Air Flow in Pipe
Air Flow in Pipe
Air Flow in Pipe
ISA 1932 nozzle. This nozzle imposes less restriction on the flow and henco permits Reynolds Numbers of
up to 200,000.
The losses taking place in various fittings can be found by attaching them to the inlet to the pipe and
fitting the 3 in diameter nozzle to the inlet end of the component under examination. Then for a given rate of
flow as measured by the nozzle the losses are determined by observing the pressure gradient in the pipe.
The dimensions of the nozzele and the pipe, and the positions of the pressure tappings in the nozzle, the
pipe, and the fan are given in Figs.1A and 2.
In what follows the theoretical background is not given in Frank M. White: Fluid Mechanics, 5th Edition,
McGrawHill. The relevant page numbers are given in brackets.
3. VELOCITY PROFILE, OBSERVED
The velocity traverse is situated at a distance of 240.4 in., or 78 pipe diameters, downstream of the
pipe entrance, a distance sufficient the ensure fully developed flow at this point. Velocity head is measured
by means of an open ended total head tube, facing the air flow, of outer diameter 0.035 in and bore 0.020 in.
Let: D = pipe diameter, ft
V = flow velocity, ft/sec
3
2 = density of air at plane of traverse, lb/ft
B = Atmospheric pressure, in of Hg
H = static depression at traverse, in of water
h2 = total head reading at traverse, in of water
p3 = static pressure at plane of traverse, lb/ft2
R = Gas constant, 96 ft-lb/(lb OK)
Then neglecting compressibility (p.37)
V
2 g ( H h2 ) 5.20
(1)
Assuming isothermal expansion from atmospheric pressure to the conditions obtaining at the traverse
plane:
2
p3
R TA
70.72 B 5.2 H
96 T A
..(2)
T A ( H h2 )
21.32
67.3 ft / sec
B 0.0735H
Velocity is plotted against radius in Fig.7 and against (radius) 2 in Fig.8. The mean ordinate of the
latter curve, 89.1 ft/sec, gives the mean velocity at this cross section.
4.56
ft 3 / sec
This agrees well with the calculated flow volume for the nozzle, 4.47 ft3/sec, and suggests that, for
the latter, a coefficient of discharge of substantially 1.00 is applicable instead of the assumed value of 0.985.
0g
2
and
o g
5.6161 log
0.129 r 5.0
p R2
l 2R
p R
l 2
.. (3)
(4)
0.50 lb / ft 3 ,
R 0.129 ft,
0.0739 lb / ft 3
5. LOSSES IN FITTINGS
The fittings investigated by the method mentioned earlier, and shown diagrammatically in Fig.9,
were :
(a) Bend, (b) Plain Elbow, (c) Cascaded Elbow, (d) 10 ft length of sound absorbing pipe followed
by bend.
The rate of flow was kept constant throughout these tests by adjusting the diaphragm value on the fan
outlet.
TA 292 K , B 29.60
72
in of mercury,
velocity
ft / sec
In Fig.10 static depression is plotted against distance from pipe inlet for the five combinations given.
It will be observed that, particularly after the elbows, irregularities occur in the pressure gradient in the earlier
part of the pipe. By the time pressure tapping No.8 is reached, however, the pressure gradient is substantially
uniform, and losses in the various combinations are compared on the basis of readings taken at this point,
with other results given in the first two columns of the table. The values for head loss, expressed as a
proportion of mean velocity head, are given in the third column.
Proportion of mean velocity head
Considerations
Head Loss in of Water
(Loss coefficient K)
(a) bend
0.06
0.053
(b) plain elbow
0.49
0.43
(c) cascaded elbow
0.31
0.27
(d) bend + sound absorbing pipe
0.81
0.717
These results indicate that the losses in a cascaded elbow with while losses in bend are much lower.
The pressure gradient in the brass pipe for fully developed flow at this velocity is: 0.081 in of water
per foot. For the sound absorbing pipe the loss is 0.8110 0.06 = 0.075 in of water per foot. Losses in the
sound absorbing pipe are, therefore, slightly less than in the brass pipe.
It is convenient to express the losses due to each fitting as loss coefficient K, (p.385).
3. ()2 excel
Vi dAi
1
V
V dA
A
A
Vi 2ri ri
i 1
R 2
V 2r r
i
i 1
R2
2
R2
V r r
i i
i 1
4. 3
5. ISA-1932 Nozzle.
V Nozzle 6.497
Q R 2V Nozzle
1.5 HP MOTOR
PROBE SUPPORT
SUDDEN
ENLARGEMENT
DIFFUSER
PARABOLIC NOZZLE
FIG 1 APPARATUS
VELOCITY PROFILE
100
MEAN VELOCITY =
88.7 ft/sec
80
VELOCITY, ft/sec
60
EQUAL AREA
40
20
0
1.0
2.0
2.4
(RADIUS)2 in2
FIG 8 VELOCITY VS (RADIUS)2
BEND
CASCADED ELBOW
PLAIN ELBOW
R 0.600
2.50
R 1.00
2.25
3.000.001
Unit: inch
Nozzle and Pitot tube
Nozzle
Flow
hNozzle
Inclined Manometer
Pitot tube
Flow
hTotal
2
hStatic
Pitot tube
VPitot
2 water ghvel
air
2 water ghvel
Pair
RTair
2 (1 gm / cm 3 ) g (hvel mm)
( Hg gB water ghstatic )
(0.287kJ / kgK ) (tair 273) K
2 (1 gm / cm 3 ) (hvel mm)
(13.6 gm / cm 3 ) ( B mm) (1 gm / cm 3 ) (hstatic mm)
(287 J / kg ) (tair 273)
2 (1 ) (hvel )
Nm / kg
(13.6 ) ( B) hstatic
(287) (tair 273)
6.497
Nozzle
VNozzle 6.497
hNozzle(tair 273)
h
(t 273)
m / s 21.32 Nozzle air
ft / s
B 0.0735hStatic
B 0.0735hStatic