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    JT Valve

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    suwito
    Joule Thompson Expansion-A throttling process produces no change in enthalpy; hence for an ideal gas the temperature remains constant. For real gases, however, the throttling process will cause the temperature to increase or decrease.

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    JT Valve

    Uploaded by

    suwito
    195 views14 pages
    Joule Thompson Expansion-A throttling process produces no change in enthalpy; hence for an ideal gas the temperature remains constant. For real gases, however, the throttling process will cause the temperature to increase or decrease.

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    Joule Thompson Expansion-A throttling process produces no change in enthalpy; hence for an ideal gas the temperature remains constant. For real gases, however, the throttling process will cause the temperature to increase or decrease.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    195 views14 pages

    JT Valve

    Uploaded by

    suwito
    Joule Thompson Expansion-A throttling process produces no change in enthalpy; hence for an ideal gas the temperature remains constant. For real gases, however, the throttling process will cause the temperature to increase or decrease.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 14
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The key takeaways are about throttling valves, the Joule-Thomson effect, and how the Joule-Thomson coefficient varies with temperature and pressure.

    A throttling valve is a device that produces a large pressure drop along with a drop in temperature. In a throttling valve, enthalpy remains constant with no work done or heat transfer. The pressure and kinetic energy changes are also usually negligible.

    The Joule-Thomson coefficient, μ, relates the temperature change during throttling of a real gas. A positive μ indicates temperature decreases during expansion. μ depends on the deviation of real gases from the behavior of ideal gases.

    Joule Thompson Expansion

    Ab Hashemi

    4/2/2008

    @ Ab Hashemi

    Throttling Valves
    A throttling valve is a steady-flow engineering device
    used to produce a significant pressure drop usually
    along with a large drop in temperature
    In a throttling valve, enthalpy remains constant
    No work device - mechanical or other forms
    Heat transfer almost always negligible
    small area; less time available
    PE and KE changes usually negligible

    4/2/2008

    @ Ab Hashemi

    Throttling Devices

    4/2/2008

    @ Ab Hashemi

    Joule-Thomson Coefficient

    A throttling process produces no change in enthalpy; hence for an


    ideal gas the temperature remains constant. For real gases,
    however, the throttling process will cause the temperature to
    increase or decrease. The Joule-Thomson coefficient, , relates
    this change and is defined as:
    T

    p h

    (1)

    4/2/2008

    A positive value of indicates that the temperature decreases as the


    pressure decreases; a cooling effect is thus observed. This is true
    for almost all gases at ordinary pressures and temperatures.
    The exceptions are hydrogen (H2), neon, and helium, which have
    a temperature increase with a pressure decrease, hence <0. Even
    for these gases there is a temperature above which the JouleThompson coefficient changes from negative to positive. At this
    inversion temperature, =0.
    @ Ab Hashemi

    Joule-Thomson Expansion (1 of 7)
    The first law for a closed system on a unit mass basis is:

    q = du + pdv

    (2)

    If the process is reversible, from the second law,

    q = Tds

    (3)

    du = Tds pdv

    (4)

    dh = du + pdv + vdp

    (5)

    Hence,

    dh = Tds + vdp
    4/2/2008

    (6)
    @ Ab Hashemi

    Joule-Thomson Expansion (2 of 7)

    Let us analyze the Joule-Thomson coefficient to gain insight into


    why the coefficient changes sign:

    s = f (T , p )

    (7)

    s
    s
    ds = dT + dp
    T p
    p T

    (8)

    Substituting Equation (8) into Equation (6), yields,

    s
    s
    dh = T dT + T dp + vdp
    T p
    p T

    4/2/2008

    @ Ab Hashemi

    (9)

    Joule-Thomson Expansion (3 of 7)
    For constant T, dT=0

    dh = T + v dp
    p T

    (10)

    h
    s
    = T + v
    p T
    p T

    (11)

    or,

    For h=f(T,p),

    T p h
    = 1
    p h h T T p

    (12)

    Re-arranging,

    1
    T
    h

    =
    (h T ) p p T
    p h
    4/2/2008

    @ Ab Hashemi

    (13)
    7

    Joule-Thomson Expansion (4 of 7)
    and,

    h
    = cp
    T p

    (14)

    Substituting (14) into (13), we get

    1 h

    c p p T

    (15)

    We can write,

    h = f (T , p )

    (16)

    Differential of Equation (16) is,

    h
    h
    dh = dT + dp
    T p
    p T
    4/2/2008

    @ Ab Hashemi

    (17)

    Joule-Thomson Expansion (5 of 7)
    Re-arranging Equation (6)

    Tds = dh vdp

    (18)

    Combining (17) and (18)

    h
    s
    = T + v
    p T
    p T

    (19)

    Using Maxwell relation

    h
    v
    = T + v
    T p
    p T

    4/2/2008

    @ Ab Hashemi

    (20)

    Joule-Thomson Expansion (6 of 7)
    Substituting (20) into (14), we get

    1
    cp

    v
    T
    +

    v
    T

    (21)

    For an ideal gas, pv=RT

    R v
    v
    = =
    T p p T

    (22)

    Substituting into Equation (21)

    =0

    4/2/2008

    @ Ab Hashemi

    10

    Joule-Thomson Expansion (7 of 7)
    Substituting h= u + pv into equation (21)

    1
    u
    ( pv )

    = +

    p T
    cp
    p T
    2
    142
    1
    4
    4
    3
    4
    3
    deviation from Joul 's law deviation from Boyle 's law

    4/2/2008

    (23)

    The first term in the brackets denotes the deviation from Joules law,
    which states that the internal energy is a function only of
    temperature.
    On expansion, there is an increase in the molecular potential
    energy, and hence is negative. This results in a positive and a
    temperature decrease.
    The second term in the brackets indicates the deravation from
    Boyles law (that v varies inversely with p) for a real gas. For most
    gases at low temperatures and pressures, is negative; however, it
    changes sign at higher temperatures and pressures.
    @ Ab Hashemi

    11

    Following figures illustrate the plot of on the


    T-p and T-s diagrams. Lines of constant
    enthalpy are also noted.

    4/2/2008

    @ Ab Hashemi

    12

    Joule-Thompson Expansion

    Temperature, T

    Maximum Inversion Temperature


    h=C

    >0
    =0

    h=C

    <0
    h=C

    Joule-Thompson
    Coefficient

    T
    =
    p h

    Critical Point

    Pressure, p
    4/2/2008

    @ Ab Hashemi

    1313

    Low Pressure Reduction


    =0
    High
    Pressure

    Temperature, T

    h=C

    <0

    h=C

    >0
    h=C

    Low
    Pressure

    Critical Point
    P2
    Vapor

    10%

    20% Saturation

    Liquid

    Region

    80%

    P1

    90%
    quality

    Entropy, s
    4/2/2008

    Depending on the JT operating conditions, lower back


    pressure has the potential
    toHashemi
    reduce cooling load
    @ Ab

    14

    14

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