K)'i-

^'

9ncTS.

^^Mmm^^0 A A^A^^^'^A^

illust.

Experimenter
SCIENCE AND

INVENTION

TANKS UPROOT BARBED

WIRE EHIAIIGLEMENTS
PA6E S32

LARGEST aRCULATION OF ANY ELECTRICAL PUBLICj

Leaim

Electricit
[^

inthe

Great Shops of

COYNE

PRACTICAL
INSTRUCTION

FINISH IN

MONTHS

I;:.tv"?dA"t;LTL?cit.t

Thousands of skilled Electricians are neeaed. The demand is becoming more urgent every
day. The Government is employing every one they can get which is causing a great scarcity
throughout the country and big salaries are being paid everywhere. Right now is your big
opportunity. Make up your mind now to prepare for one of these big jobs and then get here
as quick as you can for j'our training.

A Month

Earn $100.00 To $300.00

In the Electrical business. Come here where you will be trained in
these great $100,000 shops. Experts show you everything and
you learn right on the actual apparatus. You work on
everything from the simple bell to the mighty motors, generators, electric locomotives, dynamos, switchboards, power plants, everything to make you a master electri\
cian.
have thousands of sue
cessful graduates.
Just as
soon as you have finished

^^^

We

we

assist

good

you

position.

to

Must be Trained

We

can

to Fill their Places.

for a Big Paying Position.

These courses are thorough, short and practical. All instruction given on
the actual equipment. Each man is trained individually and stays until thoroughly trained. Start any time day and evening classes.

fill

Think
of

Now

Prepare

now have more

positions than
A-e

War Demands Have

Taken Thousands of Men
from this Profession. Men

_^^0\^\

We

are continually receiving letters, telegrams,

are in great demand.
from contractors, manufacturing firms, etc., seeking our graduates to fill
have now more positions than we can fill and the demand is
responsible positions.
Every comfort is given our students while here. They live in comfortable
steadily growing.
the most beautiful section of Chicagoon the lake.

it.

Our graduates

and telephone

homes

calls

We

in

LEARN DRAFTING

DRAFTED MEN READ THIS

It

will

called
brains,

only be a short time until you are

This is a war of skill,
service.

into

and machinery.

Uncle Sam must win

war and must have tens of thousands of

in modern trades and professions such
skilled
men
Sanitation.
as Electricity, Drafting, Plumbing, and
Such men will be quickly recognized and given an
It is not too late for you if you
opportunity to rise.
this

act at once.

Our courses
Skilled Draftsmen are always in demand.
are thorough short practical, preparing a man fully
VVe have more
to hold a position of responsibility.
W'e also have thorough
positions than we can fill.
practical coursts in Plumbing and Heating, Motion
Picture Operating and Bricklaying.

EARN YOUR WAY

Many

.students earn

expenses by
in

students in the draft, who

have been called before completing their course, have been
given an extension df time by their board suHicicnt to finish
their course, owing to the great need of trained men in these
liftes in the Government Service.
In most cases those of our

their

dc.ini! a

their
little

"'P*- 20V, 39-51 E. Illinois

Chicago, III.

:';^ut'Xe!""""
PIea.se

Book
[ J

by mentioning the "Electrical Experimenter' uhen

-u-rilinij

to

atn

Electricity
(

benefit

at once your
interested in

send
I

Drafting
Motion Picture Operating [

[ ]

Ynii

mVUlF TRADE
TR4nF AND
IMn
COYNE
ENGINEERING SCHOOLS

spare time. Our

.'
depl.
fur-

employment

^^ *

^ ^^

^f^^^"

living

work

adierliscrs.

t;/uik trad,- inlni-^t,-d

big

t/ij

St

Free

Plumbing

Bricklaying

December,

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

1918

521

^sa^,.

ELECTRICITY
KNOW

AS EXPERTS

them

"See
First

Pay

afterwarda"

IT

Learn electricity as you would In actual PRACTICE In accordance with

the methods employed by the highest paid electrical experts In America.
The New McGraw-Hill Library of Practical Electricity contains the actual
working facts which you need In order to succeed in the electrical field.
Terrell Croft, formerly with the Westinghouse Company, makes the conquest easy for you.

A New
The New Library

Standard in Electrical Literature

of Practical Electricity by Terrell Croft

trical literature.
Tbe great field of electrical engineering,

with

marks a new era

In

elec-

Its limitless possibilities

of earning power, is brought to you In a form that malies success easy.

The Library is a creation an achievement that is without parallel in
technical literature, because it sticks to actual practice throughout
Its 3000 pages.

per

means

that

letter

YOU

something to

moDth

1^

ftojCAL

starts

^ou.

Centwi
STATIONS

Bmmbr

yoD

'^^

WmiNC

McGraw-Hill Book Company,

239 Wsit 39th Street,

%^ gS

New

Inc.,

York, N. Y.

Gentlemen: In an attempt to
myself about CROFT'S

express

to

NEW LIBRARY

OF PRACTICAL

ELECTRICITY, have never teen,

and do not believe thara was ever
I

bigger

printed In the English language,

a more comprehensive set of books.
It Is a library that is Just as valuable to the novice as to the ex-

pay

pert,

because

practice.

all

Is

It

Respectfully,

GUY

MeCJA
HII*

McORA

H.

PEIFER,

Chief, Doplan Silk Corporation,

Hazelton, Pa.

(CROFT'S

NEW LIBRARY OF PRACTICAL ELECTRICITY8

VOLS.)

the time to master Electricity Now

the time to prepare for a high salary
Not one cent
advance Just the coupon
men
no
if

Now
is

is

Old books won't do. Amateurish books won't do. Books

compiled by "desk authors" or
with
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Practical books are easiest mastered. Practical books,

written by practical men, teach you accurately and rapIdly.
There is nothing in the Croft Library which you
cannot understand. Terrell Croft tells you the secrets of
success In electricity In plain words, figures and IllustraNothing is left to the imagination. There is no
tions.
guesswork. There is no theory or higher mathematics.
Send now for these eight volumes. No matter how many books on
electricity you possess, you are unfair to yourself unless you take
advantage of this free examination privilege. No matter whether you
are beginner or expert, these books will show you the clear road to
success.

in

Examine

now Library

for ten full days without expense. Find out for yourself why it is now taking the
lead in electrical book sales In America.
Use the
books as you see fit for ten days. Look at the hunMQrftwHm
dreds of illustrations that clear up ail the mysy
Book Oo.a lot.
-'
teries In electrical practice.
Stick a couple of
W. SMh St.
the volumes In your pockets, and refer to them
YORK
during the day. Figure out in an Instant
the problems that have heretofore taken
Gentlemen:
hours.
Pleasa lend me the lithis

cq
n0
NEW

brary

Then send us $2 per month

for eight
months, or return the set entirely
at our expense. You risk nothing by returning the attached

coupon.

Inspection will prove this.

of

Practical

Eloc-

(ablirrlng cbtigm prefor 10 days* fr examIf Batlsraotory, I will

send $2 In ten d&ys and $2 iter
month uitll $10 has been paid.
If
Dot wanted I wilt wiita you for retam
shipping Instructions.
trlcltr

paid)

ination.

ACT

ndkuir-MMLCk,^ NOW
239

West 39th

Entered as lecond-olaii matter Uarcfa

1.

Street,

New York, N.Y.

You

benefit by

1915

at the poit offloe at

mentioning the "Electrical Experimenter" when

New

York. N. Y., under the Act of March 3, ISTf

City and,

Name

of

Em

Tour Position

tvrttinff

to advertisers.

Experimenter PubUahlns Co., 233 Fulton

St..

New

York, N. Y.

D ecember,

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

522

1918

RemarkaUe^iZ'
Charts OTFER
Anatomical and Pbysiotofical Charts (with Boaad
Manual Key) Handsomely Lithographed la
Lifelike Colors.

We want ambitions men and women to have these remarkable

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science of Drugless Healing. This offer is now made to show the
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If your desire is to enter an uncrowded field if you want to achieve
financial independence and social standing, at least investigate.
Your request on the coupon below is all that is necessary.

Drugless Healing
The 72-page book and other literature we send on
request shows the immense possibilities for Chiropractors of both sexes. The public is awakening to the fact
that drugging to cure disease is in many instances, a
fallacy.
They ai-e ready to welcome the practitioner
who relieves and heals without nauseous dosing. The Charts show how the
science of Chiropractic is applied.
facts about the human
body, instructive to the layman. You
should obtain them without fail.

They reveal

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Many Doctors of Chiropractic
earn $5,000 a year and more; some
upwards of $10,000. Dr. M.D. Moore
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Dr. L. H. Roche, New Jersey,
$5. .500; Dr. Hanna of Florida, over
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you should be able to do. A diploma
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of Chiropractic by
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common school education and the ambition to succeed are all that is
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you thoroughly the principles and practice of the profession. You will graduate with the
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Manierre BIdg., DepI 323 Chicago
Gentlemen: Without cost or obliR-ation. send
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tion about this new, interesting and
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r
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how you can get these 22 instructive Charts. Send coupon for this free offer.

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Mail the Coupon

^j^

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Chicago, Illinois

You beneUt by mtntioniuo

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>

Address

City

tf^ "Eleeiricai Experimenter'*

whe*

writing to advertisers.

ilectrical
233
Publisht

Vol.

VI

FULTON STREET, NEW YORK

by EocporuBenter Publishing CompaBj, Inc.

Whole No.

(H. Gemiback, President;

DECEMBER,

68

Nw Ymk

1918

No. 8
542
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551

552
554
555

557
558
562

Affousimd,

October first, 1918, the Marconi Radio

Telegraph station at Carnarvon, Wales
(England), establisht direct wireless communication with Sydney, Australia, a dis-

tance of 12,000 miles.

This is the first time that a complete
radio message actually enveloped the entire earth in every direction.
In other words, when the
towers at Sydney in Australia were receiving that message, the waves came in on it from every direction of
the compass, as a moment's reflection will make clear.
Furthermore, in addition, the waves actually tumbled
onto the towers from the sky, as well as from beneath
the towers, thru the earth a remarkable phenomenon,
if we stop to think of it.
For the etheric waves do
not travel snugly around and over the earth, but a very
considerable distance above it, as any airplane or
dirigible with radio receiving instruments on board can
readily testify to. On the other hand, every terrestrial
station has its "return circuit" grounded to the earth
for better results.
Thus while the Wales-Australia
radio waves were speeding around the globe in all directions, they traveled as well thru the entire breadth of
the earth, a minimum distance of 7,912 miles.
But if the waves traveled 12,000 miles around the
earth, they probably traveled just as high above it, and
perhaps very much further.
already know from
experience that atmospheric conditions are the bane
of the radio operator.
Ionization of the air and
barometric, as well as electric disturbances of the atmosphere often make radio-communication impossible.
Experiments and our present day knowledge of physics,
on the other hand, convince us that if there were no
atmosphere at all, radio transmission would be not
only infinitely better, but the distance covered with a
certain amount of power, could be increased very considerably.
Radio waves, the same as light waves, belong to the same family.
Both are electro-magnetic
mainfestations of the ether.
Both are equally ham-

We

Th ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER li pablUht on Ou 15Ui t raeb monOi mt J33

Now York. Tliore ape 12 nunibn por jeM. SubacrtpUon price U 2.00
7r in U. 8. and possMslana. Canada and foreUtn counLrles, $2.50 a jar
U 8 coin ai
well aa U. S. itamps aoapt4 (bo foreiftn colnj or etainpi). Sln^e copies, 20 cenis each.
i aanvla eopr will b ait rra Bi B tkmii. Cherta and wuMej <rdn ahould be drawn
t srter ot KIPBIIIHflHIl PTBLIginHQ CO., INC.
If you ahann toot addraaa
QoflfT
iromptlj. In ariCT that aovlai are ut atlasarrled ar laaL
A iraea wrapper Inillaataa axplratlta.
Na ooplaa laat after nplratloa.
Fulton BtTBet,

"*

233 Fulton Street,

pered by the terrestrial atmosphere.

Thus the best
astronomical observatories are located on the loftiest
mountain peaks. In such a position the astronomer can
see much better, tho only one or two iniles nearer his
object, which, as for instance the planet Mars, may be
35 million miles distant
But the astronomer looks
thru only about 30 to 40 miles of air this being the
estimated thickness of the terrestrial atmosphere. On
the other hand, our radio waves traveling around the
Globe, must speed thru 12,000 miles of atmosphere.
Naturally, there is an enormous amount of absorption
of energ\-, while the waves travel thru such a wide
blanket of air; hence our suspicion, that as there
is no such obstruction
skywardly, the waves will
travel infinitely farther into the free space where
there is no atmosphere, once the paltry 30 to 40 mile
!

air layer at

Carnarvon

is

traversed.

That these radio

waves therefore, reach the moon, altho the latter is

238.850 miles distant, seems probable after these
deductions.
The outstanding feature of this globe-encircling wireless is, that the power used to accomplish the result is
much less than was used years ago to send a message
across the Atlantic. The answer is found in our modern radio receiving instruments, and their enormously
increased sensitiveness.
Electronic valve receptors,
coupled to a six-step amplifier for instance, amplify a
given signal over one million times! Such results were
undreamt of even five years ago. It must be obvious
that as receiving instruments become more and more
sensitive from year to year, we require less and less
power at the sending station. Just as the astronomer
sees a hitherto invisible star, because of his more powerful telescope, so does the wireless range increase with
a more sensitive receptor.
The day is not far when
we will be able to send a radio message around the
world using only a few dry cells for the total power
at the sending station.

H. Gernsback.

ALL

tlona a&nsot be returned tmlen fail pota<e haa been Inalndad.

accvtd oontrlbutlona are paid for on pubUeatloo.
A spaclal rata la paid far noral axparlmaQta good
photorrapha aeoomt^anjlng the
are tilghl; deairable.
BI.BCTBICAL EXPEBIMENTEIB. Manthlr. Bnterod aa aaaoBd-alaia matUr at the
New York Poat Offlae andar Att ol Conrraaa of Maroh 3. It79. TlUa rodatarwl U. 8.
Patent OIBea.
Capjrltht. 191(, br E. P. Co., Inc.. New Terk.
Tka Oaataata of thla
nia0a2lne are eopyrlihtod aad miiat nat ba rapraduoad wltkaoi flvlBf full aradlt to tba
publication.
:

ePtrt >tloM
tklj Jawnal aheold ko a<Mrat to: Editor
233 FHilton Street, New Tork.
Unaccepted coHtrlbu-

_.*J.l,.:SS'"'?!S*"*
ELECTRICAL
BXPEBIMBNTEE,

Gernsback, Treasurer;)

POPULAR ASTRONOMY SIXTH PAPERTHE TOTAL SOLAR

ECLIPSE OF JUNE. 1918
By Isabel M. Lewis
EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS LESSON 17 RADIATION.
Bv John J. Furia. A. B., M. A.
WHY USE TUNGSTEN LAMPS ASK UNCLE SAM
COLD FROM ELECTRICITY
RADIO AROUND THE WORLD WITHOUT MASTS
HARVARD HAILS THE NAVAL RADIO MAN
THE CODE NUMBERS GET THEIRS
By Thomas Reed
A ROTARY QUENCHED SPARK GAP
By Francis R. Pray
HOW TO MAKE RADIO APPARATUS
HOW TO BUILD A SEVEN-INCH REFLECTING TELESCOPE.
By Latimer
Wilson
A SIMPLE STUDY OF CURRENTS AND MAGNETS. J.
By Prof. E. H. Johnson
SPECTROSCOPIC EXPERIMENTS AND SPECTRA.
By D. S. Binnington
EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS. LATHE CHUCKS Concluded.
By Samuel D. Cohen
EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY
By Albert W. Wilsdon
WRINKLES, RECIPES AND FORMULAS. .Edited by S. Gernsback

TANKS UPROOT BARBED-WIRE ENTANGLEMENTS. .. .Front Cover

From a painting by George Wall
525
AT LASTI THE SUPER-TANK
527
A DEADLY "SPIRAL COURSE" TORPEDO
CATCHING 3,000,000 FISH AN HOUR WITHOUT A HOOK.
By W. Edouard Haeussler 528
529
HOW SHIPS ARE WELDED BY ELECTRICITY
NEW YANKEE WAR INVENTIONS
Bv H. Winfield Secor 530
TANKS UPROOT BARBED WIRE ENTANGLEMENTS.
By H. Gernsback 532
PRESERVING ORGANIC SUBSTANCES BY THE USE OF X-RAY
533
OVENS
HUGE ELECTRIC TOYS
534
ELECTRIC XMAS SUGGESTIONS
535
FLYING ACROSS THE ATLANTIC WITH A 10,000 H.P. AIRPLANE
By W. Edouard Maessler 5;'6
TESTING ENGINEERS MADE TO ORDER.
By C. M. Ripley, of the General Electric Co. 538
TURNING AIR INTO BREAD NITRATES FROM THE AIR.
By Robert H. Moulton 540
LACING SHOES BV ELECTRICITY
By Frank C. Perkins 539

Wkeloss

S.

Tbe

ELECTBICAL EXPEBIMENTEB

ll

for aala at

aU nowaaua^l

and Canada; alaa at Bretano'a, 37 AraBda da rOpara. Parla.

523

iB tha United Stataa

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

524

Learn

December,

Learn

Master Electricity By
Actual Practice

Ne^York

Doin^

The only way you can become an expert is

by doing the very worlc under competent instructors, which you will be called upon to do later on.
In other words, learn by doing. That is the method of
the

New

York

Electrical School.

Five minutes of actual practice properly directed is

to a man than years and years of book study.
Indeed, Actual Practice is the only training of value, and
graduates of New York Electrical School have proved
themselves to be the only men that are fully qualified to

worth more

satisfy

EVERY demand

of the Electrical Profession.

The Oldest and Only

Institution of

the Kind in America

At this "Learn by Doing" School a man acquires the art of
Electrical Drafting; the best business method and experience in
Electrical Contracting, together with the skill to install, operate and
maintain all systems for producing, transmitting and using electricity.

'JJ>URN/ITING ~^

school for Old and Young.

Individual instruction.

icuKRENT PUflCTICf

Over SyOOOjStudents now holding Successful

Positions in the Electrical World
5,000 of our students are today successful electricians.

No

previous knowledge of electricity, mechanics or mathematics is necessary to take this electrical course. You can begin
the course now and by steady application prepare yourself in a
short time. You will be taught by practical electrical experts with
actual apparatus, under actual conditions.

Let us explain this course

you in person. If you can't
call,
send now for 64-page
book it's FREE to you.

to

New York Electrical

29

New York

Please send

me your

York

Electrical School,

29 W. 17th

to

School
West 17lh St., New

St.,

FREE

New

York, N. Y.

and without obligation

64-page book.

Name
Address
You

benefit

fcy

1918

mentioning the "Electrical Experimenter" tvkrn writing te advertitert.

Vol. VI.

Whole No.

DECEMBER,

68

Number

1918

At Last the Super- Tank!

HERE

tank.

its field

at
It

last

was

we have

the superrecently thought out

and patented by one Anton Krzan

of Chicago. This military device
has considerable possibilities, and
of activities is a wide one. It may

Of

course, this armored tower could be

well camouflaged so as to be hardly discernible even a few hundred yards away.
The inventor describes one way of elevating the steel tower, whenever so desired,
by the use of comprest air. He states that

other methods at once become available for

elevating the tank as often as required. One
of these is to connect it mechanically with
the automobile engine thru suitable clutch
mechanism and gearing. Another method
is to have a separate gasoline engine unit,

Cooyright, 1918. by E. P. Co.

At Last the Super-TankI A Yankee Genius Has Developed This Telescopic Armored Tank for Use In Ferreting Out the Enemy, Making
Observations, and Breaking Up Airplane Attacks Close to the Ground.
Equipt with Wireless Telephone, Searchlights, Machine Guns,
and a High Speed Tractor Chassis, These Fighting Giants Should Prove Quite Formidable.
be mounted on a powerful automobile truck
or chassis, so as to be kept rolling over the
country at high speed, and the while hurling forth streams of machine gun bullets,
not to mention liquid fire and gas.
This
armored telescopic tank may carry searchlights for use at night.
It can also be used
as an observation post for the Signal Corps.

man can elevate the tower section by

simply turning the handle on a small air
pump which compresses air at atmospheric
pressure and forces it into a flexible chamber, which, as more and more air is pumped
into it, naturally causes the tower sections to
rise correspondingly. Where the super-tank
is mounted on an automobile chassis, several
one

525

tower section of the tank

another way is to have an electric motor inside the tower base, the motor
receiving e'ectric current to operate it from
a storage battery charged from the automobile engine. A further scheme for such
a power plant would be that involving the
use of the automobile engine to drive a

just to raise the

and

still

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

526

NEW

YORK'S NOVEL

$6,000,000,000

LIBERTY LOAN SIGN.

One

of the most spectacular features of

Fourth Liberty Loan campaign was
manner in whidi the big Wrigley Gum
Electric Sign in
Longacre Square
was adapted to accommodate an enor-

the
the

during the day, according to figures received

on the long distance 'phone from Washington, and busy New Yorkers found it of
great convenience to watch the progress of
the subscriptions to the Fourth Liberty

December,

caught the eye of a little girl, who walked

thru Longacre Square the other day with
her mother in excited tones she turned to
Oh, Mamma, look
her mother and said
Mr, Wrigley has donated over a billion dol-

Bonds." Photo courtesy O. J.

ABLE

SILVERING
MIRRORS.

In the ordinary
process of silvering
glass

Broadway

com-

Loan

Loan Progrest.

The arrow

"BUY

LIB-

The

was

times

are 5 feet high.

electrically several

dynamo, and the dynamo

ships,

the

Coblentz

in

"granite ware,"
enamelled iron pans,
which do not attract
the silver and hence
increase the supply

Spectacular Electric Sign One Block Long Which Kept Track of the "Fourth Liberty
Loan" for New Yor kers. The Illuminated Needle Moved Slowly Across the Dial as the

ERTY BONDS"

our new

might
to

Science.
The object of this
note is to call attention to the usefulness of ordinary,

which if completed
would be 132 feet in diameter.
is 14 feet long, and the letters

to

operate the

This corresponds to the

steam-electric drive

which
added

Wm. W.

signed and donated

Electric
Scale
which recorded the
total subscriptions
until the six billion
was reached.
The scale occupied
the center, of the
sign and is 66 feet
In fact,
in length.
it is a small section
of an enormous dial,
the

motor.

is

thickness of the mirror is lost. This is

an important item
when silvering mirrors 25 cm. or more
in
diameter, says

during
erty
campaign and
the
the concern who
built the design de-

electric

method)

metal

have

nated the sign for

the use of the Lib-

set

hear's

silver

Wrigley do-

arrow

by

the
deposited
upon the glass container. In this manner a great deal of

prising more than

15,000electric globes.

Mr.

mirrors

chemical decomposition
Bras(e.
g.,

from 43rd to 44th

Street.
The sign is
200 feet long by 50
feet high, and is an
artistic design,

Gude Co.

NONSILVERCONTAINERS FOR

scale
giving
the total figures subscribed each day.
This sign, the
largest electric sign
in the world, occupies the roof of a
building on the west

of

Liberty

for

lars

mous

side

1918

now

fitted to

and there

is

many

also
the

at

of
the

market
present time an automobile on
One of its
having this form of drive.
features and characteristics is
principal
greater flexibility owing to the wide range
of speed available wherever an electric moThis cannot be said of any
tor is used.
steam or gasoline engine power unit, where
the power is taken direct thru gears, or
other more or less jerky mechanical means.
Not only does this super-tank have a
steel tower, but it can be raised and lowered as it speeds along, and the tower may
For this purpose
be rotated as desired.
the upper section containing the machine
gun or other ordnance is mounted on roller
bearings, so as to turn easily and quickly.
A portable wireless outfit may also be carried in this tank, which often times would
be of invariable assistance in carrying out
difficult maneuvers and battle formations,
owing to the fact that the observer is elevated above the ground and thus has a
At first
clear view of the enemy Hnes.
thought it might seem that considerable
power might be required to raise a telescopic
steel tower such as this, especially when it
might be expedient to raise and lower it
quickly for the purpose of keeping the enemy
gunners guessing, if they should happen to
get a "bead" on the moving, highly camouflaged super-tank.
But such is not necessarily the case, for the telescopic steel mast
can be properly arranged with suitable balance weights in the same manner that our
apartment house and office building elevators are, so that very little power would

Loan by simply glancing at this huge

There was a sign at the bottom of the big
display stating that the space was donated
by Wm. Wrigley, Jr., Company, and this

sign.

be required to raise the tower to its full

The
height in the fraction of a minute.
balancing weight connected to these sections
w-ould be nearly equal to the weight of
the sections themselves, so tliat when the
clutches are released to collapse the tower,
the weights will weigh just sufficient to
allow the tower section to overbalance them
and descend.

ARMY ENGINEERS' CORPS A

GIANT OF EFFICIENCY.

The wartime organization

the

of

Army

Engineer Corps was revealed for the first

time on June 27, by Major General William M. Black, chief of the corps, in an
address before the American Institute of
General Black outElectrical Engineers.
lined the extent to which modern warfare
is an engineering problem and illustrated
his address with screen views of the activities of the engineers in France.
General Black said the present corps
organization is composed of 8,000 commissioned and 200,000 enlisted personnel.
New units created, he said, most of which
Five corps
are now in France, included
regiments, consisting of sapper, search43 sapper
light and sound-ranging troops
regiments and trains 2 mounted battalions
and trains, 5 pontoon trains, 4 inland
waterway companies, 40 railway regiments
and battalions for construction and operation of standard and light railways, 1 railway transportation corps, 1 highway regiment, 1 gas and flame regiment, 1 gas training service, 5 foresty and auxiliary forestry regiments, 1 surveying and printing
battalion, 1 military mapping service,
2 supply and shop regiments, 1 water
:

of material available
for deposition on the
mirror.
During the past year the writer
has had frequent opportunities to verify
this observation and to apply it in producing
thick deposits of silver on glass.

supply regiment, I quarry regiment, 1 mining regiment, 1 electrical and mechanical

regiment, 2 crane operating companies, 1
camouflage battalion, 18 truck and auto
companies and 44 depot detachments.
General Black, who accompanied Secretary Baker to France and personally inspected army engineering projects there,
said the majority of these units were serving with American troops, altho some were
attached to the French and British armies.
He pointed out that 20,000,000 square feet
of floor space are required to store 90
days' supphes for 1,000,000 soldiers and
double that amount of open space. At one
port of debarkation, he said, 375,000 square
feet of wharf space had been provided
to accommodate incoming troops and supplies, and he estimated that the transportation services which had to be constructed
and maintained must be able to handle to
the front 25 pounds per man per day.

RADIUM

IN MEXICO.

concession has been granted by the

secretary of industry and commerce in
Mexico for the exploitation of a deposit
of gold, uranium and radium at Guadalupe, in the mountains of the state of
Chihuahua.
All the machinery necessary
for thoro and extensive operation will be
introduced.
The government will receive
per cent of the gross output in return
This is the
the permission granted.
only deposit of these minerals so far discovered in the republic.
5

for

Almost automatic

in its operations is a
cabinet for quickly developing X-ray
dentists'
photographs for
use.

new

December,

A
it

readily
istered

from an

a missile

once it starts moving under its own power,

to follow a spiral path of ever increasing

air-

sufficient accuracy such

will hit a moving ship or

other target

is

a very

difficult

radius.

As
make

accompanying illustrations will

it is only a mater of time when
such a torpedo is bound to "get" you. Of

mat-

and as may be
supposed the number of "hits" regunder marine conditions is but a
ter

at

527

Deadly Spiral Course Torpedo

DROPPING
plane with
that

LLLCTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

1918

all

times,

the

clear,

the torpedo should be near the

range, such as on an outside
lap of the spiral and traveling somewhat
slower in speed, the argument might be
raised that the vessel could easily side-step

very small proportion of the missiles dropt.

Therefore, a Yankee genius, Edward D.
Priest, of Schenectady, N. Y., has taken
out a patent on a clever spiralling course

course,

if

end of

its

As the details of the illustrations herewith tend to show, these torpedoes are slung
beneath the fuselage or body of the hydroplane, so that the bombing officer can release them as desired, either all together or
one at a time, by simply pulling on a lever.
The torpedo may be fitted with a small
parachute, so that it will travel at reduced
speed as it nears the surface of the water,
and thus alight without diving too far below
the surface. Also the torpedo is provided

PARACHUTE
[OPTIONAL]

pnwFR ELECTRICOR
PROPELLER
i'MUt^tl\.L!LK SUPPLY
cMon, V COMPRESSED
.;\|R nioTOR
'

'

"''"

RELEASE
CLUTCH

STARTING PLANES

''FIRING PIN
SPIRAL^

EXPLOSIVE

RUDDER

SHOWING HOW TARGET

IS EVENTUALLY REACHED
BY SPIRAL PATH OF TORPEDO

Tt-

HOW CHANCE OF TORPEDOING

TARGET

INCREASED WITH

IS

3 SPIRALS (X'POSSIBLE

HITS)

Copyright 1918 bj

Something Real New In Torpedoes

Path of Ever-Increasing Diameter.

P. Co.

Path Torpedo, Which After It Is Dropt from a Seaplane Starts Spinning Around a Circular
Bound to "Get" You, Eventually; and When Several of Them are Dropt In the Vicinity
Zowlel You Sure Need Friends.

Spiral

It's

torpedo, for just such requirements as this,

where the torpedo may be dropt from an
airplane to hit such targets as submarine
destroyers and larger vessels.
It does not take a mathematician to figure out what chance an aviator has of hitting the target with an aerial bomb if he is
at any considerable altitude, when the target is such a small affair as a submarine or
submarine destroyer. Also it does not take
much figuring to see that if we have a tor-

pedo which will start moving under its own

power as soon as it strikes the water after
being dropt from an airplane, that this torpedo can under normal conditions only proceed in one direction or another, and not in
any number of directions. Therefore, as
the inventor points out, there is practically
only one reasonable solution to such an
ambitious problem as he has set himself, i.e.,
to devise an automatic torpedo which will
cover a certain prescribed area thoroly and
effectively, and that is to have the torpedo,

the onrushing torpedo. But this proposition

takes on another color, when one stops to
think that several of these spiralling torpedoes may be dropt in the water from a
hydroplane at the same moment. Here we
are confronted with a perfect maze of torpedoes spinning around in the water in
ever-increasing circular paths, which cross
and re-cross each other, and, as becomes
obvious, it will be extremely uncomfortable
for any vessel so situated.
The modern
automobile torpedo moves at a very high
velocity, or at a speed of between forty and
fifty miles per hour.
recollect only one
case in which a gunner on an armed merchantman ever succeeded in hitting a traveling torpedo with a shell, and most probably that was more a case of luck or chance
than anything else. In this direction it is
well to remember that the torpedo does not
skim along on the surface of the water, but
travels at a depth of fifteen feet on the
average.

We

with a disengaging striker which hits the

water just before the nose of the torpedo,
releasing the parachute, and in the next
instant two specially devised rudders strike
the water, and these are pushed upward
this action causes the propelling motor circuit to be actuated, and the propeller starts
spinning.
At the same time an electrical
device begins functioning, which causes the
rudder to slowly turn, which then forces
the torpedo to follow a spiral path of gradually increasing radius.
if

at

It

is

evident that

were not done, and the rudders set

a given fixt angle, then the torpedo would
this

proceed to follow a circular path of the

same or constant diameter.
The torpedo is preferably propelled by
comprest a'r, actuating a comprest air motor, the same as in the standard naval type
of automobile torpedo of the Bliss-Leavitt
pattern. The inventor provides for causing
the torpedo to travel either partially submerged or on the surface, as desired.

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

528

3,000,000 Fish an
iNV

hick?" asks the habitual

human

machine gun. You can only answer him and say, "Yes, several
thousand bites from our mutual

friends the mosquitoes, but not

a bite from the wily fish." It is the same
old story, but not so with the new Giant

December, 1918

Hour Without a Hook

at the rate of ten miles

ward motion causes

an hour,

this for-

be carried into
the scoop and thence thru the throat of the
scoop onto the electric conveyor, which carries the fish to the electrically operated sorting machine, where the different varietiei
and sizes are sorted, separated and sent on
fish to

fish are absolutely fresh when they are

placed into the ice-making machine and
frozen, then they necessarily must be absolutely fresh when the boat is landed and the
fish unloaded for consumption by the public.
All fish that are of desirable qualities but
are too small for use are allowed to pass

Catching 3,000,000 Fish an Hour, Without a Hookl Sounds Impossible. Doesn't It? That's What We Said Until We Saw
the Machine Work.
It
First Hypnotizes the Fish, Millions of 'Em, Dy Its Powerful Electric Searchlights; the Advancing
Scoop-Net Whirls the Finny Victims Up to an Electric Conveyor and Sorting Machine.

Fishii.g Machine, designed and originated

by t-rr Captain N. A. Lybeck, a sturdy follower oi the sea from coast to coast While
on one of his numerous adventures of the

deep, he

was thrown

with an

unknown

into close relationship

specie of deep sea fish
that had a searchlight eye with the properties of "mesmerismic" influence.
After
his safe extradition from this catastrophe
he evolved the idea that this fish must exercise a hypnotic influence over its prey
and here was the birth of his great idea,
namely, a giant
fishing machine

to

the

The

different respective packing bins.

best of the selected fresh food fish

are immediately, wliile still fully alive,

frozen into solid blocks of ice in an electric
refrigerating machine.
The Government
Bulletin that has been issued on this subject
of cold storage lays stress on the fact that
either the packing of a perishable article
in ice or the refrigerating of the same by a
cold producing machine will positively preserve the article in its exact condition at
the time of refrigeration. Therefore if the

would

which

"hypnotize" the
fish with pow-

uninjured back into their native element,

in size and numThis is made possible by the construction of the fishing machine and its
scoop. The fish are caught and carried forward without any sort of injury; therefore
if they are not of the kind that are wanted
or are diminutive in size they can be returned and none the worse for their experi-

where they may increase

bers.

ence.

The hulls of the boat are tunnelled and

streamlined so as to eliminate any disturbance
of
the
water, which in
some way or
another gives
notice
the
to
sixth sense of
the fish, if they

erful electric
searchlights and
a scooping de-

have

such

vice

which

sense, that dan-

would

run

the fish to the

sorting tables

ger is lurking
nearby. For that
very reason you

in other words,
an electro - me-

could have
killed Towser

in

fisher-

when you

hian on an enor-

brought him on

mous

that last fishing

chanical

scale.

How
ful

and while
c om f ortably
smoking your

of his
monster Fisherman. In action

meerhe
started to bark
and run up and
down the bank

success-

trip

he has been
can be j udged
from the illus-

favorite

tration

its

s c

operation

can be described
as

follows

aum

of the
scaring

When the engines are working and forging

the boat ahead

the

fish

stream,
of
all

away

from your
Head-on View
Fish,

of the Giant Electric Fisherman,

Preparatory to Gobbling Them Up

Its
In

Powerful Searchlight Hypnotizing the Helpless

Its Scoop, Measuring 150 Ft. by 100 Ft.

(Cont. on page
584)

'

December,

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

1918

How

529

Ships Are Welded by Electricity

Welding Committee, which board
looked into the technical details and
problems connected with the application of
electric welding on such a gigantic scale as
is required in welding the plates together
on a five thousand to ten thousand-ton
ocean grey-hound, measuring five hundred

is reported that Charles M. Schwab,

Director General of the Emergency
Fleet Corporation, is considering the
construction of a totally electrically
welded ship at an early date. It is imdecidcd whether to make the initial experiment with a five thousand ton vessel or a

IT

Electric

welds

has

hour.

at the

rate of several thousand per

What

are spot and arc welding and what

the difference between them? That is the
question which interests not only the layman but many electricians as well, for this
branch of electrical science is indeed quite
is

But in any event,

barge.
the Emergency Fleet Corporation, which
building vessels

is

now

by the
hundred for Uncle Sam,
thus placing the American
every port of the

flag in

world after the war, will

undoubtedly adopt this

form of building ships, if

not altogether, at least to
a large extent. For many
years, and in fact as long
as steel ships have been
the plates on the
built,
hulls of these boats have
been lapt over one another, and then held permanently together by passing red hot iron rivets
thru perforations near the
edges of the plates, the
heads of these rivets being
swaged over, either by
hand with a sledge hammer or else vnth a pneumatic riveting tool while
hot.
Some idea of what a
tremendous job this riveting problem is may be
gained from the fact that
a typical day's record in
riveting at Hog Island,
America's

newest

greatest shipyard,
000 rivets per day.

is

and
116,-

The Emergency

Fleet
thought
so well of electric welding
of steel ships, as followed
by the English shipbuilders in a small way, that

Corporation

has

Arc Werding Instead of Riveting Ships. No. 1. Arc Welding Boiler Flues. No. 2. Totally Electric We ded
Barge Built In England. No. 3. Partially Completed Arc Welded Seam Notice the "Tack Welds" at
Center and Top to Hold Plates Together. No. 4. Arc Welding Around Rivet Heads to Prevent Leakage.
Current is Usually Supplied from a Special IVIotor-Generator Set Fitted with Regulating Reactance Coin
to Govern the Amount of Current Consumed by the Arc.

they hare appointed an

feet long

T
I
Spotm/a

t
Platen to be
'spof we/deii'

^
Spot welding I
iveldei/

Taci! yve/gs

ways

and standing sixty

from

\.

Ede befe/^

flanZt electrode

ore ive/ding moc/).

JT.

Illustrating the IVIode of Procedure

In IVIaking a "Spot-Weld" by Electricity
and Manner of Making an "Arc-Weld" at 11.
The Intense Heating Effect of the Electric
Current Is Harnest to the Job In Either Case.
The Electric Arc Is One of the Most Power-

Diagram

ful

Sources of Heat Known.

on

arc welding was much cheaper and could

be performed more rapidly than by any of
Spot welding is
the gas welding methods.
now used extensively in many different industries, and has been employed considerably for the welding of bonds on street car
"It is interesting to note here the
rails.
difference in practise between Great Britain
and the United States," says Mr. H. A.
Hornor, in a recent paper presented before
the American Institute of Electrical Engineers on the subject of electric welding of
ships.
Mr. Hornor is a member of the
Electric Welding Committee appointed by
As he
the Emergency Fleet Corporation.
has pointed out "Great Britain, knowing
little or nothing about spot welding, had
the practise and application of arc welding
well under way, while conversely American
engineers, on the other hand, had highly
developed spot welding, even to the point
where elaborate welding machines for this
class of work performed their task automatically day after day, making successful

Arc wela/ng

feet high

keel to deck.
Briefly, there are two forrtis of electric
welding which are being experimented with,
and these are arc welding and spot welding.
Arc welding gives great promise in the shipbuilding field, and has been largely used
abroad and alfo to some extent in America,
especially in railroad repair shops where a
heavy direct current was easily obtainable.
It was thus discovered that the process of

the

new, very little having been publisht concerning it.

The accompanying diagrams,
figures one and two, show the two different
processes of electric ship welding in a clear
manner. To produce a spot weld, two heavy
copper electrodes, water cooled in the
heaviest machines, are placed on opposite
sides of the material to be welded together,
such as two steel plates. The joint is a
lapt joint, and machines are now available
that will make two and more spot welds at
one time.
The details of the operation,
which requires but a few seconds for each
weld, are as follows
The electrodes are brought into contact
with the material to be joined, and current
is supplied sufficient to give the required
heat. Pressure is then applied; the current
and pressure are then removed, the spot
weld is then complete, and is usually as
strong as the base metal which has been
welded. The spot weld operator has a perfect indication of making a good spot weld
by the use of a button placed under the

electrode,

and by observing

it

he knows

exactly the proper timing of the operation.

There is therefore no question as to a good,
poor or indifferent spot weld.
Arc welding, which gives much promise
of being rapidly adopted in steel shipbuilding at an early date, is carried out in the
One side of the electric
following manner
circuit is connected, as Fig. 2 shows, to the
material to be welded, the shank material
(^Continued on page 572)
:

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

330

New Yankee War

December.

1918

Inventions

By H. WINFIELD SECOR

WARTIME
more

inventing has
or less a profitable

become

game

in

the past lew years, and ot late the

inventors of America
have busied themselves in perfecting new schemes with which to overcome
Some of the more
the Teutonic armies.
recent and interesting of these patents
which have been taken out are herewith
described and illustrated.
TTie first invention is that of an elecThis is a
trically operated machine gun.
very interesting scheme indeed. Where a
source of electric current is available, such
as from a storage battery or from feed
wires carried up to the front line trenches,
this electric machine gun should prove of
considerable efficiency. It has a very positive drive for the belt containing the cartridges and the tiring pin mechanism is also
positively controlled by the electric motor
actuating the cartridge belt, etc. The machine gun is fitted with a safety switch,
which is connected in series with another
switch mounted within the rear hand-grip
The
as clearly shown in the illustration.
cartridge belt is provided on its underface with a series of teeth adapted to mesh
with the teeth of the gear wheel working
thru the lower wall of the chamber, and
projecting upward into the same, so as to fit
into the teeth formed in the belt. The belt
is designed to be made in a number of sections, or it may be made in one continuous
length with its ends detachably connected
together. The cartridges are placed in the
tubular containers secured to the belt.
In operating this electrical machine gun
ihe gunner simply grasps the hand-grip,
after having closed the safety switch. The
electric motor then starts up, causing the
cartridge belt to move, and the cartridges
are brought one at a time into the firing
chamber. During the adjusting of the cartridge in the chamber the firing pin is
thrown back, and the next instant a powerful spring throws the firing pin forward,
striking the closed end of the cartridge,
exploding it.
This action is rapidly repeated, and a thousand or more cartridges
fired per minute.
A patent on this machine
gun was issued to Luis M. McManus of
electrical

Houston, Texas.

The second electrical military scheme

was recently patented by Colonel Willis P.
Coleman of the United States Army, and
appertains to improvements for use in connection with the instruction of recruits, and
particularly rifle marksmen, especially with
regard to the proper method of holding the
rifle and pulling the trigger without disturbing the line of sight. As Colonel Coleman states the case "It is necessary to
hold the rifle in a vise-like grip during the
operation of squeezing the trigger, if one
is to shoot a military rifle with any degree
of accuracy." To bring the recruit to the
realization of the necessity for the "hold
and squeeze" is the most difficult part of
the instruction, says the inventor.
Heretofore there has been no satisfactory method
of concentrating on this particular part of
the recruit's instruction.
The invention here illustrated provides a

simple scheme for overcoming this

seemingly difficult problem, and it comprises
nothing more than a dry battery or two, a
small electric bell of the common garden
variety, and a metal contact mounted on an
adjustable rod. which also supports a miniature target, all of which is arranged in the

very

nuuiiKr depicted liy our arli.st. In praciise

llie rifleman has to hold the piece so thai
the electrode-pin projects a short way
The instructor watches
side the barrel.
him while he goes thru the movement of
loading and pulling the trigger. He must
be able to pull the trigger while sighting
on the small target attached to the instrument without moving the gun barrel sufficiently to bring it in contact with the central rod, which will cause the bell to ring.
Xo bullets are used in this maneuver of
The invention is of wide applicacourse.
tion and extremely simple to adopt, and is,
moreover, well-suited to training riflemen
for shooting in any position, either prone,
kneeling or standing.
The third idea, on which Mr. George
Flemini; of Princeton. Texas, has taken out
a patent, is that of an electrical shot-gun.
The object of the invention, so he states
in-

provide a trigger-operated gun, which

close an electric circuit and immediately upon contact with the shell, to create
a spark for igniting a combustible fluid or
material thru the medium of which the shot
IS projected."
As the illustration indicates, a small
flashlight battery is placed in the stock of
the gun. By means of an insulated trigger
and the necessary contact plates an electrical circuit is closed thru the cartridge or
The
shell whenever the trigger is pulled.
"is to

will

preferably adapted to contain powany other suitable combustible

fluid or material which will impel or project
The
a bullet from the barrel of the gun.
shell has a spark-plug mounted therein, so
that contact of the trigger with this sparkplug will close the electrical circuit, and
cause the contents of the shell to be ignited,
and thus project the bullet out thru the
Normally, a spring holds the trigbarrel.
ger out of engagement and out of contact.
For certain classes of shells, particularly
small gas shells and the like, this idea is
well adapted.
An Electro Gasoline Cannon is illustrated
This cannon or gun
in the fourth figure.
is
intended to hurl forth projectiles by
means of the same force as that employed
in the automobile engine cylinder, i. e., by
the explosive force produced when a gaseous vapor, such as that composed of gasoline and air, is suddenly exploded by an
Thus no powder is neceselectric spark.
sary with such a gun. As the diagram and
illustration show, the cannon is loaded thru
a sliding breech-block in which the shell is
The gasoline and air mixture is
placed.
obtained by means of a vaporizer, built on
the order of a carburetor, and this mixture
into the chamber back of the
is injected
This is
shell by means of a force pump.
necessary in order to properly compress
the mixture, and it is ignited by means of
an electric spark produced by means of a
spark coil and battery. The inventors, John
L. Anthony and William S. Bradford of
Haynes. Arkansas, claim that perfect control of the fire is readily attained by the
use of their gun, simply by variation of the
Moreover, they
amount of the charge.
point out that a crew can fire such a gun
with little danger from explosions and
Moreover, the
overheating of the piece.
cost of operating a gun of this type is said
to be much less than the cost of operating

shell is

der, gas, or

gun from which the projectiles are fired

by means of powder explosives. It may be
interesting to our readers to know that a
a

similar gun has, to our best knowledge, been

used successfully in France, and also there
has recently been developed a machine gnn
cjf this type which can fire three thousand
shots per minute.
When the birdmen soar to lofty altitudes
it becomes extremely cold, as is well known.

particularly effective, electrically warmed

aviator's shoe has been invented by William
W. Lillard of Irvington, N. J. Mr. Lillard
mentions that his electrically warmed footwear is particularly useful for all those
who may be exposed to extremely cold
weather, including aviators, drivers of
His scheme
street cars, automobilists, etc.
is particularly interesting in that the inner
sole containing the heating element or grid
may be used and attached to any footwear,
whenever desired.
An electric insole is used in both shoes,
and electric conductors extend thru the
heel of the footwear to the outside thereof.
set of contacts in the heel and also in
the insole are in detachable engagement
with each other.
The contacts and conductors leading thru the heel and up thru
the leather pocket attached to the outside
of the shoe at the rear, connect with a

storage battery or other source of electric

current.
It is thus evident that the electrical contacts in the heel and the sleeve
covering the conductors leading up from
the heel, may be quickly attached to any
regular footwear, whether they be shoes or
boots.
Electrically heated helmets and
clothes have also been used very successfully by the Allied forces.
The sixth idea is a suggestion for naval
and marine engineers, in the form of a
quickly collapsible net to be used as a protection on ships against torpedo attacks
As the illustration herewith shows, the inventor, Mr. John Wosinski of Detroit,
Mich., provides for a series of telescopic
tubular steel arms which can be rigidly
supported about the vessel when necessary.
These arms may be quickly extended by
means of comprest air, by a hand-operated
gear, or, better yet, by means of an electric
motor. Each telescopic boom is supported
by cables from the masts so as to help sustain the weight of the net and floats.
It is
just possible that this idea may work out
and prove available for the purpose for
which it is intended. The net protector for
ships, you know, is taboo in all naval discussions on torpedo defense, notwithstanding the fact that English warships have
used them with success many times. Therefore, it is possible that Mr. Wosinski's invention may find acceptance in shipping
circles, the principal objection to these torpedo nets heretofore having been that they
reduced the speed of the ship and otherwise
handicapped the quick handling of the boat.
One of these fine nights "Kaiser Billiam"
and the "Clown Prince" will be highly surprised when their headquarters and perhaps a few of the family castles are bombarded by a gigantic flock of aerial torpedo
bombers, of the type invented by a Nebraska genius, Sherman S. Benson.
This
aerial torpedo is devised so as to be set to
automatically drop a shower of bombs or
other explosive missiles at predetermined
points over the enemy's positions. Also by
a clever arrangement of trap doors in the
shell of the torpedo and their releasing
mechanism, the doors may be caused to
open one after the other, at any desired
{Continued on page 584)

"

December.

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

1918

531

UNCLE SAM'S WAR INVENTORS ARE BUSY

<

c^
ELECTRIC

AERUL

CONTROL GEAR.

TORPEDO

THE
ONE-MANI
EXPLOSIVES

J
.^1
'>

ELEVATING PLANE CONTROL

RUPPFR
BOMBS

TANK
CovjtiMbt 118 by B. P. Co.

(For Description See Opposite Page)

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

532

D ecember,

1918

Tanks Uproot Wire Entanglements

By H.

ONE

of the most formidable barriers

contend
with is the modern barbed wire entanglement. As is well known, it
is almost impossible for charging
infantry to move over the intervening noman's-land when the latter is elaborately
equipt with barbed wire. First of all, the
advancing men are ready targets for the
enemy, and once they come up close to the
barbed wire, tliere is no way of getting over
it without the enemy spotting the men, when
they can be easily picked off by means of
the enemy's rifle fire.
In the past, many
schemes have been suggested and are in
operation, to either clear the barbed wire or
else to destroy it. Perhaps the most efficient
is the modern barage which levels and shatters to the ground all entanglements, blowing them to atoms. The objection to this
method is that the enemy is served notice
of what is coming and immediately conthat the armies in the field

GERNSBACK

chinery is necessitated or will be necessary

to carry out the plan.
Our front cover as
well as the accompanying illustrations depict the idea clearly.
By means of regulation trench mortars,
we fire a steel wire in the direction of the
enemy's trenches, the end of tlie wire being
equipt with hooks or grapples, as our front
cover shows. The firing of a cable of this
kind is nothing new, nor is it untried. A
similar method was used by the Italians repeatedly in the Alps, and in one case where
a connecting cable broke and left a considerable force isolated on the peak of a mountain, communication was again establisht
by firing a steel line over the heads of the

marooned men.
After our

wire has been shot over

that is necessary for
to do will be to pull the wire tosteel

the barbed wire,

our men
wards them

enmeshed

in

all

till
the hooks become firmly
the barbed wire entanglements.

It

also goes without saying that the tank

which we have illustrated can be replaced

by either heavy automobile trucks, or otherwise

compound hand

tackles (chain blocks),

not advisable to use either tanks or
automobiles.
In order so as not to give the enemy any
infortnation as to what is coming, the
trench mortars can be fired in the evening
or early morning, and the object can be
successfully camouflaged by sending over
ordinary trench bombs at intervals. Thus
the enemy will have no notice of what is
happening, and will take the firing from the
trench mortars to be nothing more than the
usualy daily trench bomb boinbardment.
Then at dawn, about half an hour preceding the attack, the tanks can get busy
uprooting the barbed wire entanglements,
making a wide breach in the defensive system, and within a few minutes after thus
clearing an opening, our infantry can adif it is

Three Views Depleting a Novel Idea How to Uproot Barbed Wire Entanglements. Fig. 1 Shows Thin Wire Cables to the End of which
Fig. 2 Shows the Other
re Attached Hooks or Grapples, the Cables Being Shot Over the Entanglement by Trench Mortars as Shown.
Fig. 3 Shows the Tank Uprooting the Barbed Wire Entanglements, the Hooks or
of the Wire Cable Attached to a Tank By Our Men.
Entanglement.
Fast
to
Grapples at the Other End Holding the Cables

End

centrate reserves of infantry behind the attacked area, thus defeating the object
gained by destroying the entanglements.
Another favorite method originated by
the British, is to have tanks run over the
entanglements, crushing poles and wire to
the ground, but again this method gives notice to the enemy, and while not as much
as if the barrage were used, still notice is

After a number of wires, spaced say, twenty

to twenty-five feet apart, have thus been
shot over the entanglement, our men leave
their trenches and attach the free end of
the wire cable to the tank, as shown in our
illustration, which tank may be some considerable distance behind our own lines at
any point which is best suited for the requirements at the moment. When all lines

Also one tank or even fifty tanks

cannot break down a large area of wire, for
it stands to reason that each tank can only
crush down an area equal to the width of
the tank itself, which usually is not more

made fast, it is only necessary for the

tank to start moving backward, when a considerable section of the barbed wire entanglement will be bodily uprooted and pulled
out of the way. The entire tangled mass
of poles and barbed wire wreckage can then
be pulled somewhere to the rear, where it is
out of the way and will not harm our advancing infantry. It goes without saying
that by using a number of tanks and by
shooting over a sufficient amount of lines,
almost any section of barbed wire can be
cleared in this manner. This system would
work, of course, where there is a double,
triple, or even quadruple line of barbed
wire entanglements, one behind the other.
In this case, all our men have to do is to
grapple the nearest line facing the enemy,
and once our tanks begin pulling, the first
line of entanglements will invariably become enmeshed with the second, third and
It is
fourth line, and uproot them all.
merely a problem of having a big enough
tank or tanks with heavy enough wire cable

given.

than ten to fifteen feet wide.

Recently a Yankee colonel devised an
original method whereby use was made of
oreSnary chicken netting interspersed with
A number of such wire
thin steel rods.
rolls are unrolled over the entanglement
and the soldiers found little trouble in walking over this improvised bridge, but, of
course, many casualties resulted by the
Huns picking off the Americans with gun
or rifle shot. All the methods cited above
have one great objection, and that is that
they leave the barbed wire on the ground in
some form or other, and even if the poles
and barbed wire have been crushed down,
they still make ven- unpleasant walking as
may be readily understood.
The writer wishes to advance an idea
which has none of the objections cited
above, while at the same time no new ma-

are

and grapples.

vance thru the open gap. The enemy will

at most have a few minutes notification,
which will not be sufficient to call in his
reserves.
It would seem that the advantage of this
idea lies in the fact that a wide breach can
be made at small expense to human life,
for it is obvious that no human being need
be near the barbed wire, unless, of course,
volunteers should elect to place the grapple
cables into the barbed wire by hand during
the night, thus even dispensing with trench
mortars. This can be done by sending ,~Mt
the men in no-man's-land during the nig!.,
to fasten the lines to the barbed wires.
There are, of course, many other variations to this scheme which will immediately
suggest themselves to the men in charge of
this work at the front and who are best
qualified to handle such matters.

PRESIDENT'S

REPLY TO

GER-

MANY FLASHED BY RADIO

FROM ARLINGTON.

President Wilson's reply to Germany on

October 23rd was sent broadcast to the
world from the Arlington naval radio
towers on the night of October 24th, after
the official text had been put on the cables.
If not picked up directly by the German
station at Nauen, it was undoubtedly relayed from other points in Europe in time
to reach Berlin in the morning.

D ecember,

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

1918

Preserving Organic Substances by the Use

of

X-Rays

THE

apparatus here illustrated was

recently developed for the purpose
of utterly destroying insects or other
animal life that would tend to destroy perishable articles, such as tobacco, certain foods, etc., or else to sterilize
and prevent further propagation of the
species, and also to destroy any
eggs that the insects have already laid.
In certain instances, such as
in the treatment of furs, woolen articles or feathers, it is desirable to destroy the moths or
other destructive insects before
they can do the damage. With
other perishable articles, such
as grains, the few weevils or
other insects that may be found

and the entire inside surface of the outer

roof and doors, are lined
about one-eighth inch thick,
X-rays from passing thru
exerting deleterious effects
on the attendants. Special connecting racks
are provided, so that the batteries of X-ray
including
with sheet lead,
to prevent the
the walls and
wall,

533
provided a pair of nozzles thru which this
air can escape in a direct stream on to the
tubes, thus helping to keep them cool. The
X-raying compartment is provided with a
standard high tension transformer for operating the bulbs, and develops a potential
of about one-hundred-thousand volts at the
secondary.
The low-potential, filament
heating current for the bulbs is provided by
All of the
two stepdown transformers.
apparatus is readily controlled from the
switchboard on the exterior of the cabinet,

initially in the grain will do little damage to the grain, pro-

vided their powers of reproduction

are annihilated or destroyed, and further that the

eggs already laid be

sterilized.

well known that

trichinse, which infest raw pork,
are in themselves harmless to
human life; but that the second
generation, when bred in the
human system after eating raw
pork, becomes very dangerous
to human life.
Therefore, in
the case of the raw pork or of
the grain, it is only necessary
to destroy the fertility of the
original insect, to in a large
measure prevent any material
injury from the presence of
such insect. Therefore, a Florida inventor, Mr. David Collins Gillett, devised the spe-

Again

it

is

New "X-Ray Oven"

Contain

Animal

X-ray "oven" here shown.

Mr. Gillett has provided a number of
novel electrical features in workin out this
idea to the best advantage,
and for one

Life

for Treating Tobacco, Meats, Besides Other Foods and Substances Liable to
or the Eggs Laid by Insects, thus Sterilizing Them and Effectually Preventing their Propagation.

cial

thing he greatly reduces the length of time

required to thoroly sterilize such articles, by
providing a battery of powerful Coolidge
type X-ray bulbs on either side of the oven.
The compartment into which the cars containing the materials are rolled is partitioned
oflF with wood or non-metallic sheeting. The
outer wall of the X-ray cabinet is composed of wood or other suitable material.

SAW

"SPY" SIGNALS IN

HUDSON.

THE

Following the military order forbidding

"suspicious lights and signaling" along the
Hudson, the first observed instance of sig-

bulbs can be quickly replaced or reconnected

and exchanged at any time. A milli-ampere
meter is provided for each battery of
bulbs which registers the amount of high
tension current passing thru them.
An electric motor connected to a high
efficiency air blower on top of the cabinet
creates a strong draft of air, which passes
down into two air compartments placed
against the outer walls and inside of each

X-ray tube compartment in the manner

shown. Opposite each X-ray tube there is

was reported recently by Captain

Frank Grossman of the Hastings-on-the-

naling

Hudson Home Guards.

Captain Grossman said

that his

ported seeing signaling between

men
a

re-

motor

which panel carries the usual ammeter and

voltmeter, necessary switches, circuitbreaker, etc. Two safety switches are provided on the door frames, so that as the
door is closed, as shown, the shunt circuit
connected to the circuit-breaker on the
switcliboard will be automatically broken.
time switch, which may be set for any
given length of treatment extending from
a fraction of a minute up to several minutes, depending upon the class of materials
being sterilized, is used.

launch and a post on the top of Hook

Mountain, back of Nyack, at 9:30 P. M. one
evening, again at 11 :30, and the last time
Capt. Crossat 3 o'clock in the morning.
man said that at 3 o'clock one of his guards
observed a low-built launch, of the racer
type, slow down oflf Hook Mountain and,
using a light hung at the masthead, flash a
code message. The blinking of the lantern
was kept up for about five minutes, and
then three short flashes winked from the

mountain

top.

The guardsmen, warned by

the

two

earlier visitations, had a launch ready to

go out to the suspicious craft. Before the
guard boat could get within hailing distance
of the stranger, however, the latter sped

downstream toward

New

York.

the Home Guard pointed out

that from the top of Hightorn, in the
Ramapos, back of Hook Mountain, Revolutionary officers thru spy-glasses used to
watch the movements of the British in Long
Island Sound as far west as Nantucket.
Guardsmen said that a powerful signal on
Hightorn could be caught by a U-boat lying

Members of

-WEST BANK^-

"^'^'^^WK^fl^^

EAST

i,lmv

"SPY'UONOI FLASHING SIGNAL V'''^ ^^jfuDSON RIVER

50 MILES TC BHlDsrPOflT CONN.-

200 MI^ES TO NANTUCKET

oflf

It Is Reported that "Spy" Flash Signals Were Observed at Hastings-on-the- Hudson, the
Signals Being Flashed from a Launch In the River Up to Hook Mountain.
How Easily
these Signals Could be Relayed to Mount HIghtorn, and Thence to a U-Boat In Long Island
Sound Is Made Evident.

Nantucket.

Home Guardsmen

from Hook Mountain

said that

armed with
could sweep Camp Mer-

strong fieldglasses
ritt, near Cresskill, N.

spies

J.

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

534

Huge
Thi.se photographs show the unique elecdisplay of toys made by a Seattle,
Wash., toy concern. The immensity of the
toy rigures made the public gasp for breath.
tric

Electric

December,

1918

Toys

fantastically colored in typical "monkey

The huge
pose," so familiar to everyone.
moving figure is mounted in a shadow box,
which produces a most spectacular lighting

nothing of its kind ever having been aitempted before, and the oddity, immensity
and originality of the huge moving figure
caused widespread notice and created a per-

Electric Toys Erected In Front of a Seattle, Wash., Store to Amuse the Kiddles as Well as Grown-Ups. At Left, a Giant Monkey
Riding a Bicycle; Center, a General and a Private from Toyland's Army the "Gen" Looks Suspiciously Like the "Clown Prince":
at Any Rate, They Both Have Wooden Heads; and at Right, the Electrically Lighted and Actually Jumping Jack, Standing Fifteen
Feet High.

Huge

sort of occasion, but they reached what

seems to Seattle folk the limit in spectacular and unique effect in this wonderful

Behind the black backeffect at night.

ground is concealed the intricate electrical
mechanism which makes the monkey's head,
arms and leg move, and the contented smile
on the monkey's face shows his satisfaction

The enorrider display.

the bicycle-riding monkey
a clever reproduction of a popular toy

at creating such a disturbance among the

children as well as the grown-ups of the
The idea is an original conception.
city.

The big home-furnishing store produced

many wide)y-talked-of displays for every

monkey bicycle
mous figure of
is

THE AERIAL MONOFLIER IN THE

AUGUST "E. E." WORKS!
Our readers will undoubtedly remember
with interest the proposed "Aerial Monoflier of the Future", illustrated and described in color and diagram in the August,
1918, issue of this journal. Many letters of
criticism were received, saying that this apparently wild dream was a real impossibility
and would not work. Some of the writen
objected to the support of such a large car
on top of a cable by means of a stabilizing
gyroscope, claiming that a gyroscope capable of doing this would have to be larger
than the car itself, etc., etc.
So, all hail the advent of a real monoshown in the accompanying photofliei,
graph!
just recently came across this
toy monoflier, and purchased one to try it

We

out.

It

Of

course,

it is

electric motor.
supplying the necessary current to the motor thru a trolley arrangement on top of the
Also a similar sized car was tried out
car.
with an electric motor fitted into it and driving two propellers, in exactly the same man-

in the vertical plane.

To
idea of the powerful stabilizing ef-

stabilizing

ELECTRIC
WELDERS.

an

i^^^fil
P^ fZJ^
"ViftrWV^=^^^

Up She Goes the Real Gyro- Monoflier Imported from Toyland. The Metal Car Measures 9/2 inches long, 4 Inches High, and
The Small Revolving
ZVi inches In Width.
Gyroscope That Stabilizes it, as It Roils
Along a Cable or Single Track, Is But Z'A
Fitted With Propellers, Sucfi
in Diameter.
a Car Ascended an Inclined Cable in the
Same Manner as Proposed and Described in
the August issue.

Women

electric

welders are the latest in

Island won the honors

Hog

shipyard news.

girls who are

their new work, on the
other.
There's riveting, rigging, bossing,
and a lot of others, and we'll see how much
longer men will hold out against willing

on the one hand and three

making good

at

women.
Several weeks ago Miss Sarah A.
win applied at Hog Island for a job,
they told her they had a chance for
in the electric welding department.
novelty

of

it

was pictured

so

Er-

and
her

The

alluringly

Miss Erwin became the first electric

welder of her sex in the world, so far as
is known.
Not long afterward Miss Anna
tliat

Keiineste

applied

for

try

at

the

new

work, and she and Miss Erwin both developed skill so rapidly in the training school
that they were soon turned over to the production department. Number three is Miss

Mary Dunn,
still

also of

Philadelphia,

who

is

in training.

JAPAN TO HAVE ATMOSPHERIC

NITROGEN.
According to a bill past by the last diet
government of Japan has decided to

the

power

give an
fect of this small but rapidly spinning gyro,
mentioned that the metal car
it may be
measures nine and one-half inches over all,
stands four inches from top to bottom and
measure; two and one-quarter inches in
width.

WOMEN

NEXT!

a simple matter to arrange

a car of this type with

worked admirably and would run

A
along a cable or string in fine shape.
small, lead wheel gyro, about two and onehalf inches in diameter by one-quarter inch
thick, is geared to one of the two traction
wheels imder the car. so that when this
wheel is spun by drawing the car across the
floor, the gyro spins at high speed and the
car takes on all the features of the gyroscope itself, i.e., it manifests a remarlable

petual grin to be seen on the scores of

faces which continually watched the fantastic movements of the clever monkey.
The electrically lighted jumping jack was
15 feet high. The gaily uniformed General
was 22 feet, while the Private stood 19 feei
in height.
Looks like "Papa Billiam" abdi
eating to the "Clown Prince."

ner as that proposed for the aerial monoflier described in the August issue, and the
car rode up an inclined cable very successfully.
Truly, it may be said that "Science
moves in mysterious ways, its wonders to
perform" to paraphrase the famous bib-

lical

passage.

establish a laboratory for the study of the

The defixation of atmospheric nitrogen.

of ammonia for fertilizer amounts

to nearly 20,000,000 yen each year, and up
to now this has been supplied solely by
It is hoped to make this a local
import.
industry in the near future.

mand

December,

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

1918

535

ELECTRIC XMAS SUGGESTIONS

The Tesia Magneto

Dynamo. It Gives a
Available in Electric or Dandy
Shock.
BeIVlotor Drive.
A Present That Will Tickle the sides Chasing Rheumatic Pains Away.
Heart of Every American Boy.

rine

Chaser Model.

Is

It

Experimental Chemistry for the Boys. This Complete

Good Education in Chemist ry. Instruction
Book of 100 Experiments and Tables Tells How.

Outfit Gives a

And Here's
Spring

the Submarine Available With Electric or

Motor Drive.
It
Submerges, Speeds Along and
Fires a Torpedo.

Call Him by Name,

Out He Pops. Delighted!

The Wireless Pup!

The

n d
W
Pump

Electric

--"jp'^

Like the

Just
g
W
mills.
i

ates

Works

Operated Model Airplane.

Small Motor Drives the Propeller.

Electrically

Power
d

Operon

Bat-

tery.

Beautiful Colored Electric Lamps for Decorative and Xmas Tree Lighting. Tungsten Filament, 2 Candle-power, 14 Volt Type.

New

Electric

Decorative

Lamp

in

Form

of a Cross.

The Electric Questioner It Answers

Your Questions by a Signal From a
Buzzer, Whenever Fortune Causes the
Right Connection.

536

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

December,

1918

The Palatial Trans-Atlantic Aerial Liner "Etheric" Nearlng New York Harbor. Sandy Hook Lies to the Right of the Picture.
Equlpt with a Powerful 10,000 Horsepower Engine Plant, Radio-telegraphy, Aerial Sounding Signals and Sleeping and Eating Accommodations, This Wonderful Craft Makes the Trip from London to New York, a distance of 3,456 Miles, In the Remarkably Short
Time of 31 Hours. Steamships Cannot Much Improve on a Four-day Trip Across the Atlantic, No Matter How Powerful the Engines
with Which the Vessel Might Be Fitted. A Speed of 100 Miles Per Hour Is Common Nowadays for Airplanes.

Trans-Atlantic 10,000 Horsepower Aerial Liner

By W.
may expect
posted in a conpast with only casual

the very near future one

a placard
INspicuoussuch
place and
to see

have become commonplace. Likewise the daily appearance of a monstrous aerial flier such as
the "Etheric" would not cause excitement
perhaps just a slight interest as to her
interest,

as

it

will

EDOUARD HAEUSSLER

greater, so also does the area of land beneath you increase in size.
This holds
true to a certain altitude, above this limit
of height the expanse of the horizon again
decreases in diameter.
You chat for a

her

trans-Atlantic

The city beneath appears to be dropping

away from under you, the buildings and
tall skyscrapers become a mere jumble of
vari-colored squares, interwoven by a mass
of threads resembling a net, which in reality, are
streets, and the "flies" that you
perceive moving about in them are the
rushing masses of New York's busy populace.
Your attention is drawn to a small
winding thread, and when you follow it
with your eye, you notice that it extends
and disappears into the horizon. This, you
are informed, is the Hudson River. After
the flier has gone several thousand feet
higher, you become interested in the apparent widening of the circle of land and
water within the horizon. This is due to
the height, for as our altitude becomes

progress and

flier

you are surprised to

has

is

is

to

be

made

in

a short

stretch of ocean.
The landing station at
Newfoundland is an imposing structure rising some five hundred feet in the air.
There are two large express elevators for
conveying the passengers to and from the
aerial liners and the streets below.
Use
is
made of the new magnetic landing

moved, and the gigantic machine starts to

rise rapidly into the air, bound from New
York to Harbor Grace, Newfoundland one
thousand one hundred and forty miles disof

the

and that a period of twenty minutes

will be allowed, during which time you
can again become accustomed to walking
on "terra firma." This time is utilized by
the crew to provide ample fuel and provisions for the flight over the 1,940 mile

lap

that

while,

passenger list.
"All aboard for London !" Then amid
the roar of the big sirens and that of the
six gigantic motors, aggregating in all some
ten thousand horsepower, the noise of
which is deafening, the last passenger steps
aboard, the small wooden stairs are re-

first

rail

made remarkable
over the restless waves of
the sea.
The next to attract your attention is the announcement that a landing at
find

Newfoundland

tant, the
journey.

Looking over the

scheme and a "whirling disc" starting de-

TRANS-ATLANTIC AERIAL TIME TABLE.

Leave Battery Park, New York City 7 A. M.
Arrive at New Foundland
5:20 P.M.
Leave New Foundland
.5:40 P. M.
Arrive at Queenstown
Leave Queenstown
Arrive at London
Mileage
Time of Trip

"Etheric"

11 :40 A.

Aerial Liners
Crest" "Silver

"Wave

M.

12 noon
3 P.M.
3,456 Miles
31 Hours

Lining"

Accommodations limited to 85 passengers.

Baggage Maximum 20 lbs.

Animals

not conveyed.
and effects forwarded by fast
steamship service to destination.

Trunks

few moments with a fellow passenger, when

of a sudden, you notice the lack of turmoil
and the noise of the city, which has been
replaced by a noticeable and complete calm.

vice, which appeared

of this magazine.

in

a previous issue

After the necessary fuel and provisions

have been carefully stowed aboard, the
engines are started again and the plane
rapidly rises into the air; the sensation and
observations are identical with the ones
experienced upon leaving New York. The
pilot of the "Etheric" heads her straight
up into a strata of air about 2,000 feet
above the surface of the sea. A noticeable
decrease in temperature is the result and
a very light-headed feeling ensues. Looking off to the east, that is, straight ahead,
a very dark and menacing bank of clouds
Apprehension is felt, as this
is observed.
black appearance will shortly prove to be
a severe electrical storm. But the passengers may feel reassured, as their safety has

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

1918

December,

been provided for by the equipment of the

"Etheric" in the form of lightning rods.
These rods extend on all four corners of
the upper plane and a ground is obtained
by the dropping of a copper wire to a
distance of about 150 feet from the bottom
of the plane. Upon the extremity of this
wire is placed a torpedo-shaped steel "fish."
Should the misfortune occur that the
"Etheric" were to be struck by lightning,
the discharge would be noiselessly carried
from the protruding rods down thru the
insulated wire and dissipated into the air
below the machine by means of the
"dummy" ground.
Our pilot, with expert skill, starts
the gigantic airplane on a rather sharp
angle and the powerful motors respond
quickly, carrying it to a height of 12,000
feet.

At

this height

we

are absolutely safe

from any danger whatever that might have

been in store for us from the approaching

The speed of the plane

thunderstorm.
heading directly into the tempestuous area
carries us above it in a very few minutes.
The roll of the thunder is ear-splitting; we
lightning disfail, however, to see any
charges as we are above the storm and
therefore our feeling of insecurity soon
;

passes

off.

By

referring to the chart that is placed

amidship on either side of the cabin deck,
we discover that
we have traveled
600 miles

motors.

Our

sleep

is

undisturbed.

About noon next day the summer sun

brings out the highlands of Ireland in
bold relief and as we drop to a lower altitude in order to affect a landing, we begin
to realize that the populace in the cities
of the country which we are to visit must
necessarily be perspiring in this sweltering
are made very comfortable by
heat.
the thoughtfulness of the steward, who in
the round of his duties has found time
to look out for our comfort, even to the
turning on of the four electric fans in the

We

lounging room.
Despite the intense heat (note rapid
change in temperature), we are all crowding to the rail in order to see where and
how we are going to again come back
Our unuttered question
to Mother Earth.
is very quickly answered when the machine
comes to rest on a landing stage, an exact
duplicate of the one we left at Newfoimdland.

There are two things

that

attract

our attention and in which this place differs

from the Harbor Grace terminusK)ne of
which is a slightly smaller size airship, built
practically on the same lines as our oceangoing planes and which is marked in very
large letters designating that it will carry us
to London if such is our intention and destination. The second object of interest is a
large observation balloon suspended at an

537
to say, "You came over, up in the air, and
you will again go up in the air trying to
make me pull you and all of your infernal
Climbing into this contraption,
luggage."
with some feeling of insecurity, we finally

arrange

ourselves

*****
to visit the splendors and beauof the picturesque Irish landscapes.

ties

This story of a trans-Atlantic trip is not

an idle fancy, but a logical forecast of the
remarkable progress in aviation, the materialization of which will be found not many
years hence.

The proposed mammoth Aerial Liner

here pictured will be constructed along the
following specifications, according to logical figures which have been past upon by
competent authorities. It will have a wing
span of four hundred and twenty feet, a
fuselage length of two hundred and ten
feet, and a height of ninety feet from upper
The planes, three in numto lower planes.
ber, will extend horizontally from the hull
of the ship to a width of two hundred and
ten feet

on either

side.

containing the passenger compartments, is built on a stream-line basis,

resembling that of a sulfur-bottomed whale,

The

and

is

hull,

arranged to accommodate eighty-five

people besides a

crew of fifteen
men, a total of
fifteen
thousand

leaving

Harbor Grace.

pounds, allowing
thousand
seven

passenger
heard to reis
mark that he is
beginning to feel
fellow

pounds for supfor the 18 hours'

run;

in the cabin has

been ttirned on
and he will find
comfort below.

The

We

are skeptical
who ever
heard of heat in
an airplane? Ben g Americans,
we are naturally

motors.

two

if

what we
is

true

was merely
mentioned to
or

give us a "psycho-

in

temper-

wholesome and satisfying. It conmostly of canned goods, due to the

lack of room and the ever-present need for
However, it
light weight in the cargo.
suffices to allay our appetites until we
shall make a landing at Qiieenstown and
there take our fill of good old Irish "spuds."
Soon night falls and we retire in our tiny
cabins, where we are soon lulled asleep
bv the musical vibration of the "Etheric's"
is

tceii

Cross-Section of the 10.000 H. P. Trans-Atlantic Airplane. From Stem to Stern: A, Main Planes; B,
Fore and Aft Stabilizing Planes; C, Four-bladed Propellers; D. Stairways; E, Braces, Strussing and
Stays; F, Aerial for Wireless Apparata; G, Ventilating System; H, Baggage Compartment; I,
Kitchenette, with Muffler Stove Heated by Exhaust from Motors; J, Combined Lounging and Dining
Room, Also Used As Main Cabin and Saloon; K, Forward Water Ballast Tank; Z, Rear Water Ballast
Tank. As the Fuel is Consumed from Tank M, the Water from Tank Z is transferred to Tanks K, to
Preserve a State of Longitudinal Equilibrium; L, Comprest Air Pump and Reservoir for Use In Forcing Fuel to All Motors Under Pressure; M, Petrol Fuel Tanks; N, Lubricating Oil Containers; O,
Motors In Armored Nacelles; P, Radiators of Motors; Q, Fuel Supply Lines with Stopcocks; R,
Graphophone or Music Box; S. Drinking Water Tanks; T, Staterooms; U, Hull; V, Main Exhaust
for All Motors; W, Partitions of Light Fiber-wood Composition; X, Insignia or Flag of Country
Under which Plane Is Flying; Y, Master Carburetor and Ignition System to Insure Synchronized
Action of Motors and a Proper and Constant Mixture of the Explosive Agent at All Times.

ature and a feeling of well being once more

enshrouds us.
It is getting to be somewhere around the hour of twelve, noon, a
fact of which we were made aware by the
An electric
rumblings of our stomachs.
gong starts to ring vigorously and as we
have heretofore learned it is the everwelcome signal that "dinner is served."
The menu is not very extensive, but the
sists

the

of the
planes are of six-

logical" warmth.
Going downstairs
we notice a perceptible increase

food

on

lower

and

told

The

three motors situated on the upper tier and the

were

motive

power is derived
from six highpowered gasoline

for

selves

pounds

of this reserve
capacity would
be available for
baggage.

informs

der to prove and

find out for our-

seventeen

hundred

him that the heat

inquisitive
our curiosity gets
the better of us,
so
we descend
the stairs in or-

and fuel

plies

rather chilled.
plane-hand, overhearing the re-

mark,

our

and about

some

since

and

comfortably

hackman starts to bawl out at his "bony"

mule, and once more we are under way

elevation of 1,000 feet above us in which

we can faintly see two men waving their
'kerchiefs at us. Upon inquiry as to what
this type of balloon is used for, we are
given the information that this is the "meteorological station," operated by the TransAtlantic Airplane Company and by means
of which the various nautical and air observations are determined and reported.
Under this heading we might state that the
temperature, visibility, time, tide and kindred other computations are made.
Arriving on the street we are overwhelmed by a crowd of curious peasants,
hucksters and market people. After finally
disengaging ourselves from this human net,
we arrive at the cab station. Our "flivver"
consists of an Irish jaunting cart drawn by
a one-mule-power animal, "Mike" by name,
who looks at us in his lazy way and seems
;

tier

hundred

horset>ozvcr each.
The central motor built on the
forward section
of the hull is of

two

thousand

horseporver; in

all

the

stupendous
total of ten thousand horsepower,
weighing in t h e
neighborhood of twenty thousand pounds.*

The

horizontal and vertical stabilizers are of

dimensions in proportion to the rest of the

machine, as are the rudder and elevator.
The upper side of the wings will be designed to take advantage of the upward
It might be well to state that
suction.
66 per cent of the lifting power is due to
the suction on the UPPER surface of the
wing panel, while only 33 per cent can be
credited to an actual pressure of air on the

UNDER
The

surface.

lifting capacity of these three planes

for the upper, 20 per

cent for the middle, and 35 per cent for the
lower piano. Figuring their angles to be
4, the propellers will be of four blades to
(Continued on page 594)
will be 45 per cent

The total gross weight will be 120,000 lbs., or

60 tons, and a useful load of 22,000 lbs., or 11 tons.

;.

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

538

Electrical Testing Engineers

By

CAN

C.

M. RIPLEY,

Made

000 men in a factory in all of these activities

he mu^^t be a 1(X) per cent man.
But work in the \;ivy and in the Army

battle-ship,
cruiser,
destroyer or
submarine, in Uncle Sam's nav\
and finds tliat he has charge of some machines, similar to those which he himself
tested and adjusted in his student days?

cal Engineers are doing and will continue

for electricity
to do for centuries to come
In
is usefid in peace as well as in war.
fact electricity is necessary to American in-

He knows just how they are built, he knows

their performance under different circumstances, he knows how far they can be
driven, overloaded, overheated.
They respond to his touch, they know his language,
and in a way, they are partners in the great

work.

Hundreds of young men who have graduated from the electrical testing course
conducted by one of the large electrical
manufacturing companies are now officers
and chief engineers in our Navy. Uncle

Sam wanted

practical men
men who are
not afraid of overalls or a flannel shirt
and who fully understood the design, manufacture, construction, operation and all the
characteristics of electrical machinery. And

Uncle
them

Sam

in

found these men

hundreds

of

this great electrical school.

In this great war, there are many diflferent kinds of activities which a man with
a thoro electrical training can undertake
and whether he be a sales manager, or a
college professor, whether he direct a great
research laboratory or have charge of 20.-

is

not the only kind of

work

that Electri-

dustry, and the wider and wider America

uses electricity in the future, just so much
more efficient will she be in battling for the
markets of the world.
Men from all over the world meet on
common ground in the Testing Department
of this electrical concern a department
which occupies 732,000 sq. ft. of space. This

area in downtown New York would cover

nearly 15 city blocks, each the size of that
occupied by the Equitable Bldg., which is

bounded by Broadway, Nassau, Cedar and

This space is 29 per cent
the entire rentable area of
the Woolworth Bldg.
One reason why the Testing Department
is the best department for a young man
to start his career in, is because it takes
him into so many different buildings and
permits him to handle so many different
Hence, it is ideal for
types of apparatus.
developing his knowledge of all types of
Pine

streets.

greater

than

machinery.
apparatus is tested where it is
manufactured. The rough castings are reelectrical

The

1918

to Order

of the General Electric Co.

you imagine the delight in the

young man when he
post of duty on a

heart of a
socs to his

December,

ceived at one end of the building, machined,

assembled at about the middle of the building, are then tested, and at the farther end
of the building they are painted, boxed and
loaded on the railroad cars to be carried
later on mule back into the Andes mountains, on dog sleds into the heart of the
Yukon, hauled by mules or by human car-

China or by elephants

in India.
believe it possible that this
concern has set aside and reserved merely
for testing purposes, 250,000 k.v.a. of electrical apparatus? This statement is the result of a careful census and a conservative
one, since it does not include any of the
power stations a certain portion of which
are used for testing purposes.
At one of the plants the power station has
only 1/10 the capacity of the Testing Department equipment. The total capacity of
apparatus reserved for testing in each factory is greater than the capacity of its
power supply. This situation is largely due
to the "feeding back" method by which two
motors, both under test, are used for testing each other one running as a generator
and the other as a motor. This saves floor
space, saves power and lessens the generating capacity. The feeding back method permits testing to be done on an enormous
scale with the use of a comparatively small
amount of coal, as the machines being

riers

in

Would you

(Continued on page 590)

D ecember.

NEW

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

1918

GAS-FILLED LAMP AND

SHADE IN ONE.

The accompanying

illustration

shows a

unique ornamental gas-filled lamp recently

developed by a large lamp concern.
It is claimed that this lamp produces an
indirect non-glare light which will not injure the eyes.

The lamp

is

interesting in

The

small

from the
claiming

motor

by current

driven

is

car's regular batteries, the makers

that its operation costs less than

Perfect balance
instrument,

that of a single headlight,

precision of the
it is explained, makes the
high speed possible with

and

scientific

39

It
that as the stretch or tlic
is stated
thread used is luiiform, one or two simple
tests are all that are necessary in regulating
the placing of the knot to secure the desired
result; and, once this is determined, the ma-

minimum power consumpbeing no fric-

there

tion,

tional

wear and

tear.

push button, installed in a

convenient place on the
regular instrument board,
controls the current.
No repairs are necessary, it is claimed, the endevice requiring no
tire
cleaning or polishing. The

motor

is weather and rustproof while its ball bear-

ings are of a special type

of fine alloy steel.
The diameter of the
standard size plate-glass
All
disc is seven inches.
parts, except the glass, are
white metal, heavily
of
plated with nickel or black

gloss.

made

Altho

especially

for use on motor cars and

trucks, the device also is
adaptable for use on bat-

submarines

tleships,

While

aeroplanes.

This Lamp Produces An Indirect Non-Glare

Light Which Will Not Injure the Eyes, and
Moreover the Lamp Combines a Gas-Filled
Bulb With An Ornamental Shade.
it combines an ordinary gas-filled bulb
with an ornamental lamp shade. The lamp,
known as the "Liberty," is made of plain
white glass with ornamental decorations in
green, gold, blue and other shades that will
harmonize with chandeliers or room deco-

ihat

rations.

A NOVEL ELECTRIC WINDSHIELD CLEANER.

Altho simple in construction and easily

attached the new electric windshield cleaner illustrated, manufactured by a Philadelphia concern, is attracting considerable attention in scientific circles, having
been exhibited for the first time only recently.

A plate-glass disc, set in the windshield

of any make of motor car or truck, is
whirled at 2,000 r.p.m. on fine ball bearings
by a tiny electric motor, the centrifugal
force throwing off rain, snow, sleet, mist
or dust, thereby keeping the vision area
clear in every kind of weather.

standard

size

inches,
larger
are obtainable.

and
the

seven
diameters
is

LACING SHOES BY
ELECTRICITY.
By Frank
The

C. Perkins.
accompanj'ing il-

shows a machine
which performs with remarkable rapidity and perlustration

fect accuracy the operation of shoe lacing which,

prior to its introduction,

was purely a hand one and
inaccurate. It is absolutely
required
wherever
fine

shoemaking

attempted
to lace the shoes at the
throat with thread prior to
is

Wherever Good Shoes Are Made There Also Shoes Must Be

"Laced" Before Being "Lasted." Once, Skilled Humans Performed This Job; Now a Machine Does It Accurately and

Quickly.

the lasting process.

The demand for lacing with thread or twine has long been limited only by the number of operators who
could be trained for this work, requiring
as it does exceptional skill and experience
to do even passable work.
It is pointed out that lacing with
thread is practically the one method
by which the eyelets and uppers of
shoes can be protected from injury
and which allows the upper to be
drawn closely down to the last
considerations which are of the ut-

most importance

in fine

chine will continue to do the work with

absolute accuracy, one upper being the exact counterpart of all others laced at the
same adjustment.
chart on the machine
places constantly before the operator definite
instructions regarding the spacing.

A HANDY CONNECTOR FOR DRY

CELLS.

connecting board for use with a number of dry cells is shown in the accompanying illustration as developed and now being

shoe mak-

The operation

of the machine
is very simple, all that is required
of the operator being the bringing
of the two sides of the shoe tops
into position, so that the corresponding eyelets are back to back, and
placing them over spindles on the
ing.

^Connecror rot
\dry ce'h
i

machine.

slight pressure of the foot lever

starts the machine in operation and

the thread is quickly past thru the

eyelets and tied in a hard, unyielding knot, after which the properly laced upper is removed from
the spindles, when the machine is
ready to repeat the operation.
simple adjustment makes it possible
to vary the location of the knot, so
that uppers may be tied to allow any
desired spread at the throat.

A Tiny

Electric Motor Spins This Windshield

Cleaner For the Autolst. The Motor Whirls a SevenInch Glass Disc on Which Snow, Sleet or Mist Cannot Lodge.

A Very Handy Connector Board For Dry

Ceils.

The

Six Cells Can Be Joined

Series In a Jiffy.

made by a Boston company.

Up

in

This connec-

tor consists of a sheet of red fiber

6^

in.

long and 4 in. wide, in which brass eyelets

are provided with brass connecting strips
so as to connect six dry batteries in series,
as

shown

in the

accompanying

illustration.

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

540

Turning Air Into Bread

December,

1918

Nitrates from

the Air
By
anyone came along and remarked
that air could be turned into
IFhand
he would at once be considered a

fit

ject for a commission in lunac>'.

theless this very thing is being

off-

bread
sub-

Neverdone today, and what is more, Nature has been

doing it every day

ROBERT

H.

plant has been

in
operation near
Rjuken, Norway, where 250,000 horscpoivcr
are drawn from the falls.
Working day
and night these quarter of a million water
horses manufacture, out of the air, 200,000
tons of nitrat of lime per annum. But this

ing

for millions of
years. The explanation IS this: Nitro-

gen

is

MOULTON

drawn from

describe

the

electric

powerful arcs of

flames consisting of
which are used in

light,

the electric furnaces.

The formation of the flame occurs by an

arc of the electric flame being formed between the points of the electrodes, which
are close to each
Other. By this means
a movable and flexible current is establisht
in
a
highly

the air and turned

into nitrat of lime.
Nitrat of lime is a
rich plant food and
when put into the

has
been formed moves
on account of the
magnetic field with

soil makes a wonderful fertilizer. The

great velocity perpendicularly to the

fertilizer

lines of force, and

the electric arc's
foot
back
from the points of

magnetic

makes

wheat grow where

none grew before,
so that finally, by a

draws

the electrodes.

devious process, air

actually
is
turned

When

the length of
the electric arc increases, the electric
resistance
becomes
greater and the tension increases, until
it becomes so great
that the new electric
arc starts from the
points of the electrodes.
To regulate the
current, an inductive
resistance is used in
with the

into bread.
The largest natural deposits of nitrates are in Chih,

South

America,

from where, up

The

field.

electric arc that

to

the time of the present war,

1,800,000
tons were exported
annually to fertilize
the
farms of the
other parts of the
world. But the
Chilean nitrat deposits can
not be

series

tlanie.

depended upon with

certainty, even after
peace shall have
come.
It has been

With

alter-

all
nating current
the arcs are formed
The Above View Shows the Gigantic Hydro- Electric Generating Station for the Fixation of
alternating in oppoAtmospheric Nitrogen at Rjuken, Norway. The Great Power of this Station can be Appredirections and
site
ciated by Noting the Large Number of High-Pressure Water Pipes Leading Down to the
calculated that the
appear to the eye to
Electric Generating Station, and Which By-Pass the Necessary Water From the Large
Waterfall. The Station is the Largest In the World and Develops 250,000 Horse-Power.
Chilean deposits will
be circular discs.
be dangerously reThis flame provides
duced by 1955, and inside of a score of
is only about one-seventh of the amount rea powerful technical means for the oxidayears later the supply will be exhausted.
quired by the world for fertilization purtion of the nitrogen of the air.
VoT these reasons the discovery of a pracIt is estimated, however, that Norposes.
The electrodes are thick copper tubing,
tical method by which the inexhaustible
way can develop water power to at least
thru which the water passes for cooling
supply of nitrogen in the atmosphere can
purposes.
5,000.000 horsepower, which would make
See photo of arcs herewith.
be utilized, is of the greatest possible moall the nitrates required.
The chamber in which the flame burns is
ment to the entire world.
circular, of only a few centimeters width,
In order to explain the Birkeland-Eyde
To two Norwegian scientists. Professor method sccntifically, it is necessary first to and about three meters in diameter.
Birkeland,
of
the
University
of
The interior of the furnaces is
Christiana, and Samuel Eyde, an enlined with fire-clay brick, thru the
gineer of the same city, is due the
walls of which the air is admitted to
credit for discovering this method.
the flame. The nitrous gases formed
They are now taking nitrogen from
in the flame escape thru a channel
the air, solidifying it and preparing
made along the casing of the furit
for application to the soil. And,
nace, which, like the flame chamber,
whereas the method of Nature reis furnished with fireproof bricks.
quires an entire season to do this, the
In order to supply the furnace with
method of the two Norwegian scienthe amount of power desired, each
tists requires only a few days
one is furnisht with an inductance
The plan in a nutshell is as folcoil, by means of which the power is
The inductlows
The air is drawn thru oxidaregulated as required.
tion towers and is then forced thru
ance coil serves, moreover, to keep
electric arcs, where a terrific heat is
the flame in the furnace steady and
maintained. The oxygen and carbon
even while working.
dioxid in the air are consumed, leavThe temperature in the flames at
ing the nitrogen. This is precipitated
the Rjuken plant exceeds 3,000 deThe temperature
in the form pf nitrous oxid.
grees Centigrade.
This
nitrous oxid is then conveyed to imof the escaping gases varies between
mense porcelain towers 75 feet in
800 and 1,000 degrees. The furnaces
These Four Photographs Show What the Powerful Elecheight, where it is condensed and
are made of cast steel and iron, the
tric Arcs of the Large Furnaces, Used for the Fixation of
allowed to settle in vats of limestone.
middle of the furnace being in the
Atmospheric Nitrogen, Look Like When in Full Activity.
The Electric Arc Spreads Out Between the Electrodes,
The chemical action then results in
form of a circular flame chamber.
Breaks
and
Starts all over Again Many Times Per Second,
the production of nitrat of lime.
The electrodes are led radially into
the Air Being Past Thru the Arc, Which Action DeBy the aid of
'''or several years a nitrogen makthis flame chamber.
composes the Air.
:

n
wm

-^i ....J

Lj%^-:J
^^E^2-:l^^H

D ecember.

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

1918

541

centrifugal fans the air is brought into each

furnace thru tubes from the basement.

When the air in the flame chambers has

been acted upon by the electric flame the
nitrous gases formed pass out thru pipes,
which convey the gas to steam boilers, in
which the temperature, which was approxi-

mately 1,000 degrees Centigrade, is reduced.

gases pass on from the steam boilers
thru an iron pipe into a cooling house, and
complete the cooling begun in the steam
Each cooler consists of a large
boilers.
number of aluminum tubes, over which cold
water runs, while the hot gases pass thru
In these tubes the temperature of
them.
the gas is considerably reduced. From the
cooling chambers the gases pass to the oxidation tanks. See diagram in continuation.
These oxidation tanks are vertical iron
cylinders, lined with acid-proof stone. The
object is to give the cooled gases a sufficient
period of repose, in which time the oxidaThe
tion of the nitrogen oxid may occur.
necessary amount of oxygen is present in
ample quantity in the air which accompanies the gases from the furnaces. From
the oxidation tanks the gases are led by
blast engines into the absorption towers.
The towers are filled with broken quartz,
which is affected neither by nitrous gases
nor nitric acid, and thru them there is a
continual trickle of water. The water absorbs the nitrous gas and when the liquid
has become nitric acid of sufficient strength
(30 per cent.) it is collected in cisterns, and
from them again into vats filled with Hme-

The

stone.

There

is considerable noise then, as the

acid displaces the carbonic acid of
The result of this is a
the limestone.
It is
watery solution of nitrat of lime.
pumped into the vacuum evaporating apparatus, heated by steam from the boilers
which are kept hot by drafts of fresh ga?
from the furnace. When evaporation is
complete the solution contains 13 per cent.
of nitrogen and it is past into chambers
where it is solidified into a hard crystalline

nitric

Later this is taken thru crushing

mass.
machines, reduced to a coarse powder, and

Ladies! Would You Like to Visit Your Near-by Zoological Park?

Perhaps You Tire of
Walking Around to See the Various Lions, Tigers and Polar Bears, In which Case, you Can,
If Visiting the Bronx Zoo In New York City, Follow these Two Ladles In One of the New
Electric Chairs Available for Visitors at this Park.

put into casks holding 100 kilos each. This

is the finished nitrat of lime.
The
air has now been converted into fertilizer
ready for application to the hungry soil.
The U. S. Government is now preparing to
erect powerful nitrogen fixation plants.

LADIES! SEE

(Continued on page 592)

THE ZOO FROM AN

ELECTRIC ROLLING CHAIR.

powder

Pleasure can now be mixt with knowledge at the New York Zoo by those who go

No more will
there to study the animals.
it
be necessary to walk miles upon miles
to study all the exhibits on display in the
greatest menagerie in America.
Just get
your electric roller chair make believe you
are on the board-walk at Atlantic City and
see all that is worth seeing in Bronx Park.
twist of the hand lever and away you
spin on your trip to see the lions, polar
storage
bears, giraffes, and monkeys.
battery concealed within the car body furnishes the electric current to actuate the
motor which propels the vehicle. Electric
headlights are provided for night travel,
as well as an electric siren to warn pedestrian traffic.

WOMEN

AS ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERS.

The Rolin Chemical Company, with a

plant at Charleston, W. Va., is hiring
men to serve as electrical engineers

cause of their inability to

Fifty-two will be employed.

secure

wobe-

men.

Belgian machine for digging canals

way thru the ground at a rate of
100 yards an hour.

will eat its

NAVAL CONSULTING BOARD

CHANGES ADDRESS.

We Have an Interior View of the Great RJuken, Norway, Electric Plant, Employed
Atmospheric Nitrogen. Such Plants as these. Many of which are Now
Use Thruout the Larger European Countries Including Germany, have Solved the Problem of Where to Obtain Nitrates, a Predominant War Factor, and a Necessity which has been
Heretofore Supplied by the Extensive Chilean Nitrat Deposits. We Americans will Soon
See the Day When Great Electric Plants Such as these will Arise Thruout the Country.
Herewith

for the Fixation of

Suitable space having been provided for

the Naval Consulting Board in the new
building of the Navy Department, at Washington, D. C, the preliminary examination
of inventions, which heretofore has been
conducted in the New York office, has been
transferred to Washington, where it will be
directed by Mr. David W. Brunton.
All correspondence relating to inventions
should be addrest as follows

In

The Demand

for Nitrates

Is

not only Increasing Rapidly, but

Is

Imperative.

NAVAL

CONSl'i.TING BOARD
Navy Department
washington.

d. c.

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

542

December,

1918

Popular Astronomy
THE TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE OF JUNE

8,

1918

Bv ISABEL M. LEWIS
Of the U.

iTAL eclipses of the sun and the advent of comets are two celestial happenings tliat have always been observed by mankind with the liveliest
interest.
If the advance of astronomical knowledge had accomplishi nothing

T>

S.

Naval Observatory

moon

passes directly between the sun

and temporarily conceals the
sun from our view. Since it is only at the
time of new moon that the moon can pass
between the earth and sun. eclipses of the
sun must always occur at new moon and
the

and

earth

when

the earth can come between the sun

and moon and cast its shadow over the
moon. Since the earth is much larger than
the moon its shadow is much larger than
the moon's shadow and as a result the
moon becomes entirely emersed in the
earth's shadow during a total eclipse of the
moon, while during a total eclipse of the
sun the moon's shadow just about reaches
to the earth. In fact the apex of the moon's
shadow cone comes between the earth's surface and its centerduring a total solar eclipse.
There are times when the apex of the
moon's shadow falls short of the earth's
surface.
Then an annular eclipse of thr
sun occurs. That is, the moon's disk jus;
fails to cover the sun's bright disk, giving
the elifect of a bright ring or annulus ot
light surrounding the dark body of the
moon, whence the name annular eclipse of
the sun. So near is the apex of the moon's
shadow to the earth's surface during
eclipses of the sun that occasionally an
eclipse may be annular in one part of its
course and total in another, the apex just
f^razing portions of the earth's surface and
totality lasting but a few seconds at the
most. The width of the shadow path then
shrinks almost to zero. The average width
of the path of total eclipse is about sixty
miles and its length something like eight
thousand miles.
The greatest width attainable by any shadow path of the moon
is one hundred and seventy miles and this
can only occur under a most exceptional

and

favorable

combination

of

circum-

stances.

The moon's shadow

Photograph, Taken

at

Green

Inner Corona and Prominences.

Impossible to Reproduce. The

River, Wyo., by the Yerkes Eclipse Expedition Showing

Ail the Finer
Detail Appearing on Original Negative It

IVIore Conspicuous Prominences (Those on the Eastern and

Western Limbs) Average Fifty Thousand Miles In Height. Notice that the Crests of the
Prominences on the Eastern and Western Limbs Curve Toward the Solar Equator as If
Strong Currents Were Blowing in this Direction. The Top of this Photograph Is East.
The Prominences Are Blood Red. the Corona Biuish-Whlte.

more than to free the nations of the world

from the hysterical fear formerly aroused
by these two phenomena it would be worth
all

that

it

can occur at no otlier time. On the other

eclipses of the moon occur only at the
lime of full iiionii. for this is the only time

hand

trails

over the earth's

surface in the form of a narrow band of

ureal length. If earth and moon were stationary the shadow would appear as a
small dark ellipse on the earth's surface.
but owing to the motion of both bodies and
chiefly to the earth's rotation on its axis
the shadow sweeps over the earth in a long
narrow strip bringing successively for a
few brief moments the phenomenon of a
total solar eclipse to all located within its
path.
The average duration of the total
phase of an eclipse at any one point in the
path is only three or four minutes. Under
tlie most favorable combination of circumstances totality may last seven minutes and
tifty-eight seconds and it varies in length
from this value down to zero, according to
the circumstances of the eclipse. When the
:ipex of the shadow fails to touch the
earth's surface, passing either above or below it. there may still be visible a small
or l;ir;.;e partial eclipse of the sun, the maguiliule depending upon the distance of the

has cost.

Only two hundred years ago a total solar

eclipse in England was predicted in a
pamphlet, entitled "The Black Day or a
Prospect of Doomsday. Exemplified in the
great and terrible Eclipse, which will happen on the 22nd of April, 1915"! Predictions of total eclipses of the sun still continue to be issued in the form of pamphlets,
but instead of direful prophecies they now

contain carefully prepared information and

enlarged maps of the regions traveled by
the path of totality to facilitate the successful observation of a phenomenon that
is now considered to be of such scientific
importance that expeditions from many nations have at times been sent thousands of
miles to observe it.
It is now a matter of universal knowledge that eclipses of the sun occur when

Diagram to Show Positions of Sun, S; Moon, M, and Earth, E, at the Time of Total Eclipses
Sun and Moon. Every Year There Must Be at Least Two Eclipses of the Sun and
There May Be as Many as Five. There Can Never Be More Than Three Eclipses of the Moon
in a Year and Some Years There May Be None.
The Greatest Number of Eclipses Solar and
Lunar Combined Th.Tt Can Occur in One Year Is Seven. Some of These Are Only Partial
of the

Eclipses.

December,

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

1918

central line of the shadow cone from the

earth.
Also wlienever there is a total
eclipse of the sun upon the earth's surface
the partial phase is visible for hundreds of
miles on either side of the central line of
the shadow, the magnitude of the partial
phase decreasing as the distance from the
path of totality increases.
Partial solar
eclipses are quite common occurrences, but
so narrow is the path of total eclipse thai
hundreds of years sometimes elapse before
a certain town or district is visited by a
Every total eclipse
total eclipse of the sun.
of the moon on the other hand is observable from the entire night side of the earth
since the earth's shadow is so extensive
that the moon passes entirely into it durinc;
the total phase. So it is that all of us have
seen total eclipses of the moon, which unfortunately have little scientific value, while
very few of us have had the good fortune
to observe one of the most impressive
scenes that nature affords, a total sobir

343

./

W^/^f^
^

'

-'^a*^

:^

^"^''^.

1
-

'^
.-

flKrH

eclipse.

On

the eighth of last June a

narrow

strip

of territory within the United States lay

in the path of the moon's shadow cone
while the partial phase of the eclipse was
visible to a greater or less extent over the
entire North American continent. The axis
of the shadow cone first touched the earth
near Japan.
After crossing the Pacific

Ocean

than two and one-half hours

it reached the western coast of the United
States at the mouth of the Columbia River
in the afternoon, crossed diagonally across
the country reaching Florida forty-seven
minutes later and two minutes afterwards
past off the earth at sunset near the Bahama Islands. The frightful velocity with
which the moon's shadow travels over the
earth can be judged from the fact that ii
journeyed from Japan to Florida in a little
over three hours. The longest duration of
the total phase for any one point in its path
was two minutes and twenty-three seconds.
Within the United States the duration was
even less, averaging about one and a half
minutes.
The width of the path in the
United States averaged fifty miles. Short
as was the duration of the totality of June
8th the eclipse was observed with great success by expeditions sent out from the leadmg observatories of the United States and,
if the World War had not prevented, expeditions from many European nations
would doubtless have traveled to the Western States to observe the phenomenon. As
it was, many astronomers in our own country who had planned to observe the eclipse
were unable to do so owing to the urgency
<jf war work.
in less

The Corona, from

a Negative by Edison Pettlt. Top Is North, Left East

The Two Large
on the Eastern and Western Limbs Are 56,000 and 45 000 IVliles High
Respectively. The Corona Streamers Themselves Reach Hundreds of Thousands of Miles
Above the Surface of the Sun. The Little White Spot, Right Under the Eastern Prominence Represents the Actual Size of the Earth. It Gives a Good Idea of the Immensity of
the Prominences.

Prominences

The Lick, Yerkcs, Lowell, U. S. Naval

and Mt. Wilson Solar Observatories sent

observatories; nearly all of these expeditions obtained photographic and spectroscopic results of great value to science.
Clouds brought suspense to practically all
expeditions and to observers stationed at
Denver, the largest town within the shadow
path, they brought a completely overcast
sky and the keenest disappointment.
At
Goldendale, Washington, the Lick observers
were kept in uncertainty until the last moment, but were rewarded by a surprising
break in the clouds, perfect seeing, at the
critical time and a rich harvest of valuable
photographic plates. A number of eclipse
parties at Matheson. Colo., met with exceptional success as did also the U. S. Naval
Observatory expedition to Baker, Oregon.
Tlie Yerkes and Mt. Wilson Solar Observatory expeditions at Green River, Wyoming
and the Lowell Observatory expedition
near Syracuse, Kansas, were hampered, but
by no means defeated, by clouds and some
remarkably fine views of the eclipse were
secured at these stations.

The most important feature of

a total
of course, the corona.
It can be seen at no other time.
It is now
possible to study with the aid of suitable
instruments, such as the spectroscope and
spectroheliograph, all the complex features
of the solar atmosphere with the exception
of the corona, i.e., the outermost solar
envelope. Its light is excessively faint and
so is invisible to the human eye except
when the moon acts as a screen for our
eyes and permits us to glimpse the exquisite
beauty and intricate form of the coronal
rays and streamers for a few valuable moments. At such times photographs of the
corona are obtained and records of its
spectrum as well, for use in later careful
investigation of the nature of the light and
the causes for the peculiar changes of form
of this strange appendage of the sun.
It has been
found from studying and
comparing a long series of photographs
taken during different total solar eclipses
that the form of the corona is extremely
intricate and that it undergoes periodic
changes that are associated in some unknown way with the period of sun spot
frequency.
When sun spots appear in
greatest numbers on the solar surface the
eclipse of the sun

Photo bv Terkes OtMervatory

AComposite Picture of the Sun's Disc, and the

Prominence in the Light of Calcium Ray H.
expeditions to favorable locations near the
central line, as well as a number of college

corona

very brilliant and its streamers

evenly developed in all solar latitudes.
It is then a sun spot maximum type
of corona.
As the sun spots decrease in
frequency the form of the corona gradually
changes. It becomes less brilliant and more
(Continued on page 590)
is

ire quite

Photo Diagram Showing the Path of the Moon's Shadow During the Total Eclipse of June
The Eclipse Started In the Pacific Ocean Near Japan. The Moon's Shadow then
Swept Diagonally Over the United States. The Eclipse Ended 4 h. 19 m. Later In the

8th.

Atlantic

Ocean.

is,

;;

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

544

December,

1918

Experimental Physics
By JOHN
Radiation

Experiment
we

the lesson on Light,

INmeanscomesEther

J.

99.

learned that

to us from the Sun by

of
waves; and it was
pointed out that waves in general origAccording
inate by vibrating bodies.
to the Molecular Theorj- elucidated in the
light

FURIA,

M.

(Columbia University)
LESSON SEVENTEEN
A. B.,

PERATURE FALLS.

A.,

Newton's law adds

the quantitative statement that the rate of

cooling of the water body is proportional
to the differince in temperature of the ttvo
bodies, i. e., the greater the difference in
temperature, the greater the rate of exchange. These laws are very important in
quantitative heat experiments, since they
enable us to make corrections for the loss
or gain in heat during the progress of the
experiment and thus not necessitating
tedious and difficult methods of controlling
the temperature of the apparatus.

Experiment

On

measuring radiations, can be bought reasonably, and can be easily made by those having access to a vacuum pump. It consists of
four delicate, very light vanes fastened
the

ends

of a delicate cross arm of

wire, mounted so as to rotate
easily about the vertical axis inside of a
glass bulb which has the air mostly pumped
to

aluminum

100.

photographing a spectrum

such

as

was discust

in the lesson on light, we find

that the photographic plate is affected beyond the limits of the shortest visible violet
ray.
These are known as the ultra-violet

rays (meaning beyond the violet)

they
have been photographed and measured,
having wave lengths as small as .(WOOOS of
an inch. The longest of the rays visible in
the extreme red have a wave length about
;

ten

times as

large.

Delicate

instruments

however reveal infrared (heat) rays five

hundred times longer than the longest visible red ray.
HEAT AND LIGHT DIF-

FER ONLY IN THE LENGTH OF

fig.90-B

Standard Type of Crooke's

When Brought Into a Light

Vanes Will Rotate.

cately Poised

A Home-Made Form

"Radiometer."

Beam

of

"Radiometer" Con-

structed from an Erlenmeyer Flask, Some

Glass Tubing, a Ring Stand and a Few Pieces
of Tinfoil or Aluminum

the Deli-

The Sim-

plest Solar Motor.

The vanes are blackened on one side

highly polished on the other side.
When the instrument is brought into a
beam of sunshine, near a gas flame or electric bulb, the vaiies rotate rapidly.
The
writer has found it good sport to make a
radiometer (see Fig. 90B) using an Erlenmeyer flask for the glass bulb and tin foil
blackened on one side for the vanes.
require aluminum wire for the cross and
upright, cork stopper, glass tubing, pinch
out.

lesson on Gases, bodies consist of moving

can
small particles called molecules.
easily imagine that heat is the result of the
vibration of these small particles, and these
Everyone is
vibrations originate waves.
familiar with the fact that on approaching
a light, heat is felt also when a body is
heated more and more light is eventually
given off, if the heat is intense enough.
Therefore, if light and heat are not the
same, they are very closely related. Heat
and Light are both wave motions, originating at a vibrating source. The effect on the
human senses may be different, but as far
as Physics is concerned they are slightly
thing.
different phases of the
Hold the hand in ice water for a few
moments then plunge the hand immediately
in water that has been standing for about

and

We

We

and rubber tubing, and DeKotinsky

cement for making the connections airtight.
(It is found necessary, because of

cock,

We

SAME

minutes (and is consequently at

the hand will feel
room temperature)
warm. Dry the hand and place it in water
as hot as you can bear, for a few minutes
now plunge it again in the room temperature water; the water will feel cold.
fifteen

Measuring the Amount

the Sun by
and a

ter

of Heat Received from

of a Tin Can, a Thermometo Act as a
Non-Conductor of Heat.

Means

Wooden Stand "S,"

THE SMALL RAYS

HAVE GREAT ACTINIC VALUE
THE (measured by the action on a photographic
THE LONG RAYS HAVE
SAME WATER HAS FELT BOTH plate)
HEAT VALUE. The Radiometer
WARM AND COLD ALTHO AT THE isGREAT
a fairly sensitive little instrument for
SAME TEMPERATURE BOTH TIMES.
THEIR RAYS.
:

When two

bodies are at different temperatures and are brought near, the cooler
absorbs heat from the warmer and the
warmer radiates heat to the cooler until
both bodies are at the same temperature
when brought in contact the same exchange
takes place with more speed. The human
sense of feeling cold or warm simply indicates whether a body is losing or gaining
heat respectively, which explains why the

water

in

this

cold without

cordmg

to Prevost acquires some heat, and

vibrations are strengthened. On leaving
the vane the reaction on the vane, according
to Newton's third law of motion, is equal
to the action of the leaving particle.
freely moving particle striking a shining
side (colder) vane has its strength of vibrations lessened, hence its reaction on the vane
is less than the reaction of the particle on
the blackened side. There being more force
on the blackened side than on the shining
side, the set of vanes move in the direction
from the blackened side to the shining
side away from the source of heat.
its

Experiment

experiment felt warm and

temperature changing (the

its

temperature of the hand rising in the first

case, and falling in the second case) Prevost's theory of exchanges states

WHEN

A BODY ABSORBS FASTER THAN

IT RADIATES, ITS TEMPERATURE
RISES; WHEN IT RADIATES FASTER THAN IT ABSORBS, ITS TEM-

to evacuate the flask from time to

time.)
The action is simple.
notice
that the direction of rotation is such that
the black side moves away from the heat
source.
The black surface absorbs practically all the heat striking it, while the shining surface reflects practically all the heat
radiations it receives.
Hence the black
sides become shghtly warmer.
freely
flying molecule striking the black side acleaks,

Jars. When the Second

Jar ''A" Is Put In Resonance With the
Charged Jar "B," a Spark Will Appear In Gap
on "A," When the Jar "B" Is Discharged.

The Syntonic Leyden

101.

Transfer the insides of a can of your

favorite peaches to your own inside. Punch
a hole thru the can A and insert a thermometer T. Solder a circular piece of tin
B at the open end of the can, and blacken
with soot.
Fill with water thru the
it
thermometer hole, and place on a wooden.
(Continued on page 588)

December,

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

1918

Why

Use Tungsten Lamps?

Inefficient Electric

545

Ask Uncle Sam

to be Eliminated.
Why Carbon Filament
Substituted by Tungsten Filament Lamps

Lamps

Lamps Must Be

PLAN

to save electricity and, thereto save fuel by the elimination of

incandescent lamps has
inefficient

by

Reasons Why You Should Use Tungsten Lamp

"been adopted by the United States

Fuel Administration, effective on
and after September 15, 1918. The plan
contemplates the gradual ehmination, except in a few rare instances, of the inefficient types of incandescent (carbon and
metallized filament) lamps and the substitution therefor of the more efficient tungsten
lamps.

Conservation Progfram

The following program

is

recommended

Carbon

Lamp

Tung sfen

Lamp

Cost fhe some

io run.-.rrfi/c/) cfoyouprefer ?

f<amg

Rating so warn

C.P.

C.P.

-;6i
Waits per
C.P-2.97

soiva/ls

\s

tro//sperCP'/.04

lyocui/m fypej

by the United States Fuel Administration:

1. The elimination of unnecessary types
of standard carbon lamps and of carbon
lamp tj'pes for special applications as follows
The standard 60-watt multiple carbon
lamp 100-130 volt range.
The standard 20-watt S-14 bulb multiple carbon lamp 100-130 volt range.
The 120-watt standard multiple carbon
lamp 100-130 volt range.
The complete elimination of standard
30-watt and 60-watt round bulb, multiple
carbon lamps, and all other types of lOO130 volt range multiple carbon lamps with
standard base used for decorative pur:

ThelVosfpfu/

sav/r?g

r/)e

Mazda

Cordon S/iape

Tu/^gsfen s/tope

Same Wattage
lamps

poses.
2.

The complete abandonment by

central

companies of the installation and

renewal of carbon incandescent lamps of
all sizes and discouragement of their use
by their consumers and the public for any
use or application for which tungsten lamps
can be substituted
this policy to go into
station

Lamp

Carbon Filament

Tungsten ft/trogen

Lamp

full
3.

effect not later

than Sept. ISth, 1918.

The gradual abandonment of

woo
candtepower

the in-

and renewal of metallized filatnent (GEM) lamps of all sizes by the Central Station companies and discouragement
of their use by their consumers and the
public for any use or application for which
tungsten lamps can be substituted.
Under special and unusual conditions
where it is absolutely necessary to use
lamps with exceptionally robust filaments
owing to rough handling or excessive vibration, the use of carbon lamps is recomstallation

mended

so that the metallized filament

type may be completely eliminated.
This policy to go into full effect not later
than November 15th, 1918.
4. It is recommended that the use of considerable numbers of the smaller sizes of
lamps for commercial and industrial applications be eliminated where it is practicable
to substitute for them large, single gasfilled laynps of highest efficiency in a smaller
number of lighting units.
5.
It is recommended that the use of
plain vacuum tungsten lamps in sizes of
loo watts and over be eliminated and whenever practicable gas-Ailed tungsten lamps
(nitrogen bulbs, etc.) of highest efficiency
substituted therefor.
6. It is recommended that the Central Station Companies be requested to urge upon
their customers and the general public in
the advertising in the daily press, company

tod'o

Conc//e- power

jf^ Cdalre^'d
<

/'per year

Coat req'd
'per year
n

or 4" n/otfs Consumed by Tungsten

and "Watfs

'is

wM you pop for

lamps

Lamp Requires

ISO ivatts:orf the ivaffs iaHen bg carbon tamps

(looo c/x) Based on.74 watts per C.P.

(GEM)

Saved 7SZ

^
^

Carbon

for every ti.oo spent for etectricity to

operate carbon tamp ofgifenCP.

7S cents and obtain tlie same

bg using fungsten- Pitrogen tamps

You can safe

C.P.

xfafts

Parlor

Dining room\ Kitchen

jm

yorior

^H'S'll

carbon lamps burning say

per day or eo hours per month

Six 32 cp. (ssirott)

pointed out that tungsten lamps

of the smaller sizes have filaments which

2 Itours

atiodK.W.H.

per

C.P.

l^oom tor Room what you'save"

Bungaioiv

use of light.

{Continued on page 587)

Tungster)

based on .74

house organs and in all promotion literature

the importance of selecting lamps of sizes
which do not provide an amount of illumination beyond what is strictly necessary,
the exercise of due care in extinguishing
all lamps which are not needed and the
elimination of all extravagant and wasteful
It is also

E^

^^

Samec.p

bill for month

--t3.4Z

Bungalow
Dining room\Hitchen

Bedroom

\Beclioom

Tungsten -vacuum lamps

burning eo hours per month. K.W.tt.'60'e'4o^

Six so. 5 cp. (40 watt)

^144-. 6ain over

carbon lamos

--

58 osr cent-

Copyright. 1918, Iw B. P. Co.

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

346

Gold from Electricity

publishing

Since

From Electricity"
we have been in

our

in our
receipt

Editorial "Cold
September issue,
of hundreds of

of the metals does not play a very great

role, altho before casting into bars, all the
dross should be carefully skimmed off for
best

results.

Our

Fig.

shows

the original historic

form

of Peltier's
Cross, and it works
After the
as follows
:

bars

have

been

crossed and soldered

as shown, we connect
a dry cell, or a single
Daniell type copper
sulfate battery to
It
points a and b.
will be seen that the
current flows from
Original Form of Peltier's Historic Cross, Comprising Two Bars
Cold Is ProMetal, One of Antimony and One of Bismuth.
duced When the Current Is Past from + Bismuth to Antimony.

of

from interested subscribers who

were looking for more information on this
letters

Many readers state

interesting subject.
that they have tried to obtain the cold effect
from Peltier's Cross, but have failed to get

Many questions were asked of us,

such as the dimensions of the antimony
and bismuth bars, purity of the metals, surresults.

face conditions,

how and

to

current density

(negative) antimony.
In other words in the
direction a, E, b.
If
the tip of a thermometer is placed into the
shallow hole E which can be drilled with
an ordinary machine drill, it will be found
that the junction has been cooled to several
degrees lower than the surrounding temperature.

READ THESE ARTICLES

THE JANUARY "E. E."

is

future.

it

An
it

resistance,

in this direction.

ELECTRICAL DOLLS RAISE FUNDS

FOR AIR SQUADRONS

These two electrical dolls are the only

two of their kind in existence. They walk,

will be seen that the specific re-

Antimony
r,g2

IN

All-Electric

Hot-Air Balloon-

does iwt use hydrogen gas.

Mt. Wilson's Hundred Inch Tele-

Furnace Regulator for

"Odd Photo"
lection

Contest o rare colof wonderful photos every-

from sun spots to ball lightning!

Winter-time Uses for the Electric
Pan, by Pauline Ginsberg.
The Secret of the Magnet Poles,
by Walter E. Keever.

I thing

Experiments in Radio - Activity.

I, by Ivan Crawford.
The Great Lakes Radio Training

Part

School, with Photos.

How to Build a Vertical Type Long
Wave Loose Coupler, by Joseph H.

Krauss,

Jr.

Popular

Astronomy Seventh

Paper, by Isabel M. Lewis.

As well as the Usual Departments,
including "Experimental Mechanics,"
Physics, and Chemistry.

In further proof of this experiment, Pelconnected the points c and d to a

galvanometer. As soon as we interrupt the
current from the battery, either at a or b,
a thermo-electric current will circulate thru
tier

d.

In order to still better show the cold effect of the electrical current, Lenz made the
following experiment: He used the form
of Peltier's Cross, as shown in our illustration, and drilled a shallow hole as indicated
at E. The entire apparatus was then placed
in melting snow, and the depression
was
When the metal cross
filled with water.
had taken on a temperature of 0 Centigrade (32 Fahrenheit) Lenz connected a
Grove battery (1.8 volts) to the cross, the

Bar of

will

who have worked

shall

An Electric
the residence.

18.07
64.52

antimony and bismuth are refractory metals

and are both exceedingly brittle. For that
reason the bars must be cast.
The material does not exist in sheet form
and is difficult to obtain even in the form of
bars in the open market. Both metals can
be melted in a crucible with a moderate
amount of heat, and can be cast in a sheet
This is the method
iron form or mould.
which the Editor of this publication used
some years ago successfully. The two bars
are then well cleaned where they cross and
soldered along the four corners with the
ordinary half and half solder. The purity

be glad to hear from

along these lines,
be pleased to hear of any new
experiments or of any new or original work

and

scope.

sistance of bismuth is sixt>'-four times

Accordingly,
larger than that of copper.
unless the bars of Peltier's Cross are made
of a sufficient cross section, there will be
generated a certain amount of heat by the
passing of current, if this current is sufFor that reason the
ficiently powerful.
cross-section should be large enough. Both

Modified

"The Editors

readers

direct.

as the following table will show. If copper

is taken as 1, then the two metals in question will have a resistance as follows

Thus

ably.

Solar Motors an interesting illustrated article on the largest one ever

built in America. It uses Sun Power

the success of the experiment, as long as

the dimensions are so that the two metal
bars have not too high a resistance. Both

Bismuth

points.
Our illustration shows the original form
of Peltier's historic Cross. The two metal
bars may be about six inches long, one inch
wide and about one-eighth inch thick, altho
the dimensions do not play a great role in

Antimony

Cold Light Do you know all the

present sources?
Then read this
timely article on the "light" of the

up these

antimony and bismuth have high

current traveling from bismuth to antimony.

Five minutes afterwards the water in the
depression right over the point where the
bars were soldered together, was not only
frozen completely, but he found by actu<d
measurement a temperature of
4.4 Centigrade (24.07 Fahrenheit).
Of course, it is not necessary to use the
original Peltier's Cross in order to make the
purely cold producing experiments, the same
results even on a much better scale are obtained by the device shown in Fig. 2. Here
we have an antimony and bismuth bar soldered together as shown a depression E
can be drilled right at the juncture of the
two metals. When passing a current thru
the direction from bismuth to antimony,
the junction will be cooled quite consider-

required,

what extent the solder

flowed into the joint, kind of solder used,

These are some of the outstanding
etc
questions and the present article is intended
to clear

(positive) bismuth to

December, 1918

Form of Peltier's Cross, In Which

Antimony and One of Bismuth Are

Soldered Together With a Depression Drilled

A Temperature Fall of
at the Juncture.
4 4*C.
or 8F. Was Observed
by Lenz.

Plioto

Underwood

3c

Underwood

Doll
That Talks,
Its Arms, Rolls Its Eyes, and
Small Electric Motors Operate

Wonderful
Walks, Moves

Electric

Everything.
This Interesting Automaton.

dance, bow, roll their eyes, move their

arms, lead the orchestra, move about and
appear to be virtually "alive."
They have been loaned to the National
Aeronautics Committee to raise funds for
the air squadrons going overseas, to supply
them with a full athletic equipment, consisting of medicine balls, boxing gloves,
talk,

and bats and the like. "The dolls

are mounted on small wheels and are fitted
flexible cord
with small electric motors.
conducts current from a lamp socket or batterj' to the motors.
baseballs

BOCHES USE SHELL TO BEAR

MESSAGES
What next?! Now the boche is using a
message-bearing shell, says a recent British
report. This new messenger shell is being
used by the Germans to convey messages
to isolated units or from forward to rear
lines, and one of them was recently shown
It
to an American press correspondent.
has a head which can be unscrewed, into
which the message is inserted.
!

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

December. 1918

547

Radio Around the World

ON

October first, a radio mesage was

transmitted and received over a
distance of twelve thousand miles.

The message had been flashed from

the powerful Marconi wireless station at Carnarvon, Wales, B. I., to a receiving station located at Sydney, Australia.
While wireless experts were not surprised
at learning that wireless messages had been
received in Sydney, Australia, from Carnarvon, Wales, a distance of 12,000 miles,
they pointed out

that

was

this

^^^^^^^^91

nearly double
the distance that

messages

had

been

previously

sent.

It

Premier
Hughes and Sir
Joseph Cook of
1,

that

were then

^^^^^H

^B^Kksi^^^Kv Lr (P^gj P

En-

in

MHJIi ^rT%

sent two

from

messages

the new Marconi

Carstation
at

Amalgamated

Com-

Wireless
pany's plant

Sydney
these

at

thus

messages

enveloped the
ian waves move
equally in all directions, as the
il-

shows.
This may or may
not have been a
freak radio translustration

mission,

said

Illustrating
tralla,

How

i^l

in

any event

it

marks

a new era in long distance radio-telegraphy.

In fact, it actually brings true the dream
of Nikola Tesla and many other great
scientific minds, who some years ago predicted that the day would come when
wireless waves would encircle our globe.
As we know that wireless waves spread
out equally in all directions just like the
ripples in a pond of water when a stone is
dropt into it, thus these powerful radio
oscillations emanating from the antenna
at the Carnarvon radio station, radiated
in all
directions, east-west-north and
south and eventually, at a point approximately half-way around the globe, or at
Sydney, Australia, where a suitable apparatus had been erected, these same etheric
wave vibrations were again picked up and
interpreted.
Many interesting and revolutionizing developments have been and are taking place
in the realm of high-speed long-distance
Among other interesting
radio-telegraphy.
happenings in the field of commercial and
governmental radio-telegraphy, we find for
one thing that the forms of transmitters
for this work have been changed in a num-

high frequency
alternator in
question has been
developed to such

a perfect degree
that it really represents a remarkable stride in en-

gineering

OopyrUht. HIS. by B. P. Co.

design

and technique. At
present there are
being used two
large units of this
type, one rated at
SO k.w. and the
other at 200 k.w.
Once upon a time
these machines,
in order to pro-

duce a frequency
of 50,000 cycles a
second, had to revolve at the tre-

m en do u s
very

the Latest Radio Transmitting Record, from Carnarvon, Wales, to Sydney, Austo Be Enveloped in Radio Oscillations. If a Sensitlve Receiving Set
Were Used, They Could Undoubtedly Be Heard on the Moon.

Caused the Whole Globe

Marconi engineer, but

1^

earth, for Hertz-

accompanying

^^1

Ww'm Imp
^^1
B^9l
^

narvon, Wales, to
the

n
A

^^H

who

Australia,

gland,

^^1

^^^^r

was on

Tuesday, October

panies in America. Some of the best transmitting records ever made, both with regards to the clearness of the signals received and also their strength, have been
transmitted across the Atlantic Ocean from
one of the large American trans-Atlantic
radio stations by means of the Alexanderson radio-frequency alternator.
few years ago the radio- frequency alternator was considered more of a laboratory device than anything else by electrical
engineers,
and
even by the radio
engineers themselves. But at the
^TNORTHPOLnj
present time the

her of cases with very gratifying results.

For instance, it has been found that the
Goldschmidt (German) type of radio-frequency reflecting alternator which was formerly used at Tuckerton, N. J., was so sensitive that it practically required an operative to stand alongside of it all the time in
order to constantly adjust the various electric circuits and to keep the speed of the
machine constant. Besides, it had a number of delicate mechanical features which

and

dangerous

speed of 20,000
r.p.m.
(revolutions per minute)
and up to 30,000

the operating

r.p.m or more, but at the present time they

have been so perfected in design as to re-

Another form of transmitter which has

accomplisht some really remarkable work
in long-distance radio transmission in the
hands of skilled engineers and operators, is
the high-power oscillating Poulson Arc.
such as supplied by the Federal Telegraph
Company and other concerns. The United
States Government has used a large number of these Arc transmitters, and is negotiating for a number of them at the
present time in both large and small sizes
for various requirements. A number of the
larger wireless stations, including the transAtlantic station at SavA'ille. L. I., have used

quie a rotation speed of but 5,000 r.p.m.

Therefore, one of these machines can be operated without any greater attention than is
required in the operation of any commercial
dynamo or motor. It is possible to instruct
radio operators in the handling of a plant of
this type, it is said, within a few days. These
machines are under perfect control at all
times, and their regulation and operation
either for telephone or telegraph wireless
transmission is beautifully and accurately
effected by means of a novel magnetic amplifier, which keeps the load on the driving
motor constant, and also the frequency of
the output current constant. The windings
and magnetic sections are water-cooled.
For trans-Atlantic or trans-continental
transmission, it has generally been thought
that nothing else would do than a high
steel mast with which to support the antenna, or else the employment of a series
of tall steel masts extending over a distance
of a mile or so, such as one finds at New
Brunswick, N. J., or Honolulu. Something
entirely new in the wireless field is the fact
(Continued on page 588)

required the dtmost

personnel.

skill

in

Both
a high-power Arc for transmitting.
the Goldschmidt Allernator and the Poulson
Arc are foreign inventions, and while they
have shown some very excellent results in
many ways, it is gratifying to note that they
have both developed undesirable characteristics in operating, which have given way to
an American form of high power radio
transmitter of the radio-frequency alternator type, and upon which many hundreds of
thousands of dollars have been spent in research by one of the largest electric com-

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

548

Decembe

Harvard Hails the Naval Radio

scion of American
HARVARD,
and university
renowned

col-

lege
for its classic halls

life

and dormitories,
where thousands of America's
greatest engineers, lawyers and
captains of industry have been educated for
generation upon generation has capitulated

The receiving instruments and transmitting apparatus are all contained in a

cleverly designed water-proof case resembling a large dress-suit case.
It is surprising how quickly the boys are trained to set
up and dismantle one of these sets, and as a
matter of fact, they have often set up such
high.

1918

Man

as frequency and power factor meters. The

hot wire radiation ammeter is mounted just
over the spark gap in the center of the
photograph. The receiving set in front of
the student seated at the table with the
head 'phones on, is of the de Forest tjrpe,
with calibrated dials which indicate the

Photos Edwin Lerlck

Fig.

1.

a
Demonstrating
Before

Exciting

Dynamo

Portable Radio-Set eqarpt with Hand-driven

an Interested Class of Harvard Naval Radio
Students.

Uncle Sam's naval radio men, whom we

see busily at work mastering the intricacies
of wireless telegraphy in the three accompanying views recently taken at the Harvard Radio School, where several thousands of the Nation's finest are being given
intensive training in Radio.
Once these classic halls resounded to the
why and wherefore of the gerund and
to

gerundive and why Nero burnt Rome.

all one hears is the steady allday drone of the five-hundred
cycle buzzers as the keys tap-tap
and the sailor boys learn how to
take down a message at the rate
of forty words per minute, more
or less usually less, at least for
the first few weeks.
Fig. 1 of the accompanying viewshows a portable radio field set
equipt with manually driven dynamo and tripod, being demonstrated before a squad of junior
It
naval operators.
is an vinwritten law that the Navy is out
to beat the Army when it comes
to radio matters, and judging by
the great interest evinced by all
of 3ie students present at the
various classes, it seems that the
Jackies will at least give the
Doughboys a hard tussle, when it
comes to solving the various
phases of angular impedance and
the logarithmic decrement. The
portable field radio set, shown at
Fig. 1, has a range of about forty
to fifty miles, and is intended for
use with a collapsible aerial,
which is supported when in use
from a telescopic steel or wooden
mast, about seventy-five feet

Now

Fig.

2.

Where

In

Receiving and Transmitting Apparatus Laboratory

the Future Naval Radio Men Are Thoroly Instructed In the
Handling of Modern Apparatus.
the

a radio station

wave

less

meters.

and had it in operation in

than two minutes.
The view of the instrument laboratory,
Fig. 2, illustrates some of the excellent

equipment available

at the

Harvard Radio

School. At the right of the photograph is

seen a switchboard controlling the transmitting apparatus, this panel containing an
A. C. volt and ammeter, a D. C. volt and
ammeter (for motor-generator set) as well

used

being

length

received

directly

in

Three electrode vacuum valves are

practically

Army and Navy

here shown
naval officer

all

sets,

employs

together

in

both the

and the receiving

vacuum

valves.

set

seen in the foreground instructing the operator seated at the instrument table. In the background may be seen
the large-sized oscillation transformers of
the spiral copper ribbon type, while at the
left the copper plated Leyden jar
condensers may be observed. In
the extreme rear corner of this
laboratory there is mounted a
complete, magnetic type, automatic starter for the motor-generator set.
is

If you want to see an interested class of radio students, just

glance at Fig. 3, which shows a
class in "Radio Theory" at the
Harvard Radio School.
Naval
petty officer is acting as the instructor to this class, and we are
glad to say that the Navy Department has succeeded in enlisting some of the best radio
men in the country for this purpose.
Some of the classes are
very large and contain several
hundred students.
Unlike the
average collegiate course in radio
or electrical engineering theory,
these future naval operators are

taught theory hand-in-hand with

actual practise.
This is proven
by the fact that wherever there
is
a blackboard at this school

Fig. 3.
latlon

One of
Between

Harvard's Radio Classes In "Theory" The

Radio Theory and the Apparatus Itself Is
the Aid of Blacl<board and Instruments.

there is also invariably a more

or less complete set of apparatus
such as used in practise. Note
the close interest manifested.

December,

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

1918

549

The Code-Numerals Get "Theirs

By
ADJUTANT-GENERAL

McCAIN,

in

discussing the publication of warcasualty lists, makes this statement in

regard to the transmission of numerals by
telegraph
"More mistakes are made by
:

THOMAS REED

troubled with the rain soaking in around

her window-frames.
She had carpenters
on the problem, and plumbers, and masons,
and I guess most every profession but
undertakers, and they applied shingles, and

See

how

from the

natural progression prefixing dots in regular order, then knocking them off till you're
out of dots again.

Some cantankerous users of these

perfect productsconsider them just near
enough

else."

Groaning business

crowd

forward

that

testify

statement
too true.

isn't

to

dream

this

of

be

this

complex

symmetry,

what

meets the eye? Hor-

For many of the

errors in telegrams
there exists efficient
first-aid.
The overspeeded telegrapher,
losing a word, replaces it with a nice
fresh one from his

As I live, five
ors
dots for the figure
"5" Forthwith arise
the voices of the
Babe and Suckling,
inquiring in plaintive
tones, "If five dots
is good for 5, why
!

own vocabulary,

in

long

as
yours, and as stout
and serviceable in
as

all

to

But that
plumb in

middle of

the

only

is

alike

confusing.

men everywhere

every way; and

honest practice
swers very well,
context usually

some reason you

why

raphy

isn't

in telegsix dots

good for 6?"

As

usual, the

Babe

and

Suckling
are
easier spanked than
answered. The simple series of taps, or
any short sounds,

this

anthe
en-

abling you to restore

your correspondent's
original word, if for
it

them different
and with such a

All of

pretty!

letter-signals,

telegram companies
in transmitting figures than in transmitting anything

fully

99

represent numbers so
naturally that anyone, telegrapher or

like

better.

not,

For straightening

and read them right.

Whatever else a nu-

out

names,

proper

rely on the wonderful insight of the

you

meral does, it surely

ought to "nume"
and the simple ones

can read them,

elevator man, who

Yes Fellow "Radio Men" We Know Hov/ It Feels! This Is Oscillation No. 2 of "Great Moments We All Have Known," Drawn by R. O. Mr. H. B. Burney, H. M. C. S. Stadacona. Mr. do, while the codeafter years of pracBurney Promises to Become the "Balrnsfather" of the Navy.
tice is able to recman's intricate sigognize a patronymic
nals don't.
tin, and tar-paper and cement and bad laneven when severely disfigured such as
seems to have drest up his cook till she's
guage, without effecting a cure, or relieving
"Oake" for Baker."
spilled the beans.
the "soakage" in the slightest degree.
But for the poor hard-working nurnerals
Some say you couldn't count nine quick
Becoming involved as a last resource, I
there is no "timely succor" anywhere in the
dots with accuracy. But you can count the
suggested that the rain, beating in thru the
community. Every little figure has a meanquickest-striking clock up to 9, and even to
wire screen, was backed up on the windowing of its own; and, loyal as the digits may
12.
As a closer comparison, take the firesill by the lower frame of the screen, formbe to their corps, it is impossible for one of
alarm tappers in the engine-houses and
ing a pool, from which water could leak
them to "take another's place and do the
street-bo.xes.
They're quicker than any
Remember what happened by gravity into cracks, while the sloping sill,
best he can."
clock,
and furthermore deal in spaced
if free, would carry it off.
to the porter who put off at Buffalo the
numbers, forming tens and hundreds, as
Now I'm telling you the truth that "2-6; 3-8-S"; but I never heard that
man in lower six, instead of the one in
neighbor, a perfectly intelligent and goodlower five, who'd requested the favor ?
the firemen often drove half a mile to box
natured lady, and up to that time a great
wounded numeral is a "dead" numeral.
375, for example, miscounting it for box
friend of mine, absolutely repudiated my
But because he's the most vulnerable does385, just around the corner.
The dot sysidea, not with indifference, but with violent
n't explain why he's the oftenest hit.
tem's good enough for them, and they someHush now, hush! for me purpose is to peevishness, and flatly refused to "try such
times betray a regard for holding their jobs
a useless experiment" as lifting the screen.
invade the guarded enclosure, and attack
at that.
She must have tried it eventually, because
the sacred cow. Is it possible that the comOthers say the dots would be mistaken
I heard (tho not from her) that my guess
plex numerical code-signs themselves are
for letters
was right, and that now in a driving storm
partly to blame?
would be "E" as well as "1"
her screens are raised an inch, and all is well
2"
What, as a matter of fact, is the objec"
" "I" "
..
"3"
tion to using simply:
with her.
But she hates me, and the plumber
"
...
" "S
4"
and mason and carpenter hate me and I
....
1
6
thank God the undertaker wasn't there
Oh, yes, serious confusion would result:
2
7
Why oh why do people feel that way an operator copying "EISH dollars," for
3
8
toward the "common-sense monger?" It's
instance, might mistake the "Eish" for an
4
9
simply a curious trait in human nature
accidental sneeze, ignore it completely (as
5
any further contact with which I aim to
etiquette requires) and inform Jones that
avoid, except with my retreat carefully
a scheme which would have occurred to
Smith "will give you dollars" and Jones
Father Adam, if he'd received a telegraphcovered.
would think his message was the words to
set along with his animals?
The man who invented the numerical
a song, a companion-piece to "In the morn
I assure you I'm trying to handle this
code-signals is probably dead by now, but
I bring thee violets," and perhaps get mad
subject with the tender circumspection a
I'll bet that as long as he lived he prided
because some folks don't like music.
mother accords her child, or a bomber his
himself on their etherial beauty:
But talk about mistaken identity, how
-.
bomb; for it's a "common-sense" suggesabout the "abbreviated form" of codetion, and nothing infuriates people like one
numerals actually in use, where
"1" also "A"
of these, I've found.
."2" "
I'll never
forget my experience with a
"u"
worthy lady, a neighbor of mine, who was
{Continued on page 585)

He

'

'

=
=
=

=
=
=

=1
.--=3
::.=s

.=6
---::=8
.

-=o

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

350

December, 1918

Rotary Quenched Spark Gap

By FRANCIS R. PRAY

are a great many Radio

THERE
teurs who
impossible

ama-

to join the
Service for some reason or other, and
realize that the present is an excellent time
to make that 'Iperfect" set if for no other
reason than the quite obvious fact that raw
find

it

material will not be cheaper than it is now.

Of course you exclaim "Cheap
Why, it
Well,
costs more now than it ever did."
yes, that may be so, but did you ever stop
to think what it will cost after the war?
I

No

doubt your next trans)nitter will em-

ploy a rotary quenched gap, as that is the

most efficient type up to date. Should you
be undecided as to tJie design, allow me to
submit the following, as it combines tlie
best features of the gaps on the market,
besides several original ones.
It is easily
made with no other tools than a small
bench lathe and slide-rest and the usual
experimenter's hand tools.
It is so designed as to combine the utmost in ruggedness with the easiest accessibility and the
material will not cost much.
Parts "A" and "B" should be of brass
or copper, or possibly aluminum, tho the

tapt into part

suffice.

"B" and four

Make them

all

the

"G" should
same distance

in

be bored to ventilate the motor at points

"U" and "V" all around the tube.

apart.

suggested that the motor be bought

and the various parts built up on it.
One of about 1/16 H.P. with a "round"
frame is necessary. The feet or base should
be broken off and the projections ground
It is

first

down

to the surface. It should be securely

fastened to the tube "E" by machine screws
tapt into tlie frame. Disc "I" is of Bakelite
fastened to tube "E" in the same manner
as Disc "F."
"close-up" of the regulator is shown
piece of phosphor-bronze or
in Fig. 2.
silicon-bronze is turned with a cross-section
hole thru the center is made
as in "M."
to fit the motor's shaft and a set-screw is
used to fasten it on with. "L" is a ballbearing unit about the same as those used
in bicycle wheels and may be obtained from
any of the large bearing manufacturers.
The spring "O" is of brass or steel and is
used to hold the motor shaft as far to the
It might be suggested
right as possible.
here that if the shaft has no "play" it would

Motor

Detail

of Rotary Quenched Gap, EndPlay Shaft Regulator.

AIRMEN USE FALL AS RUSE TO

FIND HIDDEN WIRELESS.
Residents of Glen Cove, L. I., who a
time ago had been wondering and
complaining about the continual flying over
their houses of airplanes from Mitchel Field,
Mineola, were amazed when it became
known that Department of Justice agents
have been searching the city for an alleged
hidden German wireless plant, said to have
been discovered thru efforts of the airmen.
The wireless plant is declared to have been
located m the chimney of a house in the exclusive Red Springs section of Glen Cove.
For days airplanes have been hovering
over the city.
Two machines came to
grief, and the pilots were taken into nearby
short

houses.

^^\f *

View

Now

it

said that the accidents

is

were deliberate, with the intention of gaining admittance to the suspected house.
After being picked up, presumably unconscious, and carried into a certain house,
one of the airmen, while left alone, is said
to have found the concealed wireless.

HOW TO MAKE

BUZZER GIVE
HIGH TONE.

Termina/s
Well.

Fjg.l
a Good Rotary -Quenched Spark Gap Suitable For Any ExperiNot Only Is Better Cooled Than the Fixt Quenched Gaps But It Gives
a Much Clearer and More Penetrating Tone.

"Radio-Bugs" Here's

menter's Transmitter.

sparking surfaces

It

"C

should

be

heavily

silver-plated in order to insure the utmost

efficiency,

and you know aluminum cannot

Part "A" may be cast solid and

be plated.
the cooling flanges cut in later with a parting tool. Much care should be taken to see
that the sparking surfaces are cut at exactly
4S degrees and perfectly smooth before
The ring "D" may be made
silver-plating.
of any toug:h metal, since it carries no
current It is held onto the Bakelite tube
"E" by eight machine screws. Tube "E"
inch.
need not have a wall thicker than
Disc "F" is of Bakelite also, and should
be accurately fitted to "E" so as to exclude
Eight machine screws tapt into its
air.
periphery should be sufficient to hold it in
place firmly.
A whole piece of Bakelite
with a cross-section like "G" should be
turned on the lathe and fitted into a recess
This hole should be cut first and
in "B."
the 4S-degree sparking surface turned last,
because this surface should not vary the
"G" is held in place
slightest in its orbit.
by metal washer "H." Four machine screws

be all right to take a little off the motor

bearings to make some, as the gap's adjust-

ment depends on

this feature.

"P" and "Q"

On the right end of

are large washers.
part "M" a small recess is drilled just large
enough to hold a single ball bearing. Axle
grease or vaseline is put in the hole to
make the bearing run easily. By turning
knob "K2" the sparking electrode "B" is
moved to and from the electrode "A."
When a satisfactory distance is found by
experiment, the lock-nut "Kl" is screwed
up tight. In assembling the gap, turn "K2"
and unscrew the maThe holes
chine screws slightly at "R."
for these machine screws in the rim around
part "A" should be somewhat larger than
usual so that when part "A" is fitted to
part "B," "A" may be moved around until
Then the screws
it fits cone "B" snugly.
"R" are tightened and gap is ready for use.
If desired, a hole may be bored at "S" and
a small tube tapt in thru which gases may
be forced for experimental purposes. An
Holes should
outlet may be made at "T."

Being in need of a buzzer giving a high

pitched tone I took an ordinary call buzzer,
removed the armature and ^-inch from the
end of the contact spring I wound two
turns of No. 22, B. & S. bare copper wire
around the armature under the contact
spring, and two turn around the armature
and over the spring. Then I twisted the
ends of the wires together tightly. When I
replaced the armature and adjusted it I
had a high tone buzzer, which made hardly
any noise to the ear, but using a telephone
receiver it almost "raised the dead."
Contributed by

GEO.

F.

HARRINGTON

lurns over spr/ng

Turns under ipnn^

as far up as possible

A Simple Trick For Making Any Buzzer High

Tone.


December.

1918

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

DETECTOR BUILT ON ATTACH-

MENT

Herewith
detector."

is

Any

PLUG.

a drawing of a "receptacle
number of detectors can be

Point

code, the sound will be heard in the receiver, the same as in long distance wireless receiving. This outfit is fine for learn-

ing the wireless code, as the sound produced

in the receivers can be varied in strength
by shifting the coil No. 2, along the slide
strips on top of the coil.
Contributed by
T. G.

551

AN IMITATION "STAGE" RADIO.

Having need of an imitation wireless
sending station for use on the stage that
was to operate in semi-darkness, I hooked
up a buzzer and electric light globe (paint-

GRANTHAM.

PERFORATED

TAPE

TEACHER.
iVall

receptac/e

CODE

After reading the description of various

contrivances for teaching the code, I thought
I would try to make one of my own design.
Here is a description of it. Referring to
the illustrations,
is a tin can cover, the
one represented in the figure being 7" in
diameter. This will take a record 22" long,
or long enough to hold the entire alphabet,
minus the figures. It has a grooved pulley
about 2" in diameter fastened under it on
the center by 4 screws.
hole is drilled
centrally thru both pulley and can cover.
This had better be done before fastening
them together. Procure a base of suitable
size, and on one end tack a piece of tin
2" square with a hole in the center. Fasten
an insulated wire under one tack and run
this to one binding post.
The can cover should have a small piece

The Right Dope In Detector Design Build it

on an old Fuse or Attachment Plug.
Detectors So Made Are Interchangeable.

made and

ones

different

screwed

in

as

needed.

The base is made from an old wall type

receptacle or other kind of receptacle. The
detector container is made from the bottom
of an old attachment plug. The plug screws
into the receptacle and the detector is then
ready for use.
Contributed by
E. T. J.

Dnve pu/ley

Spring belt
\f<f^^

A CLEVER WIRELESS PRACTISE

Tin roil

SET.
Take an

old tuning

coil,

remove the

slid-

ers or sHder and on each comer of the top

of the end support tack on two thin wooden
sticks, such as kite sticks, and let them
project over about 4" at one end.
If a

tuning coil

used, bring out each end of

the winding as shown in coil No. 1. Connect telephone receivers as shown in diais

tain

town
Brush

number 2, take an old curpole or a piece of broom handle. Saw

coil

a piece about one inch in length. Now

the end, take an old piece of heavy
cardboard and cut out two circular piecei
about two inches in diameter. After finding the exact center of your cardboard,

make

take the round piece one inch in length,

and attach the two cardboard discs, one at
each end. After completing, wind full of
No. 16 or 18 insulated magnet wire and
hook up as shown.
By depressing the key the battery is connected with coil No. 2; the magnetic lines

Buzzer

Telegraph key

Realistic.

HARD RUBBER PANELS.

Go

off

to

Very

ed blue), so that when a contact was closed

it would connect both of them as shown in
the diagram.
The buzzer represents the
noise of the spark discharge and the globe
represents the light that the spark throws
off.
The contact is to be closed by the
operator (actor) pressing the key on the
stage. The buzzer and the light, of course,
are not to be seen by the audience. They
may be placed behind a box or some other
object on the stage.
The buzzer should
make the loudest noise possible. When
this apparatus is used in the semi-darkness
it will prove very satisfactory.
Contributed by G. B. PENNEBAKER.

/I

gram.

To make

An "imitation" Radio Outfit for the Stage

The Buzzer Squawks and the Lamp Flashes
Each Time the Key is Prest. The Effect Is

A Simple, Home-made Perforated Tape Code

Teaching Instrument.
A Tin-can Cover
Serves as the Tape Drum Which is Rotated
by the Belt and Hand Wheel.
cut out of its edge 1/16 of an inch wide,
as at B
Two springs shaped as at C are
soldered to the can cover inside at D. The
record is a strip of paper about 24" long,
with the dots and dashes cut out with a
ticket punch.
The ends are past thru tha
cut
cover edge and fastened under the
ends of the springs. The cover can now be
mounted on the base, over the piece ot tin.
Put a couple of washers under it, and fasten
It down with a screw.
Put a washer under
the screw head too. The brush is made of
spring brass shaped like E. Cut slits in the
end so it will be sure to make contact with
the can cover thru the dots and dashes in
the tape record.
driving pulley is now
mounted on the other end of the base.
Put washers under this too.
Screw a
handle on to turn it by and have a hole
in the handle large enough to turn freely
on screw holding it. Connect this pulley
with the small one with a strong belt. Put
a piece of rubber band in it so it will always
be tight. The pulleys need n t run exactly
true.
Connect the brush with the other
binding post and the code teacher is finished.
In making the records repeat the
same letter three or four times in some of
them, as it is necessary to hear them over
and over again to remember them. It is to
be remembered that the instrument is connected in series with a buzzer or sounder

to the storage battery station in your

and ask for some large size battery

jars that have been discarded.

These can
be procured for little or nothing.
Soak
these in hot water until they are pHant and
then with a hack-saw cut so that the saw
cuts two sides at once.
If the rubber becomes stiff while sawing, immerse it in the
hot water again. After it is washed it can
be polished with linseed oil and shellac. It
can be drilled with a metal drill. If one
piece is not of sufficient thickness, two
pieces may be fastened together, rough
sides touching, by means of the screws of
the apparatus.

DONALD HUCKE.
ROUND TRANSFORMER CORES.
Contributed by

In cutting the sheet iron laminations for

the "legs" of transformer cores, make them
of different widths, i.e., cut them narrower
as they get farther from the middle.
The

Phones

*^^ Present Useless Tuning

rm? "lumlf
Coil
Utilize t?^
It In
Connection with a Small
Spool of WIre.-No. 2, to IVIake an AdJustTbie
Sound, Code Teacher.

of force travel from

1.

By operatmg

coil

No. 2 to

coil

No

the key according to the

and battery.

Contributed by

A. E.

HERSEE.

Here's

How

to

Cores at Last.

Make Round Transformer

Neat, Efficient, and Techni-

cally O. K.

Thanku, Henry.

legs will then be round, rendering the trans-

former much more efficient and also easier

to wind on the coils.
Contributed by H. G. ASCHBRENNER.

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

552

How

to

Make

THE

desire to see the planets thru a

telescope of greater power than the
one which came within the writer's
limited means financially is responsible for his accomplishing the task
of making a telescope of considerable effic-

J.

WILSON

There

mon

will be needed two discs of complate glass, seven inches in diameter,

one-inch and one-half an inch in thickness

respectively.
The thicker disc becomes the
spccictum, the other the "tool." The thickness of a glass speculum should be in proportion to its diameter about as
1:8.

Two

or three

pounds of
borundum

car-

one

two
No.

80,

No.

or
of

pounds
120 and

two

pounds of Grade
FFF will be
needed for the

One

grinding.
half a pound of
Jeweller's Rouge
(iron oxid) and

about
pounds

gundy

three
of

Bur-

pitch,

two

cakes

of beeswax, four ounces

of turpentine and
a pound of resin
are required for
polishing. These,
with a few chem-

needed for
silvering the finished
mirror,
complete the list
of ingredients
icals

Seven-Inch Reflecting Telescope, the Speculum of Which Was

Made by the Writer. It Provides Beautiful Views of Mars, the Moon,
Jupiter and Saturn, and Equipt with a Terrestrial Eye-Piece, Furnishes a Powerful Telescope for Marine or Land Use.

which one must

iency. The grinding, polishing and figuring
of a glass speculum is not beyond the averabilitj',

and such an accomplishment

is

far more satisfactory than the purchase of

a refracting telescope of small size. Indeed
the service rendered by a home-made 11inch reflecting telescope has compared favorably with that rendered thru several
months' experience with an 11-inch refractor of the best construction.
seven-inch speculum is less difficult to
construct than a ten or an eleven-inch, tho
it is powerful enough to disclose details on
the discs of Mars and Jupiter, Saturn and
the moon, and will present splendid views
of the wonders of the milky way.
But if
one wishes to attempt a larger size he may
do so by following the methods described
here, increasing in proportion the length of
stroke in working and the quantities of
material.
The concave mirror, or speculum of a
reflector performs the same service as the
lens pi the refractor, it brings the rays to
a point in the focal plane thus forming a
real image of an object.
This image in
both telescopes is magnified by the eyepiece,
various eyepieces being used to furnish different magnifying powers.
It is obvious
that the quality of the image must be perfect to permit of magnification.
The materials for a seven-inch mirror in
1910 cost about $5, including the glass discs.

1918

a Seven- Inch Reflecting Telescope

By LATLMER

age

December,

purchase.
glass disc, edges
ground smooth and top edge of the rim
slightly bevelled, is cemented with pitch to
a wooden block ten inches in diameter. The

The

one-half

inch

the glass tool the hand must at no time come

in contact with the glass of the speculum.
The heat from the hands is sufficient to produce a perceptible effect in the final curve.

The No. 80 carborundum (or emery) is

made damp with a Uttle water and is spread
thinly over the tool. The speculum is held
by the handle in such a manner that a very
from the side of the hatids
upon the wooden block; it is then moved
forward and backward across the tool, the
worker rotating the speculum all the time
by means of the block and the handle. As
the grinding proceeds the worker walks
around the support in a direction contrary
to the direction in which the speculum is
rotated.
The speculum should be moved
forward and backward a space slightly
slight pressure
is

greater than one-half the diameter of the

This motion tends rapidly to cut
disc.
away the center of the upper disc, at the
same time cutting away the edge of the tool,
making the latter convex and the former
concave.
The amount of concavity necessary-for a
focus of sixty inches is equal to the arc
subtended by a radius of 120 inches.
Roughly it can be determined by frequently
examining the surface of the speculum in
sunlight during the stages of rough grinding. Wet the disc and hold it so the sun's
light will be brought to the position of best
definition, indicated by the smallest disc of
the solar image.
When the distance from
glass to image measures about sixty inches,
the rough grinding is complete.
The successive stages of the grinding are
devoted to refining the curve and eliminating the pits and scratches caused by the
It will
coarser particles of carborundum.
be well to subject the No. 120 grade to a
series of two washings. Mix the whole of it
into a receptacle holding two gallons of

block is then
made fast to a

support, a
post or a barrel
that has been
firmly fastened to
the floor.
The
rigid

worker must be
able to walk freely

the

around

support and must

have plenty of
room for the necessary arm movements in grinding

and polishing.

The

one

inch

thick disc, the future speculum, is

cemented

with

pitch to the center of a circular

wooden block six

inches in diameter on the top of

which

is

screwed
In

a handle.
manipulating

speculum

the

over

Illustrating the Different Motions Followed In Grinding and Polishing

the Speculum.
Length of Stroke to Produce Sphere: 2 Short
1
Stroke: 3 Long Stroke, Tending to Produce a Parabolic or Hyper-

bolic Curve.

December,

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

1918

thoroly wet with rouge and water

it is placed upon the warm pitch and
gradually permitted to rest upon it until the
surface of the pitch has assumed the curve
of the speculum. The pitch is then reheated

water, stir well and immediately pour off

but the sediment. This will be used for
the first stage of fine grinding. The portion
that was poured off should be allowed to
settle for ten seconds and then all but the
water and sediment contained in the lower
part of the vessel again poured off. These
sediments labelled 1, 2 and 3 are to be used
in the first, second and third stages of the
fine grinding.
The stroke in grinding with the finer
Movgrades is progressively shortened.
ing the speculum forward and drawing it
backward a space of one-third or onefourth the diameter tends to keep the curve
concave, and gradually to produce a
spherical form.
Shorter strokes tend to
flatten the curve 3nd during the final two
or three hours of fine grinding the strokes
may be no longer than one and one-half

kept

when

all

553
inches) is placed a lamp having a bright
flame hidden entirely by a metal chimney.
Opposite the brightest part of the flame is a
needle hole so directed toward the mirror
that the light from it will be reflected back

Speculum

Needle hole

Mefal
chimneij

Fositlonof
eye and
knife blade

Direction of illuminafion

Direc//on Jrn/fe b/ocfe is

rat/s

mofed across

inches.

The FFF Grade

of the flour of carborunsubjected to several washings as

follows:
(a) the coarsest 3 seconds; (b)
20 seconds; (c) 1 minute; (d) 10 minutes
and (e) 30 minutes. The particles held in
suspension in the washing that is left after
standing 30 minutes are so fine that the
liquid seems almost to be pure water.
Great care should be taken not to permit
coarser particles from getting mixed in the
fine grades when they are placed upon the
Plenty of
convex surface of the tool.
water must be used during the fine grinding
to prevent the disc from binding as it is
manipulated over the glass tool.
The final surface when the fine grinding
is complete will present an appearance of a
thin film of dried inilk spread upon a piece
Black type well
of transparent glass.
spaced and lighted one-quarter of an inch
in size should be easily distinguishable as
viewed thru the ground surface, if the
back surface is of polished plate.
Next the Burgundy Pitch is melted and
strained. It is then thickened with resin or
thinned with turpentine until when cool (at
the room temperature) it permits a slight
impression to be made with the thumbnail
when prest into it. The grinding tool is
cleaned and a strip of surgeon's tape, or
lantern-slide tape (paper) is stuck to the
glass circumference so that it will protrude
about one-quarter of an inch all around

dum

is

M
Section of sphere

by passing a gas flame across it rapidly

until it is soft enough to permit squares
to be prest into it. These squares must be
spaced one-quarter of an inch apart by
pressing a wooden foot-rule in lines at right
A
angles, the lines being one inch apart.
square should not come exactly in the center of the tool but should be sufficiently eccentric to allow only one comer to be in
When the squares are
the exact center.
formed the grooves can be cut out very
clean with a sharp knife, after which every
particle of the debris must be washed off
the polisher which is again heated by the
uas flame and coated with a mopping of

The speculum is agam

melted beeswax.
painted with the rouge and is gently prest
shape the surface into perfect
Then the polishing can begin, the
contact.
purpose of the squares being to distribute
the rouge and to assure even polishing.
Frequent application of rouge is necessary.
the
The strokes are at first long as
coarse grinding. When a sufficient polish
appears the mirror can be subwhile

for use, thus assuring only the finest

portion, avoiding coarse particles.
It is very important that the speculum be

will

it

Plan of the finder

"'

T'^r- *

H,

Lens

it

LI,

-ISincli

focal lengf/j

jected to the
well-known Foucault Knife-edge

^h
i^ x\eije

convex
'y//

^"Nj/

finder

*''-

-ij-

fore

^^i;;^^^

^^5!!^
^^^5>
rJv'''s^^.,

iJ/ixr/f

supporf for mirror

ilrip screwed

Wood

/o tube

-^,f>i/

Wflr^l'moi/ block

ji

Jy^r-Bolf

Dec/ma/ion

J/

r^
Weight^

'--^^>^^^

k^^^^^^<^-fe%^^
1

..

'

rotated

"//^\^
'
-O^-^
//

^^*'^

Polar

a/is

testing,

the

mirror should be
permitted to rest
for fifteen minuntil the
utes,
heat from the

which tube con be

'-^^"jy..
"""l^

6olvanned iron cradle

^^^//7

^'^^^y;-^^ //--

>*

--

D -Z

%^' aC^\,_^
"- /*^^
^^^^^^^.^z

inch

L'

Always be-

Test.

focal length ofpiano

lenses

Handle

In a short

upon the semi-warm surface.

moved

Melol cover

of polishing has sub-

friction

sided, otherwise
a true test of the
surface cannot be

Metal cover

"^""'^

made.
In a darkened

^^

room the speculum is placed in

points to northern pole

an upright posi.^011

tion

and

directly

front of it at
a distance equal
to the radius of
in

Showing Details
Telescope.

"Equatorial" Mounting for Seven-Inch Reflecting

Top of Post Is Cut to the La titude of the Observer.
of

Oolate spnsroid

Here A B Represents the Position of the Speculum and the Light-Source for Testing the Accuracy of the Grinding and Polishing. C Shows How the Surface of the Speculum Darkens
for the Spherical, Parabolic and Hyperbolic Curves, as Seen When the Knife-Blade Screen js
Moved Across the Cone of Rays at the Place of Best Focus.

The melted pitch is

above the surface.
then poured on the tool and allowed to set
an instant.
The speculum is painted with the rouge,
which has been mixt with water and only
the top one-third of which has been re-

Paroboia

tlucerboia

curvature (in
this

case

120

to a point within ten inches of the lamp at

The brighter the light and the
its side.
smaller the needle hole the better will be the
result. The writer has used satisfactorily a

small arc projection lantern having a prism

in the path of rays and the light from the
lantern reflected from a needle hole in a
piece of tinfoil glued to the side of the
This enables the worker to make
prism.
the test at a distance of only a few inches.
The light from the needle-hole illuminates
the mirror as seen at the principal focus.
Inside this focal point the image of the
lamp will be seen upright; beyond the point
will be seen inverted, but at the focal
it
point the light from the bright needle-hole
will illuminate the disc so that no image
will appear except the mirror's bright disc.
An opaque object such as the straight edge
of a knife blade mounted upright can be
past across the cone of rays before the eye.
If the shadow advances as a straight line in
the same direction as that of the moving
knife-blade the blade is too near the mirror if it comes from the opposite direction
it
is too far, but if the mirror gradually
darkens, the blade is in the best focus and
the test can be made.
Imagine the surface of the mirror illuminated from a direction opposite to that
from which the blade is moved. If the surface then presents the aspect of a ridge
around the edge and a hill in the center, the
polishing strokes should be lengthened to
If the mirror
cut away the elevations.
shows a slight depression the strokes should
be shortened. If a deep depression is seen
and the outer portions of the disc seem
turned back, the figure is that of a hyperbola and to correct it go back to the grinding, using very short strokes.
perfect sphere is indicated when the
surface darkens evenly. Work first for this
;

Then to produce an approximate

effect.
curve that will satisfy all demands polish
for a very few moments at one time with
long strokes until the surface looks like a
shallow dinner plate, a very faint trace of
a depression in the center. This will produce the approximate parabolic curve, and
if

not carried too far will result in a per-

fect speculum.

(Continued on page 586)


ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

554

December,

1918

A Simple Study of Currents and Magnets

By

Prof. E.

ONE

of the first facts that the investigator in the field of electromagnetism comes to recognize is
that there is a "directedness" to the

magnets and
The mystery
however, when

reactions between
current-bearing conductors.
is

partly dispelled,

H.

JOHNSON,

Dept. Physics, Kenyon College

its natural North-and-South position hold

directly above it and parallel to it, a single
wire in which a small direct current is
flowing.
It will be found that if the current is flowing from South to North above
the needle, the North pole of the needle

he learns that a magnet, whether

permanent or due to a current in
a coil of wire, can be attracted or
repelled only by another magnet
that is, it is acted upon only by a

magnetic

field.

Now the "field" in

the sense here

used means the entire region thruout which the magnetic force can
be detected by any means whatever.
Therefore the various portions of
the field can be considered to have
direction, because a force has a

And

direction.

if

we

try to

map

out a field of magnetic or any

other kind of force on a sheet of
paper, we will get a series of lines
or arrows, not necessarily having
any regular arrangement. Such a

map

From this simple experiment we can see

that there is a definite relation between
the direction of the current and that in
which a magnetic pole will move, if free to
do so. If one imagines that he can look
along the wire, of which the shaded portions in Fig. 2, represent sections,
the arrow-heads will show the direction in which a North magnetic
pole will move when the current
is flowing out from or into the
plane of the paper.
Another simple rule covering
all
of the above cases, is that
known as the right-hand rule,
which states that if the currentbearing wire is grasped in the
right hand, with the thumb pointing along the wire in the direction
in which the current is flowing,
the fingers will encircle the wire
in tlie direction in which a North
magnetic pole would be deflected.
See Fig. 3. This rule is perhaps
the

easiest

to

remember of

the

many which have been

proposed,
but it should be clearly seen that
they all lead to the same conclusion and that the law they seek to

naturally limited to two

and so will represent
one plane arbitrarily
illustrate is perfectly definite and
the three-dimensional
for Determining If a Conductor Is Carryi The "Compass Test"
invariable.
of force we may be
a Current, and If so, in What Direction It Is Flowing.
( Ing
Reversing the Position of the Compass Reverses the Deflection
i
So numerous are the experistudying. These direction lines in
of the Needle.
mental possibilities for demonthe field have been called the
strating this principle that it is
"lines of force," and it must be
will be deflected toward the West, as shown
in fact difficult to escape its application
remembered that they are directions only
a
Fig. 1. If the current is reversed,
at
in
any branch of electrical science.
and probably do not exist in any much
Without it electromagnetic machinery
more real manner, but they do serve to the needle will swing to the East, as shown
b
Now if the wire is slipt under would be impossible. For the present, a
at
enable us to form a comprehensive idea of
the compass and the preceding two steps
few simple constructions will suffice to
the possible causes of the reactions we may
repeated,
the
deflections
will
be
are
show how repeated or continuous motion
actually observe.
To help one to grasp the ideas involved changed correspondingly, as indicated by may be obtained instead of single simple
c
d
Fig. 1.
and
deflection as in the case of the compass
in a clear manner, many simple experiments
needle, and altho the examples here given
can be performed, but we will content ourare in the nature of toys long known to
selves with several of the simplest ones,
anyone familiar with the subject, they will
which, tho not new, are well worth close
be highly instructive and well worth the
observation by the student.
time and eflfort involved in their construcTo begin with, we have the fundamental
tion by anyone who is not thoroly aclaw that LIKE magnetic poles repel one
magnetic poles
quainted with them.
another, while
Hence, according to
Secure a glass tube or slender lamp
attract one another.
chimney (A, Fig. 4) about 6 inches long
our previous statement that the magnetic
and an inch or so in diameter. Into its
force of a magnet, as ordinarily observed
ends fit two corks, B and C. Thru the
is

dimensions,
only some
chosen in
space field

UNLIKE

The "Right-hand Rule" Which Gives the

Direction of the Magnetic Whirls About a

To Produce

"North" Magnetic

Pole,

Conductor.

the

Current Must Pass Counter-clockwise Around

the Core as Shown at the Left. A "South"
Pole Results from a Clockwise Direction of
Current Thru a Magnet Coll.
is

made

evident only in

another magnet,

we have

the presence of
to conclude that

when a compass needle

.which is held near

a wire bearing an electric current is deflected, some portion of the region containing the wire must contain a magnetic pole,
or its equivalent, as the source of the force
which affects the needle. Let us try the
experiment and then draw our conclusions.
Place a magneto compass on a table
where it is not near any other magnetic
body, and then, after it has come to rest in

The

Form of Electric Motor Devised

In 1822.
It is Described Here In
That the Student Can Construct
One and Study It.

Earliest

by Faraday
Detail

so

lower cork, C, thrust an iron rod, D, about

% inch in diameter and 3 inches long.
Around the lower half of it wind a couple
of layers of insulated wire (any size from
No. 18 to No. 24) and carry one end of the
wire up thru the cork as shown at E, so
that it may be surrounded by a layer of
mercury, F, which, in turn, should not quite
cover the upper end of the iron rod. Thru
the upper cork, B, pass a short length of
bare copper wire G, and then hang from it
loosely a sufficiently long piece oJE similar
wire, H, to just dip into the mercury. This
device can be mounted in an upright position on a block in any convenient manner.

(To be continued.)

December,

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

1918

555

Methods and Spectra

Spectroscopic

HOW TO BUILD A SPECTROSCOPE "

By D. S. BINNINGTON

A SEQUEL TO

"

PART II Conclusion'

THIS

Method No. i.
method of obtaining

spectrum of a gas, is the only one that

can be used, and has several difficulties in the way of home-made apparatus. The principle of the method
is, that the required gas is sealed up in a
tube in an exceedingly dilute condition, and
by means of platinum electrodes, the tube
is connected to a spark coil.
The tubes are
of the shape shown in Fig. 7, and the narrow portion is placed in front of the slit for
inspection.
These tubes cannot be homemade without special apparatus, etc., but
can be purchased from dealers in laboratory apparatus with various gases, such as
oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxid, etc. The
price of these varies somewhat, but the
lowest is about $1.50 per tube.
They can
also be obtained filled with the rare gases,
tlie

argon, helium, neon, krypton and xenon,

but these will not interest the average experimenter as they are only for use with
delicate apparatus, besides ranging in cost

from

$5.00 to $15.00.

To

those who are interested in this branch

of the work, however, a tube can be purchased that, coupled with the fittings of a

stop-cock is then closed and the tube is

ready for use. This tube possesses the advantage t h a t it
can be filled with
any desired gas
for one outlay.
But care must be
taken to exhaust
it

thoroly,

belongs really to Physical Chemistry, which

correlates

all

that

is

known from

the chemi-

else

complications will
ensue. It should
b e noted, too,
that all the materials used to prepare the gas must
be as pure as obtainable. The gas
should be washed
with a proper

wash

liquid,

and

dried over concentrated Sulfu-

Calcium

ric acid.

chlorid

or other

drying

These

agent.
details,

however, can best

be obtained from

as Used in the Laboratory. Note How the Prism

The Telescope and Collimator Are
to a Rotatable Table.
Adjustable and the Base Has Three Leveling Screws.

A Standard Spectrometer
is

Clamped

cal, electrical

places

it

on a

and physical standpoints, and

common

foundation.

Method No.

3.

This method is really the simplest of all

three, but has some disadvantages, however,
which eliminate it from certain classes of
investigation.

It

consists,

essentially,

in

vaporizing the material in the electrical arc.

A quantity of carbons about Yi" diameter
should be cut by means of a small saw into
One end should then be
pieces 6" long.
roughly rounded off with coarse sandpaper
or a file. It should then be clamped in a
vise or between two boards, and a hole
drilled in the center of the end about as
large as a pencil lead, and about 3/16" to
mixture of the material to be
Yn" deep.
used and its own bulk of charcoal is then
powdered, well mixed and packed into the
hole.
It is then placed opposite a plain
carbon in a horizontal position, and an arc
struck between the two. A small amount
of the material is vaporized into the arc,
the temperature of which is sufficient to
vaporize any known material. As, if this
method is used, fresh carbons must be prepared, it is convenient to make a small stand
to hold them in use and so that they are

easily interchangeable.
apparatus for this

purpose has been

An
designed by the writer and is shown in
Fig. 9.
One carbon is fixt, while a clip is
made into which the prepared carbons can

Appearance

of Finished Elect

Used

Arc for Producing Various Spectra.

Series with the Arc on 110 Volts.

good laboratory, will give excellent results.

The tube is shown in Fig. 8. As will be
seen it has the two platinum wires sealed
into it, and also two glass stop-cocks. For
use it is connected to an apparatus giving a
steady flow of the required gas, both stopcocks opened and the gas allowed to flow
thru for about half an hour, when both
stop-cocks are quickly closed.
The tube is then transferred and connected to a mercury vacuum pump (one
such as described in an earlier issue of this
magazine) is ideal. The cock leading to
the pump is opened and the tube evacuated
for a considerable length of time.
The
Concluded from the October issue.

A Water Rheostat

a text-book on Chemistry.
This covers the field of work
on gaseous spectra for 'amateurs,
but,
however, hardly
touches it from the scientist's
point of view, as the subject of
gaseous spectra has probably
the widest field of all spectroscopical work, and merges to a
considerable extent into XRays, Radioactivity and similar
fields of electrical work connected with vacuum tubes, and
basing their theories on electrons, etc.
Indeed this subject

Is

(Continued on page 594)

Forms of Glass Tubes In Which

Gas is Placed. The Wires Are Connected to a Spark Coll
and the Glowing Tube Examined Before the Spectroscope.
Sealed and Experimental

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

556

An
THE
from

electrical

photo printer

is

made

of

Finished Electrical Photo Printer.

The

center of the box

of an ordinary printer
is later placed.
On the
of the cover two heavy
fastened. The movable

D, slide on them.

The

receives the frame

in which the glass
right and the front
wires,
and B, are
masks of tin, C and
hinged presser block

AUTOMATIC GASOLINE ENGINE

"STOP."
This device is used to stop a gasoline
engine that drives an air compressor auto-

loorronf

c-

in two parts but it differs from

usually employed in that an iron
flange, E, is attached to it, which hooks the
presser block and holds it in place at F.
The same piece of iron also presses the rod
is

made

those

is

downlevers, pulls
into another pair of levers
within the box which lift the red cloth
screen, J. The lever is held in place by the
brace.
ward.

means of

fits

The screen

is

made from a framework of

matically, when the

the desired point.

pressure has reached

We

found it impossible to get a safety

valve that would not leak air, so I designed this device and have found it enAll that is necessary to
tirely satisfactory.
do is to start the engine and "forget it."
When the pressure gets high enough the
engine stops.
The circuit breaker. A, is made from an
old bell. The two springs, B and B, were
taken from an automobile tire valve. The
switch handle, C, is made of fiber (wood
or hard rubber). The armature, D, is riveted to the steel strip E (old hack saw
F and F are merely stops to preblade).
vent springs from pulling levers too far. G
to I. The hook J
is a pigtail connecting
is of steel (case hardened) and catches in
the steel hook (which is hardened) on the
end of E. E is pivoted on the steel pivot
(piece of hack saw blade). The pivot
has a projection which goes thru in E to
keep E from slipping out of place.
In regard to the pressure gage it must
be placed between pump and check valve.
At each impulse of the pump the hand
jumps slightly. One of these jumps is
enough to close the circuit for an instant.
Then the hand falls back a little and prevents start. A small hole must be drilled
thru the dial at the desired mark, a corresponding hole is drilled thru back of

the bulb will print the sensitive paper.

forty watt bulb, which is constantly

Hiih

A Handy Device for Stopping a Gasoline EnWhich Drives an Air Compressor, Automatically When the Pressure Has Reached
gine,

the Desired Point.

This
lit,

is

Printing Box Constructed as Her

'
Excellent Results.

fastened to the lower part of the box.

Since the bulb is always lit it furnishes
The
light for printing and developing.
printer should st!nd at the right end of the
table and the fixing baths at the left end.
Such a printer saves much time indeed.

the circuit is
hand C touches point on
closed. The magnets in the circuit-breaker
down, allowing arm C to
pull armature
fall back, thereby breaking the ignition cirTo start the
cuit and stops the engine.
engine again the arm C is pushed in again.
L. E.
Contributed by

PARSONS.

TRAIN REVERSING SWITCH.

you have an electric train with a permanent magnet field then reversing the current would reverse the motor. I have designed this reverser, which is combined with
If

a variable resistance unit.

fl

The

in its

Where Many Photo Prints Are to be Made an Electrical

Shown Will Save Much Time and Give
G, which, by

suitable cloth.

normal position when it is

down.
The negative and the paper are
placed upon the glass plate and the mask is
adjusted. As soon as the press is brought
down to hold the picture in place, the rod is
pushed down by the flange, the screen lifted
by the system of levers, and the light from
screen

BADE

E.

a wood or metal box eight inches

in length, nine ihches in breadth, and
The cover, one
twelve inches in height.
inch thick, extends two inches on each side.

View

wood and covered with

Photo Printer

Electrical
By DR.

December, 1918

Copper-

^^-3- C::^^^

CI

The bolt A
gage (shown in drawing).
has a wire soldered to its head. This wire
extends thru dial of gage and has platinum
point soldered on its side. Bolt A must be
insulated from gage by means of fiber
washers at B. The hand C has a platinum
point soldered to it so it will make contact
with the point on A. W^en the point on

cr

ffl3

'

t , ^ t

Fiber

wMa
A

Reversing

.
,

Rheostat for Toy Motors.

The switch handle is made of fiber or

hard wood and the contacts on it are made
of copper. The resistance coils can be old
shade-roller springs.

Contributed by

BURTON McKIM.

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

1918

December,

557

Experimental Mechanics
By

SAMUEL
LESSON

LATHE CHUCKS.
NOTHER form of independent

is

jaw

found useful in chucking

This has four
work.
screw clamps or dogs of the form
indicated in Fig. S, which are bolted
by means of a nut to the chuck or face
chuck

is

irregular

Jlllllllllllllllll

H,-^^V'

J
y\

y''<''

^r^
Jl

^'ff

is

COHEN

VIII.

called a split- or draw-in

The chuck and method of securing

is shown on precision head stock, Fig. 8.
The draw-in chuck, I, consists of a cylin-

chuck.

drical tube with a hole in the center of

proper diameter. One end of this tube is
turned conically, and its face split in three
This tube is
equal parts, by three slots.
threaded on the opposite end and fits into
a rod, R, protruding thru the spindle, and
Lookits end secured to a handle, H.
ing at the construction of the head of
the spindle, it will be noticed that by drawing the split cylinder towards the rod, R,
and turning the handle, H, that the conical
end will be drawn in, thus making the hole
If a rod of the
of the cylinder smaller.
proper diameter were secured in this hole,
it would be tightened up and clamped in it.
This cylinder with the conical end and split

face is called the chuck, and the rod, R, is

called the draw-in attachment of the chuck.
There are a great many sizes of splitEach and every one has a
face chucks.
definite size hole, and can be used only with

(E

work having

diameter approximately
equal to the diameter of its chucking hole.
This, of course, gives a standard hole, and
for this reason is used for precise model
and other work, where accuracy and speed

Individual Lathe Chuck Jaw, Any Number of

Which Can Be Secured to a Face-plata or

Ring.

By

tightening the large threaded

screw against the work, it will be securely
fastened for operatinn.
very useful form of

plate.

used, which

D.

in

its

centering is necessary.
In order that the amateur

may

not be

chuck which depends

upon adjustable screws
for holding the work, is
the bell chuck, and this is

shown

It conin Fig. 6.
of a casting or forging made in the shape of

sists

which is bored
and threaded at the back
a bell, C,
to

fit

the lathe

The work, W,

spindle.

held between the screws S,S,S,S,

which are placed at reguintervals
larly
spaced
around the bell portion
In the
of the casting.
side view of this chock,
two sets of screws are
is

concerns a lathe, no matter on what principle it is built, which if carefully constructed, is capable of producing precise
work within the limits of its type. The
real meaning of the word, however, is technically applied to a particular type of tool,
which, in addition to being of first-class
workmanship, is also constructed on a defi-

The "Bell Chuck" It Can Be Made from

Piece of Steel Rod by Any Machinist and

Handy

due to

more

considerable

securely

held

set of

Fig. 8.
"Split

screws.

At times when
work is heavy at one

Chuck"
For Precision Work
Here Shown.

the Lathe the iVIost Satisfactory Chuck is the Spring

Fits Accurately Inside the Hollow Spindle and is
Clamped by Turning the Hand Wheel at the Left.

or

7.

The

screwing and
unscrewing it, and on the
faces of the chuck adapter, the attachments work
out of alignment. In addition,
the method by
which so-called self-centering is accomplisht and
which was described at

drill

is

se-

cured between the jaws by turning

the knurled outer shell of the chuck.
This operation automatically tightens up all the jaws.
For especially accurate or precision work, another form of chuck

Fig.

the beginning of this lesson, as also the

limited wearing area of their jaws, only
serves to make matters worse.
For most
purposes, in small power engineering, at any rate, the usual method
of screwing on chucks is quite accurate enough, in view of the fact that
it is the usual thing in heavier machine-tool practise. In some classes
of work, notably in watch, clock and
instrument making, this matter becomes particularly important, and it
is here that the want of a true precision lathe results in its production
on the lines just mentioned. Also
in
heavier machine work where
large quantities of interchangeable
parts have to be made on repetition
lathes of the turret-head kind, the
split-chuck principle is used. Practically all model shops, especially
those turning out instrument parts,
-Common Form of Small Drill Chuck, the Taper Shank are eqiiipt with precision lathes of
of Which Readily Fits Into the Tail Stock.
this type.
(Cnntinued on page 594)

confused with the terms,

counter balance
of
the
otherwise the work will run out of
center or out of true, and thus will
not be round when machined, owing
to unbalance.
A drill chuck is usually very
handy, and is made much smaller
than those described above. It generally contains three jaws. \ most
common form of drill chuck is
Fig.

It

it may be stated
that the word "precision," as applied to the
One of these
lathe, has several meanings.

when an angle

center

in

in

the
side,

plate is used in chucking, it is necessary to

bolt a counter-balance on the face plate
The disopposite the heavy part.
tance from the center of the lathe
to the heaviest part of the work
should be the same distance to the

shown

accumulations

tinually

to
be adjusted
centrally, while the work
is

dirt

the chucks and wear

on the thread by con-

in

length

than by one

Jobs.

generally a tool for lighter work. The mandrel is so designed that the bulk of the
precision accessories are
attached to it by means
of a draw-in spindle or
rod, and not at all by
means of a threaded
nose.
It is well to remember,
ind it is a proven fact,
that the screw-on principle of attaching chuck
to a lathe is far from desirable from the point of
accuracy. However carefully the nose may be
screw-cut and the chuck
fitted,
sooner or later,

one set behind

the other, which enables

of

Odd

nite plan, so that precise results are attained

mainly from the method in which the matrue precision lathe is
chine is set up.

shown,

work

for

a
Is

7.

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

558

December,

1918

Experimental Chemistry
By albert W. WILSDON
Thirty-first Lesson

SULFUR:

SULFUR

known

to most experimenters as Galena, as

used in radio work. Pyrite (Iron Sulfid,
FeS,); Cinnabar (HgS). Stibnit (SkS.)
Realgar (AsjS,).
When combined with

History.

was known

the ancients,
the alchemists attaching a great deal
of importance to it. They thought it
was one of two or three primarj- substances.
The Greeks and Romans
utilized it as a medicine.
to

oxygen

it
is found in native sulfates as
Spar (Barium Sulfate, BaSO.)
Gypsum (Calcium Sulfate, CaS0..2H:0)

Hea\'y

Sulfate, MgSO.) ;
etc.
Some mineral springs have solutions
of Hydrogen Sulfid. It exists in the ani-

Kieserit

(Magnesium

Sulfur.
On heating Sulfur in a Hessian
crucible until melted, allowing to cool until
a crust forms on the surface, then quickly
pouring out the liquid portion, the crucible
will be lined with long, brilliant, transparent crystals, having the form of monoclinic
prisms, these becoming opaque after twentyfour hours at ordinary temperature.
If
these crvstals are examined under a micro-

mal and vegetable kindgdoms.

Preparation.

The crude

sulfur earth and masses of ore

are piled with a small amount of fuel in
heaps over depressions in the ground. These
heaps are tlien ignited, the Sulfur melts,
runs down, and is collected from the hollow
beneath. The liquid solidifies and this product is exported.

So that the reader will not be confused

by the names Brimstone or Roll Sulfur,
and Flowers of Sulfur, it will not be out
of place to distinguish between them at this
time.
Brimstone, or Roll Sulfur, is the
crude unmoulded sulfur, which is used for
technical purposes only.
Flowers of Sulfur, is the so-called sublimed sulfur, which
consists of a mixture of the rhombic and
amorphous

ofSulfur
Sulfur"

Refined and Made Into

by the Process of Sublimation. The Crude Sulfur is Vaporized In
G, Leading Out Thru D Into Chamber A,
Where it Sublimes On the Cold Walls. As
the Walls Become Heated, the Sublimate
Melts, the Liquid Being Drawn Off Thru O,
Fig.

152.

Is

"Flowers

Into

Moulds,

Becoming

"Brimstone."

Occurrence.
Its occurrence in the free state is supposed to be due to Sulfur Dioxid and Hydrogen Sulfid, reacting on each other to

form Sulfur.
SO,
H,S
H,S

+
-(-

2HjS

=
=
=

2H2O
H2O
H.O

-I-

S,

-I-

30
+ SO,
Its compounds are more abundant than
the element. It is combined as sulfides and
sulfates, in which forms it is very widely
-)-

Some of these metallic sulfides

commonly known as Blendes or Glances,
Zinc
as.
Blende
(Zinc
Sulfid.
ZnS)
Galenit (Lead Sulfid; PhS)
this being

distributed.

are

T
<^

varilies (to be described later).

Sulfur is refined and made into Flowers

of Sulfur by the process of sublimation.
The crude Sulfur is contained and melted
in a vat, which leads to retorts, tliru which
the sulfur is diverted (see Fig. 152). All
the air is excluded during this passage, and
after reaching the retorts, then vaporized by
heat situated directly under the retorts. In
this state it is then past into a chamber, on
the cold walls of which it sublimes. As the
walls of these chambers become heated, the
sublimate melts and the liquid is drawn off
by means of an outlet situated at the bottom of the chamber, into cylindrical
moulds. It is in this form that it is called

Brimstone.
Sulfur can be obtained from the Calcium
Sulfid which is obtained as a waste product in the LeBIanc soda process.
This
waste product, before removing from the
leaching vats, is subjected to a current of
air, by which the sulfid is partly converted
into sulfite and thiosulfate.
The calcium
thiosulfate may be used for the preparation
of Sodium Thiosulfate ("Hypo") which
is used in considerable quantities in photography, or the mixture may then be
treated with Hydrochloric acid,
2CaS + CaSnOs -|- 6HC1 = 3CaCl, 4- 4S -f- SHjO
The recovery of sulfur from the purifiers
in the gas works is practised tc a large
extent in England. The gas, of which Hydrogen Sulfid is a constituent, is past over
moist ferric oxid, thus,
2FeS + 3H,0 -|- 30 = Fe2033H20 -|- S2
The recovered iron oxid, mixed with Sulfur, is then exposed to another quantity of
the gas, and repeatedly regenerated until
the mass contains about 50 per cent of
Sulfur, the latter being recovered by heating the mixture.

Applying the Lead Acetate Test

Sulfid

to

Hydrogen

Gas.

found to be made up of
minute rhombic crystals.
This form has
a specific gravity of 1.96 and melts at 120
degrees, and is soluble in Carbon Disulfid.
Plastic or Amorphotis Sulfur. This may
be prepared by carefully heating Sulfur to
330 degrees, and then pouring, in 3 thin
stream, into water.
The product in this
case being an amber-colored, plastic mass,
which may be drawn out into threads or
kneaded between the fingers. This is called
scope, they will be

the Plastic variety.

The

specific gravity

of

form in 1.956, which is insoluble in

Carbon Disulfid. Due to the fact that it
quickly reverts to the rhombic variety with
tlie evolution of heat, no melting point can
this

be assigned to

it.

(Continued on page 577)

Allotropic Forms.

Octahedral or Rhombic Sulfur. This is

the form in which it occurs in nature as well

f,g 149

Apparatus for Generating

By the Action

Hydrogen

of Hydrochloric

Add

Sulfid

on Fer-

rous Sulfid and the Collection of the Gas by

Downward Displacement.

as tliat

form

Carbon

Disulfid.

in

which

it

crystallizes

from

Prismatic or Monoclinic Sulfur.

This
is obtained from the cooling of fused

form

The Apparatus Employed

By Hydrogen

for "Precipitation"
Sulfid.

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

1918

December,

559

This department will award the following monthly prizes: First Prize, $3.00: Second Prize, $2.00: Third Prize, $100
The purpose of this department is to stimulate experimenters towards accomplishing new things with old apparatus or old matprini
and for the most useful, practical and original Idea submitted to the Editors of this department, a monthly series of prizes wlU be J^warHort
For the best idea submitted a prize of $3.00 is awarded; for the second best idea a $2.00 prize, and for the third best prize of $1 00
Tha
article need not be very elaborate, and rough sketches are sufllcient. We will make the mechanical drawings. Use only one <iidp nf aht^t
oneei.
Make sketches on separate sheets.

SECOND PRIZE,

FIRST PRIZE.

$2.00

NIFTY SLOT-CUTTING WRINKLE.

To

cut slots (which is quite difficult to

do neatly with a thin file), hook into your
hack-saw frame, instead of the usual single
blade, two, three or four blades, according

THIRD PRIZE,

$3.00

A HOME-MADE "LOCK-SWITCH."
Having need for a lock-switch, I made
one as shown in diagram. On a base, G,
A
I mounted a padlock, B, with screws.
wire was soldered at C and connected to
A block of wood was
binding post D.
mounted at A and a strip of brass, F, was
fastened to it. The brass spring was connected to post E. The strip of brass was
bent until a good contact was inade when
the padlock was open.
To make this switch more effective, a
cover should be put over

TRY THIS STUNT ON YOUR

PIANO.
A very unique and entertaining (also
sometimes

exasperating) attachment may

be easily installed by musically inclined experimenters, for their own amusement.

Dry Cells

Te/egrop.'?

with an open-

it,

$1.00

Sounder

Ground on
pedal

soft

Insulatediuppon
onloudpedal

foinf ofcon/oci

f^^i:^

'
t!/7e

dMe

tm

O/ade}

t/ipee

Uaaes

"/
o
^^^1^

FUSE BLOCK.

To make

a switch from an old fuse block

is an easy matter.
All the material that is
necessary is the fuse block, a piece of brass
rod the right length, and a wooden handle.
I used the handle of an old shocking mahole is bored in the handle so as
chine.
to hold the brass rod snugly.
The clips
that originally held the fuse are now used
to hold the brass rod.
Connections are
made by running the brass rod in the clips
in place of the fuse.
When the switch is
not in use the rod may be taken off and
taken with you, so no one can temper with
the switch while you are away.

Procure a telegraph sounder and a few

dry cells. Consult the accompanying diagram, and the soft pedal will do the rest.
Contributed by
J. J. COPELAND.

tav^

9
!^

O-

Contributed by

--j

o =^

to the width of the slot desired.

Be sure
to have the teeth of all blades point the
same way.
beautiful even slot is the
result.

connected at either end but at the center

of the system preferably. Only one of each

"

ing to insert the key and a pin, H, should

project thru the cover so that the lock can

be shut.
Contributed by

E. D.

PAPKEE.

A CENTRALIZED BUZZER TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE LINE.

work both ways.

Where

two Amateurs reside in the same house or

on the same side of the street this will go
a great way towards keeping them in trim
until after the war.
Now, brother experimenters don't wear long faces because you
can't use your radio outfit.
Hook this up
and forget your grouch.
Contributed by

JOSEPH

C.

HANHAUSER.

This scheme comprises one buzzer, 2 dry

batteries,

2-75

ohm

'phones

isOiim rec

m.f.,

con-

750/im rsc

Water gos pipe or

third yvire

RUSSEL MAC COMISKEY.

HOW TO REMEMBER

OHM'S LAW.

present herewith a simplified method

for figuring Ohm's law which I have never
seen in print.
It might appropriately be
termed "Ohm's Law in a Nutshell."
In
the
formula E represents voltage,
amperes, and R the resistance in ohms. To
find any term, cover it with the finger. Thus
to find the amperes we have the fraction
E over R, or volts divided by orms; to
find voltage we
times jsigg^^il
have
I

Spring Clips

2C/rycei/S

fuse SiocA-

L
tiigi)

Ms

m.f

cond

frequency Ouzzer

Something Every "Bug" Has Been Looking

a "Centralized" Buzzer Telegraph and
Telephone System, Having But One Battery
and Buzzer at a Central Point.

for

A Flrst-cl.Tss Switch Can Be Readily Made

from an Old Fuse Block, Fitting It with a
Brass Rod and Handle as Shown.

necessary to

is

A Simple Padlock Switch for Closing Alarm

Bell Circuit Whenever Lock Hasp is Opened.

Contributed by

Wooc/en Hancfle

to Surprise Your Big Sister Just Hook

Up This Telegrah Sounder Stunt to the Soft
Pedal. The Sounder Will Do the Rest.

Want

'

Required.

THOMAS REED.
MAKING A SWITCH FROM AN OLD

\ii
^fy \

V.

A Clever Method of Cutting Slots of Any Desired Thickness In Metal Stock with a Hack
Saw. Two or More Blades Are Used as

denser and enough wire to connect stations.

One twisted pair and gas or water pipe will
work all right in lieu of the third wire.
The one buzzer works both 'phones at once
thru the condenser and they may lay on the
table or desk as they respond very loudly.
The buzzer battery, and condenser may be

R to find ohms
we have the
;

fraction E over
A. I find this
very easy to
remember, and
very much better than trying

o
remember
the three formulas.
t

Contributed by
E. L. STITT.

Simple Ohm's

Law

Rule.

Y
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

560

December,

1918

BE A CERTIFI
Never before has there been such a big demand
for trained graduate electricians, and never at
such splendid pay. There are not enough trained
men in the country. More men must be trained to
meet this urgent need. Here is your opportunity!

You

yes

you

are

wanted,

but as a
In these
days there is no place for idlers, and there is no
place for the untrained man. In civil or military
life he is not only useless, but he is a burden.
It is
now up to every one of us to prepare to be just as
useful to the country as possible. And after the
war the untrained man will be up against it still
worse, because he will be unable to compete with
the skilled men now being trained.
How does

TRAINED ELECTRICAL MAN.

1.

tach

live

free

lutely

BE A

a
of

outfit

flne

CERTIFICATED

GRADE

HIGH

E L E C T R

CAL

I-

TOOLS.

ELECTRICIAN

MATER-

IALS AND
N 8 T R U
MENTS.

2.

Earn $45 to $ 1 OO a Week

teach each

soon

student

he

after
r

There

only one thing to it you simply have to prepare for a

you expect to ever get ahead; and I can easily
train you so you will soon be ready for a fine Electrical position,
if you will only follow my advice and instruction.
My system of
Instruction at Home, without interfering with your work, is
simple and clear yet thorough and complete.
few months
snappy training of the right kind will prepare you to earn a good
salary and start you on the way to a big success.

en-

SPECIAL
BRANCH

of

ELEC-

TRICAL
SCIENCE.
can

from the
3.

start.

guarantee
return

to

every
you

cent

pay

tuitions

for

I have trained thousands of men and I know what I can do for

you. In fact, I know so well that I will Guarantee under Bond
to return every cent of your tuition if you are not entirely satisfied
when you receive your Electric Certificate as a graduate of my

absolutely

If

not satisfied.

school.

the

give you
advantage

of

splendid

4.

cal

e c t r

so

begin

make money

to

is

real business if

he

you?

of

him,

cost to

this hit

abso-

student,

How

have other successful men gotten ahead? Not by idly

by preparing for bigger things. They have no
more brains than you, but they have trained them. You can do
the same and soon be earning a fine income.
drifting along, but

Shops and

L a b o r a
any time
you desire. No

torles

corre-

L. L.

spondence
school can give

you

this.

L. L.

CHICAGO ENGINEEI

COOKE,

Chief Engineer. Chicago Engineering Works.

,i.
'ormerij
The well-known Consulting and Advisory Engineer,
Member of Engineering Staff of American Bridge Co., P""*"
EnglSteel Cer Co.. and Mlllikan Bros, Great International
YOUn
neen of New York. London and South Africa.

COOKE, Chi

DEPT.

441 Cass

20

ADVISOR AND INSTRUCTOR,

You

benefit by

mentioning the "Electrical Experimenter" when viriting

to advertisers.

Stre(

December,

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

1918

561

:ated electrician
Don't delay taking up this course because you may be drafted.
That's the very reason you should begin immediately. It is your
and to yourself and of course the
patriotic duty to make yourself worth the most possible to your country
trained man with technical education is the one who rises in rank and pay. If you begin at once you may finish
the course before you are called, but if not the part you have covered will be a benefit to you. Write me about
it today.

Yrkii
Mart f\f
Diaff /\.gC
A rro
or L/ra.ri
1 UU IVICII

What Can You Do

IVian
Man?
A rAin<>n
as a
a Trained
"
* ttlllCU iTAaii
'

This

is

absolutely the day of

any
Success
the specialist.
field that offers such a wide range of
*

depends upon training. What line will you take up? There is no
application, such wonderful opportunities for financial advancement and such urgent need for more trained men
nation.
as Electricity.
I can very quickly train you so that you can handle your share of the business of the
But it is up to YOU. You must act for yourself. But if you will give me your confidence and your co-operaNow.
tion I will take you along the way to a real success. Fill out the coupon and send
line

^^ addition to the fact that I am Chief Engineer of Chicago Engineering

vVorks and can help you better than anybody else, here we have large finely
No correspondence
equipped shops where you can come at any time for special instruction without charge.
You can't learn electricity from a set of books.
school has such equipment or can make you such an offer.

TK<i
^rVrrkl
i ne Onlxr
\jniy OCnOOl

QnA/<ia1 Off
Of
V-frier
OpeClal

now I am giving a
student who answers this
Right

big valuable surprise that I cannot explain here, to every

Be sure to get this. Write today.
ad.

LESSONS
AND

FREE OUTFIT

in
Send me the Free Outfit coupon at once. Do it now! For a limited time I am making a slashing cut
Instruments
and
Materials
the cost of tuition and giving each new student a fine Outfit of Electrical Tools,
how easily you
Absolutely Free. I will also send you free and fully prepaid Proof Lessons to show you
system of mail
original
and
revised
new,
can be trained at home to enter this great profession, by means of my
my
students.
successful
for
proved
so
has
which
instruction

Valuable Book Free

everyone who answers this ad I will also send without charge
free book, "How to Become An Electrical Expert". Write for it

To

my

today.

Tear Off and Mail The Coupon

Now

of

it.

FREE "OUTFIT" COUPON

not cost you a nickel to find out all about this, and it may
mean everything to your future life. Eton't neglect it. Tear ofl the
coupon right now. Fill in your name and address and send it to me.
Then what I will send back to you will show you the wonderful
opportunity I am offering you and how easily you can take advantage
It

will

Now

CHIEF ENGINEER COOKE,

Chicago Engineering Works,
Dept. 20Y-441 Cass Street,

tear off the coupon.

Chicago,

Engineer
IG

Please send

me

at

ni.

once fully

prepaid and entirely freecomplete

particulars of your great offer for this month.

WORKS

Name

Chicago,

111.
Address
State

City

You

benefit by mentioning the "Electrical

Experimenter" when writing

to advertisers.

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

562

BY

EDITED

A SIMPLE KIPP GENERATOR.

The Kipp generator shown

in the accombe easily and cheaply

panying drawing can

constructed.
The drawing explains

itself,

The
so far as construction is concerned.
tube should be as large as possible, but

test

'^v.-J cocJt

ticking over a block of wood until the wood

Stain and finish up in
is perfectly smootli.
any desired style. Use no color for oak.
Rosewood Stain Alcohol 1 gallon, camwood 2 ounces. Set in a warm place 24
hours. Add extract of logwood 3 ounces,

aqua fortis 1 ounce. When dissolved it is

ready for use.
India Ink Grind fine lampblack and
gelatine, scent with camphor or musk esIt can be imsence and mold in sticks.
proved by washing the lampblack with a
solution of caustic soda and then straining
off the solution or drying it out.
Transparent for Tools Best alcohol, 1
gum sandarac, 2 pounds gum mastic,
gal.
Place all in a tin can which
Yz pound.
admits of being corked cork it tight, and
shake it frequently, occasionally placing the
When dissolved it is
can in hot water.
This makes a very nice
ready for use.
varnish for new tools which are exposed
to dampness, etc.
Contributed by ERNEST E. MILLER.

Test

lube

A NOVEL CHEMICAL INDICATOR.

chemistry an

In

which

tells

indicator

is

whether a substance

something
is

acid or

basic.

The following is a rather peculiar one

Place some sulfate of quinin in a beaker
The sulfate of
and' add some water.

ftubbercorfr
Tbist'e Tube-

simple KIpp Gas Generator, Made from Section of Test Tube, a Bent Thistle Tube and

Two Rubber

one 6" by J4"

way

Corks.
well.
The best
test tube is to
scratch, wind two

do very
cut the end off the

to

encircle

it

will

with

file

wet filter paper around it 1/16"

from the mark, and then heat the tube between the strips, when it will crack cleanly.
Such an apparatus, which will deliver a
stream of gas at any time, is a great convenience and time-saver in almost any exstrips of

laboratory.
For generating
Hydrogen, chlorin, carbon dioxid, or hydrogen sulfide, use: Dilute hydrochloric
acid (1
3) in the thistle tube and granulated zinc, potassium permanganate, marble

perimenter's

chips or iron sulfide respectively in the test

tube.

HAROLD GREINER.
CHEMICAL WRINKLES.

Contributed by

Artificial Amber
Dissolve shellac in an
alkaline lye
then mix with a solution of
chlorin until the shellac is entirely precipitated.
Wash in water and heat gently

Now add dilute

quinin will not dissolve.
sulfuric acid drop by drop until the sulfate
of quinin is all dissolved.
To test for a basic reaction add some of
the above solution to the solution to be
tested.
If the solution is basic the sulfate
of quinin will reappear as a flaky precipiTo test for an acid make some of the
tate.
to be tested. If the solution clears the substance is acid.

it runs clear.
It can then be molded.
Artificial
Ivory Four
parts
sulfuric
acid, .SO parts water.
Macerate peeled po-

the solution 36 hours.

Dry the
mass between blotting paper and subject to
great pressure.
Filler
for Wood Equal parts Japan,
boiled linseed oil and turpentine, and onehalf that quantity of dry starch. Mix and
apply with sponge or flannel. Dry 48 hours
tatoes

in

and rub with No.

sandpaper. Make second application and when dry rub with

MORRIS,

C.

POTASSIUM FERRICYANID
POISONOUS?

Editor Electrical Experimenter

In the September number, on page 325, is
an article on "How to 'Steel-Plate' Parts",
contributed by A. Mencher, in which it is
stated that "Potassium Ferricyanid is one
of the most deadly poisons". That is news
to the 77-year-old writer who has been
handling the stuff off and on for more than
:

Mencher is absolutely
not poisonous at all.
For
proof let him refer to the National Dispensatory, 1879 edition, page 1127 and he
"... and that it may be adwill find this
ministered for weeks in the daily dose of
several grains, without deranging the health
or altering the composition of the urine".
Yours for facts,
fifty

Mr.

years.

wrong;

it

is

A. Galpin.

The length of the smallest screw ever

made is .028 of an inch, its diameter .026 of
an inch, weight .012 of a grain. There are
360 threads to the inch and it takes 582,333
of these screws to make a pound.

HANDY DISTILLED WATER

SUPPLY.
The accompanying drawing shows a convenient method for having a handy supply

When it is once started

siphoning through the bent tube, it will always be ready. Any amount can be drawn
The thistle tube permits the air to
at will.
enter the container, while the cotton in it
kefps the dust, etc., from getting into the
water.
The drawing explains fully the
of distilled water.

construction.

Contributed by

HAROLD GREINER.

Cotlon
Thislle

tube

--

Jr.

EXPERIMENT WITH CALCIUM

CARBONAT.

Distflled

water

Class

tube

Place some powdered calcium carbonat

The
in a vessel containing some water.
carbonat is insoluble. Now blow the breath
thru the water and the carbonat will dissolve due to the fact that the insoluble carbonat of calcium is transformed by the
carbonic acid gas of the breath into the
soluble bi-carbonat of calcium.
Powdered or precipitated chalk is a convenient form of calcium carbonat to use.
The reactions which take place are as
follows
First: The carbon dioxid of the breath
unites with the water to form carbonic acid,
according to the equation
.

H2O

till

J.

IS

and add solution

test solution slightly basic

Contributed by

1918

CERNSBACK

S.

Rij:)b:rru:>e

December,

-I-

>

CO,

H,CO,

The

carbonic acid unites with

the calcium carbonat, according to the equa-

Second

tion

Ca CO3

-I-

>

H, CO.

Ca (HCOs)^

the solution of the bi-carbonat is

heated the carbonat of calcium will again
appear as a precipitat because the bi-carbonat of calcium is broken up by the heat,
according to the equation
If

Ca (HCO,)'
This

latter fact

>
is

Ca CO, + H, CO.
made use of commer-

cially in the purification of water.

Contributed by

J.

C.

MORRIS,

Here
JR.

Very Handy Distilled Water Supply

Acting on the Siphon Principle.

Is a

December,

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

1918

Zi

Electric Light for Pencils

1,274,022, issued to Cristian

(No.

Edmundson.)
This electric light attachment for
pens or pencils is intended for use
in conjunction with a small flashbattery carried

light

in

the pocket.

P^I^^k^J

efficacious for the purpose of making talking machine records, and reproducing them by
means of this
invention.
is

as here designed
detachable from the pen or pencil,
and is also provided with a
switch for closing the lamp circuit.
The switch is controlled by the
movement of the fore-finder while
writing and thus the position while
writing is a natural one.
The attachrnent may be adjusted at any
position along the pencil to compensate for resharpening, etc.
Two or
more pea lamps can be used in the

electro-magnetic
waves having a
frequency considerably higher than
incoming
frequency
of
the
the
The usual arrangement oi
waves.

"Cold" Light
(No.

On

The attachment

563

1,273.130, issued to William

L. Barnard.)
the order of the cold light of

Dussaud, the Frenchman, this inventor

provides
an
incandescent
electric lamp having a multiplicity
of filaments which are connected to
a rotary switch in such a manner
that when the switch is rotated by
a motor, a continuous and uniform
luminosity will be produced by the
lamp.
Each filament produces but

is

dZJ
elevated antenna may be employed,
but included therein at regular intervals, there is inserted a series of
fixt inductances, which may be of
equal value and in the form of
closely

wound

coils.

Botz.)

A telephonic device suitable for

use in converting sound waves into
electrical impulses, or electrical impulses into sound waves.
The inventor provides a clever and simple
arrangement of telephone transmitter or receiver of the diafram type,
and which has operatively connected with the diafram, an oscillator
element, made in the form of a
helical
cone of "magnetic" and
"current-conducting" material such
as iron.
This so influences the
magnetic field when the diafram is
actuated that current impulses will
flow thru the circuit in which the
oscillator
is
connected.
Further-

This antenna

connected in the usual manner to

a tunable receiving set. Apparently
a species of electrical inertia is thus
imparted to the antenna system,
which resists the wide oscillations
produced by shock.
is

Talking Motion Pictures

1,275,227, issued to Clyde
Coleman.)
In this patent an arrangement

reflector.

(No.
Electric Cooking Vessel
(No. 1,273,821, issued to Howard
C. Causton.)
This invention relates to a domestic
kettle
or
cooking
vessel
adapted for use with an electric
heating unit, the improvement being directed to the provision of a
receptacle within which the heating
unit
proper
may be removably
placed.
This receptacle is below
the bottom of the general volume
of the vessel so as to insure entire

Telephone Transmitter or Receiver

(No. 1,270,920, issued to Konrad

provided

In this
filament is switched off
produces any great heat,
the total beat radiation
a lamp is greatly reduced.

an intermittent luminosity.

way each
before it
and thus
from such

tor

J.
is

synchro-

establishing

nism between a motion picture projector and a phonograph, such that

this
synchronism is attained
by
providing an escapement for one
mechanism, controlled by the driving element of another, each mechanism having a separate source of
power.
The phonograph is placed
behind the screen, and the sound
passes thru openings in the same.

comrautating

disk

controls

the

more, the passage of electric impulses thru the magnetic oscillator

so influences the magnetic fi"eld that
the diafram will be oscillated so as
to emit the original sounds which
set up the electrical impulses thru
the magnetic oscillator in the tele-

phone
is

be

Art of Illustrating Phenomena

immersion of the heating unit, with

an amount of liquid which is relain proportion to the
of
the vessel.
By the
design
of
the vessel
as
shown, the liquid is delivered to
the heating unit from a position in
the vessel remote from the location of that heating unit, and an
effective circulation by convection

small

tively

volume

(No. 1,270,369, issued to Charles F.

Bishop.)
Ordinarily the flow of electrical current along a conductor is an invisible phenomena of course, but the
inventor represents action in electrical circuits by using parallel lines
to form each conductor, and then
partly fills in the space between
these lines with short black sections to represent the presence of

circuit.

A
(No.

J.

impulses sent thru an

electromagnet attached to the escapment mechanism or wheel attached to the picture projecting
machine, so as to thus control the
"speed" and "register" of the film.

used

may

Liquid Rheostat
issued

1,275,908,

In
electrical

The diafram

of mica.
The conical helix
made of iron or steel.

this

to

Arthur

Hall.)

improved form of liquid

means are provided for

automatically replacing the losses
due to the evaporation of the elecrheostat,

special

is

Direct Reading Ohm-Meter

(No.
issued to Harry
1,275,786,

Gould Stuart.)

The

Wave

the principle of

Impulse Translator

1,274,661,

issued

to

direct

Ohm's

law, familiar

all
electricians.
The movable
element of the ammeter carries a
calibrated scale or dial; the movable
element of the volt-meter carries an
indicator which extends in a direction approximately at right angles
to the scale attached to the ammeter.

to

Edward

H. Amct.)

An improved wave impulse translator particularly designed for use

in the transmission of sound waves,
especially
applied
to
talking
as
One of
the objects is to translate wave currents without shock or jar, thus givarticulation
ing better
of reproThere are two
duced impulses.
members in this translator that may

provides

ohm-meter comprising two

distinct elements, viz: an ammeter
It operates on
and a volt-meter.

insured.

(No

inventor

reading

machines and telephones.

current.
He also uses parallel
of varying density to indicate
different degrees of magnetization.
When a large number of successive
diagrams are constructed in this
manner, it is evident that a very

Thus
lap,

the scale and indicator overand by noting the position of the

lines

will
effect
the spectator, as

realistic

upon

tably see the current flow around

the circuit, the core becoming magnetized and the secondary coil discharge across the spark plug, et<:.

electrolyte,

may

be
the

continuously
liquid

rheostat

and
con-

which

circulated
for the

purpose of dissipating tfee heat deAnother provision

veloped therein.
is an automatic means for maintain-

(No. 1,273,431, issued to Roy Alex-

ander Weagant.)

An improved method of radio signaling employing a receiving antenna designed to exclude interfering

rheostat
the
substantially

amount of

thru

Radio Signaling Scheme

be oscillated in a common direction,
these members being actuated by a
resilient and non-reonant
means,
as by means of a friction coupling,
in which soft India rubber is used.
The inventor claims that the device

within
a

stant

trolyte

maintaining

be produced
he can veri-

indicator with respect to

the ohmic value of the

can

the scale,
conductor
be immediately deduced.

COPIES OF ANY OF THE ABOVE PATENTS SUPPLIED AT IOC EACH

ing the density of the electrolyte at

a constant value.
To accomplish
this
an auxiliary tank of fresh
water is connected to the main
electrolyte reservoir, so as to authe
tomatically
supply
water to
electrolyte whenever the volume has
decreased
predetermined
to
a
amount.
A pump is provided for
circulating the electrolyte continuously as shown.

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

564

^m\th

December,

htiBi
1^,^,^

ol

Our Amateur Laboratory Contest is open to all readers, whether

To increase the interest of this department we make

the apparatus.

Dark photos preferred

to

light

1918

We

toned ones.

i5rr/(..

subscribers or not.
The photos are judged for best arrangement and efficiency
a rule not to publish photos of apparatus unaccompanied by that of the owner.
Address the Editor, "With the Amateurs" Dept.

it

pay $3.00 prize each month for the best photo.

''Amateur Electrical Laboratory" Contest

THIS MONTH'S

HEREWITH
ratus, such

$3.00

PRIZE

WINNER HOWARD BUCKWALTER

photos of my Electro-chemical "Lab." All together my Electrical "Lab" consists of about 45 pieces of appaas static machine, Ley den Jars, induction coils, switches, spark coil, a lamp bank, a magneto, a small dynamo, several
motors, all the parts of a radio outfit, several parts of a telephone, a variable and a couple of fixt condensers, A. C. bells, a
The static machine is of the Toepler-Holtz type, from which I can coax a six inch spark.
resistance, German Stiver and copper wire, etc.
With the above mentioned apparatus I have performed a considerable number of experiments, especially with the static machine. The Chemical '"Lab" consists of over one hundred and fifty reagents and aboul 50 pieces of apparatus, among which are ring stands and clamps, test
tubes, Erlenmeyer and Florence flasks ranging from 5Ucc. to SOOcc; graduates, delivery tubes, U-tuoes, Hydrometer, lactometers, 2 balances,
wash bottles, a nest of beakers, a retort, a mortar and pestle, etc. The apparatus set up in the right foreground is for the electrolytic
The other photo
With the apparatus I have performed a number of experiments in inorganic chemistry.
production of lead carbonat.
shows my library, which consists of 52 purely scientific books. Also a 200 diameter microscope, a skull, and several supplement photos from
Howard
Lancaster,
November,
Buckwalter,
Pa.
issues
since
1915.
all
the
E"
of
"E.
the "E. E."
I have
I

present

three

HONORABLE MENTION

ONE
has

(1

year's subscription to the

"ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER'*) E. BERGQUIST

the photos (lower group) shows my wireless controlled boat that I made; it goes out and shoots four small cannons off, and
My shop is located away from the
by a small spark coil on shore.
It is directed
two speeds ahead and two speeds reverse.
Two small storage batteries can be seen under the shelf and
house, so I can make all the noise I want to without disturbing the folks.
At the right
a transformer is below the switchboard, from which I can get any potential from 1 volt up to 220, and up to 50 amperes.
of the large ammeter is a magnetic rectifier of my own design, which is connected to an oil-immersed step-down transformer beneath the
In front on
table and from which I can draw 20 amperes D. C. current for charging batteries, and I take in quite a few for charging.
When
K. W. transformer.
On the end of the shelf is a 60,000 volt,
the shelf is an electric soldering iron, which I find very handy.
On the switchboard are various instruments for measuring
I
can get sparks about eight inches long.
I connect this to my Tesla coil,
At
switchboard.
simply
turning
few
switches
on
the
12
volts
or
D.
by
a
obtain
from
2
to
A.
C.
C.
volts
amperes.
I
can
resistance,
and
have
I
also
the extreme right can be seen my telephone, which goes to 6 other electric "Bugs," one of whom resides a mile away.
E. Bergquist, Spokane, Wash.
"Experimenters
dating back to 1913 and a complete set of electrical books.
of

D ecember,

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

1918

565

Phoney Patents
this heading are publi5ht electrical or mechanical ideas which
our clever inventors, for reasws bj-^-,'>.st known to themselves, have as yet
not patented.
furthermorv: tail attention to our celebrated Phoney
Patent OfBzz for the relief of all suffering daffy inventors in this country
as well as for the entire universe.

Under

We

are revolutionizing the Patent business and OFFER YOU THREE

($3.00) FOR THE BEST PATENT. If you take your Phoney
Patent to Washington, they charge you $20.00 for the initial fee and then

We

DOLLARS

you haven't a smell of a Patent yet.

After they have allowed the
Patent, you must pay another $20.00 as a final fee. That's $40,001 We
PAY YOU $3.00 and grant you a Phoney Patent in the bargain, so
you save $43.00!! When sending in your Phoney Patent application,
be sure that it is as daffy as a lovesick hat. The daffier, the better.
Simple sketches and short descriptions will help our staff of Phoney
Patent Examiners to issue a Phoney Patent on your invention in a
jiffy.

E.E,

WHEEL

Prize Winner: AUTO

AIR COMPRESSOR. The source of the free fuel is all In the wheels, a sectional view of which Is here
shown. The rim of wheel is divided Into sectors and each sector Is connected with a piston moving up and down In each of the hollow
spokes. As each sector comes against the ground the weight of the car forces the piston inward, compressing the air In the spoke.
Near
the end of the piston stroke the spoke registers with an aperture in the hollow axle, thus forming a rotary valve.
The hollow axle Is
flexibly connected to a suitable storage tank equipt with pressure gages, etc., mounted at any convenient point on the chassis.. From this
storage tank the comprest air is led to an "Air Motor" connected to the propeller shaft thru gears engagable by means f foot pedal With
this system you only need to run your gas motor until the air pressure in tank is high enough to start the air motor, and thereafter you
travel on air with enough surplus to run such attachments as a signal siren, air brakes, self-commencer and all the other confounded contraptions so dear to the hearts of all "motor-bugs." Inventor, J. A. Wever, Baltimore, Md.

GETUPQUICKBED. The failure of the ordinary garden-variety alarm clock to arouse the heavy sleeper Is well known, even when the
expedient of placing the clock on the family dish-pan Is resorted to. Again, some of us are so absent-minded that we shut the clock off In
our sleep, or else go off Into slumberland again after the clock has sounded its 6 A. M. warning. So, be It known to the patriotic alarmclock public that 1, D. M. Haig, have this day invented an alarm clock "getupqulckbed," and It sure lives up to Its word.
To use It, proceed thusly: The mattress Is attached to the bedstead by means of two powerful springs at the foot of the bed, which when free hold
the mattress In a vertical position.
At night the mattress Is deprest, and the pin A is engaged by the catch B, which retains It In a horizontal or sleeping position.
The alarm hammer of the clock 0, Instead of beating viciously at a murderous gong, as heretofore, releases
the catch at 6, 7 or 8 A. M., and you will rise punctually, never fearl Inventor. D. M. Haig, New York, N. Y.

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

566

December,

1918

The "Oracle" is for the sole benefit of all electrical experimenters. Questions will be answered here for
the benefit of all, but only matter of sufficient interest will be publisht. Rules under which questions will
be answered:
1.
Only three questions can be submitted to be answered.
2.
Only one side of sheet to be written on; matter must be typewritten or else written In ink, no
penciled matter considered.
Sketches, diagrams, etc.. must be on separate sheets. Questions addrest to this department cannot
3.
be answered by mail free of charge.
If the questions entail considerable
4.
If a quick answer is desired by mail, a nominal charge of 25 cents is made for each question.
research work or intricate calculations a special rate will be charged. Correspondents will be informed as to the fee before such questions
are answered.

TRANSFORMER CONNECTION
AND POWER FACTOR.
\V. B.
(964)
Can., asks us:

Cain,

Montreal, Quebec,

According to
frequency of current.
understanding of what takes place in
the windings of such a coil this statement
is not quite clear to me.
A. 1. The reason for the inductance increasing when high frequency is used, is
that the high frequency current merely traverses the outside layer of the wire and
produces only an outside magnetic effect
while if low frequency were used the curing

my

rent would traverse the whole cross-section

of the wire, and all of the wire would produce magnetic effects. As the inductance is
caused as a direct result of this magnetism,

ODD PHOTOS WANTED AT

$1.00 EACH!
H
m Nozv
the time to make your
= Kodak pay for itself in a real practi( cal oy. IVe are after interesting
H photographs of out-of-the-ordinary
and scientific subg electrical, areradio
m jccts and zuilling to pay $1.00 cash
Please
for every one we can use.
^
= bear in mind that for half-tone rcproduction in a magazine, a photoI graph
should be particularly sharp
H
= and clear. Of course, a subject
particularly
^ happens to interest us
well, we can have the photo reH
H touched. For the general run of subdoes not pay to go
g jects,suchhowever,
Therefore, please
expense.
is

To Antenna arcu/f

cnoHecoils.

5. Si S, Si
Pi f.

(Secorx/on/)

A (Pnmor/iij

Hook-Up for Multiple Winding Transform^.

The Primary Divisions Are All Connected nn
Parallel, as

Q.

Why

1.

tion I

Well as the Secondary Units.

if

will the

transformer connec-

show not work?

A. 1. You have shown the transformer

windings connected in series which is
wrong.
The transformer windings both
primary and secondary should all be connected in parallel, as shown in the accompanying diagram. The transformer ought
to operate with about the same efficiency as

W.

transformer.
The effect of connecting these in parallel
will be that of using energy to the amount
of 2 K. W. or using the normal lighting
current (110 volts, 60 cycles), a current of
about 18.2 amperes will be used, at 100%
power factor. Such a transformer would
only have a power factor of about 80%.
amHence the apparent watts (volts
peres) =^ 2400 watts; current then equals
a 2 K.

amperes as indicated on an ammeter.

Thus you will see that a special circuit will
be necessary because the ordinary house
circuit is only heavy enough to carry 6
amperes. By placing proper choke coils in
the primary side, the effect of dimming the
22.7

lights can be minimized.

DECREASE OF INDUCTANCE
WITH INCREASE OF
FREQUENCY.
(965)

W.

O. Powers,

"The Oracle"
Q. 1. Re the

Xew

York, writes

article on "Investigation of
Inductance Coils" in the July issue of the
Electrical Experimenter, page 179:
You will note that as stated, the inductance of a coil is decreased with increas:

follows that a greater init consequently

ductance value is therefore obtained with
low frequency current. You are no doubt
aware of the fact that a current is induced
every time the magnetic lines of force vary
in density, and thus you will
the solution of the problem.

see

clearly

TELEGRAPHING OVER TELE-

PHONE

LINES.

Everett Ziemer, Waltham, Minn.,

(966)
writes "The Oracle"
Q. 1. Kow can I telegraph over a telephone line without interfering with the
talking currents?
Regarding the connections of a
A. 1.
telephone line to be used for the operation
It
of telegraph instruments, see diagram.
is not a very good practise to use telephone
lines for this purpose, as it is against local
statutes to use any Public Service utilities
If the telephone line is
for personal use.
a privately-owned affair it does not matter.
With reference to the ground connection, this can be made by using a metal
plate about one foot square, and burying it
about eighteen inches in a moist spot of
Should the ground prove to be
ground.
dry, it would be advantageous to place
some charcoal about the plate, and at periodic intervals to pour water over it.
.Another way is to connect a percussion

it

H
= take pains properly focus and exoften happens
pose your pictures.
g
s that a really mediocre subject well
photographed wins approval over an
J
subject poorly photographed.
^ excellent
M And don't send us plate or film "negaH lives" send unmounted or mounted
H "prints", preferably a light and dark
'M one.
M As what to photograph: Well,
hard for us
say.
We leave
M that's
g that up you, and every reader now
to

Telephone line

to

It

Key

Key

u n'

T.

Sounaer

to

to

to

H has the opportunity to become a reH porter of the latest things in the realm
H of Electricity, Radio and Science.
the "odd,
^ But, please remembei
M novel or practical stunts" that we are
B interested
Every photo submitted
B should be accompanied by a brief description of 100 to ISO zvords.
Give
J
^ the "facts" don't worry about the
^ style. We'll attend to that. Enclose

Smfch closed
Bot.

Bat

mg

n'hile recti

it's

in.

stamps
photos are
be returned
^ and
place a piece of cardboard in the
g
s envelope with them prevent muliLook around your town and
^
H see what you can find that's interestm Address photos Editor "Odd
Photos", Electrical Experimenter,
M
= 233 Fulton Street, New York City.
to

if

to

lation.

to

Telegraphing Over One Side of a Telephone

Circuit, Using the Ground as a Return Circuit.
type telegraph key to the metal stand of
the telephone. By manipulating the key of
such an instrument the clicks of the code
can be transmitted over any length of
telephone line, without any batteries or
other paraphernalia beyond that making up
will supply
the telephone instruments.
address of company supplying such a key
on receipt of stamped envelope.
{Continued on page 568)

We

December,

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

1918

567

^A^ A^^*^
I

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'^P

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568

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

Decembier,

THE ORACLE.
^Continued from page 566)

HOW TO PRODUCE
Vou can have bodily vigor,
success-attaining energjattractive
healthful
beauty !
All
yours at practically no cost the great benefits of
the famous \'IOLET
heretofore only procurable at big expense from Physicians and Beauty Specialists.
YOURSELF at home with

RAV TREATMENTS

TREAT

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Ear Diseases

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teries

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Skin Diseases
Fatting Hair

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Etc., Etc,

Science has modified electricity tital the weakest

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Everjtissue and tibre is saturated, patient t.xpf-rien< ing

only a sensation of relief,

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of sunshine.
Viott( Ray
hi dh frequency has no comparison with old. crude.
electrical
batteries and
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The

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is

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are marvel-

ously rapid.

lights, which consume as high as 20 K. W.

or more.
They are focust by means of
parabolic reflectors, the reflective surface
of which is usually highly polished zinc or
silver.
The electrodes are of carbon and
some barium chlorid is usually added to
increase the production of the infra-red
rays.
The visible rays can be screened oflf
by the interposition of a suitable diathermanous screen which consists of black
fluorit, smoky quartz or a strong solution
of iodin in carbon disulfid. The rays may
be detected by the aid of a thermo-pile or
a bolometer, the expansion of liquids, etc.
do not see anything in the way of
developing them for use on powerful war
machines.
For most interesting information on the use of powerful, invisible infrared rays, for radio control we refer you to
the book "Radiodynamics," supplied thru

ELECTRICITY.

Karl A. Loeven, Bismarck, N. D.,

(968)
writes us
1.

trolytic

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at $2.15, postpaid.

MAKING STEAM DIRECT FROM

Q.

Can

produce steam from elecaction in water directly at a reaI

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Most

A.

Effective

Your

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very good, because efficiencies of 98% have
been reached by some investigators along
these lines.
By referring to the March,
1918, issue, page 748, of this Journal, and
to U. S. Patent No. 1,251,116, we believe
you will obtain the desired information.
1.

tricity for the

Violet

Ray

Home Use

For

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wonderfully benefited by
a few minutes* daily use.
Its astonishing low price
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Proves Value
InhallriK 070De- For
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Electrical Experimenter, page 316, and

March, 1918, issue, page 798.

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Get this valuable book by

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You

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BURGESS BLUE BOOK.

book of

electrical formulze and electrical

ings, problems and calculations.

piled by

draw-

Com-

Yorke Burgess.

Flexible covers,
108 pages, profusely illustrated, size 6>^ x
4 inches.
Price $1.00.
Publisht by the
Burgess Engineering Company, Chicago,
III,

Pocket

1918.

style.

This useful and out-of-the-ordinary hand-book

is
moderately priced and higjhly suited to the
needs of the practising; electrician.
It is, frankly
stated, the book electrical men have been expecting. ^^ There is no padding of the usual old "rehash" about theoretical circuits and design Kgurea.
If a student or electrician wants these he knows
where to find dozens of excellent treatises on these
subjects.
What Mr. Burgess has done is to give
the practical electrical man, artisan and engineer
alike a real, boiled-down and meaty pocket-size
volume, which he can always have with him and
find therein just what he wants.
The treatise opens with clear blue-line drawings
of practical hook-up for motor starting boxes and
speed controllers, including remote control apparatus, as well as drum controllers, printing press
controllers, "monitor" automatic starters, reversing
controllers,
float
switches,
elevator
controllera,
series and compound machine hook-ups, variable
speed devices, mine locomotives, street car wiring

oiagrams, induction motor connections and auto

transformers.
Then comes a section of wiring diagrams for
all the usual lighting circuits, such as 3-v/ay and
4- way control, three- wire systems, and numerous
Other hook-ups which often puzzle the electrician
when he comes to install such circuits.
The author gives explanations of the perplexing
problems met with in everyday electrical installation and design, as, for mstancc, how to solve
square root, etc.; the principal electrical units and
their meaning and their relation to the electrical
circuit; how to figure the resistance, voltage and
of various kinds of circuits; resistancet
and batteries hooked in series, parallel and seriesparallel; the B. & S. wire gauge and how to understand it; Ohms law and miscellaneous practical

current

formulae; properties of wires; kinds of copper and

bronze wire and carrying capacity of wires; wire
calculations; how to compute correct size of wire
for any lighting or motor circuit; finding the multiplying power of an ammeter shunt; finding unknown resistance by drop of potential method with
a voltmeter; proper size of pulleys, etc., etc.
The section on dynamo and motor troubles and
how to find them is very clearly written, and
presented in a succmct manner, so that one does
not have to read through several pages of irrelevant text to find any particular trouble and its
remedy.
This section contains sound advice on
the setting up of electrical machinery, testing out
faults, brushes, functions of the field and armature
and their characteristics, etc.
Following this we
find a set of useful Alternating Current formulae,
including the various connections of transformers.

PHOTO-ELECTRICITY.
Albert S. Osgood, Ames, la.,
(969)
writes "The Oracle"
Q. 1. Refers to several queries concerning photo-electricity.
A. 1.
Photo-electricity is the development of electricity by certain cells when
exposed to light. They bear no relation
to wireless in the common sense.
There
are no examples at present of P. E.G. being
used in wireless work. Extensive articles
pertaining to electricity developed direct
from sunlight, which deal with P. E.G., are
given in the September, 1916, issue of the

Liberal Trial Plan

jjt..t..

^^^

our Book Department

\i\M.\M

RAYS.
(967) James F. Glancy, Keosququa, la.,
writes
Q. 1. Asking several questions regarding
fluorescent mineral effects, infra-red rays,
their production, etc.
A. 1. Replying to your first query, the
fluorescent pad you speak of is probably
nothing more than some granulated carnotite and zinc sulfid or willemite, all of
which can be procured from one of the
companies advertising in these columns.
Relative to infra-red rays
these rays
are developed by means of powerful search-

We

Electricity

jar

"INFRA-RED"

'.a ;!,t=./

1918

EVERYDAY PHYSICS.

laboratory

manual, by John C. Packard, A. M., publisht by Ginn and Company, Boston, Mass.
136 pages. Price, $1.00, cloth bound, size
8 X \0y2 inches.

The work
green cloth.

is profusely illustrated and bound in

It starts with the elementary ideas of

measurements of different

kinds, and therefrom

begins with elementary mechanics.
The author
considers such topics as buoyancy and specific
gravity.

He follows up the subject of air and gas meatiurements and considers therein the measurement
of density of air, thermometers, etc., and the study
of heat, its measurements and its uses.
The author treats the subject of levers and pulleys in an
easily understood manner.
The subject on mechanism is also well written. He considers the subject of sound, its generation and measurements;
under "generation" the siren and vibrating strings
are treated upon.
He also discusses in a very
good way the study of the defects of hearing and
the test therefore.
Next wc find the subject of photometry and the
study of light problems such as reflection and refraction, etc., also defects of vision and the teats
therefor.
The author concludes the book with a
study of electricity and magnetism, and in a short
space are given laboratory exercises and illustrative
experiments for the beginner, so that he may fully
grasp the subject of electricity and magnetism.
The author is to be con^tratulated on the very
clear and concise manner in which he treats the
subject, and for the excellent illustrations he has
provided.
It makes an excellent manual for high
schools and similar institutions.
(Continued on page 570)

by mentionina the "Electrical Experimenter" when writing to advertisers.

December,

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

1918

569

AIRPLANE
Mail Service
U. S.

May

Started

IS, 1918

marks the real beginning of commercial aviation.

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ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

570

Learn Telegraphy-Wireless
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WU^elTsVxelegraphy

This

BOOK REVIEW.
{Continued from page 568)

York.

navy with advanced rank and increased pay.

(KNAPi

December, 1918

Novelty Co., 523 W. 51st

St.,

N. Y.

The author starts the openiog chapter with the

characteristics of light and with the various types
of electric filament lamps.
Then follows the applications and construction of each lamp.
Then
comes the subject of arc lamps, both open and
closed, and in the same chapter he considers mercury vapor lamps.
Next he takes up the elementary concepts of the principles of ilium ination.
where he considers the quality of light distribution,
candle-power, curves^ necessary requirement* of
artificial light, etc.
Good reasons are given for the
use of various types of reflectors, and the subjects
of lighting fixtures are presented in a very complete and thoro manner.
The chapter on practical
methods of calculating interior illumination is commendable, and the author gives examples of various methods of illumination, including out-door
lighting.

In the second part of the book we find the wiring

of motors, and connections for direct and alternating current motors.
Here, too, are wiring diagrams for interpole motors^ squirrel cage induction
motors, slipring motors, split phase and single
phase induction motors, self-starting synchronous
motors and single phase repulsion motors.
The
chapter on selecting motors for industrial purposes is important, and the author shows how a
specific type of motor is necessary to properly
operate each style of machine.
In this chapter
the author also gives a clear description of the
diflFerent types of motors as used for various industrial purposes.
Section three is devoted to the system of wiring
for both D. C. and A. C. also the subjects of insulation and wiring arc taken up in detail. Calculation and uses of different types of wires and cables,
switches, circuit-breakers and fuses are well presented.
The author takes up in the same chapter
the subject of switch-boards, and gives two excellent plates, one showing the laj^out of the wiring
for an office, and the other a simple wiring chart
for direct current circuits.
By means of this chart,
the electrician is able to quickly select the proper
size of conductor necessary to carry a particular
load.
An appendix contains a number of tables
which are very good for the general electrician,
and which facilitates the calculation of electric
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14.00 per
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RADIO COMMUNICATION,

The author has treated the subject of radio communication in a very peculiar manner. At the beginning of the book he gives us some elementary
concepts of electricity and then suddenly jumps
into the subject of alternating currents and therefrom develops certain mathematical relations.
It
seems rather unusual that at the very beginning
he should delve immediately into the subject of
imaginary quantities, which very few engineers
utilize, as this subject of imaginary quantities is
used mostly in the advanced study of alternating

pay express charges and we shall

instruments by express for your exwill be deducted from total cost of
accept if not satisfactory.
to

Send at ontf for this is the only lot we shall have of these
machines and prices on the standard machine will advance in
'

allied problems.

publisht by McGraw-Hill Book Co. 206

pages and 126 illustrations, including diagrams.
Imitation red, flexible leather.
This book was written for the purpose of
instructing army and navy men, especially
officers who are being prepared for the
Signal Corps of the United States Army.

these out as standard machines so are

general electrode and a

and

Mills,

for

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circuits

738, 218 N. Wells St.,

Chicago,

It would certainly be of greater ease to the

average student of Radio Communication if the
author had treated the subject of alternating currents in a more simple manner than he has done,
the reviewer believes.
There is no doubt that the
subjects whifch he has handled at the beginning of
his work are of great use to the physicists and to
radio engineers in general.
In the second part the author treats on a very
important subject the telephone receiver.
The
author has at least done himself justice in treating
the telephone receiver in a really excellent manner.
Here he gives a complete theory and explanation
of the various receiver parts and their functions.
In a lucid manner he describes the various functions of the parts of the telephone receiver, including "motional impedance."
A very good chapter on the vacuum tube is also
given.
In this chapter the author begins with the
elementary consideration of the electron, and from
there he takes up the subject of ionization.
He
then treats on the two electrode-vacuum tube and
shows the characteristics of the plate with respect
The three-element tube is ably disto the filament.
cust and a short description and the characteristics
of this tube are given, both as a detector of high

III.

by mentioning the "Electrical Experimenter" zvhen writing

(Continued on page 574)

to

advertisers.

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

1918

December,

Man

fn^eVl

^ry Electrical
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No

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A. C. Motors
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Cont^^s 319 pages, 379 lllustratlona. Alternating
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Contains 332 pages. 436 Illustrations. Telegraph
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E.

Dec.

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

5 72

HOW

Mesco Telegraph

SHIPS ARE WELDED BY

ELECTRICITY.

(Continued from page 529)

The
case being two steel plates.
joint is usually prepared bj' beveling the
edges of the pieces to be welded together.
The other side of the electric circuit is connected to the hand electrode which is provided with a guard, and this welding tool
connects with a heavy flexible cable leading
By touching
to the current supply circuit.
the electrode to the shank material a heavy
arc is drawn, and to reduce the blinding
glare from the arc the operator wears a
in

Practice Set
For Learning Telegraph Codes

this

The
fitted with special glasses.
welder draws an arc at several
points along the seam to be welded, and
head shield
skilled arc

then establishes several distinct tack welds,

which serve to hold the plates firmly in line.
He then proceeds to start welding the entire
seam, moving the electrode from side to
side of the groove and giving it a semicircular motion, while at the same time he
slowly moves the electrode along the groove.
The accompanying illustration shows an
excellent sample of arc welding between
two plates, and it is of course understood
that such a weld is formed of the basic
metal composing the plates thus the weld
is invariably as strong

The Practice Set comprises a regtilar tele(raph key, without circuit breaker, a special
high pitch buzzer, one cell Red Seal Dry
Battery, and four feet of green sUk conrvd
lexlble cord.

The

and

key

buzzer

mounted on

are

Highly finished vood base, and three nickel

plated binding posta are so connected that
the set may be uaed for fire different purpoaea.
Price
Uat No.
34* Telegraph Practice Set, with Bat13.14
tery and Cord

Weighs

packed.
Price does not Include portage.
4

lbs.

UCCrTk
[tILOvU

as

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Ma

Aidibli

tery

and Cord
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4 Iba. ^eked. Price does not laelvde paetaf*.

Send for the

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II It

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CHICASO:

irPa%PlAM
Sab

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Catalog

ST.

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MECHANICALLY RIGHT
A Rafalar

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tack raoa pUte aod drill cbiu as apeolal equlpmeac Ordia
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Latlu>

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1500

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them-

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STA6[rRfORBCTO:EN0

OF MOTOROtNERATOR

SENERATOR

pure metal be worked

up to the surface, and
it is extremely important in the event of a
second or third layer
that the slag or impurities be carefully
6R0UWPLATt + CABLE LEAD
WElDiNGTCOl* CABLE LEAD
scraped away before
the virgin metal is
again laid on.
Typical Arc Welding Motor-generator With Switch-board for
The operator in arc
Controlling Current Supplied to "Arc", Regulating Reactances,
Welding Tool, Grounding Plate, Etc.
welding is protected
with a screen covercurrent. The average apparatus will permit
ing his face with special glass thru which
cif electric arc welding consuming about six
The tjlectric arc
to observe his work.
to eight kilowatts per welder, but if low
emits dangerous invisible rays in both the
voltage is provided, there are certain outfits
upper and lower spectrum scale and it is
which will reduce the consumption to as
quite evident that both the infra-red and
low as three and one-half kilowatts per
ultra-violet are dangerous in their effect;
welder, or even less.
the former is pathological, the latter actinic.
Regarding the spot welding of fabricated
The operator further uses gloves for his
steel ships, it may be said that experiments
hands and for the very difficult work of
were conducted by the Electric Welding
overhead welding, it is necessary for him
Committee, which showed that no difficulty
to use a helmet which covers his breast
was encountered in welding one-half and
Without entering into an elaborate ainalbe broadly stated that there is hardly
any question that the electric process is
cheaper than any other. The same rnay be
said as regards speed and also reduction of
man power. In a recent discussion of this
subject by an authority it was stated that
at one of the Eastern shipyards the total
number of parts on the welding program of
the standard riveted ships now building at
The labor
that yard amounted to 225,000.
cost for riveting these pieces is about $245,000, and for welding about $99,000, thiis
making a saving of $146,000. But this is
only a mere drop in the bucket when compared to what might be profitably done in
it

ln.

Workmaaablp

current witf,'^iout R,'atively expensive machines for a usele'Sb expenditure of energy.

The practise in this country in manufacturing establishments of any size has been
toward an increase in the supply voltage so
that very few large manufacturing plants
use less than 220 volts direct current. With
this voltage the only economical method of
transformation is in the use of a motorgenerator set. The efficiency in this case is
in the neighborhood of fifty to sixty per
It is possible to use a supply voltage
cent.
of 110 volts with a variable resistance which
cuts down the voltage to the arc volts. This
gives a very poor efficiency. In the case of
alternating current the supply voltage can
be reduced by a transformer which will
supply, as in the case of direct current, a
sufficient voltage for striking the arc and a
satisfactory reduction when the arc has
been struck. On the other hand, if a low
voltage alternating current is provided, a
simple reactance may be introduced which
has a few of the same wasteful characteristics of the resistance used with the direct

ysis of the relative costs of electric welding,

11 Inetiaa betwew oeo17 Lncbaa total lacctli. Net weU&i

I Ika.
Bhlpidnx weUht 13 Ito.
Tb* iMd of tills Utbe is machined.

Svlnj

The expert stated further that in

this line.
certain particular instances the saving is as
great as 90 per cent.
The electric arc requires a reduced voltage and this is difficult to attain with direct

It is important that
the arc shall "bite"
into the shank metal,
creating a perfect
fusion along the
edges, while the movement of the electrode
necessary for the
is
removal of any mechanical impurities
that
may have deposited, in the coated
electrode it is further
necessary that the
slag which forms for
the protection of the

nils ootflt ! tAe !; reliable Instniment whlob wUi

aoable sradMiu to beeome profldeot oporbtora In tM
r. 8. Nsral Strritx, because It Is CQUipped with a
buxser and miniature tunp enabUne the omt to
marur both the rltmal and audible alfmala dulokly.
Llat No. e2 Practice Sat with Red Seal Bat-

Welfhs

plates

1918

selves.

C<r>bnuliMrnditcSdlo>leafn|lbeM<
lad

the

December,

may

by mentvinino the "Electrical Experimenter" when writing

three-quarter inch steel plates as well as

and in fact experione-inch steel plates
ments were successful in welding three
thicknesses of one inch steel plate. Lately,
large sized spot welders, having jaws five
to six feet long have been designed, and
these will be used in building a spot welded
steel vessel at a large shipbuilding yard
located at Kearny, N. J., which represents
the largest portable spot welder ever completed.
Getting down to brass tacks, and
considering the five foot jaw spot welder
with multiple contacts spaced at a distance
corresponding to the oldtime rivet, one is
actually astonisht when stopping to con(Continued on page 574)
;

to

advertisers.

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

1918

December,

^ ^^

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LEARN PUBLIC SPEAKING

FREE

10 Lessons

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Ten lessons in
take advantage of
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573

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ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

74

December,

HOW

1918

SHIPS ARE WELDED BY

ELECTRICITY.

{Continued from page 572)

how much

time and loss of efficiency

occasioned by the old method of riveting
steel plates and girders, where but one rivet
can be handled at a time. Think of a six
foot gap electric spot welder which can
thoroly weld a seam six feet long at fortyeight points simultaneously and corresponding to the usual number of rivets placed in
position one by one by the oldtime method.
sider

is

BOOK REVIEW.
{Continued from page 570)
frequency currents, and as an amplifier. In the
next chapter we find various types of detectors of
high frequency currents. A chapter on the production of undamped high frequency oscillations ii
also commendable.
A short discussion forms the
chapter on Radio-telephony. In the eighth chapter
the author gives several practical ideas on the construction of radio apparatus.
Here are found the
necessary information to each problem, and in each
case the author works out_ an example for the student, so that he can familiarize himself with the
method of working each typical problem

THE ELLIS "MUSIC MASTER" REPRODUCER

the Ideal Christmas gift fi)r anyone who owns a phonograph or talking machine using
disc records. This wonderful little reproducer bears the same relation to the reproduction
of records as does Stradivarius to the making of violins. Both are masters.
There is as much difference In the etTect of the Ellis Reproducer and ordinary
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As one user said: "Mr. Ellis, your reproducer is soulful and inspiring. The overtones
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The Ellis Mtuio Master makes every note and tone as clear as a bell and reproduces It In Its tiu*tone coloring.
It Is a marrelous litUe Instrument that will please anyone who appreciates and can
comprehend the difference between good and Indifferent rendition o1 music. It is truly a "Music
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The Ellis "Mtisic Master" is made for all machines using disc records. It is lighter than
ordinary repnxlucers, therefore preserves and prolongs the life of records.
The cost is little, bui
the featisfaciion greaL
Is

PRACTICAL ELECTRICITY,

Write today for circular E, which gives

J.

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P. O.

with

TELEGRAPH PICTURES
T^is unique set of
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far as

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This

set is highly

Only

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M5

for experimenters and thoroughly illustrates the system,

00

favor with

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The latest effort surpasses anything in this

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It has been arranged in 53 elaborately
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Milwaukee, Wis.

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great

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details.

full

by Terael

Croft. Cloth bound, 646 pages, numerous

figures and illustrations, size SYz x 8}^
inches.
Publisht by McGraw-Hill Book
Co., New York, 1917.
Price $2.50.
Another excellent work from the author of
many practical books on electricity, that have met

The author states that the object of the book is

to present the fundamental facts and theories relating to electricity and its present day applications in a straightforward, easily understood way,
for study by any man, especially those having
but

little

mathematical training and enabling him

working knowledge of the subauthor's hopes may be truly said to

realized, for everything is so clearly
and illustrated that a minimum of effort
required to grasp the subject.

to acquire a clear
i'ect.

The

avc been
defined
only is

No higher mathematics have been indulged in,

with no loss to the value of the work; the numerous and readily visualized analogies, which the
author is an adept in supplying, are a great help.
A work that will find a ready demand from all,
whether teacher, student, practical worker or layman.
Also invaluable to the university trained
man for brushing the cobwebs from the mind and
to refresh and reconstruct his ideas in line with
modern electrical theory and practise.

complete set of two machines

for a

Leishman

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Dept. T.

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DIRECT CURRENT MACHINERY,

Cyril

M. Jansky.

Cloth

bound,

by

illus-

pages, size 6J4 x 9% inches.

Co., publishers New
York, 1917. Price $2.50.

trated, 285

McGraw-Hill Book

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The author has endeavored to put forth in a

clear and concise way the theory and operation
of Direct Current Machinery, without the aid of
higher mathematics, altho some mathematics of
elementary nature has been used here and there.
Magnetism and electro-magnetic induction, and
the units of measurement are very carefully
dealt with in order that the student should obtain
a clear understanding of the underlying principles
of dynamos and motors.
The book further shows
that whenever energy is transformed from mechanical to electrical or vice versa, that a loss
takes place and a detailed explanation is given
regarding tfie efficiency of a motor or a generator.
The various types of motors and dynamos, including the "interpole" machines, with numerous calwhicn aid considerably in the design of
such apparatus, are also given. Armatures of the
drum, aisc, lap, wave, and other types are fully
explained, including the various capabilities of
each, accompanied by numerous red and black line
cuts, which serve to show very clearly the variouf
methods of winding armatures. The uses of electrical energy, the advantages of the three-wire
system, types of dynamos and motors including
their operating characteristics and their care, together with a chapter on the "Selection and Inculations,

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Current Machinery and its allied problems.

by mentioning the "Electrical Experimenter" when writing to advertisers.

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

1918

December,

CONTINUOUS CURRENT MOTORS

AND CONTROL APPARATUS, by
VV. Perren Maycock. Cloth bound, 151 il332 pages, size 5^4 ^ 7J^
lustrations,
Whittaker & Co.. London Macinches.
Millan & Co., publishers, New York, 1917.
;

575

Yourbig chance^

ZicdWming
vou
home you

Learn

i^^

Price $2^5.

An excellent treatise on the subject^ of direct

current motors and the practical applications thereof, with numerous illustrations of up-to-date ma-

would at our school

chinery.

intended for the student, the

owner of D. C. machines, the consulting engineer,
the contractor and supervising engineer, for the
man who will subsequently have charge of the
machines and for the civil or mechanical engineer
who desires to have some knowledge of the sub-

This

book

is

HERE

great

application

serious. Draftsmanship
was aiways one of the
What
best professions.

size

5j4

7J^ inches, 152 illustrations.

Press, publishers, New York,

1918.
Price, $0.75.
Part 2 of this work proves to be a useful handbook and one that will be popular as a ready reference for students, amateurs and the uninitiated
generally in this special branch of electrical science.
The fundamental principles of_ the transmitting apparatus are explained in the simplest possible manner, so that most anyone with a little
thought can easily master the theory and practise
of Wireless Telegraphy.
The following list of contents should prove of

Curve diagrams and their meaning the

logarithmic, parabolic and hyperbolic curves, the
sine curve, etc.
the theory of direct and alternating current dynamos; the direct current dynamo the brush gear and its adjustment and
methods of field excitation; eddy currents and their
effects
how they are overcome; the A. C. transformer and its action ratio of windings, mechanical analog of the transformer, inductance of transformers; phase relation between the current and
voltage in tuned circuits, with mechanical analogs
of various A. C. circuit relations, such as effect
of capacity on phase relation; the effect of inductance on phase relation; effect of resonance,
etc.
The chapter on the excitation of spark transmitters is well written and of great benefit to all
radio students.
Spark discharges are treated on
very thoro chapter is devoted to
in detail.
covering
"oscillation valves'
beat" reception of
undamped wave signals, reception of weak signals.
etc.
This section on valves is quite complete and
treats on the theory of the Fleming two- and
three-member valves.
De Forest, Armstrong and
Langmuir are unknown quantities to this author
apparently.
valuable book to all interested in the art, and
dealing with the subject of Radio in a simple and
clear manner without goine into the more highly
technical problems involvea.
It treats the problems in a refreshingly new way uncommon in most
books dealing with the subject.
interest:

of

Drafting

Students
are in

demand

probably

will
satisfied.

We

teach you in a
new and quicker way
ROY

C.

As

soon as you begin our course, you

start on actual drawing work. You

CLAFLIN

President

COLUMBIA SCHOOL OF
DRAFTING

do not waste any time with needless

theory and preparation. You become a
draftsman at once, and remain in actual
practice until you are a master draftsman. We are in touch with the great shops
of the country and the various government departments. We know their needs,
and teach you accordingly. There Is a great demand for Columbia School of
Drafting students, because It is well known that these students are TRAINED,
PRACTICAL DRAFTSMEN, and can step into actual work.

THB
power

hardly any limit to the earning

the
well
trained
draftsman.
Itself Is one of the best paying
professions In America today.
Not only that,
but a knowledge of drafting Is the foundation of,
and the stepping stone to, all the really big
positions in the machine world foreman, superintendent, production
manager.
efficiency engineer, etc.
_
Most of the men In these high paying
positions, earning up to $10,000 per year and over, owe their success to their knowledge of
mechanical drawing and draftsmanship.

Mechanical Drawing one

of the shortest
routes to big pay
.

possible

is

of

Draftsmanship

DO MAGNETS MAKE PHOTO-

The Columbia School

finest

following to say regarding "magnet-photography" experiments conducted by L. A.

large building situated at 14th and T Streets, N. W., Washington, D. C, is entirely occupied by
the Columb'.a School of Drafting. Here large day and evening classes are being taught Mechanical
Drawing. The same thorough instruction is given our Home Study pupils, by correspondence
Our
Chief Instructor and President, Mr. Claflin. personally look after the training of each student
Our course is designed to make of every man or woman who enrolls a master draftsman

No

number of experiments have been

performed, and it is impracticable to give

more than a general survey of the work.
In all of the experiments in which articles
were exposed to the influence of a magnetic field, a subsidiary plate was set up
You

benefit

Previous Training Necessary

As our students are put

Into actual practice at

the beginning, they grasp the essentials of drawing quickly.
The lessons supplied are so clear

that even the baclnvard students can understand

them. No previous experience nor special education is necessary.

the Coupon Today

Brings to You a ValuFREE
able Book

Return

It

begin to tell you here In such few

words all the advantages afforded you by this
reaaonably priced course In up-to-date Mechanical Drawing. If you are In earnest, and
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It tells of our new methods of teaching mechanical drawing, and outlines our oHer to

you

Bauer and W. F. G. Swann

its

The

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GRAPHS?

one of the
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The 1917 Year Book of the Carnegie

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A large

Columbia
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never be

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per week.

now?

peace,

THE ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF

Wireless

|$1001

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Part

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WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY,

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in

is

and a text-book for the library of those who have

occasion to use or install Continuous Current

by R. D. Bangay. Cloth bound, 242 pages,

very

so great that the situation

to use Logarithms, and how to connect a

motor on higher or lower voltage than that for
which it is rated. In short, the book is a complete
treatise on D. C. motors, the various appliances

practical

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industries

how

the

shortage

ment departments of this

country. The shortage is

There arc several chapters in this book which

divide the subject into many parts, particularly
the elementary theory underlying the action of
motors; the starting of motors that have only to
be started and stopped: the variation of the speed
and the reversal of tne direction of the motor,
etc.
Still further on the book treats to more of
an extent with the theory of D. C. motors, especially as regards torque, speed and power, and
several types of central station apparatus, including automatic and semi-automatic appliances. The
efficiency of motors and the various methods of
determining this quantity, and the classification
of the various kinds of motors and central station
At the end
apparatus, arc also fully described.
of each chapter there is given a set of examples
of
immense
inand answers which should prove
terest to all.
The appendix shows how to calculate
starting
motor,
a
the resistance steps for use in

therewith,

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ject.

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as

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at

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course now

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may be paid monthly.
Free Drawing Outfit

with us.

FREE

COUPONRETURN TODAY

COLUMBIA SCHOOL OF DRAFTING

Dept. 965, 14th and T Sts., N. W., Washington, D. C.
Without obligation to me, please send me your Illustrated
boolj on Drafting, telling how I can secure your complete
Home Study Course, the DRAWING OUTFIT, and your
help in securing a position as Draftsman.

Columbia School of Drafting

Name

ROY

Address

CLAFUN, Pre.
14th and T STREETS, N.
WASHINGTON, D. C.

and

We supply our students with equipment free. A

professioual drawing outfit is given for permanent use, to every man or woman who enrolls

fully.

C.

drawing

within the

W.,
City

by mentioning the "Electrical Experimenter" when ntriting to advertisers.

State

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

76

December,

THE SET UNCLE SAM USES

1918

with a similar set of articles, but beyond

the influence of the magnetic field. In the
earlier experiments, this subsidiary plate
was placed in an ordinary plate-box at atmospheric pressure, the box being bound
around with dark cloth but in the later
experiments it was placed in the same
vacuum as the main plate, and shielded
from the magnet by an iron disk. All experiments except the first two or three performed wefe carried out in total darkness,
the photographic red light only being turned
on after the articles had been mounted
under the bell-jar, and the latter had been
bound around with black cloth.*
;

"Uncle Sm" needs thousands of operators and is calling for more all the time. Here Is your
chance to become an expert telegrapher at a small cost. The practice outfit shown here is exactly
same as used bv the United States Signal Corps and comprises the following
A highly polished mahogany finished wood base, a real high frequency buzzer giTing a high
Also brass etched plate shownote, with nickel-plated case, regulation nickel-plated steel lever key.
ing the three International codes mounted on the base for quick practice. A new feature not found
on anv other set. You simply cannot mislay this code.
This outfit qulcklv gives you speed, and enables you to learn telegraphy, Morse or wireless code
Special attention is called to the buzzer which gives a clear high note, not a
In a short time.
rattling noise as many inferior outfits now on the market. IMMEDIATE DELIVERY. We ship the
same day that order is received. Your money refunded if you are not satisfied.
Include sufficient posUge
Price as Illustrated.

In order to test whether the effects observed could be attributed to radio-active

material, two experiments were set up with
permanent magnets, but in the case of one
of them the bell-jar was washed out with
a weak solution of uranium nitrat and allowed to dry. After an exposure of 21
days, the articles showed up equally strongly on both plates.

the

Shipping

weight

Ibt.

Size over all 5"x2"x7'/4".

THE TEWNO

$2.80

CO.

for

mailing.

free

Send

Illustrated

for
folder.

CHAMBERS

150

ST..

plate was exposed for 6 days over an

electromagnet, the articles being pieces of
wood, iron, copper, amber, and cork; also,
in addition, a piece of wood resting on a
piece of lead which was in contact with
the plate, and a piece of lead resting on a
piece of wood which was in contact with
the plate. Both pieces of wood in contact
with the plate showed up dark on a lighter
ground, the grain of the wood being very
clear, and the cork showed up slightly
darker than the ground.
The metals in
contact with the plate all came out lighter
than the ground. In the case of the sub-

NEW YORK

CORE WIRE20c

lb.

We

have been fortunate in securing thru auction several tons of guaranteed pure, double annealed
Norway Iron Core Wire and are selling this wire to "Experimenter" readers only at this price.
This wire Is just the thing for spark colls, transformers, etc., and It is, of course, a very much more
superior product than the usual iron wire. We absolutely guarantee the quality.
If you ever thought of building a spark coil, transformer, or similar apparatus, now Is the chance
to get the right material for it As far as we know this is the only lot of Iron Norway Core Wire In the
hands of any dealer at the present time, and none can be gotten until after the war.
We have only two sizes left:
36 INCHES
Thickness about No. 21 B and S
If either of these sizes should tw too long we advise cutting the wire down yourself by means of
It will pay you to do so as real Norway Iron Wire, sold by a few dealers last year, brought
shears.
from 40c to 50c a pound. American core wire now sells for from 30c upwards per pound.
26

INCHES

ELECTRO IMPORTING CO, 231

Fulton St.

New York

sidiary plate which was set up at atmospheric pressure, only the amber showed up,
and this appeared dark on a light ground.

Several experiments made with the arslightly separated from

the plate

ticles

City

showed

that their influence fell off rapidly

within a distance of

or 2

mm.

The

effect of resin in acting upon a photographic plate, especially when the resin

has been previously stimulated by light, is

well known, and at once suggests the as-

Important Announcement

sumption that the resin wood, cork, etc.,

produce a radiation of some kind, or a
gaseous emanation, the latter being produced either directly or as a result of the
radiation, and that this gas diffuses over
the body of the plate and darkens it.
In

from
Washington, D. C.

case the metal articles would simply

shields to the plate.
Experiments
made with stimulated resin and metallic
articles showed that distinct impressions of
the articles could really be produced in
this way without a magnetic field or a vacuum. At atmospheric pressure the darkening of the plate falls off rapidly with the
distance from the resin, but on evacuating
the space around the resin the "range" of
the action is increased and the impressions
are much more uniform.
this

THE

Government

of the United States has found

act as

it

necessary to ask every householder in the Nation's

Capital to offer their spare rooms to those brought

here for war service.

the best

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Thousands of young women from

families will in this

homes.
In order to meet war conditions the

way

find suitable

DEWEY HOTEL,

situated in that exclusive residential section, at

4th and

number of experiments were

stimulated resin, and it appeared
that the action was propagated roughly in
a linear manner for a distance of as much
as a centimeter or more, and after traversing this distance was still capable of passing thru aluminum leaf.

walk from the White House), has

transient guests.
For many years the

opened

Dewey

its doors to
has been the

those prominent in

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official

residence of Senators and

life

of the Capital.

TTie ac-

and only those whose presence

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It
Room tariffs,
will be best to make reservations by letter.
illustrated brochure, restaurant charges and other information may be secured by writing.

commodations are

limited,

FRANK

P.

FENWICK

large

made with

Streets (5 minutes'

The apparent

action of the magnetic field

experiment with wood and metal articles suggests that a similar action should
be produced in the case of the resin. If
the action of the resin is ultimately attributable to the ejection of charged particles,
the possibility of producing deviation by a
magnetic field at once suggests itself. No
marked influence of this kind was, however,
found in the case of the pure resin.
in the

* Those interested in magnet photography should

refer to the original articles on this work written
by Mr- Mace, and which appeared in the May,
October and November, 1917 issues of the Elec-

trical ExPKRIMrNTER.

You

benefit

by mentioning the "Electrical Experimenter" when writing to advertisers.

"
!

December,

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

1918

377

One of the most remarkable features of

the photographic action produced in the
case of wood and metal articles is that it is
approximately uniform over the plate, altho
the magnetic field varies both in magnitude
and direction. If the action of the magnetic
field were one of controlling the direction
of propagation of a radiation or gaseous
effusion emitted by the substances, one
would expect it to vary over the surface of
the plate.
The absence of such variation
practically limits the nature of the effect
to one in which there is direct or indirect
stimulation of the activity of emission or
production of active gas, diffusion being
subsequently relied upon for the uniform
distribution of the effect over the plate.
The effect of very slight temperature
changes in modifying the action of metallic
articles upon a photographic plate is well
known, and one has to remember that an
electromagnet becomes appreciably warmed
during its excitation.
The presence of resinous articles does not
seem wholly necessary for the production
of the apparent magnetic effect. Thus, for
example, a number of metal articles,
namely, lead, iron, nickel, copper, and brass,
were set up over an electromagnet in a
vacuum for 14 days, and a similar group
was set up in the same vacuum, but in a
region shielded from the magnetic field.
The first set produced strong impressions,
light on a dark ground, while the second
set produced no appreciable effect
The
experiment was repeated with a permanent
magnet and an exposure of 21 days, with
similar but less pronounced results.
At the stage of the work recorded in the
paper here abstracted, the preliminary conclusion was reached that while a magnetic
field or vacuum was not essential to the
production of effects of the kind recorded
by Mace, the magnetic field appeared to have
an effect in intensifying the action in certain cases.
The experiments are being continued with the object of ascertaining
whether the primary agency producing the
effect, in the case of the electromagnets, for
example, is really the magnetic field itself

or some other influence accompanying the

production of the magnetic field.

^95 An Hour!
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Every mail brings letters from some of the two million I. C. S.

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What

EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY.
{Continued from page 558)
Properties of Sulfur
It is

1.

railroads, in the

gradually becomes dark red and viscid on

gradually raising the temperature from 200
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and becomes almost black in color.
4.
It is non-poisonous, and may be taken
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5.
The so-called "sulfur odors" do not
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Sulfid,
It is

Disulfid.

insoluble in water, the best sol-

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its

compounds, Carbon

Disulfid, in which it dissolves unchanged,

tho the amorphous variety does not dissolve

and flowers of sulfur only

slightly.
It is negatively electrified by friction.
7.
8.
Sulfur melts at 115 degrees to a thin,
amber-colored liquid. At 200 degrees it be-

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thick

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hardly be poured, while at 300 degrees it
again liquifies. If poured into water at the
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Commercial Law
GOOD ENGLISH

BComnion School Sabjeots

CIVIL SERVICE
Railway Mail Clerk

_8TATI0NAI1V KNtilNEER

FOltESrNORENtj'll

ARCHITECT

Occupation-

coupon now!

Street

Ari'liilfcliirai

I'l.L'MKINtI

Draftamari
IIEATINt)

AM)

Sheet Metal Worker

Present

and No._
Clty_

by mentioning the "Electrical Experimenter" when writing

D SALESMANSHIP
n ADVERTISING MAN
D Show Card Writer
Q Outdoor Sign Painter
RAILROADER
D ILLUSTRATOR
O DESIGNER

Telephony

a day spent with the

will prepare you for the
I. C. S.
position you want in the work you
like best. Yes, it will
Put it up to
us to prove it. Mark and mail this

it is amorphous and elastic.

{Continued on page 579)

benefit

Electrician
Electric Wiring
Electric Lighting
Electric Car Running

limited your previous education, the

simply written, wonderfully illus-

latter stage,

You

Can you

by unimproved when you can easily make

For 27 years men

a yellow solid, without odor or

2.
It has three allotropic forms, two
crystalline, and one amorphous.
3.
Its color is usually lemon-yellow when
solid, when finely divided it is white.
It

5.

them

them mean so much

(Physical).

taste.

gen

are you doing with the hours after supper?

afford to let

to advertisers.

TpillI* Ovprscer or Sppt.

AOKllt'I.TlIlK,

Navigator
i'onltr.vRalsliie

Antomoblles

!
! SpanUh
Krrnch

Italian

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

78

December,

1918

CHEMISTRY! |^

*?

We present herewith

to our friends our new E. L Co. Chemicu

Laboratory which contciins real chemicals and apparata to
perform real chemical experiments. This outfit is not a toy,
put up merely to amuse, but a practiced laboratory set, with all
the chemicals, apparata and reagents necessary to perform

I DO YOU KNOW?
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you know how to test soil?
you want to make invisible ink?
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you know how Chlorine Smoke and
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taining a Treatise in Elementary Chemistry, useful data and
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Instruction

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100 Experiments

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DESCRIPTION OF THE OUTFIT
It

Ammonium

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contains the following 44 chemicals:

Antimony

Iron Oxide
Sulphate of Zinc

Boracic Acid

Magnesia Carbonate

Charcoal

Zinc, Metallic

Sodium Nitrate
Sodium Carbonate
Sodium Borate
Sodium Sulphite
Manganese Dioxide

Sodium Bicarbonate
Sodium Sulphate
Sodium Chloride
Calcium Sulphate
Barium Chloride

Oxalic Acid

Lead Acetate

Nickel Chloride

Ammonium Sulphate
Ammonium Carbonate
Ammonium Aqua

Hydrochloric Acid
Sulphuric Acid

Calcium Chloride

Mercury, Metallic
Tin, Metallic

Chloride of Zinc
Copper Sulphate
Glycerol

Elementary Chemistry and 100

Chemical Experiments to be performed with this outfit.

Paper

One Glass Dropper

One Spoon Measure

THE ELECTRO IMPORTING

SEE OUR FULL PAGE AD ON PAGE

Litmus Paper
Ferrous Sulphide

Glass Tubing
One book containing Treatise on

One Test -Tube Holder

of Filter

Iodine

furnished:

Six Assorted Test-Tubes

Ten Sheets

Calcium Oxide
Stannous Chloride

Sodium Phosphate
Zinc Carbonate

The following apparata are

One Standard Waahbottle

One Alcohol Lamp
One Conical Class Measure
One Erlenmeyer Flask
One Class Funnel
One Delivery Tube

Iron Chloride

Ferrous Sulphate
Nickel Sulphate

Brimstone

Alum

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FOR FREE CYCLOPEDIA

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STREET

231

=
^
^
=
^
^z
=
=

D ecember.

EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY.

2.

(Continued from page 577)

Sulfur boils at approximately 450 de9.
grees and emits a light yellow vapor, which
sublimes as flowers of sulfur.
1.

and moist it may

slowly oxidize to Sulfur Dioxid or on sufficient exposure may even form Sulfuric

When

finely divided

Acid.

metals unite with it to form

sulfides, while copper and iron burn readily
in sulfur vapor.
Sulfur combines directly with many
4.
other non-metals, as Hydrogen, Chlorin,
3.

Nearly

all

Bromin, lodin, and Phosphorous.

When heated with oxidizing agents,
5.
sulfur is converted into sulfuric acid.
Caustic alkalies dissolve it to form a
6.
mixture of sulfid and thiosulfate.
Uses.

Sulfuric acid manufacture consumes a

great deal of sulfur, but much of the acid
is

now manufactured from pyrite.

Rubber goods and vulcanite contain a

small percentage of sulfur.

of the element is used in forming

sulfur dioxid, to bleach straw and woolen
goods and as an antiseptic to destroy infectious disease. Some is used in medicine,
some in the laboratory, some for making
compounds like Iron Sulfid and Carbon Disulfid, and a great deal for the manufacture of matches and as an ingredient in

Some

The products

tion be

rapid,

combustion are
combus-

or, if the

sulfur.

The gas

is

agents.

changes

it

H2S
5.

I.C.S.
ENGMEERS

decomposed by many ox-

Chlorin,
immediately,

idizing

PAGES

jSW4
I!4S ILIyUS^ERATIONS

CI.

2HCI

ELECTRICAL

example,

for

lELECTRICITY?

to the readiness with which it

its sulfur. Hydrogen Sulfid forms

Owing

parts with
an active reducing agent.
2FeCls -f HjS = 2Feaa + 2HCI + S
Hydrogen Sulfid combines \vith many
6.

decomposing

metals,

oxides,

their

HERE'S

just the
Electricity that

to

hy-

is blackened by the gas, lead sulfid

being formed, thus this reagent is usually
employed to detect its presence.

lution

try to carry in their

Separation.

an hour or a day need not be lost

"digging up" some forgotten rule, some unyou'll just turn to the very complete index and get it "in a jiffy." Just a few

familiar fact

Electricity and Magnetism; Electrical Symbols; Batteries; Circuits; Magnets; Direct and

Alternating Currents; Dynamos and Motors;

Electrical
Electroplating;
Shafting:
Belts;
Measurements; Meters; Arc and Incandescent
Lamps; Mercury Arc Rectifiers; Transformers;
Insulation; Electric Cars; Single and MultipleUnit Control: Transmission; Rail Welding;
Sizes, Capacities, etc.,
Tables of Wires
Mathematical Rules; Formulas, Symbols; Tables
of Constants, Equivalents, Roots, PoWers, Reciprocals, Areas, Weights and Mea sures;
Chemistry: Properties of Metals; Principles oiF
Mechanics; First Aid, etc.

Uses.
chiefly as a

reagent in the chemical laboratory, to separate soluble from, insoluble sulfides, also
to make the latter, and as a reducing agent.

SULFUR DIOXID
History.

Hydrogen

Sulfid

History.

This gas was known to the ancients, but

Scheels, in 1777, was the first to investigate
This gas
it, heating sulfur with hydrogen.
is also known as sulfuretted hydrogen, Sulfurous Oxid, and sulfurous anhydrid.
Occurrence.

occurs in Nature when organic bodies

Volcanic gases
<;ontaining sulfur putrefy.
and certain mineral springs contain the gas,
and it is a product of decomposition of organic matter existing in sewer gas, decayed
ggs, etc., to which it imparts its characteristic odor.
It

Preparation.

a stream of hydrogen is past

over sulfur heated to the boiling point.
For all practical purposes, sulfuric
2.
acid is added to ferrous sulfid.
FeS + HiSOi = FeSO. + HjS
The gas is readily evolved without the
application of heat, and may be used either
directly or past thru a little water contained
in a wash bottle. When it is desired to prepare the solution of the gas, it is past into
water in the receiving flask.
Iron (Ferrous) Sulfid frequently contains
metallic Iron, in which case the gas will
contain some free Hydrogen. This is rarely
an objection, but if it should be, then the
pure gas may be obtained by heating Antimonous Sulfid with Hydrochloric acid.
SbiSs -I- 6HC1 = 2SbCl, -t- 3H2S
Properties.

Physical
trans1.
It is a colorless,
parent gas.
2. It possesses a very offensive odor, resembling that of sewer gas or decayed eggs.
3. It is very soluble in water, but the solution slowly breaks up and cannot be kept,
as it slowly oxidizes. The solution reddens
litmus, and, as stated before, undergoes
change on exposure to air, water, and sulfur
being the result, the latter separating out.
4.
The gas begins to dissociate at 400
degrees.
5 It can be liquefied at
74 degrees, and
boils at
64 degrees. It also can be solid:

ified.

Chemical. It is a very inflammable gas,

burning with a pale blue flame.
bevffit

dioxid

is

No

Risk Money-Back Offer!

The price of the famous I. C. S. Handbooks,

more than 2,000,000 have been sold and are In

INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS

6168 Scranton, Pa.

-TC*n OUT mere:

Box

scale.

By

the decomposition of sulfuric acid

by heating with copper (H part),
Mercury, Silver, Zinc, Sulfur, or Carbon.
3. By heating sulfur with various metallic
oxides, as Lead, Mercury, Manganese, Zinc,
etc

INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS

Box 6 168, SCRANTON, PA.

(1 part)

Sa -f
4.

MnOj = MnS

By decomposing

sulfites

for which send me postpaid the

I enclose $
Handbooks marked X, at $1.00 each. I may return any or
.

all

and get

my money back within ten days from

Electrical Engineer's
Telepb.and Teleg.En^lneer's

J Mechanic's

SO,
with dilute

Engineer's
~^ Steam
Westinghouse Air Brake
Civil Engineer's

acids.

BCoal Miner's
Concrete Engineer's
^ Building Trades

sulfuric acid.

Street
and No..

HzSOi

Cu.S -t- 20j

4FeS2 + IIO2

=
-

Z]

SO2 -I- 2CuO

8SO2 + 2Fe,0,

Plumber's and
Chemist's

Window Trhnmer's
3 Cotton Textile Worker'*
Z\
I]

Farmer's
Poultryman's

3 Mariner's
3 Automobiles

Fitter's

Properties.

Physical
1.
When pure it is a colorless
gas.
As usually prepared it is gray, owing
to finely divided sulfur being intermingled.
It possesses a suffocating odor.
2.
It is very poisonous, rapidly destroying the membranes when inhaled.
3. It is quite soluble in water, with which
(Sulfurous).
it forms a weak acid
The gas liquefies at about 8 degrees
4.
and boils at
10 degrees, solidifying at
about 72 7 degrees.

Z^P
p

Chemical

1.

receipt:

Q Advertiser's
D Business Man's
D Bookkeeper's
and 4lorr<>spondent'i
D St>no.
Q Salesman's
Z\

NaaSO* + H2O -f SO,

5.
Thru the roasting of Pyrit or other
native sulfides, preliminary to the extraction of metals.
In this manner sulfur dioxid is prepared for the manufacture of

Na,SO,

of which
practical

everyday u^e, is $1 per copy. So confident are we

that you will find them exactly what you need for
ready reference in your work, that we stand ready to
promptly and cheerfully refund your money if for any
reason you are not fully satisfied with their value.
Simply send a letter or the coupon below, enclosing tl
for each book wanted. If at any time within 10 days you
wish to return the books, your money will be refunded.

Sj -I- 20, 2SO3

This process of burning is used in nearly
all cases where the gas is made on a large
2.

When

You

The Electrical Engineer's Handbook is one of 22

0. S. Handbooks covering 22 Technical. Scientific and
Commercial subjects. (See titles in coupon below.)
They have the contents of a full-size book condensed
Into pocket size ready to go with you ajiywhere and
be at your instant command. Substantially bound In
cloth, red edges, goldleaf stamping, printed from new.
clear, readable type on good quality book paper and
Illustrated wherever a picture will help.
I.

Occurrence.
one of the most abundant
gases thrown out in volcanic eruptions and
often from fumeroles. It is found in small
quantity in the air of large cities, on account of the existence of sulfur in coal.
Preparation.
1. By burning sulfur in air or oxygen, direct imion of the elements takes place.

The

of the subjects treated are;

per and Cadmium were made and hydrogen

sulfid past into the mixture, sulfides of the
last two metals, being insoluble, would precipitat and by filtration would be separated
from the first two.

employed

fail.

your pocket, toolchest. on your

work bench, drawing table ordesk,

soluble sulfides makes hydrogen sulfid of

great service in the qualitative analysis of
If, for instance, a mixture of sometals.
lutions of salts of Barium, Calcium, Cop-

sulfid is

heads and

this "Little Giant" I. C. S.

Electrical Engineer's Handbook in

With

separation of the insoluble from the

Hydrogen

problems, to teach you new kinks,

to be your memory for tables, rules,
formulas and other Electrical and
Mechanical facts thai some people

Paper moistened with lead acetat so-

The

book on
you need

answer your many questo solve your knotty

tions

dro.xides, or carbonates.
7.

HAia>OQK.

-t-

Sulfur dio.xid, or sulfurous oxid, has

been known from very early times, being
produced by burning sulfur. It was used as
a disinfectant by the Romans.

COMPOUNDS OF SULFUR

its

cold object held in the flame causes

3.
sulfur to deposit.

gunpowder.

1.

of

water and sulfur dioxid,

4.

(Chemical).
It burns in air with a pale bluish flame,

forming Sulfur Dioxid.

2.

579

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

1918

PktentM
BOTSl W

Sept.

3,

1918

baTc receired scares of lellen

like

ihis

A. ROTHWELL.M.D., Kendrlok. Idaho

Automatic RubtHir Co., Columbia, S. C.
Gentlsmci: Enclosed flnd-pertonal ehsck for
Kindly obUse me by fcrwardlng two Ziptl.
!lps; the last
ordered were perfect in every
way.
Yours sincerely, W. A. Rothwell, M. D.
The doctor gays they are O. K., boys. Order from tu or CA
I

your SporfInK Goo<l9 Store.

Zip-ZIp complete only

AUTOMATIC RUBBER

CO.,

COLUMBIA,

'wt.

S. C.

Non-combustible and non-

supporter of combustion.
2.
Both gaseous and liquid sulfur dioxid, in the presence of water, possess active bleaching properties.
The action in
this case being a reducing one, the opposite
to that by which chlorine accomplishes the
same purpose.

(Continued on page 582)

by mevtioninq the "Electrical Experimenter" jvhen

Tvritutfj

MUSIC TAUGHT FREE

3^
MOA

TUuAAA WitXhu f\msM^

Your Home. Write today for our booklet. It telta
how to learn to play Piano, Organ, Violin, Mandolin,
3

bou cam
coflx

Acobd.

In

Guitar,

Banjo,

etc.

Eei:Jnners

or advanced pupils.

American School of Music, 57 Lakeside BIdg., Chica^

to

advertisers.

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

580

December,

1918

MILLIONS
OF DOLLARS
NOW

for new
are being spent
Nerer before
Ideas of all kinds.
has the demand for eood thlnes

PROTECTED BT OWEN PATE>rrs been so great

or proflUble
to the man who will but use his
brains.
Send for my four free books
out what InTentions are needed-

and

find

ADF FPFF! successfct. patents a

THKF
IIILOL HilL iniL. T2-rage
Buccesa:
guide
to
STEPPING STONES hundreds of hints of
Ideas wanted, truth ab .^ut prizes for Inventions: PATENT BCTERScontains over 400
rcQuests for 0^^'EN PATENTS, with ideas desired: PATENT PBOMOTION tells bow to

Edited by H.

readers. If the idea is thought to be of importance, we make it a rule not to divulge all details. In
order to protect the inventor as far as it is possible to do so.
Should advice be desired by mail a nominal charge of $1.00 is made for each question. Sketches
and descriptions must be clear and explicit. Only one side of sheet should be written on.

RICHARD B. OWEN, Patent Lawyer

Owen Building
Washington. D. C.

GERNSBACK

Department we publish such matter as is of interest to inventors and particularly to

those who are in doubt as to certain Patent Phases. Regular inquiries addrest to "Patent Advice**
cannot be answered by mail free of charge. Such inquiries are publisht here for the benefit of all
In this

your patent, etc.

I"ll help without charge to sell your idea
by adT^rUslng It and otherwise putting you in
touch with prcepectlve buyers. Send sketch or
model for free oplnloa as to patentability, cost
Write
of pa:ent. etc.
Advice costs nothing.
today for my books. A postal re<iue3t will do.
sell

2276-8 Woolworth BIdg.

164

New York

Readers' attention

Clt>

is

called to the fact that

due to the great amount of letters to this department it is quite impossible to answer them
all thru these columns.
The inquiries answered
in this issue date as far. back as June, and if
readers wish speedy service they should carefully note the announcement appearing in the
preceding paragraph.

llllllllllllllllllllll

EATENTS

Power

if

Arc Lamp.
(279) William Woodward, Wilmette. 111., submits an idea of a self-rcgulatine arc tor moving

and

pictures, on which he would nke to have our

opinion.
He says "let us presume that the operators strikes the arc and adjusts it. In a few minutes the carbons would be too far apart, but for
the feeder which pushes the carbon up as follows;
When the current diminishes, that is, the carbons
draw apart, the brassrod C becomes cool
and contracts, which
by a lever of the first
class pushes the carbon up. When there
is an excess of curis
action
the
rent,
; Ccrtc
Of course,
vice-versa.
about every half hour

Trade Narks
Send sketch or model
for actual search and
report. Write for Booklet of instructions on.

patent practice and

procedure. Prompt,
personal service. .

it

would be necessary

for

the

operator

to

screw the carbons up

The
(Note
closer.

horizontal

adjust-

Jack.

Cleo Maddy, Utica. Ka., sends an idea of

a power lack for an automobile to be permanently
installed thereon, one jack under each axle.
The
jack is operated by the starter by means of two
clutches, one for each jack.
correspondent
Our
wishes to know if the idea has been patented, and
(281)

it

is

oractical.

We

are afraid that while the idea is not

A.
impossible, of course, it would be impractical for a
number oi technical reasons, unless simplifying improvements were made on the device.
think
a patent can be obtained on the idea
of how much
value it will be, we do not pretend to know.

We

Changing D. C. to A. C.
(282)
Edward Heubner, New York City, encloses
diagram of a device for changing 110 D. C. current to 110 A. C^. to any number of cycles desired.
The idea is to have a metal spider wound with wire
operated from an 110 D. C. motor, the ends of the
spider cutting thru an electromagnetic field. A. C.
current thus could be taken from slip rings from the
wire ends of the spider.
A. This is quite a clever idea, and we believe it
is feasible, but we doubt if a patent can be obtained on it as very similar types are in use.
The main objection, however, is that such a device is far too expensive and there are very much
cheaper commutating devices on the market now
which accomplish the same object.
a

would be adjusted as on a modem

machine.)"

ments

Pratecf/ve

Geo.RKimm^l
Patent Lawyer*

/case

A.
An extremely
clever as well as cap-

no
It
is
idea.
ital
doubt one of the most
light
ingenious
arc

88-P Oriental Bld(, Wuhinfton, D.

RodeJtpand
andconfrach

regulating s c h e e ms
that it was cur good

fortune

to

come

^^ross
If this works out
in practise as well as

looks on paper, we
think that our correit

thread

conn with

imOE-MARKS

COPYRIGHTS
-r

A
Our facllltlM for Becnrlng patents enable*
prompt and reliable serrlce at reasonable

tis

prompt attention. Send for blank form of disclosure to protect your rights until (lied In the Patemt
Book of Instructions and blank forms are free
Office.

L.[A.

M. BUCK

&

CO.

Patent Attorney
205 Socond

Natlonil

Bank

BIdg.. Waahlngton,

D.

C.

PATENTS
Best Results.

Promptness Assured.

WATSON
624 F Street

COLEMAN

E.
Patent Lawyer
Waahlngton, D.
N. W.
You

while.

benefit

Swinging Screen Door.

T. C. L., Emporium, Pa., has submitted a
(280)
very clever device on a screen door which will
open
when pushed in either direction or on
swing
A number of metal strips are used in
cither edge.
order to effect this and our advice is asked.
A. This is indeed a remarkably clever idea, and
the only fault we have to find with it is that the
hinges would sag because the special metal hinges
used seem to be too long, and sooner or later
However, there might be
would cause trouble.
found ways to overcome this objection, and we are
certain that a patent can be obtained on the invention.

Inyentori Invited to Write for Information

and Particulars
Hlghckt Reference!.

Novel Arc Lamp.

rates.

receive

reqtieat.

-tiandle

spondent has a very

valuable patent.
Our
advice is to get busy
at once and build a
model and apply for
patents in the mean-

to give

InTCDtora are inrited to write to Qs regarding queetions

appertaining to securing patent protection. All matteri

on

'5

C.

Another idea by the same writer relates to making distilled water, or drinking tvatcr from salt
water.
The apparatus contains a water chamber
to which heat is applied and a coiled metal lube,
cooled in water thru which the distilled witer is
discharged.
There is nothing fundamentallT new conA.
tained in this idea, and a patent could not be obtained on it.

by men tioning the "Electrical Experimenter" when

Rifle

Improvement.

(283) Tilford Dozier, San Francisco. Cal., sends

in a device whereby it becomes possible to equip
guns or rifles with an auxiliary device, so that the
gun or rifle can fire any size cartridge desired. As
IS obvious, present guns can only fire one size
cartridge.

This is a clever idea as well as ingenious, and

a patent may be obtained upon it.
doubt, however, that it has any practical value,
as too many special inserts would be necessary in
order to equip rifles that way. This is one of the
inventions that seem very good, but have practical
objections which are often un surmountable.
A.

and we think

We

Re: Our Patent Advice.

We publish in full an interesting letter by

(284)
one of our readers, Jacob K. Marcus, Rochester,
N. Y.:
"I notice in the July issue of the Electrical Experimenter that you have inaugurated a new feature in one of your most valuable Departments, the
'Patent Advice* Department, whereby you will disclose the invention freely to the public, sent to vou
Now, Mr.
for your able advice by the originator.
Editor, you have yourself taken one of the most
valuable departments of the Electrical Experimenter and turned it into a practically worthless
department with one stroke of the pen. You have
done this, you claim, because it has been found in
the past that this department was rather dry and
uninteresting to vour readers. I wonder, Mr. EdiThis department, which I
tor, who told you that.
have always found highly interesting, was one, if
not the principle reason why I subscribed to your
Does that prove
fine oublicauon a short while ago.
that it was dry and uninteresting to your readers?
I wish to make a most vigorous protest against this
The few reasons which you give for dischange.
closing the ideas of somebody else in your publication before patenting it. is sound on paper but does
not work out so well in practise. Your plan whereby you are mailing the answers to your correspondents two or three weeks before publishing it, and

writing to advertisers.

December.

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

1918

SO giving them a chance of communicating with a

patent attorney and file application for patent,
is
all right.
But, Mr. Editor, have you ever thought
of the fact that at least one inventor or originator
of an idea in about a thousand is 6nancially able to
apply for patents as soon as his idea is perfected?
The rest, like myself, have to wait months and
sometimes longer for various reasons before they
have the necessary moneys for applying for patents.
In disclosing the idea, as you unfortunately have decided to do, and hope you will change your mind
about it and go back to the former practise, you
not only invite unscrupulous persons to apply for
patents and claim the idea as bis in this country,
but also in foreign countries where the first applicant gets the patent before the originator may
nnancialTy or otherwise be able.
Should a patent
be granted to an 'infringer,' as you say, tho the
originator may have nothing to prove it, but who
may have thought of the invention earlier or at
the same time, you suggest that an opposition be
filed.
Look at the trouole and expense it would
cost him.
Why? Just because you want the public to know and see what his idea is and looks like.
Please for the sake of those who frequent this department, go back to the former practise.**
A. Before the step was taken to publish in full
the various ideas of our correspondents in this department, all the phases were carefully considered
by us as well as an unbiased patent attorney whose
final opinion was asked on the departure.
While many of the things which our correspondent mentions are true, he has lost sight of the
more obvious ones.
It does not make a particle of difference whether
an inventor is financially able to apply for a patent
or not as soon as an idea is perfected or publisht
in this department. He can apply for patent within
two years after the publishing of his idea, and still
get his patent, and in the meanwhile he has a better protection than if he had not had the idea
publisht at all.
The reason is, of course, obvious.
Should anyone attempt to patent the device outside
of the original inventor, he would very likely find
himself unable to do so, for the simple reason that
the United States patent office is a subscriber to the

Electrical Experimenter and we have good reasons for believing that ideas of this kind are all
carefully classified by the Patent Office for reference purposes. If our correspondent has had many
business transactions with the U. S. Patent Office,
he will have found that very often the Patent
Office refuses to grant a patent on certain inventions because such an idea had been publisht in this
or that journal by such and such an indizndual.
It
is the Patent Office's business to know what has
been accomplisht in every art.
In other words,
instead of not giving protection, the Patent Advice
Department gives the best possible protection to any
inventor that he could have and it does not cost
him one cent until he gets ready to actually apply
for a patent within two years after the description
was publisht in the Electrical Experimenter,
The same thing holds good for foreign patents.
Even if you apply for an American patent and do
obtain it, this does not at all prevent any foreigner
from patenting the invention unless you apply for
the patents yourself and pay for the fees in the
various countries.

Our advice

581

asked on this arrangement.

as an excellent idea and
There does not seem to
be anything on the market of this kind, and we are
certain a patent can be obtained on the idea.
We
suggest that our correspondent get in touch with
patent attorney at once.
This correspondent also submits a diagram on an
electric horn for cars operating on the vibrating
diafram principle. Our advice is asked.
A. There is nothing new about this device, there
being on the market several automobile horns working on this principle.

knob K.
A.

This

strikes

is

us

certainly quite original.

Phonograph Motor,
Floyd Hoskins, Pine Bluff. Ark., submits
electric motor concealed in the inside
of a phonograph, driven by dry cells, thus driving
Our advice is asked on the
the pnonograph disc.
arrangement.
A. This is quite an old idea and nothing of this
sort can be patented, many motors being used accomplishing exactly what our correspondent de(287)

an idea on an

Before disclosing your iDvention to anyone

lend for blank form "Evidence of Gancepiion"
to be signed and witneased.
A sample form
together with printed instructions will show
you just how to work up your evidence and
esublish your right* before filing appUcatioa
for patent.
As registered patent attorneys vt
represent hundreds of inventors all over the
U. S. and Canada in the advancement of inventions.
Our schedule of fees will be found
reasonable.
The form "Evidence of (Conception", sample, instructions relating to obtaining of patent and schedule of fees sent upon
request.
Ask for them, a post card will do.

scribes.

Sound

Electric Shutter.

Furrell, Higginsville, Mo., wishes

to have our advice as to patentability of a sound
electric shutter operating device for a camera.
When the person standing in front of this camera
says "Hello," the sound waves strike a microphone
which in turn allows a current to pass thru a highly
sensitive relay.
An armature is then pulled over,
making contact, while the current from the battery
passes thru an electromagnet and the magnetism
induced therein pulls over an armature which in
turn snaps a shutter by a certain arrangement.
The entire device would, of course, have to be
made as compact as possible when placed in a

(288)

Emison

LAN[A5TER<#&ALLWINE

camera.
Not alone could this be accomplished, but
the camera could be utilized for taking close picexplosions,
for secret service work, and
tures of
for novelty use of taking unexpected pictures of

a really capital idea, and while the

idea itself is not fundamentally new, we are certain that a patent can be obtained on it in the comWhile, of
bination with a photographic camera.
course, such a sound operated device is not new,
there being on the market at present a toy dog who
comes out of his house when one whistles, still the
combination of the device with the camera shutter
We would advise our
presents great possibilities.
correspondent to obtain a patent on this invention.

This

OURAY

255;

BLDG.,

WASHINGTON,

friends.

A.

Your Right

Don't Lose

is

D. C.

WHY"CAESAFTFLUNK"?
FIRST
BOOKSik

iiLili..ililnls7

OR

"CICERO',

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Cmpldc, cWkbragil, $1 10 ucb, pnlpiid.
HONONGAHEU NOVELTT CO, BOX 299, MONONCAHELA, Ft

inl.

ENGLISH.

.>^X \.l, ^

^^

TENT5 WANTED
VTRADEMAfWSand CX)PYWGHI3i
L/ar^esl I&ieni Firm
in ihe World

Naval Consulting Board.

Percy F. Walsh, Keyser, W. Va.. claims
have an excellent idea for big guns but does not
care to have it patented; he would rather give it to
the Government and let them pay for it whatever
they think it is worth. He wants to know to whom
to send the idea, but does not want to send it to
any one department. He wished to address it to a
certain individual of such a department.
Our ad(285)

Befor* MndJng roar iBnattaa to aar ftttniC7 vr

manufacturer or dlielorini row luTtntlop, write
for our free blftok fonm PBOOF OF OORCKPTION
Id order to Dr*tat rovr InTvaUofi Mftd Moure four
rlKbu.
This ohould b* aUiwd and wltneved ajid mtumed to oi, toevtliv with a model or iktftcb and dortptlon of yoox luTeotloQ, and we wlM flT a FBEB
OI'LNION aa U tK patootabUlty of the InrwtlOD. If we
report the torentlon patantAUo wt wUl fomlah a Cartlfleate

to

is asked.
A.
It is not practical to address an individual
of the Government which does not approve of such
a course.
Address the Naval Consultine Board,
Navy Department, Washington, D. C. They will
give you all the necessary information.

vice

special:
Ol^ FE.1^

ef Patntabl]lty.
rhit Crtlfleat of PateoUbHIty, toftlhar witb our blaak form
proof
of Cooetptlon will protaet th iDVoater
f the InvantloB
af
InvontloB uotll tha oata oaa
oai ba mad
Mod la tna
tha U. S^
ft. Pataot

/i

ud am u

Proof

ifRoa.

Ji

OBTAINING ASSISTANCE FOR INVENTORS Our

sistance to inventors

victor

Evans

of great asrequire financial aid to obtain patents

who

certificate

is

?^

OUR FIVE BOOKS MAILED FREE

Detector.

Homar Surbeck, Rapid City, S. D., sub(286)

mits a wireless detector which comprises a metal
wheel with a number of cat whiskers mounted ^"

iSee Coupon Below)

to

any addreaa.

HOW

the

Send for these books

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WHAT TO INVENT!<

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LIST OF PATENT

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Contains reqaeata from manofaoturen, maU order hooaoa and promotars for
patDta secured by us and aiigseitlonf aa to New Ideas thoy wlah to porehaae.
We pl&oe our cUenti In looeh with o^iital free ef ctaaxca. Wa hare reoentiy
receWed over 300 requeata from manufacturorB.

IN TRADE-MARKS
MILLIONSTrado-Ma.ka
and information regard-

Showa the value

of

Iny unfair competition

advartlaa Our Clients' Inveatloos Fraa in a Uat af Sunday news

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papers. In manu/aoturers' Joumala and In World's Proraaa.
Copy Free. We save you time and money In secorlnc patanta. Altar
the patent la granted we asslat yon ta sell your patent.

We

WANTED NEW IDEAS

A

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apart on the inside and rotated by a central knob.

The separate sketch shows the arrangement how
the cat-whiskers are staggered.
When the wheel is
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of the crystal, but each cat-whisker touching a different spot.
Final adjustment can be obtained by
regulating the tension of spring
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J. EVA N
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Name
writing

&

advertisers.

D ecember,

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

582

ELECTRICAL GOODS FOREIGNERS NEED.

PATENTS

There is on display at the Bureau of

Foreign and Domestic Commerce, at the
New York Custom House, Battery Place,
a large technical collection of samples of
electrical goods used in foreign countries.
includes wiring devices, heating appliIt
ances, electrical porcelains, dry cells, flashlights, electric bells, conduit and conduit

LACEY & LACEY

Attorneyi-at-Liw

Patent

Practice Exdusirel;

Solicitors of

U. S. and Foreign Patents

F

Write Us for Our invert tors' Book

PATENT-SENSE
STABUSHED I869_

Your Ideas may bring wealth

Send us a Sketch, Model or Photo

There

to Invent and How to

a Patent tlu-ough our
System.

What

tella

(."redit

TALBERT

&.

TALBERT

4287 Talbert Bldg.. Wash.. D. C.

EVERY INVENTOR
hould hara thlj beok, "PATENTS AND
TATMST POSStBIUTtBS." It la shock
of

Idaaa and practical adrlea, telling

luTeot and when to aell.

Wrlta
your copy today. IT IS FEBB.
I hart re^maata far patanta apon onnd
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1

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for

h.

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and

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Also

WASHING MACHINES
We ship on trial. Send for
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SIEVERKROPP ENGINE CO.
1401 19th St.

STARTER

for

Racine,

Stop I !
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ThU is
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In the middle of the Time* Square
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The HERMITAGE touche*
elbow* at once with the great amusement and business center* of the
metropolis.
you are aiming for

If

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Thoroughly
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EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY.

will

SMALL ENGINES
Guwllne BnglBf
Prm
p.
%.
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and Shop

a wide field abroad for stand-

the best possible efficiency.

RULE

SLIDE

is

ard American electrical goods, as well as

for adaptions of American designs to foreign requirements, and when our electrical manufacturers study the types of goods
now in use in such markets, they can obtain a grasp of the standards and of the
conditions existing that can be secured
in no other way except by a personal visit
to the field, and this knowledge will enable
them to push the sale of their goods with

Bldt^ Wuhtarttn. D. C.

MIDGET

in

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your InTention for free opinion

send Postal for Free Book

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full

mainly

where obtained, how used, selling price,

There are several hundred items in
etc.

Invent Something
of
ur

samples have been forwarded

connection with the special investigations undertaken in South America by P. S. Smith, and in Australia, New
Zealand, China Japan and eastern Siberia
by R. A. Lundquist, special agents of the
Complete data accompany each
Bureau.
article on exhibit, giving country of origin,

These

Washington, D. C-

Street, N. W.,

insulated wire, etc.

littings,

Trade-Marks, Copyrights
642

The Management

AGE is now

B PHONOGRAPH
MACHINE

Own

PARTS FOR ANY STYLE

Build your own cabinets
Wc show you how

Circulars and Instructions 10c.

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CHICAGO HOME STUDY SCHOOLS

S26 Reaper Block

Chicago.

You

some of

benefit

III.

this gas

Watson

they

this ad.

Electric Co.

Dept.212,Gas Bldg., Chicago

Every Electrical

Man

a
Automatic ElecWater Finding Apparatus
In possession o(

Mansfield's
Sulfid.

tric

to enable him to act as adviser on water supply.

remunerative

can

be

Particutara from

EDWIN

by down-

A.

Ellectrical

New

wide-mouthed botNote the color, and

apply the splint test for combustion. Test

the solubility of the gas by passing some
into about 10 cc. of water (See Fig. 150).
Test this water with (a) Litmus paper,
(b) By putting a drop on a silver coin, say
a dime, by means of a pipette, (c) By pouring a little into a solution of Lead Nitrat.
(d) By holding over the mouth of the tube
a paper wet with a drop of lead acetat solution, and warming the tube while making

bu*ine(*

rapidly acquired.

in a

(See Fig. 149).

While

standards.
$5.00 each.

Order from

Should be

time as necessary.
First collect

H-C

its

for

Prepara a generator of about 125 or 250

cc. capacity and fit with a two-hole stopper.
Into this put about 5 grams of Ferrous
Sulfid (FeS), about 20 cc. of water, and
at first 5 cc. of Hydrochloric acid, which
amount may be increased from time to

m.

Hand Generators

Holtzer-Cabot

which we

resumes
alert

Experiment No. 141

Compounds of Sulfur. Hydrogen

Write for partleutzperleoe* neeMsary.

Lan or iMid $1S flnt piymeol with
ordar for tUi UB SOO wati Cbarg-

lJ in

whether

SMt

ELECTRIC GENERATORS
We also have a ntimber M

last.

Be on

steel,

lUnoatlonal. useful and enables

you to perform endless testa, eipertmenta and mabe other niac-

heating until it becomes almost solid, then

note any further change on more heating.
FiNotice color changes at each stage.
nally pour some of the contents of the
tube into a dish of cold water. Pull that
portion and observe its elasticity and amorLet the part in the tube
phous nature.
see

masuet

tungsti

Lanftb
afeaalutely permanent.
tehes. Llfta about 3 pcntods.
fi

faln prices.

inal state.
lization.

SlOO to $150 a Month Extra Profit

or You in HB Battery Charging
Ne
So can you.
Othen ara dolns It.

HURLEY,

C.

a test tube one-third full of pieces

of brimstone and heat it slowly. Note the
Continue the
fluidity of the liquid at first.

cool and

111

HERMIT-

of the

Formerly with Juditorium and Chicago

Athletic Club, Chicago, the Denison

Experiment No. 140

Forms of Sulfur.

FORD CARS

fireproof.

under the per*onal saper-

FRANK

Uses.

used mainly in making sulfuric acid.

Bleachers of silks, woolens, and straw
goods employ it, but it is not used on cotton goods.
It is sometimes used as a disinfectant.
Sulfur being burned in a room occupied by
persons having an infectious disease, the
room being tightly closed, and the sulfur
dioxid from the burning sulfur would kill
Formaldehyd (Formaall disease germs.
lin) is, however, becoming quite generally
used in place of the sulfur dioxid for this
purpose.
It is

Wli.

and

vi>ion of it* proprietor

from page 579)

{Conliiiiicd

modem

$2.00 to $3.50

Fill

Your

1918

ST

MANSFIELD
Engineer

Brighton, England

M M ER ER

quickly, permanently and

Write me personally for free booklet.
How
Stop Stammering."
Sam
imuel 0. Robblns. Prln.. Boston Stammerers'
Init
stitute, 246 Huntington Ave.. Boston, Mass.

You can bo cured

prlv!itely.
to
H(j

PrintinfiT

Cheap

,^CardH.circiilars, al lel k, honk. pa pe r. l'n--s$6.

_^ [irger S20 Job press $^6 up, Save mnnH%. Print
W^lHS^fiir others, big profit. All easy, niln-i sent.
Write fa<'tory for preas catalog, TYfK. cards,
paper.THE PRESS CO. D*47 Merlden, Co^n.

by mentioning the "Electrical Experimenter" when writing to advertisers.

December,
the

Do
Fig. 151).
solubility in water?

(see

test

show

its

383

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

1918
these

tests

What

does

the Htinus test show? Try and account for

the eflcct upon the silver coin.

Mondav to r rida

Experiment No. 142

the gas in the laboratory may
be illustrated by the following method of
separating one metal from another. Take
about 10 cc. of copper chlorid solution in
one tube and in another an equal amount
of calcium chlorid solution. Pass some of
the gas from the generator into each, and
note the different effects. In which is there
What is it? Is it soluble?
a precipitat?
was there no precipitat in the other
case? Could you separate the two metals,
copper and calcium, from a mixture of
Try it.
the two solutions?
Experiment No. 143
Make a mixture of 5 cc. of copper chlorid
and an equal quantity of calcium chlorid,
making in all 10 cc. Pour into a tube and
pass the gas into the solution for some
What will precipitat and what will
time.
not? Presently filter the substance. What
What is the filtrat?
is on the filter paper?
If so, what does it
Is the filtrat colored?
Put this filtrat again under the
indicate?
hydrogen sulfid gas and see if any further
result is obtained. If so, continue the process awhile and filter again. All color must
be taken out. Why? When that is done,
add to the filtrat a little sodium carbonat
solution.
Note the result of this last addition and name the precipitat.

The use of

Why

Learn Shorthand
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No longer is it necessary to spend montlis ul
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Carbon Disulfid
is so volatile and so dan(Continued on next page)

Carbon

disulfid

STATEMENT OF THE OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT, CIRCULATION, ETC., REQUIRED

BY THE ACT OF CONGRESS OF AUGUST 24,
1912, of Electrical Experimenter, published monthly
New York, N. Y., for October 1, 1918.
ss.
State of New York, County of New York
Before me, a Notary Public in and for the State
and county aforesaid, personally appeared Hugo

at

Gernsback, who, having been duly sworn according

to law, deposes and says that he is the Editor of
the Electrical Experimenter, and that the following
is, to the best of his knowledge and belief, a true
tatement of the ownership, management, etc., of
the aforesaid publication for the date shown in the
above caption, required by the Act of August 24,
1912, embodied in section 443, Postal Laws and

Regulations:
1. That the

names and addresses of the pubeditor, managing editor, and business manager are: Publisher, The Experimenter Publishing
Co., 233 Fulton Street, New York City; Editor,
Hugo Gernsback, 233 Fulton Street, New York
City; Managing Editor, Harry Winffeld Secor, 233
Fulton Street, New York City; Business Manager,
Hugo Gernsback, 233 Fulton Street, New York

The Universal Speed Script

Undoubtedly you have heard of this new and revolutionary shorthand system
simplest and most practical in the world. Used in the Army and Navy and
Used by court officials, by doctors,
in numerous other governmental places.
business-men, teachers, clergymen, lawyers, reporters and those in hundreds of

the

other occupations.
It is the universal speed-script

2. That the owners are:

Experimenter Publishing Co., 233 Fulton Street, New York City; Hugo
Gernsback, 233 Fulton Street, New York City;
Sidney Gernsback, 233 Fulton Street, New York
City; Mrs. K. Hymes, 233 Fulton Street, New
York City; Harry Winfield Secor, 233 Fulton

Street.

New York

City.

3. That the known bondholders, mortgagees, and

other security holders owning or holding 1 per cent
or more of total amount of bonds, mortgages, or
other securities are: None.
4. That the two paragraphs next above, giving
the names of the owners, stockholders, and security
holders, if any, contain not only the list of stockholders and security holders as they appear upon
the books of the company but, also, in cases where
the stockholder or security holder appears upon the
books of the company as trustee or in any other
fiduciary relation, the name of the person or corporation for whom such trustee is acting, is given;
also that the said two paragraphs contain state-

ments embracing affiant's full knowledge and belief

as to the circumstances and conditions under which
stockholders and security holders who do not appear upon the books of the company as trustees,
hold stock and securities in a capacity other than
that of a bona fide owner; and this affiant has no
reason to believe that any other person, association, or corporation has any interest direct or indirect in the said stock, bonds, or other securities
than as so stated by him.
5. That the average number of copies of each
issue of this publication sold or distributed, through
the mails or otherwise, to paid subscribers during
the six months preceding the date shown above is
(Required only of daily publications.)

(Seal)

Sworn

to

and subscribed before

H. Gernsback.
me this 15th day

of October, 1918.

(My commision

Beatrice K. Owen.
expires

March

30,

easy-to-learn, never-forgetable, lightning

Not only is K. I. Shorthand acquired with wonderful speed and easebut it is

so standardized as to make for perfect legibility and absolute accuracy. Notes
years old may be read as easily as when fresh.

lisher,

City.

the

writing.

On 30

Days' Approval

Everybody needs K. I. Shorthand those In business

as
their personal ready use
well as regular stenographers.
It Is the greatest timeaaver compared to the amount of effort and intioniiicmnt cost necessary to acquire it.
It will help you
record prejious ideas instantly
do your remembering
for you^^evelop your all-'round efficiency tremendously.
If you are going to be a stenographer, learn K. I.
Shorthand because it will fit you for practical work far
ahead of the old systems.
Leam it because you will
give greater satisfaction to your employer by transcribing all dictation perfectly, no matter how complex.
No guessing necessary.
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They cause mental friction and retard speed; therefore tJiev do not exist in K. 1. Shorthand.
You learn in your own home by our mall tuition
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We are not content
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When your stenographic competency is
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and the professions for

Proficiency.

Thousands have learned K. I. Shorthand who never

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of shorthand.
stenographer in the office of Inspector of Buildmi/s,
where the terms apply almost wholly to building construction."

Henry Dranke writes: "Already I can wnte 50

more words per minnte and it took only about a
Quarter hour each day for ten days."
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The above are but a few of legions of testimonials
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Experimenter."

Inc.
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New
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154 East 32d Street,
8 S. Wabash Avenue, Chicago, 111.

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mentioning the "Electrical E.rperimenter" when writing

to adverti.rers.

like.

,^,,
I

am

Shorthand."

^,
tok-

584

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

TELEGRAPHY
WIRELESS :C
OR

gerously cxflosiz'c that it must be kept out

of the range of any possible combustion,
except as described. Hot tubes must not
be brought into contact with any amount
of it. To see whether a hot glass tube will
set it on fire, use not over 3 or 4
in an evaporating dish, and stir with a hot

DROPS

LAND WIRE^

tube.

Experiment No. 144

of carbon disulfid into a dish

Pour s
Afternoon and Evening Classes
under competent Instructors.
These
Y. M. C, A. courses equip you for an
Immediate position. Men In the draft
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Wireless Dept.
under

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Wireless Telegraph Company.
Brief courses for military, naval and
drafted men. Complete courses for commercial operators, also Radio Engineering Problems.

Land-Line Dept.
supervised by G. E. Palmer, Chief
Operator, Western Union Telegraph Co.

The Y. M. C. A. Telegraph School

ofTers the best of Instruction at lowest
Ideal Uvlog quarters for out-oftown studenta. A licensed department
to secure temporary employment for
students who must earn while they
cost.

learn.
Write for iBustimleJ folder

and/uS

particulars

cc.

and note (1) its odor, (2) to volatility, by

putting a drop on the finger with a rod and
noting the sensation as it disappears.
(3)
Test its miscibility in water, pouring 2 or 3
drops into 10 cc. of water in a small tube,
shaking well and watching it settle.
(4)
Test its action on tincture of iodin by putting one drop of the latter in the mixture
of carbon disulfid and water just made, and
shaking it vigorously for half a minute,
then letting it settle and watching the result.
Describe its odor, the sensation on
the hand and what it shows, its miscibility
in water, its action on iodin solution. Name
the color of the latter.
Which is the best
solvent of iodin, water or carbon disulfid?

Experiment No. 145

a short old glass tube with a right
bend (one end about 3 cm. long), and
with it dip up from the dish containing it
a few drops of carbon disulfid.
Bring the
tube to a flame, holding it so that the liquid
will flame up, then remove it and watch
the combustion, testing (a) the odor (b)
the effect on a tube held across its flame
(c) the product of combustion for Carbon
dioxid and sulfur dioxid.

Have

aiigle

Experiment No. 146

Try

to dissolve a little sulfur in a dish

(use half a gram of brimstone to 3 or 4
cc. of Carbon disulfid).
Watch the result,

and

if the sulfur dissolves, either set the

dish in a draft of air or blow across the
liquid, and look for the formation of crystals.
This is an interesting observation and
should be carefully described. What evaporates, the carbon disulfid or the sulfur,
or both? Is it then apparently a physical
or chemical solution?
As the sulfur is
thrown out, does it occur in the crystalline
or the amorphous state?
Of what other
element have you found carbon disulfid a
solvent? What is the natural state of the
two elements of which this compound is

composed?

Be

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.''.
,,.,,
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'^'l
lor
more Information.

THE PORTER CHEMICAL COMPANY

W. Washlnoton St

Hagerstown, Maryland

(.Continued from page 528)

sacred angling grounds. That was the time
that you were angry, if you ever were in
life.

The same

principle

seems to

apply in this instance and, according to Captain Lydeck, he has overcome any possibility of alarming the fish.
In fact, with the
ten powerful searchlights that he will have
at his command, five of which are shown in
:iction in our illustration, he will lull the
fish into a sense of security and their natural curiosity will cause them to follow the
beams of light to the apex and there the light
:eases suddenly and they are whirled into
the scoop, which, by the way, measures one
hundred and fifty feet in width by 100 feet
height.
the figure there is given a detailed
drawing of the conveyor and the net portion of the collecting scoop, wherein
is
the newly patented herring-bone netting,
in

In

which

.?*_"!!f?

Industrial Bldj.,

HOUR WITHOUT

ind

FISH AN

A HOOK.

your

Test your drinking water, your food,

the
earth In your backyard, and other
things
you use and wear. Make soap. Ink, dye fireproof cloth and wood, and work hundreds
of
other useful, fascinating chemical eiperiments Just like a real chemist.
Perform
dozens of weird, puzzling tricks of chemical

.No Dangerous, Explosive or

Poisonous
icals.
CompUes with all State laws

3,000,000

allow the seaweed and other

to pass thru its meshes, but will
retain the fish, literally speaking, within its
grasp.
There are eight rows of knives
situated inside of the scoop as a precaution
will

debi;is

against the entrance of very large size fish.

Should a shark enter, he will be forced
agaiiist these knives with sufficient impact
to slice himself to pieces, thereby commiting suicide.
At a speed of ten miles an hour, using

Vou beneUt by mentioning

the "Electrical Ejcperimenter"

when writing

1918

searchlights enough to cover a strip of

water two miles wide at a distance of 10
miles ahead of the oncoming Giant Fisherman, the beams of the searchlights being
spread in a fan shape focus as shown in
the photograph, it naturally follows that
the range covered by the scoop is 100 x 150
feet; the amount of water actually strained

thru its walls therefore amounts to a little

over 12,000,000 cubic feet of water each
minute. By making ten miles per hour, a
distance of 880 feet each minute is covered
and if the light can be seen from a depth of
1(K) feet, why then the straining capacity of
the Giant Fisherman will be 929,000,000
cubic feet of water per minute
Under
these superior working conditions it is
claimed by Captain Lybeck that he will
catch practically all of the fish that are
lined up before him, up to the full capacity
of the conveyors.
\Vith the assumption
that there are only six pounds of fish inhabiting every 1,000,000 cubic feet of water
and if only half of these (or 3 lbs.) were
caught, even then at the close of a ten-hour
run the weight of the fish theoretically
caught would average 1,672,200 pounds.
The agreement by scientists and men that
ought to know is to the effect that every
one million cubic feet of the ocean contains
1(K) pounds of fish stock and at that conservative figure at the end of a ten-hour
run the Giant Fisherman should catch and
have conveved to her decks the stupendous
total of 27,870,000 pounds of fish, allowing
for the catching of only one-half of that
amount, or SO pounds of edible fish per million cubic feet of water.
Besides supplying the public with fresh
fish at a small cost, the canning, preserving
and fertilizing that would be by-products
manufactured from the waste portions of
the fish, would go to make up three distinct
industries that will be found on board this
newest fishing smack de luxe.
The writer recently witnest a demonstration given by Captain Lybeck of a large
model of his Giant Fisherman and it was
extremely interesting to note that the light
rays had a noticeable effect on the fish and
that when they followed this beam they
were caught by the scoop and conveyed by
the traveling belt arrangement into a container placed at the rear of the model for
demonstration purposes.
I

NEW YANKEE WAR

(To be continued)

December,

INVENTIONS.

(Continued from page 530)

bombs over a
wide area.
The torpedo is propelled by
comprest air or other form of engine, and
its equilibrium is maintained by means of a
swinging pendulum hung within the shell,
and which is connected by suitable cables
to the rudder and elevating planes.
The inventor claims that the machine is
interval, so as to scatter the

capable of traveling at a high rate of speed

over a considerable distance much farther
than is possible to fire ordinary projectiles
and it is also intended that a very large
number of the torpedoes be launched
simultaneously, in order that the way can be
cleared on a broad front and to a considerable depth for infantry charges, etc.
By
electrical or other means the mechanism
inside the aerial bombing torpedo can be

set when it is fired or liberated, so as to

cause the machine to travel in a certain
direction and at a predetermined altitude
and distance, at which time the doors in
the bottom of the shell are released, and
the bombs dropt on the unhappy Hun. The
bombs ordinarily weigh down the rear end
of the machine to maintain the balance,
and as soon as they are dropt the equilibrium
of the machine is destroyed, the nose or
front end becomes heavier, thereby turning

the machine

downward.

The

shell contains

an explosive charge so that when it strikes

the ground the charge, in being detonated,
will blow the machine to atoms, preventing
it from being used by the enemy
destroy-

to advertisers.

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

1918

December,

585

ing its secrets of operation and invariably

general destruction and
the
increasing
havoc created.
The final patent here illustrated is that
awarded to John B. Felicetti, a Philadelphian, and an inventor with true Italian
have had
ingenuity and originality.
one-man tanks and one-man submarines,
but this one-man self-propelled tank is
about the best device in this branch of military inventions that we have come across
As the illustration indifor some time.
cates, the operator lies prone inside the
tank, and the whole body is protected by
the stetl armor. When desired he can also
The inventor claims that
sit up in the tank.
his tank is sufficiently light so that it may
be carried when necessary over short distances by the operator. The Signal Corps
should find a device of this kind very useful, for an observer could safely advance
quite a distance beyond the front line observation points, with a well camouflaged
It is prosteel tank of this description.
pelled by the operator pulling on the two
handles shown, which actuate two steel
spades on the rear of the machine and
which dig into the ground alternately. The
steering is accomplisht by means of the
The inventor ambitiously points out
feet.

[Send

sand, or

snow

In
thru water and mud.
order to be able to negotiate ponds, brooks,
and the like, the vehicle is provided with
broad flanged wheels, and the axles are not
brought out on a line with the wheel hubs,
but extend upward behind the wheels before they enter the tank housing.
The
reciprocating levers actuating the two
spades which propel the vehicle slide in
water-tight stuffing boxes. When operated
thru water, the steel spades at the rear act
Imagine what a flock
as oars or paddles.
of these one-man tanks, all decked out
in their camouflage war-paint would look
like as they swept up over a hill on a charge.

and

Society, Dept. E3389, Chicago, U. S. A.

Please send Cyclopedia of Applied Electricity for seven days' examination,
I will send $2.00 within seven days and $2.00
I to pay shipping charges.
until I have paid $19.80 or notify you and hold the books subject to your
order. Title not to pass until fully paid.

|
m

REFERENCE

ADDRESS
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CnilOPEDlA

reference

a?

CYCLOPEDIA

APPLJED

some business man

your lown and

in

APPLffiD

APPLED

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"Would not consider offering, you nut

may go to Dav-Ill. if not satisfied!" Some
business has to be declined, of course but
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Well, then, if the "abbreviated" numerals

What the
Volumes

can avoid such pitfalls, why need our little

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Finally, brethren (as you reach for your
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Clearly Cover
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The detheir

ter-

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not
In
prepare yourself
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The
$5,000 ywrly?
Library of Electricity
the
you
give
will
knowledge you need
In plain, everyday
lanpuaae.

exceeds

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Why

re-

quirements
theory calculation, design
and construction of generators and motors dynamo-electric matransmissions-electric
chinery
lighting
machinery power

switchstations
railways
pKJWer
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storage batteries
applied electro-chemistry
electric elevators
electric ^ welding
and heating wire and wireless
telegraphy.

Easy Terms

Half Price-

No Money

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Regular price $5.00 per volume. Special price less than $3.00 per volume. Easy terma only $2.00 a month
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Send no money.
Just mall the
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Help Win the

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BY STEADY WORK
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MAIL
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Wiih each set we

Include a $12.00 Conaultlng Membarihlp

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a remark
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American Technical Society

Dept. -3389

CHICAGO,

U. S. A.

on your "buzzerola." And now.

Nature, let the blow fall
You

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Here in convenient foriD you will find

everything from wiring a bell to the
newest wireless discoveries. Tells all
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erators and Motors

In the abbreviated numerals

Electrical

chinery
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sion
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"N"
Imagine writing: "Would not consider
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.

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is a big job waiting for you in the electrical
All you need is special training on adprofession.
vanced points which big men must know. And here
is all this special knowledge which will enable you to
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Cyclopedia of Applied Electricity bridges the gap between your present job and the $5,000 a year jobs.

= "S
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vou

{Continued from page 549)

avoid delay in shipment.

thereby

CYCLOPEDW CYCLOPEDU ClfClOPEDIA G5fCL0PEDU CYCLOPEDU

APPLIED

aicTRicrn^ amjacrry

THEIRS.

.-="3

NAME

THE CODE-NUMERALS GET

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Coupon

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We

that his tank can travel over land, sea,

No Money

by mentioning the 'Electrical Experimenter" when writing to advertisers.

586

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

December,

1918

HOW TO MAKE

A SEVEN-INCH
REFLECTING TELESCOPE.

YOU HAVE A BEAUTIFUL FACE

BUT YOUR NOSE?

{Continued from page 553)

There are numerous formulae for

sil-

vering the concave surface. The so-called

sugar-loaf method has been satisfactorily
used by the writer at all times. Solution
(A) Silver Nitrat crystals 100 grs. Water
(distilled) 4 oz.
(B) Set aside one-tenth
of "A" for future use.
(C) Caustic Stick
Potash (pure, by alcohol) 100 grs. distilled water 4 oz.
(D) Aqua Ammonia
strong.
(E) Reducing Solution: Loaf sugar 840 grs. nitric acid, 39 grs. alcohol,
pure, 25 drs. distilled water, 300 grs. After
mixing make up to 25 oz. distilled water
;

BEFORE

AFTER

DAT xu AQB atUaUu ta nur appairuM

INU THIS
u ikMlMU
Mwi ty U ^0 coMt u mak* tks mast

Mat aal# ikauK 7*y vlik u aear aa

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la iwaal hiiWIat rai (MUlT. It sat >kaUr,
kj yaur 'l<x)a," Ikarafara It rari U Taak
fcaat"'
aot af

aOiuUTe
wkl(*

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an

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at all tlmaa

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AND CONSTRUCTION

SPECIALISTS IN DESIGN
You

benefit by

it

ma-

Qean the speculum with nitric acid until

a film of distilled water will adhere unbroken to it. Immerse face down in an
enamel dish of distilled water. Drop (D)
ammonia into (A) Silver Nitrat until the
solution darkens and clears. Add (C) the
caustic potash and drop in enough ammonia
again to clear. Then add enough of the
solution (B) to bring to a warm saffron
color without becoming muddy. Add then
8 drs. of the reducing solution (E) and
pour the mixture into a porcelain or enamel
dish large enough just to accommodate
the mirror and to allow the fluid to extend
about one-half an inch over the concave
surface.
Agitate gently and note the
change of color in the fluid. When it berunning water. When dry the film can be
gently polished with a cotton and buckskin
pad dipt into fine dry rouge. The polished
surface will reflect about 90 per cent of the
light and when mounted as shown in the
diagram wil serve both as an astronomical
and as a terrestrial telescope. The flat mirror necessary to bring the cone of light
into the eyepiece tube can be a piece of selected plate one-quarter of an inch thick.
It can be silvered at the same time with
the concave mirror.
It
may
how much

be interesting to know about

time will be required for the

grinding, polishing and figuring the speculum.

Of course this will vary with the
particular kind of glass and the degree of
one's energy, but the processes should require approximately the following
5 hours
for the rough grinding, 10 hours for the
fine grinding, and about 35 hours for the
polishing and figuring.
During the latter
stage of figuring the work becomes tedious,
because only a few moments of polishing
can be done before the speculum is tested

The mounting can be that of an altazimuth as shown in the photograph, or a

simple equatorial as shown in the diagram
The eyepieces can be of one-inch, one-half
inch and one-quarter inch equivalent focus
and are cheaper purchased than to attempt
to make them.
The ordinary microscope
eyepiece (Huyghenian or negative) is recommended.
Having used both
equatorial

the altazimuth and the

form of mounting, the writer

can recommend the latter as the simpler tn

construct and the
able.
As the tube
celestial object and

matter what yor needs, w can serve you mest advantaf^oMsly. Estimates and designs submitted. Mail orders a
carefully eKocute^ as theugk you had called in person. Writ*
Nft

This works better as

bottle.

tures in time.

600 Rooms
*

and

comes a muddy pink pour off quickly and

wash the silvered film of the speculum in

Telephone Biyant 9078

110-114

mentioning the "Electrical Experimenter" when writinq

more generally

service-

can be pointed at the

then clamped only the
motion around the polar axis need be sonsidered in following the diurnal movement
of the planet or the stars.
From a plank one-inch thick cut two circular discs, eight inches in diameter and
seven inches respectively. Center them and
screw them together with four screws. The
mirror will be held flat with its back supported by a circular piece of Brussels carto

advertisers.

December,

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

1918

pet as a cushion resting upon the seven-inch

Around the edge to hold the mirror
disc.
firmly without pressure a strip of thin brass
can be bent and screwed to the wooden disc.
To keep the mirror from falling out of the
support the brass strip can be bent over the

edge of the glass a distance of about V" of

an inch. A strip of surgeons tape has been
found serviceable to be fastened around
the edge of the wooden disc and the glass
This
before putting on the metal strip.
prevents the metal from coming into contact
with the glass and also holds the mirror

more firmly.
The telescope tube may be

either of wood
or of galvanized iron covered with heavy
manilla paper to counteract thermal effects
wooden tube is entirely satisand dew.
factory and can be made by screwing a few
strips of light wood such as lattice strips to
four wooden rings whose inside diameter is
eight inches. These rings are painted black
and the inside of the tube, whether metal or
wood should be lined with black blotting
paper. If the tube is of wood an opening
should be left at the lower end to allow a
metal top to be placed over the mirror
when not in use. If the tube is of metal
and is made air tight the metal cap can be
Anfitted over the upper end of the tube.
other cap will close the lower end when the
mirror has been properly adjusted.
Four iron strips about four inches long
are bent at right angles. Three holes are
drilled into the strips, two for the screws
that hold the angle-irons to the inner side
of the tube and one for the bolt that will
work against the under part of the eightsimple way to adjust
inch wooden block.
the mirror with this arrangement will be
to have the metal strip threaded to accommodate this bolt-screw and to have the nuts
at the end of the bolts embedded in the
bottom of the wooden disc and held there
by means of a thin strip of brass screwed
at the corners. This permits the bolt to be
adjusted to hold the mirror firmly at whatever position may be found necessary. At
four equal distances around the disc these
bolts are fastened.

The matter of adjusting the mirrors is

a delicate operation. First get the flat mirror mounted at an angle of 45 degrees in
the exact center of the tube at a distance
of about fifty inches from the surface of
This
the concave mirror, or speculum.
will bring the eye-piece outside the tube at
Shift the setabout five or six inches.
screws of the mirror mounting until the
image of the eye as seen in the center of
the eye-piece tube will be exactly in the
center of the dark opening as seen in the
flat mirror reflection.
The whole of the
large mirror will be reflected into the flat
mirror so that the slightest change of adjustment will bring into view one or other
portions of the upper end of the tube.
concentric adjustment shows only the whole
of the speculum and in its center the circular image of the flat mirror and in its
center the circular image of the eye-piece

tube.

paper mailing tube with a crosswire at

end can be used for the telescope
finder unless one wishes to purchase a cheap
lens for the objective.
Adjusted with the
telescope pointed at a distant object the
finder merely makes easy the rapid pointing
of the telescope. But with a meniscus lens
of two inches aperture and an eyepiece a
fairly powerful finder may be constructed
as indicated by the proportions shown in the
diagram.
An easy method of fixing the
cross wires in the eyepiece, if the latter is
one of positive type will be to remove the
front lens and stretch two very fine threads
obtained from a drop of mucilage across
the diaphragm.
This can be accomplisht
with the aid of a needle. The glue-threads
each

You

benefit by

should be at right angles. When hard, replace the front lens and the cross wires will
lens of
be seen in the field of view.
twenty-inches focus and an eyepiece of oneinch equivalent focus will make a powerful
finder capable of disclosing many objects
non-achronot visible to the naked eye.
matic lens will, of course have to be stopt
down if definition is desired.
If one is able to obtain the best material
and has the aid of a machine shop there is
scarcely any limit to the fine workmanship
that can be bestowed upon the delicate
mounting of a telescope. But from just
such materials as one may have at hand
and without elaborate tools one's ingenuity
Experience has shown that
is called upon.
a post of seasoned pine twelve inches in
diameter and about three feet long will
make a solid support for the telescope if
four two-inch pieces are nailed to the base
The upper end of the
to brace the post.
post must be cut approximately at an angle
corresponding to the latitude of the observer. The axis mounted upon this slope
must point to the northern pole.

587

DRACTING

WHY

USE TUNGSTEN LAMPS?

ASK UNCLE SAM.

from page 545)

than those in the larger
sizes and their life is consequently shorter.
Attention is furthermore called to the
fact that the efficiency of the smaller sizes
of tungsten lamps is considerably less than
the efficiency of the larges types.
There are many locations and conditions
particularly in the household where the
larger sizes of lamps are now being used
and where smaller lamps would no doubt
give adequate illumination, the substitution
affording a large reduction in the total consumption of current thru which a large
aggregate saving of fuel would be effected
It is desirable to secure the complete
elimination of the metallized filament
(GEM) type of lamps even tho the substitution for them of carbon filament lamps in
the few exceptional cases where it becomes
absolutely necessary to use particularly
rugged filaments may result in an apparThis
ently increased energy consumption.
increase in a few isolated cases should not
defeat the important advantages to be attained by the complete elimination of the
lamps, an intermediate type between
the carbon and tungsten larnps now become
unnecessary.
In order to secure the most complete
elimination possible of the inefficient carbon
(^Continued

are

less

robust

Learn

too old to go to the front, learn drafting,

step into the places of men who can go

and at the same time make a

toward success in life.

GEM

mended

lamps of

all

sizes

it

is

toward success in Mechanical orStructural

Engineering or Architecture.
There is an easy delightful way in which you
cai. 'earn right at home in spare time.
For 27
years ih

International Correspondence Schools

have been ai""'ng men and women just the training
they need for suc-^^s in Drafting and more than
200 other subjects.
jIiiKlreds of thousands have
stepped into good position 4irough I. C. S. help
but never were opportunities ... great as now.
Let the I. C. S. help t/o. Choose the work you like best
in the coupon below, then mark and mail it today. This
doesn't obligate you in the least and it will bring you information that may start you on a successful career. This Is
yourchance. Don't let it slip by. Mark and mail this coupon

now.

-TE*R OUT MERE

INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS

BOX 6166, SCRANTON.

Explain, without obligating me,

ELFCTRICAI. F.MJLNEFK

u-ritittg

mark

Show Card

X.

Writer

Outdoor Sign

Telephony

niKriUMr^I. KMMNEEIt
Mechanical Draftsman
Ship Draftsman

Painter

Traffic Management
Commercial Law

Machine Shop Practice

Di;OOD ENGLISH

Toolmaker
Gas Engineer
CIVIL ENGINEER
Surveving and Mapping
MINE K>KFM'\OKEN<ni

ST*TiO>.*RY ENGINEER

DCIVIL SERVICE

Railway Mail Clerk

T-xtl[e

Overseer or Supt.

AtJKIOri.TlKE
D Navigator
Spanlata
n I'oiillrvRaistne IQ
IQ l-Veoeh

ARCHITECT

Architectural Draftsman

O ADtomobllei
G

PHJMBI.\ iMI IIE4T1N

Sheet Metal Worker

WZl ItslUn

Present
Occupation_
Street

and No
City.

WIRELESS
For the

Men

in the Draft

C. A. Radio School fits jou

in a short tline for service as a wireless operator In Array, Navy or AviaThousands of these trained men
tion.
are needed to fill responsible com-

The Y. M.

missions.
The pay Is good and promotion rapid. We have trained hundreds of men who are making good.
Reasonable rates modern equipment
competent Instructors.

CALL

mentioning the "Electrical Experimenter" when

D RAILROADER
D
" ILLUSTRATOR
DESIGNER
BOOKKEEPER
D Slenoerajili^T
and T.rpUl
D Cert Pub. Accountant

Telecrapli Expert

where consumers specifically

request lamps of these types from central
stations or lamp dealers, their attention be
called in each case to the recommendations

PA.

can qualify for the

SALESMANSHIP
ADVERTISING MAN
Window Trimmer

Fleotrli' Slurhlne llegl^Der

Pfiictical

which

OIIEBIirAl. FNfilNRElt

Electrician
Electric Wiring
Electric Lighting
Electric Car Running
Heavy Electric Traction
Electrical Draftsman

that

of the Fuel Administration as outlined in

program and every effort be made to
discourage the use of inefficient lamps by
the public.
The following data on carbon and tungsten lamps will make clear the reason why
such a big saving is effected by the use of
the so-called Mazda or tungsten filament
lamp; as will be seen the larger the unit the
more efficient the consumption of electric
energy per candle-power. The relative saving gained is in proportion to the watts per
candle-power in each case. To find the cost
of operating any number of lamps for a
given length of time in hours proceed as
follows: Multiply the number of hours per
month each lamp burns by the number of
lamps, and this product by the watts consumed by each lamp. This gives the watthours per month divide by 1,000 and the
answer is the required kilowatt-hours.
Multiply this by the rate you pay per
K.W.H. (average rate 10 cents per K.W.H.)

how

position, or in the subject, before

recom-

this

real start

No line offers greater opportunity for

advancement. Drafting itself not only
commands good pay, but it is the first step

GEM

and

Home

at

The United States Government and

employers everywhere are looking for
skilled draftsmen.
They are offering
splendid salaries, and still good positions
are always open because thousands of
draftsmen have gone into the service.
Others must take their places and carry
on their work. If you are too young or

East Side

Branch
Lenox 6051
to

advertisers.

WRITE

Y.

M.

C. A.

S6th St. and Lexington Ave.

New York

'

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

588

December, 1918

when

the amount of your bill will be had.

For example, if six 40-watt lamps (carbon
or tungsten) burn say 60 hours per month,

TABLETS

then
40
14,400 watt-hours, or
60
6
At 10
14.4 K.W.H.
divided by 1,000
cents per K.W.H. the bill would be 14.4

FOR

Grippe

.10

Cold

$1.44.

Data on Carbon and Tungsten Lamps

GEM

in the

(MeUllized

Head

Carbon
Watts consumed (rating) SO
Candle - power (m can

Headaches

horizontal)

16.8
Watts per candle-power 2.97
Corresponding lumens. .174.0
3.48
Lumens per watt

Neuralgias

Spanish Influenza
Women's Aches and

in

and

^^

lOc

(Vacuum

Watts Spher

II
10
15

on the (genuine

The Antikamnia Remedy Company

St. Louis, Mo.

25

40
50
60
100

JAMES

ST.

105-125 Volt
75

Rruadway at 100-113 West 45th St.

IK Blocks from 4r.th Street Kntrancc
to Grand Central Station.

Ju.^toff

Women will
here a

find

home

at-

and

mosphere

1.04

476.0
9.52

and necessary.

Long

outbreak of the war, included a sintower 300 feet high, now consists of ten
towers, ranging in height from 360 to 890
feet and messages have been transmitted
6,200 miles.
It is from these towers that
South America has received messages in
at the

gle

1,000

absence

of objectionable features of ordinary

hotel life.

the past.

Japan is fast developing communication

with the United States and altho Japanese
high power stations have communicated
with Hawaii, it is planned to build stations
in Japan and on the Pacific coast, a distance
of over 4,000 miles, that will be of commer-

E c
Positi

S-17
S-17
S-17
S-19
S-19
S-19
S-21
S-30

(Gas
PS-22
PS-25
PS-30
PS-35
PS-40

Burni

inche

2%
2%
2H
2^

4H
4H
4H

5M

ly*

7H

Any
Any
Any
Any
Any
Any
Any
Any

554

2^

cial use.

The development of wireless between

Scandinavia and the United States is making vast strides and the great station at
Stavanger, Norway, has communicated with
the Marconi station at Belmar, N. J., with

good results.
Japan is to have one of the greatest wire-

!^mps-Pear-shape Bulbs.
filled.)

2fi

6H

3 'A

?'/k

3H

8H

*H

9H

PS40

10
10

PS-52

6%

PSS2

13H

6'A

13ii

Any
Any
Tip
Tip
Tip
Tip
Tip
Tip

down
down
down
down
down
down

less stations in the world.

It will be built
in Fukushima prefecture, says the Department of Communications, and will cost 860,000 yen ($430,000) The dispatch station will
be at Hibarigahara, near Hariamachi, and
the receiving station will be at Hosoya-cho.
.

Survey work has been started by engineers

of the department.

RADIO AROUND THE WORLD.

40 Theatres, all
principal shop^,
3 to o minutes

EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS.

(Continued from page 547)

walk.

that trans-Atlantic communication has been

successfully carried on for some time without any such elevated antenna, the aerial
being placed in the ground. Details of the

2 minutes of all

sub way s,

"1,"

roads, surface
cars,

bua_

lines.

An

excellent
Restaurant, nt

moderate prices.

JVHU/or
"IVhafs Going

On In yew York
Outside Rooms

All

'

from ?1.M)
With adjoining bath *
from 8-'.UO
With private bath
Sitting room bedroom, bath, from $4.00
Furnished Apartments by the year,
mouth or week, at special rotes.
Raymond I. Carrolz., Pres. and M>;r.

Own PHONOGRAPH,

Build Your

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tclve*

exactljr

your

fumlah moton,

We

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and

SAVE

work

hours Intereatlag
niuiy dollars and

you a machine

OVER
HALF

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full

Plays any recnrd. You can make

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for yotir friends.

Write Today for Our Free

Blue Print Offer.
Agenta
wanted for our ready built
Cboraleona.

CHORALEON
711

Moain BIdu

CO.

Elkkul. lod.

exact arrangement of such ground antenna

cannot be given, of course, at the present
time, but the fact can be vouched for that
messages from England and other countries
have been and are regularly received on this
form of aerial, and also some of the high
towers erected some years ago have been
taken down. Another interesting point connected with long distance radio transmission
and reception is the fact that an American
radio engineer succeeded in picking up messages from England and other European
stations in a laboratory situated on the
southeast coast of the United States without
any elevated aerial wires, ground antenna or
anything excepting a coil of wire placed in
the laboratory, the coil measuring about
eight feet long and eight feet in diameter.
This coil comprised about five thousand
feet of insulated bell wire; by tilting the
coil in various directions, many interesting
and valuable scientific measurements were
taken.
As might be suspected, the tuning
was not quite as sharp with this arrangement as when elongated antenna were used,
but the very fact that messages were received by such a small coil inside a labora-

comparison to the gigantic antenna

erected for the purpose in every case a few
years ago, speaks for itself.
tory, in

"Electrical
Ad
ings

Worker's Friend"

Some

book of 66 motor dnwcomplete Inntructloiu for n-

electrical

with

done

wlDdln^ and reconnectlBS'

ONLY

PRICE.
Write for

J.

full

8.'-

KM

putlealaa
Pittsburgh, Pa.

You

very

work has been

high speed wireless

benefit

(Continued from page 544)

stand S so that the blackened surface gets
the direct rays of the sun. With this crude
apparatus we are in a position to measure
the amount of energy received from the
sun on each square inch in a certain definite
period of time, such as second, minute,
hour, etc. The soot is used because of the
almost perfect absorption qualities it possesses, and consequently its poor radiating
or reflecting qualities.
The heat striking
the black surface is absorbed, and then
conducted by the metal can to the water.
The weight of the water multiplied by its
change in temperature gives the heat absorbed (in calories, if weight is measiired
in grams and temperature in degrees Centigrade). Dividing this result by the time
elapsed from the initial and final readings
of the thermometer, gives us the heat received per unit of time. Dividing this result by the area of the surface B, gives us
the heat units received per second, on each
square inch of surface. By careful determination and necessary corrections according to Newton's law, stated in Experiment
No. 99, we find that each square inch of
surface on the earth receives about 10
calories of heat per minute from the sun.

EDITORIAL ASSISTANT
WANTED!!!

interesting

in the direction of

transmission and reception.

Speeds up to
four hundreds words per minute have been

SMITH & SON

1524 Lowrie Straat. N.

distance wireless has developed tre-

mendously since the outbreak of the war.

The great German station at Nauen, which

only.)

rt>-i

Mazda C

1.09
1.00
0.90
0.82
0.82
0.78
0.74
0.70

100
200
300
400
500
750

OJ

P
r

1.67
1.47
1.41
1.35
1.32
1.31
1.28
1.22

20

Times Square, New York Citv

Q 0.0
Efficie

HOTEL

2.5

207.0
4.14

>-^,r=

be

J^

48.8

applies particularly to the gasas the following table shows.

Data on Mazda Lamps
Schedule T-1
Volt Mazda B Lamps Straight Side

105-125

Dozen Size

Monogram

50

20.8

this

Bulbs.

See

50

filled types,

Conveivient Podcet Pc:ckages

Small Size

filament) Tungsten

The larger sizes of tungsten lamps are

much more efficient than the smaller units,

Ills

Rbeunvatic and Sciatic Pains

Ask Your Druggist for A -K Tablets
Sold

fully, the received signals being amplified

by means of two-stage vacuum valve amplifiers, and recorded on a talking machine of
the cylindrical wax record type. In connection with the experiments with the ground
aerials, it can be stated that no appreciable
success has been had in experiments for
transmitting with such aerials, it having
been found in this case that in order to
radiate the energy without too much loss,
that an elevation of at least one hundred
feet above the ground is usually desirable

experimented with, and up to one hundred

words per minute, the radio messages have
been transmitted and received very success-

by mentioning the "Electrical Experimenter" when writing

Young

For Popular Sclontlflc Magazine

school
preferably
high

man.

Familiar with electrical and wireless mattera.

graduate.
Careful

and accurate writer. Good personality and appearance.

Capable of using camera. Must have Kood recommenExcellent opportunity
dations and be of good habits.
State full particulars, including
for the right man.
age and nationality.
draft class,
salary expected,
Address Box 9. In care of the "Electrical Experimenter." 233 Fulton St., New York City. N. Y.

to

advertisers

December,

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

1918

while in the path of the vertical rays. From

this may be calculated the total heat energy
received from the sun by the whole earth.
This is calculated to be equivalent to about
350,000,000,000.000 horse-power or about
250,000 horsepoiver for each inhabitant!

Me

Let

589

YOU In

Train

AV AT O N
I

PoalUons at
I want you to take up Aviation.
good pay are going begging, because there are
not enough trained men to fill them. LET ME

TRAIN YOU

Two Airplane Concerns

some of these big positions

for

pay big wages. I know the game, for I

have been flying for years. My advice to you
L3 to decide right now to take a
that

Experiment
If

the

aid of proper instruments) of waves still

longer than the heat waves we come to the
of which are
electrical waves, the short
about J4 of on inch, running over a wide
range into wireless waves of hundreds and
even thousands of feet in length.

Id your spare

loud pedal of tlie piano "on" strike middle

Placing a finger gently on the string
C.
middle C (the front panel of the piano
being removed) the vibrations are felt.
Since middle C is the only note that has
been struck one would expect that only
that string would be vibrating. Placing the
finger gently on C, above or below middle
C, we find those strings also vibrating. The
explanation is simple The string middle C
on being struck, begins to vibrate at a certain rate, setting up waves of a certain frequency the sound of which we interpret
These waves on striking the
as middle C.
other C's of the piano, since their rate of
vibration is similar to middle C, in fact
a multiple of middle C's rate, start them
vibrating rather faintly but sufficiently to
be felt.
Let the inner and outer coats of a Leyden jar be connected to a loop of heavy
and E
wire composed of two segments
and a movable cross-piece F, so that the
length of the loop can be altered to suit.
Let jar B be connected with a loop C of
A space of about J4 of an
fixt length.
inch should exist between the loops and the
knobs of each of the jars respectively. On
charging and discharging the jar B, a spark
will pass thru the gap at knob of jar
provided the loop of jar
is adjusted so
as to have the same area as the loop of jar
B.
On moving wire F to any other position, no spark is observed at jar A.
This
electrical case is similar to the sound example given above. When the electrical
system of A and B are such that they have
the same vibration rate, just as the C's of
the piano having the same vibration rate,
then vibrations of the one cause the second to vibrate. IVe therefore conclude that
Movelectrical discharges are vibratory.
ing the sliding wire F is called ticiiing, and
when the two systems are tuned they are
said to be in resonance.
Just as heat can
be transmitted by radiation, so electrical
energy can be transmitted. Electricity differing from light only insofar as its waves
have a tremendously greater length and the
speed of transmission being independent of
the wave length we should note that the
speed of electrical transmission equals that
of light or 186,000 miles per second.
:

Why

don't

YOU

uallfyT

Fill

for

time.

Capt.

"^^x.^^

.I*.^"*^

The following analogy between sound and

electricity will serve to strengthen the wave
With the so-called
nature of electricity.

to

Home Course in Aviation ^ " OutThis^Coupon and Mail Today

our
Sand today
>
^'^
^'^ "^^ y^ >
George
Campbell,
FREE
# Xatloual Aero
744C.
IJept.
^^BOOK
_.

102.

we continue our observations (by

agrea

one of our student!

who have mastered our course
for the big paying positions of
MMlunfM, Inspeotors, Assemblers,
Engineers, etc.
every

take

.^*-

^^

.'^y.

^^^

J^
l^^
tJi'^T^oJ-u'*wS?"l)'^^'^ri;ht^l?"
TouU_want
want to get right In.
in.
try.. You'll
ddreei as ft^ows:

Captain George Frederick

Campbell. Formerly Third
Ace of the Royal Flying
Corps. Chief instructor of
National Aero Institute.

Capt.

Gm.

Instructor.

F.

Chlaf

Campboll,

NATIONAL AERO

INSTITUTE. DEPT. 744C,

Morton Building, Chloaoo,
llllnolt.

F.

letior

/
/-

Chief Instructorr.
InBtiliite.

Morton Huildinj-, hic;itfO.

/ Dear
Pioase send me without
<

Sir:

III.

.bH^.t.on. copy

^^ ..^j^^ Science of >\viation.

also particulars of
Mail Course in the Principles of Aviation,

Nai

'

^
/Addrcoo.

Atlantic City's Newest

Fire-Proof Hotel
during the

iiip""i">'i

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American and European Plans

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Charming afternoon musicales and evening concerts. A palatial residence
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Illustrated booklet sent on request.

Sea water baths.

Fireproof garage.

Play Santa Claus to your

poor half starved, altogether
too much forgotten and neglected, starting and lighting

battery.

Uncle Sam inveighs against

extravagance and urges useful

An F-F

Battery Booster will insure a "Merrie Christmas

New Year and many of them", for your
storage battery, and the re-action will greatly please your
automobile and yourself.
rite us to-day to send you Bulletin No. 13 and full information so that your F-F Battery Booster will be delivered in time
to be put in your storage battery's stocking on Christmas Eve.

and a Happy

'''

The France Manufacturing

BOYS, LOOK!

Co., Cleveland,

Electric

MOTOR

Some hummer.

Electro-Magnetic Theory.

An

intensive study of electrical radiations

~hows us that they not only have the speed
of light but that they are reflected and refracted, etc., just as light is.
Hence in
modern Physics, light is considered an

electro-magnetic phenomenon. Light waves

are considered to be generated by the vibrations of electrically charged parts of the
atoms. James Clerk Maxwell, as far back
as 1864 showed that it ought to be possible
to create waves in the ether by the use of
electrical disturbances. Hertz's experiments
in 1888 confirmed Maxwell's theory, these
two events and dates really marking the
beginning of Radiotelegraphy.

{To be continued)
You

Develops wonderful power.

Will run your Erectors. Meccanos, etc. Works
on 1 to 6 dry cells, storage battery or A. C.
Mounted on hardwood base.
transformer.
Has M in. grooved pulley. On two cells you
can hardly stop it with your finger. Runs all
kinds of toys. Has nickeled steel frame and
copper armature. Put 50 cents In stamps In

an envelope.
^^2
I7D1717 *
rixCtEi lamp

^^^^ tungsten flashlight

you order at once.

if

Use Coupon Below. Return mail

C. D.

WOOD ELECTRIC
SIRS

Send me a

vnii

bring you Motnr,

CO., Dept. 53, 441 Broadway,

MONOCOIL

Motor.

New York

City.

Enclosed find 50 cents.

Name
Address

benefit by mentioning

the "Electrical Experimenter"

when

Ohio

writing to advertisers.

50

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

590

ELECTRICAL TESTING ENGINEERS MADE TO ORDER.

{Continued from page 538)
supply most of the electricity required for testing them, only the losses being supplied from the power station.
The test men operate the machinery being tested, and also operate the machinery
used for testing the apparatus which has
been manufactured for shipment.
With
this operating experience, the graduate of
the "Test Course" can enter almost any
main station, sub-station of switch house
and take charge of its electrical operation.
This feature was probably one of the main
reasons so many of the test men were appointed for officers in the Army and Navy.
The fact is not as generally understood
as it should be, that the student engineers
are continually shifted from one kind of
work to another, and are consulted regarding the sort of work they desire to specialize in and also what class of testing they
desire to take up month after month.
For e-xample, if a student engineer has
exprest a preference for turbine work, he
can spend 50 per cent or more of his time
testing large and small
turbo-generator
sets.
Turbines are tested non-condensing
and also with vacua up to 29 inches. The
student becomes familiar with the properties of steam, ranging from 200 superheat down to 20 per cent moisture.
One
of the surprises in store for the student
engineer who enters the Test Course, is the
vast amount of information which he secures in regard to steam.
An indication of the scale on which this
mechanical electrical phase of the Company's testing has been developed, is shown
by the fact that recently a condenser equipment was installed at an expense of $300,000 and a steam equipment is being installed at a further expense of $200,000-;both solely for "testing purposes." Such is
practical turbine testing today on a great
scale.
In comparison with this work the
little jet and barometric condensers in the
old power plants, 15 years ago, were but
tested

Money in

Big
The

electrical

Electricity

industries

wonderful

offer

Dpportunities to boys with a likimg for ElecThe (alaries paid to trained men are
lrj, promotion comes rapidly and, best of
til, the work is fascinating.
tricity.

The

and development of new lines

(fuch as wireless telegraphy and telephony),
from time to time, promise attractive and payins fields to those who wish to specialize. The
irilt t d and Sfecud Training will bring sucdiscover)'

cess to yeu.

The Iitemational Correspondence Schools

can help you to become an expert in electrical
work, no matter what branch you like best.
Thousands of young men have ah'eady won
Mccss through I. C. S. help. You can do a>
well as anybody, if you try.
Everything is
made so clear that you can learn in your spare
time, regardless of where you live or what

No

your work.

TTiere's big

books to buy.

money

in Electricity.
Get after
by marking and mailing the Coupon ta^y.
Finding out costs you nothing.

it

TEAR OUT

INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS

BOX 6167, SCRANTON, PA.
Explain, without obligannu nit^. how I can quahfy for tne
poslUon, or In the subject, hrlnre which I marl* X.

SALES
ESMANSIIIP

lELECTIlUlL F.Mil>FFtl
EUetrle Mcbtin; and

KKTIS1N<;
B ADVKI
Window Trimmer

Iti,.

WirinK
Telecraph Enffincer
Electric

nshow

Card Writer
nSii;n Piiinier
Railroad Trainmtn

Telephone Work
1, FM;tMltt

iMFt lt4Mt

Macbanlrnt IlrartimaH
ilaebln* t>hop rraeltr

JCIVIL

rj ('Brlooning

BOOKKEEPER

Qsimotraptier kiiiJ Ijptat

nCert. Pub. Actouniaat

ENGINEER

DTRAFFIC MANAGER

ISnr'vrlnc and Maru-ltir

ImI.HK KDIttMAN nr F.\t.-|t
JSTiTttlNAIIY l:.\lil\KLIt

Raiiwray Accountant

Commercial Law

good ENGLISH

Marine F.nicineer
IShip Draftsman
]

Teacher

ARCHITECT

MCoinioon Srhoal Rnbjerfs

Mathematics

[Contractor and Knitdfr

Irehltf-rinral hraftaman

CIVIL SFRVICF.

Concrete

Knilwnv Mall Clerk

tlMlMdtlllt, UPEKilLNfl

Huililer

Structural l-,ni:ineer

IfM'MIIIM. AMI IIF4II.\fl

Sheet .Metal Worker
I
]

STR.VriNt.

J^ILI.l

iToolinaker
iGas Engine Operntini;

Titll flTerBror ^iiiu.

jniFHIST

lt*nalrliit

*iif.

Navigation

IQSpanlsb

AtiUlt II. ttllF

In >*'"''

fonltry ItaUias ICltallaa

adjusted.
The theoretical phase of the training of
a student engineer is taken care of by an
extensive series of lectures, which are given
to the students by prominent designing, research and production engineers, together
with the commercial managers of the Company. Not only are these lectures free but
the students are paid full time while at-

udNo..
CItT

tending them. Attendance is not compulsory and a student may attend one or two
each week as desired. These lectures are
given between four thirty and five thirty
P. M. after the close of the working day.
The purpose of these lectures is to round
out the student's knowledge of the Company's products as well as develop his ver-

The secret of bnsi*

ness and social sue
cess
to

is

the ability

remember.

make

yotar

can

mind an

infallible

index from tvliich you can

instantly select thoughts, facts,
rl.i.^ified

fit,'urfs,

to

Henry
Dickaon.

names, faces. Enablf^a you

concantrata,

davniop

aalf

control,

ovarcomo baalrfutnaaa, tbinh on your

faal. addraaa an audlanco. Easy. Simple.
Tne result of 20 yeara' experience de?!opine memoriea of thoosanda.
f''** booklet "How to
Writ*
trriic TaJaT
Itiaaj f**^
Remeniber"

rwMod Mamory Toat.

I-KEE

booic.

"Uow To

satility.

Scbotil of

Memory,

Itl Hairit

Ril| CkUag*. ID.

you

benefit

The young men

are

encouraged

become specialists, but

from becoming narroware prevented
minded by the broad fields of knowledge
that are opened up to them by these variin

and Copr-

how

to obtjiin my
Speak In Public.'*

alao

Principal

Dkksoa

cunning little toys.

This wide variety of apparatus for steam
and electric railways, transformers, motors,
both mill, mine and crane, motor generator
sets, etcetera, illustrates the breadth and
It emscope of the "test man's" work.
braces the latest, and hence the most interesting electrical mechanical devices that
are manufactured. When the Engineer of
the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul electrical locomotive throws his controller handle one notch ahead, he but duplcates what
an electrical test man has previously done.
When an operator of the great electric locks
of the Panama Canal throws the switches
which permit a 32,000 ton battleship to pass
thru, he also merely operates what the student engineer has previously tested and

their

desire to

December, 1918
ous lectures. Altogether there are 50 lectures given every year.
After six months or more have elapsed
since the student enered the "Test Course,"
another opportunity presents itself to those
who have made a good record. The Superintendent of the Testing Department selects
men for a three months' assignment to the
various offices in the Engineering and Commercial Departments, at the end of which
training they then return to the Testing Department.

POPULAR ASTRONOMY.
'

{Continued from page 543)

unsymmetrical in appearance.
The streamers are greatly elongated in the
equatorial regions of the sun while above
the poles the rays are extremely short with
pronounced dark rifts between them. The
equatorial streamers sometimes extend to

and

more

eight or nine million miles from the srm.

This type of corona is called the sun-spot
minimum corona. In June the solar activity

was just past the maximum for this sun spot

cycle which had been reached the year before.
The decline toward minimum activity several years distant was setting in
graciually.
Sun spots had been observed
frequently for several weeks preceding the
day of the eclipse and a brilliant sunspot
maximum type of corona was expected.

The corona of June 8th was indeed extremely brilliant and its light was described
The form was
as an intense bluish-white.
characteristic of the gradual decline of activity, that is, it was a mixt-type corona
roughly triangular in shape. The evenly developed portions to the west of the sun of
the sun spot maximum type forming the
base of the triangle and the long equatorial
streamers to the east of the sun spot minitype forming the apex of the triangle.
Their greatest extent was three solar

mum

diameters

two

or

and

one-half

milhon

The corona was

also a petal-formed
corona, a most beautiful type observed in
The rays
certain eclipses of the past.
curved and interlaced to form enormous
petals and Gothic arch formations above
the brilliant blood-red prominences of incandescent gases that were plainly visible
to the naked eye and formed a most imThe
pressive feature of the total phase.
arching of the coronal streamers above
the prominences, to a height of several hundred thousand miles from the surface
of the sun implies that the same force that
causes the eruptive prominences is accountable for the arched coronal rays above
them. The prominences, which are chiefly
miles.

incandescent

vapors

of

hydrogen, helium

and calcium often rise to heights of one

hundred thousand miles or more and then
rapidly fade away.
The accompanying
photograph taken at Green River, Wyoming, by the Yerkes eclipse expedition,
shows a number of conspicuous prominences visible on June 8th, and also the inner
Unfortunately it is never possible
to reproduce in prints the complex coronal
rays, tho the negatives show a wealth of
fine detail and delicate tracery.
Drawings
from the original negatives are necessary to
show this complex structure.
Since it is possible to observe the prominences on any clear day with the spectrocorona.

heliograph they possess

little

scientific in-

terest during totality, tho they are a

impressive

and

beautiful

feature

of

most
the

eclipse, owing to the great height they attain and their conspicuous scarlet hue and

form.
The chromosphere, the
lower solar atmosphere, tinged
with pink and orange colored vapors of
many elements, that appears as a narrow
rim above the eclipsed solar surface is also
extremely beautiful and indeed the color
(Continued on page 593)
variety of

richly colored

by tnentwtiing the "Electrical Experimenter" when writing to advertisers.

December,

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

1918

591

Boys 16 to 18 years old

Come! Join this school now
THE

great demand now for electrical men of trained ability, the

greater demand after tlie war your unlimited opportunities and
possibilities in the wide field of electricity
should definitely decide
you to commence your electrical education at once. Here you can obtain
that thorough, practical, electrical education, training and development
you' will need and at the same time earn enough money while here to
pay the greater part of your school expense. If you are really sincere
about becoming an electrical man of recognized, well paid ability you
will take advantage of the advantages this school afTords and arrange
to frirull here now.

Earn While You Learn

H day work, H day

school

Through our Industrial Relations Department students here are provided

one-half day employment with foremost commercial and industrial concerns, including electrical companies, and attend school one-half day
class room, lecture, electrical laboratory and machine test periods.
And
as evening classes are also conducted, students may have full day
employment and attend sessions evenings. In this way you can earn
your way while learning and profit also by the valuable experience
you will gain in your employment all without interfering with your

studies

progress at school.

iind

NEW CLASSES ORGANIZE JANUARY

Get full information about this school's thorough,
education methods and earn while you learn plan.

Cut out and mail

Coupon

2,

1919

practical,

electrical

this

'

NOW!

..

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING OF MILWAUKEE

70-373 Broadway. Milwaukee, Wis.
Gentlemen: Without obligating me, please furnish literature and other details
regarding lubject (or subjects) 1 have checked:
Electrlciaii^l2 months.
Draftsman 6 months.
[ ]
Electrical Trouble and Lineman 6 months.
Electrical Metemian
6 months.
f ]
Electrical Wireman
6 months.

students Completely Wiring Model House in School

School of Engineering of Milwaukee

An

Electrical Technicians' Institute

Department

of

Practical

NAME

Electricity

Milwaukee

Motor Repairman 6 months

Telephone Trouble and Repairman 6 mon'ha.
"Earn While Tou Learn" Plan.
Day Classes.
[ ] Evening Classes.

Electrical

ADDRESS

\Vi8consin

STATE

CITY

AGE

BDTTCATION

I IV D E ii:vik:eiv
K
s
TRATTSlvlITTEK^ I3XJTTOrT|
HE SKI N
THl
ER VI KEN

R A N S

MITTER BUTTON
presents the latest
advance In micro-

phones and marks

a revolution in
transmitter c o n struction. It works
on an entirely new
principle, takes up
Fig.

practically

room,

and

no

marks

the eud of all telephone transmitter troubles.

The SKINDERVIKEN
and it will talk

position

TRANSMITTER BUTTON
loudly

and

distinctly

and

is

can be placed in any

at the

same

time extraordinarily sensitive. It was primarily designed to replace

the old damaged or burnt out transmitter.
Simply unscrew and
remove the telephone transmitter front, disconnect the two inside

with

surprising

clarity.

Fig.

lustrates the

shows an arrangement whereby

Fig. 4

the

Skinderv'ken
button is atta'.3ed
on a thin wood

shows an-

Interesting

By

attaching
the button to a tin

diafram about the

size of half a doland by holding
the diafram at the
side of the throat,
as shown, speech
can be transmitted
lar,

SKINDERVIKEN TELEPHONE EQUIPMENT CO.

Vou

benefit

Fig. 4

The Sklnderviken button

is

concealed

inside of the box, only the small brass nut showing on the outThis can be camouflaged as well. This device talks well.
side.
Fig. 7 shows how to transmit phonograph music at a distance
merely by drilling a small hole in the phonograph arm and attaching the Sklnderviken button ; a very favorite experiment with
Fig. 8 shows how a very sensitive Detectoall experimenters.
phone can be made by placing one of the buttons In tie center of a
liihopraphed cardboard picture, so that only the small brais nut shows.

voice is reproduced
clearly and loudly.
Fig.

Fig. 3

His voice is clearly transmitted so that

t)oard at the preacher's pulpit.
vg can readily hear the sermon. Fig. 5 shows an inpeople hard of he,
teresting stint, whereby a hole Is drilled in the side of a thin
glass water- tumbler; tue sides of the glass thus acting as a diaFig. 6 shows a simple
fram, the voice Is clearly transmitted.

match box Detectophone.

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER readers wUl be particularly

Interested in all the different experiments that can be performed
with the Skinderviken Button.
Fig. 1 shows the Sklnderviken
When
button attached to the back of an Ingersol watch case.
speaking towards the inside of the case, it will be found that the

other

il-

same

transtlie
sition
mitter will talk
clearly and loudly.

wires, unscrew and remove the bridge and the old electrode.
There remains only the diafram. These wires are then connected
with the Skinderviken button, the latter screwed to the diafram,
and after screwing the old transmitter housing together again,
the telephone is ready for work.

stunt.

arrangement placed
on the chest as
shown. In this po-

The large surface of the picture acts as a big rlialrara, and tlie vuice is
well reproduced.
We have such unlimited confidence In the Sklnderviken traniniltter button that wo make the
following remarkable
offer.
Send u one
($1.00) for
which we will mail
one button prepaid.

dollar
If

any

for

reason

do
whatsoever
you
not wish to keep the

button,

return

within

days and

your

five

money

refunded.
No. 3
asking.

free

It

be
Booklet
for the
will

Fig. 7

Address us as STECO, 2134 Clark

by mentioning the "Electrical Experimenter'' when writing to advertisers.

St.,

Chicago,

III.

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

592

December,

TURNING AIR INTO BREAD NITRATES FROM THE AIR.

shown at the center and

bottom of the illustration, carries the
acid after it has been valenciated with an
additional atom of oxygen brought from the
ventilator, past thru an oven to eliminate
the moisture, superheated in the steam
This
boiler and chilled in the condensers.
oxygen then associates itself with the nitric
acid as the first step of the manufacture of
tion towers that are
at the

(Continued front page 541)

Build and Fly

Thus we

see that the electrical engineers

abroad have actually succeeded in transforming "air into bread," as we might say.
.A.t the present tiine, there is no plant such
as here described in use in the United
States, or in fact, in the two America's so

Your Own

Training Plane
Triln yourself In Antaoc
Arlator wiih an
AeraplJUie of tout own. Learn
how AeroDlanee are built \c*ra
the principles of construction.
We sell
cHwration and controL
IDAi. Accurate Scale i>raw-

shown at the
hand portion of the drawing).

saltpeter (these apparata are

upper

far as we know, but it is safe to say that

with the gradually changing conditions re-

Be an Amftteur

1918

left

The

acidulated paste

is

neutralized and

Ings.

[ \

and BuUding and Flying

Veufra/izof/oo
CoHecfing

which ahow you

Instructions
how to build a perfect Model
Aeroplane. 3 ft. size, that
wUl rise from the ground by
its

Keff/e

Crptalkaiion
[

own power and fly like a

Send now for the

big one.

Drawings and Instructions for

the one you want to build.
Drawings and Instructions tor
Curtlss Military Tractor
"
Blehot Monoplane
Mieuport Monoplane
Monoplane
Taube

Cooler

Condensing apparatus
according to Kesfner

35c
EACH

Curtlss Flying Boat

Wright Biplane

Storage

Cecil Peoll Racer

Seta Aeroplane Catalog

JO centa None Free

'k

5ucM hast

TeUs about Modtl Aeroplanes, Badng Aeroplanes.

Flying Toyi. and parts and supplies to boild them
Sent only upcHi receipt of 10 centa.
with.
48 tagw-

IDEAL AEROPLANE & SUPPLY COMPANY

New York City
West Broadway

76-82

Ventilator

Oven

Steam

Cooler

LnW^hh

Water

Ctiomt)^,-

Electric Safety razoi makes shaving a

Blade vibrating 7,.00 times a minute
pleasure.
cuts the beard smoothly and without slightest
pull or Irrlutlon feels like a gentle massage,
Can be uted with or without electric current,

The

Lek-Tro-Shav

uismiittt

sx^ mi

of

kartMr

Dept. 122.

Omaha,

Schematic Diagram Showing the Various and juccesslve Steps Followed In the Dlsassoclatlon of the Nitrogen from the Atmosphere oy the Electrical Furnace Process. The
NItrat of Soda from the Electric Arcs, Mixed with Water, Enters the Refining Apparatus at the Lower Right Corner, as Marked.

|
;
:
J
!

VIBRATING ELECTRIC RAZOR CO

Nebr.

TELEGRAPHY
and RADIO FOR
MEN IN DRAFT

suiting from the present war, and also in

view of the fact that the engineers of today
are continuously striving to reduce the cost
of all commodities, we of the present generation and our children will live to see
gigantic electric-nitrogen power plants, such
as here illustrated, sprinkled across the
country. It may be of interest to some of
our more technical readers to trace the
steps followed in the manufacture of niThe schematic diagram heretrat, etc.
with shows the various steps that are used
in the disassociation of the nitrogen from
the atmosphere in a procedure closely following the appended outline, viz. After the
sodium nitrat has been taken from the air
:

Send for our latpat foi<lr on Land

nd Evening
Wire Telegraph >
classes for Men and y omen. F*repares for

all

by the electric arcs it is admitted into the

soda absorption towers, which precipitate
the soda and allow the nitrat to pass on into
the acid absorption towers ana simultaneously the free nitrat is conveyed by means
of piping to the apparatus used for the
manufacture of the nitrit in powder form

branches.

classes In Radio
Naval Reserve, Aviation, Tank
Service, Signal Corps and Merchant
Marine. Beginners admitted every

Day and Evening

for

at this stage of the operations the nitrit

Monday

condensed in the condensation tower, according to specifications by Kestner, the renowned chemist and is then run into the
crystallization chamber where the mixture
There is an outlet whereby
is crystallized.
the mother liquor is drawn off and collected
in a vat especially constructed to retain the

in both branches.

EASTERN RADIO
INSTrrUTE
S99 B BoyUton St.

BOSTON,

MASS

YPEWR ITERS
ALL MAKES. SAVE

TO

50
on rebuilt by the well-known "Toong Precess."
Sold for low cash installment or rented.
Write for
Bental appUea on purchase price.
Free trlsl.
full details and guaranteeYoung Typewriter Co.. Oept. 658. Chicago
J25

You

benefit

Toevers

ioda Absorption

icid /Ibsorption
towers

mjs "Bar* shaved for years and bava

nmnt xuei tnj tbavtng drrlo* near lu MiuaL"
borne user says "The mosl pleaslcg shave I've
Shave* my face closer than I
ever had In my IWe.
or Ul
used to shave, but there 13 no after lirltatiOD
"
affects as 1 tutially get frora anoth.-r raz^r
No. I
Mads tor usa (ram Light Socket.
Dry
Battary.
<rom
(or
uie
Made
:
No. 2
S
Write for Illustrated circular describing Lck-TS Shar Safety Eazor fully.

(K

Oxidal-n

doi/er

is

strong acid. Outlets from the filtering apparata also lead into this container, and
likewise a third outlet for the overflow of
the liquor after the mixture has been separated from the paste by centrifugal action
of the Centrifuge. The Nitrit is then carried to the Silo in powder form and stored
there until it is to be placed into barrels.
The second line leading from the absorp-

condensed

then
evenly mixed and
;

it

is

stirred

until

it

is

the lumps are broken.

The ball mill comes into action at this
period and grinds the paste to a powder,
after which it is run thru a sieve and conveyed by a bucket hoist to the Silo, where
it is dried and stored for future consumption as the regenerator of the soil and to
produce better, bigger and more wholesome
crops for our consumption.

55,000

The

all

KW. TURBO-ALTERNATOR.

turbo-alternator of 60,000 kv. a.

capacity has recently been completed in the
A. E. G. (German) works, and the following description is abstracted from Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift.
The output of
the machine is S5,0(X) kw., at a speed of
1,000 revs, per min.
It gives 7,000 volts,
three-phase, with excitation at 220 volts.
The turbines work at a super-heat of
326C., and with cooling water at 27. The
weight of the turbine is 250 tons, of which
the turbine rotor is responsible for 49 tons
the total weight of the alternator is 225
tons and of its rotor 106 tons. The entire
weight of the machine, turbine and alternator, is thus 475 tons.
This machine, together with a second
one of similar size and output, designed by
B. Goldenburg, will be installed in the
Rheinisch - Westfalische Elektricitatswerke
power station, located on the site of the
coal fields at the foot of the hills near
first

The total installation at this sta(named after the designer, the "Gol-

Cologne.
tion

denburg- works")

will consist ultimately of

six turbo-alternators
up to about 200.000

by mentioning the "Electrical Experimenter" when writing to advertiser}.

from
kw.

15,000 kw. each

December,

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

1918

593

POPULAR ASTRONOMY.

Pay-Raising Books

(Continued from page 590)

effect of the entire solar surroundings during the total phase is gorgeous beyond description.

Reduced

at

Prices

Here'i your cbano* t* gat-At tnrfalo priM Ml l

books that will fit ron for a better )ab iBd Mtfir pay.
Yes. and 70a may PM tha bargain prloe ( 1k Ml* (
*,n\y &O0 wMk.
But yoa moat act nmrl flu it^ac
eo8t of paiwr and blndinx loatArl&lj won't ponilt
t
continue this offer Indeflnltelj.
N* matter what yoor oeoupatltm, on* r Hm wts
lilted below Ij bound to ault 70V neetfa.
ntep an
written In eaall; -understood l&Dffvace br rMnrnlawl
autborltlea,
and contain thcnuauds <tf [durt*craiiha.
PDU-pa< plates, dlai^ams. eto.. tiiat make dlAmdt
points as simple as A-B-C. Handsomalj and darabl;

bound

in

half

morocco

or

flexible

bindings,

gold

ttAmped.

Shipped' for 7 Days

Examination
Wa'U

The Sun's Prominences Photographed by

OATS

Yerkes Observatory.

WMk.

tbm csrefulI^UM thMn at yottr work for aa itln

ir. >t Iht Hid or Uiit Ume. yoa foal >hw ma't
worth many times what ws ask, sand tJbaSB iMak t w.
If yov keap tliam, pay the epeelaUy
the eaay tarma explained balsw.

This Is a particularly
Fine View of One of the Larger Prominences.

To astronomers

the all important problem

conection with a total eclipse of the sun
is
the corona, its composition, the nature
and cause of its radiant energy. It contains an element so far unknown elsewhere

and named "coronium."

An

important re-

that has followed from observations

of the June eclipse is definite knowledge of
the wave length of the characteristic green
line of this unknown element.
The existence of one or two additional distinct
coronal elements is also suspected, inasmuch as a number of lines of unknown
origin appeared in the spectrum of the
corona photographed on June 8th, as well
as in the coronas of several past eclipses.
Determinations of the positions of diese
lines have also been made. Tho several of
them may belong to coroniums it is likely
that some of them are lines of other unknown elements. It has also been found
that the inner corona shines chiefly by its
own inherent light instead of by reflected
sun light. The outer corona on the other
hand shines largely by reflected light from
the sun.
It is believed that the corona is
composed partly of scattered particles of
matter that reflect the rays of the sun, but
electrical forces are probably the cause of
its peculiar ethereal radiance and magnetic
lines of force may cause the complex and
periodically changing form of the coronal
rays and streamers. It is possible that the
clue to the secret of the radiant energy of
the sun may lie in the yet unsolved mystery
of the solar corona. Every successful observation of a total eclipse of the sua
brings us nearer to the solution of this important problem. By correlating a series of
observations made by diflferent eclipse expeditions at various total eclipses of the
sun or by different observers of the same
sult

Home Study Books

Pages

Practical

in

iladlT nd uir Mt af kooks to jou for inui

exuntnAtloQ. thlppUs h&rga aeUcvt. tj^t* 'it

Size of Page

Engineering
Architecture, Carpentry and Building
Accountancy and Business
Steam Engineering
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3680
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g

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4

Modern Shop Practice

Sanitary, Heating and Ventilation Engineering..
Carpentry and Contracting
5
Mechanical and Architectural Drawing
4
Law and Practice (with Reading Course)
13

Onlv
^O** a
WWCCI*
WaaIc
^'J ^*^0\f
after seTen days' examlnatloH, you decide to Iteep the let you bar* selected, (a4
u it and then $1 a month until the preieat
low price has been paid.
If,

'T'

*"

ss

,SsV.m,-a.?J,'o,'T'
pocket
ickel
If you act now.
Remember, you take
... i.
no -k.chanee'a i...
whaterer. mi,i.
This offar
li op to
every man Urlng within the boundariae of
the U. S. and Canada. Uall ttie eoopom .

AMERICAN TECHNICAL SOCIETY

Dept.

X3389, Chicago, U.

S.

A.

7x10
7x10
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3000
4000
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2500
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Plaaaa asad

ma mt

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C^' DAYS' eiamlBatloii. I wUl paj maU ihlpetaf ___

''^'^5?^i?-'3',;^''3sartii'{si^2u'a:;^

dal prlaa of
If I daolde not ta kaahaSaC
I will Boafy yoa at onee aad hold thm lobjaet < jav mSm.
TlUa not to pais ta ma aatll t^a aat la fnlly vaM <kr.

NAICB

ADDBSaS
BKrKBKNOB

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Written in non-technical language that any man can grasp. Have

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Order direct from this pageon our Money>Back Plan

The booka

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of

This Shows Another View of the Sun's Prominences.

Some Idea of the Size May Be
Gained by Noting That the Height Is Almost
Sixty Thousand Miles, While the Width of
This Particular Prominence Is Almost 100,000

AMERICAN TECHNICAL SOCIETT,

.snriFTV Dept.
n-.i TJM
M
X]]tt n,i.._
Chkaia. VAX.

to advertisers.

f.oo

'

594

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

110

TRANSFORMER

V.

A TRANS-ATLANTIC 10,000 HORSEPOWER AERIAL LINER.

(Continued from page 537)

each motor, or a total of twenty-four blades
A rellAblfl transto the machine.
The general contour will
former for all exbe siinilar to the illustration of the
reriment*! work.
"Etheric" shown herewith.
nnslng balls, etc
The exhaust
CoDsumra so Uttle
from the engines will be used for heating
power It will not
move ordinary "muffler" stoves, upon which all of the
meter. $1.00, poatfood can be cooked, water will be heated,
i^aid.
Cord and
and a general warmth provided in cold
plug. 60o oxtra.
weather and while flying at unusual heights.
TraniformerNo. Iff,
giving 8,
12
and
Quite an appreciable amount of reserve
18 volts seoondaiT.
Only
lifting power is utilized for the comfort of
with
Vina.
$2.00
posirald. Order from tills ad.
the passengers in the way of cushions,
hammocks, fans and periodicals.
I
CO.
The "Etheric" is equipt with a wireless
t>ept. 12
2214 Sedgwick St.. CHICAGO
outfit having a range of two thousand
miles, and each passenger is taken care of
DO YOU
A
in the event of accident by an individual
Wonderful Muscular
combination parachute and life-belt, for
Development,
should he drop from any altitude over one
vlth perfect health, abundance
hundred feet his body would be crusht
of vitality and great strength?
You can get all the above,
beyond a trace of recognition. These paraif you want them, and I can
liiw you how.
The results of
chutes are situated in a small compartment
y system are shown on my
over the door of each state-room, all of
^n person, and that Is reciiimendatlon enough.
the state-rooms facing the exterior of the
have prepared a booklet,
Rostrated with photograplis
ship.f. It is then a very simple matter in
niiself, which will tell you
the event of an unforeseen occurrence, for
i.ow you can obtain a development the sajne as I did
the passenger to jump out of bed, open the
The name of It Is
door, slip on the life-belt and parachute
"Muscular Development"
GET IT it will Intereet and
hanging before him, and forgetting all fear,
EAKLB E. LETDHRilAN benefit
A copy of tUi InWhy not look a^ healthy structiveyou.
and Illustrated bookmake a leap over the side. The parachute
and be as stroiig as I am? let will be sent you upon
rewill open, and he will float gently to the
'^*'M'i of 10c stamps er ooln.
EARLE UEDERMAN.Dept. 203. 203 Broadway. New
surface of the water, in which element he
Tork Otj
will again be taken care of by the life-belt.
Use will, of course, be made of the
Radio Direction Finders, which will be in
Every whereto n.i.and exbibit(E^=^=lLLT ""
a synchronous tune with New Foundland
thenew Ranger-Motorblfce-completely equipped wnh electric light
and Ireland, and any interference

8 Volts Secondary

$1.00

EMPIRE TRANSFORMER

WANT

Rider Agents
Wanted
^

aDdhorn. ca^^ler.^taDd. tool tank

coaster- brake, mud KuarrJs and
anti-i^kid

from

and30 DAYS TRIAL. Sena fur

ftr catalog

bitr

We

and particulars of our

tactory-direcC-lo-Jitder marvelous
and terms.

offcru

TIRCC
..

aJ)

Lamps. Horns. Wheels.

Sundries, and parts fur

have money laid away in order to buy a

ticket for this wonderful voyage ten thousand feet in the air, across the Atlantic, and
at a speed of one hundred and ten miles an

bicycle*: at

hnlf us'ial price"

but tell ue exactly what you need. Do not btiv .irt. n
t
get our prices, terms and the big KHKK <-ata

SEND NO MONEY

IVI

CYCLE
^n.P^Dept.

COMPANY

B107

hour with

CHICAGO

I.iillt

by a boy from Junior parts furby us.

Any hoy can build this
^a^t^ very cheaii.

for hliip prints

or rarts

'I'lv

and

showing how

to

all

the comforts of

NoteThe motors

35 MILES PER HOUR

ir.^h^il

ra-

dio messages of other stations will be immediately recognized, as this is due to the
close tuning between the liner's station and
the shore.
had all better buy Liberty Bonds, so
that by the time they will mature, we will

tires.Cholceoff44'Other lY
tylea, colors and sizes in the faf'
mous "Ranger** line of bicycle-tii
DELIVERED FREE on aitrov.il

Send 26
price

liet

build this

iMtie car.

home.

necessary

to

propel

this

gigantic machine would necessarily

have to be of approximately 1.9 or 2 pounds
weight per brake horsepower developed.
At present we have motors that wilt develop
a horsepower at a weight of 2.5 pounds per

brake horsepower.

interest to note that at the large avia'^'^"fj"*

tion
fields maintained by the government,
the airplanes are called "ships."

EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS.
(Continued from page 557)
point of accuracy of splitchucks lies principally in the fact that the
mandrel, made especially large and strong
in the first place, is not only very accurately fitted to ground-in bearings of
glasshard steel, but is in itself, the chuck body
for the reception of the different sets of
jaws, of which one split-chuck may be regarded as a set. To bring this about, the
mandrel is bored true thruout to as large
a diameter as possible, and is further coned
out at the front end to an included angle
of 45 degrees. It can be clearly seen that
with such a contrivance nothing short of a
sledge hammer blow will put the running of
this internally coned surface out of truth

The main

Violin,

Hawaiian Guitar

Ukulele, Guitar, Mandolin, Cornet or Banjo

""^

SIir;i?.\f-

'

'"'-

'"'''>'>ee-ool,lli;l,.

SLIKGEBUHD SCKOOL OF MUSIC. OepI

422

CHICflBO.

NEW
SCIENTIFIC WONDER
tc

ONLV_

You

appSTe'nlly'see thr Clothei.

af'ine. ftnv objfv-t

t..f>

t>nnr-=

you

in

Wn

benefit

ILL

December,

with the lathe axis. All the principal gripping chucks for such a lathe are made of
one size externally, to fit exactly into the
mandrel bore. They are then bored exactly
to the size they are intended to grip, screwed
at the back end, split and hardened to form
what is called a split-chuck. By placing
vvithin their grip around work of the size
they are intended to hold, and drawing them

1918

tightly to the mandrel end by means of

hollow draw-in spindle screwed to their
hack end, and working thru the bore of the
mandrel, absolute truth of running is obtained within limits where .001 (one onethousandth) of an inch would be regarded
ill

as a serious error.

Thus

in

order to procure accuracy of the

finished material or product, it is essential

that the means of chucking the work plays
a very important role. For small work and
where precision is desired, no other than
the spit-face chuck should or can logically
be used.
,.
,,
,^ be
continued)
(1
,

WORK OF BELGIAN COMMISSION

OF AMERICAN RED CROSS.

The American Red

Cross, thru

its

Bel-

gian

Commission, has authorized the installation of an electric storage battery

plant at the colony of 400 Belgian children
which it is supporting at Recques. These
children

from the towns in

going on today on the

are refugees

which the fighting

is

Belgian front.

SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS AND

SPECTRA.

(Continued from page 555)

be slipt. This clip is made of sheet brass,
altho tin or copper may be used. The arc
is struck by moving this carbon forward
till they both touch, and then moving them
back about %" to J^". The current connections are made to the carbons by the holders or clips and should be connected to
binding posts on the base.
A sheet of white cardboard tacked to the
back will serve to reflect the color. The
current used is the 110-volt lighting current.
A rheostat must be used in the circuit.
This was made by filling a
gallon jar full
of water and adding }4 to 1 oz. hydrochloric acid and then immersing the
strips in it.
The amount of current can be
varied by lowering or raising one of these
strips.
The wiring connections are shown

in the figure.
It is advisable, if this apparatus is used
for any length of time, to see that the
house fuse plugs have not less than 25 amperes capacity, as the usual house fuse is
of 15 amperes rating, which will burn out
in a short time, especially if too much acid
has been used in the water.
It will not be out of place here to refer
to the disadvantages mentioned in several
places in the article. These are mainly connected with the fact that the means to produce the spectra sometimes give a continuous spectrum of their own, which completely blots out the band spectrum. This can only
be overcome by using very narrow slits, but
if a very narrow slit is used, the illumination must be increased.
It is really advisable to make about six shts, in which they
vary in size from one large one, about 14"
diameter, and five small ones, in which the
smallest should be about as wide as the
thickness of a sheet of writing paper. A
set of these will greatly facilitate good

work.
This covers briefly all the general fields
of spectroscopic work, but several miscellaneous items still remain.
If the slit of the instrument is pointed
at
the sun, a continuous vpectrum will be seen,
which, however, is crost by a considerable
number of black lines. These were found
on investigation to correspond to the colored lines in ordinary spectra. They are
called Frattenhofer's lines after their discoverer. They are explained by the theory
that the sun is a white hot mass of solid
matter, surrounded by a mantle of gaseous
vapors.
These vapors under ordinary cir-

cumstances would emit band spectra, but

with the background of incandescent matter
they are reversed, and appear as black lines
on a colored background.

by mentioning the "Electrical Experimenter' when

wriHng to advertisers.

DUCK'S
ELECTRICAL

BIG 300 pp.

lod WI RELESS CATALOG
ttuipi
ot oolD which mtj b* dKlnoUd on

Mall*d upoD rclpt of 8a

flnt

purehiBO.

dollar

la

CiUlog

eon-

Utni 160 pages of irlreloii InitruBents and 140 pagai of elsctrleal

uppUes. No bigger or batter raliiM

We hara
are obtainable elBSwhera.
a complete atook of eTerrt^lng Uitad
WlralMS ordara
eaUlog.
tbli
In
promptlT lUlad.

BLINKER SETS
$O.SO

wltb key. balb and aoakat.

mountad on mabogui7 baaa

THE WILLIAM

DUCK

B.

CO.

Phonograph Records
for $1:00
All

Good

Title.

Sent Parcel PosI Prapiid

rn the U. 8. EnCheck, Money - Order
or Curreaoy.

Anywhere
ilote

INDEPENDENT DRUQ CO.

200 S. Wabuh An.,
Cblcaio,

III.

^
^
s>
\^
TO

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER
SCIENCE & INVENTION

FOR VOLUME

5
pages

1, 2, 3, 4,

24

and

index contains
shows every article of interest that has
been pubhshed since the inception of the
This

to

and including April,

1918.

It is absolutely indispensible to everybody interested in any kind of electrical

With it everything of
research work.
importance in the advancement of electrical science during the last five years
can be readily found.

Price

5c

PostP^'itl

EXPERIMENTER PUBLISHING CO.

231 Fulton St., N.Y.
Book Dept.

HANDY BINDER
for the Electrical

obvious that by comparing these

with ordinary spectra, we can tell
what elements exist in the sun. This has
been done, and the sun has been found to
contain chiefly iron, sodium, magnesium,
calcium, chromium, nickel, barium, copper,
Hydrogen especially
zinc and hydrogen.
has been observed in enormous quantities.
Four hundred and fifty of the lines of the
iron spectrum (which contains an enormous
number of lines) have also been identified.
It

is

lines

It

is

also

countless

Toledo, Ohio

230-232 Superior St.

magazine up

595

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

1918

December,

Experimenter

fact

the

sun

lines

that

that

numbers of

WOULD THE LAW LET YOU MARRY?

Some
insist

States have been wise enough to

upon a medical examination of the
to a marriage
before a license is issued.
Through the adoption of a

two contracting parties

law whereby the physically

were barred from
marriage in every State in
the Union, there would indeed be a relatively small

unfit

contains
are not

percentage of the popula-

KNOWN ON

EARTH. One substance has since

been discovered, namely, Helium, and it is
a startling fact to consider that this element
was discovered in an incandescent body
millions of miles away in space before it
was known on our own little globe.
An experiment to illustrate the reversal
of the spectrum can be made by placing a
sodium flame in front of the spectroscope,
and behind it a small arc. The yellow band
will disappear, and the continuous spectrum
of the arc will be crost by a black line
where the yellow should be. The experiment can also be made with other elements,
but the result is in every case the same.
A little consideration should now be
given to the best materials, etc., used to
As a general rule, it
obtain the spectra.
can be said that the halogen salts, that is
the chlorides, bromides or iodides, are the
best to use. The chlorides being the cheapest and most easily procurable, are generally used.
The reason these salts are the best is because of their instability at the high temperatures used. They are decomposed (disassociated is the more correct term) into
Care must be
the free metal and radical.
taken, however, with some salts, for example calcium chlorid, which yields a spectrum of its own which lasts until it is decomposed into calcium oxid and, in fact,
if possible, it is best to use the oxid instead of the chlorid.
The foregoing remarks apply equally
alike to flame, spark and arc spectra, but
in the case of the flame methods being
used, in which it is evident that the temperature is not nearly so high as the arc
and spark methods, materials can be used
that will materially aid in increasing the
spectrum.
The salts referred to are the
chlorates, which practically amount to a
chlorid with three atoms of oxygen attached.
When, for instance, potassium
chlorat is introduced into a flame, the heat
begins to drive off some of the oxygen,
which increases the temperature of the
flame, in which the residual chlorid is being
volatilized.
It will, therefore, be seen that
the use of the chlorates where available, for
flame spectra, is a decided improvement.
The nitrates can also be used in a similar capacity, but are not so efficient as the

tion that would measure

to the standard.

hand with a loving wife and

healthy children? Our firrt duty is
arc not put here
to posterity.
by an all-wise Providence merely
to live out our livei, and then go
out like a snuffed candle. We are
entrusted with the lacred duty of
perpetuating the race.

We

LIKE BEGETS LIKEi A

noan
is torn and racked by physical
ailments and excesses of all kinds
will some day see these uaits in
his children. On the other hand
the strong, virile man, who, jeal-

who

ously safeguards his body and his health, will some

day revel in the sight of offsprings that are a picture
of joyous, bubbling health.

YOU OWE

whom you would

STRONGFORTISM
of MANHOOD.
I

have prepared a

It is to be hoped that enough has been

said in the preceding articles to give to the

careful and earnest Experimenter some

small glimpse of the wonders that can be
revealed with a very little expense, a norHolds and preserves 12 iMmes. each of whlcb can
Will
be Inserted or removed at will. wlLhmit tools.
beep your mag&zlnee perfectly for all time or Just
LQem perm*perinApreserve them like new till you bind them
nently. Made of heavy material, extra
strongly reinforced at the back and
covered with handsome green oloth,
suitably lettered In gold.

65c

Add
txperimenUr Pub. Co..

postags for 2 lb$.

Inc.

oJarlLnt

233

fulton Si..

N.Y.

mal amount of

ability and patience, opening

up, as this subject does, such a fascinating
and enormous field for experimental work,
and yet it is a strange but true anomaly
that the more we learn and the farther we
extend our knowledge, the stronger becomes the conviction that we know less and
less of it than ever before.

(,Conclusion)

You beneAt by mentioning

little

"Promotion and

book,

Conservation of Health, Strength and Mental

Energy", which should be read by every one sufficiently interested

themselves to wish for the best

in

way

in life. It points the

happier

stamps

life,

will

and
pay

to better health, a cleaner,

splendid physique. Three 2-ceiit

Send for it
for mailing the book.
a

NOW.

LIONEL STRONGFORT
Physical and Health SpecialUt

730

NEWARK,

PARK BUILDING

110 VOLT A.

C.

ONLY
Holtzer
1

the "Electrical Experimenter'*

when

N. J.

GENERATORS
-

$5.00!

Cabot hand gen-

erators, while stock lasts,

order today.
$5.00.
Battery cbargara, 6 t. 6 amp.
$10.00: 7 V. 11 amp- dl**

Hydro

J7.00;

out)

IKeotrle

Generator oomplet*. flTlng up

to 15 . 3H tmt). D. 0. $25.00.
while
ahlpment
Immediate
tookluta. Order from tbi ad.

Watson

Electric

Co.,

Dept.

Gas BIdg., Chicago

12.

AVE 25%

60%

to

onellgbtly ased

GRAFLEX- KODAKS
Camera* and Lenaea ef every deacrlptio*.
BQual to new. Save money. Wrlt now for

Catalog
free Bargain Book and
savins
llBtlDK hundre.ls of money
llffhtly used ami new ..anierBa

and thd carbon of the electrode, making

practically gunpowder, at the temperature
of the arc, may result in a dangerous explosion.

EXPERIHENTER

MOST TO THAT GIRL

IT

sweetest, purest, dearest girl in the whole world

call wife. Is your body clean? Do
you realize the terrible consequences of the follies
that are wrecking your body? Remember then that
will restore to you the vitality

The

^^^.""""^JR

and auoDlles.

All

10 days' Free Trial. Monej- back

You take no chances (ieaHna
not satisfied
with OB. We have been In the photoarapht'- hu'Write Now
DeBs over IH vr>nr<i.

SOOds sold on

It will

ELECTRICAL

OF THOSE

to go through life alone,

without the joys that go hand in

chlorates.

THE

WOULD YOU BE ONE

doomed

be well to again repeat the warning that nitrates or chlorates must never
under any circumstances be used for arc
spectra, as the combination between them

up

CENTRAL CAMERA COi.DeH

U. Walwt

17C li<

Are..

Cbigf

Convert Your Bicycle Into a Motor-Cycle

We sell you the motor complete

blue
,
tious with
fulT parUcuTai-s

or furnisii you with the finished

pans from which you can build
the motor yourself with few tools.
We send you the printed instrucprints of the drawings tor $.25 or
for

STEFFEY MFG.
_.

Brown

St..

Phila..

Pa.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
0*lldeDM4 CevrM Cemplete Oie Year.

Di:DIISS
-

3-cent stamp.

CO.. 5025

fioB4

wlHMBt

MAeatUa, vrutteal

jaM m t
, SepttiAar
m^'^

ElPCtriCal
tlC</lll/ai

Tar

OtnUUI

280

frllla.

aergr aa4 akarutar.

iitd.

Takama Ainat, WaaHlnrtea.

Write
P.

Learn Watchwork, Jewelrywork and

A nne trade commanainff a food aalC_.._.:^M
Cngraving arr, and your (errlMa are alwayi IB
demand.
Bradley

Address

HOBOLOGIGAIi

Inatilnte. Peoria, lU., for

writing to advertisers.

Departmenl,
our latest catalog.

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

5%

1918

December,

MAGAZ'IiNCS
GOING UPl
^

Further Increases Coming!

NOW

YOUR CHANCE!

IS

EXPERIMENTER,

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ALL

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ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

1918

December,

597

Opportunity Ad-lets
Y OV

will

find
*

remarkable
many ......

opporttiniticii

and

theie columns.

real bargains

pay you

It will

to read

and investigate the offerings made

j^

accred,ted^_a_dvert.s;ng_agenc,.
Cash VouTd accompany 111 cla,.i6ed advertisement, unless placed by an or misleading advertisements not acincluded a" the above .Lte
from above rate, Objectionable
Ten per cent discount for 6 issues, 20 per cent discount for 12 issues November
JJ.
later
than
not
reach
us
cepted. Advertisements for the January issue must

climbing eyeiy month

The Circulation of the Experimenter Is over 100,000 and
EXPERIMENTER PUBLISHING Cl>.. INC.. 233 Fulton Street. New York, N. Y.
:ji:!iilliiiiillllilii!llll

Automobile Accessories
Does your herd Miss? Apply Elevated Timer
Bracket and know your timer. Write for circular.
Atlantic, 285 East 16th St., Brooklyn. N. Y.
More Power, Less Fuel, No Carbon. No mysWrite for
tery, plain facts, results guaranteed.
booklet. S. O. Automobile Accessories Co., Haiti-

more. Md.
Fords Start Easy

in Cold Weather with our

new 1919 carburetors. 34 miles per gallon. Use
Increased
cheapest gasoline or naif kerosene.

Styles

power.
high.

Attach

Money back

for

Friction
Ohio.

MMmimmM

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Agents Wanted
InsydeTyres, inner armor tor automobile tires,
double mileage and prevent punctures and blowDemand treouts. Quickly applied. Costs little.
mendous. Profits unlimited. Details free. American Automobile Accessories Co., Dept. 54, Cincinnati. O.

Hel-Met The Kaiser Pin Latest war novelty.

Biggest hit out, every patriotic citizen wants
one. Sample loc. Wedge Mfg. Co., "KM," Binghamton, N. Y.
Easy, pleasant work for mechanics, shop men,
clerks, during spare hours, will add many dolAlso want persons who
lars to their salaries.
can give full time. Big wages assured. Novelty
Cutlery Co.. 308 Bar St.. Canton, Ohio.

$10 Daily refinishing chandeliers. brass_ beds,

automobiles by new method, without capital or
experience. Free particulars and proofs. Write
today. Gunmetal Co., Ave D, Decatur. 111.
Agents wake up. For 25 cents we will send a
secret that will earn you from $20.00 to $40.00
weekly.
Gem Supply. 311 West 37th St., New
York, N. Y.
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Electrical Supplies and Appliances

For Sale Cheap: About 7 lbs. 35 double cotton
covered magnet wire.
Ave.. Jersey City.

Make Dry
tions

with

J.

Lange,

L.

Roosevelt

Batteries. Simple, practical instrucblue print. 25 cents.

Dirigo Sales

Company, Bath. Maine.

Electrical Tattooing Machines and Supplies.
free.
Prof. Temke, Exp., 517 Central,
Cincinnati, Ohio.
Electric Motors for your Hand Power Washing
Machines. Small Grinders, Lathe, Drill Presses,
Air Compressors. Coffee Grinders, etc.,
are
New with 10 ft. cord and pulley. }/k H. P., Regular Price $30. My Price $21.00.
Y2 H.P., Regular
Price $70.00, My Price $50.00. S. H. Rhodes, 129
Plum St., Johnstown, Fa.
Wanted Electrical Device. Canadian manufacturer, having plant and staff available for
additional work, wishes small electrical device
to manufacture either on contract basis or for

Catalogue

both manufacture and sale in Canada on royalty

or percentage basis.
A device having a large
market similar to electric fan, sewing machine
motor or automobile electric horn preferred.
Address full particulars to S. D., P. O. Box 107.
Times Square Station. New York City.
For Sale 3 300 Watt, no Volt Step down,
transformers good condition. 20 different Variations of Voltage from i to 25. $10.00 each. John
Kassel. 114 North Kilbourn Ave., Chicago, 111.
Toy Transformers, $1.60. Just a few leftWrite for folders. A. R. Darling, 56 N. Bradley
Ave.. Indianapolis. Ind.
Few Electric Stoves for Sale, size 4 by 6
inches.
Price complete. $2.25.
Address Alfred

Gaillard.

Pendleton

1719

St.,

Columbia.

mmiimimiiiu
Stamps and Coins

mMinmirni iiiii u ni niiii iiiiiini

S.

C.

iiiiniimimiimiiimirni

Stamps 61 all different free. Postage, ^c.

Mention paper. Quaker Stamp Co., Toledo. Ohio.
California Gold, Quarter size. 27c; Half-dollar
size, S3c; Dollar size, $1.10; Large
cent, 1820.
and catalogue, 10c. Norman Shultz, Kings City,
Mo.
500 Finely Mixed United States or Foreign
Stamps, 12C. Philatelic Star. Madison. N. Y.
32 Different
for approvals.
tario.

Foreign

Cuba.

etc..

to

applicants

Merlyn Kennedy. Oshawa. On-

Canada.

Stamps

Fred Onken, 546

Carlton Avenue. Brooklyn. New York.
We Buy and Sell Old Money. $2 to $500 each
paid for hundreds of coins dated before 1895.
Keep all Old Money. Send 10 cents for nev/
illustrated Coin Value Book, 4x7.
You may
have valuable Coins, get posted. Clarke Coin
Company, Box no. Le Roy. N, Y.
Pay Good for Coins. Send 15c Book showing
prices paid. Roessler, East Orange, New Jersey.
225

Different

2Sc.

You

Books
Free

Auctions

logue; it's free. I have many books on Natural

healing, personal magnetism. Clairvoyance, seer-

Hypnotism, Mesmerism, concentration,

ship.
character reading, mind power, etc. Tell me your
wants. A. W. Martens, JX8, Burlington. Iowa.
Rare and Secret Books at Lowest Prices Ever
History Elks (800 pages), $3-Soj
Advertised
Art and
Secrets Freemasonry Exposed, 93c;
Science Personal Magnetism, $3.00; Philosophies
and Religions of India, $3; Secrets Odd Fellows,
Private Sex Lessons of Physician, $1.50;
ti.30;
Occultism, $1.50;
ocial Evil In Chicago, $3;
Memory Training, $3: Secrets of Scotch Rite
Freemasonry Exposed, 2 volumes, 1026 pages,

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Business Opportunities

made

here past four years making

Will start you in same permanent

$20,000

business without capital. Absolutely no selling.

Stamp brings details. Charles Murphy. Dept. 3.

_^_

Bloomington, Ind.
Enter a New Business.

Earn $3,000
making and

yearly in professional fees

foot specialty,

to $6,000
fitting a

openings everywhere with

trade you can attend to; easily learned

one at home in a few weeks, at small
no further capital required; no goods
job hunting, soliciting or agency.

Stephenson Laboratory, 18 Back

Mass.
I Teach Profitable Home Work.

all

the

Chapter Freemasonry, $1.30; Red Men,

Maccabees, 48c;
Knights Pythias, 57c;
Mah-hah-Bone, $a;
Knights Columbus, $1.50;
Life After Death, $1.50; Salesmanship, $3. Order
several of these books direct from this advertisement. Catalog IOC. Jay McCarthy, 1236 Arthur

$2.60;
57c;

by anyexpense;

to buy;
Address
Bay, Boston,

Ave., Chicago,

Particulars for
osition.
ton, Prairie City, 111.
Office

Device

stamp.

National

Sales

Or-

two new inventions or

improved attachments and manufacture, and sell
same on a large scale. Preference given to the
ganization will develop

State briefly in first

Office Specialty devices.
letter post what you have and interview will be
arranged. Address Box E. E. 12, Room 904, 171
Madison Ave., New York City.

home.

$30 a Week, easy

Free Booklet explains.

ness.

Send stamp.

money, evenings
Mail Order Busi-

Made

Alec.

Scott,

Cohoes,

New

York.

Make Die-Castings. Sketch, Sample, Booklet,

and Proposition. 12c. R. Byrd. Box 227, Erie, Pa.
"Quick-Action Advertising How it is Building Business for the Progressive Advertisers of
America"; A little story of RESULTS, told by
the advertisers themselves not the publisher.
You will be interested in reading this little
booklet, which we have prepared for prospective
advertisers, a copy of which will be gladly
mailed to you upon request. It tells you how
to talk business with 1,000.000 intelligent, interested and responsive Americans every month
men who know what they want and who have
the money to buy it. Write for particulars and
Douglas Wakefield Coutlee, 225
rates today.
West 39th Street, New York.
Build up an Income in OilOthers are doing
Today is the opportunity.
it Why not you?
Join our easy monthly payment plan NOW-^it
may mean hundreds in profits. Write for information.
National Oil Drilling Co., Dept. K,
Houston, Texas.
WANTED for one year, ^500 to help market
my new patent, double twin turbine. A fuel
saver, easy to make, operate and repair, simple in
construction, efficient working. I will repay the

$500 at $10.00 or more a week until fully repaid.

Will pay $30 the year interest, and will give a
year's dividends of $50.00 upon the receipt of the
above loan. E. W. Barton, 8 Judd St., Binghamton, N. Y.

WANTED Specialities
What have you

to offer?

mail order house.

Stone Specialty Co., 11

for

Broatiway. N. Y.

^_^_

Electrical Device. Canadian manufacturer, having plant and staff available for additional work, wishes small electrical device to
manufacture either on contract basis or for both

Wanted

sale in Canada on royalty or

A device having a large market similar to electric fan. sewing machine motor
or automobile electric horn preferred. Address
full particulars to S. D., P. O. Box 107, Times
Square Station. N. Y. City.

manufacture and
percentage basis.

Motors, Engines, and Dynamos

Small Motors and Generators: :oco New Motors
and Generators from Bankruptcy Stock. 54 H. P.
Batterv
A. C. $18.50 each; K H. P.. $30.00.
Charging Seta Robbins & Myers new outfits, all
Charging Lighting
sizes, $30.00 each and up.
and Moving Picture Arc Generators, $10.00 each
and up. Motors for all phases of current. Immediate delivery. Less than yi regular prices.
Write for late bulletin. Johnston, West End.,
Pittsburgh, Penna.

We

We

can fill orders at once upon

Nov.. each 15c.
receipt of your remittance, and if you have not
these numbers already, now is your chance to
get them, as they probably will be snapped up
very quickly. Experimenter Publishing Co., 233
Fulton St., New York City.

New

Books
100,000 Large Second Hand and
for sale cheap; costly bindings, 250 each; some
Mechaticost $25.00 when brand new; Technical,
Sex, Religious, History, Mediical. Scientific,
cine, Surgery, Chemistry, Encyclopedias, Philosophy, Mathematics, Law. Fiction, International
Improve your
Correspondence School. Text.

send

me

diate

Chicago,

III.

What Every Draughtsman Should Know: Very

Wack
Price only ten cents.
booklet.

useful

Booklet Co..

1943

Patten

St.,

Experimenters Subscribe
Friend,
ize

non-technical,

magazine.

Philadelphia, Pa.

The Amateur's
semi-monthly, pocket
to

months300.

Sample oopy

Advertising rates ic word. Maurice Goldberg. 711 Dayton Ave.. St. Paul. Minn.
I Offer the world's finest Scientific and Tech5c.

Books on Electricity at Less Than Regular

Prices Remember, these treatises are by world s
renowned experts and are unquestionably the
finest works you can abtain on this subject
nical

'They are profusely illustrated with magnificent

Electrical Tables and Engineering
engravings.
Data (331 pages), $1.25; Alternating Current,
Theory, Practise and Diagrams (296 pages), $1.40;
Wiring Diagrams and Descriptions (296 pages),
$1.30; Armature and Magnet Winding (270 pages),
$1.35; Modem Electrical Illumination (275 pages),
Motion Picture Operation (393 pages),
$1.40;
$1.30; Modern Electrical Construction (440 pages),
$1.40; Electricians Operating and Testing Manual
(320
Electrical Dictionary
pages), $1.30;
(361
pages), $1.40; 'Telephone Handbook (286 pages),
TestMeter
and
Measurements
Electrical
$1.30;
ing (328 pages). Si. 60; Electric Motors, Direct
and Alternating (250 pages), $1.35; Elementary
Electricity up to Date Goo pages), $i.S5; f,'"="^"
Easy
tricity Made Simple (233 pages), $1,30;
Electrical Experiments and How To Make Them
Machines
Electric
Dynamo
pages),
$1.60;
(220
(380 pages), $1.90; Telegraphy Self Taught (170
pages), $1.25; Storage Batteries (100 pages), 70c;

Operators

Wireless

Telegraph

and

Telephone

Book (210 pages), $1.40; Electroplating (192

pages), $1.30; Oxy-Acetylene Welding and CutPractical Mechanical
ting (215 pages). $1.30:
Drawing and Machine Design

Self

Taught

(160

Pattern Making, $2.00; Alternating

Current Machinery (486 pages. 409 illustrations),
Electrical Railways
(300 pages), $1.75;
t.6o;
lectric Wiring and Lighting (195 pages), $1.40
pages), $2.50;

(250 pages), $2; Electro(233 pages), $2; Standard

pages. 393 illustrations),
Dictionary
(682
Electrical
Storage Batteries Simplified (320 pages),
$3.50;
t once before advance
these
books
Order
$1.75.
Catalogue of Book Bargains, loc. Mcin price.

Elements of Electricity
chemistry and Welding

Motorcycle Co.. Watertown. Mass.

the "Electrical Experimenter"

I urge you to
self educate yourself.
loc for big catalogue and make immeMcCarthy, 1236 Arthur Ave.,
selections.

mind and

Motorcycles from $25 up New and secondhand. Easy terms, large list to choose from, all
makes. Send ^c stamps for Bulletin "A." Peer-

benefit by mentioning

Read the Amateur

Pictures:

weekly
illustrated;
Weekly;
Photographer's
?rize competitions; print criticisms; many unique
eatures; $1.50 per year: three months' trial subAbel Publishing Company, 401
scription 25c.
Caxton BIdg., Cleveland, Ohio.
have some valuOld E. E. Back Numbers:
able old E. E. back numbers on hand as follows:
)i5 Jan., March, April, June, July, Aug., ^pt.,
Jf<
ct., Nov., Dec, price each 35c. 1916Jan., Feb.,
March, May, June, August Sept., Oct., Nov.,
Dec, price each 35c.
1917 Jan., Feb., March,
Apr., May, June, July, Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov.,
each 35c; Dec, 20c. 1918 Jan.. Feb,, Mar., Apr.,
May, June, July, Aug., each 20c; Sept., Oct.,

Motorcycles

less

III.

To Get Betur

Honest propDc Lany Wal.

Wanted A

worth of valuable books as pre$5,000

Write for more information and cata-

miums.

Auctioneers make from $10 to $50 a day. Free

catalog. Missouri Auction School, Kansas City.

burial vaults.

Prices.

lllinimmriirmiiTniimiii mimiimilllTllll iminilllinilllllllllllllllllllLJJIllIll

iniiipTTiiTTTmmTiiiiiiimiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniuiiiinnniiiui

any motor. Very slow on

Big profits to agents.

Thirty days' trial. AirCarburetor Co., 270 Madison, Dayton,

References.

Prepare for Government call or civilBig money after few weeks. Write.
ian work.
Moler Aviation School. 105 S. Wells St.. Chicago.

guarantee.

Reduced
Repairing.
Leo Hirsh. Elkhart. Ind.

Watch

Expert

Building.

yourself.

it

IVatches

Aviation
Learn Aviation Motor MecEanics or Aeroplane

when writing

Carthy Book House,

to advertisers.

1236

Arthur Ave., Chicago,Ill.

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

598
i^BHHii^BmnBnnn^inBii^^nBnsDniDiniiiiDiciiiiiiiD!

20

Word Ad.

About

in 100 Pulling magazines, $1.00.

Send copy now.
Lindreaders.
Shop, St. Louis.

75, 000

horst Magic
**Quick-Action Advertising How it is Building
Busmess for the Progressive Advertisers of
America"; A little story of RESULTS told by
the advertisers themselves not the publisher.
You will be interested in reading this little
booklet which we have prepared for prospective
advertisers, a copy of which will be gladly
mailed to you upon request. It tells you how

ware, etc.,Chemical oil photos, Photos on silk,

Direct positives. Red firelight photos, Perfectly titled negatives, Instantaneous developer,
and many other new processes. Price 250. E.
Greenhalgh. The Lexington, Indianapolis.
Clean Neat Finishing- Postage paid both ways.
Write for samples and
Free Mailing boxes.
Myers Studio, Department Four, Sumprices.

Xew

News

For Advertisers

Cameras. Supplies. Photo Developing

"Camera Kinks and Photo Fads" tells how to
make Transparent photos on watch caps, china-

niit.

Tersey.

to talk business with 1,000,000 intelligent, interested and responsive Americans every month

Mail us 15c with any size Film for development

and 6 velvet prints. Or send 6 negatives any
size and 15c for 6 prints. 8 x 10" mounted enlargements MC Prompt, perfect service. Roanoke
Photo ^nishing Co., 255 Bell Ave., Roanoke, Va.

men who know what they want and who have

the money to buy it. Write for particulars and

Douglas Wakefield Coutlec, 225
rates today.
West 39th St., New York.
noiiiniiuuinomiiiDiiiBuimiininnMiMimiiiiiiiiMDmmiminDiii^

Miscellaneous
Tobacco or Snuff Habit Cured or
$1.00 if cured.
Remedy sent on trial.
Co., SA. Baltimore. Md.

For Inventors

Inventors Market and secure your inventions

through National Institute of Inventors, World
Bldg., New York City.
Membership co-opera-

no pay.
Superba

tive

Catch Fish.
Descriptive folder containing
valuable information mailed for stamp.
George
Julian. Albany Building, Boston.
Boys I Build Aviation Type Speedster. Easy
to make at small cost. Speed 35 miles per hour.

organization.

Write immediately

Men Wanted
turers,

to

to

men,

increase.
sufficient.

26,

Rochester. N. Y.

join American Toy

Soldiers, Army,

make Toy

Manufac-

Navy and

other toys. Homeworkers on small scale. Manufacturers on large scale. Greatest chance for
industrious people
independent business.
for
Enormous demand in American Made Toys.
War stopped all importation. We buy these
goods all year, whole output or surplus over
sales, paying fixed prices.
Anyone can turn out
perfect work without experience or additional
tools. Hundreds and more made per hour. Casting form outfits, $3.00 up. Booklet and information

free.

Toy

Soldier

Manufacturing

Co.,

Catch Sparrows Wholesale. Self-acting cage

(Other birds can be liberated uninjure-i
Easily made at trifling cost. Blue prints with
insrructions, one dollar.
George Julian, Albany
Building. Boston, Mass.
Pyorrhea H. E. Kelty. D. D. S.. M. D., pyorrhea specialist for 15 years, has developed a
successful home treatment for pyorrhea.
Purifying, healing, preventative. Full month's treatment and booklet. $1. Circular free. Dr. H. E.
Kelty, 106 Gladwin Ave., Leonia, N. J,

Printing
4 lines and 100 envelopes,
$1.00.
Southwestern, 1413-H Berendo,
Los Angeles.
Beautiful Lithographed Stationerv at Printer's
Prices; Small quantities.
Raq-Dee LithographiHL' Co.. r^ F,. Tt'ntonia. Milwaukee

City.

Millions Spent Annually for Ideas!

Hundreds

Patent yours and profit. Write

today for free books tell how to protect yourself, how to invent, ideas wanted, how we help
you sell, etc. 212 Patent Dept^^ American In!

Inc., Washington, D. C.
F. Miller, Ouray Building^ Washington,
C, Patent Attorney, Mechanical and Electrical Expert.
Best quality of work and results.
Moderate charges. Advice free.
Your Idea Wanted. Patent Your Invention.
I'll help you market it.
Send for 4 free books,

dustries.

M.

D.

of patent buyers, hundreds of ideas wanted,

etc.
Advice free.
Patents advertised free.
Richard B. Owen, Patent Lawyer, 130 Owen
list

Washington, D. C or 2^78T Woolworth

Bldg.,
Bld^'..

New

York.

Post Cards

Song Poems Wanted

Motion Pictures

Write the Words for a Song. We write music

and guarantee publisher's acceptance.
Submit
poems on war, love, or any subject. Chester
Music Co., 538 S. Dearborn St., Suite 265, Chi-

niiiniiiniTTTmTrnrTnnrTnmnTnmninnrifiir[i[T|i(i(;|iuii|||i|flD

Motion Picture Machines bought and sold

bargain lists free.
National Equipment Company. Duluth, Minnesota.
Write Photoplays, $50 Each. Experience unnecessary.
Details
free
to beginners.
Producers League, 358, St. Louis.
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiirmiiiiiiirimmiiTiinTinnninMrTrnTnnmnmmiiinimni iiniimiiinMiiimniiin iimmnin^^

Phonographs

Own Phonographs

and manufacture

them

Bond Noteheads.

Inventions Wanted! Manufacturers constantly

writing us for patents.
List of inventions actually requested and book "How to Obtain a
Patent" sent free. Send rough sketch for free
report regarding patentability.
Special assistance given our clients in selhng patents. Write
for details of interest to every inventor. Chandlee & Chandlee, Patent Attorneys, Est. 21 years.
551 7th St., Washington, D. C.
Patent Your Own Inventions. Save attorney's
fees; we prepare applications; furnish full instructions and give satisfaction. Free information.
Carl Larsen Co., Park Row Building, New

Letters, Booklets, Folders, well worth mailing.

Pontifex, 62 Frank St., Ottawa, Ont., Canada.

Build Your

prepaid,

ington^^

Letter Specialties

oaiimiimninirnnmmsiiiimiiiiimflnmninnraniiiiniiniiiniiiiimiiiHiiiuniniiiiiniin^

California.

free

Everything in Postcards. Live wire list free.

Worth-while samples 25c. Mention subjects preferred.
Mutual Supply Co., Bradford, Pa.

tinmnrmiirminTTTmnnn mTimnn iri

Pa.

ReSprings,

Patent Attorneys

Without

advance attorney's
fees.
until patent allowed.
Send sketch for
report.
Books free. Frank Fuller, Wash-

Patents

Not due

32

Union Square. N. Y.

trap.

for profit.
Drawing instructions, Parts,
Price List, Blue Prints, etc., complete, sent free
upon request. Write today. Associated Phonograph Co., Dept. E-i, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Build Your Phonosraph.
"Perfection" highquality spring and electric Motors, Tone Arms,
Reproducers.
Wonderful results.
Big saving.
New catalog and building instructions mailed
for ten cents.
Indiana Phonograph Supply Co.,
Indianapolis, Indiana.
'

unmii]

iiiiitiiiiniiiniiniiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinirmii

|i|imiHNIIinill[llllUllimiim)|[lII

Scenery for Hire

Collapsible Scenery (or all Plays.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,

Amelia Grain,

uiiumuiiuj 11 [ui

1 1

lui lui

II

uii luiiuiiiuiiiiiiuumiaiii uii

QUiBB

cago.
[|iiiiiiniiiiiiiiniiii)itini[iitii[iuiiniiiiiiiiniimiiiiiiiiiiiiiaiiraiiioujDiinniiinnniimi[mnniiin

Stammering
St-stu-t-t-tering and Stammering cured at
Instructi\o booklet free. Walter McDonnell. 105 Potomac Bank Building, Washington,
D. C.

home.

nimnmnrTTTmnmmiiiiiiiiiiininiiiiiniiiir niiiiiiniiiTiiiiiiiiiBiiimiiniiiBiiiiiLiiiiiiim

Tricks. Pxizzles and Games

stage tricks with 500 illustrations. Catalogue ICC, small catalogue FREE.
Hornmann
Magic Co.. Sta. 6, 470 Eighth Avenue, New York.
New and Mystifying Hindo Magic Tricks.
Tokio Trick 10c, Chinese Link O Link Mystery
25c, Magic Jacks 15c.
Flying Half Dollar 35c,
Rising Card 15c.
How to make Fireworks,
Roman Candles, etc., 25c. All the above for
limited tinie 6oc, including free trick and catalogue.
You can earn $15.50 in cash by_ reading
the "Magic Advertiser and recommending it to
giarticujars
your friends.
Full
par
^ on^ request.
Dept. EE,
Lindh
dhorst Magic Shop,
St. Loui.^:, Mo
P. De;
1000

"

"

Exchange Columns

Scientific
T

to

education

Correspondents

mmnnmnTmiimnrinimnnnmnmTTTmimiimirTTni miimmn Niiiiiiiiiiiiiiinmm^

now wanted

for free list of positions open.

Franklin Institute. Dept.

Patented Articles, Models, Brass Work, Machine Construction; Dies Made.

Baum's Metal
Specialties, 1311 Baltimore Ave., Kansas City,
Mo.
Wanted Small Gasoline and Steam Engines.
Cash paid for i to 4 cylinder light weight
Motors.
Tohnston, West End,
J4 to 10 H.P.

100

Common

hours.

Short

Ohl
'hio.

and

iiniimiMii iiLniiini

York

Thousands Government Jobs open

women, girls. $55.00 month.
Quick

Quarter for plans. Aerocar Company,

Racine, Wisconsin.
Patent
for
Sale Polyhedral
Shaped
Silo.
Patent No. 1,154,511. John O'Conner, Box 432,
Helper. Utah.
Don't Throw It Away. If a pot leaks send
for a box of Mendets.
Save money.
Simply
tighten Mendet and leak is mended.
Fits any
surface. OnK- 10c. Agents wanted. The Crystal
Agency, 35 Crystal St., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Ohio Ford Owners Guaranteed 1918 List. $2.00
er 1000 names. Milton Matthews, Chagrin Falls,

Novelties
Genuine Indian Baskets Wholesale
tail.
Catalogue.
Gilham, Highland

1918

Earn $25 Weekly, spare lime, writing for

newspapers, magazines. Experience unnecessary;
details free. Press Syndicate, 566 St. Louis, Mo.

niiiuiuuoiiiiiiiiiniiiinD

Help Wanted

Send

Pittsburgh,

December.

n mrtmmjinnmmiiin rfTmmiunrMmBtnHnmiimiiimiTnimimnmiiTmiiiiiirmimiiiiiiii miiniiiinm^^

IVE

readers with something to "swap" or sell have found that the surest and quickest way to make the desired trade is thru an ad in these
columns.
The rates are: Five cents per word (name and address to be counted.) Remittance tmist accompany all orders. No advertisement for less
than 50c accepted.
reserve the right to refuse any advertisement which we consider misleading or objectionable.
Dealers' advertising accepted in Opportunity Ad-let columns only.
Advertisements for the January issue must reach us not later than November 22.
-'-'

We

OVER
For Sale Erector Electrical
and Meccano Motor. Will

No.
to

Set,
sell

Harold Tornquist, C aribou. Me.

Erector Set
cheap. Apply

Bargains All kinds of telephone parts. Want

D. C. Charging dynamo. Clarence Kositrky, 91:
South Ninth Street, Lincoln. Nebraska.
For Sale or Exchange Bausch and Lomb microscope, magnifies 285 times.
Physics Laboratory

equipment Weston D.

Voltmeter 1-15, Wheatstone bridge, etc. Want Tesla and spark coil, etc.
Edw. Nickerson, Warrenton, Mo.
C.

Will Exchange New $21 Meccano for Chemical

Laboratory Outfit. Charles Blake, Fayette Street,
Wollaston, Mass.

Wsmted A Luger
price.

J.

pistol in

good condition, state

O. Grisinger. Vanetta, Fayette Co.,

W.

Virginia.

Sell Small stamp collection cheap. Write. Granville Whittlesey, Jr., 130 E. 67th St., New York
City.

For Sale or Trade Weston D.

Ammeter with 300 Amp. shunt L
galvanometer,
cal supplies.
ledo, Ohio.

Wanted Bound Volume

perimenter.

C.

Amp.

300

C. S. tangent
wire bridge for cash or chemiJohn Cau6Bel, 1911 Summit St., Toslide

Good condition.

No. 4 Electrical ExState price.

Hawley, Hutchinson, Kaniag.

You

George

benefit

100,000

CIRCULATION

Sell or Exchange Shaw equipped motor bike

used two months. Good as new. Make offer. W.
C. Cagle, Hearne, Texas.
For Sale Complete course 100 lessons for violin
$10.00.
Easy to learn. Mathew Johnson, 305 So.
5th St.. La Crosse, Wis.

Wanted Sensitive Polarized Relay. Walter D.

Smith. Delaware College, Newark, Delaware.
Wanted DeForest round audion bulb also 1
K.W. Marconi or Blitzen transformer. Harry
Weber, 1113 Walnut St., Dover, Ohio.

For Sale Smith Motor Wheel, $28.50, GoodellPratt Grinder-Lathe, $6.00. Both in good condiJoseph Backert, 1015 South Sixth St., Terre

tion.

Haute, Ind.

Bargain6,000 M. Navy coupler, $10.00; 15 Omniraph Dials (continental) $1.85; Cabinet Receiving
et, $4.00.
Harold Davie, Bolivar, New York.
For Sale Complete Chemical laboratory, switchboard, etc. Cheap. Send 3c stamp for list. Chas.
A. Purdy. 1115 Monroe St., Evanston, 111.

For
dollars.

Sale Indian Motorcycle Engine, fifteen

Harold Lambert, Haverstraw, N. Y.

Sell no volt motor $4, cost $7. '/i inch spark

$1.
Crystaloi Detector never used $2.50,
ohm receiver 50c. one Brandes Headband,
double. $1.
Donald Pratt, 2326 Farragut Ave.,
Chicago, III.

Complete Chemical Laboratory for sale or exchange for wireless goods. Rakosy, 331 East 8oth

New York

St.,

Electrical Laboratory For Sale Send for list of

apparatus and parts. Ray Wengel, 29 W. Doty
St., Madison. Wis.
Exchange $30 worth electrical apparatus for gas
engine.
Sell $35 bicycle, good tires. $16.
Violin
Goodwin, 23 Wilmore St.. Mattapan. Mass.
$5.

For Sale or Exchange One 30-40 Winchester

Rifle with 1,000 loaded shells, would like Victrola.
E. C. Moorman, 809 North King St., Xenia, Ohio.

For Sale
for

N.

twin

15

Everyman

coil

Sell
trical

Boy Craftsman.

Guides,

107,

Encyclopaedia, Hawkins ElecBoy Mechanic, Boy Electrician.

CJthers send for list. Excellent

Will sell very cheap. T. H. Blacknall,
Raeigh, N. C.

condition.

Box

Horse Curtis Motorcycle. Trade

Harry Nelson, Haverstraw,

engine.

Y.

75

by mentioning the "Electrical Experimenter" when writing

City.

Strongfort Strength Course, $10.00. Clay Hewes,

Lake Ave., Albany, N. Y.
$100.00 Chemical Laboratory, $60.00. Value steadily
advancing.
Contains practically unobtainable
equipment. Pray, 102 Heath, Somerville, Mass.
Wanted Screw cutting bench lathe or High
frequency apparatus. Have 29 Vol. Encyclopedia
Britannica, latest. Handy volume edition in brown
leather, good as new. Address Nestor J. Saffron,
Box .^06. E. Akron. Ohio.
102 S.

'" advertisers.

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

1918

December,

599

IIIIBIIIIIHIIIHIIIIl

EXPERIMENTERS
A Sample

of

What You Can Do

With This Outfit

This

Illustration,

made from an

actual

shows

photograph,
onlv a very few instruments that can
made with the
be
Boy's Electric Toys:

Pendulum.
Telegraph,

Electric
Electric

Current
E e tr
1

a n c

Spiral.

Generator,
1

n g
Gal1

vanometer,

does
space
ptnnlt
us to show the hundreds of experiments
. _,
,
.,
tliat can be performed with this wonderfuloutflt.

not

The

Radiotone

*Electro'*

HIGH FREQUENCY SILENT TEST

BUZZER
This Instrument gives a wonderful high
pitched MUSICAL NOTB in the receivers,
impossible to obtain with the ordinary
The BADIOTONB la built
test buzzer.
along entirely new lines; it is NOT an
ordinary

buzzer,

manner.

The

in some
has a single

reconstructed

EAIHOTONE

reed vibrating at a remarkably

high speed, adjusted to its meet efficient
frequency at the factory. Hard silver contacts are used to make the instrument last
steel

flue

prat'lically forever.

Yes. the EADIOTONB is SILENT. In fact, it Is so illent that you must

place your ear on top of it to hear Ita beautiful musical note,
Tou will be astounded at the wonderfully clear 500 cycle note, seundlng
To learn the codes, there Is absolutely nothing
barply in your receivers.
telephone, a
With the radiotone. a key and one dry ceil and
like It.
Two or more such sets in series will afford no
tine learner's set is had.
end of pleasure for Intercommunication work. Shipping Weight I Ib.^ -. _
each
EadloXone as described
!kHII

ANY

Y*'V

IMMEDIATE SHIPMENTS

The "Electro" Telegraph

not a toy, but a practical,
honestly built telegraph outflt,
which not only sounds but works
like tie big commercial instrument/i.
By studying the code
Is

for

bO dayt yaa can become a

operator.
tdoaraph

Qrst-olasi

Such operators are

mand now.

Outflt

big deeonslsta of
instru-

in

TVPO complete telegraph

ments each measuring 3^6 x 2%

s 2%. All metal parts are highly nickel plated. Including key
lever.
Note hard rubber knob.
Telegraph Code Chart, telegraph
blanks acd connecting wire comes with set. but no batteries. Outfit works
on 2 Ory cells (one cell for each instrument). The "Electro" la the ONLY
ation can oall; no switches, no extras.
Outflt that works both ways, each
Nothing to get out of order. Guaranteed to please you or money
or*
back.

llluitrated (TWO INSTRUMENTS)..

Shipping Weight. 2 lbs.
IMMEDIATE SHIPMENTS

Comiilete as

Price

The
Instrument

Codophone

**Electro"

{Patents Pending)

^^^P
^^

5h1
^11
Vf
tj/ X *-

(B^S j^

What thli
remarkable
It

a*
\\ /S

Ji4*t/

and doe.

The 'TBeo-

No. EX2002

jjrTpHE BOY'S ELECTRIC TOYS" contains enourh mateTO MAKE AND COMPLETE OVER TWENTY1 rial
FIVE DIFFERENT ELECTRICAL APPARATUS with]

Codo-

phone

Is

positively the
Injtru-

only

ment

ma d e

out any other tools, except a screw-driver furnished with the outfit. The box
contains the foUowlns complete Instnunenta and apparatus which are already

that Willi
imitate a SOO
cycle note'

assembled

exactl

Student's chromic plunge battery, compass-galvanometer, solenoid, telephone

electric lamp.
Enough various parts, wire, etc., are fumistied to
make the following apparatus
Electromagnet, electrio cannon, magnetic pictures, dancing spiral, electric
hammer, galvanometer, voltmeter, hook for telephone receiver, condenser,
sensitive microphone, short distance wireless telephone, test storage battery,
shocking coil, complete telegraph set, electric riveting machine, electric buzzer, dancing fishes, singing telephone, mysterious dancing man, electric Jumping Jack, magnetic geometric figures, rheostat, erratic pendulum, electric butterfly, thermo electric motor, visual telegraph, etc., etcThis does not by any means exhaust the list, but a great many more apparatus can be built actually and effectually.
With the Instruction book which we furnish, one hundred experiments that
can be made with this outfit are listed, nearly all of these being Illustrated
with superb illustrations.
No other materials, goods or supplies are necessary to perform any of the one hundred experiments or to make any of the
25 apparatus.
Everything can be constructed and accomplished by means of
this outfit, two hands, and a screw-driver.
The outint contains 114 separate pieces of material and 24 pieces of finished
articles ready to use at once.
Among the flnlahed material the following parts are included Chromic salts
for battery, lamp socket, bottle of mercury, core wire (two different lengths),
a bottle of Iron filings, three spools of wire, carbons, a quantity of machine
screws, flexible cord, two wood bases, glass plate, parafflne paper, binding
posts, screw-driver, etc., etc. The Instruction book is so clear that anyone can
make the apparatus without trouble, and besides a section of the instruction
book is taken up with the fundamentals of electricity to acquaint the layman
with all Important facts In electricity in a simple manner.
receiver,

I
m

tro"

We

heard

y
In

WirelcM
celver.

The

loud-talking receiver equipped with a horn, talks so loud that you oan hear
the lound all over the room, even if there Is a lot of other noise.
THAT'S NOT
By leaaening or tightening the receiver cap. a tone
from the lowest, softeet quality, up to the loudest and highest screaming
sound can be had In a few seconrls.
FOR INTERCOMMUNICATION. Using two dry cells for each Inatniment. two Codophones when connected with one wire and return ground,
can be used for intercommunication between two houses one-half mile apart.
One outflt alone replaces the old-fashioned learner's telegraph set, conaiiting of key and sounder.
The "Electro" Codophone is a handsome, well made instrument, fool
proof, and btillt for hard work.
Inch In
Contacts are of hard silver
diameter, that wlU outlast the instrument.
There Is also a neat code chart and full directions enabling any Intelllgent young man or girl to learn the codes within 30 days, practising onehalf hour a day.
Sizes: 8% I 3 I 2%".
Shipping weight, 2 lbs.
The "Electro" Codophone as described, complete...

ALU

$1.50

"The

lb.

Beautiful

231
I

Ibs.CC

Fulton

log

the

"Electrical Experimenter''

New York

City

latest

Cyclopedia Cata-

No. 19 as described.

NAME

231 Fulton St.

CO., NEW YORK

benefit by mentioning

St..

enclose herewith 6 centa In stamps or coin for

which please eend me your

(](]
tpj.uu

iPDRESS

iiiiiiBiiiiiaininiiaiiiiiaiiiHiiiiiHiiiiiaiiiiiHiiiiBiiHiiiiiaiiinBiiiiiniiiHniuaiiiiiaiiiii

You

America"

stiff covers.

STATE
^iiiiiaiiiiiBiii

hi

ELECTRO IMPORTING COMPANY

IMMEDIATE SHIPMENTS

ELECTRO IMPORTING

Catalog

FREE

Weight

guarantee satisfaction.

The size over all of the outfit ial4x9x2%. Shipping weight,

No. EX2002 "The Boy's Electric Toys-" outflt as described

Livflst

Our big. new electrical cyclopedia No. 19 la waiting for you. PosltlTely
the most complete U'lreless and electrical catalog In print today.
228 Big
Pages. 600 llluatratlons. 500 Inatninienta and apparatus etc.
Btg "Treatlae
on WIreleae Telegraphy." 20
coupons for our 160-page FBEB Wlrelen Courge In 20 iMsons.
FREE Cyclopedia No. 19 measures 7l5Vi"-

when wHHna

to advertisers.

B. B.

12-18

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

600

FIGHT

December,

1918

or

Join the Industrial

Aircraft Service
Earn While You Learn

You may

not be free to get into the

actual fighting, but you can still
give valuable service to your country. Join the Industrial Aircraft Service
and you'll not only be serving where
you're most needed but you'll be laying
the foundation for your future success.

Here is both Duty and Opportunity.

Here is your chance to get into essential war work, serve your country and
make a good connection in the industry
that's fast becoming one of the foremost
in the world.

The

Aircraft Industry

wartime emergency.

is

The

more than a
Aerial

Mail

Service has established the definite comAfter

mercial value of the Aeroplane.
the war there will be opportunities
aplenty for men who make good in the
Industrial Aircraft Service nozv.

An Opening for You

in

One

of

America's Foremost Aircraft Plants

plants in New Brunswick (N. J.) and Long Island City are
engaged solely in the manufacture of
Aeroplane Motors for the Government.
To meet our ever increasing schedule of
production we must have the man power

At present our

to operate the

machines

rious departments.
want your help.

We

in

To men without any previous technical

training V)e give a thorough and intensive course in our School of Instruction.
We pay you during your period oj instruction a rate higher than that of
many actual shop rates until you are
iully trained to hold down a regular
job at lull factory pay. Period oj instruction takes jrovi jour to ten days

our va-

IVc want

skilled mechanics, machine operators, inspectors, draftsmen, etc.

We

will
right men.

pay good wages for the

Offer to Men Not

Technically Trained

Our

You do not have to be a skilled

mechanic to get started with us.
If you have the right spirit and

Wright-Martin

and

other

fac-

tories.

The company provides

for so-

the determination to learn, we will

take you on and train you at our
expense in our School of In-

and recreational activities for

everyone. With baseball, football
and track athletics, picnics, concerts and dances, there need be no
dull times Tor you or your family

struction.

in

Not only

we

give you, free

of charge, a full course of practical instruction under the supervision of competent instructors,
but we will pay you while you are
will

learning.

When you have completed the

course which takes about ten days,
we will pay you full wages prevailing in the factory.

Good
New Bruns-

Living Conditions

Living conditions in
wick and vicinity are being
bettered every day.
Every
Wright-Martin man will be
able to count on a comfortable
and congenial place to live.
Moreover, the Government is
now building 200 houses espefor war workers at
cially

cial

New

Brunswick.

One Hour from New York City

New Brunswick is just about
one hour out of New York on the
Pennsylvania.

It

is

within short

commuting distance of Newark,

Elizabeth,
Trenton and Philadelphia.

Your Duty

Is

Here

In fairness to yourself you can't

afford to pass up this opportunity
to advance yourself and serve your
country, too.

Write, phone or apply in person

to

Employment and Welfare De-

partment, Wright-Martin Aircraft

Corporation,
New Brunswick,
N. J., and Long Island City, Starr

and Borden Avenues.

ffin
roOFe
New Brunswick,

N.

J.,

HISPANO-SVIZA
K.VGINE
You

benefit by

mentioning the "Electrical Experimenter" when writing

to

advertisers.

U. S. A.

.99 Double Action

||A..jk|..AM

"The Baby'

A HANDSOME AND MOST

Thrilling

WEAPON

EFFECTIVE

The Border Bandit Books

Adventures and Daring Deeds of Notorious Outlaws

Own

Trim Your

Safety Hair Cutter

Utility

Cuts th Hair Any Length,

Measures but
4^4 inches long

Short or Long Saves Its

Cost First Time Used.

Price Only

OR CENTS OR THE FULL 1 A BOOKS ^4 AA POST

ONLY &UEACH; SERIES OF I f FOR ^411111
PAID

PRICE
--

Iventures an

Takes reoular
22 calibre
cartridges
The new Baby Doubt* Action Hsmmorlest Revolver n39 been prodaced to meet
the ever irK-reasinjT deniaiiii lor u ii'volver that woulj combine email aize and
It 19
lifht n-elp>it with the essential fcaturea of E(flcincy and Practicability.
email m size, yel ia juat SB effective onil eeniceable aa the most expensive weepoo
you can Luy. Every lady should have o revolver and ehould know bow to use it,
n J there n no safer or better one made than this. A ureat feature is its safet7
ngninat
accidental
pnaids
diechorge.
making
it
quite
for
younB
safe
action that
men and ladiea. The illustration givea an idea of Us appearance, but it must bo
Been and uaed to be thoroughly appreciated. The ammunition used is the stand*
ard ,22-calihro (shortt cartride obtainable anywhere, or you may obtain tho
can
shipped
(cartriditea
be
only
by
express).
from
ua
The revolver
cartridges
The operation of tho chareine mechanism Is exfires six ehota In one loadinp.
tremely rapid and absolutely reliable; six well aimed ehota can be fired in as many
verv
constructed,
with
fine.it
well
ni,-kel
f.latfd finted
revolver
13
The
(leeonds.
barrel of fylinder. and it weighs only dS oun.-es. Tha Pric* ol th Baby Revolver
JOHNSON SMITH & CO.
iIy $5.50. aant by mall poatpald to any addresc.

T/ieCONJURER'SCASKET
Apparatus and Directions for a Number ol Mysterious Tricks
Enough lor an Entire Evening's Entertainment

B
B
B
B

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

The

_^

7,
8.
9.

B
B

BIO.
Bll.
B12.
BI3.
B14.

.
Tof the Bandlt3. by Harry FTawkeyo.
The Dalton Boys and Their Gang of Dcspernilufs, by Harry HawkeM.
Buffalo Bill. King of the Scouta, by Harry llawkoye.
Rube Burrow, the Outlaw, by Harry Hawkoye.
James Brothers (Life of the James Boysl, by J. W. Baef.
Younger Brothers (Tho Border Outlaws aiidCompaoionaof CYankand Jesaa

James), by J. W. Buel,
the Wild West. Life on the Texaa Plains, by Barry Hiwkeye.
Lives and Exploits of Frank and Jesse James, by Tbaddeos Thoradtke.
Jesse James (new) The Story of His Adventures.
James Boys and Their Daring Deeds. James Edgar.
Tho Allen Outlaws, Their Career and Crime of tho Bloc Eldgo Moontalna
Moonshiners, by James Edgar.
The Auto-Bandits of Paris. Most Amazing True Story of Crime,
Buffalo Bill and His Thrilling Adventures in the Wild West, by Nebraska Ned
Northficld Bank Robbery, by Cole Yoimger and Convict Life in Minnesota

Cowboys of

State Prison.

James Boys The Missouri Bandits, by Edgar James.

Daring Exploits of Jesse James ana Uia Band of Border Tntin and Bank
Rr>hhers, by Lfge Mitchell.
E17. Frank James and His Brother Jesse, The Darlne Leadersof tho Fearsome
Border Bandits by Harry Hawkeye.
B18. Auto Bandits of Chicago A Correct Account of tho Greatest Detective
Work in the History of Chicago Police Force, by James Aloyaius Durkin
B19. The Great Eeattie Murder Case. A Thrilling ^tory of a Man's Double Life
of Henry Clay Bcattio, Jr. The Sensational Story of Buelah Binford
"

Conjurer's CabiDct.

It

the

Woman

the Case.

in

own

jiffy;

&

-in-l

Combinaf ion

The most wonderful and

eemblea. You can carry

the Expo about in your
pocket and take pic>
turee without any one

54 W. Lak

CO., Dept. E

St.,

being the wiser.

One Cent a Picture

The Expo loads in daylight
with 26 Exposure Films, coating 26c. thus the picture taking part of a wholeday'fl outing may be had for thi- nominal
um of 25c-One cent a picture.
lO ExpoBure Films elso obtainable. It la Bimplicity itself to operate. Takes pictures through the
torn, where the Rapid Flr Lens is
The photos (6/ttl 7/b) may
.;:ated.

CHICAGO

Comforting to the Fet

ELECTRIC INSOLES

and Healthful
You will never suffer from Cold Feet while you wear these
Any size. Comfortable even in a tight
Electric Insoles.
Bhoe.
Alternate iJlates of copDer and zinc generate a
mild and pleasant form of electric energy that promotes
the circulation of the blood and thus tones ur> the entire
system. Positively Prevent Cramp, avert Nerve Troubles,
Bave you from Colds and Chills and dispel Rheumatic
Having obtained a larj:o stuck we are- able to
Pains.
reduce the price to 25c per pair or better quality, 50o
postpaid.
CO., Dept. E. 54 W. Lake Street.
JOHNSON. SMITH

&

In*

It ia but little larger than a

watch, which it closely re-

te eolargod to uiy

size.

QUICK AS AGUISH r.T.^.'dJ'^.'To^rniJkJWtS:

Endorsed by amateurn and profesBlonala the world over. Thoroughly practicalprinting and developing of films just fhe same an ordinary cameraB In daily use 07
thepohce, newspaper reporters, detectives, end the general public. Important
beats have been secured with the Watch Camera by enterprlaing reporters.

KARAT GOLD NAME

BOOK ON

ETC.
USEFUL KNOTS* HITCHES, SPLICES.
Mad* and WhaCi

..^ How Oiffarent Knots Are

They Ar* Uod For. KnoU to Usan4.
^X^ftA*m. Knots to Avoid,
/ji^^'^/.xSft A most practical handbook giving com*
plete and simple direction for making
-^ \\\\\ all the most uaeful knots, hitches. riff
.^i^ HA.^ia \ jr- ging, splices, etc. 0?er 100 iliuatra^
<%tiWv-A ''vi>?*
^wSi
^'^^
^^^^^

BBi/r
^"'^

^^^^

]20C
9m^^%0

^-'^

tiona. All about wire

rope attachments,

Poitsse

10c

An1rw^e^

JOHNSON SMITH A

35c

Leather Pocket CarrylnK Case,

54 W. Lak

CO., Dept. E.

St.,

CHICAGO

writing can be

ten with this Ink. for

tha writing MAKES NO

ONLY

MARK. Cannot be aeeo

Qnleu you know the >
cr*t. Invaluable for many

IN A

READ

DARK

A CO.,

New
Vamping
Card
No Taaohr Ndd

Qgrprlalnaly SlmpU Systm

icfttlon need not dcBpair. for with tho
Id of oar new" VAliPING CARD (placing the card upr'sht over the piano keya),
oa can at once Vamp away to thouaanda of SonwB. Ballada, Waltiea. Katr Time,
tc. etc.. eaual to a Prof eaaional Musician No knowledpe of muaic is rL-ouircd.
After uaini: it a few timeo. you will be able to dispense with the aid of the VHmp54W.lakt St. .Chlcaep
Ina Card entirely. Only 15 cU.p.pd. Johnson SmilhACo. DedI.E-

Serpent's Eggs Mystic Skeleton

Each b"i (-on tains
12 enaa. which are
larger than a
-aiD of
~ n t 3.

_A

jointj-d

10c

fli

14

ppd.

inheight,

:>

.Chlcat*

The Bea
Collection

of Minntrel

^-^^
^

^"'^x*^

WItandHu-.
mor. comia
Bonga, cod-

-,

tions

with

miitfh, however, each one

Brarlually hatches itself into a
''.nuke several feet long, which
urlH and twists about in a most
fi

Per box, 10c ppd.

and move-

ments while the

operator may be
some distance from
Simply placed
it.
on a chair or table
become endowed with

_life

and bcK-m

move. At command
down,

to

of operator will lie

CO,
stand up, dance, etc. J. S.

&

A Great Curiosity
Midget Illustrated Bible
The Smallest Bible
The Mfdpet

In

Bible

Extra ammunition always obtain-

Absolutely harmless. Can be operated indoors or out.

Now, boys Here's your chance to see hnttleship in action, and
the best of it is you can OWN the ehip and command the firing
vouTBHlfl By havinc two or more Buttlfshipe, .vou fan arrange
EXCITING NAVAL HATTLES in \our own home. Price of
Warahip and Ammunltionp 15c, three for 40c, or a fleet of 12
ships for $1.50 postpaid.' Extra Ammunition, 5 cnts per pkg.
t

MUSICAL KAZOO MAGIC FLUTE

Kuoo

Wonderfully Sweet

fou can. without previous practice wbaCjaoeTer,'

play anjr

Toned and Musical

tune right
off, imitate

TWU
NEW

.^lir

No

other

Ini-trument pro>

duces
sweeter
music, whether
It bo the joyoua

baffpipe, anare drtiia, Poncn and Jaar.

etc. No holes to fineer. It Is aimplicity

Produces excellent music. You do

not blow Into it, but sinz, epeak. laugh or
maike any desired Imitation. Used with
astonishing resulta at society meetin^a.
home, club or church entertainments,
dances, serenades, picnics. outinBS, excursions. Just the thinir for choruses and
shows, bicycle and marchlnir cluba, etc.
Excellent for vocal or instrumental accompaniments, either with or without
Other musical Instruments. Prlco 15cp. Dd.

notes of a Quicketep or the solemn strains of a

any class of
fact,
church bymn io
music can be played upon the Humana,
tone without practice, aa it is almost a
sf If-playinK instrument. When played
with a piano accompaniment, or rny
other musical instrument, the effect is
charming. P'ull printnl instrucbons for
playing sent wlUi each instrument.

CIGARETTE ROLLER
Very neat

Weighs

and handy.

less

It raakts
than a quarter uf an ounce.
teller cigarettes than you can buy and

makes them

Is a

about the

marveloua musical

lostrument.

any

the World

perfect (rem. and a work of

of a postage stamp and
HUNDRKD
ct.nUlna
FIE-TY PAGES of
TESTAMKNT. profusely illustrated.
thThis littlo Bible ts a wonder.
It is said to brine
tnoi lai'k to the owner. Uost be seen to be appreciated. Prlca, only 12 canta.
BIMaa tor 30 canto: ona doian BIblaa tor S1.00 or 100 for 96.00. Good
, onn be mndo <;11inK these Mi'liret BiblcBamonKstfrienda, church acqualotSunday Bchorila, bajuara, if Send for a few and try It,
ft CO.. Dept. E*
W. Lake St.
It 1^

art-.

able.

bird
or animal,

AND

own

.
likinff.

easily

and

quii^ltly.

Y"u

can use just the tobacco you prefer and

thus have nicer "smokes" tlian readymade, and more, of tliem, besides saving
Just try one
atxiut half of your money.
and make your ciearetles just to your
_
Price only lOc or 3 for 25e postpaid, with full instruc-

lOHNSON SMITH

CHICAGO JOHNSON SMITH &

54

Thumb Brander
,HEW&NOVELJOKE
play on your
iends. FiU'-n
our thumb, and
.

yur

aa

ihakehands. CraatfuR. Won'twash

you
off

'ery easily, either. Any of these choice

:t>ithets: Owl, tool, liar, (rowch, baby.
Lhlckan.l hot air. bull, Safaty FIrat.
^mplete witl. p.id ana ink. iSe (pout
Any other brand mad'-- to order Ur

CO.,

Dept.

E. 54

Flics

ita

dip.

ink.

Writi-a

fawhionable viutet color.

Better and
cheaper than fountain pena. Writes a
long Ittter with one dip in plain water.
No trouble no br.ther no musa- A
pleasure tou.-*e. With Ni.-k^l Plated Rc-

veraibl" H..ld.r 10 CENTS. 11 for 2!,c

postpaid. LAlra Poiol^ &c, 6 for Z&c.

W.

Lalce

St..

CHICAGO

AROUND AT

(rracefutly

in

or

outdoors.

IN

briijhtly colored balloon

that measures sixteen inches long is
bluwn up in the usual way. and. when
rclfaaed, the air pressure sends tho
ball'ion AOAFtING UI-'WARD. the 3Vj-

A I'VELY RATE The effect is startSPINNING

WI FH JOY Ms^' bo
If IB rtK-raceful fli^-r thai makes U.e yount-rtlers
linn.
An immensely mterest.M t^.y. Prlc. 10c
U:*ed repeat.-.lly in.loorji ..r ouWo-.rs.
Johnson
th
Co., Dept. t. 54 W. Lake St,. Cbicaga
ch, 3 for 25c ppd.
Inch propeller

BDeaches, monolognes, plantation nkctchea. Interlude* and farcea. The

for amateura; 64 double-column pa^ea of genuine burnt-cork comical itia that will
bo highly Dpreclated by all who enjoy aifood laugh. PRICK. Including catalog of
all kinds of wfga, ma.ika. make-up goodi, greaae painta, etc., for amateurs
Only 10 ento soalpald.
JOHNSON SMITH A CO.. Oflpt. E. 34 K. Uka St., CHICA6B

Smi

WILD

&

STAGE

Sneezing Powder

MONEY

everyone
the room or
carwill begin
to aneeze without knowing the reason
r
why. It in moat amusing to hear their''
'! ati they never auopect the
""^^ *
B, but think they hav
laughintc
the other, Betweer
loezlng you yourself win oe nuving
*ne time of your life. For partlaa, political (ntlnc*, car ridaa. or any pla e at
all where there in a natherinjr of pe .pie.
It la thocrts( loh* out. PrlcalZcor 3
JOHNSON SMITH A CO.
for 30c.

With B bunch of these

bills, it is

easy

for each person of limited means to appear prosperous.

By flaehing a roll of
theae hills at the prooer time and peelbill or two from tht*
roll, tho effect creat.J
all that ran be <lePricva, poatpald: 15 Bills lOc.
25c, 125 lor 50c. or $3.50 thQutand.

a eenuine

inir off

outside of the
will

be found to h-

nir''d.
1

50

Bills

LUMINOUS

PAINT.

Clocks, Etc.,
[Make Your Watches,
the
discovery
.Ift^l.^. tk*v USavlft^ The very
Hitherto, pracSiDle
Dy mgnX exorbitantworld.
laat
once we have
latent

In

ecientific

at
unobtainable except at an
applied l
itieeaed Id producing this remark..bk. LUMINOUS PAINT, which,
the surface of any nrtrcl.' mila raya ol *.hlt. Iliht. rendennir it parfvetfy vlalblv
Quito
SHINES.
BRILLIANT
IT
MORE
In the"d^k. THE DaSkER THE NIGHT. THE
imnln tn iiofl
Anvnnn vou can do t A litt o applied to the dial of youc
*M''Sble'';:<1u""tell tho lim. by "ifVh7"r*"/for''.'b'lS
;^S?h or
innnniorablo
bo
Jt.
and
match
liKht
button, or switch piat ot your clectr.c
other article. mako your own Lummooa CrueifiieB. Lum.nou. Ro.apie. tto.
Bottle containing aufTlcicnt to coat scvcrnl small articlefl. Prlc* 25. Larff^c
54W.Lok St..Chlcio
ilea 50c and $1 poatoald. Johnson Smith & Co.. DopLE
tically

cS
:

All

the Latest Surpris ng and Joke Novelties

n(a
Pharo's Serpenla
Miniature Water
t'li'opatra's

INKLESS PEN Latest Novelty: Aerial Balloon

BALVERY LATEST SENSATION
WRITES with WATER | "S
LUUNS. A
own
Makes
you

teea. rarna.

'*1^lf '."tV^j
ery bocK

Only lOo Pottpald

rect intervals, from

twelve to twenty times.

With the Musical

jokea, (nuia
and re par-

o o
u o
d ru
,
dsrkey dia-

Itself.

music and ihtform various gyra-

to

When

manuer.

""'^

Quite invisible at model of UncleSam'3

daytime. Very remarkable. latest fighting mon15e battle; 3 for 40e postpaid. ster. It carries eigrht
E. 54 W. iMkm St., CHICAGO biif guns, each of
which flashes, at cor-

eyes. Great fun for playinir

practical jokes. Only 19c

lifelike*

,.a^i^i^^j,.

the day.

of

St.

likt fire.

orandums away frnm pryinB

lit

Bation

54 W. Laki

I.

of

Raalistiel

Thegreatesttoy sen-

& Co, .Dept.

.rn. THE MINSTREL SHOW

Fishting Dreadwriting thinw The

naufrht is an exact

ROOM;

Keep your poatTeasona.

ats and other private mem-

lOHNSON SMITH

Uohnson Smllh

THE FIGHTING DREADNAUGHT

LUMINOUS INK SensationaMy
Modern Warship
Exact Model

Tho moat confidential

Tneaaagea can be writ*

blocks,

lashing,

tackles, etc. 37
Heraldic Knots illusOf great value
trated.
mechanics, riggers,
campers, boatmen, rrlce 20c p. pd.

CHICAGO

INVISIBLE INK

ROPE SPLICING

NEW

Produces clear, sharp negatives indoors or outdoors equal to any camera on the
market, size or price notwithstanding.
Expo Watch Cam*ni
FILMS, 10 Expoturn 15e. 25 Exposuret, 25o

A CA
v&iwU

50*

With a view of petting our name atill more widely

well aa to secure new customers, wO
maketfiis REMARKABLE OFFERofBhandsornw
Leather Combinati..n Bill Fold, aa, illuatraterf,
with tho owner's nm atampsd in 23 K*rV'
Gold L.Mr(n. for ONLY 60 cents, postpa.<fc^
Horn it an nlT 'round useful combination thaC
aeries NO LESS "than SEVEN DISTlNCfi
storPURPOSES. There i3,il)a large pocket for
tickets,
inK bills in, (2)another pocket for '^rde or formiBfourth
(3) still another for checks. (1) o
ttierei*
cellaneoua papers and memorandums,
c'asp too
(B) a short center panel pocket with
postage Btampa. (6) an identification card with
and
photogra
room for your own or dearona'aB photography
l^deoTht
mtha.
17) removable Calendar by monf
^d by Ik
tification Card and Calenda
transparent covering, the v...".- .^.^-^ -.- -^
PHc* .50^
B compact apace of 3x4^J inches.
with name in 1 lino (add 15c for each additional
quality,
line). Also obtaioabla Iq wery auperior
SI. 00 p. pd.
54 W. tahflSt.. Chlcaj*
Johnson Smllh & Co., 0pl. E

made

Oenlous Camera

Book

known as

S4 W. Lake St., CHICAGO

E.^

Bill

with Name Stamped In

23-Karat Gold Letters

WATCH CAMERA

dagic Nail with which you can apparently

cut yuur finger almost in two; the Wonderful Card Trick <a card is placed in an
envelope, and when opened an entirely
different card altogether is found); The
*"
ppearing Coin Box <a coin is placed
he httle wooden barrel, and, when
opened again, is found to have vanished
entirely, or can be made to change into a
coin of another denomination
The Famous Mesmerized Penny that defies the law
of gravitation (suspends from the pidm of the hand, nose, cheek, wall clothtniF
etc.) The Glass Goblet and Vanishing Coin Trick la coin Is dropped into a glass
of water, aiid wben the water Is poured out the coin has vanished) , Full printed
nstructiona for performing each trick.
Besides the tricks contained In the Cabinet, there are twenty-five other feats and illusions fully explained with full
printed instructions, for which you can easily make or procure the necessary apparatus
We also send the secret of performing three wonderful stage tricks

JOHNSON SMITH &

and in one-fourth the timo beforo your

mirror. Tho ladies can cut tho childrea'a hair flt Bom 10
can be used as an ordinary razor to shave the face or tmlatl
around the temples and neck. Sharpened like any razor; can be carried in the vest pocket ready for inalant one and will luut a lifetime.
To uae It, stand tn front of a mirror, if necessary, and use tho
UTILITY TRIMMER like you would a comb. Puah it Ihrouitb tha
bair. downwurd. In tho direction tho hair lies, but Nver Upward.
To cut lonsc hair, first moisten the hair and comb It, so it will lie
close to the head, then start cutting with downward cuts as high aa
rou deeire. evenly all around the head. Fioiah around the neck anij
templea with a equare cut, like a barber.
cat etepa" in your hair
It 19 impossible to leave any "nicka" or
with this device, aa the handle ffuard eruidea the cutter blade evenljr
over the scalp.
To cut very closo, push the blade tmtll the cottinff edge 18 ovea
with the guard teeth.
.
,
,
To ahave the face or nect it can be Tlfled ftfl en ordloary razor oy
reveraine the blade in the holder, the cutting edKc beinif to tha
back of the holder, exoosinff the entire bla<je, except each comer.
To hone, place the blade In the holder, with the cuttmg edge to
the back, moving the blade out until the cutting edge Is clear of tho back of tha
holder Then hone In the usnnl manner; finiabon aetropaa with on ordinary razor.
54 W. Lake St., CHICAGO
JOHNSON SMITH CO.. Dept. E.

^\*\

imt-J

contains the apparatus

for Beven lirat-rate tricks, includint; The Disappearing

Rose, that, when placed on the lapel of your coat. van.
Uhes from sisht at will; the Magic Vase and Ball
Trick ta Wooden Ball is placed inside, and
ipon replacing the lid has disappeared and
3 found in someone else's pocketj; Tho

//

B15.
B16.

ANYONE CAN DO THEM. PRICE 50c POSTPAID JOHNSON SMITH & CO., Dept.
this

^tions.

of these books cannot be anything but beneficial upon the charactera of the most
youthful readers. They do not cli^rify the sensational exploits of thieves, rascala
and detectives; on the contrary, there la an obvious moral to be drawn from every
story that cannot fail to have a wholesome effect. Prfcaot thaaa bookala25cants

35c Postpd.

COMB

your hnir you can

If you can
your own hair with thin marveloua
Invention. Tho UTILITY TRIMMER will
cut bair any length you desire, short or
lonflT. finish the job aa nicely a any barber

TRIM

Get

Hair With th

KiilHo

I->i
i.kk-i,
Viv.t,A

Snake (very

M uatache (fool

....
lifelike)

your friends)

...

I'^c
I'lc

IGc
fic

15c
Ford Auto Puzzle (Latest)
Mysterious Ghoat, shines at niRht 10c
Rubbi-r Razor (very formidable) , 20e
Rubber Dagger (senBational) . . 20c
joke)
2Bc
Window Smashers (irrent
.
lAMikbackroacope 'see behind you) 15c
Great Mind Readinn Mystery Cdo. 10c
Thurston's Mysterious Trick Cda. lOc
10c
FightlnB Roosters, pair
Cover the Spot Trick, aacleo.oov. 10c
10c
X Ray Novelty
10c
Trick Pencil
l^c
Robher Tacks (a iTood Joke>
.

....
.

iOHNSON SMITH &

CO.. Dept

M.'MmLTJzcd Penny (dcficstbe law

.if

KTavitati.inl

Uyati'iious Tumbler and Vanishing Coin Trick

Matrlc Mirror (take one peep)
Madic Plat Lifter
Imitation Gold Teeth . . 3 for

20c
25o
IO3

20a

lOs
lOo
Wire PuziTea, 10c. 22 different. $1.95
"Elec-Trick-* Punh Button. . . 10
Inkless Pen fwrilcs wilb water) . lOc
lOc
Imitation Bed Bugs
.
.
.
20c
Squirt Ring
Trick Bill Book
lOO

Great Burglar Puiile

Acquaintance Cardn (wittr and

amuning)
=
.
Glass Watch
Multiplvinir Billiard Ball Trfck

V>o
26c
25c

54 W. Lake St.. CHICAGO

New Opportunity
Young Men in America

Grand,

for

Thousands of Wireless Operators

Wanted

at Big Salaries

lew short years ago wireless telegraphy was only

the dream of dreamers. Today it is one of the most
important of modern industries. Its usages are widening with terrific rapidity, until it is now considered an
essential to the progress of man.
So great has been
the growth of wireless that there are now over 30,000
unfilled opcning^s for Radio Operators.

AVIATION

IMCRCHANT MARINE J

Master Wireless

in

Ten Weeks

headed by authorities who arc iiow closely allied with governmental training
of students, has perfected an easily mastered course in wireless telegraphy whereby students are taught
completely in ten weeks. Many of our students are ready to take up actual wireless work in much less time.
The course is founded on actual practice, hence the rapidity of the progress of the student.

The Mational Radio

Institute,

THE PRICE

REASONABLEEASY TERMS

IS

Hir unusual t'aciliiies enable us to teach thousands of students by mail, affording them the same efficient service as if they
Herein lies our ability to offer this course at a figure which everyone can
attended our big school here in \V'ashin.L;tuu.
To those unable to pay the full amount on entering, we offer easy terms of payment.
alTord.
<

America Takes Her Place on the Seas

.\merica

is

spending billions of dollars on the mightiest navy

and merchant marmc

Practically all vessels

in the world.
are being equipped with wireless apparatus of the most up
Thousands of operators are needed now.
to date type.
.Salaries are high, and constantly rising.
The field affords a
wonderful opportunity for the man who starts now to master
wireless. He can enter the navy, the army, the aviation field,
the merchant marine, or a land station. Operators are needed
badl\ in all of these branches of governmental and private
industries.

Be a Trained Man

in

10

Weeks

In the short period of ten weeks we can make of you a wireless operator, a man with a profession, independent, and not subThe man who
ject to the rise and fall of wages in the labor market. Salaries are as high as $150 per month and expenses.
Such glowing opportunities do n:)t present themselves often in a life time.
acts now is the lucky one.

Stop

lever

These are

Speed control

Get this coup o n in t h o

the instru-

mails

ments you

you

work with

coupon brings

It

will

today.
step
never

regret.

given
FREE

to

they are

with

is

This

you

full

particulars as
to the unusual
p o s si bilities
in the wireless
field, the high
salaries paid,
and other tn-

your

teres ting

course.

facts.

Audibility control

"nat,onai.
D.P,

radio'tnS'"""'
6s,

w.

,.

g,o:,

D c

Send me. free of charge, your booklet "Wireless, the Opporiuniiy

of the Aee," with full particulars fcRarding your famous lo
H-rks' Home Study Cour-e, and your Special Free Instruments
*

;!:

YOU ARE NEEDED NOW-GET YOUR

INSTRUCTION FROM THE NATION'S CAPITAL

i
'

T^ T

National Radio Institute

Dept. 65

Address

1^^

?i

14th and

Streets, N, W.,

Washington, D. C.