BisbeeDeportation:Dynamite,Copper,andJingoism

LiamDonovan
SeniorDivision
HistoricalPaper
2261words

Itwas1917andWWIwasunderway.TheUnitedStateswasfinallycommittedtothewar,
consumingoveronemillionmetrictonsofcoppereveryyear(GunterandKundig7),withmuchofit
goingtothewareffort(Nicholl).Acrossthecountry,everyissuewasincreasinglystrippedof
nuance,framedinblackandwhite,patrioticandenemy.Inthisdichotomy,theIWW,or
InternationalWorkersoftheWorld,werefirmlylumpedonthesideofthetraitors.Referenced
colloquiallyasIWontWork(Brockbank)or,morederisivelyasIWillWorkfor[Kaiser]
Wilhelm,theIWWwaswidelyseenasmoreinterestedinunderminingthewareffortthan
contributing.Indeed,therewasplentyoftruthtothis,astheirviewofthewarassimplyan
oppressivecapitalistdevicemeantthattheyattemptedtoevadethedraft(Morse11)andsoldIWW
bondsinanattempttodivertfundingforthewarintheformofLibertyBonds(Beerman3).


GrowthinCopperProduction,fromGunder&Kundig

Inthiscontext,conflictbetweentheIWWandpatrioticcitizensseemedinevitable.Thespark
occurredinJuly1917,whentheIWWorganizedanationwidestrikefromButtetoBisbeeinan
attempttobringdownthewarmachineryandespeciallytohaltthedraft(Haywood1).Initially,they
succeeded,especiallyinArizona,reducingcopperproductionby75%(TombstoneDailyReview).
However,thiswasmetwithstaunchoppositionfromlocals,leadingtooneofthelargestvigilante
actionsofthe20thcentury:theBisbeeDeportation.Althoughthedeportationiswidelyviewedtoday
asanillegaltriumphofcapitaloverlabor,thetruehistoryismuchmorenuanced,includinga
staunchlyprolaborsheriff,deceptionbytheminingcompanies,andfearofIWWterrorism.
ThehistoryoflaborinBisbeestartedlongbeforetheIWWarrivedintownin1917.As
wartimedemandforminersshiftedfromsilverandgoldtothecopperminesofBisbeetoproduce

bullets,WFM(WesternFederationofMiners)membersfromColoradomigratedtoBisbee,taking
theirunionwiththem(Brockbank).TheWFMsuccessfullyorganizedandheldastrikeasearlyas
1907(Nicholl),thoughtheyreceivedfewoftheirdemands.Nonetheless,conditionsweregoodand
wageshighinthemines(Park120),andtheWFMsuccessfullyorganizedreliefeffortsforthe
familiesofdeadminers,andprovidedaneffectivefrontforbargainingwiththecompany.However,
asdemandforminerscontinuedtogrow,newcohortsofmoreradicalminersfromMontanaand
Idahoarrived(Brockbank),providingfertilegroundfortheIWWtoorganize.TheIWWitself,
however,didntsignificantlyestablishitselfinBisbeeuntilthewarstarted.Astheirownpapers
(ExecutiveCommittee1)show,wageswerealreadyabovetheunionscale,andconditionsforminers
weresimilarlyacceptable.Asaresult,theprimaryimpetusfortheIWWtomoveinwastheunique
abilityBisbeeaffordedforthemtodisruptthewareffort.

ButhowreceptivewasBisbeetotheseplans?PriortothearrivaloftheIWW,theminers
weresplitbetweencousinjacks,skilledandhighlypaidCornishandAmericanworkers,and
bohunkslessskilledworkersfromEasternEuropewhooftenspokepoorEnglish(Houston).As
thewarcommenced,thecousinjackswereextremelyjingoistic(duetotheiraffiliationwiththe
AlliedPowers),attemptingtodoeverythingintheirpowertoproduceasmuchcopperaspossible.
Thissentiment,ofcourse,meshedwellwiththemineowners,forwhomtheriseincopperdemand
causedbythewarmeantincreasedprofits.However,forthebohunks,manyofwhomwerefrom
AxisPowers,thestorywasmorecomplicated.EveniftheywerepatrioticAmericans,theywere
regardedwithsuspicionbymostcitizens,andcomparativelyfewboughtlibertybonds
(CharacteristicsofBisbeeDeportees36).MostofthoseeventuallydeportedwereBohunksor

Mexicans,whowerenotevenallowedtoworkinthehigherpaidundergroundjobs(Dodge),
supposedlyforsafetyreasonsrelatingtotheiraccentedEnglish(Houston).
Thestablebalancebetweenthemineownersandlabor,asrepresentedbytheWFM,wasthus
disruptedwhen68IWWorganizersmovedintoBisbee,inanattempttopoachmembersfromthe
WFMandespeciallyrecruittheforeignimmigrantsmostlaborunionsexcluded(Phillips13).

BigBillHaywood,themainIWWorganizerinBisbee(AnarchyArchives)
TheIWWattemptedtoprojectathuggishreputationtoaccomplishtheirgoals,evenderiding
fellowunionleaderSamuelGompersasbeingtoosoftonthecapitalists(GoodforBisbee1),an
approachthatinspiredfearamonglawabidingcitizens.WhentheIWWsetitssightsonBisbeeinan
attempttodisruptthenexusofthewareffort(Morse10),theyweretruetoform.Bereftofareal
laboragenda,theastheymovedinonWFMmembership,fightsbrokeoutbothaboveandbelow
ground(Brockbank),andmanycitizensfeltunsafeasaresult(Goldwitzer).Notonlythat,butthey
quicklyescalatedattacksagainsttherivalWFM,eventhreateningtofirebombtheWFMnewspaper

(StatevWooton).Ofcourse,themaintargetoftheirirewasthemineownersthemselves,andthe
IWWcalledastrikeonthe26thofJune,moreinterestedinbringingtheminestotheirkneesthanin
obtaininganyreasonableconcessions(Morse11).Aspartoftheireffortstodisruptthemines,they
threatenedthefamiliesofthoseminerswhocontinuedtowork(Goldwitzer),mainlycousinjacks
(Houston).Therewereevenmultiplereportsofdynamiteplantedinthemines(Woods),asingle
stickofwhichcouldhaltthecopperproductionformonths(Bledsoe3).Withtheseclearthreatsto
thesafetyofthetown,theorganizationlaterknownastheLoyaltyLeaguewasbuilt,withthe
purposeofstoppingIWWinterference.Interestingly,theWFMviewedtheLoyaltyLeagueandthe
IWWastwosidesofthesamecoin,bothpaidbytheminingcompaniestodisrupttheWFM
organizingefforts(LettertoTheMembersofCitizensProtectiveLeagueandLoyaltyLeague4).

Thelastbackgroundfactorthatallowedthedeportationtooccurwasthepatrioticfervor
surroundingWorldWarI.Thatsamemonth,the
BisbeeEveningOre
,whichwaslinkedtotheWFM
andbilleditselfasthePeoplesPaper(BisbeeCityDirectory21)warnedofRussianandGerman
agitatorscirclingthetownhopingtofindclassifiedinformation,andwarnedcitizenstoguardtheir
mouths(3),forfearofinformationaboutthisimportantcopperproductionfacilityleakingouttothe
CentralPowers.Closertohome,ArizonawasworriedaboutPanchoVillasraidsintotheUnited
States(RedLopez5),incursionsthattookonincreasinglysinisterimplicationswiththediscovery
oftheZimmermanTelegram.CombinedwiththedeepseatedmistrustandracismagainstMexicans
inBisbee(ONeill7),amessagefromGermanyincitingMexicototakeoverArizonamadeBisbee
residentsincreasinglyinclinedtoseetraitorsaroundeverycorner.WhentheIWWcametotown,
theirattemptstoagitateforhigherpayforMexicansandtheirinvolvementintheMexican

Revolution(ONeill5),combinedwiththeirstreetbrawlsandIWWbonds,paintedthemasaperfect
scapegoat.

ButwhatwerethemotivationsofSheriffWheeler,themanwhoorganizedthedeputizationand
deportation?Farfrombeingacompanyhack,asonemightexpect,Wheelerwastheepitomeofthe
cowboyRobinHood.Likeaherooutofawesternnovel,Wheelerwasknownforhisheroism
againstbanditryandkindnesstohisprisoners,payingfortheirfoodinjailoutofhisownsalary(A
RussianTrick).Onefamousstoryhashimfatallywoundingabanditinagunduel,thenbidding
onlookerstotreatthebanditfirstbecausehewashurtworse,demonstratingbothhiskeenaimand
softheart(Medigovich4).Thesetendenciesmadehimnaturallyreluctanttodeputizeagainstlabor
(Beerman2),andherefusedtotakebribesfromthecompanies,whowereunderstandablyeagerto
seetheIWWoutoftown.Indeed,inan1907BisbeestrikecalledbytheWFM,hewastheman
responsibleforpreventingthecompaniesfromcallinginfederaltroopstocrushthepicketlines
(Lindquist4).What,then,changedhismindandturnedhimagainsttheIWW?Initially,heclaimed
itwasthesamefearthatgrippedthetownasawhole:thattheIWWsorganizingwaspartofa
larger,Germanbackedconspiracy(Wheeler1).However,laterinvestigationbytheGovernorof
Arizona,GeorgeHunt,revealednoevidenceofGermanspiesamongthosedeported(Hunt3),and
WheelerlaterclaimedtobeunconcernedaboutthethreatofGermanspies(
Brure13).Infact,as
Wheelerrevealedinaninterviewlaterthatyear,hewaslessworriedaboutthethestrikethanthat
BisbeeMexicanswouldtakeadvantageofthedisturbedconditionsofthestriketomurder
Americanwomenandchildren(
Brure14),thesameracistundertonesthatplaguedBisbee
throughoutthewar.


Afterweeksofstrikes,onJuly12th,1917,SheriffWheelerandhis1500deputiesdecidedtoact,on
asecretplanknownonlytothoseinvolved(Lindquist3):todeportthestrikerstotheNewMexican
desert.Tothisend,theyroundeduparound800strikers,allthosewhowouldnotwork(ARussian
Trick),andloadedtheminboxcars.Althougheveryeffortwasmadetosparetheloyalminers,
someinnocentswereinevitablydeportedaswell.Mostegregiously,onemanwhohadtaken30days
leavetobuildhimselfahousewasdeportedforrefusingtowork(Vercellino).Compoundingthe
problem,manydeportedspokelittleEnglishandsocouldnotexplainthemselves(Medigovich6).
TheIWWminer,aMr.Cleary,wasalsodeported.Despiteallthis,thedeporteesweretreatedwell
(Hunt2),andsetupinarmycampswithadequatefood,waterandshelter.Incrediblyforsuchalarge
andviolentaction,onlytwomenwerekilled,whenaparticularlyquickwittedminershotthrough
thedooratthemencomingtodeporthim,killingonebeforebeingshotinturnbyanotherdeputy
(Nicholl).

InsideBisbee,themoodwasinitiallyjubilant.Statesenatorspraisedthedeportationforturning
BisbeeintoanAllAmericancampfreedfromIWWtroublemakers(ONeill10),andcitizens
zealouslydefendedthedeportationassavinglivesandpreventingsabotage(Bledsoe5).Inone
particularlymemorableincident,areporterwhoaskedtoomanyincisivequestionswasbeatenonthe
behindbyagardenhoseuntilhefledtowntoTombstone(Bledsoe4).Thecompanies,ofcourse,
movedquicklytosecuretheadvancestheyhadmadeagainstpotentialstrikers,requiringevery
incomertohaveapassportandameanstosupportthemselves,andcontinuingsmalldeportations
intothefallof1917torootoutthelastoftheIWWsympathizers(Lindquist6).However,thestrike

evenyieldedtangiblebenefitsfortheminers:thecompaniesendedupacquiescingtomanyIWW
demands,suchaswettingdrillbitsandreplacingunsafecarbidelamps,afterthedeportationtoquell
furtherunrest(Houston).Thus,ironicallyenough,theinitialstrategiccalculationoftheIWWthat
Bisbeewascapitalismssoftpointduringaperiodofunprecedentedcopperconsumptionwas
exactlyontarget.

WhenthepassionofthemomentsubsidedandtherumorsofRussianspiesquashed(Hunt2),onthe
otherhand,thecitizensofBisbeewereheldinopprobriumbythewholenation.The
BisbeeEvening
Ore
,acheerleaderforthedeportation,publishedascathingreportbyWilson,thepresidentatthe
time.Veryselectivebolding(ofthepartspotentiallyjustifyingthedeportation)didnotconcealthe
reportsdescriptionoftheDeportationasablotonthestatesimage("GovernorCampbellFlays
IWW1).Furthermore,thiscondemnationhadtangibleconsequences,bothforWheelerandthecity
ofBisbee.AlettertotheLoyaltyLeaguefromitsdelegationtoWashingtonstatesthattheirattempt
toconvinceWilsontosetaminimumpriceforBisbeecopper(profitabletobothcompanymenand
workers)wasstymiedduetohisoppositiontoDeportation(3).Insteadofagreeing,Wilson
condescendinglylecturedthemontheneedtomakesacrifices,withtheimplicationofatonement
fortheextrajudicialactionoftheDeportation.TheconsequencesvisitedonWheeler,whoassumed
thewholeblamefortheactionasoppositionmounted("GovernorCampbellFlaysIWW1),though,
weremoresevere.Internallytornbyhisactions,heenlistedintheArmytoescapethetownherent
apart(Larkin).However,whenhecameback,helosthisnextelectionduetohissupportofthe
Deportation(Houston),receivinglessthanonethirdoftheprimaryvotes(HuntCarriesCounty1).
Inafinaldisgrace,hewasreducedtobeingacarnivaltrickshooter,asadendforthisproudWestern

sheriff(ARussianTrick).Andbeyondthetravailsofdisgracedpoliticians,manyBisbeehomes
weretornapart,withthecompanyrefusingtoletdeportedminersbackinthetowntoreunitewith
theirwivesandchildren(asadirony,forWheelerclaimedheauthorizedthedeportationforthe
protectionofwomenandchildren).Furthermore,althoughaidtothefamiliesofthedeportedwas
initiallygenerous,itwassoonreplacedbyonewaytrainticketsandotherencouragementstogetout
oftown(ONeill6),excludingagroupoffamiliespermanentlyfromthebeautifultownofBisbee.

Nonetheless,despitethepopularconceptionoftheDeportationasanillegal,cruel,and
blatantlyextrajudicialaction,itwassupportedbythemajorityoftheBisbeecitizens,andeventhe
unionnewspaper(ArizonaJustifiedandWilling2).Intheroundingupof800potentiallyviolent
men,onlyonedeporteewaskilled,aremarkableandhumanefeat.Furthermore,deporteesandtheir
familieswerewellcaredfor,andconsideringthespeednecessarytoactbeforetheIWWblewupthe
minesanddisruptedthewareffortitwasperhapsthebestavailableoption,andarguablyjustifiable
intheheatofthemoment.Itquelledworseviolence,butcementedthecontrolofBigCopperover
Bisbeeandplantedtheseedsofdissentionthatpersisttothisday.

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BisbeeDeportationAnnotatedBibliography
LiamDonovan
SeniorDivisionHistoricalPaper
BibliographyLength:2258words

11

PrimarySources
"ArizonaJustifiedandWillingNowLetWashingtonDoHerPart."
TheBisbeeEveningOre
13July
1917:2.IncontrastwiththelegacyoftheIWWasfightersforlabordeportedbythe
capitalists,thisWFMnewspaperarticleisjingoisticandantiIWW,recommendingthat
thegovernmentputthemininternmentcamps.
BisbeeCityDirectory
.1918.BusinessDirectory.Bisbee.
ThissourcehasinformationonmanyfiguresinvolvedintheBisbeeDeportation:the
BisbeeOremagazine,whichaccordingtotestimonywasthreatenedbytheIWW,wasa
laborpaper,notaffiliatedwiththeminecompanies.Also,itprovidesevidenceMr.
Woottonsprominentplaceinthetownsbusinesscommunity(asahardwarestoreowner,
hewasunaffiliateddirectlywiththecoppercompanies),thedefendantintheBisbee
DeportationtestcaseStatevWootton(showingthewidereachofthedeputization).

12


Bledsoe,Wilson.
BisbeeDeportation
.TS06467,BisbeeDeportationEphemera.ArizonaHistorical
SocietyArchives.
ThisrecollectionrepresentstheviewofDoctorBledsoe,whowasseenbeatingup
deportees,regardingtheimmensethreattheIWWterrorismposedtothemines.

Beerman,WilliamS.
HistoryofTheBisbeeDeportations
.1969.TS,BisbeeDeportationEphemera.
ArizonaHistoricalSocietyArchives,Tucson.ThisrecollectionclaimsthatWheelerwas
dupedbythecompaniesintothinkingtheIWWweretraitors.

Brockbank,Walter.InterviewbyCarlV.Nelson.
BisbeeMuseumOralHistoryProject
.Bisbee
MiningandHistoricalMuseum.Web.1Feb.2015.
PrimarysourceinterviewwithaminerworkingattheShattuckMineatthetimeofthe
BisbeeDeportation.

Brooks,Pearl.Interview.
BisbeeMuseumOralHistoryProject
.BisbeeMiningandHistorical
Museum.Web.1Feb.2015.
PrimarysourceinterviewwiththesonofaPhelpsDodgeprivateinvestigator.Some
statementsregardingthedeportationcontradictothersources.

Brure,RobertW.FollowingtheTrailoftheI.W.W.,aFirsthandInvestigationintoLaborTroubles
intheWest,aTripintotheCopperandLumberCampsoftheInlandEmpirewiththeViewsof
theMenontheJob
.NewYork:NewYorkEveningPost,1918.Print.
13

ThisprimarysourcebookisaninvestigativereportontheactivitiesoftheIWWwrittenthe
yearafterthedeportation.Itcontainsinformationonthebackgroundracismandparanoiathat
allowedthedeportationtooccur.
Carnahan,Charlie.InterviewbyArtKent.
BisbeeMuseumOralHistoryProject
.BisbeeMiningand
HistoricalMuseum.Web.1Feb.2015.
Aninterviewwiththesonofaminerandstaunchcompanymanwhowasdeputized
duringthedeportation.

CharacteristicsofBisbeeDeportees.Rawdata.BisbeeMining&HistoricalMuseum,Bisbee.
Thequestionsaskedofthedeporteesarerevealingforexample,thedatarecordswho
boughtlibertybondsasaninvestigationintopatrioticsentiments.Outof887miners,281
hadbankaccounts,773werepropertyowners,196boughtlibertybonds,355were
registeredforthedraft,and230weremarried.
"Compromisewith"Rattlesnakes"Impossible."
BisbeeGlobe
10July1917.
Describestheresponseoftheminingcompanytothestrikers,aswellasnewspapertone
inthetimeperiod.

Dodge,Cleveland.Interview.
BisbeeMuseumOralHistoryProject
.BisbeeMiningandHistorical
Museum.Web.1Feb.2015.
InterviewwiththesonofafounderofPhelpsDodgeitgivesavividdescriptionofthe
trial.

14

"Drivin'ThemOut."
BisbeeDeportation
.Web.13Jan.2015.
Primarysourcerepresentingajingoistic,corporateperspectiveontheIWW.

Deportees
.Bisbee:BisbeeMiningandHistoricalMuseum,2005.PDF.
Thisisadigitizedrosterofdeportees,byname,maritalstatus,andrace,andissoa
primarysourcedespitebeinganonlinefile.Itshowstrendsinthosetargetedfor
deportations(manyimmigrantsandGermans,inparticular).
Douglas,Walter.InterviewbyRobertMunson.
BisbeeMuseumOralHistoryProject
.BisbeeMining
andHistoricalMuseum.Web.1Feb.2015.
InterviewwiththepresidentofPhelpsDodge(aminingcompany)andsonoftheCopper
Queenminedeveloper.

Goldweitzer,Ed.InterviewbyHenryFrench.
BisbeeMuseumOralHistoryProject
.
BisbeeMiningandHistoricalMuseum.Web.1Feb.2015.InterviewbyaveryantiIWW
employeeofShattuckMines.
"GoodforBisbee."
TombstoneDailyProspector.Anonymous.
5Aug.1917.
ThisnewspaperarticlerepresentsanotherstrongantiIWWstanceanddescribestheir
hugeimpactonlabor(madeitharderforlegitimateunionstoorganize)andthewareffort
(byreducingcopperproductionby75%).
"GuardYourTongueTheseDays."
BisbeeEveningOre
13July1917:3.
ThisarticleraisesthepossibilityofGermanandRussianspiesintown,andconfirmsthe
warhysteria.

15

"GovernorCampbellFlaysIWW."
BisbeeEveningOre
20July1917:1.
ThisarticleismoreconsistentwiththecurrentlegacyoftheDeportationthanearlierarticlesin
thenewspaper,describingitasablotonthestate'shistory.

Harris,Floyd.InterviewbyBeverlyWoods.
BisbeeMuseumOralHistoryProject
.BisbeeMining
andHistoricalMuseum.Web.1Feb.2015.
Interviewwiththesonofadeputizedcitizen.Interestingly,hisfatherwasaunion
sympathizerandtippedoffallhisfriends,allowingthemtoescapedeportation.

"HuntCarriesCountySenateRaceIsClose."
BisbeeDailyReview
13Sept.1922:1.
ADNP
.Web.2
Feb.2015.
ProvidesaprimarysourcetoconfirmHouston'sassertionthatWheelerlosthisracefor
Sheriffafterthedeportation.

Hunt,George.LettertoWoodrowWilson.3Sept.1917.MS.Phoenix,Arizona.
Evidenceofthebacklashagainstthedeportationbygovernmentauthoritiesandcitizens.
InternationalWorkersoftheWorld.
TheDeadlyParallel
.InternationalWorkersoftheWorld,1917.
ThisprimarysourcedocumentstheantiwarbeliefsoftheIWW,whoorganizedthestrike
ontheproductionofastrategicallyimportantresourceduringwartime

16

InvestigationintotheBisbeeDeportation.LowellCourt.5Aug.1917.
UniversityofArizonaWeb
Exhibits
.UniversityofArizona.Web.14Jan.2015.
Discussesthetreatmentofworkersbythedeputizedsheriffs.
"IWWDenials."
NewYorkTImes
[NewYork]17July1917..Showstheantiworkertoneof
nationalnewspapersatthetime,andthefearthatthestrikeWasfundedbygermanyto
harmwarproduction.
IWWOnCars
.1917.Bisbee,AZ.
DeportationofBisbee
.Web.13Jan.2015.
ThisphotoshowsthewaythestrikersweremaltreatedastheywereshippedoutofBisbee.

IWWSecretaryTreasurer.LettertoExecutiveCommittee.16July1917.MS.BisbeeMining&
HistoricalMuseum,Bisbee,Arizona.
ThisletterbothconfirmstheintentionsoftheIWWtoholdanationalstrikeandconfirms
thatmanytypicaluniondemands(suchasdecentwages)werealreadymetintheBisbee
Mines.

Lazevich,Lefty."APeople'sHistoryofBisbee."InterviewbySusanWillard.
APeople'sHistoryof
Bisbee
.
Iusethissourceforsomefirstpersonbackgroundonthedeportation,andespeciallythe
currentattitudestowardsthedeportationinBisbee.

LettertoJackF.Norman.24Aug.1917.MS.BisbeeMining&HistoricalMuseum,Bisbee,
Arizona.ThissourceshowsthenationwidecoordinationoftheIWWstrikeinBisbee,and

17

itslinkstothoseofothercitiesintheWest,suchasButte,Montana.
Thecoordinationthatthisletterisevidenceofwaspartofanationwideattemptbythe
IWWtobringdownthecapitalistsystem.
LettertoTheMembersofCitizensProtectiveLeagueandLoyaltyLeague.Sept.1917.MS.Arizona
HistoricalSocietyArchives,Tucson,Arizona.
ThisletterdescribesWilsonsharshreactiontothedeportation,andhisrefusaltoaccede
toLoyaltyLeaguedemands.
Medigovich,George.LettertoClaireEllinwood.2Apr.1979.MS.ArizonaHistoricalSociety
Archives,Tucson,Arizona.
ThisletterdiscussestheroleoftheMasonsinorganizingthedeportation,andshowsthe
viewofaWFMleaderontheDeportation.
Morse,Samuel,comp.
TheTruthAboutBisbee
.IvyLeeReportontheBisbeeDeportation.
Contemporaryreport(andthusaprimarysource)requestedbyPhelpsDodgeonthe
deportation.
Moyer,Charles.LettertoTomWhite.1917.MS.BisbeeMining&HistoricalMuseum,Bisbee,
Arizona.
Moyer,aWFMleader,saysthattheIWWstrikeisnotendorsedbytheWFM,andthat
workerswhocontinuetoworkatthepatrioticcauseofcopperproductionwouldnotbe
consideredscabs.
PicturesofBigBillHaywood.
AnarchyArchives
.Web.8Feb.2015.
ApictureofBillHaywood,oneofthemainIWWorganizers,thatevokeshishardnosed
tactics.

18


PreambleandConstitutionoftheIndustrialWorkersoftheWorld
.1919.
VeryuncompromisingdocumentoutlinestheviewsoftheIWWthatledtothe
confrontation.Memorably,itstatesthatnocontractmaybemadebetweencapitaland
workers,supportingtheassertionsofSheriffWheelerandothersthattheIWWwasnot
agitatingforbetterworkingconditionsbutinsteadforthecompletedestructionofthe
coppercompanies.

"RedLopezBackoftheMexicanRow."
TheArizonaRepublican
[Phoenix]26Mar.1916:5.Print.
ThisnewspaperarticlebearswitnesstothefearfeltinArizonatowardsPanchoVilla's
raidsacrosstheborder.
Riddle,Jack.InterviewbyBoydNicholl.
BisbeeMuseumOralHistoryProject
.BisbeeMiningand
HistoricalMuseum.Web.1Feb.2015.
Interviewwithaminingengineerthatdiscussesthedetailsofworkconditionsand
workweekattheBisbeemines.
Rinic,Anita.InterviewbyBeverlyWoods.
BisbeeMuseumOralHistoryProject
.BisbeeMiningand
HistoricalMuseum.Web.1Feb.2015.
Interviewwitharelativeofseveralshopkeeperdeporteesdiscussingthereasonsfortheir
deportation.
Roosevelt,Theodore.LettertoFelixFrankfurter.19Dec.1917.MS.BisbeeMining&Historical
Museum,Bisbee,Arizona.
Veryvitriolic,antibolsheviklettertoamemberofacommissionsetuptoinvestigatethe

19

deportation.ItaccusesFrankfurterof"takingaTrotskyistattitude",andadmonisheshim
thathehasntsufficientlystressedtheunjustandcriminalnatureoftheIWW.Agood
representationofnationalsentimentinsomequarterspostdeportation.
StatevWootton.PhelpsDodge.SuperiorCourtofArizona.1920.
ThistestcaseagainstthedeportingdeputieshasimportanttestimonyregardingIWW
intentionsandthreats,againsteverybodyfromprolabornewspaperstoworkingminers.

"TheGreatWobblyDrive."
TheBisbeeDailyReview
13July1917:1.
AnastoundinglyantiIWWarticlepublishedinthe
BisbeeDailyReview
,acompany
paper.
UnitedStates.ArizonaCouncilofDefense.FederalandInterstateRelations.ByW.P.Hunt,J.H.
Kibbey,HenryF.Ashurst,CarlHayden,MarkSmith,andW.H.Sawtelle.Arizona
CouncilofDefense.
Discussestheconditionsinthearmycampsetupforthedeportees,andconfirms
statementsinthecompanynewspaperthatthedeporteesweretreateddecentlybythe
Army.

Vercellino,John.InterviewbyRodHutchinson.
BisbeeMuseumOralHistoryProject
.Bisbee
MiningandHistoricalMuseum.Web.1Feb.2015.
InterviewwithasonofanonIWWdeporteewhohadthebadlucktobeonleaveduring
thestrike(andthusassumedtobeaffiliatedwiththestrikers).

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Wheeler,HarryC.30June1917.Telegram.BisbeeMiningandHistoricalMuseum,Bisbee.
ArequestfromtheBisbeeSherifftosendfederaltroopstocombatproGermanand
antiAmericaninfluences.
Woods,Edna.Interview.
BisbeeMuseumOralHistoryProject
.BisbeeMiningandHistorical
Museum.Web.1Feb.2015.
Interviewwiththedaughterofamineforemanwhopersonallydiscovereddynamite
stockpiledbytheIWWtoblowuptheBisbeemines.
secondarysources:

Fathauer,IsabelShattuck.,andLynnR.Bailey.
LemuelC.Shattuck:ALittleMining,aLittle
Banking,andaLittleBeer
.Tucson:Westernlore,1991.Print.
AbookwrittenabouttheowneroftheShattuckmine,itconfirmsNicholsreportthatthe
attitudeoftheminewasmoreprolaborthantheothers.

Houston,Robert.Personalinterview.2Feb.2015.
Personalinterviewwiththeauthorof"Bisbee'17",adramaticaccountoftheBisbee
Deportation.Discussesthecontentsofhismanyinterviewswithsurvivors,aswellasthe
resultsofhisarchivalresearchforhisbook.
Joseph,Gnter,andKonradJ.A.Kundig.Copper:ItsTrade,Manufacture,Use,andEnvironmental
Status
.MaterialsPark,OH:ASMInternational,1999.
ThisbookgivesstatisticsoncopperconsumptionduringWWI.

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Larkin,Annie.Personalinterview.26Feb.2015.
BriefdiscussionwithaBisbeeMiningandHistoricalMuseumcuratoraboutherresearch
andpersonalstoriesofthedeportation.Mostnotably,herfamilyhadtofleethetowndue
toIWWthreats.
Lindquist,JohnH.,andJamesFraser."ASociologicalInterpretationoftheBisbeeDeportation."
PacificHistoricalReview
37.4(1968):40122.Print.

Givesadditionaldetailsaboutthedeportationanditsaftermath.

Nicholl,Boyd."BisbeeDeportation."Personalinterview.31Jan.2015.
InterviewgivinganexcellentbackgroundoftheBisbeeDeportationastoldbyalocal
historian,withinterestinglocaldetailsnotreadilyavailableelsewhere.
O'Neill,Colleen."DomesticityDeployed:Gender,RaceandtheConstructionofClassStrugglein
theBisbeeDeportation."
LaborHistory
34.23(1993):25673.Print.
Thisjournalarticlehadextensivefootnotesofusefulprimarysources,aswellasadescription
ofwhatitportrayedasaracistandsexistmilieuinBisbee.Italsoexpandedontheeffectsofon
thetownafterthedeportation.

Park,JosephF."The1903"MexicanAffair"atClifton."JournalofArizonaHistory18(1977):
11948.Recollections:HerbertYoung.UniversityofArizona,2005.Web.24Jan.2015.
Thisbookdescribesthewagesavailabletostrikers:wageswerequitehighforwhites,as
about$100/dayintoday'sdollars.
"RussianTrickPulledInCochiseCountyByAntiLaborMiningCo.In1917."
GatewayTimes
[Bisbee]3Sept.1960.
22

ThisbiographicalnewspaperarticlegiveshumorousinformationandanecdotesonSheriff
Wheeler'sbiography.Note:thisarticlewasfoundclippedandarchivedintheAZHS
Tucson,sonopagenumbercanbeascertained.
Phillips,Sara.
BuriedVoices,FracturedHomes:AWomen'sRoleintheBisbeeDeportationof1917
.
Proc.ofFORTYFIFTHANNUALARIZONAHISTORYCONVENTION,QualityInn,
Safford.
Thispaperpresentsafeministviewofthedeportation,andspecificallyfocusesonthe
legacyofbrokenhomesleftbehindbytheevent.

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