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    Pilling

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    Ramesh Iyer
    Pilling formation in fabrics occurs through four stages: 1) fuzz formation on the surface, 2) entanglement of fibers, 3) densification into small balls called pills, and 4) shedding of pills. Pilling is affected by factors including fiber properties like length, strength, and cross-section as well as yarn properties like twist and count. Fabric properties such as type, weight, and structure also influence pilling. Finishing treatments and dyeing can be used to reduce pilling through processes like singeing, shearing, and heat setting. Choosing appropriate raw materials, manufacturing yarns with pill resistance, and constructing fabrics with suitable parameters can help control pilling.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Pilling

    Uploaded by

    Ramesh Iyer
    245 views4 pages
    Pilling formation in fabrics occurs through four stages: 1) fuzz formation on the surface, 2) entanglement of fibers, 3) densification into small balls called pills, and 4) shedding of pills. Pilling is affected by factors including fiber properties like length, strength, and cross-section as well as yarn properties like twist and count. Fabric properties such as type, weight, and structure also influence pilling. Finishing treatments and dyeing can be used to reduce pilling through processes like singeing, shearing, and heat setting. Choosing appropriate raw materials, manufacturing yarns with pill resistance, and constructing fabrics with suitable parameters can help control pilling.

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    Mechanism of Pilling and factors affecting pilling of polyester viscose fabrics

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    Pilling formation in fabrics occurs through four stages: 1) fuzz formation on the surface, 2) entanglement of fibers, 3) densification into small balls called pills, and 4) shedding of pills. Pilling is affected by factors including fiber properties like length, strength, and cross-section as well as yarn properties like twist and count. Fabric properties such as type, weight, and structure also influence pilling. Finishing treatments and dyeing can be used to reduce pilling through processes like singeing, shearing, and heat setting. Choosing appropriate raw materials, manufacturing yarns with pill resistance, and constructing fabrics with suitable parameters can help control pilling.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as txt, pdf, or txt
    245 views4 pages

    Pilling

    Uploaded by

    Ramesh Iyer
    Pilling formation in fabrics occurs through four stages: 1) fuzz formation on the surface, 2) entanglement of fibers, 3) densification into small balls called pills, and 4) shedding of pills. Pilling is affected by factors including fiber properties like length, strength, and cross-section as well as yarn properties like twist and count. Fabric properties such as type, weight, and structure also influence pilling. Finishing treatments and dyeing can be used to reduce pilling through processes like singeing, shearing, and heat setting. Choosing appropriate raw materials, manufacturing yarns with pill resistance, and constructing fabrics with suitable parameters can help control pilling.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as txt, pdf, or txt
    of 4

    The pills are formed only during wear ,wash and tear due to abrasion affectingap

    pearance, touch and handle of fabrics. The mechanism of pilling goes through the
    following four stages:
    1. Fuzz formation on fabric surface.
    2. Entanglement of fibers in the fuzz with each other.
    3. Densification of these entanglements into small balls called pill.
    4. Shedding away of pills.

    4. Factors Affecting Pill Formation :


    Pills build up is affected by Number of protruding fibre ends
    Fibre linear density
    Fibre length
    Fibre cross sectional shape
    Fibre strength modulus
    Friction Yarn twist levels
    Fabric construction
    Dyeing
    Finishing

    Fibre Parameters:
    1. Stages in life span of pills: surfacing of fibres Entangling of surfaced fibr
    es Wearing-off or build from fabric. In a fabric construction, the physical and
    mechanical properties of fibre determine the rate of above stages. Breaking stre
    ngth of fibres determines the limit of applied force during surfacing of fibres.
    Fibre Parameters
    Fibre Parameters:
    Fibre linear density cross section modulus, bending rigidity and elongation dete
    rmine the degree of entanglement. Fibre breaking strength and abrasion resistanc
    e control the pill break off rate. 2. Fibre type Fuzz tendency of various fibres
    is given in Table. Dacron (Polyester) and nylon fibres show high pill formation
    due to high strength and abrasion resistance. Fibre Parameters
    Fibre Parameters:
    Orlon (acrylic) show high tendency of pill buildup than viscose due to higher ab
    rasion resistance. In general, pills are removed during wear by the breakage of
    anchoring fibres. Above the minimum strength, abrasion resistance is the control
    ling factor in pill wear-off. Due to different surface finishes on man-made fibr
    es, pill formation may differ. Fibre Parameters
    PowerPoint Presentation:
    Fibres Flex life Cycles Tenacity Modulus Friction (mg) Fuzz (mg) gf /den gf / te
    x gf /den gf / tex Nylon 26,000 4.5 0.50 6 0.67 0.29 6.0 Viscose 70 2.6 0.29 69
    7.66 0.22 4.4 Dacron 13,000 3.9 0.43 29 3.22 0.35 3.1 Orlon 1,870 2.2 0.24 52 5.
    77 0.35 3.1 Wool 3,620 1.4 0.16 24 2.66 0.15 0.4 Acetate 20 1.4 0.16 13 1.44 0.3
    0 0.4 Table 2. Fuzz Tendency of Various Textile Fibres
    Fibre Parameters:
    3. Fibre length No pill formation generally takes place in long continuous filam
    ent fibre. Longer staple in yarns show low pilling tendency. Variation in length
    of constituent fibres in blend yarns give more tendency to pill formation 4. Fi

    bre friction and cross section Coarser fibres have low tendency to pill. Finenes
    s of individual fibres in blended yarn should be more or less equal to each othe
    r to avoid pilling. Fibre Parameters
    Fibre Parameters:
    Circular cross section of fibres with smooth surfaces give more pilling Pilling
    tendency falls with an increased flatness of fibres. 5. Fibre tenacity and bendi
    ng resistance Weaker fibres with lower bending resistance give lower pilling. 6.
    Inter fibre friction High inter fibre friction reduces pilling. 7. Fibre crimp
    Higher fibre crimp increases pilling. Fibre Parameters
    Yarn Parameters:
    1. Yarn type If ring-spun, rotor-spun and airjet -spun yarns are compared, airje
    t yarn is the most pill resistant, and rotor-spun is the least. (Fig 8, 9, 10 &
    Table 3) The difference is spinning systems cannot be over come by changing mate
    rial properties.
    2. Yarn Count Finer the count lower the pilling. Yarn Parameters
    Yarn Parameters:
    3. Twist Higher the twist lower the pilling. Increased twist level of yarn conta
    ining synthetic fibres above the standard values can reduce pilling. At higher t
    wist level pilling decreases at all production speeds. 4. Blend Lower the conten
    t of synthetic fibres in blended yarn lower the pilling Intimate blending may gi
    ve lower pilling Yarn Parameters
    Yarn Parameters:
    5. Yarn hairiness Lower the hairiness, low is the pilling (Table 4) 6. Yarn Doub
    ling Double yarns give low pilling in fabrics Yarn Parameters
    PowerPoint Presentation:
    Cotton Variety Fibre Length (mm) 2.5% span length Mean number of pills/Unit Area
    4 31.6 15 Table 4: Effect of length on hairiness of b
    Varalakshmi 37.3 5 Sankar
    lends
    Fabric Parameters:
    1. Fabric type Knitted fabrics pill more as compared to woven fabrics Pilling re
    duces by increasing yarn twist level and tightness factors of fabrics. 2. Fabric
    cover factor Compact fabrics give low pilling. Soft and fuzzy surface pill more
    . Reduced length of floats reduces pilling Fabric Parameters
    Fabric Parameters:
    3. Fabric structure Plain fabric show lower pilling than twill and satin fabrics
    due to more interlacing and short cross lengths. 4. Fabric weight An increase i
    n fabric weight reduces pilling tendency. Fabric Parameters
    Dyeing and Finishing Parameters:
    Singeing reduces pilling Shearing and cropping reduces pilling in polyester/wool
    fabrics. Heat-setting at higher temperature for suitable duration reduces pilli
    ng. The cellulosic materials in super steam for heat setting should be preferred
    for reduction in pilling. Low heat setting temperature for longer duration in p
    olyester/cotton fabric reduces pilling Effect of heat setting of a polyester fab

    ric under tnesion at different temperature is given in table 5 Dyeing and Finish
    ing Parameters
    PowerPoint Presentation:
    Heat Setting Temperature ( o C ) Pill/Unit Area Heat-set only Boiled-off and Hea
    t-set Control 6.5 10.2 120 - 9.9 140 11.9 8.6 160 11.6 7.8 180 7.8 7.1 200 8.5 5
    .2 220 5.0 6.4 Table 5: Fuzz tendency of heat-set fabrics
    5. Control of Pilling :
    Selecting the correct raw materials (fibre). Manufacturing yarn through proper p
    ill resistant steps Constructing fabrics with suitable parameters Using finishin
    g and dyeing techniques for reducing pilling Pilling on finished fabric is on th
    e average 85% less than in grey state. In polyester/ cotton fabric singeing, she
    aring and cropping and heat setting reduces pilling tendency. Enzyme treatment g
    iven low pilling i.e. Bio-polishing. 5. Control of Pilling

    Fabric handling and pilling performance are two key


    characteristics to be considered by the buyers of
    polyester / viscose blended fabrics. The choice of softeners
    is of paramount importance as the pilling performance of
    a fabric is one of the major requirements of customers
    along with the fabric handle. In this study, it was
    concluded that certain softeners, which decrease ?bre-to?bre friction by internal lubrication, such as nonionic
    organo-modi?ed silicone microemulsions and amino
    functional polysiloxanes, result in a decrease in fabric
    pilling performance. Furthermore, as far as polyester /
    viscose blended fabrics are concerned, sanforising
    treatment also results in an increase in pilling propensity.
    Fabric fuzziness is a property which affects the appearance, handle, thermal ins
    ulation and
    other fabric features; it also leads to pilling that is a serious problem for th
    e apparel industry.
    fabric fuzziness with
    increase of viscose ratio has ascending trend in
    different abrasion cycles.
    The abrasion resistance of a fa
    upon many factors, including fib
    structure and size, fabric weig
    fabric finishes including lubri
    agents, and the type of abradant
    The comparison between the mean of fabrics
    fuzziness in whole of abrasion cycles shows that
    the fabrics with 87.5% viscose content has most
    fuzziness, that is not significantly different from
    the fabrics with 50%, 75% and 100% viscose
    content. Also the fabrics with 0 and 12.5% viscose
    ratio have the least amount of fuzziness. This
    shows that fabrics with higher viscose ratio
    generate more fuzziness.

    The results show that the fabrics including more


    viscose content tend to have more fuzziness in
    various stages of abrasion. This is in accord with
    surface and mechanical characteristics of polyester
    and viscose fibers reported in the literature. Also
    the fabrics with 50/50 polyester/viscose show high
    fuzziness before abrasion and after the second
    stage. This may be because of fibers interaction in
    yarn structure.

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