
the origin
of
indication
A'^.
at
his birds
all
Museum.
the Leverian
in
is
bird
this
specimen on which
the
White's bird
really
is
owing
species,
locality for
14.
X.
considerable confusion
and the following

given any
p. 295, pi.
19 (1144).
p.
the
as
Island,
we have no
But seeing that
specimen.
Liverpool
in
anonymous work, "The Voyage of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay,"

the first mentioned habitat is Lord Howe Island, and the figure shows a
the
bird with the shorter wing-coverts
of
bird with longer wing-coverts
taking the
from Norfolk Island.

White's description
red, shoulders
spined,
is
legs
as follows
and
feet
stanleyi,
A'^.
102,
and
giving as
mention of
place
of
origin
Gray,
albino.
that
From
in
some Norfolk
to
be
Island,
"A
many
black,
New
from
of Birds
List
then
become
fixed white species.
He
bluish
Wing
Vienna Museum).
:
it
and front
Von
Pelzeln
bearing the number
White makes no
but
Zealand,
Island specimens had blue between
Norfolk Island.
Ibis 1862, p. 214.
&c.,"* remarked
the shoulders, and
also states that the
grey,
a case of albinism, but a bird which was
Habitat
bill
ornithologists to consider N. alba
these and other authors' similar remarks
becoming a
Fulica, with
a label on
Norfolk
the back spotted with the same colour.

said
in
alba, to be the bird
the genus Notornis.

is
justified
There are traces of a bluish shade, and two or three dark
this.
spots on the plumage, which has led
an
am
White's figure clearly shows
yellow."
account of this bird that there
in his
think
Notomis
" White
the long wing coverts characteristic of

says
viz.,
in
young are
and afterwards pure white.

I
believe
we have
not here
a stage of evolution towards
inches (measured by myself
in
the
145
APTERORNIS
DIFFERED
widely from Didus and Pezophaps
resembles a
pigeons
like
that of a woodcock, but
little
were high on the
birds
selys.
much
is
stronger.
These
ran swiftly, and were far removed from
leg,
Dodo and the
the
long beak, which
its
in
Solitaire,
but to which they had a certain
resemblance, owing to their rudimentary wings, apology for a
and the
tail,
disposition of their digits."
The above
a translation of de Selys- Longchamps' diagnosis of the
is
genus, but owing to his inclusion therein of Didus

bonasia,
D.B.
and
does not
it
It
feet,
fit
when
restricted
might be described as
to the "
and Aphanapteryx
solitariiis
Oyseau bleu
Resembling Aptornis, but with shorter
bill
thus more approaching Notornis.
One
species.
APTERORNIS COERULESCENS
(Plate
bleus"
"Oyseaiix
pp. 170, 171
Le
Les
D.B.,
Sieur
original
(translated)
selys.
32.)
Voyages
aux
Dauphine and Bourbon,
Isles
(1674).
Aptercrnis coenilescens Selys-Longchamps, Rev. Zool. 1848,
THE
Le Sieur
" of
of
description
: " Oyseaux
bleus
the plumage entirely blue,
those of fowls; they do not
fly
D.B.
Sieur
the
As
big
p.
294.
(Dubois)
as the
as
is
Solitaires
follows
they have
the beak and the feet red and made

at
all,
like
but run extremely quickly, so that a
dog can hardly catch them; they are very good."

Habitat
Bourbon or Reunion.
Dubois gives
goose
the size
and the feet as being
of
these
like
birds as
those of a fowl:
reconstructing the plate of this bird, had
between the
nearest
allies.
New
Zealand Notornis
the same as that of a big
it
have,
made intermediate
therefore, in
in
structure
and Aptornis, which were evidently
its
147
APTORNIS
DIFFERS
OWEN.
from Dinornis, Palapteryx and Notomis
having an articular
in
surface for a very strong hind toe, and the tarso-metatarsus
more
conformation
shorter and
process,
thicker than
nearly resembling that found in the

in
the latter.
In
Dodo, but
calcaneal
strong
addition, the
of
perforated by a complete bony canal for the tendon at the back
part of the proximal end of the tarso-metatarsus
the perforation above the
interspace between the condyles for the middle and outer toes; and the
posterior position for the condyle for the inner toe
all
more
prove the distinctness
of this genus.
Type: Aptornis otidiformis.
APTORNIS OTIDIFORMIS
Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc.
Diiioniis otidiformis
Aptornis otidiformis Owen, ibidem
THIS
Owen's
Inst.
all
North
the
is
description,
XXIV,
p.
Island
p.
Ill, p.
247, pis.
XXV
(OWEN).
and XXVI,
fig.
5 (1844).
347 (1848).
form,
and
only remarking
must
that
Mr.
179, says the vertebrae assigned
refer
my
readers
Hamilton, Trans.
by
Owen
to
N.Z.
to Cnemiornis
belong to Aptornis.
Locality
of
collected by Rev.
type tibia
Wm.
Williams
Poverty
in
1842.
Bay,
North
Island,
New
Zealand
148
APTORNIS DEFOSSOR
Aptornis dcfossor Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc.
THE
skull differs
the
descending part of
occipital
alisphenoid
from that
is
foramen
more
follows
chief
the occiput
being less
The hind
deeply
other
in
concave, the
part of the base of the
produced and tuberous outside the
end of
the
hyoid
A. defossor.
differences
in
Skull.
Length
pp. 353 to 366, pis. 40-44 (1871).
A. otidifonnis by the vertical surface of
of
relatively smaller.
process of the paroccipital
The
V'll,
OWEN.
size,
according
to
Owen, are as
149
PALAEOLIMNAS
IFFERS
forbes.
from Fiilica by the much more curved shape of the

impressions over the
deeply marked glandular
eyes,
the
skull,
and the great
pneumaticity of the frontal bones.
PALAEOLIMNAS CHATHAMENSIS
FuUca chathamensis H.
Fulica
iiexctoni
O. Forbes, Nature, vol.
H. O. Forbes,
I.e.
XLVI
p.
252 (1892).
(non Milne-Eclwards).
Palacoliiiinas newtoni H. O. Forbes, Ibis 1893,
p.
544.
Palaeolimiias chathaiiicnsis Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. (VIII)
in
certain
FuUca
This variation
them as belonging
is
w.r.)
to different species, or at
the
Ibis,
The head
of the type
is,
the pelvic
first
knob
sacral
The
Fulica.
is
to
consider
races.
have
and
limb-bones
am
pelvis
not able to separate
however, unknown."
however, points out numerous
iliac
is
bigger,
sciatic
differences.
and particularly wider
grooves are larger than
more extended, and the
in
foramen
Fulica newtoni,
The
larger.
is
in
the
observes a very stout one, occupying the four
first
vertebrae are
Mauritius species one
inclined
different
" Tlie
says,
humerus the sub-trochanterial groove
in typical
some
size,
in
of
to the larger species.
Forbes
Dr.
Professor Milne-Edwards,
than
bones
the
much
Fulica
of
like
am
least
correspond so closely to those of F. newtoni that
In the
bones
of
they vary
so great that
name Fulica chathamensis"
Later, in
them.
p. 130.
while others were considerably larger than similar bones of
to,
newtoni.
given the
number
Fulica newtoni
resemble those of
Aphanapteryx (should be Diaphorapteryx,

being equal
1896
2,
Nature "I procured from the same beds which
FORBES says
DR. contained
Aphanapteryx
which much
(forbes).
vertebrae of the pelvis.
stunted
The
feet
below the
were
median
also larger
sinus,
while
and stronger than
in
the
latter.
Habitat:
Chatham
An almost
Islands.
complete
skeleton
Museum, and an almost complete
and
numerous
bones
skeleton in the British
in
Museum.
the
Tring
150
PALAEOLIMNAS NEWTON
(milne.edwards).
Ponies d'eau Sieur D.B., Voyages 1674.

Fiilica iiewtoni Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Kat. (5) VIII pp. 194-220, pis. 10-13 ('^'^y).
THE
translation
follows
Sieur
the
of
" Waterhens
which are as large as fowls.
must refer my readers
Habitat
think
and,
Fulica,
it
is
They are always

For the anatomical
Bourbon.
with Palaeolimnas chathamensis that

true
as
is
to Professor Milne-Edwards.
Milne-Edwards gives so many
(Abbe Dubois) description
D.B.'s
and have a large white crest on the head."
black,
description
best
we know
until
to
include
details in
skull
its
and
genus
the
in
it
convinced that the former
feel
which Fulica newtoni agrees
can
decide for
Palaeolimnas.
not
is
certain,
16
tibiae,
30 metatarsi, 8 humeri, 2 sternums, 4 fragments and an entire pelvis and

sacrum, and 3 cervical vertebrae
the Tring
in
Museum.
PALAEOLIMNAS PRISCA
Fulica prisca Hamilton, Trans. N.Z.
THIS
bird
was nearly
and with
not
the latter.
as
p.
98 (1893).
as large as Notornis,
a frontal
flightless,
XXV,
Inst.
shield.
Fulica
It
was
chathamensis
Measurements, according
to
Tibio-tarsus
was.
Hamilton
....
144
Length
8198
....
88
New
Zealand.
flier,
though
was smaller than

chathamensis.
newtoni.
93 mm
143162
Middle Island,
It
poor
....
Length
Tarso-metatarsus
Habitat:
78
but with a very small head
probably a
prisca.
Femur: Length
(Hamilton).
....
mm
....
85
mm.
152163
96
151
LEGUATIA
BODY
SCHLEGEL.
not larger than that of a goose

for
fitted
flight
toes
Bill
LEGUAT'S
description
is
171,
31.)
English edition.
as follows
"
and many
mounted, and have very long necks.
They are
which
is
reddish.
all
are very long and divided."
bill,
142 (1858).
those birds
of
Their bodies are not bigger than
white, except a
They have a goose's
p.
They are extremely high
called giants, because they are six feet high.
that of a goose.
schlegel.
Med. AUad. Wetensch. Amst. Vll,
Leguatia gigantea Schlegel, Versl.
middle
feet.
(Plate
(170S), p.
the
with a naked shield reaching
LEGUATIA GIGANTEA
Le Giant Leguat, Voyages
still
to
long and completely free,
toe almost as long as tarso-metatarsus.
Height about 6
short but
down almost
feathers of the legs reaching
top of the tarso-metatarsus
back beyond the eye.
wings rather
little
only a
place under their wings,
little
sharper; their claws
This bird was apparently confined to the island
of Mauritius.
Professor Newton
principally
asserts
that
Leguat's "Geants " were
because bones of Flamingos have been found
not a single bone has ever been got of the "geant."

opinion, insufficient,
a gigantic
think,
like
and no evidence at
existed on
rail
Professor
all.
We
in
Flamingos,
Mauritius and
This argument
know
is,
in
that a Didine bird and
Reunion, but no bones are yet known of these.
Schlegel,
that
my
I
Leguat's figure and description cannot
be meant for a Flamingo and that they prove the former existence of a
gigantic ralline bird in Mauritius.
The
figure is
made up from Leguat's
like that of a gigantic
Habitat
description.
moorhen, and so are the
Mauritius.
feet.
The
bill
is
drawn
153
ALCA IMPENNIS
THE GREAT AUK.

(Plate
"Penguin" Hore,
in
Anser Magelanicus
301 (1655
Hakluyfs
s.
Northern Penguin
Voyages
III
p.
129 (Ed. 1600
ex
Pinguinus Worm, Museum Wormianum, Lib.

from a specimen from the Faroe Islands).
Hore).
Ill,
Cap.
19, p. 300,
Figured
"Penguin" Willoughby, Orn.

"
Coll.
38.)
"
Lib. Ill p. 242
65 (1676).
pi.
Uncommon
Edwards, Nat. Hist.
B.
etc..
Ill
147 (1750
pi.
147
p.
First good coloured plate, from a specimen from Newfoundland).
Fauna Suecica
" Geyervogel" Linnaeus,
Worm.
Willoughby
I.e.,
(1766);
Naumann,
VllI
563,
p.
43 no. 119 (1746).
p.
Alca impennis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. Ed.
p.
and Edwards
I.e.,
130 (1758 Ex fauna Sueciva no. iig, Mus.

I.e.)
Nat. Voy. Deutschl. XII
Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. Ed. XII,
630
p.
620 (1880); Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. HI
pi.
Alca borealis Forster, Syn. Cat.

II
p.
467 (1884)
p.
210
371 (1885).
p.
(1817 nomen nudum).
Brit. B. p. 29
Plautus impennis Briinnich, Zool. Fundamenta
Water Birds N. Amer.,
I,
337 (1844); Dresser, B. Europe
pi.
78 (1772); Baird, Brewer and Ridgway,
p.
Grant. Cat.
B.
XXVI
Mus.
Brit.
p.
563
(1898).
FOR FULL DESCRIPTIONS, LITERATURE, HISTORY, LIST OF REMAINS, SEE :

Japetus Sleenstrup : Bidrag til Geirfuglens Naturhistorie etc., Kjobenhavn (Copenhagen)
1857 (In Naturh-Forening. VidensU. Meddel. 1855, nos. 3-7).
Alfred Newton
fowl.
(In
Newton
The Gare-fowl and
1865 pp. 467-488);

Wilhelin
Bltisiiis
"Naumann,
in
Historians.
f.
Orn. 1862 pp.
(In
or Garefowl.
Its
Supplem. note on the Great Auk
10-124, 337-356.
Natural History Review XII,
Encycl. Britannica Ed. IX vol. Ill;
The Great AuU,
Journ.
f.
id.
Diet. B. p. 220-221.
Orn. 1884 pp. 58-176.
History, Archaeology,
in
and Remains.
Trans. Edinburgh
Field
Nat.
238-273.
p.
Wilhelm Blasius
id.
its
Zur Geschichte von Alca impennis.
Symington Grieve
London 1885
Soc. (1897)
(In Journal
Ueber Plautus impennis.
the Gare-
respecting
Iceland
in
1861, pp. 374-399)-
Ibis,
William Preyer
Alfred
Abstract of Mr. Wolley's Researches
Der Riesenalk, Alca impennis
Naturg.
Vogel Mitteleuropas
d.
Naumann
In the
New
XII
169-208, plates 17, I7a-I7d
L.
") Vol.
p.
Edition
of
(1903).
PROBABLY
the
first
book
"
1558,
where a large
mention of Great Auks
Les singularitez de
bird
Auk.
R.
Hakluyfs
is
at
least
In fact
,"
Anvers
of " Aponars,"
this
name covered
several other
was
solely
doubtful
if
it
applied to the
Great
applies to the remarks by Jacques Cartier, as translated in
collection
III,
was mentioned under the name
of
voyages.
On
the other hand there
"Penguin" mentioned by Robert Hore
Voyages
Auk.
it
The same
that the
of
and
that in Andre Thevet's
France antarctique
But evidently
"Apponatz" or "Aponath."
sea-birds,
la
is
p.
in
is
no doubt
1536 (Hakluyt, Collection
1291600, and other Editions) was actually the Great
"Penguin" has been the name
usually applied to the Great
Auk
154
and
is
even now used for
by the French, while
it
in
most other languages
it
has been transferred, from an early date, to the Antarctic flightless birds,
the SpJteniscidae.
from Newfoundland and thereabout, and even
All the first reports are
103
1605),
poor but perfectly recognizable figure, describes
first
Clusius (Exoticorum
name
of America, under the

in the
"Auctarium," on
Hojerus,
found
as
decern,
libri
p.
it
in
etc.,
Faroe
under
Islands,
from the Faroe Islands.
103) as a native
Later on, however,
name
the
" Goirfugel."
Nieremberg, Hist.
in
comparatively good figure was published
first
"Museum Wormianum,"
1655, in the
alive
The
215 (1635).
p.
(p.
gives a rather
on the authority of Henricus
it,
Hojerus was also the authority for the account given

Nat.,
who
Mergus Americanus."
367, he mentions
p.
the
in
"
of
V,
Lib.
on
p.
301, from a specimen brought
Curiously enough the figure shows a white
ring round the neck, which no Great Auk, of course, possesses.
when
Linnaeus,
in
1758,
scientific
name on
the Great Auk,
gave the following short diagnosis and references:
I.e.,
" AIca
bestowing a
first
compresso
rostro
ancipiti
macula
sulcato,
ovata
utrinque
ante
Fn.
oculos.
Svec. Iig.
Anser magellanicus. Worm. mus. 300

Penguin. Will, ornith. 244
t.
t.
301.
65 Edw. av. 147
147.
t.
Habitat in Europa arctica."
From
referring to the
no doubt as to what species he
The most
Naumann
Edition of
is
given,
sexes
little is
(see above),
seven
fully
folio
there
be
can, of course,
refers.
descriptions
detailed
he quotes,
literature
are probably those given
where
also a
list
New
and figures
of literature
As regards the
pages long!
the
in
difference
the
in
known, because very few specimens exist of which the sex has been
ascertained.
We
find,
however, some with the grooves and ridges on the
more marked, and the grooves purer white, while others have the grooves
a dirtier white and less strongly developed
mostly smaller,
case
my two
Koenig's
think they
possession
It
of but a
an
must be females, the former males
in
adult
male.
somewhat
Probably
Alca tarda, and Professor Blasius
similar
(I.e.)
few examples, and that by far the majority of

have been
killed
Nobody can doubt

were obtained on
Eldey,
in spring,
that the Great
near
Iceland,
all
In this
Professor
in
seasonal
has described
must, however, be remembered, that the date of capture
in collections
of
as these latter are apparently
specimens would be females, and the one now
changes took place as

them.
bill
is
known
those that exist
on their breeding-places.
Auk
in
is
extinct.
1844,
The
last
specimens
and the seas and islands
155
where the great

is
bird used to live are frequented by vessels every year.
It
saw four
true that a certain Lorenz Brodtkorb told that in April, 1848, he
Great Auks, of which he shot one, near the Varanger Fjord, east of the
North-Cape, but Professor Newton and Wolley have,
in
1855,
had an inter-
view with Brodtkorb, and came to the conclusion that he saw and shot the
Northern
Great
This
Diver.
occurrence north of
the more
is
the Arctic Circle
as yet
is
be the case, as the
to
likely
uncertain, the
finding of
Great Auks both on the island of Disco (west-coast of Greenland) and on
Grimsey and Mevenklint on the north coast
From
the
times
historic
Greenland
Labrador,
(Cleadon
Islands
British
Hills
Auk
the Great
that
Seeland, Sejero and
Durham, Scotland,
County
in
open to doubt.
North America from Labrador to Florida.
Ireland), the east coast of
In
we know
finds,
Norway and Sweden, Denmark, with
formerly inhabited
Havno,
and prehistoric
sub-fossil
of Iceland being
we know
where
it
the occurrence on
of
certainly used
to
the
near
islands
breed on the east coast,
but was probably only of rare and exceptional occurrence on the west coast
Iceland,
Islands
Harbour
the
Faroe Islands, Fair Island between the Orkney and Shetland
(doubtful),
Orkneys (Papa Westra),
But as breeding
Ireland.
in
following only are absolutely certain
St.
Skye, and Waterford
Kilda,
within
stations
historic
times the
1.
Funk
2.
Iceland (Geirfuglasker, Grimsey, Eldey).
Islands near Newfoundland.
3.
Faroe Islands.
4.
St. Kilda.
5.
Orkney
Islands.
While we know of regular occurrence and may assume that the bird
has been breeding on the north and west side of Newfoundland, and
in east
Greenland (opposite Iceland).
The remains
Great Auk and
of the
numerous than one would
its
There are
in
collections are
more
the enormous prices paid for
think, considering
mounted specimens and eggs.
eggs
at present
known 79
or 80 skins,
26 or 27 skeletons, a great quantity of detached bones, and about 73 eggs.

I
1.
One
HAVE
IN
MY MUSEUM:
female, formerly in the collection of the late
Comte de Riocour at Vitrybought this specimen from the late Alphonse Boucard,
together with the bulk of the birds of the Riocour collection. It is evidently an adult
adult
le-Fran9ois, in
France.
female, having the white lines on the

distinct grey tinge
on the
flanks.
bill
not very
This shade
is
much
present
in
developed, and showing a
both
my
Great Auks; the
feathers of the flanks, just under the wing, are nearly white, with a conspicuous, very
light
in
grey border.
adult males.
This grey tinge
My
bird
is
is
present in
very well mounted and the feet slightly
all
females, but appears to be absent
worn breeding plumage. As

damaged, I had it reduced to a "
apparently
in
it
was not
skin."
156
Another adult female.
2.
Mr. Leopold Field
in
purchased this from Mr. Rowland Ward, who had
London,
who
1890, written by the late A. Boucard,

is
According to a
in 1897.
"This bird was captured
as follows:
sold
in
it
in that
letter,
dated Paris
from
it
20 Jan.,
le
year to Mr. Field, the history
Iceland in 1837, did
belong to Mr.
first
EimbecU of Brunswick and afterwards in the collection of Mr. Bruch from Mayence."
We must accept this information by the late A. Boucard as correct, though it is difficult
to understand that in the most painstaking and exact list of remains of the Great Auk,
by Prof. Wilhelm Blasius of Braunschweig, or anywhere else, no mention is made
of a specimen in the possession of the late
we have no
and 1890, when Boucard
sold
it
Eimbeck, or the
Auk has been between
explanation where this
Bruch.
late
Moreover,
the time of Bruch's death
London.
to Mr. Field in
This specimen has been described as " immature," but this
is
a mistake.
Evidently
arose
it
from some white speckles being visible on the neck in the photograph (see Symington
Grieve, Trans. Edinburgh Field Nat. and Micros. Society, explanation to plate III, on
The specimen
page 269).
which the
feathers, out of
the admirable
transferred to
The grey shade
Naumann.
Mr. Symington Grieve,
though
Some
is
it
itself,
illusion
however, shows no white speckles, but only worn
not a sign of immaturity, but appears
is
years ago an extraordinary rumour was

in
Brehm
the
collection
exchanged by the widow of Pastor C.
this story, or
Brehm
was
benefit of a
his
how
collection
business
of
Florence.
it
arose, but suffice
was
Brehm
in
King of
was kept
in
Edition
of
all
adult females,
Italy,
one of the
finest
was
Germany
in
to
have
who
invented
Auk which was
in
the
in
1868 or 1869.
money was used

it
been
Dresden cup, and
do not know
The
for the
had been the wish
re-stuffed
Bremen and forwarded
for years at the
said
for a rare
The specimen was
Brehm.
Pastor
the collection at that castle

It is
was
brother of the late Dr. A. E. Brehm, as
Schwerdtfeger
It
New
current
to say, that the
it
sold to the late
it
concluded by Dr. Otto Finsch, and the
father,
taxidermist
Rome.
L.
present resting-place was unknown.
its
the
in
body lower than the wing," mentioned by
on the
said to be absent in males.
about the Great Auk
that
on the Great Auk
treatise
"
This error has also been
arose in the photograph.
to
by the
professor
late
in
"Veneria Reale," and recently, when
dissolved,
was placed
Great Auks known.
in
the
Museum
at
157
AESTRELATA CARIBBAEA
(Plate
37.)
Procellaria jamaiceiisis Bancroft, Zoological Journal V,
Pterodroma caribbaea
Jamaica ").
Carte,
&
Aestrelata caribbaea Giglioli
Fulmarus
P.Z.S.
1866,
Ill, p.
Am.
Aestrelata jamaiceiisis Ridgway, Man. N.
p.
8i
10
pi.
93,
p.
Salvadori, Ibis 1869,
caribbaeiis Gray, Handlist B.
(carte).
(1835 Nomen nudum

Mountains
Blue
("
1).
insula
in
p. 66.
107 (1871).
67
B., p.
Cory, Cat. West-Indian B.,
p.
84
(1892).
Oestrelata jamaiceiisis Salvin, Cat. B. Brit. Mus,
name
surprising that the
is
IT this
species,
description
is
Bancroft
as
generally been adopted for
jamaiceiisis has
gave
no
first
: " Head,
neck,
vertex and external
webs
as follows
is
uniform dark sooty brown
primaries a shade or so darker
The
abdominal feathers and under
coverts a shade or two lighter than those of the back

portion
basal
rump
coloured patch on the
The
light-
the wings are expanded,
when
are closed.
upper tail-coverts and
dirty white.
grey or
conspicuous
tail-
rides
dark hazel.
Tarsi,
webs, and nails jet-black.
"Length about
carpal joint to tip of
nostrils
expanse of wings 34 inches; length from
12| inches;
primary lOf inches
first
inches; length of nasal tubes -^
gape. If
of
is
light
when they
but completely concealed

toes,
of
tail-feathers
of
whatever.
description
that of Carte, in 1866, which
back, and wings of a

of the
403 (1896).
p.
length of
inch; length
bill,
of
measured from
interval
between
and commencement of apical curve of upper mandible i inch; length
lA inches;
tarsi
length of
inner toe
sub-equal 2 inches;
length of toes, outer and middle,

First
inches.
If
and second primaries sub-equal, and
about I inch longer than the third. Tail about 4 J inches long and round at
Hallux
extremity. The closed wings extend about IJ inches beyond the tail.
small,
and
in
shape triangular."
"With
furnished
" It
me
respect to the
habits of the bird, Mr.
with the following interesting details
is
night-bird,
living
in
burrows
a gallery 6 to 10 feet long, terminating in a

to
accommodate the
sea
in
pair
search of food
moonlight nights
domicile, and
to their work.
from
(fishes),
and at
island.
chamber
of
the
The burrows form
sufficiently
commodious
at night, flying over the
returning before dawn.
running about
marly clefts
the
this they sally forth
sunrise
kindly
in
mountains at the east and north-east end of the
March has most
the
It
is
often seen on
neighbourhood of
its
sometimes crossing the road, regardless of the labourers going

I
know nothing
of its nidification."
158
The type
of " Pterodrotna caribbaea"
and three specimens are

collections,
and
the British
in
modern
all
is
preserved
Museum. This
in
bird
the Dublin
is
Museum,
one of the rarest
collectors have failed to obtain specimens.
in
Quite
recently (1906) Mr. B. Hyatt Verrill published a pamphlet entitled "Additions

to the Avifauna of Dominica."
heading
"Aestrelata
In this unpaginated essay he said under the
j'amaicensis"
seldom seen during the day.
Lance Bateaux, as well as
at
"Not uncommon
Morne Rouge and
Scott's
the above localities the musky odour of these birds

passing the
the
day
procure, and
is
the
in
although
Dominica),
cliffs
fissures
and
in
Head.
In
but
when
of bats that
They are very
shot at repeatedly only two
of
At dusk they may
company with myriads
crevices.
many
very pronounced
wherein they breed, on a calm evening.
cliffs,
often be seen flying about the
spend
(on
Breeds at La Bime, Pointe Guignarde, and
specimens
difficult
have
to
been
obtained."
From
all
former evidence we might have well considered
to be extinct, but
exterminated.
been
if
Mr.
Verrill's
statement
do not, however, know
is
if
compared with Jamaica examples, and
(apparently
made on Dominica)
Habitat
Jamaica.
is
correct
would be
far
from
Dominica specimens have
the
if
it
this species
Mr.
therefore correct.
Verrill's
determination
159
AESTRELATA HASITATA
Procellaria hasitata
Australia VII,
Kuhl, Beitr.
(sic)
pi.
Zool.
z.
Temminck,
IV, p. 475 (1848
),
220 (1852).
Procellaria rubritarsi Newton, Zoologist 1852,
3692 (ex Gould's MS., descr. nulla).
p.
Aestrelata haesitata Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. XLII,

pi.
60,
fig.
(1868)
Rothsch.
&
II, p,
Oestrelata haesitata Newton, Ibis 1870,
p.
(1880); Stevens, B. of Norfolk,
greyish
tail-feathers
113
189 (1855).
277; Dresser, B. Europe VIII,
361,
pi.
4 (1890)
p.
pi.
545,
Salvin, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
bill
618
XXV,
brown
upper
rest
broadly edged with
brown
legs
and
The immature
is
less
white
Length
central
white on
and
forehead
dusky-yellow.
feet
bird
tail-coverts
more or
brownish-black, the
but
inches.
adult has the
dark brown, hind-neck white, cheeks and ear-coverts
chiefly
black;
"The
describes this bird as follows:
mantle dark
portions
white;
III, p.
II.
403 (1896).
SAUNDERS
MR. crown
and nape
basal
p. 768 (1856), Elliot, B. N. America

Edition of " Naumann " XII, p. 20 (1903).
New
Hart,
Aestrelata diabolica Bonap., Consp. Av.
p.
p. 168.
Lyceum N.Y.
Procellaria meridioiialis Lawrence, Ann.

pi. 15, p.
Col. 416 (1826); Gould,
PI.
47 (1845).
Procellaria diabolica Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool. 1844,
V,
(kuhl).
16
their
under-parts
inches,
wing
be mottled with brown on
believed to
the forehead and to be duller in tint on the upper parts."
Though evidently not
In former
this bird is sealed.
West
several of the
last breeding place
There
it
p.
it
seems certain that the
used to breed
Hayti,
for in vain by
it
in
great numbers on
Colonel
Its
Diablotin on Dominica.
Feilden, in
1889,
who wrote
the "Trans. Norfolk and Norwich Nat. Society

later,
ascended La Morne
The
breeding places deserted.
found the old
introduced
in
fate of
Guadeloupe, and Dominica.
Mr. Selwyn Branch again, ten years
au Diable, and
evidently an
times
it
was the Morne au Diable or Morne
was searched
24-39.
extinct,
Indian Islands:
a lengthy article about

V.
quite
"
Manicou,"
North-American Opossum, Mongoose and rats had
entirely extirpated the " Diable."
Two-and-a-half centuries ago Pere du Tertre found this Petrel breeding
on Guadeloupe, and Pere Labat, about forty years

numbers, and gave a long, graphic description of
aux
isles
de I'Am^rique"
then known
as the
(Edit.
" Diable "
I,
or
Vol.
II,
it
later,
in
his
pp. 349-353).
" Diablotin,"
and
their
found
"
it
in
great
Nouveau Voyage
These birds were

flesh
was highly
esteemed, and they were even salted and exported to Martinique and other
French islands
in
great numbers.
160
Ober searched already unsuccessfully
In 1876 Mr. F. A.
It
seems that the disturbance and destruction on
for our birds.
their breeding places
has scattered these Petrels about, for specimens have at various times been
taken on the coast of Florida and Virginia, and even as late as 1893 and
1895,
inland of the State of
Vermont and
Norfolk,
killed in the
undated
an
on Oneida Lake,
moreover, a specimen
Ontario;
England, and an example
have been
In
New York
in
the
has
Museum
been
of
that
fishing
he
grounds
took
killed
Boulogne
in
is
1850 in
said to
neighbourhood of that town.
and
unpaginated
pamphlet,
received
Europe, Mr. A. Hyatt Verrill informs us that this bird

the
Ulster County,
in
and
in
specimen
in
Martinique
September,
is
1904.
This
year
in
"not uncommon on
Guadeloupe
and
last
channels,"
statement
and
requires
confirmation.
In
collections
this
bird
is
very rare.
have the male
which was caught on August 28th, 1893 on Oneida Lake,
New
York.
Habitat
West
Indian Islands.
in
(in
moult)
the State of
161
HEMIPHAGA SPADICEA
(Plate
21.)
Latham, Gen. Syn. Suppl.
Chestnut-shouldered Pigeon
(lath.)
II,
add.
375
p.
(1802 Norfolk
Island).
Columba spadicea Latham,

and Knip, Pigeons,
Columba gigas Ranzani, Element!

Columba pHnceps
LX, No. 7 (1802 Norfolk Island); Temmtnck

(1808" Friendly Islands." Errore).
Ind. Orn., Suppl. p.
II, p. i, pi. i
di Zool. Ill,
Vigors, P.Z.S. 1833,
223 (1821 " Friendly Islands." Errore).
i, p.
78 (Australia errore).
p.
Columba leucogaster Wagler, Syst. Av., Columba spec. 12 1827 Norfolk Island).
Hemiphaga spadicea
THE
Island
Norfolk
Pigeon,
to
the
New
zealandiae,
but
differs
similar
XXI,
Salvadori, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
green, sharply defined from
Hemiphaga
Zealand
in
the
238 {1893).
spadicea
hind-neck
the
spadicea,
chestnut back, the wings and upper wing-
rump somewhat
greyish.
As
locality
it
very
coppery or metallic
coverts more greyish, less greenish, also the lower back and
more
is
Hemiphaga spadicea novae-
Pigeon,
having
p.
'far
as
we know
" Australia "
this pigeon
was only found on Norfolk

Like so
being doubtless erroneous.
became extinct on Norfolk
Island, probably
more than
many
Island, the
other birds
half a century ago.
There are evidently quite a number of specimens in various museums,

am aware of the following
I
many of which have never been recorded.
examples
in the British
Museum (Cat. B.
Museum (Bull.
3 in the Liverpool
1
in
my own
Brit.
Mus. XXI,
Liverp. Mus.
I,
collection (Proc. IV, Orn. Congress,
Philadelphia,
in
in Frankfurt a.M. (Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml.,
in
in
Wiesbaden (Lampe, Jahrb. Nassau Ver. 58).

Bremen (Hartlaub, Verz. Museum, p. 98).
in
Lisbon (Forbes and Rob., Bull. Liverp. Mus.
in
Leyden
(Schlegel,
in
Vienna
(Ibis
in
Naples, seen by myself.
in
Milan, examined by myself.
Museum"
p.
215).
U.S. America (Cassin, U.S. Expl. Exp. B,
The specimen
p. 238).
p. 35).
p. 225).
p. 189).
II, p.
130).
Mus. Pays-Bas).
i860, p. 422).
at Tring
at Distington.
was bought
at the auction of the
"Cumberland
163
ALECTROENAS NITIDISSIMA
(Plate
22.)
Pigeon hoUandais Sonnerat, Voy. Ind. Orient.
Hackled Pigeon Latham, Syn. B.
Columba nitidissima
II,
II,
loi
pi.
175,
p.
(1782).
No. 36 (1783).
641,
p.
2,
and Faun. Insubr.
Scopoli, Del. Flor.
(scop)
II,
No. 89 (1786) (ex
93,
p.
Sonnerat).
Columba franciae Gmelin,
Syst. Nat.
2,
I,
Columba botanica Bonnaterre, Enc. M6th.

Raniier pirissi Levaillant, Ois. d'Afr. VI,
Columba jubata Wagler,
Syst. Av.,
779, No. 51
p.
233 (1790).
p.
1,
267 (1808).
74, pl.
p.
Columba,
sp. 22
Alectroenas nitidissima G. R. Gray, List Gen.
B.,
(1827).
p.
58 (1840).
Alectroenas franciae Reichenbach, Syn. Av., Columbariae,
Columbigallus franciae Des Murs,
(1788). (ex Sonnerat).
2,
p.
f.
Ptilopus nitidissimus Schlegel and Pollen, Rech. Faun. Madag.,
Alectroenas nitidissimus G. R. Gray, Hand-list
II,
p.
the
These
head,
feathers
and
brilliancy,
constructed,
curiously
rather
are
narrow, and
are long,
and breast
neck
feel of
distinguish
lens,
English,
Woodpigeon
larger than the European
a cartilaginous blade.
they
take
in
a like manner to the wing appendages of the Bohemian

blades
of
and
iris
the
rump and
are of the
same
tail
colour,
Undoubtedly quite extinct.

bird
were
one
in
Edinburgh, one
collected by the Rev.
Habitat
Jungle
Sonnerat's
by naked skin of a deep red

a dark blue
end
have
Mauritius.
in
the
back,
in
point.
the
polish,
constituted
Waxwing and
The eye
Fowl.
the wings
of a
conglomeration
granted that they are
for
the barbules, but
it
follows:
as
the feathers of
whether these blades were formed by the
we may
is
could not, with the aid
of
cartilaginous
159 (1868).
p.
2-4.
original description, translated into
much
" It is
?).
228, No. 9164 (1870).
Alectoroenas nitidissimus A. Newton, P. Z. S. 1879, pp.
SONNERAT'S
1302 (1847).
Encycl. d'Hist. Nat., Ois. VI., p. 31, (1854
surrounded
is
and the
the
belly
are of a very bright carmine red
are of
the beak
and the feet are black."
Only three
Paris,
specimens are known of
and one
H. H. Slater.
in
Mauritius.
this
Some bones
164
ALECTROENAS(?) RODERICANA
(MILNE-EDWARDS).
Columba rodericana Milne-Edwards, Ann.
XIX
Sc. Nat. (5)
art. 3, p. 16, pi. 12,
la, ib,
i,
ff.
ic (1874).
THE
sternum
original description of the
as follows:
is
"It
belongs to a
species small in size, barely as large as T. tympanistria, but evidently
much
most
striking characters of this
sternum are the large size of the bouclier, the large
size of the lateral notches,
better built for
and the shape of the

front.
The
In fact the
flight.
whose anterior angle
keel,
is
much produced
not
coracoidal grooves are large and only slightly oblique.
branches detach themselves from the bone
in front of
the costal facets
very widely spread, and stretch more directly outwards than
The lower
of the species of the family.
lateral
and the median blade of the posterior edge
The
keel
moderately prominent,
is
its
is
All
also
the remainder
remarkable from
anterior angle
is
is
its
enlargement.
much rounded, and does

the case, as a rule, in
which
is
hardly at
all
In its shape in general, by the
direction of the latter, this
little
Ttirtur,
but
pronounced keel and the
sternum presents certain analogies to the essentially
arboreal species such as those of the genus Carpophaga, but they
all
diffêr
having the space for the costal facets on the sides of the sternum much
in
more extended, the superior

further back, so that the
lateral
lateral
branches larger, and the latter arising
notches are smaller.
do not know any genus of the family of Columbidae

can at
all
I
general
sloped like a roof, separate the
Rodriguez very widely, not only from Erythroena and
from Vinago.
they are
these peculiarities, to which must be added the
flattening of the bone
pigeon of
in
lateral
branches are equally divergent,
not reach the level of the episternal apophysis, as

the pigeons.
The
in
all
be likened to that found recently in
probability this fossil remainder
propose to
It
is
call
that
in
to the present
which the sternum
Rodriguez, and therefore
of yet another vanished species,
is
Columba rodericana."
probable
Up
in
which
(Translated.)
Milne-Edwards's
C.
rodericana belonged to
the
genus Alectroenas, and was the representative on Rodriguez of the Alectroenas

nitidissima of Mauritius.
Habitat
Rodriguez.
humerus
in
the Tring
Museum.
165
NESOENAS
SALVAD.
normal, not very broad, only the hind toe with the skin prominently
OLES
expanded on the
of twelve feathers.
composed
entirely rufous,
NESOENAS MAYERI
(Plate
Columba mayeri Provost &
Columha meyeri
Schlegel
Pollen,
Ill
Trocaza meijeri Pollen, N.T.D.
p.
Birds "
the
is
App.
p.
in,
p.
36 (1868).
24 (1849).
p.
45 (1854).
45 (1854).
II p.
Mus.
Brit.
vol.
XXI
327 (1893).
p.
by Salvadori
description
the
in
"Catalogue
pink, fading
Head, neck and underparts pale
"
pi.
318 (1863).
Nesoenas mayeri Salvador!, Cat. Birds
following
6o (1843).
R. Gray, fide Bp. Consp. Av.
Trocaza meyeri Bonaparte, Consp. Av.
THE
pi.
II,
(prevost).
3.)
Rech. Faun. Mad.
Peristera meyeri G. R. Gray, Gen. B.
Carpophaga meyeri G.
Fig.
3,
Knip, Pigeons
&
Tail
First primary about equal to the sixth.
sides.
of
into whitish
towards the forehead, cheeks and upper throat, and passing into rather
darker pink on the mantle remainder of the upper back and the entire wings
lower back and rump greyish,
brown, with a slight shade of olive and rufous
;
the latter mottled with chestnut

outer
upper
tail
coverts and
feathers fading into buff on the outer
tail
undertail-coverts pink, like the mantle
on the
slightly pale
wing 85,
tail
65,
bill
is
iris
legs red (fide Shelley).
yellow
bill
idea
that
0-86, tarsus 1-3."
away almost
entirely,
and the
extinct
is
procured, though
the eggs of
this
it
is
by
is,
rare.
pigeon.
Mons.
however,
Paul
Carie
incorrect,
(Ornis
as
it
XII,
can
p.
still
still
living there.
Habitat
Mauritius.
visit to
the
127),
easily
be
M. Georges Antelme, of Mauritius, possesses

That
it
still
exists
is
also
evident
specimens which were sent to the Zoological Gardens, London,
and are
olive
strongly developed.
As observed
it
yellow,
Total length about
This bird was not found by the Rev. H. H. Slater, during his
Mauritius.
tips
undersurface of the wings ashy brown,
In the live bird the pink soon fades
shade on the wings
webs and towards the
and under wing-coverts
axillaries,
shaded with red towards the base

15-5 inches,
cinnamon, the
tail
from two
last
year,
166
NESOENAS DUBOISI
"Pigeons sauvages
Madagascar,
TALKING
of
d'lin
sp. nov.
rouge roussastre" Le Sieur D.B., Voyages aux
etc., p. 171
(1674
Wild Pigeons,
the island of Bourbon
lies
Dauphine ou
Bourbon).
"
Le Sieur D.B."
tells
us that there were on
" others of a russet red colour, a little larger
than
European pigeons, with the beak larger, red at base near the head, the
eyes surrounded by a fiery colour, as
they are so fat
'
in
the pheasants.
qu'on ne leur voit point de croupion
'
At a certain season
they taste very good."
This passage cannot be meant for a turtle-dove, but the description of

the
bill
and surrounding of the eyes shows that
Nesoenas mayeri.
The
latter,
however,
is
it
not entirely russet red, but the
head, necli, underside and back are creamy white,

colour.
refers to a form allied to
washed with a greyish-rose
Therefore the bird mentioned by Le Sieur D.B. was evidently a repre-
sentative of
who was
mayeri or Bourbon.
A'^.
name
the author of the Voyages of the
Habitat
Bourbon or Reunion.
it
"
in
memory
Sieur D.B."
of Monsieur Dubois,
167
ECTOPISTES
Eciopistes Swainson, Zoological Journal
III
p.
SWAINS.
362 (1827
Parti m
Columba
speciosa and
C. inigraton'a mentioned as types, but ten years later the genus Eciopistes was restricted
same
to C. migratoria by the
TAIL
author).
very long and excessively cuneate, the central
primary of the wing longest.
First
pointed.
in
Tarsus very short,
in
is
while formerly the Zenaidura carolinensis auct. used
this genus,
to be associated with
sharply
Now, only the Passenger Pigeon
front half covered with feathers.
included
rectrices
it.
ECTOPISTES MACROURA
(l.)
PASSENGER PIGEON.
Columba macroura Linnaeus,
"Habitat
pi.
23 [1754J.
of accepting this
1906, pp. 474, 475.
name
The
Syst. Nat. Ed.

in
Canada."
Amer. Orn.
p. 102, pi.
Syst. Nat. Ed. XII,
Washington XIX
p.
XLIX
(1808)
TemmincU &
Knip, Pigeons
319 (1831); Baird,
p.
p. 118.
.");
Wilson,
seconde fam.,
pis.
Brewer & Ridgway,
p.
134 (1776
ex Buffon).
id., I.e. p.
Coues, B. North-West,
I,
(1874).
134 (1776 ex Buffon).

Eciopistes migratoria Swainson, Zool. Journal III, p. 362 (1827)
;
142, Kalm., Brisson
(Ex Frisch, pi.

America Septentrional! copiosissima
Histrio P.L.S. Miiller, Natursyst. Suppl.
(1848)
p. 23,
and Auk
42,
Pigeon de Passage Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois. II, p. 527 (1771).

Tourterelle du Canada Daubenton, PI. Enl. 176.
ventralis
p.
284 (1766 Ex Brisson, Orn.

Mus. XXI, p. 369).
Syst. Nat. Ed. XII p. 285
48, 49 (1808-11); Andubon, Orn. Biogr. I,

Hist. N.A.B., Land-Birds HI, p. 368, pi. 57, 4
Columba
Columba
Regarding the necessity
Cf. note of Salvadori, Cat. B. Brit.
" Habitat in
Catesby.
p. 100,
(1758 Ex Catesby, Carolina
in Carolina."
see Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Columba migratoria Linnaeus,

I,
164
p.
conclusions of Messrs. Bangs and Allen are perfectly correct).
Columba canadensis Linnaeus,

" Habitat in
Canada, hybernat
p.
387 (1874)
Gould, B. Europe,
pl.
247
Maynard, B. E. North America,
p.
335
(1881).
Trygon migratoria Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl.,

Eciopistes migratorius G. R. Gray, Gen. B.
286-291
Bendire, Life-History N. Amer. B.,
P-
395 (1S95)
Auk
it
does, as follows
purpurascente."
who
p.
495 (1831).
Brewster,
;
Auk
1889, pp.
132; Salvadori, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXI,

p.
p.
17 (1898)
A.O.U. Check-List (Ed.
51 (1896); Minot, B.
New
II)
England,
258 (1855).
true that Linnaeus' diagnosis of his
reading, as
p.
(1844)
1903, p. 66.
Trygon gregaria Brehm, Vogelfang,
is
p.
370; Proc. Delaware Valley Ornith. Club II,

120, No. 315 (1895); Wintle, B. Montreal,
;
471
p.
p.
p.
IT
II,
"
Columba macroura
Columba cauda cuneiformi
These words, however, are
gives an excellent figure and description, as
clearly taken
is
also the
is
very short,
longa, pectore
from Catesby,
" Habitat,"
viz.
168
" Habitat
"
Edwards
figured.
Canada,
in
Bangs,
(Cf.
entirely
Pigeon
it
62" northern latitude.
Being a migrant,
this bird
and to return
to their
after the breeding season,
like
our
North
great abundance, from the Atlantic to the great Central Plains,
in
according
quarters
its
and
described
is
former times occurred throughout
in
and from the Southern States, where
shifted
bird
different
quotes
first
I.e.)
The Passenger
America
though Linnaeus
Carolina,"
in
where an
15,"
pi.
15,
hybernat
rarely occurred, north
homes
abundance
the
to
to
at least
used to migrate southwards

in spring,
or
but
scarcity
food,
of
Sometimes incredible numbers flocked together.
Pigeons.
have been
flights
and others.
In
1813 Audubon says
that
Hardensburg
to
Louisville,
miles,
fifty-five
during
Such
by Audubon, Wilson
described independently
stupendous
also
it
journey from
whole
his
masses
countless
Pigeons
of
"
continued to pass over, and also did so during the three following days.
At
times they flew so low, that multitudes were destroyed, and for many days
Where they
the entire population seemed to eat nothing else but Pigeons."
roosted
millions, the
in
dung soon covered the ground and destroyed the
grass and undergrowth, limbs and even small trees
weight of the
"
birds.
One
broke
was
This
direction.
forty miles in extent.
nearly a north
in
breadth, and upwards
miles in
several
immense
In this
tract nearly every tree
of
was furnished
were branches to accommodate them.
with nests wherever there
the
of the breeding places visited by Wilson, not far
from Shelbyville, Kentucky, stretched through the forest
and south
down from
He was
informed by those who sought to plunder the nests of the squabs, that the
noise in the
for
difficult
woods was so great as

one
person
to
terrify their
to hear another
with broken limbs, eggs and young
Hawks were
numbers, while from
there
was a perpetual tumult
of
crowding
and
Pigeons, their wings resounding like thunder, and

of
falling
trees
sailing
about
in
twenty feet upwards to the tops of the trees
great
crash
was
it
The ground was strewed
speak.
Pigeons.
horses, and that
one
In
instance
he
fluttering
multitudes
of
mingled with the frequent
counted
ninety
nests
in
single tree."
It
is
and that they were

wantonly destroyed.
killed in great
Yet
total destruction, as their
keen.
common
In
man
only natural that
it
power
1874 Messrs. Baird,
birds,
though
such vast multitudes,
numbers, for food, and, maybe, sometimes
difficult to
is
" their
took advantage of
of flight
understand what brought on their
was
great,
and their vision remarkably
Brewer and Ridgway considered them
abundance
in
still
large extents of the country had
169
and
in
in the
more
England States
country, these birds
no longer bred
the
The instance near Montpelier,
communities.
large
the
part of
cultivated
New
" in
At that time
been very sensibly reduced."
near one
"
another."
1895,
now mainly
Breeding range
northern
In
borders
the
in
A.O.U.
in
woods and seldom
the
authors
the
check-list,
say
portions of the Canadas and the
restricted to
United
the
of
through
scattered
being
nests
their
pairs,
the only
is
They now breed
marked exception that has come within my knowledge.

isolated
1849,
in
as
States,
far
west
and
Manitoba
as
the Dakotas."
At the present time
the
Passenger Pigeon seems to
disappeared, a small flock in an aviary apparently being
which
notes,
"
think are of the greatest interest
The disappearance
me
at least forty years,
some
late as 1870
though as
is
left
of
it
the following
Passenger Pigeon
the
of
that
all
Mr. James H. Fleming, of Toronto, kindly sends
alive.
have entirely
Ontario dates back
in
of the old roosts
were
still
much has been
said,
had
frequented, but the incredible flocks, of which so
gone long before that date, and by 1880 the pigeon was practically exterminated,
but over the greater part of
not only in Ontario,
however occasional records

bird taken
September
of birds taken, for
in
some years
An immature
later.
a bird, also immature,
There are
old range.
1887, in Chester County, Pennsylvania,
9,
the last for that part of the State'
taken
its
in
is
is
said to be
my
collection,
There are other Montreal
December, 1888, at Montreal, Quebec.
records of the same date,^ but with the exception of one taken at Tadousac,
July 26, 1889,^ these are the last
Quebec records
Ontario two were taken at Toronto

both immature females, the latter
taken by Mr. Walter
one of a pair seen.
December
19, 1892.
Brett, at
I
on September
in 1890,
is
in
of birds actually taken.
my
collection,
Riding Mountain,
in
New York
in
is
11,
an adult female
May
Manatoba,
also have an adult male taken at
was
and October
20,
as
In
12,
Waukegon,
1892,
Illinois,
the latter part of November, 1892,
and was then assured by Mr. Rowland, a well known taxidermist, that he
had recently seen several barrels of pigeons that had been condemned as
unfit
for
food
New York
they had come to
from Indian Territory, and
believe had had their tails pulled out to permit tighter packing.
Mr. William
Brewster has recorded the sending of several hundred dozens of

to the
Boston market
in
December
of the
same
year,
and
in
ceased after this
till
1898,
when
pigeons
January, 1893
these were also from Indian Territory*; these are the last records
the Passenger Pigeon as anything
more than a casual migrant.
we have
of
The records
three birds were taken at points widely apart,
170
an adult male at Winnipegosis, Manatoba, on April
Owensboro, Kentucky, on July
now
27,
an immature male at
14,*
the Smithsonian Institution,
in
another immature bird taken at Detroit, Michigan, on September
my
collection
published a
1902; this latter
is
list
For
final
possibly open to doubt, but the ones
all
extinction of the Passenger Pigeon
in
flock,
gave for 1900 are,
were seen more than once and by
practical purposes, the close of
remained only the small
had been bred
numbering
in
captivity by Prof. C. O.
in
the Nineteenth Century
in
a wild state, and there
1903 not more than a dozen, that
Whitman,
of Chicago
an effort to obtain fresh blood for this flock that
enquiry that brought
many
replies,
these birds
am aware
started a newspaper
many
referred to the Mourning Dove.
that there has been lately wide-spread and persistent
rumours of
the return of the pigeons, but no rumour has borne investigation, and
that Prof. Whitman's small flock,
last
now reduced
representatives of a species around
(in
1.
Proceedings of the Delaware Valley Ornithological Club,

Wintle, Birds of Montreal, 1896, 51.
3.
In collection of Dr. J. Dwight, Jr.
Minot, Birds of
New
Auk, XX, 1903,
66.
England, 1895, 395.
feel
whose disappearance mystery and
2.
5.
1906) to five birds, are the
fable will always gather."
4.
It
none of which could be substantiated as
records of the Passenger Pigeon, and

I
different
are the descendants of a single pair, and have long ago ceased to breed.
was
in
including sight records, one as late as May,
feel confident, correct, as the birds
saw the
now
these are the last records that can be based on specimens.
" In 1903
observers.
14,
and
II,
1898, 17.
171
FAMILY DIDIDAE.
INCLUDES
very
Columbidae
the
and
extremity
of
of
the
flight,
cranial
the
with
agreeing
forms,
massively-built
the truncation of
in
totally incapable
large
the angle of the mandible, but with
rostrum
strongly
They were
hooked.
the wing-bones being small,
the
the
carina of
sternum aborted, and the caracoidal grooves shallow and separated from one
another.
Two
genera
Didus and Pezophaps.
DIDUS
SKULL
LI NN.
with a very large and deeply hooked rostrum, and the nasal and
maxillary processes of the praemaxilla converging anteriorly
the front
region inflated into a sub-conical prominence of cancellous tissue.
and
humerus
than
shorter
feet
in
the succeeding genus.
Delto-pectoral
distinct.
Two
species
Didus
cucullattis
and Didus
solitarius.
Neck
crest
of
172
DIDUS CUCULLATUS
(d
DODO.
(Plates 24, 24a, 24b, 24c.)
Walchvoghel Van Neck, Voy.,
p.
pi.
7,
Walchvogel De Bry, Orient. Ind.
(1601).
VIII,
pt.
t.
11
(1606).
Gallinaceus galltis peregrinus Clusius, Exot. Libr.
Dod-eersen or Valgh-vogel Herbert's travels
Cygnus cucullatus Nieremberg, Nat.

Dronte Bontius, Ind. Orient,
Raphus Moehring, Av.
Hist. Ill p.
Struthio cucullatus Linn., S. N.
THE
first
99
t.
fig.
ex.
t.
100 {1605).
page 212.
Clus.) (1635)
gen. 57 (1732).
Dodo Edwards, Glean. Nat.

Didus ineptus
231 (with
p.
p.
70 (1658).
p.
t.
ist ed. (1634)
Linn., S. N.
description
p.
179
267 No.
of this
pi.
296 (1757).
155 No. 4 (1758).
p.
(1766).
very remarkable
bird
account of the voyage of Admiral Jacob van Neck
Amsterdam
published by Corneille Nicolas at

" Blue parrots are very
numerous
are a kind, conspicuous for their

only half covered with skin as
in
if
in 1601.
size, larger
It is
clothed with a hood.
Walghvogel,' for the reason
that
the
17th and 18th
number
Centuries
numerous pictures
it
Century,
best
seek.
among which
The
consists
tail
These we used
to
longer and oftener they were
Nevertheless
of
of
we
which
works on travel and voyages published

find all
I
sorts of notices about the
have given outline drawings.
in
the
Dodo, and
From
these
appears that the Dodo became extinct about the end of the 17th
i.e.,
1680
1690.
known and most

The
as follows
and breast were of a pleasant flavour and easily masticated."
In a large
sources
which was
These birds lack wings,
cooked, the less soft and more insipid eating they became.
their belly
the
in
than our swans, with huge heads
of a few soft incurved feathers, which are ash coloured.

'
1598,
in
there, as well as other birds
the place of which 3 or 4 blackish feathers protrude.
call
was given
The causes
of the extermination of this, perhaps the
talked about of the recently extinct birds, are not far to
total inability of flight, the
heavy slow
gait,
and the utter fearlessness
from long immunity from enemies, led to a continual slaughter for food by
the sailors and others
who came
to and dwelt on Mauritius.
cause of the extermination of this and

Islands
was probably the introduction
These animals increased enormously

soon destroyed
all
many other
birds in
But the
the Mascarene
of pigs, and also of the Ceylon

in
numbers, ran wild
the eggs and young birds they could
in
find.
final
Monkey.
the woods, and
173
It is
many years
strange that for
after great attention had been paid to
the Dodo, ornithologists differed conspicuously as to what family
other two Didine species belonged.

bird, in
fact
Linnaeus called
as forcibly declared
the
it
to be an
Didtinculus strigirostis
representative,
Pezophaps
not at
is
solitarius
THE FOLLOWING
1.
Vienna,
Sion House.
4.
Vienna.
truth
is,
that although
be
to
two species
closely allied, yet the
Emperor
Library of the
in his
of
near
its
Didus and
Duke
By Hufnagel,
Francis.
1626, reproduced
book, 1868.
"Altes Museum," Cabinet
Berlin.
The
Samoa, which was supposed
A LIST OF THE PAINTINGS REPRESENTING THE DODO.
the
3.
was a Struthious
it
calmly Struthio cucullatus, while others just
abnormal Vulture.
of
all
by von Frauenfeldt
2.
asserted that
form a group of very specialized pigeons.
IS
in
it
Many
and the
it
3,
Division
of Northumberland.
Kunsthistorisches
2,
By Roelandt
No. 710.
By John Goeimare,
Savery, 1626.
1627.
Hofmuseum, formerly Belvedere.
By Roelandt
Savery,
1628.
5.
London.
6.
Pommersfelden, Bavaria.
By Roelandt
Zoological Society, formerly Broderip.
By Roelandt
7.
Haag.
8.
Stuttgart.
Count Schonborn,
Savery, undated.
"Orpheus charming the
Beasts."
Savery, undated.
Mauritshuis.
Orpheus charming the Beasts."
"
Formerly Dr. Seyffer, but sold
By Roelandt Savery.
By
and since disappeared.
at his death
Roelandt Savery.
9.
London.
British
Museum, formerly belonging
to G.
Edwards.
Probably by Roelandt
"
Orpheus charming the
Savery.
10.
Emden.
Galerie der Gesellschaft
Beasts."
fiir
Bildende
Kunst.
By Roelandt Savery.
Ashmolean Museum.
By John Savery,
11.
Oxford.
12.
Haarlem.
13.
Dresden.
Kgl. Gemalde-Galerie.
" Circe
14.
Dresden.
Kgl. Gemalde-Galerie.
"The Creation
Dr. A. van der Willigen, Pz.
By
1651.
Pieter Holsteyn (1580-1662), not dated.
and Ulysses."
By
C. Ruthart, i566.
Supposed
of the Animals."
by Franz Francken (1581-1642), no date, and said to be by a different
At least 2 Mauritius Dodos have been exhibited alive

brought back by Van Neck
in 1599,
and which most
for nearly all Roelandt Savery's pictures,
year 1638, mentioned by Sir
Hamon
This
Museum
is
(1656),
Europe, one
served as the model
and one exhibited
Lestrange.
bird afterwards preserved in Tradescant's
likely
in
to be
artist.
in
London
in
the
almost certainly the
and
finally in
Oxford
(Ashmolean Museum), and probably served for the model of the supposed
Savery picture
in
the British
Museum.
The Dodo inhabited Mauritius.

NOTE. Didus nazarenus Gmelin, based on the "Oiseau de Nazareth" of Cauche (Descr. de I'lle de
Madagascar, p. 130, ff, 1651) is evidently founded on a mistaken and partly fictitious description of a Dodo, or
rather a mixture of that of the Dodo and a Cassowarj'. The name was, perhaps, also a mistake, derived from that
of " Oiseau de nattsê,'' which has a similar meaning as " Walghvogel."
174
Explanation
Plates
of
Dodo.
of
Plate 24.
This was taken from the picture by Roelandt Savery in Berlin, but the wings, tail and bill
have been altered, partly from Pierre Witthoos' picture of the Bourbon Dodo, and partly from
anatomical examination. The tail, however, appears to have been curled over the back in life,
according to most authors.
Plate 24 (a).
Fig.
No. 7
in
Reproduction
1.
Dodo
in outline of the
in
Savery's Orpheus at Haag.
Vide antea
the List of Paintings.
Vide antea No. 13

Fig.
1.
Ruthart's "Circe and Ulysses" at Dresden.
in
Dodo (and Pelican
?J
in
Frans Franckens
(?)
picture in Dresden.
Vide
in
Plates 24 (b
No.
in
Outline of
3.
antea No. 14
Dodo (and Pelican?)
Outline of
Fig. 2.
and
c).
Dodo
Outline of
in
Vide antea No.
Roelandt Savery's picture at Berlin.
the
2 in
List of Paintings.
No.
2.
Outline of picture by Roelandt Savery in the British
Museum.
Vide antea No. 9
in the List of Paintings.
No.
3.
No.
4.
Outline of
Dodo
in
Jacob van Neck's Voyage, Plate
Vide antea No. 4
Roelandt Savery's Dodo, Vienna.
Outline of
2 (1598).
in
the
List of
Paintings.
No.
5.
Outline of
Dodo
No.
6.
Outline of
Dodo
in Piso's additions to
No.
7.
Outline of
Dodo
in Sir
No.
S.
Outline of
Dodo
in
Clusius Exoticorum
No.
9.
Outline of
Dodo
in
Joan Nievhof's Gedenkwaerdige Zee and Lantreize, 1682.
No.
10.
Outline of
in
Dodo
No. 3
in
No. 5
in the List of Paintings.
Broeck's Voyage (Peter van Broeck's Voyage, 1617).
in
Thomas
Jacob Bontiu's Oriental Natural History, 1658.
Herbert's Relation of some yeares Travels, 1626.

libri
decem, 1605.
House, 1627.
Vide antea
Roelandt Savery's picture at Pommersfelden.
Vide antea
John Goeimare's picture
at Sion
No.
No.
11.
12.
Outline of
13.
in
Outline of Dr. H. Schlegel's restoration of the
Amsterdam Academy,
No.
Dodo
Dodo
in
Transactions, &c., of the
vol. 2, 1S54.
Outline of
Dodo
in
antea No. 5 in the List of Paintings.
Roelandt Savery's picture, Zoological Society, London.
Vide
175
DIDUS SOLITARIUS
(selys).
REUNION DODO.
(Plates
25, 25a, 25b.)
Great Fowl Tatton, Voy. Castleton, Purchas
Pilgrimes, ed.
his
(1625)
p.
331 (Bourbon
or R6union).
Dod-eersen Bontekoe, Journ. ofte gedencU. beschr. van de Ost. Ind. Reyse Haarlem(i546)
Oiseau Solitaire Carr6, Voy. Ind. Or.
Le Sieur D.
Solitaire Voy. fait par
p.
12 (1699).
B. (1674)
p. 170.
Apterornis soUtarius de Selys, Rev. Zool (1848)
p.
293.
Didus apterornis Schlegel, Ook een Wordje over den Dodo
Pezophaps borbonica
Bp., Consp. Av.
II p. 2
Ornithaptera borbonica Bp., Consp. Av.
p. 6.
15
p.
f.
2 (1854).
(1854).
II. p.
2 (1854).
Didine Bird of the Island of Bourbon (Riunion) A. Newt. Tr. Zool. See. VI pp. 373-376,
62 (1867).
pi.
Apterornis solitaria Milne-Edw., Ibis (1869)
p.
272.
? Didus borbonica Schleg., Mus. P.B. Struthiones
Solitaire of
THE
Riunion A. Newton, Enc.
Brit. II p.
Didine bird of Reunion was
p. 3 (1873).
732 (1875).
mentioned by Mr. Tatton, the Chief
first
Officer of Captain Castleton, in his account
"Purchas
"
There
his Pilgrimes."
and so be
Our men
shot.
did beat
them down with
men
is
detailed description
as follows
being white, and in a manner
sticks
Ten men may
and stones.
a day."
They are as
of the wings
is
and by Carre
in
1699.
in
5 separate
But the
first
given by the Sieur D. B. (Dubois) in 1674, which
"Solitaires.
These birds are thus named because they always go alone.
big as a big goose
and of the
those of the Ostrich.
tail.
Woodcocks
larger,
and the legs and feet
(he
and have white plumage, black
At the
tail
at the extremity
there are some feathers resembling
They have the neck long and the beak formed
of the
itself to
fly,
then find frequent mention of this bird by Bontekoe
treatises or editions, from 1646 to 1650,
more
other fowles, as having not been troubled nor feared with
all
take fowle enough to serve fortie
We
as follows:
and a great fowle of the bignesse of a Turkic, very
and so short winged, that they cannot
tame
is
store of land fowle both small and great, plenty of Doves, great
is
Parrats, and such like

fat,
His account
of their voyage given in
refers
to
like
the woodrails,
Erythromachus
those of Turkey-chicks.
running, only flying but very
little.
It is
the best
like that
W.R.),
but
This bird betakes
game on
the Island."
176
It
seen that, while Dubois says the wings and
will be
Pierre Witthoos's
picture,
from which the accompanying
drawn, shows the wings yellow.
what
description, or,
is
may
This
much more
Witthoos shows a distinctly mutilated
either be due to
The
albinistic.
(the
are black,
was
partly
Dubois' faulty
Amsterdam,
the picture by
in
bill
evidently done by the bird's keeper
bill,
untrimmed
to prevent being injured by the formidable hook of the
two pictures
plate
probable, the bird brought to
which Witthoos painted, was somewhat
addition to
tail
one formerly
in
In
bill.
the possession of Mr. C. Dare,
of Clatterford, in the Isle of Wight, and a second in Holland, both by Pieter
we know
Witthoos, painted about the year 1670),
given in Zaagman's edition of Bontekoe, 1646.

four primaries point
down and forward, which
condition of the specimen figured, so
wing drawn
Island of
In all these
is
drawings the
first
probably owing to the injured
the accompanying plate
in
the true Dodo's and the
like
Habitat
of this bird only the drawing
had the
reconstructed.
bill
Bourbon or Reunion.
Only known from the above-mentioned descriptions and two drawings.
No specimens
existing.
This bird became extinct between the years 1735 and 1801, because
the latter year Monsieur Bory St. Vincent
Island,
and no such bird existed then
made
survey of the
his scientific
we know
while
that
in
Monsieur de
la
Bourdonnaye, who was governor of the Mascarene Islands from 1735 to 1746,
sent one alive to one of the directors of the French East Indian Company.
this,
the second living specimen
brought to
Europe,
we
Of
unfortunately have
neither drawing nor history.
Explanation
of
Plates.
Plate 25.
Drawing
from the model
of
White Dodo from Pierre Witthoos'
of the
picture, the bill
and
tail
being reconstructed
common Dodo.
Plate 25 (a).
Outline of figure of
Fig. 5.
White Dodo
in
the picture by Pieter Witthoos circa 1670
vide supra.
Woodcut
Zaagman's edition
Fig.
8.
Outline of
Fig.
7.
Outline of figure of White
in
Dodo
in
of
Bontekoe van Hoorn, 1646.
an edition of Plinius Secundus about 1643 but
without date.
Fig. 4.
Plate 25
Outline of Dr. H. Schlegel's reconstruction of the Reunion Dodo.
(b).
Drawing from description
of the Sieur D.B. (Dubois), 1674.
177
PEZOPHAPS
SKULL
with
moderate
processes
maxillary
region
frontal
pectoral crest of
rostrum, slightly hooked, and

praemaxillae
the
of
with but
flat
Manus armed with an
STRICKLAND & MELVILLE.
little
Neck and
and
the nasal
anteriorly
the
Coracoid stout.
cancellous tissue.
tuberosity.
ossified
diverging
feet
Delto-
long.
humerus aborted.
The male
This genus connects Didus with the Columbldae.
is
much
larger than the female.
PEZOPHAPS SOLITARIUS
(Cm)
THE SOLITAIRE.
(Plate
23, 25a,
Figs.
Solitaire Leguat, Voy. deux lies ddsertes Ind. Or.
Didus solHarius Gmelin,
S. N.
bird
was
&c., p.
46 (1848).
Bartl. (nee. Gmel.), P.Z.S. 1851, p. 284, pi.
Pezophaps minor Strickland, Contr.
THIS
pp. 98. 102 (1708).
p. 728, n. 2 (1788).
Pezophaps solitaria Strickland, the Dodo,

Didus nazarenus
3.)
2,
1,
first
seems to have
to Orn. 1852, p. 19
made known by Leguat
arisen,
owing to
his
XLV.
).
in
applying the same
Dodo
as the Sieur D.B. (Dubois) gave to the Bourbon

is
the original description

"
The
taller
little
than turkeys.
proportion than a turkey's
too
and
little
more crooked.
1674.
them
This
its
to
when
it
They have scarce any
lifts
is straight,
up
head without comb on cop.
and a
his head.
little
but
fly,
longer in
is
black and
their
wings are
eye
Its
They never
support the weight of their bodies

call
tail,
roundish, like the crupper of a hare.
is
Their neck
themselves and flutter when they

for
in
to
their hind part covered with feathers
lively,
name
feathers of the males are of a brown-grey colour, the feet and beak
are like a turkey's, but a
They are
some confusion
1708, but
they serve only to beat
one another.
They
will whirl
about
twenty or thirty times together on the same side during the space of
4 or 5 minutes.
of a rattle,
The motions
and one may hear
of their wings
it
make then a
two hundred paces
off.
noise very like that
The bone
of their
178
wings grows greater towards the extremity, and forms a

under the feathers as big as a musket
defences of this bird.
we
places, because
'Tis
From March
brown.
The females are wonderfully
peak
of
sort
them
call
feather
The
which
breasts,
their
straggling from the other
is
all
have an agreeable
"
enough
means
unfortunate
their habits
even with
all
They walk with so
owing
settlers,
the
to
and the unceasing slaughter by the

1780.
only have the accounts of Leguat
when we do
sometimes very familiarly
birds will
by the pigs
depredations
come
not run after them, yet they will never
of sustenance
When
till
they
near
up
grow tame,
as soon as they are caught they shed tears, without crying, and
manner
risings
their fine mien often saves their lives."
Solitaires,
we
Though these
to one,
over their bodies,
They have two
effect.
became extinct between the years 1760 and
Of
dun
of
and good grace that one cannot help admiring them and
and monkeys introduced by the

latter,
they have
feathers are whiter there than the rest, which
the
loving them, by which
The
some
fair,
is
adjust themselves, and make them
thick,
craws, and
stateliness
some
fair hair
represents the fine neck of a beautiful woman.
livelily
much
and
fat,
feathers on their thighs are round like shells at the end,
and being there very

their
upon
a widow's,
they being very careful to

their beaks.
beautiful,
because they are the colour of
fair,
like
No one
colour.
on
we approach them
September they are very
to
open
in
admirably well, especially while they are young, some of the males
weigh 45 pounds.
very hard to catch
its
the woods, but easy
in
run faster than they, and sometimes
without much trouble.

taste
That and
ball.
round mass
little
beak are the chief
refuse
all
die.
these birds build their nests, they choose a clean
place, gather
together some palm leaves for that purpose, and heap them up a foot and a
half high
which
it
is
from the ground, on which they
much
bigger than that of a goose.
in their turns,
and the young
while they are sitting upon

not able to provide for
is
when they
female
very singular
drives
without her bounds.

to the male
who
is
They never
is,
one egg,
The male and female both cover
not hatched
till
at 7
weeks end.
All the
or are bringing up their young one, which
is
several months, they will not suffer any other
the males will never drive
make a
away the females, only
stranger, not leaving
The female does the same as

them away.
of the place.
own
noise with their wings to call their
away the unwelcome
drives
lay but
come within two hundred yards round
perceive one they
she
it,
itself in
bird of their species to
But what
sit.
We
it
till
it
was
to males, which she leaves
have observed
this several times,
and
179
affirm
it
The combats between them on
to be true.
this occasion last
some-
times pretty long, because the stranger only turns about, and does not
directly from the nest.
quite driven
out of their limits.
it
one, and left
However, the others do not forsake
it
till
fly
they have
After these birds have raised their young
to itself, they are always together, which the other birds are
it
and though they happen to mingle with other birds of the same species,
these two companions never disunite.
not,
We
have often remarked, that some days after the young one leaves
the nest, a
company
of 30 or 40 bring another
fledged bird, joining the band with
We
bye place.
father and mother, they
its
we
this great
its
in
numbered
Barclay got 3 more bones,

collected 8 bones,
and
in
in
of complete skeletons
:
number
In
18.
Dodo
1864 Mr.
E.
was
in
resident
1874, a thorough search
in
Museums by
number
of complete
of bones.
figure.
{a).
Outline of figure in Leguat's Voyage, 1708.
Fig. 2.
Outline of Schlegel's reconstructed figure of the Solitaire, 1854.
Fig.
Outline of Solitaire in Frontispiece to Leguat's Voyage, 1708.
3.
Mr.
magistrate,
was made, and a
collected.
Coloured drawing made from Leguat's description and
7.
When
we
Newton and Captain
Mr. Jenner, the
1865
all
of Mauritius in 1844, and up
Plate 23.
Fig.
two young ones
Abbe Pingre's descriptions were
Explanation of Plates.
Plate 25
some
Island of Rodriguez.
Represented
large
to
1866 nearly 2,000 bones were collected, but during
the Transit of Venus e.xpedition
Habitat
couples, and left the
distinctness from the
1852, these bones
number
march
ground pigeon down to 1866, except a few bones.
Strickland proved
to
and the new
called a marriage."
Leguat's, d'Heguerty's, and the
had of
it,
frequently followed them, and found that afterwards the old
ones went each their way alone, or

together, which
young one to
skeletons and a
181
TYMPANUCHUS CUPIDO
(l.)
HEATH HEN.
Tetrao ciipido Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. Ed. X,
pi. I,
" Habitat in Virginia ")
1743.
Pinnated Grouse Latham, Gen. Syn.
Bonasa
i6o (1758
p.
II, 2, p.
II,
App.
p. i,
219 (1825).
740 (1783).
Shaw's Gen. Zool. XI,
ciipido Stephens, in
ex Catesby, Carolina
Vieillot, Gal. Ois. II, p. 55, p.
299 (1819
p.
New
Jersey and Long
Island).
Ciipidonia ciipido
Baird,
Am.
N.
B.
Martha's
p.
628 (i860
partim)
Vineyard and Naushon Island)
138 (1870
p.
Maynard, B. E. Massach.
Brewster,
Auk
1885, p. 82
(Massachusetts).
Ciipidonia ciipido var. ciipido Baird, Brewer
&
Ridgway, N. Amer. B.
Ciipidonia ciipido brewsteri Coues, Key N.A.B., App.
p.
Amer. B.
Amer. B. Ed.
II,
(second ed. of separate copy,
LINNAEUS'
a tergo
This diagnosis
description
"Tetrao pedibus
he adds
After the habitat
vertex subcristatus
quinque."
taken
is
colli
much
hirsutis alis succenturiatis
" Color
singulae
from Catesby, who gives a
and a recognizable coloured
He
plate.
feminae
Tetricis
duae parvae alae
the neck-tufts are composed of five feathers, and

to be
355(1885); Bendire, Life-
p. 15) (1896).
brief diagnosis is:
cervicalibus."
p.
93 (1892); Grant, Cat. B. Brit. B. XXII, p. 77; Check-List N.

115, No. 306(1895); Hartlaub, Abh. Naturw. Ver. Bremen XIV, i
p.
I,
p.
440 (1874).
884 (1887).
Tywpaiiiichiis ciipido Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. VIII,

Hist. N.
Ill, p.
specially
pennis
shown
his figure they are
in
good
fairly
mentions that
Catesby expressly states that he does not know exactly
pointed.
from which part of America
specimen came
his
yet
Linnaeus says
"
Habitat
in Virginia."
Hen
Formerly the Heath
New
inhabited
England and part of the
Middle States (Southern Connecticut, Long Island,
Eastern Pennsylvania), but
Martha's Vineyard.
common on
scrub and feeding on acorns.

this protection
number were
seems not
killed,
to
They were then

and
sold
1893 to
perhaps, fortunate rather than unfortunate, because Mr. Hoyle (the

collected them) told us that in
the
fall
of
1894 a
fire
destroyed
1897 they were practically gone.
perhaps, two
pairs
of
liberated and broods of
" Prairie Chicken "
young
was
it
oak
"strictly protected by law," but
various museums.
to
was then
chiefly haunting
have been effectual, as from
skinned,
it
About that time
woods and
that island, inhabiting the
Nantucket,
Jersey,
1887 Ridgway stated already that
in
apparently extinct, except on

still
New
many
1897 a
This
man who
of them,
and
But almost worse than
{Tympanuchus americanus)
(of the latter apparently)
was,
in
this,
were
were seen, so that
it
182
is
to be feared that birds shot
blood
of
somewhat
americamis
T.
to
difficult
in
now on Martha's Vineyards
them,
distinguish,
Nevertheless, a bird taken in 1901
the
two
forms
being
Island
may have
closely
related,
and evidently sub-species of each other.
was pronounced
to
be typical cupido by
Mr. Brewster.
From
these facts
birds the fate of
which
it
is
mixed with foreign blood,

Proceedings
of
the
herewith corrected.
IV.
is
pretty clear that the
sealed,
will
and which,
if
Heath Hen
among the
not already exterminated or
soon have disappeared.
International
is
Ornithological
The footnote
Congress,
p.
in
203,
the
is
183
COTURNIX NOVAEZELANDIAE
(Plate
quoy&gaim.
28, Fig. 2.)
Coiurnix Novae-Zelandiae Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. Astrolabe, Zool.

fig.
(1830 "
Z61ande
")
Zealand,
B. Austr.,
Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXII
THIS
and
text
New
161, pi. (1873); Hist. B.
p.
pi.
fig
(1837-38)
Zealand, 2nd ed.
distinguished from
easily
is
The male has the upper-side almost
other species.
New
B.
XXIII (1888);
p. 225, pi.
I,
Nouvelle
la
Buller,
245 (1893).
p.
though a typical Coturnix,
Quail,
Tamise de Cook), k
habit la baie Chouraki (riviere
11
Gould, Syn.
242, pi. 24,
p.
I.
all
each feather
black,
bordered and indistinctly barred with rufous-brown, and with a wide,
creamy white
The
shaft-line.
throat and
sides
the
of
head
rufous-
are
cinnamon, the feathers of the chest and breast at their basal half buff with
a broken black
near the
tip,
cross-bar, the
distal
half
black,
with two pale buff
or with a continuous white border.
This sole representative of the " gamebirds "
former days very numerous
disappearance
Its
in
to
burning
regular
No doubt
Buller.
once,
the
more or
Zealand was
is
now
in
the South
in
evidently extinct.
apparently not due to excessive shooting, but rather to
is
the introduction of rats, cats, and dogs, and
and
New
in
both islands, but especially so
wherever there was open grass-land, but
Island,
spots
of
the
establishment
the
sheep-runs, according
itself
to
Sir
extensive sheep-farms
of
uninhabited grass-land
less,
but not least, to bush-fires
last,
was ominous
for the
Walter
in
the
future of
the Quail.
It
is
not quite clear
when
the Quail disappeared.
North Island was shot by Captain Mair at Whangarei
were
recorded
1867 and
in
Haast's "Journal of
still
very abundant
Blue Skin Bay, shot
" Birds of
New
the South
Island
Zealand
down
in
"
"
it,"
last of its race."
the
Nelson Province"
and
"
if
two specimens
1867 or 1868."
In
he informs us that
to 1875, but
specimen said to have been shot

evidence of
in
it
last
on the
Specimens
procured.
is
In
to be
said
in 1861 on the grassy plains of the interior.
Sir Walter Buller mentions

in
1860.
but were apparently not
1869,
E.xploration
in
The
in
in
the
1871,
true, this individual
it
said to be
his
from an island
Second Edition
was found
of the
occasionally in
"Supplement" he speaks
but adds, " There
bird
is
of
no absolute
must have been about the
Therefore, evidently the note about 1875
was erroneous.
184
The
statement
Kings Islands
of
given to Sir Walter BuUer
home by
over with
deep brown
They show
distinctly the
all
much
Of
Island,
Walter
have
Edition
of
Buller's
my
that this
bird
shell,
was
in
BuUer,
his
(This
1860.
in
New
brown
lighter
in
son's
the
Cambridge, a pair
in
others,
in
is
the specimen
One
By
Buller
bought
ago.
p.
ad.
figured
in
with
it
a curious lapsus
35,
in
1905,
and one 3
states
in
the
and E. French near
of 1859.
the British
Christchurch
Museum, and doubtless many
besides
Shot at Whangarei,
S ad.
Supplement,"
collection.)
summer
in
underlying
Coturnix coturnix.
Zealand."
years
eighteen
"
One
plumage, shot by Messrs. Walter
Seven specimens are
covered and
character of Quails' eggs, but,
the " Birds of
Kaiapoi, South Island, in the
in
and
patches
collection
collection
Sir Walter
year's
in
by Major Mair,
memoriae
first
and the egg
345 by 2r3 mm.
34-3 by 25 and
birds
the Second
Sir
Three
on
collection.
are easily distinguished from eggs of
larger,
They measure
North
to a Synoecus,
They have a brownish-white
H. O. Forbes.
Dr.
markings.
being
my
in
eggs
took
have, however, also two eggs of Coturnix novaezealandiae, brought
washed
now
is
he
that
The eggs belonged
erroneous.
is
Cheeseman,
Mr.
Museum, the types
New
in
Paris, three
Zealand, some in the Canterbury
most of which have never been recorded.
185
DINORNITHIDAE.
MOAS.
THE
announcement of the former existence of large Struthious birds
first
New Zealand was made

" New Zealand," he states
in
Cape
in
hands of a
The
North Island.
the
man was
scientific
In his
book
that he found large bird bones near
East
by Mr.
first
Polack
J. S.
in
1838.
specimen, however, that came into the
Owen
the bone sent to Professor
Mr. Rule, who reported that the natives had told him that
Eagle which they called
of a large
Mr.
Raptores,
Struthious
He
bird.
was a
Rule's bone
described
of the Zoological Society, and
was
it
November
was the bone

his
any connection with
femur of
of
portion
on
it
it
Owen, with
Professor
once saw that far from
extraordinary knowledge, at
the
" Movie."
1839 by
in
12th,
gigantic
1839, at a
meeting
figured on Plate 3 of
Volume
of
III
the Transactions of the Zoological Society.
The next
Owen
Islands, New
Professor
of
account of his
W.
from the Rev.

Zealand, July
The
them
Buckland.
Dr.
latter
letter,
received by
C. Cotton, dated Waimate, near the
11th,
had
form of a
takes the
and
1842;
Wm.
meeting with the Rev. Mr.
at East Cape.
to a
Moas
notice of the
collected
Mr. Williams
in
it
writer
the
Williams, a fellow missionary
lot
of
"Moa"
bones and sent
reported a conversation with
also
two Englishmen, who declared they had been taken out by a native
and had seen a Moa
On January
alive,
24th,
but had been too frightened to shoot
Professor
1843,
Bay
gives an
Owen
it.
number
exhibited a
at night
of bones
from Mr. Williams' collection, and described them, giving the bird the name
afterwards changing the
of " Megalornis novaezealandiae"
Dinornis, as Megalornis
bones
and
more
fully,
stnithioides,
he
was preoccupied.
contained
those
somewhat
which
Hutton,
priority,
priority over stnithioides),
the second
inconsistently
Captain
Following the laws of
A number
in
in
title
into
describing these
box of Mr. Williams' collection
changed
later
his
the
reinstate the
name
specific
classification,
however {novaezealandiae
we must
generic
Afterwards, when
has
10
name
to
retained.
months'
novaezealandiae.
of other finds occurred between 1842 and 1847, but by far
the largest and most important collections were
1847 and 1852 by the Hon.
W.
Mantell,
who
made and sent home between
sent to Professor
Owen many
hundreds of bones and eggshells, from which the Professor was enabled to
determine
and describe a large
this to separate
some genera.
number
of species,
and even
as early
as
186
The
made by
bulk of later finds were
Hutton, and Mr. Aug. Hamilton,
Glenmark Swamp and Te Aute

here an account of
all
made by such men
many
Forbes, and
it
Thomson,
Dr.
Mr.
Mr.
Earl,
many fragments
Besides
others.
would take too much space to give
Moa
other extraordinary discoveries of
the
as
and the two most famous deposits were

but
Sir Julius von Haast, Captain
Thorne,
deposits
number
eggshell, a
of
H. O.
Dr.
of eggs have been found, which will be enumerated elsewhere.
Feathers have been found

in
Those from Clutha are mostly dark, being black
caves near Queenstown.
with white tips
Clutha River, near Ro.\burgh, and also
at
Queenstown ones resemble feathers
while the
australis in colours.
Professor
was feathered down
to
the
Owen
has shown that Megalapteryx huttoni
and
toes,
the
in
plate
have
clothed with feathers similar to the Clutha ones, which
The Moas
this species.
both
in
12 feet.
numbers and
Professor
of Apteryx
represented
believe belong
it
to
one time must have been extraordinarily numerous,
at
species,
and they
varied
height
in
from 2J feet to
Parker has shown that some of the species had crests
of long feathers on the head, and, as
some
show no
the
signs of this, he infers that
adult
males
of
skulls
the same forms
had this appendage.
alone
There has been much discussion as to the time when the Moas became
extinct,
and we know for certain that
and Anomalopteryx antiquns, belong to a much

the bulk of the other species.
go into the arguments, but

of
we
Maoris and their traditions,
Dinornis maximus
the two species,
geological epoch
earlier
would be too lengthy for
It
can, by the study of the
my
purpose to
middens"
''kitchen
adduce that the Maoris arrived
fairly
than
in
the
hunted Moas, and that they
North Island some 600 years ago, that they
exterminated them about 100 to 150 years after their
In the South,
arrival.
or rather Central, Island, the Maoris appear to have arrived about 100 years
later,
and to have exterminated the Moas about 350 years ago.
fair to say,
It
is
however, that Monsieur de Quatrefages adduces evidence
paper which goes far to prove that
Moas
18th or even beginning of the 19th
century
existed
in
down
those
to the
parts
of
end
only
in
his
of
the
the Middle
Island not, or scantily, inhabited by Maoris.

Tiie Dinornithidae form a separate group of
way
closely related to the Australian
have asserted, but nearer to
the
Emu
South
other living Ratitae, though exhibiting

Apterygidae.
family.
The
There have
first
been a
by Reichenbach,
(Dromaius), as
many
in
no
ornithologists
American Nandu (Rhea) than any
many characters
number
in
the order Ratitae,
of
in
common
classifications
1850, with
set
7 species and
up
7
with the
of
this
genera
187
The next was by Von

The
into 4 genera.
who enumerated 10 species, divided

was Lydekker's, in 1891, who acknowledged 23
Haast,
third
Then came Mutton's,
species, divided into 5 genera.
Megalapteryx, with
again Megalapteryx
known 2
then
its
divided into 7 genera.
Moas which
of species of
which
1895, in
in
ought to be distinguished, and of
really
there has been a tendency
on
for
the
variations,
and
that,
could have
Museums,
besides,
occurred
such a degree
of
the
various
was impossible
it
such a small
in
when
reached
to
distinguishing
Professor
years
late
most of the species as synonyms, the
unite
to
authors declaring that bones vary
was
Professor Parker's,
and 21 species are acknowledged, divided into
There has been a great amount of controversy as to the number
5 genera.
relied
1892, which left out
in
and acknowledged 26 species,
species,
we have
Lastly
left out,
is
1873,
in
all
species
the
in
the characters
were
many
so
that
The extreme
area.
Forbes,
that
lumping
this
the
of
forms
distinct
of
Bulletin
individual
Liverpool
pp. 27 and 28 (1900), divided the Moas into six genera, each
111,
He
with a single species.
thus ignores the fact that by doing so he has united
forms which were founded on fully adult bones, and yet some of them were
only about half or two-thirds the size of the others.
too
many
have been made, and at least 7 of Captain Button's forms
species
On
must be sunk.
and
1900,
will,
so
and
the other hand some have been described
have
that in
Palaeocasuarius of
brings
not
these
so
name
to
many
others
species
Professor
to
else.
Parker's
in
into
the
Birds and
Cassowaries
could
be so
not
maintained.
flora
for the
differentiated
at least
from
species
first,
east.
many
adding
only
My
5,
which
reasons for
genera, as those of the " lumping
and 7
the bones of the Ratitae are
of the
face
my
am
much
great
number
found on
New
Guinea,
species of
Moa
on so small
solid
individual variation
species
of
the
much more
Paradise
of
contention
that
there
area
not
easily
an
is
we have strong support in the present fauna and

presumption that, when the Moas first came into existence and
into species. New Zealand was a much larger area, stretching
Moreover,
the
north, and from
on the
find
classification,
than those of other birds, and are not given to so

secondly,
against
have divided these
to 38 species, divided into 7 genera.
school " do, are twofold,
and,
rather
others
of
1895
since
Forbes, with 3 species, and Megalapteryx, with
my number up
uniting
uniting
more species than anyone
according
genera
been obliged
spite of
obliged to acknowledge
into
personally think that
So
Macquarie
Islands in the south to the
Lord Howe's Island

that,
like
the
giant
on
the
Kermadecs
in
the
west to the Chatham Islands
tortoises
on
the
Galapagos
Islands,
188
they only got driven so closely together after
when
their
specific
of the family
as follows
is
differentiation,
The
the land gradually subsided, owing to volcanic action.
differentiation
DINORNITHIDAE.
Skull with a short and wide beak.
wing absent, only an

present.
An
inner border of
No
the bone.
or short and wide, and
second trochlea
is
no perforation
anterior surface
its
may
or
longer than the fourth, the third
Most
is
is
and slender
either long
may
of the
not be grooved.
The
not pedunculated, and there
the groove between the third and fourth trochlea.
in
tibio-tarsus the cnemial crest rises well

is
placed near the
is
superior notch to the sternum.
The tarso-metatarsus
absent or
Hallux
dromioides.
the tibio-tarsus, which
bridge to
species of very large size.
is
Dinornis
indication in
extension
Pectoral girdle very small or absent,
above the head
In the
the extensor groove
separated by a considerable interval from the inner border of the bone.
There
is
a well-defined
deep, and there
intercondylar
no deep
is
pit
popliteal
depression
rises considerably
stout, but
deep,
is
above the
is
not markedly cur\'ed
and the summit of
The
level of the head.
the
pelvis
that of the Apterygidae, but the pectineal process of the pubis
great
and scapula are aborted and may be absent.

long
Apterygidae
and
narrow,
by the
or
absence
broad
of
and
the
differs
is
total
disappearance.
notch,
In
trochanter
The coracoid
that
of
divergent
the
The cenical vertebrae are
expanded neural platform as far as the
forwards.
less developed,
from
processes, and the reduction of the coracoidal grooves to

their
The
The sternum, which may be
short,
superior
is
approximates to
and the ischium and pubis may be longer and more slender.
either
gorge
the intercondylar
on the lateral surface of the entocondyle.
femur may be either slender or
The
tubercle
small
relatively
the
lateral
facets
or
short,
an
sixth.
Anomalopteryx and Megalapteryx the number of cervicle vertebrae
and there are 2 cervico-dorsal and 4 free dorsal vertebrae, so
is
21,
to
assume that
this is the correct
The feathers had
number throughout the
family.
after-shafts.
THE GE.NERA ARE AS FOLLOWS:

Dinornis Owen.
Palapteryx Owen, part.
Palapteryx Hutton.
Tylapieryx Hutton.
Megalapteryx Haast.
Anomalopteryx Lydekker,
*Mesopteryx Hutton.
part.
it
is
fair
189
Pachyornis Lydekker.
Cela Reichenbach.
Dinomis Owen,
Palapteryx Haast.
part.
Meiononiis Haast.
Dinomis Owen,
Anomalopteryx Lydekker.
Euryapteryx Hutton.
Mesobteryx Parker.
r-.
part.
*Megalapteryx Forbes,
Palaeocasuartus rorbes.
f
part.
Emeus Reichenbach.
I
<
Anomalopteryx Reichenbach.
Euryapteryx Haast.
Syoriiis Hutton.
Dinomis Owen,
Meiononiis Haast.
Dinomis Owen,
part.
have adopted
substituting
Cela
Professor
obliged
felt
to
Parker's classification
in
As
to the species
name a number
Lydekker but not named, because

letters A, B, C, &c.,
of
have used
species acknowledged
this
system of
letter.
few
a synonym
by Parker and
species
indicating
which has crept into our nomenclature,

is
will
by the
make
all
denoted by the
of these species will naturally later have to be sunk, as
some have been founded on
when we
is
only
my own judgment
understanding impossible, as not always the same species
same
the genera,
Reichenbach for Mesapteryx Hutton, which
of Megalapteryx Haast.
I
part.
skulls
and others on leg bones, or
get perfect individual skeletons
may prove
so,
which,
I
do
will
be
to be identical, but
not think these will be many.
Besides
found
in
number
of
imperfect
eggs,
Dr. A. B. Meyer's article in the
known two
perfect
Moa
of
Otago Museum.
Molyneux River, igoi.
2.
Tring Museum.
Molyneux River,
3.
Rowley
South
igoi.
Island, 1859.
which
1903, pp. 188-196, there are
eggs and one almost perfect one.
1.
Collection.
Ibis,
particulars
Pachyornis pondorosus.
Megalapteryx huttoni.
Dinomis novaezealandiae.
191
DINORNIS.
THEsomewhat
skull
and the
anticular process,
very convex,
and
3 costal articulations, very small
pelvis
narrow with a high
is
postacetabular portion
the
level
pectineal
process
is
The
reflected
ilium,
The
front.
The sternum
coracoidal
facets,
costal processes, the
lateral
distinct
which the
in
postacetabular
much
The
length of
the
tibio-tarsus
and more often
equalling
latter
not inflected.
is
long and
comparatively
is
rising but slightly
hallux
exceeding the
length of the tibio-tarsus.
slender, with a short neck, the head
and projecting only a small distance, the linear aspera
the form of a long
irregular
line,
is
and tarso-metatarsus are long and
length of the femur, and also exceeding half the
The femur
and postacetabular
the true
flattened.
extremity of the tibio-tarsus

species.
inferior border of the
The pubis has a small
vertebrae.
and the ventral aspect of
distal
the
slender,
in
and does not descend as a sharp ridge below
flat,
very broad and
some
in
is
the anterior
of
vertebrae
present
wide,
narrowing
very broad and widely divergent, and a wide xiphisternal notch.
processes
The
with
no
inflected,
pneumatic foramen.
with a very large

broad,
long as
as
moderately
symphj'sis
prominent and broad inferior ridge, widest
elongated,
is
nearly
much
angle
the
The
praemaxillae.
surface of the
the form of a narrow U, with
in
wide,
squamosals
has a flattened frontal region,
It
upper
the
comparatively
Breadth at the
beak.
height at basi-temporal.
anteriorly, with a
quadrate
with
depressed,
deflected
median ridge on
is
distinct
is
and
pointed
twice the
and a wide
mandible
much
and
broad
is
the outer
the
of
side
distal
in
extremity
moderately expanded, the popliteal depression small, deep, and sharply defined,
the profile
trochlear
surface
nearly
comparatively slender,
being trefoil-shaped.
semi-ovoid
cordyle
inner
the
of
flat.
The phalangeals
proximal
the
and
surface
In the vertebral
of the
of
and the
narrow,
the
pes
are
interior
long
and
terminal segments not
column the middle
cervicals are
long
and narrow, with the postzygapophyses directed much outwardly and separated
by a very
wide.
and
deep channel,
The
anterior and
dorsals have
middle
the
short
ones
(those
posterior
haemal
large anterior pneumatic foramen between the
triangular in shape.
size,
and include the
Type
All the species of this

tallest
of
the genus
Number
of species
members
of
processes
transverse
with
face
centrum low and
the
and neural spine, the
spine or carina) having
nib-facet,
the foramen
being
genus are of comparatively large
of the family.
Dinornis novaezealandiae (Owen).

7.
192
DINORNIS MAXIMUS
maximus Owen,
Diiiornis
Trans. Zool. Soc. VI.
XXIV.
D. excelsus Hutton, Trans. N.Z.
Inst.
D. giganteus Haast, Trans. N.Z.
Inst.
THIS
the largest
is
p.
88,
497 (1868).
p.
no
p.
owen.
(1892).
No. 20 part.
from 375 to
species of Moa, the tibio-tarsus being
39"2 inches in length, while that of the largest D. giganteus does not
exceed 35 inches, but
number
by far the largest
of
the
latter
are
considerably shorter.
The type bones were obtained
New
Owen
Zealand, and were sent to Professor
Madras
No.
Glenmark Swamp, Middle
in
Staff
Corps.
Casts of these bones
by Major
are
the
in
Island
of
Michael of the
J.
British
Museum,
161 in the Palaeontological Department.
This bird was the tallest of

considerably exceeded
in
all
known
though
birds,
bulk by Aepyornis
ingens
must have been
it
and Aepyornis
titan
of
Madagascar.
Locality
Glenmark Swamp, Middle
Island,
New
DINORNIS ALIUS
Ditiornis
maximus Owen,
D.
Owen,
altiis
Ext. Birds N.Z.
253 (Dr.
p.
owen.
Lillie's
p.
497 (i858).
known by a tarso-metatarsus, femur and
Middle Island,
New
Zealand.
great
and
are
D. maximus.
specimen) (1879).
Ext. Birds N.Z. (1879) p. 361.
D. giganteus var maximus Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. VI
ONLY
Zealand.
length,
The bones
more
This form must therefore,
slender
till
at
tibio-tarsus
from the
once noticeable by their
than
the
same
bones
be treated as a separate species.

Locality
Middle Island,
New
in
further material comes to hand,
Zealand.
Collected by Dr.
Lillie.
193
DINORNIS GIGANTEUS
Owen, Trans.
Dinoriiis giganteus
Moa
Dinornis maximus (non D. maximiis

D. validus Hutton, Trans. N.Z.
THIS
metatarsus,
tibio-tarsus
D. validus
XXX
307 (1846).
Trans. Zool. Soc.
!)
147 (1877).
p.
(1S92).
more variable forms
the
tibio-tarsus
remarkably
is
17'5 to 19 inches in
D. giganteus
of
p.
(i85o).
Owen
length,
in
the tarso-
in
The
constant.
while the tarso-
length.
from Poverty Bay
is
the type of
from Glenmark.
is
Habitat
New
North and Middle Islands,
Portion of skeleton
New
of 1867
iii
of
p.
almost invariably 35 inches
is
metatarsus varies from
The type
the
while
Owen
Inst. p.
as regards size, one
is,
and
Zool. Soc. Ill p. 237 (1843)
giganteus Reichenbach, Nat. Syst. der Vog.
owen.
in
Zealand.
Tring Museum, from Kopua Swamps, Canterbury,
Zealand.
DINORNIS INGENS
(Plate
Dinornis ingens Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc.
owen
42.)
Ill
p.
237 (1843).
Movia ingens Reichenbach, Nat. Syst. der Vog. p. xxx (1850).

D. ingens var. robustus Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. Ill p. 307 (1846).
Palapteryx robustus Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. Ill p. 345 (1848).
D. finiins Hutton, Trans. N.Z.
D. potens Hutton,
I.e.
p.
T\ INGENS shows
that
was
form
The type
skull
widely
of
114 (1892).
p.
robustus
ingens
of
but the inter-gradation
size,
retain
to
and robustus, which
the
Captain
four
and
Middle
came from Timaru,
the
type
from
the
The
skeleton
skeleton
now
feathers
in
in
the York
my museum, and
is
The only
though being more or

is
the
feathers
is
locality.
drawn a
little
Museum and elsewhere
vary considerably
in
Apteryx feathers.
an almost perfect skeleton
in
the Tring
Museum.
the
made
too
not of any consequence, as the
is
less coloured like
found with
criticism that might be
that the feathers are
those of Apteryx australis, but this
feathers in the Tring
There
firtnus
was reconstructed by Mr. Frohawk from the
Museum.
connection with this picture

like
of
North and Middle Islands.
plate of this species
and
Islands.
Poverty Bay, while that of potens
quoted from the East side of Middle Island, without specific type
Habitat
species
Hutton admits.
North
over
distributed
P.
from Wanganui, that
in
seems impossible
it
potens
ingens, firmiis,
This
XXIV
considerable variation
complete
so
is
Inst.
115.
in
much
Moa
appearance,
194
DINORNIS GRACILIS
Dinornis gracilis Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. IV (1855)
D. torosus Hutton, Trans. N.Z.
IF
we acknowledge
Inst.
XXIV
and Middle Islands, then
141.
p.
117 (1892).
p.
both on
occurs
D. novaezealandiae
that
owen.
the
North
that the distinctness of D. gracilis
feel sure
and D. torosus cannot be maintained, as the measurements intergrade

completely.
The type
is
of D. gracilis
came from Wanganui, while
a nearly perfect skeleton found
Habitat
There
New
a cave at Takaka, near Nelson.
in
Zealand.
an imperfect skeleton
is
in
the Tring
Museum, from
New
cave at Takaka, near Motueka, Province of Nelson,
Dinornis dromioides Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc.
III.
p.
form also inhabited both
The type
of
D.
XXIV
islands, but
came
dromioides
owen.
235 (1843).
Palapteryx dromioides Reichcnbach, Nat. Syst. der Vog.

Palaptery.x pleiius Htitton, Trans. N.Z. Inst.
p.
p.
XXX
(1850).
122 (1892).
was probably one
from
a limestone
Zealand.
DROMIOIDES
DINORNIS
THIS
that of D. torvsiis
Poverty
Bay,
of the rarest.
and that of
P. plenus from Glenmark.

Habitat
New
Zealand.
DINORNIS NOVAEZEALANDIAE
Dinornis novaezealandiae Owen, P.Z.S. (1843)
D. struthioides Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc.

Inst.
XXV
changed
the
D. strennus Hutton, Trans. N.Z.
PROFESSOR OWEN
accept this change, as
though wê
change.
all
Ill
it
is
p.
owen.
8.
p.
244 (1844).
p.
8 (1893).
name
of
this
form, but
we cannot
against the laws of nomenclatorial priority,
appreciate the motive the Professor had in making this
The type came from Poverty Bay, but the
bird inhabits both islands.
This species had wings.
Habitat
A
Auckland,
New
Zealand.
nearly perfect skeleton in the Tring
New
Zealand.
Museum from Waitomo
district,
195
MEGALAPTERYX
ORIGINALLY
from
Haast
by
distinguished
haast.
Dinornithidae
the
an
as
ancient form of the Apterygidae, but afterwards united by Lydekker
with the
as follows
which
pelvis
femur and
the genus
of
is
from Dinornis by the extreme slenderness and length
tibio-tarsus,
latter the length

is
Lydekker's diagnosis
" Distinguished
of the
Mr.
Dinornithidae.
is
and the
tarso-metatarsus,
relatively shorter
The
considerably shorter than that of the femur.
much narrower than
surface of the
Dinornis, with the ventral
in
of
postacetabular sacrals ridged and narrower, and a more developed pectineal
process to the pubis.
The femur
markedly curved forwards, with the
is
distal
extremity moderately expanded, the popliteal depression larger and less defined,
the linea aspera narrower and sharper, and a more distinct anterior inter-
muscular ridge."
The
Mr. Charles
W. Andrews'
teryx teniiipes in
text and
pi.
Width
VI)
description of the
Museum
the Tring
are
characters
diagnostic
additional
following
from
taken
complete skeleton of Megalap-
(Nov. Zool. IV, pp. 188-194,
fig.
1-2
in
of cranium at paroccipital processes less than half the length of
the basis cranii.
Length of premaxilla
the basis cranii.
Body
less
than two-and-a-half times that of
of the premaxilla pointed and slightly decurved
The
length and breadth less than the basis cranii.
occipital
its
plane slightly
Occipital condyle projecting slightly beyond the parocci-
declined backwards.
pital processes.
Anterior and posterior lambdoidal ridges separated by a very
narrow interval
in
their middle
more than double the length

very prominent.
very large.
region only.
of the basis cranii.
The distance between the temporal
with the lambdoidal ridge.
process.
its
at
squamosals slightly
Mammillary tuberosities not
Margin of tympanic cavity evenly curved.
width of the cranium at the fossae.
The
Width
The
Temporal fossae
ridges about four-fifths the
posterior temporal ridge confluent
Post-temporal fossae very large.
inferior temporal ridge is strongly
The zygomatic process
is
marked, and there
well developed.
Rostrum
is
a pretympanic
dilated
towards
anterior end, compressed and carinate beneath the large presphenoid fossae.
Mandible very slender.
Posterior angular process small.
Sternum very convex,
and with a very nearly straight anterior border between the tuberosities for
the coracoscapular ligaments.
Costal processes short but large, with distinct
196
coracoidal facets.
sternum
is
The
lateral processes are long
just as wide as
The most notable character

being longer than
long,
in
it
is
is
and
distally
expanded.
There are three costal
long.
The
articulations.
the enormous length of the toes, the middle one
the tarso-metatarsus.
The ungual phalanges are
peculiarly
narrow and curved, instead of being comparatively short and broad, as
most other Moas.
Type
of the
Number
genus Mcgalapteryx
of species
4.
heciori,
Haast.
197
MEGALAPTERYX
HECTORI
Megalapteryx hectori Haast, Trans. Zool. Soc. XII,
p.
i5i (1886);
haast
Lydekker, Cat. Fossil
B. Brit. Mus., p. 252.
THIS
form was described by Sir Julius von Haast as a gigantic Apteryx.
This error arose from the absence of the
skull.
There
however, no
is,
doubt now, since the skulls of Megalapteryx are known, that although
form a distinct sub-family, the birds included
sufficiently aberrant to
in
this
genus are Dinornithidae and not Apterygidae.

Habitat
Middle Island,
New
Zealand.
MEGALAPTERYX HAMILTONI
Lydekker, Cat. Fossil Birds
THEand
type
M.
Habitat
left
relatively
tenuipes.
Brit. Mus., p. 252,
femur. No. 32145
narrower
This
North Island,
Named
of extinct
is
in
is
than
New
Zealand.
Zealand
birds.
under M. tenuipes (1891).
the British
Museum.
femur,
either
the
most noticeable
after Mr. A. Hamilton,
New
in
spec. nov.
of
It is
M.
smaller
hectori
or
at the distal extremity.
(Type locality Waingongoro.)
who
did so
much
in
discovering deposits
198
MEGALAPTERYX
TENUIPES
Megalapteryx tenuipes Lydekker, Cat. Foss. Birds
THIS
species
relatively
was described from the
more slender than
one-ninth of
The length
width of
of the
distal
its
in
length, while
tibio-tarsus
is
M.
in
Brit.
I\lus.
tibio-tarsus,
hectori.
M.
hectori
approximately 0405
extremity about 0044
1-74
251 (1891).
p.
which
Its distal
it
inches.
lyd.
is
is
longer and
width
is
about
about one-seventh.
mm.
16 inches, and
Type specimens Nos.
49989 and 49990, British Museum.

Habitat
locality
Middle Island,
New
Zealand, and perhaps North Island.
(Type
Lake Wakatipa, Queenstown, Otago.)
Complete skeleton
in
the Tring
Museum.
Mr. Lydekker mentions also a right femur from the North Island, of
the same proportions as those of M. tenuipes and 0'255 m. (= 101 inches) long.
It
may
probably belong to a different form, as
only from the Middle Island.
we know M.
tenuipes otherwise
199
MEGALAPTERYX HUTTONII
(Plate
Diiwniis hutionii Owen, Ext. Birds, N.Z.,
Dinoniis
41.)
430 (1879).
p.
Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. XI,
didiiiits
D. diiiiformis Haast, (non
Owen
synonymy
clear
that
(Ext. B.
form
of this
huttonii
430) says
p.
" In
the collection
that
scarcely
save
I,
is
Glenmark Swamp, South
large variety of that species."
species.
The
tibia
metatarsus, that
but
are
rather
the
well
is
name D.
is
it
Professor
Owen
are
bones
D.
tibia characteristic of
They are noted as
belong
didiformis
marked and quite

it,
casuarinus
"The bones
probably to
new
femur and
the
but
distinct,
of a
that
pass almost into D. casuarinus,

is
undoubtedly
good
species,
Possibly the Dinornis of the South Island,
easily distinguished by its tibia."
with the
think
Island,
Captain Hutton remarks:
have associated with
smaller.
6 (1869).
from the dimensions (?w.r.) of the type
size,
in
bones of Dinornis didiformis from the North Island.
have arranged under
but
proper name.
its
&
83, Nos. 5
p.
129 (1892).
p.
from the
differ,
XXIV,
somewhat confused,
is
Owen
of
257 (1883).
p.
1844) Trans. N.Z. Inst.
Mesoptery.x didinus Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst.
THE
(owen).
D. didiformis of the North Island,
may need
to be noted for the convenience of naming the bones as Dinornis huttonii.
When
identity
describing his D. didinus, Professor
Owen
failed to recognise its
with his previously named D. huttonii, doubtless owing to the leg
bones being hidden by the dry integument.

to reinstate the
name
huttonii, as
This being the case,
it is
necessary
has four years' priority over didinus.
it
Captain Hutton says that a few bones of this form have been obtained
in
the North Island at Poverty
is in
but
am
convinced he
error and that these bones are aberrant individual bones of A. didiformis
and that M. huttonii

plate
Bay and Te Aute
of
species
this
is
confined to the South or rather Middle Island.
has
been
reconstructed
by
mummified remains which form the type specimen

the feathers found
in
the alluvial
of
Mr.
Lodge
The
from
the
Didornis didinus, and
sands of the Clutha River.
The type
of
Dinornis didinus was found at Queenstown by Mr. Squires.

Habitat
Mr. C.
Middle Island,
W. Andrews,
in
New
his
Zealand.
description
of
my
complete
skeleton of
Megalapteryx tenuipes has shown that Owen's type specimens of his Dinornis
didinus are certainly
of a species
of the
genus
Megalapteryx,
and closely
200
allied
to
M.
whether the
belong to
A
preserved
Mr. Andrews,
tentiipes.
pelvis
some
however, throws
and femora, referred to
species
this
by
doubt
as
to
Hutton, really
it.
complete
in
egg
which
the Tring Museum.
consider
Its
must
of
this
species
measurements are as follows
Large circumference,
21-4 inches
Small
175
,,
be
,,
=
=
is
535 mm.
4375 mm.
This egg was dredged up on the Molyneux River, near Otago, during
gold dredging operations in 1901
few months before
in
the
to Pachyornis ponderosus.
same
a second
river,
and
perfect
was
egg was dredged up a
referred
by
Dr.
Benham
201
ANOMALOPTERYX
THE
which
has
a very
slight
is
constricted
pneumatic
small
inflection
symphysis
praemaxillary
foramen.
in
The sternum
wider and lower than
is
distinct
pectineal
and tarso-metatarsus are
relatively shorter than in Megalapteryx.
than half that of the tibio-tarsus.
relatively shorter
is
The
facets.
much below
process.
pelvis
is
and
relatively shorter
The length
the level of the
hallux
Dinornis, the latter being shorter than the femur, which
less
lateral processes
with the lower border of the postacetabular
in Dinornis,
and without any
tibio-tarsus
longer, flatter
is
narrow costal processes, slender
portion of the ilium descending as a sharp ridge
and
The
Dinornis, having no distinct xiphisternal notch, three
which are often elongated, and usually no coracoidal
in
V-shaped, with
is
the angle, and a distinct postarticular process.
of
costal articulations, long and
ribs,
quadrate
the
very narrow and pointed, with a long and narrow inferior ridge,
and narrower than
sacral
slightly deflected
and
ridge,
The mandible
not expanding markedly at either extremity.
The
and
long, sharp
Breadth at the squamosals IJ times the height at basi-temporal,
beak.
with
narrow and vaulted, with a
skull is
reichenbach.
is
present.
is
stouter than
usually stouter
of the tarso-metatarsus
The femur, besides being
readily distinguished from that
of Dinornis
by
usually
its
more
expanded extremities, the rather longer neck, and the much larger and
ill-
defined popliteal depression.
The vertebrae are
of the general type of those of Pachyornis, but the
the third dorsal.
The phalangeals
are intermediate between those of Dinornis and Pachyornis.
Haast considered
commences
anterior pneumatic foramen
that the coracoid
Pachyornis.
there
is
As
was aborted and
often absent in this genus, in Emeus, and
additional characters of the skull
a prominent
supra-occipital protuberance,
squamosal above the quadrate

the
in
basi-occipital
processes
may
it
be mentioned that
and a depression on the
the par-occipital processes are pointed, and
only
slightly
prominent
profile of the basi-occipital is nearly straight.
so that the posterior
The quadrate has a very short
anterior process.
the genus are small, in fact parvus
All the species of
but one of the family.
Type
of the
Number
genus
of species
Anomaloptcryx didiformis (Owen).
4.
is
the smallest
202
ANOMALOPTERYX DIDIFORMIS
Dinomis didiformis Owen, Trans.
Zool. Soc.
Ill,
p.
242 (1844).
Anomalopteryx didiformis Reichenbach, Nat. Syst. der Vog.

A. didiformis LydeUker, Cat. Fossil B. Brit. Mus.,
THE
present form
is
collected by the Revd.
Habitat
North
Wm.
Island,
Williams, and
New
30 (1850).
p.
p. 275.
Owen's type was
North Island.
confined to the
came from Poverty Bay.
Zealand.
Museum.
Portion of skeleton in Tring
ANOMALOPTERYX PARVUS
Dinornis parvus Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. XI, pp. 233-256,
Anomalopteryx didiformis Hutton, Trans. N.Z.

A. parva Lydekker,
THIS
in
small form
is
Inst.
my museum
Habitat
is
123 (1892), part.
The
confined to the Middle Island.
now
in
the British
in
a cave at Takaka, near
A much
Museum.
type, a skeleton
less perfect skeleton
at Tring.
New
Zealand.
ANOMALOPTERYX ANTIQUUS
"Avian Remains" Forbes, Trans. N.Z.
Inst.
Anomalopteryx antiqutis Hutton, Trans. N.Z.
ANTIQUUS was
XXllI,
p.
p.
124 (1892).
named by Captain Hutton from the photographs
very slight on which to found a species, but
bones were discovered
in
Timaru, Middle Island,
in.
New
Zealand.
of bones
The evidence
prefer to treat
the Upper Miocene, a
than most remains of Dinomithidae occur

Locality
hutt.
369 (1891).
XXIV,
Inst.
described by Dr. Forbes in the above-quoted article.
for the
(1883).
c, p. 278.
Middle Island,
p.
(owen).
LI-LVII
pis.
XXIV,
almost complete condition, was dug up
Nelson, and
is in
t.
(owen).
much
it
is
as one,
older stratum
203
ANOMALOPTERYX FORTIS
Anoiitalopteryx fortis Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst.
HIS
I
is
XXV,
p.
hutt,
9 (1893).
the largest of the genus, and the type bones
came from Glenmark.
append comparative table of Measurements:

Tarso-metatarsus,
80
A. fortis
A. didiformis
6-3
....
6-3
A. pan'us
Locality of
Habitat
inches.
Type
Tibio-tarsus.
133
98
80
137
8-5
175
Glenmark.
Middle Island,
New
Femur.
Zealand.
inches.
inches.
205
CELA
SKULL
rather less than the breadth at the squamosals.
hidden
condyle
by the
fossae and supra-occipital narrow.
the
though
tip,
Length from the supra-
times the height at the basi-temporal.
occipital to the nasals
at
Breadth at the squamosals
convex, the temporal fossae very large.
l'6-I-7
Occipital
REICHENBACH.
supra-occipital.
Beak
more pointed than
nearly straight and rather slighter than
Ridge between temporal
short, slightly
compressed and rounded
Anomalopteryx.
in
Lower mandible
Sternum
Anomalopteryx, V-shaped.
in
with coracoid pits faintly indicated or absent
Costal
length less than breadth.
processes well developed, lateral processes diverging at different angles.

Pelvis broader in
forward.
proportion than
Moa
Type
is
Hallux present
some
in
of species
The
smallest
Cela curtus.
5.
CELA CURTUS
Dinornis curtus Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc.
Ill,
p.
Cela curtus Reichenbach, Nat. Syst. der Vog.

Cela curia Hutton, Trans. N.Z.
Inst.
XXIX,
p.
p.
(OWEN).
325 (1846).
30 (1850).
550,
pi.
XLVII,
Fig. B.
and the following are the two smallest species of Moa, having been
about the size of a large turkey.

at
species.
Cela curtus.
of the genus
Number
THIS
more
Tarso-metatarsus shorter than the femur, and less than half the
length of the tibio-tarsus.

species of
Dinornis, the acetabula set
in
It
also
is
the most abundant species
Whangarei, and appears to have been most common
The type
of the Island.
Habitat
is
from Poverty Bay.
North Island,
New
Zealand.
in
the
North
206
CELA OWENI
Diitornis oweni Haast, Trans. Zool Soc. XII,
Cela curtus Hutton, Trans. N.Z.
DR.
VON HAAST
Julius von
(Sir
127 (1892), portion.
p.
Haast) took as his type of Dinornis
my
now
the Auckland
in
Museum.
Haast
in
While
the specific characters,
readers to the original diagnosis for
wish to specially draw attention to the fact that Dr. von

in
(1886).
oweni the almost complete skeleton collected by Mr. Cheeseman
a cave at Patana, Whangarei, and

referring
XXXI, XXXII
p. 171, pi.
XXIV,
Inst.,
(HAAST).
says that
made by Mr. Thorne and Mr. Cheeseman,
the collections he examined,
there are bones belonging to at least 20 skeletons of his D. oweni, and that
some were even smaller than the

constant
average
Captain
Hutton
has united
different individuals,
from curtus,
due to
difference
sex.
species.
Cela curtus
50
Cela oweni
4-4
to consider Dr.
565
11-25 inches
inches
9-6
inches
6-5
Whangarei.
North
Island,
New
Cela geranoides Hutton, Trans. N.Z.
species
is
Waingongoro.
Habitat
von Haast's
Femur.
Tibio-tarsus.
Zealand.
Palapteryx geranoides Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc.
is
CELA GERANOIDES
HIS
as
bones of at least 20
fact of
me
Tarso-meta tarsus.
Habitat
notice to this,
append measurements of the leg bones of
Cela curtus and C. oweni
special
showing the same characters and the same differences
D. oweni as a distinct species.
Locality
draw
The
quite sufficient evidence for
is
the types of
and the only difference was the
form with curtus, saying Haast's type
this
that
of
individual
only a small
type,
Inst.
confined to the
It is
North
Ill,
XXIV,
North
p.
p.
New
345 (1848)
126 (1892).
Island.
most commonly found
Island,
Zealand.
(owen).
in
The type came from

the South of the Island.
207
CELA RHEIDES
Dinornis rheides Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. IV,
Syornis rheides Hutton, Trans. N.Z.
THIS
is
a very
difficult
form to
would
alive,
questionable, and
while Haast united
a
if
concur
doubt
it
if
good
skeleton
Hutton's
have kept
known, and
it
Middle Island,
New
it
found
in
were
bones
type
Ill, p.
in
sent
from
1849.
Inst.,
Inst.,
(OWEN).
307 (1846).
Syornis casuarinus Reichenbach, Nat. Syst. der Vog,
Meionornis casuarinus Haast, Trans. N.Z.
is
crassus,
Zealand.
Dinornis casuarinus Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc.
/^ CASUARINUS
very
separate as no bones of
CELA CASUARINUS
Syornis casuarinus Hutton, Trans. N.Z.
Emeus
is
might prove sufficiently distinct
The
obtained.
treatment
united to
Waikawaite, Middle Island, by Colonel Wakefield,

Habitat
bones consisted
Whether Professor Owen, were he
Captain
in
to P. gravis.
were
131 (1892).
ought not to be
it
single individual united are
p.
^partim).
consider, as the type
of those of three different forms.
now
8 (1850
p.
XXIV,
Inst.
(OWEN).
p.
XXX
(1850).
VII, pp. 54-91 (1875).
XXIV,
p.
133 (1892).
both Islands, and
is
abundant
in
the Middle
Island.
The type came from Waikowaiti.

Habitat
New
Zealand.
Portions of one skeleton and two almost complete
Museum
one of the
latter
from Kapua Swamps.
skeletons in Tring
209
EMEUS
THE
skull
REICHENBACH.
very short and wide, with a blunt and slightly deflected
is
rostrum, and a very small pneumatic foramen to the quadrate.
mandible
is
The
the shape of a wide U. with a slightly inflected angle,
in
and a large post-articular process.
The symphysis
very wide and deeply
is
excavated, with a broad and slightly prominent inferior ridge narrowing in
The sternum resembles
front.
that of Anomalopteryx
wider and approaches that of Pachyornis.

are relatively shorter and thicker than
in
Pachyornis
hallux
tibio-tarsus
The length
of
much
and tarso-metatarsus
is
the tarso-metatarsus
is
middle of the shaft being rather more than one-fourth of
its
of the type of Anomalopteryx.
than most of those of Cela and Anomalopteryx.
not inflected.
considerably less
than that of the femur, and than half that of the tibio-tarsus,
The vertebrae are
is
Anomalopteryx, but less stout than
in
the distal extremity of the tibio-tarsus
present.
is
The
but the pelvis
its
width at the
length.
The species are larger
Additional cranial characters
are that the skull usually has very broad and blunt paroccipital processes
there
is
upon the frontal aspect of the squamosal above the head of the quadrate.
basi-occipital tubercles are prominent,
The quadrate
this bone.
and give an arched posterior
elongated with a long anterior bar
is
of the squamosal for the reception of its head
than
in either of
Type
is
inclined
Emeus
of species
Diiioniis crassus
Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc.
Ill, p.
307 (1846
much more outwardly
partim).
XXX
XXIV,
p.
132 (1892).
Syoniis crassus Hutton, Trans. N.Z.
has
led
to
having associated with
Inst.
much
the
confusion,
real
from Waikouaiti.
Middle Island,
Imperfect skeleton
in
New
(1850).
owing to
Professor
Owen
portions of crassus in his possession
bones of elephantopus, ponderosus and
the cavity
(OWEN).
p.
Habitat
to
6.
crassus Reichenbach, Nat. Syst. der Vog.,
species
profile
crassus (Owen).
EMEUS CRASSUS
Emeus
The
the other genera.
of genus
Number
THIS
no distinct supraoccipital prominence, and no well-marked depression
Zealand.
Tring Museum.
struthioides.
The type came
210
EMEUS BOOTH
Emeus, Species A, Parker, Trans.
EASILY
the
379 (1895),
found by Mr. R. S. Booth at Stag
skull
Museum,
Emeus gravipes
Lydekker, Cat. Foss. Birds Brit. Mus.,
47444d, on
p.
Dinornis gravis (portion) Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. VIII,
present
metatarsus
species
smaller than
is
shaft,
Middle Island,
p.
wider.
mm. =
51
New
E.
Length,
32044 e on
p.
VON HAAST
mm. =
the
7-8 inches
tarso;
width
NOM. NOV.
p.
379 (1895).
p.
301 Nos. 32017, 32016, a-e and
united this form with Dinornis gravis, and the skull
the type of E. haasti
is
put on a skeleton of D. gravis in the
The measurements
smaller than those of the other species.

:
and has
307 (1891).
Canterbury Museum.
Habitat
299, to
Zealand.
species B, Parker, Trans. Zool. Soc. XIII
is
p.
2 inches.
gravipes Lydekker, Cat. Foss. Birds Brit. Mus.
which
298 (1891) Nos. A95, on
198
Emeus
J.
Otago
in
lyd.
crassus
Emeus
SIR
now
361 (1872).
p.
EMEUS HAASTI
c to
Point
Ibis 1874, p. 213.
relatively
at middle of
:
Type specimen
300.
Euryapteryx gravis Haast,
Habitat
XVI.
Zealand.
EMEUS GRAVIPES
THE
pi.
figured as above.
New
Middle Island,
p.
distinguished by the shorter and narrower beak.
University
Habitat
Zool. Soc. XIII,
nom. nov.
Middle Island,
New
Zealand.
of
this
species
are
much
211
EMEUS PARKERI
Emeus
THIS
nom
nov.
species V, Parker, Trans. Zool. Soc. XIII, p. 380 (1895).
species
once distinguislied from the other species of the genus
at
is
by having right-angled
The type
orbits.
Swamp, named Euryapteryx
by
gravis,
a skull
is
Prof.
from
Hutton,
Hamilton
Otago
the
in
Museum.
Habitat
Middle Island,
New
EMEUS
Zealand.
EXILIS
Dinornis didiformis Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc.
Euryapteryx
DIFFERS
conspicuous one
skeleton in the
:
E. crassus
surface.
frontal
Habitat
Hutton, Trans. N.Z.
from
anterior
slight
exilis
in
The
rising
the
to
skull,
remaining
Wanganui Museum.
North
Island,
the
in
the
New
Ill,
tibia
among
cranial
species.
For
pi.
XXIX,
Inst.
full
Zealand.
(hutt
24 (1846), part.
p.
552,
being
pi.
XLVIII,
more
roof,
as
has
opposed to
is
(1897).
convex on the
other differences,
The type
Fig.
a very
the
very
a nearly complete
description see Hutton,
I.e.
213
PACHYORNIS
THEThe
skull
either vaulted or
is
the quadrate and mandible resemble the
The sternum
closely.
flat
is
and
the
genus somewhat
in that
notch, broad and short costal processes, and
widely divergent lateral processes

pelvis
same bones
rounded,
Anomalopieryx, while
in
and very broad and short, with no coracoidal
facets, a very small xiphisternal
The
more
and
more prominent than
tubercles
and narrow beak.
flattened, with a sharp
processes are shorter
paroccipital
basi-occipital
LYDEKKER.
while there are only two costal articulations.
extremely low and wide, with the anterior wall of the acetabulum
is
very deeply concave, the ventral surface of
all
the vertebrae behind the true
sacrals
narrow and convex, and from which the very broad sacral
ribs
to
the ilium, of which the inferior postacetabular border
very sharp,
join
and descends
The
the pubis.
the distal
than
in
far
below the
level of the ribs.
tibio-tarsus
is
There
is
is
no pectineal process to
very short, with the shaft curved outwards,
much
extremity markedly inflected, and the fibular ridge
The
the other genera.
fibular
the distal extremity of the fibular ridge
extensor tubercle
shorter
border below the smooth space at

is
extremely rough
and the
very prominent, being situated partly on the
is
ascend
distal
line of
the
upper half of the extensor groove, instead of being altogether external to

the same.
is
still
shorter and wider than
in
Emeus, the
width at the middle of the shaft being usually rather more than one third
The
of the length.
and
third trochlea is
from the
rises very abruptly
more prominent than
in
the other genera,
shaft, the outer border of the anterior surface
usually expanding suddenly at the proximal extremity, and the outer ridge of
this
surface
being
always more prominent than the inner, whereas
other genera the opposite condition obtains.

that of Dinornis,
is
very
the head rising and
much
projecting very
forming a rough nodule near the
more open, and leading
distinct channel.
The
the
The femur, as compared with
shorter and thicker, with a longer neck, and

considerably,
end of the
distal
the distal extremity more suddenly expanded,

larger,
in
the
aspera
linea
mainly
shaft, the outer surface of
and
the
to the inner surface of
profile of the inner condyle is
popliteal
depression
the shaft by a more
wider antero-posteriorly,
and more rounded, the anterior intertrochlear surface being deeply channelled.
The phalangeals
of
the
pes are
much
shorter
and
stouter than
in
Dinornis, the proximal surface of the terminal segments generally presenting
a trefoil-shaped contour.
The length
of the tarso-metatarsus
is
very
much
214
less than half that of the tibio-tarsus.
In the vertebral
column the cervicals
are short with very stout centra, the prezygopophyses in
the
middle region
being nearly horizontal and separated from one another by a wide
The
posterior face of the centra
much
the last two vertebrae
carina), this
of the
rib-facet.
and narrow, and the neural spines of

In the dorsals there
inclined forward.
no anterior pneumatic foramen
haemal
tall
is
the
till
fourth
(or
foramen being situated on the
The
channel.
is
usually
the last with a distinct
line of the anterior
border
and fourth dorsals are extremely compressed.
third
Throughout the series also the neural spines and transverse processes are
comparatively long.
rostrum
manner
Additional characters of the skull are that the sphenoidal
expanded
is
a lance-like
in
shape at the anterior extremity,
unlike that of any of the other genera.
Then the
supraoccipital
never has a veiy strongly developed median
prominence, and the temporal fossae are comparatively short.
may
in
be readily distinguished
The mandible
from that of the other genera by the low position
of the inner aperture of the dental canal,
which pierces the bone obliquely to
join the small lateral vacuity.
Type
of the
Number
genus
of species
Pachyornis elephanfopus (Owen).
8.
PACHYORNIS ELEPHANTOPUS
Dinornis elephantopus Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. IV,
Palapteryx elephantopus Haast,
Ibis,
Ser. 3, vol.
Euryapteryx elephantopus Hutton, Trans. X.Z.
UNTIL
Type
all
Inst.
149 (1853).
212 (1874).
XXIV,
p.
135 (1892).
Lydekker described Pachyornis immanis, and Mr. Andrews
Mr.
Aepyornis
of
p.
IV, p.
(owen).
titan,
known
this
was undoubtedly the most bulky and ponderous
Ratitae, extinct
and
living.
Awamoa, near Oamanu.

Habitat
Two
Swamps.
Middle Island,
imperfect
New
skeletons
in
Zealand.
the
Tring
Museum
one
from
Kapua
215
PACHYORNIS IMMANIS
Pachyornis iinmaiiis LydekUer, Cat. Foss. Birds
THIS
the most bulky and largest
is
Dinornithidae.
all
Rothschild, which, though by no

is
most
the
metatarsus
is
and
bulky,
has
specially short
the
and
member
shortest
measures
elephantoptis
The
mm. = 33
84
(shaft)
skull is
239
and also of
genus,
Casuarius
is
philipi
tallest species of Casuarius,
and
stoutest
legs
the
tarso-
stout.
The type tarso-metatarsus measures

width
to-day
means the
343 (i8gi).
p.
the
of
parallel
living
Its
Mus.,
Brit.
lyd.
inches,
mm. =
while
9"4
mm. =
228
the
inches
much more depressed than
in
inches,
and
tarso-metatarsus
type
and
9-9
mm. =
65
2'55
in
of
inches.
elephantopus and with deeper
temporal fossae and a shorter post orbital region.
Type
No. A168 British Museum.
Habitat
New
Middle Island,
Zealand.
PACHYORNIS ROTHSCHILDI
Pachyornis rothschildi Lydekker, P.Z.
THE
bones
in
the Tring
S.
1S91, pp. 479-482,
Museum, which form
pi.
the
unfortunately have no history and their locality
lyd.
XXXVIII.
type of this species,

is
unknown.
It
differs
from the other species of the genus by the slenderer proportions of the
tibio-tarsus,
24 inches by
nearest
which
42
in size.
in
is
22 inches long by
29
inches distal width, as opposed to
elephantopus and 20 inches by
Femur: length
10'6 as opposed to
35
in
ponderosus, the two
125 inches
in
elephantopus.
216
PACHYORNIS PONDEROSUS
Euryapteryx ponderosus Hutton, Trans. N.Z.
THIS
species
slightly smaller than P. elephantopus, the tarso-metatarsus
is
825
elephantopus
the tibio-tarsus varies from
femur,
The
the
137 (1892).
p.
varying from
24 to 21-1
of
Inst.,
and more elongated

Habitat
Cast of egg
dredged up
which are
in
as opposed to
18'6,
rounder
Type
New
ponderosus,
in
flatter
Hamilton.
Zealand.
Tring Museum, taken from specimen
1901 in the
in
18'5 to
9-25 in
to
processes at the hinder angles
the
higher and
elephantopus.
in
Middle Island,
94
from
as opposed to 13 to 11-8.
10,
basi-sphenoid,
opposed to
to 8-0 inches, as
can be distinguished by
skull
(hutt)
Molyneux River,
in
Otago Museum,
incomplete skeleton
also
from
Kapua Swamps.
PACHYORNIS INHABILIS
Pachyornis inhabilis Hutton, Trans. N.Z.
DIFFERS
distal
Inst.
XXV,
11
p.
hutt.
(1893).
from ponderosus by having the great inward expansion at the
end
of
the
induced
expansion has
This
tibio-tarsus.
ornithologists to separate the species of Pachyornis into
Euryapteryx and Pachyornis
but
some
two genera
do not think this expansion of
sufficient
importance to warrant generic separation.

Habitat
Middle Island,
New
Zealand.
PACHYORNIS VALGUS
Euryapteryx valgus Hutton, Trans. N.Z.
THIS
species
metatarsus
great
at
XXV,
once distinguishable from
p.
all
12 (1893).
others by the extraordinary
expansion of the distal end of the tibio-tarsus.
internal
3-5 inches
is
Inst.
= 89
proximal
is
8-5 inches
= 216
mm., and does not

width,
necessary
mm.
differ
to
in
The type came from

:
Enfield in
much from
articulate
Middle Island,
New
New
with
Zealand.
Zealand.
The
tarso-
length and the proximal width
expansion described above.
Habitat
(hutt.)
crassus except in the
the
distal
internal
217
PACHYORNIS PYGMAEUS
Etiryapterxy pygmaetis Hutton, Trans. N.Z.
AS
by
implied
its
name,
this
is
XXIV,
Inst.
p.
(hutt.)
739 (1892).
the smallest species of Pachyornis, the
tarso-metatarsus only measuring 6 inches in length.
The type came
from Takaka.
Habitat
New
Middle Island,
Zealand.
PACHYORNIS COMPACTA
Euryapteryx compacta Hutton, Trans. N.Z.
APPROACHES nearest to pygmaetis
Inst.
XXV,
in size,
p.
11
(hutt)
(1893).
but can be at once distinguished
by the distal extremity of the tibio-tarsus not being expanded inwards.
The tarso-metatarsus has the trochleae considerably more expanded than

in
pygmaeus.
New Zealand.
Island, New Zealand.
Type from Enfield

Habitat
Middle
in
219
PALAEOCASUARIUS
FORBES founded
DR.three
as
this
distinct
Dr.
following
original
sizes
forbes.
genus of Dinornithidae on remains of Moas of

regards femora collected by him at Manitoto.
my
Forbes has kindly placed these bones at
summarises the results of

idea
my
examination.
as to the distinctness of Palaeocasuarius
disposal,
find that Dr.

is
and the
Forbes'
perfectly justified,
as not only are his characters of the tibio-tarsus, as opposed to those in the
other genera, correct, but the proportions between femur, tibio-tarsus and tarso-
metatarsus are quite different to those of other genera.

of the
three
bones
in
Palaeocasuarius elegans,
give the proportions
Megalapteryx tenuipes, and
Pachyornis elephantopus, which are the three most nearly
allied
genera
220
PALAEOCASUARIUS HAASTI
Palaeocasuarius haasti Forbes, Trans. N.Z.
FEMUR
length approximately
trochanter
225
85
" This
author
tells
bird
new
width across head and great
275
length 7 inches
It
width
in
inches.
considerably the cassowary in
exceeded
us of this bird.
the publication in
inches
189 (1892).
p.
Museum.
Liverpool
in
XXIV,
Tarso-metatarsus
inches.
centre 115 inches, at distal end
Type from Manitoto
Inst.
forbes.
is
a pity that
size,"
is
all
the
Dr. Forbes did not insist on
of his paper, as proper descriptions of all the twelve
full
species are wanting.
Habitat
New
Zealand.
PALAEOCASUARIUS VELOX
Palaeocasuarius velox Forbes, Trans. N.Z.
FEMUR:
95
length
across distal end

in
centre
15
25
inches.
p.
189 (1892).
Tarso-metatarsus
inches, across distal
New
XXIV,
inches; width across head and trochanter
Type specimen from Manitoto

Habitat
Inst.
forbes.
end 3 inches.
in Liverpool
Museum.
Zealand.
Palaeocasuarius elegans Forbes, Trans. N.Z.
Inst.
XXIV,
p.
forbes.
189 (1892).
length 1075 inches; width across head and trochanter
across
distal
end
34
inches.
Tarso-metatarsus
width over centre 175, over distal end about
Type specimen from Manitoto

Habitat
New
inches,
length 7 inches; width
PALAEOCASUARIUS ELEGANS
FEMUR:
275
Zealand.
in
the Liverpool
33
Museum.
length
inches.
325
inches,
78
inches,
221
AEPYORNITHIDAE.
THEMadagascar
we have from
notice
first
of
Struthious
large
man
scientific
birds
the existence on
of
by
the description
is
Isidore
Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire of two eggs and a few osseous remains, in the
Annales
Sciences
des
important
objects
naturelles
were sent
the
to
Zoologie,
III,
XIV
vol.
(1850).
Monsieur de Malavois, but were obtained from the natives
M. Abadie.
by Captain
this evidence
egg arrived
third
Reunion,
by a colonist of
describer
in
These
Madagascar
The name given on
smashed.
was Aepyornis maximus.
Since then some 40 eggs at least and a large number of odd bones
have been collected by Monsieur Grandidier, Messrs.
Last and others, and
Dr. Forsyth Major, but only one practically complete, and one less complete
named Aepyornis
skeleton of a smaller species,
A
these
number
large
and
bones
on the evidence of
has been diagnosed
species
of
hildebrandti by Dr. Burckhardt.
eggs by Professor
Dawson Rowley
Milne-Edwards, Mr.
and Mr. Andrews, and a second genus, Mullerornis, established.
The following
is
the diagnosis of the family
AEPYORNITHIDAE.
Head
less
Brain case
narrower.
than
flattened
much
the
in
Dinornithidae,
Occipital condyle strongly
greater in volume.
pedunculate.
Temporal fossae deep and narrow.
each
well
side
straight
and
marked
pterygoidal
hollowed out
to
that of
The
in
coracoidal
It
is
thin
articular surfaces
of
The symphysis
The basisphenoid has on

The lower mandible
R/iea,
is
but
long,
plastron,
flattened,
contracted,
and
affinities
and much widened.
those of Apteryx.
similar to
is
maxillary
the
The sternum presents many
the shape of a ladle.
Apteryx.
apophysis.
somewhat that
recalling
stout,
branches are higher and stouter.
much longer and
The Coraco-
scapulars are feeble, and have so faint an articular surface that the humerus
must have been rudimentary.

digit four,
and the inner
Hallux absent, outer digit has
striking
extremity
of
the
the middle
digit three phalanges.
There are three genera and twelve
five,
character
is
that in
tarso-metatarsus
is
species.
the
genus
larger than
Aepyornis
the
distal
the
proximal
extremity, a
feature not found in the majority of other birds.
Monsieur Grandidier has expressly pointed out that Aepyornis had only
three toes,
cannot, therefore, understand
both state that the hallux
is
present.
why
Messrs. Lydekker and Evans
222
In
spite
Major and the large

bones
is
we
compared with
contained
Dinornithidae
the
in
from making a
am
inclined,
the
masses
This
paucity of
if
too
of
bones
many
of
material
the described species,
study of
Forsyth
the number of Aepyornis
vast
museums.
critical
are at present unable to say
diagnosed.
home by them,
collections sent
infinitesimal
prohibits us
researches of Messrs. Grandidier, Last, and
of the
the
quite
so that
or too few species have been
however, to think that
if
we
ever get complete
skeletons of the larger forms, Ae. grandidieri and Ae. cursor will prove to
be se.\es of one
species,
present, however, the
and also Ae.
titan
measurements are too
and Ae. viaxhnus.
different to allow of their being
united without further investigation.
The three genera are as
follows
AEPYORNIS
T.GEOFF.
Aepyornis Geoffroy Saint Hilaire.

Epioniis Geoffroy Saint Hilaire.
Epyoriiis Auct.
MULLERORNIS
milneedwards & grandidier.
Mullerornis Milne-Edwards and Grandidier.
FLACOURTIA
Andrews.
Flacourtia Andrews.
Mullerornis Milne-Edwards and Grandidier
For the
(part).
223
AEPYORNIS
CHARACTERS
Mullerornis
same as those
of
GEOFF.
the
family
the species are very heavy,
but
in
opposition
ponderous, and clumsy, the
bones being both actually and comparatively much stouter.
from Flacourtia
not having an ossified boney bridge
in
groove for adductor of outer
Type
of species
9.
Aepyornis titan Andrews, Geol. Mag. 1895,
andr
303.
p.
appears to be the largest species of the genus, though Ae. maximus

considerably
however, the
Ae. titan
over lower end of
digit.
AEPYORNIS TITAN
is
Differs
Aepyornis jnaximus Geoff.
Number
THIS
to
In
stouter.
the
original
referred to
tibio-tarsi
description
Smallest Femur.
430
about....
Circumference, narrowest point
Width,
distal
Width
....
end
of shaft at narrowest part
....
Largest Femur.
Length
Circumference at narrowest point
Width,
distal
....
end
Distal part of tibio-tarsus.
Width
Width
at distal
end
of shaft at narrowest point
Circumference of shaft at narrowest
point.
Tarso-metatarsus.
Length
Width
at proximal
Width
at distal
Width
at
Ae.
ingens,
that species are really those of
Length
of
end
end
narrowest point of shaft
Circumference at narrowest point of
shaft..
224
The
and most vertebrae, as well as the sternum of
skull, pelvis,
this
form are unknown.

Habitat
S.
W. Madagascar.
Three Femora, two tarsi-metatarsi, and two incomplete

in
Museum,
the Tring
are
collected by Last in the Antinosy country.
There are two eggs

which are as follows
tibia-tarsi
of
this
species at Tring,
the
measurements
of
No.
1,
Antinosy Country, Last.
Large circumference
....
....
....
8625 mm.
Small circumference
....
....
....
631 5
No. 2 (traded).
Large circumference
....
....
....
883
mm.
Small circumference
....
....
....
763
,,
The egg mentioned by Mr. Lydekker

No. 41847
judging from
is,
in
Cat. Foss. Birds B.M., page 214,
undoubtedly an egg of this species, and
its size,
quote the measurements, as they are very large

....
....
....
921
mm.
Smallest circumference
....
....
....
768
,,
in
1854
in
the Paris
Large circumference....
....
Small circumference
....
....
In addition to these four eggs
are the following which
Museum measures
925 mm.
:
....
...
....
....
753
,,
which are undoubtedly of Ae.
consider to belong to that species
titan,
there
Museum, Mr. Armange.
Paris
Hamburg.
Messrs. Gilford, Orange,
Rowley
New
Jersey.
collection.
These four eggs range from 900 mm.

and 770 mm.
Largest circumference
The egg purchased
to 736
mm.
in
to
8635 mm.
small circumference.
in large
circumference,
225
AEPYORNIS MAXIMUS
Aepyoniis maximus
I.
Geoffrey St. Hilaire, Ann. Sci. Nat. s6r
Acpyornis ingeits Milne-Edwards
THIS
the
is
Ae.
the
name maximus
eggs
of the
in
bulkiest
the largest eggs
belong to this species.
will
It
for this form,
next
those of
to
be argued that
but the
name
of
name
XIV,
p.
209 {1851).
of grandidieri, given by Mr.
so
tall
Ae. titan
is
must
based on one
evidently belong
Dawson Rowley
as
have no right to use
maximus
form and not to the form subsequently called maximus,

the
vol.
though not
species,
Museum, and as these
Paris
the
3,
Grandidier, C.R. CXVIII, pp. 122-127 (1894).
and
stoutest
All
titan.
&
geoff.
to
must apply
in
this
to that
1867 to a portion
of eggshell of the lesser form.
The measurements
of the limbs are as follows
Femûr.
Total length
440 mm.
Width
Width
at proximal
190
at distal
200
265
780
mm.
....
end
....
....
end
Circumference at narrowest part of shaft
Tibio-tarsus.
Total length
Width
Width
end
end
at proximal
180
at distal
160
210
Total length
420
mm.
Width
Width
170
160
200

Tarso-metatarsus.
....
....
....
end
at distal end
The
at proximal
description of the foot in the diagnosis of the family
the pes of this species.

British
is
is
but as neither
more than
is
composed
likely that the articulator
The dimensions
of the type
of the bones of a single individual
made a
mistake.
egg are as follows
340
Large diameter
Small diameter
....
....
....
225
....
....
....
850
,,
Small circumference
....
....
....
710
,,
S.
....
W. Madagascar.
There are about 16 eggs known of
mm.
mm.
Large circumference
Habitat:
to 816
based on
and Tring Museums of Aepyornis hildebrandti show a larger number
of phalanges
it
It
is
true that the two mounted skeletons in the
in
circumference.
this
form, varying from 854
large circumference, and from 743
mm.
to 715
mm.
in
mm.
small
226
AEPYORNIS GRANDIDIERI
rowley.
Aepyoniis Maximtis Auct.

Aepyornis grandidieri Rowley, P.Z.S. 1867,
THIS
the form which
is
nearly
p.
all
Geoffroy's Ae. maxunus, belong.
Rowley was founded on a piece

"
The
granulation
The
pieces.
with a
tail
is
difference
pieces are
birds,
The
original description of
and
of eggshell,
in
all
much
is
which required
family as Aepyoniis niaximus

I
tail
the shell also
is
even when the
observer,
These fragments belonged to the egg of much smaller
mixed.
the embryo of
this species
as follows
and presents an aspect so diverse that
finer,
by the most careless
detected
is
is
Dawson
the other specimens appear like a comet
strength
less
colour, quality and locality of that shell
For
bones, referred erroneously to
are here only small indentations without any
only half the thickness,

the
the
a marked degree different from that of the other
in
pores which
air
892.
in short,
Yet the
the shell.
in
clearly point to a bird of the
same
a smaller and more delicate Aepyornis.
propose the name of Aepyoniis grandidieri."
The measurements
of bones of the hind limb are as follows
Femur.
Length
Width
at distal
end
320
mm.
190
640
mm.
Tibio tarsus.
Length
There are
at Tring
two eggs
of this species.
No.
1,
traded.
Length
2830 mm.
Width
2150
Large circumference
Small circumference
Ambovombe
No. 2 Ambondo,
....
....
....
7775
,,
....
....
....
6700
,,
in
the district of Fort Dauphin.
Large circumference
....
....
....
775
Small circumference
....
....
....
6625
mm.
There are recorded of these eggs, besides the two mentioned above,
eight further
specimens,
circumference, and 686
varying
mm.
to 654
from
mm.
810
mm.
in small
to
771-5
mm.
in
large
circumference.
In addition to these there are in various collections about eight or nine
eggs whose species
is
doubtful.
227
AEPYORNIS CURSOR
Aepyornis cursor Milne-Edwards
RIGINAL
Grandidier, C.R. CXVIII,
Ae.
follows:
as
description
Ae. grandidier i
&
= maximus
at proximal
Width
at distal
cursor
almost
is
but
end
Habitat
slender.
mm.
140
end
120
Circumference of shaft
Width
as large as
more
is
380
....
....
124 (1894).
p.
nee. Geoff roy,
auct.,
Length of tarso-metatarsus
Width
m.-e.& grand.
155
65
of shaft
Madagascar.
AEPYORNIS MEDIUS
Aepyornis medius Milne-Edwards
&
& grand.
m.-e.
Grandidier, Ann.
Nat. ser. V, vol. XII,
Sci.
179
p.
(1869).
Aepyornis medius Milne- Edwards

(1866-73), P- 97> "ote
THIS
and
is
described
general characters, and
a different species, which

is
Grandidier,
not
only
& Mad.
Rech. Faune. Orn. Et. Masc.
was founded on a femur found
form
Madagascar,
question
&
2.
belongs
evidently
we
will
call
by
distinguished
narrower external face of the bone
"It
follows:
as
to
Aepyornis
lesser
its
which
Amboulitsate
at
presents
an
the
Aepyornis,
W.
in
same
but to
The femur
medius.
but
proportions
by
in
the
variation results in causing the
whole area between the trochanter and the base of the femoral neck to be
much
less
depressed.
The intermuscular
line,
which
marks
surface of the deep portion of the femoral triceps muscle,
whereas
also
it
is
very pronounced
the larger femur.
The
more rounded, and the distance which separates the
from the proximal extremity

is,
in
however, the same as
surfaces above
it
in
is
larger;
is
the
hardly indicated,
posterior side
the shape of this large depression
do show some differences,
we know
West Madagascar.
the articular
that these characters
are not very reliable as they are subject to individual variations.
Habitat:
is
popliteal depression
the larger femur, and although
Circumference of shaft 215 mm."
insertion
228
AEPYORNIS HILDEBRANDTI
Aepyornis hildcbrandti Burckhardt,
MUST
I
and
refer
too
my
I,
Abh. (VI)
II,
p.
127 (1893).
readers to Dr. Burckhardt's description, as
technical
comparative.
Pal.
burckh.
to
be
reproduced
here,
especially
it
as
is
it
however, give here some of his measurements:

Tibio-tarsus.
too long
is
not
229
AEPYORNIS MULLERI me
Aepyornis mulleri Milne-Edwards
THE
&
Grandidier, C.R. CXVII, pp. 124-125 (1894).
commences: "The new
the researches of M. G. MuUer, and which

is
smaller.
Nevertheless,
& grand.
is
it
we
superior in
described by M. Burckhardt, which also
species which
came from
name Ae.
shall
size
we owe
to
mulleri,
Ae. hildebrandti,
to
We
Antsirabe.
possess
the almost complete skeleton of this bird, the skull, mandible, vertebrae, ribs,
sternum, a part of the pelvis, the leg bones, and a few phalanges of the pes;
so that
we can now
Aepyornis."
exactly define the position and affinities of the genus
Then follows the diagnosis
of the
family,
which
have given
before.
Habitat
Central Madagascar.
AEPYORNIS MODESTUS
Aepyornis modestus Milne-Edwards
MESSRS.
&
me.
Grandidier, Ann. Sci. Nat.
MILNE-EDWARDS & GRANDIDIER
that the bone (a portion of a femur) which
is
Geoffroy),
it
Type
in
Amboulitsate,
in
XII,
p.
189 (1869).
the type of the above

in
Ae. medius this
Ae. grandidieri (= triaximus auct.
was 270 mm.

locality
(5)
state at pages 180-181
name, had a shaft-circumference of 120 mm., while

circumference was 215 mm., and
& grand.
West Madagascar.
nee.
231
MULLERORNIS
BIRDS
medium
of
size,
MILNE-EDWARDS & grandidier.
not
They appear
Aepyornis.
Known only from

Number of species 2.
heavy and
having the
resemble
to
more
massive
of
Casuaridae.
the
closely
build
leg bones.
MULLERORNIS BETSILEI
Miillerornis
betsilei
ORIGINAL
Milne-Edwards and Grandidier, Compt. Rend., CXVIII,
description
tarso-metatarsus
section
bone
itself
"
milne-edw.& grand.
through
is
as
follows:
"The
leg
not enlarged as in the
the
shaft
having more the proportion of

....
are
125 (1894).
slender,
the
preceding genus, and the
shows almost an
Length of tibio-tarsus
bones
p.
isosceles
triangle.
The
Droniaius.
....
....
....
390
mm.
Circumference of tibio-tarsus
Width
of tibio-tarsus
Width
of proximal
Width
of distal
end
end
Length of tarso-metatarsus
Circumference of tarso-metatarsus..
Width
of shaft of tarso-metatarsus
Width
of
" Mullerornis
much
rarer."
Habitat
proximal end
betsilei
inhabited the
(Translated.)
:
Central Madagascar.
same area
as Ae. mulleri but
was
232
MULLERORNIS AGILIS
Mulleromis
agilis
ORIGINAL
Coast
for the
grooves
are
Milne-Bdwards and Grandidier, Compt. Rend., CXVIII,
description as follows:
we
"
M.
manner
in
marked.
pp. 125-126 (1894).
agilis inhabited the
only possess, of this species, one
tibia,
which
The
exterior
border of
the
bone
pronounced
crista."
Width
of tibio-tarsus
34
Width
at proximal
Width
at distal
....
end
end
South-west Madagascar.
65
75
lower
(Translated.)
440 mm.
97
remarkable
above the
Habitat
is
South-west
which the intermuscular bony ridges and the tendon-
articular surface has developed into a very

"
milne-edw. & grand.
233
FLACOURTIA
DIFFERS
from Mullerornis
in
Andrews.
having a completely ossified bony bridge
over the lower end of the groove for the adductor of the outer
in
Number
the tarso-metatarsus.
of species
1.
FLACOURTIA RUDIS
Mullerornis
rtidis
&
Milne- Edwards
(milneedw. & grand.)
Grandidier, Compt. Rend. CXVIII,
Flacourtia rudis Andrews, Nov. Zool.
II,
p.
p.
126 (1894).
25 (1895).
ORIGINAL description as follows "The third species M. rudis (=

:
was discovered by M. Greve

The
massive.
ment
digit,
in
tibio-tarsus is of about the
of the distal extremity,
extremely large.
is
the fossiliferous beds of the
same length as
and of which the
betsilei,
digital articular
Between the middle and outer ones there

the outer
Aepyornis (or Mullerornis, w.r.)."
in
M.
digit,
(Translation.)
mm.
....
400
....
....
100
,,
35
75
of distal
Habitat
end
West Madagascar.
more
which passage
....
Width
Coast.
a bony opening
is
....
of tibio-tarsus
is
attachments are
Width
but
remarkable on account of the great enlarge-
for the passage of the adductor muscle of
not present
in
F. rudis)
West
is
235
DROMAIUS PERONI
(Plate
Casoar de
HoUande
la Nouvelle
nom
nov.
40.)
P^ron, Relat. Voy. Terr.
Austr.
pi.
467,
p.
XXXVI
(1807).
Droinoitis ater Vieillot, Gal. des Ois,
Dromaeiis ater Blyth,
text).
Ibis 1862, p. 93.
most unfortunate that the larger number of authors have neglected
is
IT
226 (not
pi.
to go carefully into the
synonymy
would
necessary, after
name
appropriate
Vieillot,
the
in
distinctly
have
not
states
been
of
and
aier,
81
rename the
to
Nouveau
Dictionnaire
that
Dromaius
his
of this bird
years,
Emu
D'Histoire
ater
they had done so
if
the very
reject
to
Kangaroo
of
X,
Naturelle
was a name given
it
Island.
page
212,
Latham's
to
Casuarius novaehollatidiae, and makes no mention of P^ron or of the
Isle
Decres.
The
figures
Peron's work of the adult male and female are not
in
me
good, but those of the young and nestlings appear to
and the plate
my own
the Galerie des Oiseaux
in
from the type
are taken
life
made by
des
Plantes.
himself on
specimen
Decres Island and
The only known specimens
skin
All these
The
quite excellent.
is
in
the
Paris
and skeleton
are
in
what remain
in the
at
Museum, while
of
menagerie of the Jardin

extinct species are the
this
Paris and the skeleton in the Florence
of
the three
living
Emu
Liverpool a full-grown, though immature
as Dromaius peronii,
scanty plumage
it
but owing to
will
of the
is
it
the
in
same
as a second
size
very
mounted
recur to this lower down.
male
adult
of
There
proportionally longer legs and
not absolutely safe to identify
is
specimen of D. peronii.
Description
its
Museum.
brought to Paris by
birds
Peron, and no other authentic specimens exist anywhere.
Museum
and
latter
Peron was done by Lessieur from a series of sketches from
the plate in
mounted
to be very accurate,
(ex
Cat.
Birds
Brit.
Mus.)
Similar
to
D. novaehollatidiae, but
much
black
body brown fulvous, with the apical half very dark
feathers of the
blackish
blue.
brown
smaller,
and with feathers
of the
neck entirely
and feet blackish, naked skin of the sides of the neck
bill
Total length about 55 inches, tarsus 1140, culmen 2-36.
Immature
plumage entirely sooty
in first
longitudinal
bands
Island, also
Flinders,
of
rufous brown.
King
Islands,
In
black.
addition
to
and Tasmania had
Nestling whitish with
Decres or Kangaroo
Emus
living
on them
236
at the time of Peron's

localities
were
visit,
we
existence
in
and
believe,
should find that each of these islands had had
a distinct species or race of Emus.

into account that
come
it
is
authentic specimens from these
if
Taking
slightly different
this for granted,
from the type of D. peronii,
to the conclusion that the Liverpool specimen
one rather poor specimen to separate
this
species, especially as
there
is
absolutely no
it
have
an immature, though
is
full-grown individual from one of these other islands;
from
and also taking
but
it
is
not possible
from the Kangaroo Island
indication of the origin of this
specimen.
Habitat
One
in
Island of Decres or
stuffed specimen (Type)
Kangaroo
Island.
and one skeleton
in
Paris,
one skeleton
Florence, and one stuffed specimen in Liverpool (an species diversa?).
some leg-bones
in
Adelaide, Australia.
Dr. H. O. Forbes,
the
first
It is
to
point out
certainly totally
hollandiae or D.
Also
who
kindly lent
me
the last-named specimen,
the differences of this bird

distinct
n. irroraius.
was
from D. novaehollandiae.
from birds of similar age of either D. novae-
237
DROMAIUS MINOR
Dromaeus minor Baldwin Spencer,
AS
I
of
Vict. Nat. XXIII, p. 140 (1906).
Mr. Bernard H. Woodward, of Perth, West Australia, was organising

an
expedition
1906), to
the
(spencer).
first
Kangaroo,
to
Emu
hunt for
to describe
what
felt
and King
Flinders,
Islands
remains on these islands,
new
sure would be two
(December,
had hoped to be
species of Dromaius.
have, however, been forestalled by Professor Baldwin Spencer in the case
King
Island,
whence a
collection
of
17 femurs,
19
made by Messrs.
metatarsi, and portions of 8 pelves,
tibio-tarsi,
Alex.
Morton and R. M.
Johnston, T.S.O., formed the material for the description of a
The diagnosis
mihi).
Tibia
not
or
is
as follows
only
Smaller
than
exceeding 330
slightly
Tarso-metatarsus not exceeding 280

not or only slightly exceeding 280
"
mm.
in
D.
mm.
in
new
species.
(= D.
peronii
greatest
length.
ater
greatest length.
Pelvis,
length
mm."
D. minor was a smaller but stouter bird than D. peronii.
dimensions
28 tarso-
Comparative
239
INDEX.
PAGE
Aechmorhynchus
PAGE
XI
119
australis (Mergus)
Aepyornis
223
australis (Miro)
....
....
....
XI
Aepyornithidae
221
benedeni (Anas)
....
....
....
IX
Aestrelata
157
betsilei
(MuUerornis)
231
232
bifrons (Metapteryx)
alba (Notornis)
144
Biziura
109
alba (Porphyrio)
143
bonasia (Aphanapteryx)
131
XI
boothi (Emeus)
210
albifacies (Sceloglaux)
XI
borbonica (Emberiza)
....
....
albifrons (Miro)
XI
borbonica (Pezophaps)
....
....
175
153
borbonica (Phedina)
....
....
XI
borbonicus (Fregilupus)
....
"
....
....
(MuUerornis)
agilis
albicilla
(Clitonyx)
Alca....
Alectroenas
....
163
Alopochen
....
borbonicus (Necropsittacus)
....
62
alphonsi (Astur)
83
borbonicus (Palaeornis)
....
67
altus (Dinornis)
192
borbonicus (Trochocercus)
....
XI
bouquet! (Amazona)
....
XII
Amazona
americana (Meleagris)
americanus (Siphonorhis)
Anas
57
XII
43
103
....
21
brachyurus (Rhamphocinclus)
....
Branta
....
....
....
29
brewsteri (Tympanuchus)
anna (Ciridops)
41
broeckii (Aphanapteryx)
Anomalopteryx
201
bruante (Foudia)
antiquus (Anomalopteryx)
202
Bubo
Aphanapteryx
apicalis
(Moho)
131
27
....
Bowdleria
angustipluma (Chaetoptila)
antipodum (Palaeocorax)
....
....
....
XI
....
181
....
....
131
....
....
7
71
127
Cabalus
caeruleus (Anadorhynchus)
....
54
calcitrans (Cnemiornis)
....
97
....
Apterornis
145
californianus (Pseudogryphus)
....
XII
Aptornis
147
Camptolaimus
....
105
Ara
....
51
Ardea
111
Astur
83
ater (Dromaeus)
Athene
aucklandica (Nesonetta)
augusta (Amazona)
235
....
....
canadensis (Columba)
167
cancellata (Aechmorhynchus)
....
119
capensis (Upupa)
....
....
....
87
Carbo
75
carribbaea (Aestrelata)
157
XI
carolinensis (Conurus)
XII
XII
Casuarius
....
....
....
....
240
INDEX
241
PAGE
XI
Hemiphaga
....
69
herberti (Didus)
131
....
203
Heterorhynchus
35
hildebrandti (Aepyornis)
Foudia
forsteri
fortis
(Cyanorhamphus)
(Anomalopteryx)
....
....
163
francicus (Necropsittacus)
....
62
Fregilupus
....
franciae (Columba)....
fuscatus
....
....
....
....
70
(Psittacus)
fusco-fulvus (Nesacanthis)
....
gallinacea (Progura)
....
....
161
....
...
228
hochstetteri (Notornis)
142
huttonii (Megalapteryx)
199
Hypotaenidia
123
hypsibata (Branta)
IX
....
immanis (Pachyornis)
215
Gallinago
121
impennis (Alca)
153
gigantea (Leguatia)
....
....
151
imperialis (Aphanapteryx)...
131
giganteus (Dinornis)
....
....
193
ineptus (Didus)
172
XI
ingens (Dinornis)
genibarbis (Myadestes)
Geospiza
II,
12
206
geranoides (Cela)
....
....
....
52
gracilipes (Dromaius)
....
....
gracilis (Cnemiornis)
....
....
98
gracilis (Dinornis)
....
....
194
gossei (Ara)
....
....
grandidieri (Aepyornis)
gravipes (Emeus)
....
....
....
guadaloupensis (Ara)
guildingi
(Amazona)
haasti
216
insignis
(Ocydromus)
insularis (Xenicus)
XI
Ixocincla
jamaicensis (Aestrelata)
....
....
XII
XI
lautouri (Biziura)
71
leguati (Erythromachus)
....
220
lentus (Aepyornis)
....
XII
leucopogon (Strigiceps)
159
leucoptera (Prosobonia)
Lithophaps
....
81
hamiltoni (Megalapteryx)
....
....
197
Harpagornis
....
....
85
harrisi (Phalacrocorax)
....
XII
hasitata (Aestrelata)
....
....
159
lyalli
....
133
lydeUkeri (Casuarius)
lydekkeri (Prociconia)
....
....
197
Hemignathus
....
....
33
....
228
....
....
hectori (Megalapteryx)
135
151
....
hawkinsi (Diaphoraptery.x)
..
leguati (Necropsar)....
Leguatia
XII
109
....
....
....
105
...
leguati (Bubo)
210
157
59
habroptilus (Stringops)
....
...
labati (Conurus)
haasti (Palaeocasuarius)
hamiltoni (Circus)
23
....
labradoria (Camptolaimus)
54
haesitata (Aestrelata)
129
lanaiensis (Hemignathus)
....
(Emeus)
inhabilis (Pachyornis)
210
....
gutturalis (Cinclocerthia)
193
226
Grus
....
30
..,
118
....
Lophopsittacus
49
Loxops
39
lucidus (Heterorhynchus)
..
23
(Traversia)
mackintosh! (Porphyrio)
35
..
X
X
X
INDEX
242
macroura (Ectopistes)
....
167
madagascariensis (Mascarinus)
....
64
madagascariensis (Upupa)
....
....
3,
Moho
27
Monarcha
....
....
....
XI
moorei (Harpagornis)
....
....
85
....
magnirostris (Geospiza)
....
....
11
moriorum (Palaeocorax)
....
....
major (Carbo)
....
....
88
mulleri (Aepyornis)....
....
....
....
....
95
moUeri (Hypotaenidia)
....
majori (Centrornis)
mantelli (Notornis)
141
martinicana (Amazona)
martinicus (Ara)
....
....
....
Mascarinus
229
XI
MuUerornis
231
57
murina (Pyrrhula)
XII
53
murivora (Athene)
75
63
murivora
75
nanus (Plotus)
mascarinus (Mascarinus)
....
....
64
mauritiana (Ardea)
....
....
115
mauritianus (Lophopsittacus)
....
49
mauritianus (Sarcidiornis)....
....
maximus (Aepyornis)
....
maximus
....
(Strix)
89
nazarenus (Didus)
....
....
....
177
Necropsar
....
....
....
....
101
Necropsittacus
....
....
....
....
225
Nesoenas
....
192
Nesolimnas
....
....
....
....
125
165
Nestor
....
....
....
....
45
medius (Aepyornis)
227
newelli (Puffinus)
megacephala (Ardea)
Ill
newtoni (Foudia)
....
195
newtoni (Genyornis)
melanocephala (Anthornis)
....
XII
melitensis (Columba)
....
....
(Dinornis)
mayeri (Nesoenas)
Megalapteryx
....
....
....
....
....
....
melitensis (Grus)
melitensis (Strix)
melitensis (Vultur)
....
....
....
....
X
X
165
XI
....
newtoni (Palaeolimnas)
nigra (Pomarea)
....
nitidissima (Alectroenas)
....
IX
nobilis (Palaeopelargus)
X
....
....
....
165
Microtribonyx
....
....
....
migratoria (Ectopistes)
....
XI
X
....
149,
150
79
IX
Metapteryx
....
newtoni (Strix)
...
meyeri (Columba)
61
....
....
13
163
X
47
norfolcensis (Nestor)
Notornis
141
novaezealandiae (Cereopsis)
....
99
167
novaezealandiae (Coturnix)
....
183
....
....
137
novaezealandiae (Dinornis)
....
194
....
....
98
novaezealandiae (Psittacus)
....
69
minor (Dromaius)
237
novaezealandiae (Thinornis)
....
XII
minor (Ocydromus)
129
oahensis (Phaeornis)
minor (Pezophaps)
177
millsi
(Pennula)
....
minor (Cnemiornis)
....
....
Miro
....
XI, 15
19
Ocydromus
....
....
....
....
129
Oestrelata
....
....
....
....
157
modestus (Aepyornis)
....
....
229
olivacea (Ixocincla)
XI
modestus (Cabalus)
....
....
127
olivacea (Psittirostra)
37
INDEX
otidiformis (Aptornis)
ovveni (Cela)
Oxynotus
Pachyornis
....
pacifica (Drepanis)
....
pacifica (Hypotaenidia)
pacificus
(Cyanorhamphus)
pacificus (Pareudiastes)
....
Palaeocasuarius
Palaeocorax
Palaeolimnas
Pelaeopelargus
Palaeornis
papa
....
(Fringilla)
parkeri (Emeus)
parvus (Anomalopteryx)
....
patricius (Dromaius)
Pelecanus
....
Pennula
peralata (Gallinula)....
peroni (Dromaius)
....
perspicillatus (Carbo)
perspicillatus (Phalacrocorax)
Pezophaps
....
Phaeornis
....
pisana (Fulica)
Platibis
plenus (Palapteryx)
Plotus
Pogonornis
....
Pomarea
ponderosus (Pachyornis)
potens (Dinornis)
primigenia (Grus)
principalis
....
(Campephilus)
prior (Fulica)
prisca (Palaeolimnas)
....
INDEX
244
PAGE
solitarius (Didus)
....
solitarius (Pezophaps)
spadicea (Hemiphaga)
subflavescens (Cyanorhamphus)
subtenuis (Platibis)
sumnerensis (Chenopsis)
stanleyi (Notornis)
....
strenuipes (Gallinula)
strenuus (Dinornis)
Strigiceps
....
Strix
struthioides (Dinornis)
sylvestris
(Ocydromus)
tannaensis (Platycercus)
tanagra (Turnagra)....
teauteensis (Circus)
tenuipes (Megalapteryx)
terrestris (Cichlopasser)
terrestris (Geocichla)
terrestris (Turdus)
theodori (Anas)
titan (Aepyornis)
torosus (Dinornis)
traversi (Miro)
PLATES.
EXTINCT
BIRDS
Plate
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FREGILUPUS VARIUS
(Natural Size)
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GEOSPIZA MAGNIROSTRIS
GEOSPIZA STRENUA
3.
4.
NESOENAS MEYERl
CHAUNOPROCTUS FERREIROSTRIS
(All Three-Fourths Xatcral Sizefrom skins)
DURABLE^ PAPER
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EXTINCT
BIRDS
1.
2.
Plate 4
HEMIGNATHUS ELLISIANUS
HETERORHYNCHUS LUCIDUS
(All Five-Sixths Natural Size
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DUFWBIE^ PAPER
3.
4.
PSITTl ROSTRA PSITTACEA

CIRIDOPS ANNA
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No.
from type
DEPPEl
BIRDS
EXTINCT
Plate 5
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1.
MIRO TRAVERSI
(Four-Fifths Natural Size)
DURABLE^ PAPER
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2a.
TRAVERSIA LYALLl
(Four-Fifths Natural Size)
3.
BOWDLERIA RUFESCENS
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EXTINCT
BIRDS
Plate 6
Fig.
From
NESTOR NORFOLCENSIS
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Fig. 2.
HEAD OF NESTOR PRODUCTUS

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(Five-Sixths Natural Size)
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Plate 9
BIRDS
MASCARINUS MASCARINUS
(Three-Ouartehs Natural Size)
BURABLE^ft- PAPER
COLOR
EXTINCT
Plate 10
BIRDS
iteiK
ARA TRICOLOR
(Eleven-Thirteenths Natural Size from specimen
DURABLE^^- PAPER
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in Liverpool
Mnseum)
EXTINCT
Plate
BIRDS
ARA GOSSEI
(Four-Fifths Natural Size/i-omi Gosse's description)
DURABLE^ PAPER
COLCR
EXTINCT
BIRDS
Plate
4^-
ARA ERYTHROCEPHALA
(Six-Tenths Natural Size/mm Cossc's description)
DURABLE^ PAPER
CQLCR
12
EXTINCT
Plate
BIRDS
ANADORHYNCHUS PURPURASCENS
(Two-Fifths Natural S\zEfron: a description)
DURABLE^ PAPER
COLCR
13
EXTINCT
Plate 14
BIRDS
ARA MARTINICUS
(Two-Fifths Natural Size/ran; description)
DURABLE^ PAPER
COLCR
EXTINCT
BIRDS
Plate 15
ARA ERYTHRURA
(One-Half Natural Size from description)
DURABLEfe PAPER
Plate 16
EXTINCT BIRDS
CONURUS LABATI
.
DURABLE^ PAPER
COLCR
(Natubal Size -from Labat's description)
EXTINCT
Plate
BIRDS
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AMAZONA VIOLACEUS
(Two-Thirds Natural Size/row description)
DURABLE^^^ PAPER
COLOR
17
EXTINCT
Plate
BIRDS
AMAZONA MARTINICANA
(Two-Thirds Natural Size -from Labat's description)
DURABlE<tfir
PAPER
COLCR
IJ
EXTINCT
Plate 19
BIRDS
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PALAEORNIS
EXSUL
(Three-quarters Natural Size)
DURABLEjft- PAPER
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Plate 20
EXTINCT BIRDS
PALAEORNIS WARDI
{Three-Quarters Natural Size)
OURABLE^^t PAPER
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EXTINCT
Plate
BIRDS
HEMIPHAGA SPADICEA
(Two-Thirds Natural Size)
DURABLE^ PAPER
COLCR
21
EXTINCT
Plate 22
BIRDS
ALECTROENAS NITIDISSIMA
(Natural Size)
DURABLE^ PAPER
COLCR
Plate 23
EXTINCT BIRDS
PEZOPHAPS SOLITARIA
(About Oxf.-Third Natural Size/rom descriptions and drawings)
DURABLE^ PAPER
COLOR
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EXTINCT
Plate 24a
BIRDS
1,
DURABLE^ PAPER
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2,
3.
DIDUS CUCULLATUS
{see
explanation)
EXTINCT BIRDS
Plate 24b
19.
DURABLE<t#^ PAPER
COLOR
DIDUS CUCULLATUS
EXTINCT
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EXTINCT BIRDS
DIDUS
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(One-Third Natural Size/iohj Dubois' description)

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EXTINCT BIRDS
Plate 25b
Fig.
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Fig. 4,
PAPER
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(One-Sixth Natural Sizefrom description and drawings)
DURABLE Jfir PAPER
COLOR
EXTINCT
Plate 32
BIRDS
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(One-Half Natural Size -frotn
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EXTINCT
Plate 33
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COLOR
EXTINCT
Plate 39
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CARBO PERSPICILLATUS
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41
EXTINCT
Plate 42
BIRDS
DINORNIS INGENS
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Extinct Birds (1902)

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What is the book about?

What is the book about?

What types of extinct birds does the book discuss?

What types of extinct birds does the book discuss?

;

of the limited edition of

for the British Empire, of which 280 arc for

names of Subscribers being registered at our

Birds which have become extinct

within the last six or seven

embracing 63 subjects, and

Paternoster Row, E.C.

CHRIS. FOWLER, PRINTER,

Congress of 1905 on Extinct and Vanishing Birds,

These drawings roused

Dr. K. Lampert, Dr. O.

the lecture, as well

the lecture, and therefore

considerably more research than

book form, as these plates were

among those who

was asked by many

Koenig, Dr. Kerbert,

Lorenz, and others.

study of the forms of

from the commencement of

small portion of this vast field

no longer existing on the earth, from

our immediate forefathers and even to

namely those known externally as well as

ancient books, as well as those of which specimens exist.

Under the former

which we know bones and egg-shells only.

category might be included those merely

have here arranged the species systematically, they

deals to a great extent with forms

treating of in the following pages has

several plates have been reconstructed from such descriptions in order

opinion as to the approximate date

deposits which have been

known from bones dug from

of these species in one locality have

kitchen-middens of the former inhabitants,

the last seven- or

those species whose

Notornis, while of others, such as

and even redundant

extinct Parrots from the

known, our knowledge

Great Auk, the Labrador Duck, and

which have become extinct

probably consider outside the

other localities the

In view of this and kindred facts,

which some ornithologists

the times of Leguat and Labat there must have been

which no mention has ever been made, for

species which impressed themselves

these old writers only mentioned such

on their memories either from their