Paediatrica Indonesiana: Darnifayanti, Guslihan Dasa Tjipta, Rusdidjas, Bugis Mardina Lubis
Paediatrica Indonesiana: Darnifayanti, Guslihan Dasa Tjipta, Rusdidjas, Bugis Mardina Lubis
Paediatrica Indonesiana: Darnifayanti, Guslihan Dasa Tjipta, Rusdidjas, Bugis Mardina Lubis
Volume 55
May 2015
Number 3
Original Article
Abstract
This study was presented at the Kongres Nasional Ilmu Kesehatan Anak/
KONIKA XV (The 15th Child Health National Congress) Manado, July
11-14, 2011.
From the Department of Child Health, University of Sumatera Utara
Medical School /H. Adam Malik Hospital, Medan, Indonesia.
Reprint requests to: Dr. Darnifayanti, Department of Child Health,
University of Sumatera Utara Medical School/H. Adam Malik Hospital,
Jl. Bunga Lau No.17, Medan 20136. Tel. +62618361721 8365663. Fax.
+62618361721. E-mail: [email protected].
Methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine
the sensitivity and specificity of the I/T ratio method as
Positive
(n = 26)
3
6
0
1
11
2
1
2
14
12
2,329.2 (982.01)
1
0
2
1
1
2
1
2
0
0
3
1
0
1
3
0
1
7
TTN=transient tachypnea of newborn; ELBW=extremely low birth weight; LBW=low birth weight; VLBW=very low birth weight
Results
During the study period, fifty-three neonates
suspected of having neonatal sepsis in the Perinatology
Unit underwent routine blood examinations, blood
cultures, and peripheral blood smears to examine I/T
ratios.
Table 1 shows the subjects characteristics
including gestational age, gender, birth weight, and
diagnosis. We found 26 infants with sepsis diagnosed
by positive blood cultures. The incidence of sepsis in
this study was 45.6%. Subjects mean gestational age
was 34-36 weeks. More males had sepsis than females,
and respiratory distress was the most common diagnosis accompanying neonatal sepsis in our subjects.
Table 2 shows the microorganisms found in
blood cultures of the septic newborns. Most of the
bacteria were gram-positive. Staphylococcus epidermidis
was the most commonly found species.
n
1
1
1
6
1
9
4
1
2
23
3
26
Blood culture
Negative
5
22
27
Total
28
25
53
ROC Curve
1.0
0.8
Sensitivity
0.5
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.5
0.8
1.0
1 - Specificity
Diagonal Segments are produced by ties.
Discussion
Of the 53 subjects, we found 49% had bacterial
sepsis based on positive blood cultures. Subjects
were of various gestational ages, but those of 34-36
week gestational age had the most bacterial sepsis
(42.3%). This finding is consistent with theory that
a risk factor for bacterial sepsis is prematurity due to
underdeveloped organs.6 Premature infants may be
predisposed to respiratory distress, limited calorie
intake, increased risk of bleeding and infection. They
are, therefore, at higher risk for neonatal sepsis than
full term infants.7
Neonatal sepsis remains a major problem in
developing countries including Indonesia and is the
major cause of mortality in neonates.3 As the signs and
symptoms are non-specific, it is important to diagnose
sepsis early, so that appropriate treatment may be
administered.8 In addition to clinical manifestations,
various hematological changes are associated with
sepsis including total white blood cell count, total
neutrophil count, platelet count and increased
C-reactive protein level.9
Conflict of interest
None declared.
References
1. Amirullah A. Sepsis pada bayi baru lahir. In: Kasim SM,
Yunanto A, Dewi R, Sarosa IG, Usman A, editors. Buku ajar
neonatologi. Jakarta: Ikatan Dokter Anak Indonesia; 2008.
p. 170-87.
2. Gomella TL. Infectious disease. In: Gomella TL, Cuningham
MD, Eyal FG, Zenk KE, editors. Neonatology: management,
procedures, on-call problems, disease and drugs. New York:
Lange, McGraw-Hill; 2004. p. 434-40.
3. Aulia D, Sanjaya AI, Timan IS. The use of immatane to total
neutrophil (IT) ratio to detect bacteriemia in neonatal sepsis.
J Lab Med Quality Assurance. 2003;25:237-42.
4. Jackson GL, Engle WD, Sendelbach DM, Vedro DA, Josey
S, Vinson J, et al. Are complete blood cell count useful in the
evaluation of asymptomatic neonates exposed to suspected
chorioamnitis? Pediatrics. 2004;113:1173-80.
5. Mishra UK, Jacobs SE, Doyle LW, Garland SM. Newer
approaches to the diagnosis of early onset neonatal sepsis.
Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2006;91:F208-12.
6. Klinger G, Levy I, Sirota L, Boyko V, Lerner-Geva L,
Reichman B, et al. Outcome of early-onset sepsis in
national cohort of very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics.
2010;125:e736-40.
7. Osrin D, Vergnano S, Costello A. Serious bacterial infections
in newborn infants in developing countries. Curr Opin Infect
Dis. 2004;17:217-24.
8. Phillip AG, Hewitt JR. Early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis.
Pediatrics. 1980;65:1036-41.
9. Rodwell RL, Leslie AL, Tudehope DI. Early diagnosis of
neonatal sepsis using a hematologic scoring system. J Pediatr.
1988;112:761-7.
10. Stoll BJ, Hansen N, Fanaroff A, Wright LL, Carlo WA,
Ehrenkranz RA, et al. Changes in pathogens causing earlyonset sepsis in very-low-birth-weight infants. N Engl J Med.
2002;347:240-7.
11. Saez-Llorens X, Vargas S, Guerra F, Coronado L. Application
of new sepsis definitions for evaluate outcome of pediatric