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The

Commands
This

true

is

Work

Biggest Day's

the Biggest

of everything including

Students

who

Pay

TYPEWRITING

are trained in the skilled use of the

SELF STARTING
REMINGTON
have a

letter

typing efficiency

other way.

The

mechanism

cuts out all

explanation

and thus gives the

typist

is

hand

which cannot be

attained in any

simple. 'This automatic indenting

settings of the typewriter carriage

more time

to type.

Self Starting Remington enables every typist who uses

become a more productive worker and hence a bigger

The
it

to

wage

earner.

Remington Typewriter Company

(

Incorporated

NEW YORK

and

EVERYWHERE

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Challenge Shorthand
Two Down

Directions

is

universally

Challenge Shorthand notes talk, because all the

directions are always certain.
Learning Challenge W, CH, J, P, B, F, V, Y, the
text of any Pitmanic system is practically the text of
Challenge Shorthand, after you strike out the unmasterable jumbles incident to Pitmanic lengths, and
I- and r-hooks, and two ways for I,
r, sh; and, thus
correcting, you save half the time of the student's
course, and dissipate all the haze of the graduate's
after

Bookkeeping

Special Short Course arranged for use with

or without offices.
Extremely interesting to

From the standpoint of speed and legibility the

two down directions of Challenge Shorthand are
incomparably superior to the three down directions of
the Pitmanic systems; and this truth
recognized by shorthand writers.

Bliss

life.

Challenge Shorthand Manual, $1.25;

sample

the pupil.

Scientific

Touch

Typewriting
Produces

Genuine Touch Operation in the

The Very Best Meth-

quickest possible time.

od published.

Simplis Shorthand
Only Ten Short Lessons. Easy to teach, easy
Graduates hold
to learn, and easy to read.
the best positions.

copy to teacher or school, 90 cents.

challenge: shorthand
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u/umi/
VDHY
FTHL

\\n)j
RSSH ;,
WZZB]

PTCH BDJ

cm

_ Three Down-directions:

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.

_Two

DHCHJTP

Pitman Danger

w
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Challenge

els also In
ia

\)
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Challenge Safety Appliance!

Down-Directions:

All

lir

20 per cer

N "mj

National Dictation
Takes up the work where the textbook leaves
Up-to-date business letters.

off.

Challenge Y

omnon, though the Challenge

1 inclination to the left
speed, and 100 percent in safety

THE F.H. BLISS PUBLISHING COMPANY

Copyright 1918, by

M.

SCOUGALE.

Special

features.

SAGINAW, MICHIGAN

Weather*-- X. Te\as

FOR THIS YEAR

you can dispense with all anxiety as to what commercial texts you should use. The books
published by this firm are known wherever commercial subjects are taught. They are known
When you use them you are on safe ground.
to be reliable, teachable, and in fact, standard.
To say that you teach these books is to establish the worth of your course.

LET US SUGGEST FOR THIS YEAR

New Business Speller
Lyons' Bookkeeping
Modern Business English
Burgess' Commercial Law
Smith's Arithmetic of Business

Van Sant Manual

of

Shorthand

For bookkeeping courses we publish also many intermediate and advanced sets including
Wholesale Accounting, Modern Corporation Accounting, Banking and Bank Accounting, etc.
For the Shorthand department our Van Sant Manual of Shorthand is supported by a strong
line of readers and reference books.

We
Let us furnish your commercial texts for next year.
publish at least one good text for every subject commonly
taught in commercial courses. Address
623

S.

Wabash Ave.

CHICAGO

LYONS & CARNAHAN

131 East 23d

|.JIMHJJJlll,l.UiJJ.lllJ.aJltli.M.IU.'IMMl..lJ.I.I.II.IJi |.IJ.<IHI.mi J |.lll4.>W

l

Street

NEW YORK

&te&uJ//ied^(2du&ifir'

To Meet Any Condition

in

Any

Recently Published

Ellis

Ready.

THE TYPIST

Bookkeeping

Ellis Industrial
/

Now

School

Tablet Method of

Teaching Bookkeeping

Course of Lessons in the Proper Fingering

and the Efficient Manipulation
of the Typewriter
together with

The Continued Trial Balance

Spi cial Column Journal
Special Column Cash Book

Cash Journal
Modern Forms of Trading
Profit and Loss, and
Financial Statements
Journal Entry Closing
The Perpetual Inventory
Co i-rolling Accounts
Divided Merchandise, and
Expense Accounts
-

Please

more

let

specific

Graded Matter Suitable for

Practise in the Application of the Art
of Typing to Commercial, Profes-

Collection of

and Private Uses.

sional,

By

J.

E.

FULLER.

Designed for Self-instruction and for use

Adapted to Standard Shift-key

us send
information

in Schools.

Machines.
ELLIS PUBLISHING

COMPANY

IN SIX SECTIONS

Michigan

Baltle Creek.

'-

i.jS

"

-Ifi

i'i

15!

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":".

.'...'..

Introduction. Keyboards.
Machine Study. Manipulation, etc.
I.

.1

-I

..I"

in

:-;

Fingering.

II.
Business Letters.
Introduction;
Model
forms; Problems; Envelopes.
Model forms. ExerSystematic Review.
III.
Legal Forms.
Introduction; Models; Problems; Systematic Review.
IV.
Tabulating.
Introduction; Billing; Model
Forms; Problems; Systematic Review.
V.
Miscellaneous Forms. Reviews.
VI.
Literary Selections for Practise.

cises.

Expert Shorthand
1

raining
Gregg School maintains special departments giving intensive training

The following salient features characterize the work.

The series of short, intensive, progressive drills
1.

who

desire to increase their

ciency.

for key-

board-mastery and finger training that will compel the learner to

concentrate his attention and keep his eyes on the copy.
2.
A teaching plan that will train the learner to be first a
Studi ill of models, next a good copyist, and finally a thinker who
can apply his knowledge. See the series of model forms followed
by appropriate problems in the various sections.
3.
A collection of correlated practise-matter sufficient in quantity and suitable in kind to meet the requirements of long terms and
complete courses; yet, because i,f its arrangement, adaptable to the
needs of schools in which the course must be abridged. The work
is presented in sections that are divided into short lessons, and in
most instances the lessors are in turn subdivided into two or more
exercises. This plan is encouraging to the learner, especially in
schools where the typing periods are necessarily short.

preparatory to court reporting, Civil

Service work, or any other positions
requiring a high degree of skill and
accuracy.
These courses are immensely helpful to stenographers
effi-

Two Remington Accuracy

winners were
developed in our typewriting department
in 19IS.
Mr. Eli Gans won in the January
tests, and in June, Mr. Leslie Lincoln wrote
seventy-eight net words a minute without
an error, thereby exceeding all previous
records in these tests by six words a
minute.

Cloth,

N. B.

141 pages. Oblong

4to.

S1.25

any teacher
typewriting or school officer, postpaid,
single copy will be mailed

to

for sixty cents.

Classes for beginning students in shorthand

open every week. Progress is individual.

PUBLISHT BY

Write today for more particulars.

THE PHONOGRAPHIC INSTITUTE COMPANY,

GREGG SCHOOL,
6 N. Michigan Ave.

CHICAGO,

CINCINNATI. OHIO
Benn Pitman. Founder

Jerome

ILL.

iJii.iiiujJu.i.i.i.uj-iJHijimiijiiMi.u.iimu.iHi.ii..iJ,ui,i,ii,i.j,JiiJ.uuiiiniJ.iiix.iMj

B.

Howard.

President

&

<^&u4*mM/&&u*ribr

SPECIAL OFFER.
Anyone interested

in

penmanship should have a copy

FACTORY COST

each of the following books:

ZANER METHOD MANUAL 144

A

complete, thorough and up-to-date text on plain

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Contains complete instruction
with each copy. For use in business colleges, high
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Price, 25 cents, postpaid,
Special price in quantities.

ACCOUNTING

LESSONS IN ORNAMENTAL PENMANSHIP

An

instructor for those who wish to master ornamental writing. The work covers the ground very
thoroughly. Undoubtedly the best work published
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ZANERIAN MANUAL OF ALPHABETS

AND ENGROSSING
is our latest and best book on engrossing.
It
revised, enlarged and improved, and in
former editions was known as New Zanerian Alphabets.
It contains one-third more material than in the
old book, as well as many full-page specimens of
resolutions, diplomas, etc.
The one indispensable
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This

The demands for expert cost accountants were never so great as at this
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keeping.

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R.

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that form a small penmanship library themselves.

CO., Publishers,

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Other courses include Accountancy, Auditing.

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special offer for the three books, if ordered at

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COLUMBUS, OHIO

Metropolitan System of Bookkeeping

By W. A. SHEAFFER

The following are a few reasons

rapidly adopted:

why

this

new

text is being

The author is a teacher of elementary bookkeeping, also an expert accountant, and

teacher of advanced accounting.
It is emphatically a modern text educational, vocational, and disciplinary, and conveniently arranged for a combination of class and laboratory methods of instruction.
The emphasis is constantly on the thought side of the subject.
The complete text (402 pages) and divided units, adapt Metropolitan System of Bookkeeping for long or brief courses, and for use of special sets.
There is a careful grading of the work from the beginning, and new subjects are introduced one at a time. A full explanation and script illustrations accompany the introduction
of each new subject, book, transaction, or paper, followed by exercises to be worked out
by the

pupil.

Business papers are used extensively in only one unit of the system. In the other units
only the essential papers connected with the new features are introduced.
The text does not go to the extreme in the matter of accountancy, but is strictly in accordance with modern accounting practice.
The work, from the beginning, is teachable to pupils of high school age.
Quality of material and workmanship considered, the prices are surprisingly low.

COMPANY
METROPOLITAN TEXT BOOKWabash
Chicago

Publishers of 'Metropolitan Series" of Commercial Texts.

37 South

Ave.,

JHAW.Jl.U,lJ.UJJ.llUIlimili.U.I'*U.'IMMl..U,III.I.H.IJiJ.IJ.|IUI.UHi|.llB!W

,^

&

.5Mt*38u4//i&l^du&z&r

and Economy

Efficiency

Handwriting Instruction and Practice

are embodied in the use of
in

Zaner Method Writing Manual 144

OR

Zaner Method Writing Complete Compendium

Either of these books may be imfor use in Commercial and High Schools.
printed for a small additional amount. -By having the name of your school
appear on the front cover, the book would not only serve as an excellent penLibPrice 25c each, postpaid.
manship text, but also as good advertising.
eral discount in quantities.

Zaner

&

Bloser

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Penmanship Publishers
Columbus, Ohio

C
D^LIlXO
VVU Tt{^\f~\l<r

T^\^/f"fc
I

THAT SHOULD BE READ BY EVERY PRIVATE BUSINESS SCHOOL PRORIETOR, SOLICITOR AND TEACHER

The Art of Business College Soliciting

By

Wm.

page,
clear

G.

Haupt

is

pocket-size, eighty-nine

cloth-bound volume which, in unusually

and terse terms, instructs the reader how to

become a successful business college solicitor.

The author has devoted more than twenty years
to commercial school soliciting and presents in
this volume the result of his successful experience.
..

..

T
In one chapter he states that there is no more
He is ready to cite many
honorable calling
cases where he has induced young persons to
qualify in commercial subjects to their great bet,

terment financially and socially.

The author believes that the business

teacher who knows thoroughly the work

college
of the
school and the value of a commercial education,

and of what
solicit

consists,
effectively.
it

is

especially qualified to

It matters not whether you are a proprietor,

teacher or solicitor, you will find this book full
sane and stimulating suggestions.
Slip the
book into your pocket, read a chapter when you
find the time, and before you have finished you
will enthusiastically thank us for bringing it to
your attention. Price, postpaid, $2.00.

of

If you order both at

Scientific Business College Soliciting

By Martin D. Zimmerman is a book of one hundred and thirty-eight pages, well-printed, bound
in cloth, the purpose of which is to make the
soliciting of students for private business schools
more profitable and successful.
One chapter entitled "Seventy-five Things to be
Thought of in Preparing a Selling Talk" is alone
worth more than the price of the book to any
one soliciting for or writing advertising matter
for
busine fs sc h ol

Tru ; h

ig

Power

Tod

utmQst car

salesmen are

int

picked

uken

intQ

consi deration.
So, too, Business College presidents ar demanding alert> well-appearing, proSolicitors with truthful, ingressive solicitors.
tell, and who know how to
them. Such men, and a still larger class hopn g to become such, are finding many helpful suggestions in the above book.
The book is the result of considerable experience,
both as a teacher and solicitor, combined with a
thorough and comprehensive study of Business

teresting stories to
tell

Psychology and Salesmanship,

This may be your last opportunity to secure a
copy of the book, as the supply is limited. Price,
postpaid, $2.00.

one time, the two books

will

be sent postpaid for but $3.00.

These two books will teach you how to apply the most advanced ideas of modern salesmanship to commercial college soliciting.
Commercial teachers who wish to devote part time to healthful outdoor soliciting, either during the summer months or during the
entire year, will find these books of great value.

THE BUSINESS COLLEGE PUBLISHING

CO., 118 North High Street, Columbus, Ohio

&&38u4/tuM&&u**&r

$>

Allies
THE

pressure of demand today is for an intensive stenographic training that yields maximum results in the minimum time. The wise school man knows that the quality
of the entire stenographic course must not be sacrificed to meet
present day abnormal demand that high quality must be maintained at all costs.

With Gregg Shorthand, Rational Typewriting, and Office Trainingthat co-operate in making the shorthand course complete both
speeding up in production and maintainance of quality can be secured.
allies

Gregg Shorthand Manual

Gregg Shorthand

is taught exclusively in 75 per cent of the high schools of

the country teaching shorthand, and is taught in more than 85 per cent
It is easy to learn, to write, and to read.
of the private business schools.
In combined speed and legibility it out-distances all other systems. The
text-book of the system is organized on a plan which makes it possible
Students thus develop
effectively to combine theory with practice.
writing ability along with theory. 176 pages, illustrated, $1.50.

Rational Typewriting
more widely used than any other text-book on the subject. It carries
Mastery of the finger
the student along the line of the least resistance.
board technique is acquired quickly and thoroughly through scientific
finger exercises. Accuracy, speed and correct form are developed through
Rational typewriting is the only typewriting text that
tested studies.
It is printed
cultivates the student's initiative and constructive ability.
in three editions:
is

Revised Edition: An extended course designed for the use of high schools and private
business schools. 186 pages bound in brown cloth. $1.00. Single Keyboard Edition:
Adapted for use in both high schools and private business schools. 104 pages bound in
admirably
short, intensive course auiiiimuiy
Edition: A snort,
Honor coition:
Medal oi
of nonor
green cloth, $1.00.
adapted for use i highly specialized business schools and evening schools. 96 pages, bound
nts.
in grey cloth, 75
t

Office Training for Stenographers

introduces the student to practical business problems, and puts the finishIt covers the office activities
ing touches on his stenographic course.
and information that the business man has in mind when he asks for an
introduction in the advanced
for
Designed
experienced stenographer.
department, it co-ordinates perfectly with the advanced shorthand and
blanks, letterheads, billproviding
book
exercise
typewriting work. An
heads, checks, and various other business papers accompanies it.

series of books designed for the complete stenois used in thousands of schools, with a
course
graphic
resulting increase in general efficiency.

Our

Let us give you more complete information about

troducing the complete series.

in-

THE GREGG PUBLISHING COMPANY

San Francisco

|.^ ^.Jl.l

l JlliJ JJJIUiti.yillUU!tiJJIMJ.lIJa^M.ll.rlid!Ta:WWTBl^lWaM

Chicago

MJ&ud/nM<uMuxi&r

&

NOW READY
Pitman's Shorthand Rapid Course
A
<I

Complete Course

in

Twenty Short Lessons

The object of this book is to provide a simple and rapid course of instruction for

who wish

those persons

to

acquire the

shorthand within a very

short period and mainly for business
ability to write

purposes.
CJ

telligence
<I

<I

<J

There are only twenty short lessons,

expressed in simple, brief language, without redundancy, and with a proper regard
for, and appreciation of, the learner's in-

The

without conscious
I

and common sense.

effort.

Position writing is introduced with the

first lesson, the halving principle in the

fourth lesson, and Phraseography with

principles are introduced in an entireorder and with certain groupings

ly new
that have never previously been adopted. The learner is enabled to write separate words in the first lesson, and he is
introduced to sentence writing in the
third.

contained in 98 pages. There is,

however, an appendix with a generous
supply of additional reading matter and
writing exercises.
The principal of word building is applied throughout the book, so that the
learner greatly extends his shorthand vocabulary with each succeeding lesson and
is

the diphthongs.
(J

The exercises partake largely of the nature

of business correspondence, and commercial phraseology is frequently employed in other exercises.

Each lesson concludes with a very

brief

The whole of the explanatory matter, with

restatement of the rules explained in the

the

lesson.

essential

exercises illustrating

this

WHAT TEACHERS SAY

wish to tell you what a splendid book I have found
Pitman's 'Shorthand Rapid Course.' It is the best text that
I have yet seen in Pitmanic shorthand.
I have much pleasure
to report that my results in one term are better than I usually
"I

attain with the 'Course' in two terms.

I think that word
building principle so completely used in this textbook makes
the study from it very simple.
The omission of exceptional
words and the carefully selected vocabulary makes it the
proper work to use where the time is limited." -Charles L.
Frank, Teacher of Isaac Pitman Shorthand, New York University, and Washington Irving High School, New York.

"We began using the 'Rapid Course' last September in our

Evening School and have had splendid results. Although our
enrollment has been much above any previous year, we have
been able, with the aid of this book, to hold the attention of
our students more easily and find that they are much better
able to accept positions than those of former years." B. R.
Thomas, Thomas School of Stenography, South Bend, Ind.
"I wish to acknowledge receipt of 'Pitman's Shorthand Rapid
Course' and teacher's Key to same.
This new compilation of
the principles of the Isaac Pitman system in twenty lessons
interests me very much indeed, as it will give the teachers an
opportunity to complete the theory work in a much shorter
time than heretofore.
In this book the teacher is allowed
much leeway to make the work as extensive and intensive as
is advisable by the use of supplementary exercises.
I shall
avail myself of the use of the book in connection with my work
at the Washington Heights Evening High School at the earliest
opportunity."
Benjamin Frumberg, Boy's High School,
Brooklyn, N. Y.

"I want to take this opportunity to tell you my opinion of

your 'RAPID COURSE.'
There is but one word that can
express what I think of the little book, and that is 'wonderful.*
The things that struck me immediately as most valuable features of the book were the attractive size of the print and the
list of supplementary words and letters in the back of the
book.
I think this work will take teachers and pupils by
storm." Louis Brand. Teacher of Isaac Pitman Shorthand,
Morris High School, New York.

opportunity of examining Pitman's

"I have just had ai
'Shorthand Rapid Cours .' and having gone through the book
from cover to over I find it to be the most practical
shorthand textbook I ha e ever seen. The points which appeal
1.
Beautiful text
to me most favorably
re the following:
and letter press work, every outline being perfectly engraved
from beginning to end. 2. The novel and practical arrangeeasily
learned into
ment of the principles, bringing those most
close juxtaposition, and at the same time preserving their
logical sequence.
3.
Marvelous condensation, the principle of
the entire system lucidly explained and illustrated within one
hundred pages. 4. A most useful appendix, containing additional exercises, together with a list of useful phraseograms,
also all the grammalogs and contractions arranged alphabetically and phonetically.
The Additional Exercises impress me
as being particularly valuable, not only to teachers who desire
to give to pupils in the regular course additional illustrative
work, but useful also for tests and for teachers using other
Isaac Pitman textbooks."
W. L. Mason, Polytechnic High
School, Santa Monica, Cat.
carefully

Cloth, gilt lettering, 198 pages, $1.50

Teachers' Examination Copy, postpaid, $1.00. Mention School

ISAAC PITMAN

&

SONS,

2 West Forty-fifth Street,

fMmmwsmmmamsTsmmmmias^asmn

NEW YORK

VOLUME XXIV

COLUMBUS, OHIO, SEPTEMBER,

The BUSINESS

EDUCATOR

Zaner,

Office of the General Secretary

-----

Editor
Blosee. - - Business Manager
Zaxf.k& Blosek. Publishers and Owners

Kenosha, Wis., July

W.

E.

NATIONAL COMMERCIAL TEACHERS' FEDERATION

Entered at Columbus, O., Post Office as 2nd Class Matter

C. P.

NUMBER

1918

15,

1918.

DISASTROUS PRIVATE SCHOOL LEGISLATION PENDING

has been brought to my attention that Mr. Joseph
J. Klein, a public
accountant of New York City, has suggested a clause in the Revenue Measure now before Congress which reads as follows:
It

Published monthly (except July and August)

118 N. High St., Columbus, O.. as follows:
Teachers' Professional Edition, $1.00 a year.
Students' Penmanship Edition. 75 cents a yeat
(Foreign subscriptions 20 cents extra; Canad
ian subscriptions 10 cents extra).
or

Remittances should be made by Money Ordet

Bank Draft, or by currency at sender's risk.

Stamps accepted.

Two Editions. The Teachers' Professional

Edition contains 40 pages, 8 pages of which
are de/oted to Accounting, Finance, Mathematics, English, Law, Typewriting, Advertis
ing, Conventions, etc., and Departments specially suited to the needs of teachers, principals
and proprietors.
The Students' Penmanship Edition contains
32 pages and is the same as the Professional
Edition, less the 8 pages devoted to commercial subjects.
This edition is specially suited
to students in Commercial, Public and Private
schools, and contains all of the Penmanship.
Engrossing, Pen Art, and Lesson features of
the Professional Edition.

A TAX ON THE TUITION FEES OF PRIVATE SCHOOLS, OF

~
FROM 10% TO 25%, NOT INCLUDING UNIVERSITIES
AND COL-

LEGES."
I

of

need not remind you that

90%

work,

in the

the front.

And

to

forward

them

journals unless postage

SCI]* iifiiuriranir

Advertising Rates furnished upon applicaThe Business Ei.l-cator is purchased and

>n.

the

most

intelligent and well-to-do

among those interested in business education
and penmanship in the United States, Canada,
r-ngland, and nearly every country on the
globe.
It circulates, not alone among business
college proprietors, teachers and pupils, but
also among principals of commercial departents of High and Normal Schools and Colleges, as well as among office workers, home
ptudents, etc.

Ch

of the Committee
While it is not
It seems pro German in
government itself, as well

farm or at
much to meet the emergencies of
ind are training young women for

Crwtr

Rates to Teachers, Agents, and Club Raisers

upon application. Write for them whether
you are in a position to send few or many

in a republic; a sovereign nation of many,.

states-, a pci-fcct <lruon. one an> inseparable
tstaBCis&cb upon the principles of frecoenn, c^uafitu,;.
justice ano humanity, for which /American patriots
^acrifice^ tfieir fives ano fortunes.

sovereign

therefore, befieve

it is mv, tutu, tc my, countru,

fovc it to support its constitution, to obey
its laws, to respect its ffaa, aiio to ocfeno it

to

against aff enemies.

pent

sist in

Sample copies furnished to

securing subscriptions.

believe in the <'mtco Stales of. ', (mcr'ica as a

--ovc rnment of the people, by, the people, fbr
thc people; whose just powers arc ocrivob
trem the consent* of ffic a-ovcrnco; a fecfttberacu

subscriptions.

TRENARY.

Subscribers.
If we do not acknowledge reyour subscription, kindly consider first
the journal you receive as sufficient
evidence that we received your subscription al!
right.
If you do not receive your journal by
the 10th of each month, please nctify us.

by

L.

is

for that purpose.

ceipt of
copy of

read

will mean the death

tax here suggested be

it

-[Editor.]

vate as well as in public

lercial education.

a law,

minimum

hools has accomplished

s,
for they hav

bus

We

sent to

becomes

even the

OTIS

If you change your

jtify us promptly (in
vance. if possible), and be careful to give
old as well as the new address.
1(
many
journals each issue through negligenc
part of subscribers.
Postmasters are not al

lowed

this

If

Every school proprietor should write a letter of t

"ii Ways and Means, and also to their Representat
likely that the bill will pass, silence might be constn
that it would effectively reduce the efficiency so much needed
in the conduct of all business.
Efficiency is as neces

The Business Educator is devoted to the progressive and practical interests of Business
Education and Penmanship.
It purposes to
inspire and instruct both pupil and teacher,
and to furth(
nterests of those engaged
institutions

if

of the business schools.

imposed the private schools surely could not carry this extra burden added
to the load under which they are operating now.
I recommend that you write every one of your representatives
in Congress today, putting the matter plainly and forcefully before them.
Yours truly.

as-

By

G. E.

Van

Buskirk, Newark, N.

J.

<!^&u4/ned&&&UMfcr

&

Developemental Practice
IN

Rapid Movement Writing

By

Columbus, Ohio

??O -PJ&?>JJ?2(V-%rzyp>
r

FOREWORD

One cannot

well afford to do else

designed to develop
a practical, serviceable handwriting
that combines economy in recognition and fluency in reproduction.
Letter formation should be simple,

than to develop to the maximum his

physical vigor and health, to direct
and conserve nervous and muscular
energy, to promote normal growth,
development and exercise of the great
functions of circulation, respiration,

essentially consistent, and pleasingly

digestion, etc.

This course

is

legible.

Attention! Resolve to get the posi-

Movement or mode of execution

should embody gracefulness, freeness,
ease and rapidity.

Sluggish, labored
effort and accuracy in letter construction is one extremity to be avoided.
Excessive,
spasmodic,
uncontrolled
movements, always productive of
scribbling, is the other objectionable
tendency.
Efficiency in written expression is
dependent, therefore; upon clarity in

reading qualities in conjunction with

facility of production.

Health Posture
Health-promoting physical conditions, efficient and effective mechanical adjustments are indispensable to
progress and achievement in a prachandwriting.
Healthful body posture

tical

life,

and essential

is

to skill in

ance of the writing

act.

vital

to

perform-

and keep it. It is an inestimable possession which is in truth

worth more than the acquisition of
good handwriting behavior.
"Keep your mind on your back," if
tion habit

you

would

cultivate

"backbone"

rather than "wishbone."

Throw the shoulders back. Incline
the spine in forward carriage from
the hips only.
Place the feet flat on
the floor in a comfortable position
and separate somewhat in order to
reinforce and support the body.

Both elbows should be kept apart

from the body and extend slightly
edge of the desk. In this resting position of the arms, the shoulders will be kept even or square, the
trunk steadied and pressure minimized on the writing arm. The head
should be held in line with the back
and inclined slightly forward to aid
focal adjustment.
This position safeoff the

guards health and vision and promotes conditions of efficiency for the
writing action.

Mechanical Adjustments
Efficiency of position as concerns
the "running parts," and the arrangement of all materials effecting the operation of the writing mechanism is
necessary and should receive careful
and continued attention during the
developmental process. Habit formation requires willed direction and
repetition.
Sit facing the desk squarely with
both arms resting full weight in a relaxed manner on the muscular enlargements forward of the elbows.
The clothing should be loose about
the arms.
The writing hand should rest, balance and glide upon the little finger

or upon the nails of the ring and little

fingers.
Curve all fingers inward,
hand half closed with fingers touching.
The side of the hand and wrist
should be held free of the paper. Always keep the hand standing up on
the fingers.

The thumb contact on the holder

should be located back of the first
finger opposite the first joint.

y/u

writing

surface with clearly ruled

lines is recommended as the best for
practice purposes.
The standard %"
ruling is preferable.
However, the
rule
is good for commercial work
J4"
when writing should be reduced to
conform to the condensed ruling in
day books, ledgers, journals, etc.

should be kept up in the

hand, crossing the first finger preferably forward of the large knuckle.
See illustrations.
The holder should be held between
the thumb and second finger with the
finger, but

first

finger resting

on

top.

The pen should touch the paper

and consequently the holder
Do not try
should be held loosely.
to pinch the writing out of the pen.
The angle of the paper and its adjustment materially affects style and
slant of the writing as well as the
method of producing it. The paper
should be held and adjusted so that
the least resistence will be offered in
gliding the hand and pen along the
line of writing, and at the same time
facilitate the reading and visual guidance and remove the temptation to
"sight at the writing" in tipping or
turning the head to one side.
The
down strokes in the writing should
be in the direction of the center of the
body, "toward the nose," or on the
line of vision.
See illustrations.
The left hand should hold and adjust the paper under the writing machine much the same as cloth is adjusted tinder a sewing machine.
Especial care must be exercised that the
paper is shifted upward and not the

&

>3(juji/ujj C^du&i/fr

The holder should not fall into the

"hollow" between the thumb and first

The best pen for general use is one

of medium flexibility, not too coarse
ro stiff, or too fine.
The "Zanerian
Standard" is a good pen for general

lightly

Stubs or fountain pens are unfor practice and should

use.

satisfactory

writing

arm drawn downward and

desk as the writing progresses

toward the bottom of the page.
off the

The

used, should be held

by the left hand, about an inch below
and parallel to the line of writing.
When seated the desk or table in
height should be about on a line with
the top of the forearms when the
arms hang at the side of the body
bent akimbo or at right angles. Mechanical conditions must be correct or
manual excellence is an impossibility
when it comes to evolving rapid
movement writing.
blotter,

if

Selection of Materials
The positive influence of good writing materials serve to encourage, inspire
and
promote
improvement.
F'aper with a smooth, firm, unglazed

DEVELOPMENTAL

DRILLS.

Plate

not be used.
An all-wood

straight

holder,

that

hand is best.
The Zaner
Holder feels good in the
hand, and is my favorite style, how-

fits

the

Method

ever the "cork tip" is satisfactory.

Ink should be free-flowing and
either black or "blue-black" in color.
Fountain pen fluid that dries black is
good. I frequently use Zanerian India
Ink diluted with three or four parts
water or Higgin's Eternal undiluted.

Much

discouragement

arises

from

mixed or cared for.

A pen wiper or sponge bowl is a
necessary accessory. A pen will give
three or four times as much service
if cleaned after use. Corrosion retards
free flowing of ink and destroys the
inks improperly

flexibilitv of the nibs.

1.

Exercise 1 is the so-called "direct" compact oval as shown by direction of arrow. Practice it two spaces in
1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-1-2-3,
height at the rate of from 180-200 revolutions in a minute. Count lightly and briskly:
etc. 20 then 30, etc., to 100 for each quarter section without pausing.
Maintain the oval shape; do not produce
circles.
Keep the lines close together like thread on a spool, and make the down strokes as light as the up
strokes.
Roll the arm easily on the muscle near the elbow, keep the hand and wrist raised, glide the third and
little fingers freely corresponding to the motions of the pen.
Exercise 2 is the straight line or push and pull exercise two spaces tall. The downward and upward motions
should be on the line of vision. The arm acts diagonally on the muscle in and out the sleeve. Angle of paper and
slant is best established by this exercise, therefore, watch slant and direction of motion.
Pause to examine error
then practice to improve. Keep your mind on the point of the pen. Cultivate a light touch of the pen to the paper.
See suggestions exercise 1 for counting, etc.
Exercises 3 and 4. Study size, slant and direction of motion. Make 100 revolutions or down strokes to each
l
quarter section similar to Exercises 1 and 2 in about /i
minute. This exercise may also be made to extend entirely
across the page. Aim to master these fundamental movements. Alternate Exercises 3 and 4 on the same line or
on consecutive lines. Keep an even tone of line throughout free from blots and blurs or wide, open spaces. Remember correct position is essential to progress. Count sometimes: light-light-light; roll-roll-roll; pull-pull-pull;
quick-quick-quick.

Exercise 5 is the so-called indirect compact oval. It may be made two spaces high at first similar to Exercise
1 in appearance.
Xote the direction of movement as shown by the arrow. This drill is valuable in cultivating the
over motions and overcoming awkwardness. Keep correct proportion and slant of oval from beginning to end.
This xeercise may properly precede capitals P, B and R or O and others.

y/u ryJujS/itJJ &/u<xt6r*

Contributions in

Business and Social Writing

G. D.
Evanston,

Illinois,

GRISET

&
Train Your Hand if You
Would Possess a Good
Handwriting. Head and
Hand Must Co-operate.

Township High School

LESSON

No. 6

Then study the letter forms careindirect oval and compound curve exercises.
Time spent studying a letter is well spent, but time spent practicing without
fully before beginning to practice.
previous study, is time thrown away.
Limber up your arm on the

Notice in what direction

Two-fifths of the Z are below the base line, while three-fifths are above.
1.
oval at the base line slants. Also observe carefully what parts of the letter touch the base line, and how
The finishing stroke doesn't touch the body of the letter.
far apart these parts are.
Practice four lines of each exercise.
Plate

the

little

Plate 2. The Q and Z begin alike. Compare the loop of the Q (on the base line) with that of the Z. The
base line loop of the Q is a horizontal loop about 3 times as long as thick.
The Q finishes with a compound curve. It will pay you to learn to finish the Q one-third of its height above
the base line.

Plate 3. As the T and F are alike, they are given on the same plate.
The beginning
straight or slightly curved, and should be one-half as long as the
is high.
The down stroke is a graceful compound curve. Curve it to beat the band!
Practice four lines of each exercise.

stroke

may

be either

Plate 4. If you curve the beginning stroke enough you'll have but little trouble with the compound curved
stroke. The crossing should be a little below the middle
Compare the width of the upper
not above it.
with that of the lower part.
The second style (with the connecting stroke) is more practical, as it saves pen lifting.

down

Plate 5. Study this difficult letter critically, and save mis-spent effort. The upper oval should be a little belov
the top, and should slant as the L slants.
The down stroke is a decided compound curve. Study it carefully.
The lower loop is similar to the same loop on the Q. It is horizontal, and about one-third as thick as long.
Learn to finish the L one-third of its height above the base line.

ccce ec ,oe
(

Plate
the

6.

The main

part of the q

is

an

a.

Make

^X JLXX

the oval, in the "a" part, long and slender.

Notice the

in

q.

The lower loop extends below

the base line two-thirds of the q's length.

Practice four lines of each exercise. Don't play. Make every effort count.

Plate

Study the copy.

Two-fifths of the f exten 1 below the base line, and three-fifths go above it.
contains an i.
it is a capital offense to use a little finger movement in co-operation with arm movement in
making f's. All good penmen whose movement I have observed use some finger movement in making loop letters,
especially on the upper loop letters 1, b, k, h, and f.
7.

Every well made

Don't imagine that

*5ffiJ&uJ//ted&<24/ua&r

EDITOR'S PAGE
PENMANSHIP EDITION
Our Policy: Better Writing Through
Improved Teaching and Methods.

Form with Freedom from

the Start.

CRAGIN AND THE RED CROSS

Cragin, whose heart is human as
well as humanitarian, has written a
ripping, heart-gripping story of Clara
Barton and the Red Cross, which

should l)c read by every

who admires heroism and
service.

American

who

on the battlefield of the

Spanish-American war.
Surely Cragin has done more than
his "bit" in this story of three wars
and a woman, to entertain, to instruct, to arouse, and to appreciate
the worth and work of Miss Barton
and the Red Cross.
girl"

EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENTS
estimate correctly the value of
one's teaching, some think more than
a complacent conscience or appreciative pupil or a satisfied employer are
necessary.
One needs to know that
he has succeeded beyond the demands
of necessity, or he will ever be a slave
to the task-master of necessity.
Measurements are devices designed

inform one as to his status. Measurements encourage comparison, and

comparison leads to knowledge of
to

conditions.

Thus measurements

the

HELP!

transition,

goal.

To keep aloft the commercial educational torch during the days of war
and consequent legislation that is
more than doubling the cost of mailing and publishing the Business Educator, we need the support of all who
believe in the spirit of efficiency of
commercial education.

SAWYER OF GLENDALE

SAYS:

Glendale Union High School,

Glendale, California.

May
i

31, 1918.

ientlemen:

Enclosed find check for $13.50 to

cover charges of preparing Zaner Certificates of Proficiency for twentyseven students, whose names are enclosed herein.
Another group will

Therefore we need subscriptions,

advertising, and contributions.
More
than ever, we need timely items of
news and knowledge relating to our
profession and work.
are endeavoring- to make each number worth the
price of a yearly subscription.
Help
us to issue a ten-hundred-percentjournal by giving ten times in value
the amount charged.
And you can
help us to make it a reality by all
working as unselfishly as the boys
"over there." Less than that we have
no moral right to be content with,
nor have vou.

We

follow.
It may be of interest to you to
that the demand for penmanship in G. U. H. S. has shown a very
satisfactory increase during the last
two years, since California adopted
the Zaner Method.
want to see
the work go on with ever increasing

know

We

enthusiasm.
Since submitting specimens last
year I have been promoted to the
Headship of the Commercial Department.
Truly yours,
G. F.

SAWYER.

PARTIAL CONTENTS
Of the Professional Edition of
this Number of the Business
Educator
Editorials.

Mental Meanderings. Carl Marshall,

[Mr. Sawyer's work has led to his

promotion as well as to the improvement of the handwriting of his pupils.

are

designed to lead to definite knowledge

and facts.
Moreover, measurements, rightly
conceived and executed, help one to

tion.

Vocational Educational Conference.

M. H. Lockyear.
Evansville,

OF NEW YORK CITY

Formerly the Penmans' Art Journal

the oldest and for many years the foremost
journal of its kind, transferred in August.
1916. its good will and subscriptions to

The Business Educator

COLUMBUS, OHIO

Ind.

Bookkeeping Viewpoints. W. A.
Sheaffer,

Milwaukee.

Private School Ideals.

Dickey, Bowling
S.

Dr. J.
Green,

By.

The merging of the two magazines makes

The Business Educator the most influential
periodical of its kind published today.
It is
the aim of the publishers to make of it a
positive factor in the betterment of business

Mich

port of the Chicago Convention of the N. C. T. Federa-

writes a good hand and knows the

value of penmanship.
Editor.]

commercial

The Business Journal

Battle Creek,

Part Three of the Official Re-

He

To

of forces

beginning,

'

loves

near-need of its service. In November, Mr. Cragin tells in his picturesque way of the Red Cross work in
times of peace, and finally of the appearance of this "seventy-seven year

the

handwriting, measurements are

being taken, and more will be taken,
in order to discover the best, even
the best possible.
Instead of combating them, as some have foolishly
done, it is hetter to acquaint one's self
with them and to make use of them.
\\
shall have more to say and to
present along this line in a later number of the B E
In

For the story of Miss Bar-

ton and the Red Cross involves both.

Part One appears in this number and
begins right in the midst of things, in
the shot and shell and blood and
smoke at Antietem, bloodiest battle
In the October
of the Civil War.
number lie has taken up the personal
early story of Miss Barton and tells
how s'he came to know about the
Red Cross, when she herself was in

old

define

and the end or

Status of Business English.

A. Hagar. New York.

H.

education.

Training for Civil Service. Clara

La Tourette McDaniel, Cedar
Rapids, Iowa.
Biography. G. A. Hawkins, Racine, Wis.
Obituary.

G.

W. Brown.

Book Reviews.

tz>?^g/

^zdmJkz&m/.

Memorial.

The Business

Letter.

The

Goodrich Rubber Company.

Salesmanship.
Thos.
per, Bingen, Ga.

News Notes and

E.

Notices.

Cup-

&&WO&T*

>y/lt V3&UJS/ijj

EDITOR'S PAGE
PROFESSIONAL EDITION
A

Forum

of this board.
It is the intention of
the board to use established schools
for this purpose, in so far as it may
be possible.
Care is to be taken in

placing those who desire a business

education in institutions that have a
reputation for doing thorough work
in their respective lines.

for the Expression of

Convictions and Opinions Relating to Commercial Education

TAX ON EDUCATION

The Government

to

is

pay the

tui-

A bill has been introduced in Congress proposing a tax on tuition in

tion for all soldiers sent to these

schools at the regular rates charged

private schools, universities and

leges being exempted.

for instruction.

col-

Complete plans in regard to all of

the details touching this phase of
training are not yet perfected, but the

be
a serious blow to practical education
such as has made possible the efficiency demanded by 'the government
itself in the organization and conduct
of its correspondence, accounting, and
clerical work, to say nothing of its
executive and organization departments.
Without stenographers and
bookkeepers where would the government be "at" today, and what have

conference was pronounced by all

present as an important step in acquainting the board with the facilities
existing throughout the country for
supplying this training, and in getting
clearly before the school men the
Government needs for carrying into
effect the provisions of the act under
which this Board was created with as

the colleges and universities done to

little

If this bill

goes into effect

it

will

delav as possible.

supply them?

A tax on tuition will mean, can

mean but one thing, a tax on those
who desire an education whereby they
can serve efficiently and abundantly.
Private commercial schools are prospering but not profiteering, and as a
consequence they are being taxed as
they doubtless desire and deserve,
but a tax on tuition must be paid by
the one paying the tuition rather thar,
,iy the one to whom tuition is paid
precisely as by theater patrons.
We can conceive of nothing that
would please the Hun more than to
put a quietus upon the education or
Voting America!
Will an EducatorPresident stand for it? Tax profits.
not tuition. Tax the institutions that
teach German and other foreign languages and neglect English and writ(construction of sentences, and
ing
punctuation, and penmanship), but
spare the business college, the most
American educational institution in
America.
Spare the institution that
opened the door to opportunity to
thousands of Civil War soldiers who
had neither the money nor the socalled culture demanded by the colleges and universities that are proposed to be exempted. Spare the institutions that will spell salvation to>
thousands of returning soldiers tomorrow, either maimed or unharmed,
who will seek instruction and inspiration therein
the private commercial
schools!
Instead of a tax. there should be a
bounty granted by the government to
all who teach efficiency and service.

EDUCATIONAL CONFERENCE
REPORT
On June

27th about thirty proprietors of private commercial schools at-

tended a conference in Washington

with
members of the newly
the
created Federal Board for Vocational
Education.
The very important work of retraining crippled soldiers for profitable employment as they return to
civil life, comes under the supervision

M. H.

LOCKYEAR.
Evansville, Ind.

WAR-TIME STUDENTS AND

WORK
The business college is reflecting
the spirit and necessity of the times
quite as much as in any other line of
human effort and, industry. In normal times the students averaged from
the high school
15 to 20 years of age
period, and the sexes were about
equal in number, but today reports indicate that the business school age
limit has been both reduced and exMany pupils are entering
tended.

&
COMMERCIAL SCHOOLS AND
COURSES

The past year

strongest
demand
work and

the

has

shown

the

commercial
for
largest attendance in

both high and business schools we

have ever known. For several years
preceding the war many private commercial schools went out of existence
as there had been too many promoted
by those who worshipped the dollar
more than they valued education. The
demand today for office workers has
had the tendency not only to fill the
school rooms of the existing institutions, but also to encourage increasing the number of private schools.
We hope, however, that this tendency
to multiply private schools will not
continue, for after the war, the grade
pupils will again seek the high schools
for further training in education.
The business schools on the wKole
are doing more thorough work than
ever before, and as a consequence the
employing public is appreciating the
work and worth of the business
school as never before. All of which
commercial
the
should encourage
school to improve in order to win
during peace as well as during war.
The profiteer sees only for the present, while the profit-seer sees not only
the present but prepares to meet the
larger opportunities that are always
ahead to those who aspire and always
behind to those who regret.

such schools as will admit them below

the high school age. pupils that would
ordinarily be in the 8th grammar
grade.
On the other hand, many
women of college age and older are
also to be found in the business
schools.
Men of conscription age or
near-conscription age are few in business schools. Many of these institutions look like female seminaries except for the great differences in age.
The younger pupils are too lacking
in experience and educational ground
work as they enter school to average
well for the commercial school to turn
This is due on the part of the
out.
public rather than the desire on the
part of the business school, as the demand induces these immature people
to enter and then it entices them halfqualified to quit school and begin

work.

This has. however, one com-

pensating equivalent, in that the older

pupils with their ripened experience
and better educational ground work
are able to turn out a higher ai
of work than the average student in
normal times.

For during the days

of

peace and

struggle for places which are to follow the war. it behooves pupils to remain in school as long as possible to
qualify thoroughly, so that their rise
in the commercial world will not be
hindered by too superficial training
in

the fundamental principles, particu-

larly in

English and mathematics.

THE SCHOOL YEAR

Another school year is a matter of
history and a new one is in the makCommercial schools, particuing.
larly private ones, have prospered as
never before, and the outlook continues promising in spite of the conscripIn fact, the
tion of human power.
more man power is conscripted the
greater the demand for woman power,

and consequently the greater the de-

mand for students trained in the rudiments of commerce, even half trained
are in demand.
So on with the training for efficient
service no other has a right to exist.
And the private business schools de-

velop more efficiency in less time than

any other, along the line of their specThe high schools are endeavialties.
oring to do as well and as much, and
they are succeeding beyond anticipaFor the high school has and is
tions.
profiting by the methods and results
of the business school is well as by
the exigencies of war and business.

Dr. H. M. Rowe, of the well known

H. M. Rowe Publishing Company,
Baltimore. Md
has been elected to
the presidency of the Xational AssoThis
ciation of Corporation Schools.
honor that has been well beis an
The
stowed and as well merited.
membership of the Association represents some 10 or 12 billions of dollars, as a large number of the largest
The work becorporations belong.
ing accomplished by the association is
.

important in making the adjustments

between school and business.

&

'jfa'jButU/M^S&dtuxi&r
the

drawn with the receipts to

the payments to the

line

tical

and

left

The

object should be to analyze

simple transactions dealing with cash
into the debit of cash or credit of
Xo attempt should be made at
cash.
establish the double-entry
first
to
principle by analyzing each transaction into its debit and credit principle.
Follow this simple exercse with the
use of a two-column cash book or a
cash account in ledger form for personal accounts, then, for a small business. The purpose of all of these discussions and exercises is to build upon
the pupil's knowledge, to stimulate
his interest, and to give him the foundation for the discussion of the prinright.

ciples

of

bookkeeping.

The business man's viewpoint. A

study of the business man's viewpoint
of the teaching of bookkeeping makes
necessary to consider 'briefly the
it
purpose of the teaching of bookkeepOne type of business man says,
ing.
"Teach your pupils to be careful, exact,

To him

and accurate."

the chief
teach the

duty of the school is to

pupil to do the routine work of a
bookkeeper or clerk with the fewest
mistakes possible. He argues that an
inexperienced pupil will be given
clerical and routine work, learn the
business and. if capable, be advanced
to a better position as he grows and
develops. Most business men of this
type think that their business or bookkeeping system is so different from
that taught in school that a graduate
must spend a long period of probation
before he can hope to be of much
value to the business.

wonder

that

many

And

is

business

it

any

men

should emphasize this quality of accuracy when we consider that sb

many of the products of our schools
have been so deficient in this respect.
We have been too busy teaching them
so many sets and such a variety of
businesses that we haven't had time
to teach them carefulness and exactness.
On the contrary, much of this
sort of teaching encourages the pupil
to hurry through his work, to finish
the set at the expense of accuracy,
neatness, and care.
This business
man'-, viewpoint is good as far as it
goes but is entirely too narrow to be
the aim of the teacher of bookkeeping.

Another type of business man says,

"I want a graduate with initiative
one that can think." He says nothing
about training in accuracy and the
routine work of the bookkeeper.
He
nes that that is the least that
hool will give to its graduates,
the ability to meet
situations as they arise, to adapt
one's >elf to new conditions, new
methods, and new systems. He realize, what the other type of business
man did not. He knows enough about
the laws of growth to know that if
the average graduate is to become a
valuable employe he must be trained
in school not only to meet the first
demands of the business man but also
to develop his reason and his imagination so that he will be capable of
grow :n int.. a be) ' position.
the
lie

emphasizes

new

'

Shall the teacher of bookkeeping

accept the first viewpoint and bend
every energy toward the making of
accurate, mechanical bookkeepers, or
shall he aim to give his pupils the
power of analysis so that they may
rise albove the routine work of a
business? The teacher's aim must be
the higher one, but he must not lose
sight of the fact that unless his pupils
are well trained in the more mechanical parts of the subject they probably
never will have the chance to rise to
higher positions.
The teacher must
meet the needs of the present, but
must not lose sight of the future pos-

ing and their application to different

businesses, he should be better able to
train his pupils in the principles of
bookkeeping.
In fact, I do not see
how a teacher can teach modern
bookkeeping without knowing and applying the principles of accounting in
his teaching.
Even if he has not had
the opportunity of studying accounting in a good school, he can gain a
great deal by taking a correspondence
course or by a systematic course of
reading on accounting and related
subjects.
It will give him a broader
view and enable him to select the
best from 'the methods and text books

sibilities.

which he knows. He must not, however, let his knowdedge of accounting

lead him into teaching the subject as
it
is taught in the university to mature minds nor lead him to introduce

As bookkeeping is a utility study it

must be taught with the needs of the
business
community constantly in
mind, but there is no reason why it
cannot toe made an important disciplinary study as well.
The appeal
must be to the imagination, to the
understanding, not to the memory or
the faculty of imitation.
How can
this be done?
I do not know of any
better way than by frequent class
recitations.
These should be more
than simply drills on the principles
and their application 'to conditions
that they have discussed and practiced, although they are very import-

New situations and new applications of old principles should be introduced to give the pupils confidence
in their ability to think out new problems as well as to show them that
bookkeeping is more than finishing so
many sets in a given time and acquiring a reasonable degree of accuracy
in the doing of it.
There are many
opportunities to do this in the beginning work and still more in the advanced work. The introduction of a
new book of entry, a new account, a
new column, a new ledger will furnish
occasions for "drawing out" the pupils and guiding them to see for themselves a new application of an old
principle.
Then occasionally an original problem or exercise should be
ant.

work out. By this I

mean something that has not been

given them to

discussed in class and something that

involves a new business, a new laborsaving device, or a new system.

The teacher's viewpoint. The viewpoint of the teacher of bookkeeping

will be determined very largely by
the teacher's training, his reading of
modern bookkeeping and accounting
literature, and by his business experience.
The teacher that knows but
one method of teaching bookkeeping,
the one that he has been taught, and
has familiarized himself with but one
text must be a very narrow teacher
with a limited view of the subject.
The average teacher of the subject is

a slave to the text book.

If it be A
good one. fair results may be obtained; if a poor one. the pupils will

be given poor training in the subject

and much time will be wasted. Such
a teacher cannot know the best methods of presenting the subject, where
to place the emphasis, nor what to
follows the prescribed text
his training has included
study of the principles of account-

omit,

so

blindly,
a

If

anything but the simplest accounting

principles to his imma'ture pupils'.

The inexperienced teacher of bookkeeping, who has had a thorough

course

in

accounting,

makes the work too

frequently
at the

difficult

beginning and loads the pupils up

with much that they cannot then understand.
The greatest value to the
teacher of bookkeeping of a familiarwith accounting principles is in the
ability it gives to him to test his
teaching to see whether his aim is
true, or whether he is simply teaching
for the present results.
While a good bookkeeper or accountant is not necessarily a good
teacher of bookkeeping, there is no
denying the fact that every teacher of
the subject should have some pracity

experience in keeping a set of

To know
in actual business.
the requirements of a business office
tical

books

by experience, to

come

in

touch with

of business, and to
know in a practical way the steps
that he teaches will very materially
He will thus
influence his viewpoint.
learn to test his teaching by what he
knows will toe demanded of his pupils
when they go into offices. Experience

the

atmosphere

a modern office should show the

what to eliminate from his
course, what to add to it. where the
pupils should have extended drill in
the routine work, and what principles
should be emphasized above others.
He must always keep in mind that if
his experience lias been limited to but
tnie
kind of business he must use
i;reat care that he does not let this
business dominate his teaching.
If the teacher can understand the
pupil's viewpoint, can see his pupils
in positions of responsibility, due at
least in part to the training he has
inspired, and can modify his own
viewpoint so as 'to meet these two, he
will be able to plan his teaching in
such a way as to train his pupils for
immediate positions and also give
many of them the inspiration ami imagination to grow into better posiin

teacher

tions.

SERVE AND SAVE

BUY W. S. S.

^
B. F. Goodrich

Rubber Co.

Akron, Ohio
Bv
al
arrangement
company we are privileged

with

above

the

to reprint a series

of Copyrighted booklets the company is publishing for their correspondents.

consider

We

them exceptionally excellent and our readers

specially fortunate in having the opportunity
to study these monthly messages to correspondents.
[ Editor.]

principle to

first

remember

in

thoughts in a letter that would never

be uttered if the customer were present in person.
To be successful in
handling complaints, we must school
ourselves into looking at their desires
impersonally and never give expression to impolite, caustic replies.
The complainant always thinks he
has good grounds for complaint and
in the majority of cases he has.
should get his point of view and not
take the attitude that he is trying to
"slip one over on the house."
Our
interests and those of our customers
are so closely allied that it is difficult
to distinguish between them.
The
best way to serve the Company is to
serve the customer fairly.
All complaints should be acknowledged promptly. The longer a customer is made to wait for a reply, the

dissatisfied

he

becomes,

We

until

finally in disgust he leaves us and

places future business with competitors.
is

temptation sometimes to

neglect the little complaints.

When
the amount involved is considerable,
or the customer is an important one,
the disposition is to give the complaint good attention.
But, when the
mail brings letters from obscure or

seemingly
unimportant
customers,
they are sometimes overlooked. This
is bad business.
The small customer
of today may be the big one of tomorrow.
Carelessness in handling
his

business

now may

merit his an-

tagonism and loss of much profitable

trade

in

and there

may

is

attitude
naturally

how

goes to
unfavorable

letter
is

interested

in

his complaint has been

Notice the following:

to.

"Frankly we cannot understand how

you can be having trouble with the
hot-water bottles shipped you on January 5."

Such an opening by its failure to

recognize that the customer has a
grievance and its inference that the
facts are exaggerated could only aggravate the situation.
The writer
takes the position of disagreeing with
the customer.
Less objectionably is the neutral
opening:

"We

have your

letter of

January

5,

in which you explain the trouble you

are having with the last shipment of
hot-water bottles."

This opening in itself does no harm.

But. if the reader is in an unfavorable
frame of mind which is nearly always
true an opportunity has been lost to
incline him favorably toward the explanation which is to follow.
The

mere

nothing.

"It is a real pleasure to help you

avoid the difficulty with the hot-water
bottles

Xo

which you
January 5."

about
of

letter

matter

speak

in

how worked-up

the cusbe, he cannot fail to ap-

tomer may
preciate

the straight-forwardness of
beginning. He knows that his
has been accepted at its face
value and that the writer has a personal interest in helping to remove'
the cause of the trouble.
It is always a good practice to avoid
using any words that might reflect on
the customer's veracity.
Unless you
are very careful, you are apt to give
him an offensive impression that you
did not intend.

such

letter

successful letter

must

are

tracing

belt

the

which you

"Long-life"

CLAIM

you

never received.

ness house. This is especially true if

they are dealing with a large corporation like ours. This is why it is so
necessary to emphasize fairness in
your letter. If your letter is obviously fair a customer has difficulty in
being otherwise.
The close of the letter is the place
to bring out this idea.
You must
make your customer understand the
fair method you are employing to adjust his complaint and that he would
be unfair to ask more than you offer.
Of course, the ending should never
carry the air of take-it-or-leave-it.
The following ending is weak. The

average customer would realize that

he asked more he would get more.
"We,

if

want to be sure
that you agree with us and want you
to write us if you are not satisfied."
course,

of

But an ending that emphatically

brings out the necessity of fairness
and shows the customer that you are
doing business fairly, will nearly always gain his respect. Any customer
would be moved into action by the
following ending and would realize
that more "kick" would be futile.
"If we give you a discount on a
remittance 20 days late we do you a
favor.
But we do an injustice to
those whose remitttances arrive on
The only way we can assure
time.
to all is to make Cjur terms
For this reason we know
vou will be glad to send the $3.28
mentioned in your letter of the 10th."

fairness

uniform.

When

customer's

complaint

is

him so and tell him at once

what concession you are going to
make.
The concession is the one
thing in which he is most interested
and he should be told as early in the
letter, as possible, just what is being
done to right matters. Of course, if
his complaint is unjust and you are
positive the concession is not going
to be as much as he expects, it is
better to leave the statement of your
concession until the last.
It it is
placed at the beginning it is sure to
strike the customer as unreasonable,

because he expects more than you

Even if the full exare giving him.
planation

are

tracing

the

did

follow

afterwards,

it

would have a handicap of prejudice to

overcome.
There is never a reason for arguing
with a customer. The sales letter is
the only type of letter in which argument should appear. If a customer
is dissatisfied, he doesn't want proof
that he is wrong he wants satisfaction.
If there is a chance of his being
right, never try to prove him wrong.
If

PLEASANT
t-

the dictator

Conveyer belt which you MENTION

in your letter of March 10 has not
arrived.

or "Your fairness is not questioned in

the least, Mr. Williams," are bungling
attempts.
They are bad because of

knows

that

the

com-

due to a misunderstanding,
convinced that the house
should not be held responsible for the
difficulty, he should write a careful
letter of explanation but not of argument. If this does not prove satisfactory, then either the explanation was
not comolete and logical, or else the
complainant is unreasonable.
(Concluded on pat;< !0)
plaint

"Long-life"

at least

convince the customer of our desire

him squarely he wants noth-

and should

people have a very

UNPLEASANT
We

Conveyer

\\

many

just, tell

The pleasing, positive type of beginning, like the following should be

a part of every adjustment letter:

your

great

elastic code of ethics when it comes

to receiving adjustments from a busi-

you are replying to his

letter proves that it has been received,
so this beginning tells him absolutely

Many expressions such as "We

know you are not trying to be unfair,"

ter.

fact that

let-

good

their negative suggestion

be avoided entirely.

seriously handicap the

effectiveness of an otherwise

The

man whose

the future.

The adjustment letter must have

such a tone as to make the reader
.forget his feeling of displeasure and
to impress him pleasantly and positively with the good intentions of the
house. To insure this right tone, we
should be very watchful of our choice
of words.
An unfortunate word here

to treat

Every complaint

vital.

he
learning
attended

dealing with an angry customer is to

treat him with composure, the same
as though he confronted you in person. If a man goes into a store in an
angry mood the efficient salesman
pacifies him, and if possible, gains his
everlasting good-will. This should be
the aim of every letter-salesman. Too
often there is a temptation to express

There

good-will.
In any letter the beginning is very
important. In adjustment letters it is

and

HANDLING THE ANGRY

CUSTOMER

more

to this he has a right.

that you feel that way
about it.
When you have clearly
stated your attitude, then get
down to the facts in the case, point
by point. Build your letter on this
basis and you will satisfy the customer and win his eternal respect and

No. 18

The

more and
Make him feel
ing

BUSINESS LETTER
The

&

Jfo>J6uM/uv^ &6u*f&r

The

and

is

is

&

&A^r5@uJ//i^&fa&z/rr

written ten years ago: "In the darkest hours of the Revolution, it was
the courage, the never failing courage,
the unswerving devotion in a work,

the civic virtue of George Washington that was the real power upon
which the people leaned. In the
agony of our 'Civil War, when the fate
of the Nation trembled in the balance, the character of Abraham Linhis devotion, his hopefulness,
coln
albove all. his knowledge of the plain

people and his faith in them counted

more than all else in the decision.
Wither of these men were the product of university training, nor did he
grow up in an academic environment;
but each had the training of a school
where devotion to the state was the
Listen to this sencardinal virtue."
"When next a great crisis
tence:

comes, no doubt there will 'be a Washington or a Lincoln to meet it; but
University?"
will he come from a
Yes, he came from a University, but
we are constrained to ask: Is his
greatness due to the fact that he came
from a University, or is it in spite of
(Applause.)
I
agree with
that fact?
President Pritchett that the development of character is a thing that is
neglected in all the schools today at
the sacrifice of that thing we a"re trying to build up. "the brilliant intellect
and the scholarly finish."
am trying to say, Ladies and
I

Gentlemen, that no man knows what

am trying furthermore
education is.
to say that you and I have just as
1

much

right to claim that ours is the

education as any other man's.
If there is anything more important
than the subjects you are teaching, let
some man prove it!
quote another fine definition by
President Hadley, I think, the best I
have ever read.
Dr. Hadley says,
"The formation of habits of discipline
right

and the development of ideals of usefulness are the essentially important

things in good education.
For the
formation of habits of accuracy and
the development of ideals are themselves the very essence of character
building." (jet that? "The formation
What else do
of habits of accuracy."
you do in the business school but
dwell upon the "formation of the ha'bever heard of
its of accuracy?"
anybody getting 96% or 99% in book-

Who

keeping?
or else

be

it

Bookkeeping must be 100%

is ZERO.
The thing must

absolutely

right

or it is totally
study that develops
the "habit of accuracy."
And, that
pointing to the National Shorthand Machine operator! may write a
thousand words a minue, but if he
cannot transcribe them accurately
just right
he is no stenographer, he

wrong

It

is

no reporter.
But right here, ladies and gentlemen, also is one of our danger signals
and we had better look out. Whenever you and I become too proud of
the fact that we have hit upon one of
the great essentials of education and
is

we

are self-satisfied, right there

comes

our danger, and if we do not mind,

our downfall. I fear the man who is
satisfied with himself and I fear the

course of study that

we boast about

I
that we are satisfied with.
the business course it all right.
is
a great and gloriously good
It
The other
course, but it is not all.
day a man wrote to the Outlook and

and

know

this question:
"We have been
talking about German efficiency and
we say that the Germans have it to a
If that be
greater extent than we.
true, now please tell your readers in
what particular the Germans are better than we are," and the answer was
about like this: "Efficiency, accuracy,
discipline, such as the Germans hold
as their ideals make 'better animals."
That is true; they are better animals,
and I believe they are better brutes

asked

(Applause and laughthan we are!

ter.)
But we must not stop, we must
go further than making better brutes
and animals, we must make men
great and good and strong men.
Dr. Hadley said that one of the essentially important things in educais the formation of the ha'bits of
accuracy, and the second one is the
development of the ideals of usefulWhat are the ideals of usefulness.
ness? I think they are those properties and qualities, the sum total of
Dr.
which we call CHARACTER.
Hadley used this language, "For the
formation of habits of accuracy and
the development of ideals are themselves the very essence of character
building."
So, after all, those things
that build character are the ideals of
usefulness, which the great president
would have us use and imitate.
What are the elements of character?
Of course, I could not even mention all of them in this brief address
and I would not attempt to mention
them, but I want to call attention to
two or three. In my opinion Gratitude is one of the greatest elements
of character, gratitude to home, to
parents, to teachers, to countrv. to

tion

God.

An aged physician, still living, recently told the following story about
himself,
told it with shame-facedness
and with a pain in his heart. The
scene opens in the stall of the family
The mother of
horse, old Pilgrim.
the physician, then a young medical
student, was holding the bit of the

horse with one hand and a candle

with the other, while the young medical student sewed up a wound on the
Pilgrim.
The
left shoulder of old
operation ended, the mother and son
While she
returned to the kitchen.
prepared supper, he sat upon a. box

and growled and grumbled and complained of their poverty. He remarked that if he had only money enough
to pay his railroad fare back to Philadelphia, he could complete the last
year's work of his medical course. The
mother meekly replied that she had
everything his
willingly
sacrificed
grandfather had brought over from
England and that it 'had all been inHe
vested in his medical education.
gruffly replied, "they were no account
What good is that silver
anyway.
pitcher there?
it?"

eye.

Why

could not

She answered with a tear

"Take it, if you want it.

sell

in

her

It

is

the last of the family heirlooms that

came over from England." He seized
it,
took it and sold it, and the next
day left for Philadelphia.
The mother rode old Pilgrim down
to the post office two miles away twice
every week looking for a letter that
did not come, until the last week of
the year, when the ungrateful boy
wrote a letter reading as follows:
"Dear Mother: The Civil War has

opened.

me

Government

officer

tells

had a hundred dollars with

purchase surgical instruments, I could be admitted as an army
surgeon.
I
want you to send it to
me. I know you haven't it, t>ut you
must get it.
Sell something else.
Sell old Pilgrim to the Government.
He is no good, anyway. Your son
I

if

which

to

The mother sold old Pilgrim to the

Government and thereafter she walked two miles down to the Post Office
every week looking for a letter from
her ungrateful and unthoughtful boy,
but it did not come. Three years of
weary, watchful waiting passed away
when one day a government officer in
Richmond, Virginia, walked up to the
army surgeon and inquired:

name Williams?"

"Is your
"It is."

"George W. Williams?"
"It is."

"Dr. George
Bay, Ohio?"
"It

W.

Williams, of Green

is."

"Then, sir, you are my prisoner. I

have been looking for you for three
We leave at once for Wash-

years.
ington."

The surgeon remonstrated,

that he

stating

had done nothing for which

he could be arrested and that surely

the officer was about to arrest the
wrong man. But the officer replied,
"You are the man I want, we go at
once." Then said the physician:
"\\ lien we arrived in Washington
I
was placed in a room with a number
In an
of others who were waiting.
hour or two a messenger came to the
door and called for Dr. George W.
He took me by
Williams.
I arose.

arm and led me into a room that

was empty and yet it was full because
it
was occupied by Abraham Lincoln,
the President of the United States.
He arose, took me by the hand and
asked if my name was Dr. George W.
the

I responded in the affirmaThen, with his eyes flashing, he

Williams.
tive.

asked
told
that I
I

me

if

him

my
my

parents were living.

was not, but

father

did not know whether

mother was or not.
'And why do you not know?' he
quired.
'Because,'

replied.

have

my
in-

not

heard from her for three years.'

'And why have you not heard from
her for three years?'
'Because I have not written to her.
nor she to me.'
The great President, with indignation written in every line of his face
said. 'Your mother has written me
repeatedly, begging that I might find
your grave, it you were dead, so that
she could come and bathe it with

*y/u r^u<u/i{jj (^f/utYi/sr*

tears and cover it with flowers from
her garden, and yet you are not
I
thoughtful enough to write her.
have had officers on your trail for
three years and you have just been

discovered.

Sit

down

at

that

table

and write your mother immediately!'

"I sat down and wrote; and as I diii
was angry, angry at myself bebo
cause of my ingratitude, angry at the
great President for his burning words
and yet I knew they were just and
deserved. When I had completed the
The President had
letter. I arose.
been walking up and down the floor,
but he was now standing with nose
pressed against the window pane as
He
he looked far down the street.
turned and asked me if I had finished.
responded that I had. 'Then give
I
me the letter.' He took it and put it
in his pocket, saying that he would
have it mailed to my mother. Taking
me by the hand and lowering his
voice with all the harshness gone, he
said to me. 'My boy. ingratitude is
Write your
the 'basis of all sins
mother at least once every week as
long as you live, and if I hear that
you have not I will give you a punishment which you will not soon forget.
now give you a furlough to
I
go home to Green Bay and visit your
I

'

believe in America."
I
with that because I must
There is another great
acter that every school

leave it
hurry on.
trait of charin this land
ought to keep uppermost, and that is
Patriotism.
"Breathes there a man, with soul so

dead
never

Who
This

my

is

to himself

my

own,

will

my

friends, you know

part
and your part of our country once had
a family quarrel, but that water is

over the dam, and it was dammed

water, anyw-ay. (Laughter). I would
But. my parents
not bring it back.
owned slaves, and they w-ere good to
them, as was evidenced by the fact
that even one of them followed us
as long as they lived, and, when the
last of the Mohicans was about to
pass away, my old black mammy
sent for me and said,
bless her soul
"My son, all your old black mammy
wants to know before she goes to
glory is. Is you gwine to let me rest
in the grave yard with you all white

now

mane

and wept aloud.

Passers-by looked
me. but did not stop, thinking, no
doubt, that I had heard bad news from
the front.
Tears were plentiful in
those day and attracted but little at-

at

tention. When the two soldiers came

out of the White House I explained
to the one who had ridden old Pilgrim
that he had once been ours and
begged that w e might exchange horses as the President had given me a
furlough to go home. He kindly consented.
mounted old Pilgrim and
I
rode away to Green Bay."
friends. I relate this story to
say that if the great President was
right in saying that "Ingratitude is
the basis of all sins," then, conversely,
Gratitude is one of the greatest of all
the trails of character, and the school
that teaches gratitude, whether it be
a business school or a literary school
or what not. will write its name upon
r

My

imperishable tablets.
There is another principle of character that we cannot afford not to
teach.
I
quote here the words of an
eminent Bishop I heard the other
"Belief in God is one of the
day:
greatest 01 all the great traits of
human character. Our country was
founded upon belief in God. Our ancestors came here because they believed in God," and he continued eloquently,
in

God

(get this):
"Not to believe
as un-American as not to

is

in

I
am not one of those who believe
business schools are temporarv. I believe they are here to stay, and will
stay in proportion as they teach these
abiding truths.
I
will not mention
others.
I
will leave them to you to
think out for yourselves, as I am sure
you will. But I want to suggest, be-

fore I leave, that for the development

of ideals of usefulness, the business
schools of this country ought to put
something else into their courses of
study, and I know of nothing better
to develop those ideals than history
and literature. I believe we can enrich our courses by the introduction
of good literature, the English and
classics, and we have time
We have time, ladies and
gentlemen, for anything that will per-

and saw the scar. It was old Pilgrim.

He whinnied as I put my arm around
face in his

either

all

for them.

"I bowed out of the great man's

presence and choked down my tears
and left the White House, and as I
was going down the walk I saw two
soldiers on their horses galloping toward me. They dismounted; one of
the horses looked familiar.
I walked
around and looked at his left shoulder

my

sentiment

one. every bit of it.

minister not far from
here, who stood the other day and
prayed for the Kaiser. He is a minister of the Devil, and he has got no
right to be in America talking about
the goodness of the Kaiser and the
German people.
ought to send
him to that country he has preached
about so long.
is

it

heard of

American

mother.'

his neck, buried

Dixie;

We

hath said

native land!"

Now, my

<&
pro-German

no

Dr.

With

folks?"
in

my

voice.

S.

J.

Dickey

my

eyes and
"Bless your

tears in
replied:

We

shall all sleep toold heart, yes

gether." And when she passed away.
we took her body and buried it along
side of our own people.

My
hail

friends,

we owned

been old enough

owned

slaves if
But.

buy them.
for that,

nor

am

and if I
would have

am
I

criticising.

we of
all wars end just right,
South know it now. we did not
it
then.
You and I fought out
George
Washington,
things
that
Thomas Jefferson, John Adams and
Alexander Hamilton could not agree
upon. That is gone and we are one.
come now to the North to
and
throw- down to you a challenge in
patriotism. I dare you to show more
know

give
than the South!
I
understand we have no I. W.
Dixie, and I am not comof you because you have
them. There is a world prepared especially for the I, W. W.'s. We have

patriotism
to

W.'s in
plaining

thank you for your patience.

Prolonged applause.)

THE STATUS OF BUSINESS

ENGLISH

By Mr. H.

That

But. had you ever stopped

gone.
to think about how strangely wonderful and how wonderfully strange it is

you

not apologizing

is

that
the

her,

had the money to

petuate the business college.

And, finally, there is a distinctive
place for every business school, and
if every business college does not find
that place, it will be its own fault.
I
call your attention to the fact that
in Pittsburgh, Xew York, Cleveland,
Chicago. St. Louis, Evansville, Kansas City, Louisville, Birmingham. Atlanta. Xew Orleans, and all the rest
of the great cities in this country,
there are business schools that are
strong and prosperous and growing
all the time, and in those same cities
there are just as good high schools as
the sun shines upon.
Why are these
private schools prospering?
Because
they are finding their niche. Because
they are finding the work they are
called upon to do, and so long as we
continue to find out the things that
the people w-ant. that the people need,
the business school is safe.

A. Hagar,

In the Private Commercial Schools

Section of the N. C. T. F.,
Dec. 27, 1917
on

My remarks will be based entirely

my own observations made while

visiting schools

and on the replies to

some questions which

I recently submitted to one hundred representative business college proprietors.

If I
were to judge the status of Business
English in the schools by the attitude
assumed by some of the proprietors
addressed. I fear that my report would
not lie very enthusiastic; in fact, I
would be compelled to report less
efficiency.
My inquiry,
than 60^
was quite brief, was addressed
to nie hundred representative busi-

&

&At>^u&>iGi4&6uxt/<r
ness college men, selected at random,
and while a stamped and addressed
envelope was inclosed, only fifty-six
answers were received. The apparent
apathy on the part of a number oi
our leading school men toward this

most important subject, is difficult to

In some cases I am inclined
explain.
there is a marked
to believe that
apathy toward the subject of Business
while
in
other case.-, the failEnglish,
ure to answer was no doubt due to
the rush of Christmas shopping.
(Here Mr. Hagar read the tabulated
results of a somewhat extended questionnaire on Business English and
in
private
business
correspondence
schools
The letters on which the foregoing
report is based were received from
schools in almost every section of the
)

East and Middle West, from Boston

to Denver and from the Twin Cities
While but fiftyto New Orleans.
seven schools reported, I believe the
report is representative, and that it
represents quite accurately the status
of Business English in our schools;
Now, as to remedy: In the first
place the results in our Business English classes will not materially improve until English is put on a plane
and
shorthand, bookkeeping,
with
other major subjects. Simply shifting
the blame to the public and parochial
schools for the lack of proper English
training does not solve the problem
and does not result in better-trained
stenographers.
We all know the
weakness in the English training of
the students who come to us. and it
is our duty to arrange the best course
possible tti meet the condition and to
educate the public to importance of
In the first place, fortythe subject.
five minutes daily is not enough time
in which to get the desired results,
especially when the one recitation
must include all grades of students
from the seventh grade to the college
If students were required
graduate.
to study shorthand or bookkeeping
under the same unfavorable conditions, they would rebel immediately

and demand a refund of Their money.

Your answer will probably be that
student? don't want the English training.
Hi experience is that they do
want it. and that as a rule students are
enthusiastic about Business English
and Correspondence when they first
enter school, and that it is only when
we try to feed them all from the same
It is
thai they lose interest.
will established fact that there is
more interest in English on the part
of the students when they enter our
than there is after they have
spent two weeks in the class-room.
It is simply a matter of classification
and adapting the instruction to the
student's needs even at the expense of
employing a special English teacher
and maintaining a number of English
classes. There is no reason why there
should not In- a- many English classes
a? there arc shorthand classes, and it
is just as absurd to try to teach all
the students English in the same class
as it is tc attempt to teach them
a

shorthand

in

our English instruction is to be

successful it must be made interesting
and it can only be made interesting by
properly
classifying
the
students.
Personally, I believe in teaching fundamental grammar to students that
need it but that, on the other hand,
it
is a waste of time and that is
a
damper on interest to teach grammar
to those that do not need it.
Instruction in grammar, however, should be
made practical and should be connected up with the student's future
work.
Technicalities should, as far
as possible, be eliminated. The grammar course should include instruction
on the parts of speech and their modifications, with especial emphasis on
formation of plurals, the use of the
apostrophe, case forms of pronouns,
proper use of adjectives and adverbs,
li

infinitives

verbs and
subject in
great deal

and participles, irregular

agreement of verbs with
person and number.
A
can be accomplished by

portance of "connecting up" our instruction with the student's future

work. I mean by this that our illustrations should be drawn as largely
as possible from business literature
and that our themes for composition
should also be subjects pertaining to
the business life of the community.
The aim of all our English instruction
should, of course, be to develop our
students in both the mechanics and
composition of business letters, so for
this reason a large part of the composition practice should be on business letters. At the same time, those
writing on general business subjects
will do as much or more good than
anything
else
toward
developing
forceful expression and business acumen.
We are all agreed, I believe.
hal
students who come to us are
generally weak in what is known as
In other words,
'"business sense."
they do not understand many of the
things that are dictated to

them and

know enough about business

general to enable them to compose
a business letter.
Nothing will help
so much to correct this weakness as
the theme writing that I have suggested, and the reading of business
do not

magazines and books on business, followed by oral class discussion of the

One leading
me on this

articles

read.

man

in

writing

said.

"I believe that a very

drill

is

Oral

schoolsubject
valuable

obtained by what is termed

The regular English

English.

class gives a lot of this in the discusmhii.. and I have observed that the
recitations in office training furnish

excellent drills in expression.

Very
often the discussions in the office
training class become spirited.
Students become accustomed to getting

and expressing themselves, and

while they do not think of it as practice in English, that is what 'it is."

up.

You

and gentlemen,
have said has been suggestI have tried to give you
in a brief way a composite report of
the work being done by our schools,
with the hope that during the year
will see. ladies

that all

Mr. H. A. Hagar
the study of common errors and by
oral drill on the correct forms until
the correct forms are fixed and used as
a matter of habit
To this should be
added an intensive study of words
with a view to increasing the vocabulary.
In other words, the student
should first be taught to make the
very best use of the words already at
his command, after which he should
be required to make a systematic effort

toward

extending

his

stock

of

words.

While
of

of grammar and
essential to good

knowledge

many words

is

English, this knowledge alone is not

sufficient.
A person may know all
about the principles of grammar and
in

addition to this

may know

till

the

words in the dictionary, and at the

same time be unable to make a- forcetul speech or to write a letter that
will sell goods or persuade a man to
pay a past-due bill. It necessarily follows then that our students must have
an abundance of practice both in
In an earlier
speaking and writing.
mentioned the impart of my talk
I

ed by you.

we

tins
to

make

will all

strengthen

lines.

a special effort

our Business

Never before

English

in the history of

our country has the demand been so

great for well-trained stenographers
as it is now, and we can render no
more patriotic service than by making
a combined and systematic effort to

meet

this

demand.

TRAINING FOR CIVIL SERVICE

Clara La Tourette McDaniel,
Cedar Rapids, Iowa

National Commercial Teachers' Federation, Chicago, 111., Dec. 27, 1917

Under present war conditions,

Civil

give Business
Bulletins
Service
Schools unlimited material for advertising.
For example, the following
statement:
"The Commission believes that the study of shorthand and
typewriting by a great number of
persons with the view of entering the
government service
Another statement

will be justified."
reads like this:

&

<^^&uA*mM<&u&&r
"There

is

now

number

the

typewriters

and there
the

is

demand

practically no limit to
of stenographers
and
the Government needs,
no present prospect that
will

an early date."

at

be

materially less
the United

When

Mates Government encourages young

people
enter
to
into
commercial
training it certainly makes plain the

and are always able

product.
The talking points
to those not interested in a government position are equally strong, for
so
many employed stenographers
have responded to the call both in the
ranks of the civilian and the ranks of
the army that innumerable vacancies
are to be fiUed by your students.

Organizing a Civil Service

Department
If your school is without a Civil
Service Department, now is the time
to talk it over with the teacher in
your school whom you choose to
head this department.
When plans
are made and a course of study decided upon, place the proposition before your advanced students and organize your firs* class to help Uncle
Sam win the war. The best results
will be secured if you place one instructor in charge of the department
and hold her responsible. Instructors
in the various departments may assist
with the different branches, if necessary, but all work should be under
the supervision of the one in charge
of the Civil Service Department.
It has been
my privilege to have
charge of the Civil Service Department at the Cedar Rapids Business
College, and 1 can truthfully say to
any teacher who will undertake the
supervision of such a department that
she will derive a great deal of pleasure
as well as profitable information from
the study necessary to obtain result-.
You will be able to arouse interest in
the department at once as the course
is short and all concerned are working
with a definite aim in view, and toy
.

making the requirements plain all will

understand that there is work to be
done, and lots of it. in order to reach
the goal.
Definite plans for practice
are outlined and strictly adhered to.
which necessitates a great deal of
repetition work, especially in typewriting, which greatly increases the
efficiency of the members of the class.
This in itself is a great impetus to
the student, as he sees each day that
he is deriving a real benefit from the
stud}' of the course.
I
have kept in touch with my students in the government service to
quite an extent, and by correspondence with them I have learned much
benefit to myself and

iif

My

my

classes.

students are always inspired to

greater effort when 1 read a letter
from or relate an experience of one
of our formed students who is now
in

the

govenment

service.

It

makes

the position in view a reality.

By
encouragement, by strictly abiding by
our requirements for entrance to the
department and by rigid adherence to
our plans for practice, we have experienced no difficulty with failure.

interest

our

best students in the proposition. The

desire to enter this department often
acts as a stimulant to the less competent class of students, and they put
forth a great effort in order to gain

admittance.

Requirements for Entering

Service Department

needs of the country for the business

college

to

Civil

When

organizing a class the teacher in charge should make sure that

all applicants meet the requirements
as given in the Civil Service Manual
regarding age. physical condition, etc.
The educational requirements decided
upon in our school are as follows:
An average speed of 40 words a minute on the typewriter for a period of
ten minutes and not more than five
errors.
The ability to write business
at 100 words a minute and
transcribe with reasonable speed and
accuracy.
With this foundation the
course can be completed in from four
to six weeks.
We have made a few
exceptions to our rule since the great
war demand, but under ordinary conditions our students in this department remain until we feel certain they
can pass a satisfactory examination
with a combined stenogrpher and
typewriter grade of from so'; to :mi'.

letters

We

have

found

it

worth

while,

as

these students invariably received appointments by wire before receiving

their grades.

Subjects of the Examination

The Stenographer and Typewriter

examination is in reality two separate
examinations. The Stenographer examination embraces the" following
subjects:
Stenography. Rough Draft.
Letter
Writing.
Penmanship, and
Arithmetic.
The Typewriter examination embraces: Rough Draft. Plain
Copy, Time. Letter Writing. Penmanship, Arithmetic, and Spelling.
However, in taking the combined examination, the applicant takes the test
the subjects named in both examinations but once.
Students who are
backward in shorthand but who are
able to pass the subjects of the typewriter examination are at present
greatly in demand.
in

Methods

of

Conducting the

Civil

Service Preparation

As mentioned

in

the requirements a

student should be able to take business letters at the rate of 100 words a
minute and transcribe them accurately before commencing the speciai
dictation.

The test in stenography consists of

exercises which are 250 words in
length and are dictated at different
rates of speed as follows:
80 words,
100 words. 12U words, and 140 words
a minute.
As the dictation articleare more difficult than business letters, the average student will not be
able to take a higher rate than 60
words.

The instructor should make it plain

beginning that the student will
be penalized according to Civil Service rules for grading.
In office dictation when the letter is not transcribed verbatim little notice is taken
at the

27

the idea to be conveved is the same

as that dictated.
In Civil Service dictation, the transcript must be exactly
as dictated or each error will be
penalized.
it"

My plan of handling the dictation

has been as follows: The first week.
dictate one article each day at the
rate of SO words a minute.
If necessary. I dictate the article twice and
ask all students to transcribe as much
of it as possible and briny it to mj
desk.
In this special work
never
dictate slower than so words a minute, as that is the lowest rate dictated in the examination. This dictation is given at odd times, usually before
o'clock in the morning so' that
it
does not conflict with our daily
program. The student is expected to
attend his regular shorthand classes.,
thus jetting the benefit of hi- two
regular periods of dictation.
Later.
two articles are' dictated, and near the
end of the course this special dictation is given twice a day.
The transcripts are graded according to Civil
Service rules, and are returned to the
student only when a passing grade
has been made
When the student
his transcript he fills in the
correct outline.- and practices the article, as it will be reviewed later in
our dictation clas ?
The articles are
never read back in class. I endeavor
to use the plan of the government
test in the every-day work that they
m
<uer understand the method of
holding the government examination.
However, a student is permitted to
write out a first copy of the article
and recopy it if necessary, but must
bring both copies to me. No erasures,
strike-overs, or interlineations are allowed on transcripts.
in regular test
days the student is permitted to make
but one copy and allowed the
an eraser as in the government tes*.
I
grade carefully and do not try to
stimulate the student in overlooking
errors in order to encourage him.
1

'.i

Typewriting Subjects
present two typewriting subjects
given Rough Drafts and Plain
Copy.
\t

are

The

instructions in Rough Draft as

given by the Commission are as follow.-:
"Make a corrected copy of the
following Rough Draft. Write in full
all signs and words which are abbreviated except abbreviations made by
the use of figures.
Punctuate, capitalize, and paragraph as in copy. Double space."
\ Students should be

the fact that

factor in this

very heavy.

impressed with
accuracy is the prime

test, as

the penalties are

deduction of 5% is
in orthography,

made for each error

5% tor each word or

figure inserted.
substituted, transposed, repeated, or
r^c for each abbreviation,
5% for each failure to capitalize,
punctuate or paragraph according to
copy. 5% for failure to indent as in
copy, and 5% for irregularity in the
right hand margin. Other deductions

omitted,

vary from 1 to S%. I mention these

because of the fact that the Commis-

sion has said that about three-fourths

of the applicants who take the exami-

nation

fail

because they do not follow

in taking the
this practice
is

government

training

This determines the grade on the sub-

proper practice maA student

terial and plenty of it.
cannot become proficient unless he
along this
of
exercises
has a variety
Rough Drafts are said to be
line.
governthroughout
the
very common
ment offices and are due to two reathought,
Inco-ordination of
sons
and a desire to produce polished work.
Plenty of practice material used in
the preparation not only insures a
good grade in the examination but
prepares the student to maintain his
standing after receiving his position

ject of time, which is a separate subject of the examination' based upon

the length of time taken to complete
time
the two typewriting subjects.
table at my desk enables me to give
the time grade of each readily at the
completion of their test. This gives
the student an idea of his standing,

The important thing

in the

is

the service.

in

The second typewriting

subject

is

This is a printed article

plain copy.
of 150 words to be copied with the
paragraphing, spelling,
typewriting,
capitalizing, and punctuating preciseThe rating on this
ly as in the copy.
subject as well as for Rough Draft
In determining
is for accuracy only.
the grade, the rating will be made in
the discretion of the examiner on 150
words from any part of the exercise,
the same part being rated for all competitors in a given examination. This
If
exercise should be single spaced.
students are in the habit of writing
in
minute
tests
their
ten or fifteen
regular school work they will experience no difficulty with this subject.

My method
tice

of

handling the prac-

work on these two typewriting

The student
subjects
as follows:
is instructed to write with the typeDraft exof
the
Rough
writer a copy
ercise, taking into consideration the
instructions and making all correcHe is
tions to the best of his ability.
then to write a copy from the Plain
Copy exercise. At the completion of
this he brings the two to my desk
for correction and criticism.
By use
of a key I can correct the Rough
Draft without loss of time and attach
the penalties at the end of each line.
These are added at the bottom of
the page and the grade easily determined, thus impressing upon him the
value of accuracy. The Plain Copy is
is

Attention is drawn to
at the end of the
arrangement, proper spacing, etc.

also criticized.

words mis-divided
line,

The student

returns

to

his

machine

understands from instructions

given the class that he is to write five
of each with at least one pernot more than three errors,
on any other copy. Erasures are not
all.. wed.
All work must be neat and
all errors checked.
The practice copto be written from the original
me and not from the copies
ted.
They are to be written
;u the order given in the examination
one rougli draft and one plain copy
and then return to the Rough Draft,
.nt timing himself at the
completion of each plain copy test.
lowing tin- method he not only
up monotonous practice but
additional advantage of formhabit of ih. liming the spacing

and

ercises,

which

is

essential

and he can readily judge the amount

of effort which must be put forth befor the government
is read
These plans for pracexamination.
tice tend to make the work more interesting and enable the student to
judge his own ability, which is always
-

fore he

essential
kind.

in

advanced

Letter

work

Application

After

test.

completed the class

is

timed while writing copies of these

two subjects from the original copies.

instructions.
of this subject

&

<?MJ&itA/n&M'<&uw&r

of

any

Writing

Service preparation cannot

help but be of benefit to any student
as a finishing course, because it gives
him a general review of the subjects
which will be of the most benefit to
him in a commercial way as well as
Civil

along government lines.

The school manager who does not
have a well organized civil service department is allowing an opportunity
to pass that he cannot afford to lose,
not only for its advertising features
but for the satisfaction he gains in
really being of benefit to his students
and in being a real benefit to our

government. Until this terrible war

has opened our eyes, we had been so
absorbed in our own affajrs that we
had forgotten what our government
meant to us and of the blessed privilege we had of living in a free country.

This subject decides two grades

Penmanship and Letter Writing.

The rating on penmanship will be

rapidity,
determined by legibility,
neatness, and general appearance, and
in the
uniformity
correctness
and
by
formation of words, letters, and punctuation marks. No particular style of
penmanship is preferred. Little can
be done to improve a student's penmanship in the short length of time
.

given to this special preparation.

In-

upon a plain uniform style of

penmanship and keep all papers as
sist

neat as possible.

Letter Writing, the competitor

permitted to write on either of two
This exercise is designed chiefly to test the competitor's
composition.
simple
English
skill in
In rating the letter, its errors in form
In

is

be

Let us as business educators not

classed as slackers in this hour
Utjcle Sam calls "Help."

when

Clarissa Hills,

who

last

year taught

commercial work in Porto Rico, will

this year teach bookkeeping and related work in the Johnstown, PaHigh School. Miss Hills comes from
Pelham, N. H
Miss Ruth
commercial

W.

Preston,

work in
High School

who

taught

Lbcbridge.
year, is a
new commercial teacher in the Woburn, Mass., High School.

Mass.,

the

last

is a new commercial teachNewark, Ohio, High School.

Ethel Juhr
er in the

subjects given.

and address,

in spelling, capitalization,

punctuation, syntax, and style, and its

adherence to the subject will be considered.
This subject is somewhat
difficult for the average student, as the
commercial style of letter is not the
kind that pleases the civil service examiners.
Terms frequently used in
commercial offices have no place in
The
government
correspondence.
student is instructed to consider the
two subjects thoughtfully and decide
upon which he can write the better
letter.
He is then to outline his ideas,
classify them and write his letter on
scratch paper. If the subject calls for
but one side of a question, confine the
ideas to that side, and do not 'wander
from one side of the question to the
other.
The average student's plan is
to take one thought and use as many
words as possible in expressing it, but
after a little instruction he shows
It has been
marked improvement.
my rule to give as the first subject
Give
the one given in the manual
your views as to the advantages and
disadvantages of employment in the
dep .irtmental service in Washington.
The student invariably has a
D. C.
number of advantages but as a rule
lacking in disadvanwoefully
he is
tages, which goes to show that the
average stenographer enters Washington looking on the bright side.

Laura McCoig
shorthand and

is

to have charge of
typewriting in the

Winona, Minn., High School during

1918-19.

N. H. Close, who has been teaching

for several years at the Illinois State
Reformatory, Pontiac, is to teach
bookkeeping this year for the Cedar
Rapids, Iowa, Business College.

Cora B. Beach, of Fayette, Iowa, and

Miss Catherine Hart, of Walker, Iowa,
are new shorthand teachers in the
Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Business College.

Amy

of Ypsilanti, Mich..
of the commercial
the Toronto, Ohio, High
School last year, will have a similar
position in Kenton, Ohio, High School
this year.
S.

Glass,

who had charge

work

in

Jennie Charlesworth, for

many

years

the head of the commercial work

in the McKinley High School, Honoreturns to Honolulu after a
lulu,
year's leave of absence in the States.
Mis, Charlesworth's place was taken
year by Miss Bertha Sterling.
last
Iowa City, Iowa. Miss Sterling goes
into V. \V. C. A. work.
at

Mrs. G. O. Wolfford, who last year

taught shorthand in the Knoxville.
Tcnn.. Business College, will have
charge of the shorthand department
of the Hamilton, Ohio, Business College

this

year.

&

y/tt^uj//u^(5~<6/&z6r
R. Bennett, who has been teaching
the Metropolitan Business College.
Chicago, for some years, is now with
Ride-Moore & Stewart School, Trenton, N. J., as commercial teacher.

Daisy Hanna, of Westernport, Md., is

new commercial teacher in the Con-

J.
in

nellsville, Pa.,

High School.

Florence A. Watts,

last year with the

Minersville. Pa., High School, is now
with the Hammonton, X: J., High
School, as head of the commercial
.

Grant R. Sinsabaugh, last year in

charge of the commercial work of the
Troy Conference Academy, Poultney.
Yt., is a new commercial teacher with
the Packard School, New York City.

work.
C. McClanahan, of the Central Business College, Denver. Colo., has accepted a position in the Everett,
Wash., High School.
J.

W. Wills, last year in charge of

work of the Negaunee,
Mich., High School, now has charge
of the commercial work of the Proviso Township High School. MayO.

commercial

BOOK REVIEWS
Our

wood, 111.
Kathleen Lutz, Sharon, Pa., is a new
commercial teacher in the Harrisonburg, Va.,

High School.

who had charge

Mrs. Belle Moncrieff,

commercial work in the Huntingdon, Pa., High School last year,

has gone into the commercial field
at $1350 a year as a ledger clerk.
A
great many teachers are this year
practicing what they have been
preaching.
of the

Grace Boose, of the State Normal

School. Whitewater, Wis., is now with
the Xaperville, 111., High School.

Georgianna Williams,
the YYhitefield, X. H.,

last

in

work

of Tilton, N.

A.

Gmeiner, of Spokane,

J.

charge

year with

High School,

now

is

commercial
Seminary.

the

of

H.

is

commercial teacher in Heald's

ness College, Oakland. Calif.

new-

Busi-

Mr. G. A. Hawkins, whose countenance is reflected herewith, is a native product of Goodrich, Ont.
After
attending the High School he came to
the Yalparaiso. Ind., University, and
graduated in 1888 with the degree of
B. S.. and in 1891 with the A. B.
degree. For one year he took special
course in literature and history in the
Chicago University.
For six years he was Superintendent of Chicago Heights, 111., public
schools, and for seventeen years he
was proprietor of the Chattanooga,
Tenn., Business College, he having
completed the Business Course in Valparaiso during his

summer

vacations.

Hawkins ran a good school,

ably assisted by a worthy wife, emMr.

Lelia M. Jackson, last year with the

Xiles. Ohio, High School, is now in
charge of the shorthand and typewriting at El Dorado, Kansas. High
School.

Myrtle Verran, who taught commercial

work in Cokato, Minn., High
School ,is to be with the Houghton,
Mich., High School this year.

W. Miller, last year in charge of

the commercial work of the Menomonie, Wis., High School, is with Goldey
College, Wilmington, Del.

Jay

A. E. Hughes, Sedalia, Mo., is a commercial teacher in the Xevada. Mo.,

High School this year.

Eva M. Bullard, who for several years
has had charge of the shorthand department of the Northern Business
College, Watertown, N. Y.. is at the
Shamokin, Pa., High School, as short-

hand teacher.
Bess B. Boger, who has been teaching
commercial work in the High School
at McClellandtown, Pa., has gone to
the Township High School, at Uniontown, Pa.

Cora

von

Doehren,

of

Mankato.

Minn., is a new commercial teacher

with Brown's Business College, Clinton, Iowa.
Marie L. Nowlen, of Columbia. Pa., is
the new commercial teacher in the
Huntingdon, Pa., High School.

Mattie Hill is the new commercial

teacher in Hardwick, Vt., Academy.

readers are interested in books of merit,

in books of interest and value
teachers, including books of
special educational value and books on busiAll such books will be briefly
ness subjects.
reviewed in these columns, the object being to
give sufficient description of each to enable
our readers to determine its value.

but especially
to commercial

phasizing all the while quality rather

than quantity in school attendance

and

service.

He is now in charge of the Course

in Commerce in Racine. Wis., which
was established in 1852, and he reports the work most pleasant and
practical.

Typist, A Course of Lessons in

the Proper Fingering and Efficient
Manipulation of the Typewriter, together with a Collection of Graded
Matter Suitable for Practice in the
Application of the Art of Typing to
Commercial, Professional, and Private Uses.
By J. E. Fuller, The
Phonographic Institute Company,
Cincinnati.
Cloth, 142 pages, oblong, quarto. $1.23.

The

"Seeing

is

believing," and

it

is

evi-

dently one of the purposes of the author of this book to make the student
of touch typewriting see just how
work should be done. One of the

means employed

to accomplish this
is a series of photo-engravings
which show the position of the arms,
wrists, and hands in manipulating the
typewriter, the manner of bending tjie
fingers in rising or dropping from one
bank of keys to another, the technique of shifting the carriage, and the
The book is by the author of
like.
the well-known "Touch Writer," and

result

results of important adin the pedagogy of typethe years that have elapsed
since Mr. Fuller wrote that popular
The teaching plan, according to
text
the author's statement, is so designed
that it "will train the learner to be
first a student of models, next a good
copyist, and finally a thinker who can

uivc^

the

vances made

Mr. Hawkins has always impressed

us as a man of fine parts and a credit
to our calling.

Floyd Clements, Chanute, Kans..

new commercial

is

teacher in the JuncHigh School.

writing

in

tion City. Kansas,

apply his knowledge."

Charlotte M. Mathews, of Soufh Ber-

The Early History of the Typewriter.

By Chas. E. Weller. Published by
Cloth
the Author, La Porte, Ind.

wick,

will have charge of the

department of the LawMass., Commercial School this

Me.,

shorthand
r
nee,
year.

Eva

B. Walt, last year with the Utica.

Y., Free Academy, is to be with

X.
the Abington.
year.

pa..

High School

this

C. A. Barringer, recently a student at

Douglas, Ga.. is a new teacher in the
Virginia Commercial College, Lynchburg.

Esther M. Dlugg, Berlin. X. H.. is a

new commercial teacher in the Holbrook, Mass., High School.

Price
boards, ST pages, illustrated.
Proceeds to be applied to
$1.00.
the monument fund to be erected
in honor of the inventor of the typewriter.

Margaret Holland is a new assistant

the commercial department of the

Junction City. Kansas, High School.

Christopher

Latham

pocket-size volume is a
well-conceived and written book delittle

voted to a worthy cause, both historical and memorial.

It gives definite
and interesting information about the
its invention, its orits manufacture and its proEspecially important to typists
who wish to know the history of the
machine they operate and by which
they earn their daily bread.

first

typewriter,

iginator,
iluct.

in

Mr.

Sholes.

The

&

.y/it^JfAiS/ieM&duai&r'

SALESMANSHIP
THOS.

CUPPER,

E.

Bingen, Ga.

THE APPROACH

m a n approaches a
prospect ive buyer
with

view to selling

of

bill

start

goods,

if

has not been

the chances
made
are that no business
will be secured at that

time.

SET

There are no

that

rules

will

work on all individuals alike

the same
securing
thing will not always interest every-

ATTENTION

in

Bo

he

i,

ess

ii

died in his

ca tor,

ei

[acksonville,
ied Jul} 28, 1918.

and was bur-

111.,

Brown was born on

Fulton County.
twenty years later

111.,

a farm in
1845,
and

graduated from
Poughkeepsie, X

he

College,

in

in

Y.

he accepted a position in
Business College, and
years after .he became its
owner, thus early showing ambition
ermination.
In

ISliT

mville

In the course of time he became the

of some twenty schools in Illi-

owner

Iowa and Missouri, but

years ago they came under
the ownership of Messrs. Peck and
and are today owned by them
individually. At the time of his death
nois,

Indiana,

some

five

ll

'1

owner

the

schi

some

of

dozen

half

and
professional
learn with regret ol bis

personal

will

Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, on

I

.i

li

ir

Messrs
i

'

ferred

the

>eg]

ei

Science in Ecom imics

Harrj
Leroy
(arnei

if

FOCUS

ject matter sufficiently strong to interest him in the proposition at hand.

The really resourceful salesman, by
as varmeans of
ied as mankind, ascertains these conditions as early in the game as possible
he sums up the situation in order to gain an audience for a starting
point, and once the opening is made,
then the remaining facts may be logically brought out one by one.

ORAL FEELERS,

iustafson and

in

In. in ire.
it self
as well
thus recognizing ability.
1

as

The Northwestern Business College,

Chicago, issues
ogui
i

des1

gray-covered
mgh r< mrse

indicating
thi in
Lie school.
i

li

ti.ui

meant the

is

individual

to

ability to size

read

human

up an

nature as

The

would an open book.

ability
to enter into the various attitudes, and
moods, and feelings, with which a
sale. man has to cope 'from day to
to adapt
day the ability to
iiii'self to surrounding conditions
ami enter into a buyer's full confilie

LEARN

The man who does not

in

some degree master the fundamental

principles of reading that which NAhas recorded, is sure to grope,
and will
more or less, in darkness
ap the results that would otherwise be Dossible for him to do.

TURE

gladly

will

trade

Col-

most attracand expensive catalogue of the

lege greets us with the

tive

summer

The cover

season.

is

printed

blue, silver, black, and red.

The
inside is printed with blue borders,
and illustrated attractively with photos of faculty, students, etc.
It is a
fine representative of a fine school.
in

Advertising

literature has 'been reDeibert's

ceived from the following:
Private School, Philadelphia, N. y.;
\\ hit ;,,n's
Business College. Seattle:
St. Joseph, Mo., Business University;
Detroit Commercial College; Phonographic Institute iCompany, Cincinnati;
Brown's Business University.
Adrian, Mich.; Astoria, Ore., Business
College; Jones Commercial College,
St. Louis; Bryant & Stratton Business
College. Louisville: Oberlin, Ohio,
Business College: Georgia Normai
ollege and Business Institute, DougBowling Green. Ky., Busilas. Ga.;
ness University; Hunt's Business College, Eau Claire. Wis
Vineland, X.
Business College.
1..
(

MARSHALL'S MEANDERINGS
(Continued from page

1!))

not. Then it was her turn

to be fat-fried, and her blushes were
really worth seeing.

that

was

"I-I-why you looked so exactly like

him and-and-you were going along
picking your teeth just like he always
does, so I thought I'd just give you

him
you,

mean

But just who are

modestly informed

lift.

please'"

diplomacy goes

little

long ways

error to try to unduly

a buytrade, or to
er's decision, because there are thousamls of men and women who cannot
It

is

DRIVE

difference?

please, and I'll take

want to go." Which

fatal
a

RUSH

be handled in this manner.

It's the
same old story the world oyer, the
house that tries these tactics will
sooner or later awaken to the fact
losing
patronage
that
they
are
patronage that counts. The world is

you where you

was done, and

thus endeth the tale.
leave the moral and conventional
I
obliquities of this episode to be worked out by those who are expert in that
Did either the lady or
sort of thing.
I
do more or less than we should have
often wondered.
Any
have
done? I
uiie who thinks he has the right anhospitably.
swer will be received

LETTER WRITING
t

Continued from page

Remember,

Tact

"Well! That is certainly a rich joke

me but well, after all. what's the
keep your seat,
Just

on

Elmer Elvin

in

Human Elemental Interpretation

r.\
Human Elemental Iuterpreta-

Spanabel, former students and graduthe Zanerian, and all employed

High Schools. The in-

them

that

her.

June

TACT

plays a conience teaches that

spicuous part, especially at this stage
business.
anticipated
of the
It is often necessary to consult a
buyer's mood to carefully study his
and, to a certain extent, to
attitude
anticipate his wants or needs, in order
his attention on the subto

5.

Mr. Brown was a radical and an enthusiast in education and commercial

He resented in picturesque
training.
ge the accusations of high brow
irs that business colleges were
but "clerk factories."
Mr. Brown had charge of business
exhibits in both the Chicago
and St. Louis Exhibitions, and was
an
interesting personage at
His
teachers' meetings.
in

one alike, and a way that seemingly

proves to be successful in one instance, might result in absolute failure
in another, and for that reason exper-

folks

the right di-

in

rection

infallibly

of

you give them time to decide, and

and let them think they are having their way, while all the time you
are really having your own.
ii

The Minneapolis, Minn., Business

\n order is not always secured on

the spur of a moment without some
preliminaries;
therefore,
when a sales-

full

act,

Inc. Acct.

\l\)

adjusting a
complaint of a customer should open
by agreeing with him about .somemight agree that his exthin-.
It
perience must have been annoying, or
express confidence that a satisfactory
adjustment will be made, but it
should begin with some sentence that
brings the house and the customer
An explanation of
closer together.
the facts should follow; then 'the concession the house is willing to make;
then the conclusion.
a

letter

^T

<^^&uj//u&Js&&M&&r

ANNUAL REMINGTON FIELD

DAY

with the will and determination to

ily

The 14th Annual Field Day of the

of the Remington Typewriter Company was held at the Remington factory at Ilion, X. V.. on SatThe weather was
urday. June 15th.
it could not
ideal for the occasion
have been better if made to order, and
the consequence was a record breaking attendance at this annual Remington function.

make good, no matter what the demand- may be that are placed upon
them.

employees

Nearly five thousand people witnessed the track sports, baseball game
and the other features of the Field
This audience was composed
Day.
mainly of Remington factory employees and their friends and families of
There was
Ilion and nearby towns.
also a big

New York

delegation

in-

Kondolf. of the
Remington Typewriter C o m pan y.
Vice President-; Forrest, Bruce and
President

cluding

Van Buskirk, and a number of the

Home Office department heads. Another big delegation, which came from

Xew

England, was composed of sixtyfive Remington managers and salesmen from the various Xew England
territories of the Company. This delegation furnished one of the picturesque feature.- of the Field Day. for
they brought along with them an inimitable colored jazz band and a collection

which
Starter

of new
as usual

figured

Remington songs,
praises

of

the

L. Ross, who has been in

charge of the Bristol School. Taunton. Mass, goes to the Colby Academy. New London. X. H as head of
the commercial work, following M.
Roy
ondon, who has been made

Arthur

tie commercial work of the

X. .1.. High School.
Mr.
take- the place of J. \\". Rumho has been made head of the
irood,
i

commercial department of HumtsingBusiness College. Hartford. Conn.

er's

Mr. D. C. Beighey.

graduate

a recent

Duquesne Universit)

of the

of

Pitts

commercial teacher in
thi
High Schools of that city.
now heads the Commercial Department of Lake
Mr. Beighey
is
an exceptionally fine penman and
.md

inch
lucky.

burgh

every
is

Lakewood

gentleman.

Mr. A. R. Reelhorn, who has been in

the I. a Junta. Colorado. High School,

now

is

in

Commercial Department

the

Sioux City, Iowa. High School.

of the

Mr Reelhorn

i;

fine

man

as well as

prominently.

School
the Northern

Normal and Industrial

School. .Aberdeen, South Dakota. The
B. E. wishes Mr
Jackson much success

his

in

new

position.

Mr. Robert G. Wharton, who for the

had charge of the

Typewriter hand and the jazz band.

ov.i.

The leading
Day.
drill

feature

of

the

Field

however, has always been the

.if
the Remington Typewriter

Company

Department

lerc-ial

of the Potts-

Pa, Business College, became

new member

School.

which

of the faculty of Pierce

Philadelphia, on June 1st. in
institution he is instructor in

The drill this year,

the universal verdict,
was more beautiful than ever and reflects the greatest
credit upon Mr
Bower, of the Remington factory, win. trains the girls for this annual function.
The affair this
was a patriotic affair, in which the disply of many American flags wa- a
nent feature, and it ended with
the singing of a number of patriotic
songs. Thirty of the cirls in the drill
were attired in the uniform of Red
arse.- and the other thirty were
in the white uniform of the American
sailor boy.
Altogether it was a pleasant spectacle; none who saw it would
ever forget it.

opkkeeping.
1 f'c.ne A. Wilson, for the past seven
..a'- -ales manager of the middle
west for the Ellis Publishing Company, of Battle Creek, Mich., in May
..f thi- year was elected president of
that Company by the directors.
Mr.

The Remington factory has had

lington, Yt.. is now in charge of that

work in the Marsruand School. Brooklyn. X. Y.

ling

girls.

to

strenuous year in its efforts to keep

up with the unparalleled demand for
the Remington product due to war
need- and the present clerical labor
shortage, and they are looking forward to even more strenuous day- m
the year to come.
All the visitors to
the Factory Field Day were deeply
impressed with the fact that the
thousands of employees at the Remington Typewriter Works constitute
one big. happy and harmonious fam-

Miss Mary E. Kumbalek, of

\\

ers,

public
Junction. Colo.
the

in

O. Signs,

F.

Riv^

of Penof

schools

Wood is the new Penmanship

egg Shorthand teacher in the
Angeles, Calif., Business College.

os

Two

now supervisor

is

is.,

m-hip

year with the Ot-

last

tumwa, Iowa. High School, has been

made head of the commercial department
the
Newton, [dwa, High
>.ii

the -"le performers of the music, for

was give and take back and forth
all the time between the Remingtoi
it

the government service as a Cost

intant for the duration of the
We hope that after the war is
over the commercial teaching profes11
offer such inducements that
number of commercial teachreturn to the work.
For the
11
gi od of our country the most highly
qualified men and women are needed
in the teaching profession as well as
in other lines of work. _
in

H. G.

to become Dire.: u
thi
oi
of Business, a department of

S.

Mr. Carington Jackson, formerly suei ntendent of schools of White Sulphur Springs, Montana, resigned his
.;i

Robinson has severed his

with the Walnut Hills
hool of Cincinnati, and is now

F.

connection

in.

Self

The Remington Typewriter Band,

composed exclusively of Remington
Factory employees, was on hand as
usual, but this time they were not

Mr.

an excellent penman.

in

Col. Geo. Soule, President and Founder of Soule College. Xew Orleans.
6, 1918, had the degree of Doctor
of Laws conferred upon him by Tulane University.
In so doing we are
not sure which was honored the more,
the University or the Colonel.
Dr.
Soule has had an experience and career not quite paralelled or equaled by
any
other commercial educator as
concerns length and service. He is a
man of exceptional personality, commanding in appearance, broad of vision, and benevolent of heart.
He is
in his 85th year.

June

W.

Wilsoii .succeeds the late

Miss Dorothy Goodwin, of the El

Dorado. Kansas, High School, goes to
River

the Thief
School.

Falls,

Paul H. O'Hara, of the

''

Minn.,

Xew

High

Bedford,

H'igh School, has been appointof the commercial departof Hefney Institute. Brooklyn.

head

ed

ment

Xew

A MEMORIAL
The Sholes Monument Commission

B. PhilMrs. Henrietta Ellis retains the

position she has so ably filled
-t fifteen years. The Company's

been appointed by the National

Shorthand Reporters' Association for
the purpose of raising a fund for the

outlook is promising even in these

days of war
System is the keynote

Christopher Latham Sholes. the

inventor of the typewriter, whose remains have been lying in an unmarked
28 years
n
The appeal for aid in this worthy
undertaking is addressed to every

ps

of

efficiency,

Ellis

and

that

is

what the

publications promote.

Irving V. Cobleigh, for a number of

vears at the head of the Commercial
Department of the High School. Bur-

Ida M. Gordon, Bunker Hill. W. Va

now teaching penmanship in the
iMansfield, Ohio. High School, having

has

man,
ceived

Columbia
Hagerstown,

Mil.,

and the

or

50

teacher
School.

in the

Deadwood.

S.

D..

High

or

child

who have

re-

from

invention.
this
thrift stamp of 25
cents, which will aid both the
nent and the commission, will
benefit

of

lished

the

and on

Typewriter"
sale,

bound

is

in

pubcloth.

the proceeds to be applied

entirely to the monument fund.
Address Chas. E. Weller, SecretaryFor

Miss Abby L. Sturtevant, Princeton.

Minn, i- to be the new commercial

woman

be thankfully acknowledged.
A small volume entitled "The Early

Commercial

in

ege al
C<
Zanerian.

monument m memory

The donation of a

Qualified

of

ion

of

$1.00,

Treasurer. No.
I,aPorte, Ind.

'.'nc,

Masonic Temple.

^
W.

Mr.

S.

instructor

who has been an

Brown's Danville, 111.,

Sanford,
in

Business

College,

principal

in

now

is

assistant

Brown's Kankakee.

111..

Mr. Sanford has

Business College.
been a big B. E. clubber the past year.

H. F. Kimball, of the Auburn. Me..

High School, follows H. E. Congdon
as head of the commercial work in
Mr.
the Bangor, Me., High School.
Congdon becomes a teacher in the

&

Bryant

Stratton School, Boston.

S. Britton, of the Bryant & Stratton Business College. Buffalo, returns

to the Merrill Business College, Stamford. Conn., where he taught two
years ago.

W.

W. W. Wightman, who

has been head

of the beginning department in bookStratton Buskeeping at the Bryant

iness College. Buffalo, has gone to
France as a Y. M. C. A. Secretary.

&

Miss Marion E. Hart, of the Putnam,

Conn High School, has received an
appointment in the High School of
Commerce, Springfield, Mass.
,

Miss E. A.

Phoenix, has
Central Business
of

Miss M. Gertrude Willey, of Lamb's

Business College. Brooklyn, N. Y., is
new shorthand teacher in the Cole-

National Business College, Newark. N. J.

Mr. L. W. Pulsifer, of the Burlington,
Yt.. Business College, is a new commercial teacher at Burdett Business
College, Boston.

man

Fern Morman, Broken Bow,

has been made commercial
Xebr
teacher in the Wheaton. Minn., High
Miss

J.

School.

H. E. Alvis, for many years head of

the commercial work of the Burlington, Iowa. High School, goes to the
City

Capital

Commercial

College,

Madison. Wis., as head of the commercial department.

Agnes Benson, of Black River Falls.
\\ is., has been elected head commerteacher of the Morris, Minn.,
cial
High School.
Miss Stella I. Churm, of the West
on, Pa.. High School, has been
made head of the commercial work
of the State Normal School at MansPa.

field.

Behnke

Warren,

of

the

Walker

Portland,

<

>

r t-

pointment in
HKgh School.
Melvin Horsey,

College,
Business
has accepted apEverett,
Wash..
the
n

>

the Crisfield, Md.,

High School, has accepted a position
with Drake Business College, Passaic,
X. J.
of

Miss Katharine Sayles, of the Four

C's. Des Moines, is a new shorthand
teacher in the Spokane, Wash Expert
.

School.

Leon G. La Fleur, last year with the

Warwick High School. River Point,
R
goes ti, tin- Vonkers, X. Y.. High
I

Scl

work.

1,

is

a-

head

of

the

commercial

is to be a new
commercial teacher in the Bethel,
Conn., High School next year.

new shorthand

Archibald T. Caswell

May Beard, of the Bryant

Stratton Business College, Buffalo,
to teach shorthand and typewriting

with the
Youngstown. Ohio, Business College,
goes to the Mann's Business College.
Columbus. Ohio, as a shorthand

Pierce, of Drake Business ColXewark, X. J., is a new commerteacher in the Merchants' and
Bankers' Business School, Xew York

Miss Margaret Doody, last year with

Lake Mahopac. X. Y., High
the
School, goes to the Tuckahoe, N. Y.,

High School.
Miss

Tillie Fiman, of Haverhill. Mass.,

a new teacher in the Merchants'
and Bankers' School, Hartford, Conn.
is

Johnson, who has been in

charge of the commercial work of the
SaMna, Kansas, High School, is one
of the many commercial men who
have been called into the GovernE.

M.

ment

Service.

D. E. Whaley, last year with the

Packard Commercial School, Xew
York City, has joined the Y. M. C. A.
War Work, and is to go to France.

Miss Lucretia Davis, last year with

the North Platte, Nebr., High School.
will have charge of the commercial
work in Walesnburg, Colo.
Miss A. Estelle Allen, of the" Brad-

Pa High School, is to be with

Bloomfield, X. J.. High School
next year as a shorthand tecaher.

ford.

the

the

Litchfield.

Minn.,

year with
High School,

last

goes to Staples, Minn., for the High

School commercial work next year.

Mr. H. B. Immel, who has been in

charge of the High School Commercial work at La Porte, Ind., will have
a similar position next- year at Fort

Wayne.

Ind.

Mr. R. S. Baker, for several years

with the Concord. X. H., High School,
is to be with Burdett College, Boston,
next year.
Irving V. Cobleigh, for years the head
of the commercial work of the Burlington. Yt.. High School, has taken a
position with the Marquand School
the Y.
C. A. School), Brooklyn.
X. Y.
i

M.

City.

Miss Lillian M. Philpot, of Corinna,

Me., will be with the Middleboro,
Mass., High School next year as
shorthand teacher.
Ronald M. Pyle is to teach commercial branches in the Coatesville. Pa.,
Business College next year.
Miss Lottie R. Mitchell is to have
charge of the shorthand department
of the

Woonsocket. R.

I.,

Commercial

School for the coming year.

Mr. Adrian E. Holmes, of the Portsmouth, X. H.. High School, goes to
the Burlington. Yt., High School as
head of the commercial work.

recently

teacher.

is

High School

cial

work.
Fisher,

Pa..

lege.

Mitchell is a new commercial

teacher in the Pana. 111., Township
High School.
H. M. Terwilliger goes to the Corning, N. Y.. High School for commerJ.

Castle.

in

next year.
J.

J.

Jessie

Xew

the

lege next year.

Harry C. Goggins, who has been with
the Beatrice, Nebr., High School during the past year, is to be with the
Lincoln. Xebr, High School next
year.
Miss Connell will have charge of the
commercial work in the High School
at Dillon. Mont., next year.

A.

&

Miss

Mr. L. J. Strong, Aurora, 111., is to

have charge of the commercial work
of the Pottstown, Pa., Business Col-

Miss Marie Garnock,

Immogene

Miss

Gillis

teacher in the Washington, D. C,

Business College.
Miss Charlotte A. Norton, of Sonaerville,
Mass.. is a new commercial
teacher in the Stamford, Conn., High
School.
Mr. A. R. Beard, last year with
Brown's Business College, St. Louis,
has been transferred to Brown's Business College, Davenport, la.

cial

C. McClanahan,
recently joined the
College. Denver.

J.

^^&u<&uM&6*a&r

C. C. Miller is a recent addition to the

staff of Strayer's Business College,
Washington, D. C.

Miss Henrietta Radell, who taught

commercial work in the Wabasha.
Minn., High School last year, is to
have similar work with the East
Waterloo, la.. High School, during
the coming year.
Miss Eva A. Larson, of Minneapolis,
a new shorthand teacher in Child's

is

Business College, Providence. R.

I.

Miss Lena Fogt, for many years with

the Cedar Rapids. la.. Business Colis the new owner of the Central
College at Marshaltown. Iowa.

lege,

Miss Delia Briggs has been engaged

by the American Business College,
for shorthand work.
Pueblo, Colo
Miss Ol'lie Flowers for shorthand and
typewriting, and Miss Floy Gillespie
for bookkeeping.
Mrs. Jennie E. Brown, who was reported lecently as former assistant
.

supervisor of penmanship in Buffalo,

was a supervisor of penmanship in
Kenmore instead of Buffalo. She also

had charge of the penmanship for the

High School at Kenmore.

Miss M.
is

S.

Smith, Greenport. L. L,

new commercial teacher

School.
J.. High

in

the

I'lainneM. X.

Mr. H. C. Leffingwell, supervisor of

writing and commercial teacher in the
Meadville, Pa., schools, has accepted
Co..
a position with Scott Baschert
certified public accountants, of Pitts-

&

burg, Pa.
T. B. Cain, transferred from the Olson
Commercial College. Independence,
Kansas, to the Douglas Business
College, McKeesport, Pennsylvania,
where he succeeded C. H. Leasure as
Principal, who leaves there to accept
a position with the Iroti City School
of Pittsburg.

&

<^ffl^&u&nM<24&Kafir

RED CROSS and

CLARA BARTON

The

Stories from Recent Real Life

death grapple on that red day

T.

CRAGIN

Hotyoke, Mass.

Up

from the meadows rich with corn,

Clear in the cool September morn,

The

clustered

spires

of

Green walled by the

Frederick stand
of Maryland.

hills

It was the month of

year
the year 1862.

September in
and a half of
bloody and disastrous
war had convinced
the North that Mr.
Seward, Secretary of
State and wise poli-

tician,

when

made
he

a mistake
said
that

thousand
Northern
women,
brooms, could
go through the South
seventy-five

with

put down the rebellion.

The
South, too, was 'beginning to change
its mind in regard to the ability of one

and

Southerner to lick six Yankees. That

was the general estimate previous to
1861, but a year and a half of experience had convinced the Butternut
soldiers that one six-foot Yankee of
the Michigan iron mines, was about
all the average Southerner cared to
play with. McClellan's splendid Army
of the Potomac had been badly battered and 'beaten, and reeled back
from the soil of Virginia into Maryland, after Pope,

who had

taken Mc-

Clellan's place, had written a vainglorious dispatch, saying "From this

time forward my headquarters will be
in the saddle."
Those that didn't like
Pope said there were more brains in
his saddle than anywhere else about
him, for he had been all cut to pieces
by Stonewall Jackson at Chancellorsville.
McClellan had been caled back,
to the great joy of the army, and he
was preparing to make a last stand
against the onward rush of Lee and
Jackson, whose victorious army of
Virginia was sweeping on towards

Washington.

80,000

men had

wildly-

cheered "Little Mac," as the army

called McClellan, as, with his glittering staff, he rode down the battle line
before the coming fight, ready to
meet the oncoming rush of the gray
clad host under the stars and bars.
They met at Antietam Creek, in
Maryland, on the 16th day of September, 1862, and there was fought
the bloodiest battle of the Civil War.
Over 12,000 men made up the list of
wounded and missing on the
Union side. There was no digging of
trenches in 1862; no field artillery that
killed,

hurled high explosives anywhere from

six to sixty miles; nd aeroplanes to
act as the eyes of the army; no camouflage to hide things from view. The
foes simply came together, the gray
against the blue, the hammer and the
anvil.

The

bayonets

mixed

and

crossed and the guns spouted out fire

till
the blaze burned the beards off
the

faces

of

the

opponents

in

that

men.
To
rushed his

fields.

his relief Burnside had

artillery.
Cannoneers galmadly over the blood-stained
field and whirled their guns into position and poured a rain of death into
the advancing rebels and, around a
large farm house which stood on a

the

high

L2,000 Union men bled for the Stars

Stripes.
The rebels lost even
more for they were the attacking
party and, when the curtain of night

and

over the smoking, blood soaked

Antietam Creek ran red into
Rappahannock. As the day drew

fell

By CHARLES

when

33

to a close, the gray hosts surged

again and again and jet again, up
against the very muzzles of the guns
of Burnside's
batteries,
supporting
the wavering hosts of "fighting Joe

Hooker, and men were cut down like

wheat before the reaper.
And the
reaper was red Death.

The Coming

of

the
Behind the great blue

North was

wagon

long, artillery

first,

Woman
army

train,

of the
ten miles

then ammunition,

then food and supplies sent up from

the rear, and far in the rear of this
endless train, for days, had been a
big, canvas covered army wagon in
which was packed, among the medley
of supplies
bandages, chloroform,
wine, whiskey, bread and pretty much
everything else a rather small but
very athletic woman of forty. A bit
thin of face, prominent Grecian nose,
wide kindly mouth, firm chin, high,
rather narrow forehead, and a wealth
if inky black hair which never turned
gray.
Every motion of the head and
body showed alertness, and the dark
clear eyes gleamed kindliness, intelligence and courage.
She was the

loped

knoll overlooking the field of

was the Union hospital, improvised on the very field itself, and
here men, shot all to pieces, slashed
with sabers and gashed with bayonets
were being brought by scores and
hundreds.
The blue and the grayalike, for there were many wounded
battle

prisoners.
A few doctors, gallant fellows, were
their best to keep back death
from the mangled forms. They had
almost nothing to work with. Four
tables on the porch of the house had
four men upon them for operations
all the time There was no chloroform
except a little the doctors had brought
in their pockets.
There was no wine,
no stimulants, no food. Every strip
of cloth in the house and the doctor's

domy

and

shirts

underclothing

had

been

torn up for bandages, and the surgeons, without even a string to tie up
the bandages, were using corn husks
taken from ripening corn in the nearby fields to bind up the bleeding.

woman in the great army, unless

might be some female camp followabout whom the less said, the bet-

.inly
it

ers

ter.

The

night of the 15th, as the sun

went down, the woman heard from

her perch on the army wagon the low
rumble of what seemed like distant
thunder, the prelude of the coming
battle
the flash and rumble of far off
guns and her wagon load of hospital
supplies was trapped in the great ten
mile long chain of wagons. But this
woman was a Yankee woman from
Massachusetts the best state in the
Union, so we Massachusetts people
think and the Yankee of New England is resourceful and has a way of
getting there. At three o'clock in the
morning, just as the East was begin-

ning to turn gray, the heavy, covered

wagon, which carried the woman and
her supplies, crept quietly out of the
encampment where the long train had
halted for a few hours' rest, and
through fields, over bridges and
trenches, such as the modern war tank
navigates, she executed a flank movement which put her wagon, her mules,
and her deeply cursing mule drivers
right up behind the cannon where she
wanted to be, and the next morning
the storm of the battle burst with all
its

fury,

and the valley of Antietam

Creek was

a red hell of battle.

The Storm

of Battle

There were several stone bridges

over Antietam Creek, and across
these "Little Mac" hurled his blueclad host against the army of Virginia.
On the far left of the line,
"fighting Joe Hooker" had crossed
but had been driven back by the furious charge of Stonewall Jackson's

The Angel
And then, in

of the Battlefield

that hour of darkness,

out of the smoke cloud across the
shot-turn plain there came in sight a

mule team, six galloping mules lashed

to their utmost speed by the swearing
drivers.
Behind them a heavy armywagon swayed and jolted.
Minie
bullets hissed and cracked around the
heads of the long-eared mules and the
cursing drivers, and the sod of the
field to right and left was torn by
solid shot and bursting shells.
The mule team whirled up in front
of the farmhouse hospital, the woman,
alert, brave and confident,
stepped
into the place of action.

"In God's name how did you get

here?" said Dr. Dunn, of Conneaut,
Pennsylvania, the surgeon in charge,
and the woman answered: "In God's

What do you want?"

name.

And

he said everything.
"My God, we
haven't got a string to tie up a corn
husk bandage!"
And she said: "I
have got everything." From the wagons there came bandages in great

Wines, whiskey, chloroform,

everything to aid the surgeons, and
woman was everywhere. It was
no health resort, that hospital on the
hilltop.
Flying bullets tore the shingles from the roof and shattered the
rolls.

the

panes. A shell had knocked

chimney and a round shot had
torn away the ridge pole. A wounded
soldier lying near asked the swift
moving woman for a drink of water:

window
off the

she bent over and with her right arm

raised his head to give him the drink
when Swish! chug! a bullet tore
through the sleeve of her dress arm,
buried itself in the body of the
wounded man, and he did not need
that drink. She said years afterwards
"I never mended that hole in the arm

of

my

dress."

^
the barn near the house the
set up a stove, made gruel and
and broth and brightly lighted
the barn with candles, for the thunder
of battle had died away, and night
hun<f deep over the blood-stained held
where Antietam Creek, streaked with
sluggish way
crimson, ran on
through the valley.
She went back to the house and
found Doctor Dunn, his head bowed

Tn

woman

it.-,

hands, sitting in front of a two

inch bit of candle which burned feebly
on the table.
"Good heavens," he
in his

Here we are
"Think of it!
live
hundred wounded men.
with
some of them bleeding to death, all
of them demanding surgical operations, and that two inch candle is all
the light we have to operate by!
Scores of them will die before mornsaid.

ing?"

The woman took

his

arm. led him

window, pointed to the brightly

lighted barn and calmly said. "Candles
to the

"Have you got them?" said

"how many?" "All you want,"

Doctor!"
he,

said

this

angel

"Boxes and boxes

the battlefield
of
of them."
She had

been through the campaign of the

Peninsula already and had brought a
large supply of candles with her to
Antietam, and all night long the surgeons did heroic work to patch up
frames.
The woman
torn human
worked fiercely for weeks after the
thunder of Antietam had died away
and Lee and Jackson had retreated
back into the hills of Virginia. Then
fever struck her own, and after days
of endless toil she went back to

Washington.

At the Lacey House

Three months of rest in Washington and

we

find this dauntless

woman

the Lacey House on the bluffs

overlooking the Rappahannock where
on the opposite side, crowned by
Mary's Heights, lay the Virginia city
of Fredericksburg held by a strong
force of Confederates. General Burnside had become commander of the
army of the Potomac and Burnside
at

down scores o>f them before they

reached the shore, scrambled up the
banks, and with their bayonets routed

cheered just the same, and the General said, as he recognized her, "Miss
Barton, 1 believe you are the best
protected woman in America!"
A few months later she went into
a crowded hospital, and every man in
that ward who could by any possibility tumble out of bed, did so and
stood up and cheered her.

out the riflemen from the cellars and

warehouses along the river bank. The
army rushed across the bridge and
from every street of Fredericksburg
shots were fired on the charging com-

Taming the Mule Drivers

was several months after Antietam that Clara Barton started to join
the army of the Potomac at Freder-

row bridge, and then Burnside gave

the order:
"Man the boats!" The
gallant men of the 32nd Michigan
sprang into the boats and swiftly
:n\\ed across the river; but as they
neared the other side sharp shooters
shot

panies, and batteries thundered

:.treet corners while the Federal

from
guns

rained shot and shell through church

spires and roof-trees as the army answered the bugle call to storm
Marye's Heights. And up they went.
the blue-clad hosts, right into the
withering fire from behind the stone
wall that crowned the storm-spent
crest.

Call for

Help

Across the river on the northern

side at the Lacey House, a rather
pretentious mansion, on the high bluff
was Clara Barton, the Angel of the
Battlefield with two or three other
women, when the call came from
the river in Fredericksburg.
"You are wanted over here." Those
about her said. "You must not go. It
death to cross that bridge," but
is
this woman never hesitated, and she
did not seem to know what fear was.
The rough mule drivers who had
come there with her made a bodyguard to guide her across the bridge
to Fredericksburg on that December
Bullets hissed in the
day in 1862.
water and tore splinters from the

across

planks around their very feet as they

crossed
On the other side an officer
helped her down from the end of the
bridge to the street level.
As their

hands were raised in the act of stepping down, a piece of exploding shell
carried away a portion of the officer's
coat and her dress, and the next instant a round shot thundered over

for

their heads and killed a horse and

rider not thirty feet in the rear.
She
left the officer, hurried to the field
hospital, and in less than a half hour
that same officer was brought to her

was

dead. Fredericksburg

wanted

get across and take that

city, for all the North was howling
to

him to do it. "On to Richmond!"

the cry everywhere, and Fredericksburg lay blocking the way
Burnside was a brave soldier and a
good fellow, but was not over-stocked
with brains. Still, he knew enough to
know that it was no joke to cro>s the
river on pontoons, capture the city
and storm Marye's Heights behind
which lay the army of Virginia, but
the newspapers kept at him and
finally he gave the order. "Bridge the
river!"
Hundreds of soldiers rushed
the pontoons into the sluggish Rappahannock and laid down the planks.
There was no sound from the other
side, and a cheer went up from the
army as they saw the pontoon bridge
swiftly
extended across the river.
I'.nt
the cheering was checked as a
swift rain of bullets from the other
side cut down the bridge builders like
corn stalks before the reaping sickle.
Again and again they tried it only to
be shot down by scores on the nar-

&

<Me&udt/t*M&&uar

12,653

men were

was

killed,

shambles.

wounded and

missing in that terrible defeat of

Burnside.
Did they appreciate the
of this gallant little woman of
Massachusetts in the crowded field
hospital at Fredericksburg? A Union
general came there and saw her, the

work

only woman at work

He supposed
she was one of the few women remaining in Fredericksburg and he
said. "Madam, I am very sorry you
were unable to go out of the city and
will see that you have proper protection." "General," said that woman
as she rose, stained with blood from
I

the side of a dying man,

am the best protected
I

"I

believe

woman

in

America," and a hoarse cheer from

hundreds of wounded men around her
rose at her words and was caught
up and carried down the whole line
of the army. They did, not know what
they were cheering about but they

It

Before going, she made her

to
Quartermaster
General
Rucker, and told him if she could
have had five wagons instead of one
she could have relieved all the thousands of W'Ounded on the bloody fields
of Antietam.
And General Rucker.
the tears running down his furrowed
cheeks, said. "You will have all you
want next time." and next time came
soon
A private messenger from
somebody high up, possibly Lincoln
himself, came to her and said, "They
will
fight again
at
Fredericksburg.
Can you go, and what transportations
do you want?" She said, "Yes, I can
icksburg.

way

and I want three six mule army

teams with good drivers." They gave
her six army mule teams and an ambulance.
She saw that they were
loaded with everything possible, and
then she looked at the mule drivers,
eight or ten rough looking customers
they were. They had driven through
go,

the

mud

of Virginia for a year in the

of the Peninsula.
They
soldiers, they were not under military discipline. The profanity
of soldiers in Flanders has always
been quoted as phenomenal, but the
soldiers of Flanders were just innocent kindergarten swearers besides
the army mule drivers that had toiled
through the mud of Virginia for a
year, and they had sworn a solemn
swear, in fact several swears, that
they would never "By the great horn
spoon!" go back to Virginia again.

campaign
were not

They

started, and the language they

indulged in was not that of cotillion
leaders, social lounge lizzards, nor
pink tea attendants, and Miss Barton
got the benefit of it. They decided
they would go. but they would go as

they wanted

As

to.

early as four o'clock in the after-

noon, they turned the mules into a

field and prepared to make camp. She
sent for the leader and asked him
what he was going to do. He assured
her in language more picturesque than
dainty, that he wasn't going to drive
in no blankety-blank night over those
blankety - blankety - blankety - blank
"Well." she said, "you can
roads
drive till night anyway, and you had
There was a look in
better do it."
her eyes that somehow- made the
rough mule driver think perhaps he
had, and they decided they would give
her all the ride she wanted, and they
kept those teams bumping over the

rough roads till late night. She didn't

stop them but let them go until about
ten o'clock they found she was not
going to stop them, so they stopped
themselves

and

made camp.

They

^
sheepishly,

rather

they

came

in

answer it. She had prepared

meal with hot coffee and soup
and everything that a hungry man
or woman could desire, and she made
these rough mule drivers sit down
with her, and she treated them just as
politely as if they had been members

body

to

a fine

of the president's cabinet or officers

of the army. They were mighty glad
when that meal was over, it nearly

choked them, and they slouched away

one by one and went and got behind
the mule teams, where they engaged
in

earnest

conversation.

And

then,
washed the

Miss Barton had

and got her things packed
that band of disreputable looking outlaws coming again.
The leader had long, black hair
hanging down over his shoulders,
eyes as deep as midnight, and he
looked like a bandit king. She asked
them to sit down by the fire. "No,
thank you," said the leader.
"We
didn't come to warm us, we're used
to cold," but he choked a little and
said, "We come to tell you that we
are mighty ashamed of ourselves."
She didn't interrupt him. After gaspafter
dishes

away she saw

ing a little he went on: "In the first

place we didn't want to come. There
fighting ahead and we have seen
is
enough of that, and then again, we
never seen no train with a woman

we

bossing it, and

we have been

didn't like

mighty

it.

ornery

and
and

day, and said a good many

hard things, and you treated us like
gentlemen.
had no business to
expect that supper from you. It was
the best we have had in two years.
You have been as polite to us as if

mean

all

We

we were a general and his staff, and

we come to ask your forgiveness and
we shan't bother you no more." And
was these eight or ten rough mule
drivers that marched as a bodyguard
to Clara Barton when she crossed the
Rappahannock into Fredericksburg

it

&

<^^&u&n^&&u*f&r

felt a little mean at the way they had

treated her, and they went quietly
over to get their rations of hard tack
and salt horse out of the feed boxes
And then they
in the army wagons.
got a call from Miss Barton, and

amid

storm

of flying bullets with

dead men falling all around her. They
never left her so long as she followed
a

the army.

An

Incident of the Lacey

House

In the Lacey house after the butchery at Fredericksburg were crowded

twelve hundred wounded men, and it
was only a twelve room house. You
can judge how thick they were
packed in. They lay so close together
that the three or four women nurses
and Clara Barton and the doctors had
to feel their way very carefully between the wounded men stretched out
on floor and table and veranda, and
everywhere.
As the woman passed
through one of the rooms a feeble
hand clutched her dress and gave it a

She stopped and found a

fellow bleeding to death from an artery severed in his leg.
She tore a
little

pull.

piece off her skirt,

made

a tourniquet

rung and stopped the

bleeding, and went on and left him.
with

a chair

IT FILLS

A GREAT NEED

Central High School,

Jackson, Miss.

June
Zaner & Bloser Pub. Co.,
Columbus, Ohio.
Dear Sirs:

29, 1918.

Inclosed find money order for One

Dollar, for which please send me The
Business Educator one year, begin-

ning with last month's issue, if you

have it.
I
have never had any other paper
that I have enjoyed and gotten so

much real practical good

The Business Educator.
great need in

its

Very

out of as
It

fills

sincerely,
J.

P .CLARK.

Mr. Albert Philip Meub, teacher of

Penmanship in the Pasadena, Calif.,
High School, has developed into a
full-fledged,

being

high-grade
strong

especially

entertainer,
in

Yiddish,

and Italian stories as well as an

As she left he feebly said: "You saved interpreter of Riley's poems, etc., etc.
During
the summer he covered the
my life!" Later, a day or two perPacific Coast Cantonments, Forts, and
haps, she went through one of the
Naval
stations
from Camp Lewis in
rooms again, and again there came
that tug at her dress, and a feeble .Washington to San Diego as an envoice said:
"You saved my life." tertainer in the Y. M. C. A. War
Three months later she was passing Work Circuit. Mr. Meub is skilled in
through one of the wards in a great tongue as well as pen, and is therefore
sure of employment the year around,
hospital at Washington, w hen a long,
Many of our
skinny hand reached out from one of including holidays.
readers will be delighted to learn of
the beds and twitched at her dress,
and a hoarse voice said: "You saved his merited success and recognition.
my life!" Six months later, or a year Filing is the name of a brand new
magazine published at 320 Broadway,
later, I don't know how long, as she
New York, by Filing Incorporated,
sat at her office in Washington, she
heard the clump, clump, clump, of a
Publishers, at $1.00 a year. Mr. Rowwooden leg come stamping down the land W. Jolly is President and TreasHer door softly opened, a urer and Editor, and the magazine, a
corridor.
head stuck itself way in and a voice :}6-page periodical, is up-to-the-minute
"You saved my life!"
It comes,
said:
in appearance and contents.
a war baby, when there are more
The American Society of the Red like
magazine deaths than births, but it
Cross now numbers millions of memcomes to fill a niche and need, and it
bers, and I believe the readers of this
promises long life and success. We
magazine will agree with me that the
wish it all it deserves by way of prosworld never produced a braver w-oand success in its mission to
man than Clara Barton, its founder perity
bring order and dispatch to the imand first president.
portant work of filing letters and docNext month I'll tell you about her uments, and a thousand other details
childhood and early training.
of importance.
Irish

~^H

K!
HkF%

"

J.

H| M|

^S

Br

TT

f*

ml
u$u

'

**

JLm

jiF^k

*\r".

N^B

P ^H

F,tir

field.

Certified Teachers in Writing, Norwood, Mass., Public Schools

Supervisor of Writing (first to right of center in front row). Supt.
a par with other subjects.

Lena Neall Rockwell,

Fitts,
Supt., Mrs.
believer in efficient writing and promotes it on

H.

&

^M&&ud/n&M''diu&&r
FARMER BERKMAN
May

18

and

19,

your editor hied

home of Mr.

himself to the country

and Mrs. Fred Berkman,

St.

Clair,

Ohio, about eight miles north from

East Liverpool, for a two days' vacation, feast-over, and reunion of friendships formed in 1906 when he came
to the Zanerian from the West.
Mr. Berkman during these past
twelve years taught penmanship and
other commercial subjects in Cleveland, Spokane, Portland, and Pittsburgh, in a manner distinctly to his
credit.

Through our long-time

friend and

pupil, Mr. C. S. Jackson, of

Seattle, Wash., we learn of the death
of Mr. W. F. Giesseman, who departed this life June 12, leaving a widow,
son and daughter, and a host of
friends to revere his memory.
For nearly a quarter of a century
he was at the head of the penmanship
department of the Capital City Com-,

former

mercial College, Des Moines, Iowa,

going to the Pacific Coast about 1904.
where he was associated with commercial schools at Bellingham, Everett, Tacoma, and Seattle, teaching in
the Ballard High School of the last

named

place the last five years of his

work.
Mr. Giesseman was a man of sterling character and a penman and
teacher of superior quality. A quarter of a century ago, and until he went
west, no convention was quite complete without his congenial, levelheaded companionship and counsel.

The
the

profession and the world are

richer

for

his

taught and wrought

having lived and

in fields of friend-

ship and penmanship.

In the summer of 1917 he purchased

an 80-acre farm and became a farmer
once again, having been reared on one
in Kansas when it was "bone dry"
sure enough at certain seasons of the
year, in more than mere prohibition.
Mr. Berkman has brought to his
farm operations the same practical
wisdom in planning and skill in execuhe employed in penmanship,
tion
shorthand, typewriting, and anything
he pretended to do, and as a consequence he is developing a highly prodiversified
with
property,
ductive
products, such as grains, vegetables,
berries,
stock.

fruits,

poultry,

nuts,

and

We

have never known another man

has so completely and successchanged his profession and carover so much of near-genius as
he has in his interpretation of soil,
climate, and products. And, fortunately, his better-half and son are as hap-

who

fully
ried

py and handy in the work as he, and

as a consequence health as well as
wealth are coming their way.
Beautiful Little Beaver river flows
by the farm and house and amid hills
both picturesqque and productive.
Mr. Berkman is enough of an artist
to enjoy the landscape with its everchanging aspects due to atmosphere
and season, and as a letter writer he
can come as near to talking on paper
as Eytinge and Gaylord, which means
;

that he

is

not a past but a present

master of convensational written English.

Mr. Harry Wildrick, Supr. of WritPublic

Wilkes-Barre,
Pa.,
Schools, has stimulated unusual enthusiasm among his teachers and
As
pupils on the subject of writing.
a consequence, splendid results are
More than five hunbeing secured.
dred pupils have been awarded Special
Considering the many
Certificates.
ing,

?hB&lifiPS(Qiat

'

interruptions of the past year, this

&tf entail

die .sen'iw

nwlO

malic Hu.

safp fur Opmocracy.

"Jmt

StmlS

"b

of His' country

taw oiu

5,'nhincrJ Ivr

iTkocrs for Ifa linn j

t.ws

Penmen & Card

You
Honor

cm

Agents Wanted
L.

(lie

BiB C.imn
Blvstone. Peno

<a'

Writers

make

bis Mone:
Rolls
Place for i'hn
on good grade ot paper. St
Quick Sellers Special Price

i?

ln.lM
).

Printed

for Pen Work.

P.nmen.

abl->

10

,c.ion.

Write to dav

n. Pitcairn,

Copies of the February,

1918, number of The
Business Educator, both
editions, for our files.
ZANER & BLOSER
Columbus, Ohio

Pa.

.H^HfliUJIIUf.TOtffffllfflW.Tfflim

M. Otero Colmenero,

of

San

Accounts Department of the Interior

of Porto Rico, in which he is still employed as bookkeeper.
He owes a remarkable handwriting
first, to his own initiative, and second,
to the corresDondence course he took
of Mr. Tamblvn, of Kansas City, and
third, to

THE BUSINESS EDUCA-

TOR. As

will be seen from the specimen reproduced herewith, he writes

with exceptional freedom and accur-

coupling artistic interpretation

It places him in
with manual skill.

acy,

American penmen,
and one whom we will hear from
further from time to time.
the front ranks of

THE TEACHERS' FRIEND

A teacher often gets the blame for a student's failure, when the fault lies in the text they
are teaching-, just as it lies in a gun with its
sights out of line. The Byrne text books shoot
straight to the mark and the teacher receives
praise for efficient work. There is a reason for
so many of the best schools teaching Byrne
texts. Examine them.
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
and
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne

Combination Shorthand.
Simplified Shorthand.
Simplified Shorthand (Spanish
Practical Dictation.
Duplex English, Punctuation

Correspondence.
Practical Speller.
Practical Business Writing.

Touch Typewriting.
Bookkeeping.

yrne

WANTED!

solas'
for

is

an enviable record and one which but

few cities of the size have equaled.

Mr.

Juan, Porto Rico, whose portrait appears above and whose hand writing
is shown herewith, was born in Ponce
in
1887 and attended the common
schools in the town of Berceloneta
un til 1907, when he moved to the
capitol of the island, at which time he
began the study of penmanship and
bookkeeping by correspondence, while
serving as a clerk in the offices of the
American Railroad Company.
In 1911 he began as stenographer
in the Division of Disbursements and

CO..

Combination

shorthand
WRITTEN EITHER WITH
TYPEWRITER 0R PENCIL

BYRNE PUBLISHING COMPANY

57 East Jackson

St..

Chicago,

111.

&

^J38u4/nM<&uv&r

Lets Unite to Help the Red Cross!

Send me S1.00 and you will receive 12 cards with your
name writ'en n and some selected specimens of my

Red

Cross,

the Treasurer
value of your

anship for \ oor scrap book. Fifty cents

;ived before December 31, IMS. will be
3 Porto Kico Chapter of the American
iceipt for vour donation, dulv signed bv
You get the whole
II be sent to von.
ley and tbe RKH CROSS the p'oflt of

Think how much we can do without

lingle penny.

A BANKER

Are You Interested

FINE

in

PENMANSHIP?

nclose twenty-five
>h

ion

.ui.llMI'.US.

and one dozen cards.

Address

OHIO

W.

A.

Schmidt, Rocky Mount, N.

IJII,Mrl,IJlM.U.II.f.l'JJ,UIJja:jJIII],M,l*iJ.i||l.ll,llJ,lll.l,ll,IAJ,IJ.tlill,mi^H[J.U.M

C.

&/u dtiuJS/i&tt odu&f/rr*

CO-OPERATION
Michigan

The Business Educator:

look forward each

month

renewal
for

my

It is a source of
inspiration, progression and co-operation to keep in touch with penmanship
problems as given in the Business

copy of the B. E.

Educator.
Sincerely,

HENRIETTA LEUSCH,
Supr. of Writing, Pu'blic Schools.
is only one of the many letters
receive expressing appreciation of

This

we

These letters come

magazine.
from supervisors of writing, teachers,
You would
principals, students, etc.
do well to keep your name on the
subscription list, and take advantage
of the excellent lessons and splendid
articles which will appear in the Business Educator during the coming
our

year.

VISITS WITH A PURPOSE

Editor, The Business Educator:
I

tion

have been re-elected to the posiof head of commercial departof Fort Smith (Arkansas) High

ment

School.
reference library for

rather remarkable signatures are by

Jeannett E. Baldwin, penman, PolytechHigh School. Los Angeles, Calif., and ten

"hese
;s

Something

ner pupils.

like a

hundred were

ed but pale ink prevented their repr

duction.
Miss Baldwin wrote the first name
In
and the pupil then wrote underneath.
many it was difficult to distinguish the one
The "Poly" has long since
from the other.
been fam ous for its fine penmanship under the
skilled in struction of Miss Baldwin.
Beautiful

War Service Record Etched with

Pen by

P.

W.

a Steel

patriot.

W. COSTELLO,

Odd Fellows Hall Bldg.

Engrosser and Illuminator

SCRANTON.

GRAHAM TEACHERS

J.

GRAHAM &

CO.
New York
i

LINER.

in

the

CASH

A. M. C, care Business Educator, Columbus, Ohio

Mr. H. P. Greenwald, who has

charge of the writing in the Western
State
Mich.,

Normal

Kalamazoo,

School,

reports a summer school attendance of over one thousand, and in

his classes more than one-fourth of
that number.
He reports a progressive trend in penmanship in the state
of Michigan.
Besides attending to
his own immediate work in penman-

ship

in

Normal, he does some

the

at Camp Custer each

his vacation week and
vacation there also.

Army "Y" work

week, spending

summer

his

Mr. Charles H. Spohn, who has been

head of the commercial work in
the High School at Batavia, New
York, has accepted the position as
principal of the commercial department of the Bryant and Stratton College at Buffalo. N. Y. Mr. Spohn is a
at the

do

progressive young man who will

maintaining the repuof that institution.

his part in

tation

Mr. Michael L. Urda, Ambridge, Pa.,

has been employed to teach bookkeeping, etc., in the High School at
Millvale, Pa., under the superintendency of C. C. Williamson. Mr. Urda
was a student in the Zanerian when
accepting the position.

Wanted
A
A.

to

Purchase

good Commercial School, for

CASH. Address

D., care Business Educator, Columbus, 0.

J.

to purchase a well attended business college in Central Illinois at a reasonable

Fall term just opened and most
price.
students are paying monthly.
Owner
has to sell on account of doctor's advice. Good terms for right man. Write

Young man for permanent position.

State age, experience and salary expected, and send a few specimens with

357, care of Business Educator, Columbus, Ohio

1527

ENGROSSER WANTED
first letter.

C. L.
First National

RICKETTS,
CHICAGO

Bank Bldg.

THE NEW LIGHTLINE SHORTHAND

ia free.

ANDREW

sincerely,

Ynnv
rkanca
1 OUr llldllie

PA.

are in demand for positions in public and

private commercial schools.
Let us know your qualifications and requirements. Our registration and placement service

1133 Broadway

Yours most

T. B.

War

P.

I am spending a portion of my vacation time visiting summer schools

thaJt maintain a commercial department or commercial courses. It will
prove a vast asset to me in my work
and it is a kind of recreation that I
enjoy.
\Yith best wishes, I am,

Costello, Scranton, Pa.

Send me 50 cents together with the name of your

soldier, sailor or Red Cross nurse relative, friend
or sweetheart, together with the date of his or her
entering: the service, and the branch of service in
which he or she is engaged in the great world
war for democracy, and I will send you postpaid the roost beautiful
Service Design on
the market, with the record lettered in same in
the best possible style. The design is also arranged to permit the mounting in of photo of the

young

be included.

Business School

A
East
live p r0 p 0S j.
tion with good outlook for Fall, best
ever.
live summer campaign for students has already been done. If you
have
and mean business, write.
No time for curiosity seekers.

fine

my

purpose to establish a good

my department,
and I have recommended the Business
Educator as one of the journals to
It is

C|1/Lk
omc

Ul

"Pf-vf-.

City, Ind., July 27, 1918

Enclosed find one dollar for

of the Business Educator.

<$>

City

The compiler has had over

thirty years' experience in writing and teaching standard systems.

Built on tried and true principles. No shading, no position, brief and legible. Principles can be
learned in half the time devoted to other standard systems. Descriptive circular free. Examination copy to teachers 75 cents.

DAILY PUBLISHING CO., Box 833, Kansas

ii|.ii,uiu.i.i.iujiiiuiaiyHiu.iiiau.!iiMi.iUttii.i.ii.Hij.ijjiuMatiii.m.j.u

City,

Mo.

&

>^u >36tsj//i&jj Cdtua/rr

WT^-fli'O/l
VV dlllCU

Bookkeeping ai
Penmanship teacher for Bu
First-class

iness College in Texas.

Commercial Teachers Wanted

Address

ALBERT TEACHERS' AGENCY

25

Texas, care Business Educator, Columbus, Ohio.

male

Experienced

"

X\Tr*nt(r\
clllLCll

The agency receives many calls

Denver, Symes Bldg.

Spokane. Peyton B'dg.

Gregg shorthand teacher

or male commercial and penmanship teacher may be secured by writing at once to

for

^-'

commer-

colleges.

O.

O.

PRATT, MANAGER

North Star Teachers Agency,

FARGO, N. DAK.
HANSON. Mgr.

J.

IONALBARGAIN

lot goes for $200

am moving into new building and

The

E.

437 5th Ave.

(COMPETENT lady

teachers from public and private schools

WM.

new and uniform

York,

TEACHERS AVAILABLE

70 Fifth Avenue. NEW YORK

college and normal graduates,
and other teachers to colleges and

Recommends
specialists,

and business

$75.00
90.00
40.00

26 Solid Oak Commercial Desks

50 Kitchen Tables for Bookkeeping use
15 Solid Oak Typewriter Tables

The Pratt Teachers' Agency

cial

care Business Educator, Columbus, 0.

SALE.

JACKSON BOULEVARD. CHICAGO

E.

New

in-

Rowe books tructor

keeping, penmanship, arithmetic, commercial law; must be expert penman;
Salary
strong all-around man desired.
in keeping; 12 months, two weeks vacaAddress PACFI1C COAST,
tion on pay.

FOR

39

cash
will

have

Nine Month Commercial Positions

$750.00

The best high schools and business colleges are writing us for teachers to begin in September. Fine opportunities now open for qualiWe need 50m experienced teachers to recomfied beginning teachers.
mend for choice positions. Write us to send you our free literature

all

fixtures.

state your qualifications briefly.

W. OOAK, Escanaba, Mich.

COOPERATIVE INSTRUCTORS ASSOCIATION

$2,800.00

MARION,

TEACHERS WANTED

INDIANA

THE INTERSTATE TEACHERS'

AGENCY, Macheca

New

Building,

has constant demand

Vacancies and

for
at good salSpecial terms given for enaries.
rollment.

Orleans,

Commercial Teachers,

OMEN

WANTED
BANKS

IN

For

of

Banking, 413

E. State St.,

LARGER SALARIES

in

the

Columbus, Ohio

WEST

More Vacancies!

pleasant work with short

hours and higher pay. Learn by mail. Sixmo.
Diploma awank-il. S<.-n<i fur free book.
to Become a Banker," by Edgar G. Alcorn.
lean,

American School

Still

telephone, by telegraph, they come VACANCIES for

young teachers and for old teachers; for men and for women, experienced and inexperienced; for teachers of Bookkeeping, of
Shorthand, and of all the allied subjects; at high salaries, medium
salaries and lower salaries places, in short, for all sorts and
conditions of teachers.
Day in and day out. these places are coming to us we have -them now. and shall
have them. It"s your own fault, if you don't get the benefit of some one of them.
Hasten to write for our registration blank free and watch results.

By mail, by

CONTINENTAL TEACHERS' AGENCY

BOWLING GREEN

write

KENTUCKY

(INC.)

HAZARDTEACHERS'AGENCY
27th Year.

$1 registers in three offices.

211 15th Street

DENVER, COLO.

Managers and Teachers Wanted

AATaTTfpp] A high-class business colVV ctllLCLl lege manager, one who

knows Graham- Pitman Shorthand from

to Z.
Persons subject to draft need
not apply.
More than 1,200 students

DRAUGHON'S COLLEGE,

1.

EAST
TO

is

capable of earning from $2,000 to $5,000

a year; also a good Bookkeeping teacher, male or female, who is a good penman; also a Shorthand teacher who

enrolled since January

Among

FROM

MINNEAPOLIS. MINN.
Globe Bldg.
SPOKANE. WN.
Old Nafl Bank Bldg.

WEST

many

positions

we

filled in

July,

these

School, New York City; Johnstown, Pa., High School;

Actual Business College, Canton, Ohio; Havana, 111.,
High School; Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Business College;
Rawlins, Wyo. High School; Mid - Pacific Institute,
Honolulu.

The NATIONAL
E. E.

the

blaze a trail across the continent and more: Winthrop, Mass., High School; The Packard Commercial

COMMERCIAL TEACHERS' AGENCY

GAYLORD, Ma

Prospect

(A Specialty by a Specialist)

Hill,

Beverly, Mass.

Address

Nashville,

Tennesee

ADVERTISING
SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES

Schools Without Teachers

FOR

A number

With the "Know how" of experience. EveryMailing

thing from the idea to the printing.

their commercial work.

Cards, Folders, Cuts. Newspaper Ads, Catalogs compiled. Advertising Copy. Don't wrack
your brain trying to think up something new.
Leading schools from New York to San Francisco use "National" advertising and find it
saves them time and money. Everything con-

cities are

specialists

of schools have no teachers to start

urgently

in

Some

of the larger

need of additional com,

Educational Bllfeail
b B bit A
GRANT,
r- D Aw T

Mgr.
ROBERT

Among a number of
mercial teachers.
4 i 6 .i8 Nichols Bldg.
choice openings, we may have just the,
without obligating me, send fun
for
available
a
desire.
If
you
place
J
r
NAME
position in September or Octo-

fidential.

Advertising makes our business successful.

Let us do as much for you. Write for samples
new Mailing Cards and Folders-full of
life and color.
The big. complete, exclusive

do not

St. Louis.

Mo.

details.

address

of our

ber,

school advertising headquarters.

EDUCATIONAL BUREAU
THE SPECIALISTS'
ST. LOUIS, MO.
516-18 Nicholas
GRANT, Mgr.

National Advertising Service Co.

1424 LAWRENCE ST.
DENVER. COLO.
|.jiMm,ii,i.

ROBERT

fail to

notify us.

Bldg.,

A.

i.i.i.i'jj,iiujanjiii,,i.i

imu-iiMJii,iJM,ii,n,.,u.mii,uiM Ji.iimj-i

*"

y/icy^JujS/itJJ&usta/tr

ffl

*M
RYAN,

C.

J.

Cardwriter,

Who, without hands,

is

handier than

mcst people with hands. He travels

all over America alone, dresses himties his

self,

puts on his

shoes, buttons his collar,

attends to all of his

tie,

needs and wants from making change

tii
writing cards, all without hands.

He

his

lost

zard.

He

hands

in

Dakota

does not believe

in

WRITING
1.
is

.i

Write in your best hand: This

specimen of my formal handwrit-

ing such as I try to place before my

pupils for purposes of information, illustration and imitation.
2.
Outline briefly a lesson plan for
the third or fourth grade.
::.

ters

Write a set
and figures.

of capitals, small let-

How

do you aim to secure apposition and movement

or formation of letters taught in the
4.

plication

of

writing lesson?
5.
Discuss the importance of good
blackboard writing on the part of the

teacher.

bliz-

How

6.

artifi-

would you present

grade

pupils

cial hands, and uses but a rubber band

around his forearm to stick his fork
or spoon under, and a wire to button

to

his clothes.

left-handed pupil?

first

k 108 Pages, o

32

50cworth $50.00

50c value
1 2c worth
... 12c value
Artistic
Lessons
in
Writing.
12c worth
95
Madarasz Engrossing Script
12c value
.

30 Written
C.

Cards

50c

60

Written Cards

$25.00
5 3.00
$ 2.00
$ 5.00
$ 3.00

90c

W. JONES, 224 Main Street, Brockton, Mass.

in

a lesson

blackboard

writing?
T.

S.

BARGAIN PRICES
Writing 538 Lessons
Madarasz Artistic Gems
34 Alphabets of Lettering
Lessons in Engrossing Script.

ample

What

should be done with the

To what

extent

does

the

ex-

by the teacher influence the

attitude and progress of the class in
position, movement and general writset

ing habits?

Questions in Writing for County

Teachers' Examinations for the State
Ohio by Tom Sawvier, Columbus,
Ohio.
of

.Mr. R. L. Reed, High School Commercial Teacher and Grade Supervisor of Writing, Bafberton, O., was

born

May

23, 1888, in

Granger Town-

Medina County, O.
After completing the elementary
and high school courses, he taught for
five years .and then entered the Otberlin Business College, completing the
ship,

work

in il914,

going

to Orrville, O., as

Commercial and Penmanship teacher,

which position he retained until going
work.
During the summer of 1916 he attended the Zanerian and added to his
penmanship skill and knowledge.
Mr. Reed is a young man of pleasto his present

ing personality, who is enthusiastic,

energetic, sympathetic, skillful, and
loyal.
He writes a strong, practical,
fairly accurate hand and succeeds in
inspiring others to write well.

LEARN TO WRITE

can

!.
teach
you by mail for $5.00.
Address
W. C. Mcintosh, Krypton, Ky.

THE QUESTION NATURALLY ARISES: "HOW DOES HE DO IT?"

With the right forearm off near the wrist and the left one off near the elbow, J. C. Ryan writes a remarkable
hand as shown in his signature herewith. As shown, he holds the pen between his two stumps and writes right
along. The secret of it all is TOUCH. Muscle is as sensitive without hands as with, and muscle sense or muscle
touch is the secret of superior penmanship. Skin tact or touch is not employed much except in determining
textures, temperatures, and surfaces, whereas muscle tact or touch has to do with motion, resistance, weight,
momentum, etc. Writing is a motion art. a muscle act. Since, in arm movement writing, the main writing muscles
are located in the upper arm and on the back and chest, he employs much the same machinery that penmen employ
except that he holds the pen with the ends of both arms instead of with the fingers of one hand. There is one
other difference which is both an advantage and disadvantage, in that he uses the muscles of both arms and
shoulders, whereas ordinary people employ the machinery of but one arm and shoulder.
He is an inspiration and ought to be given a government job to teach cripples to work and to write without
the encumbrances of artificial limbs, when it is best to do so.
For artificial limbs and hands destroy much of
nature's touch and power.
He's a wonderful fellow, enjoys life, lives wholesomely, makes his own money, and
spends

it

generously and well.

4*

Mr.

J.

y/U'Xlttj/sitjjCs/sua/sr

M. Holmes, penman and com-

mercial teacher, San Diego, Calif.,

High School, died June 11, 1918, of
creeping paralysis, having resigned
his position a year previous.
We quote from a letter received
from Mr. T. A. Walton, commercial
instructor, as follows:

"Last week I attended the funeral

of Mr. Holmes, who has been away
from us for some time, and sadly
missed by his friends on the faculty.
Now we are doubly sorry to lose him
for all time.
Mr. Holmes was highly
all who knew him. and
his pupils and the members of the faculty. During the times
that I called on him in his home I
found him to be just as optimistic and
brilliant as always, though, as he said,
his disease was closing in on him

esteemed by
especially by

every day like vise. Mr. Holmes took

a k'ndly interest in me from the day
we first met and he learned that I
came from the Zanerian.
But you
know Friend Holmes a good deal
better than I ever did, and I know
that you cannot say too much for
him. So I leave it to you to remember him in the B. E. He never failed
to speak of his high regard and friendship for you, and I know from your
letters that you thought the same of
him.
"Perhaps you have seen Mr. Whitacre or heard that he was called to
the air service last January. He went
East for training, but passed through
here a few weeks ago on his way to
Washington state, where he is now
located.
He is an officer supervising
the getting out of lumber for airplanes.
Now that Mr. Holmes is
gone I am the only Zanerian located
here,
where formerly there were
three."

Mr. Holmes came to the Zanerian

in 1892, since which time we have
respected him as highly as any man
.we ever knew. We have never known
a more perfect gentleman nor a truer
Christian.

He was

extremely modest, a fine

penman, and a teacher whose heart,
head and hand worked in unison.

Costello,

pyrighted. skillfully-executed,
Scranton, Pa

artistic

The world is considerably richer

for his having passed through it, because he benefitted by his kindly disposition all with whom he came in

Service design

is

from the pen

of

P.

W.

Will hllV
uviy

Pay'"S. well located school at

** 111
a fair price on reasonabIe
terms. If proposition will not stand investigation
save your postage. Address, BUSINESS, care of
The Business Educator. Columbus, Ohio.

contact.

He was a native of Ohio, having

taught commercial subjects in BradPa., and Mansfield, O., high
schools, going to San Diego about a
decade ago.
ford,

WRITE A BETTER

SIGNATURE

He leaves a sister living in San

Diego, Mrs. Catherine McKamey, 1231
Seventeenth St.; a brother, S. C.
Holmes, of Newark, O., and three
nieces. Mrs. Stephen O'Donnell, Mrs.
Nellie Shaw and Miss Carrie Clark, of
Springfield, O.

in my finest hand.
You
will be delighted and the re
is no doubt that you will
find one styfe that you will

adopt. The charge

25c.

1,

ft rati

a piece of paper

in

Will also send vou a

CAN YOU WRITE CARDS?

CardJ Writers are "cleanipg up" selling Our FlafT Card
'- for samples
of Card Writers Suppli*
Flag Cards for 25c.
AOFNTS WANTED. Address all orders to McBEE &
BASHOR, 3 Hawth rne Ave., West View Borough,
Pittsburgh, Pa.

JI|.l||l,U,i.l,l.l.UU4.IH4^iJII|j.M,im'J.'H .H,.U,IJI.I.H.HiJ.IJ.lUti,lillil.llU.IJM
(

my

capitals.

A. P.

Address

MEUB,

Expert Penman
High School, Pasadena, Cal.

abcdefghijhlmno
pqrsfuuwHijz

fBCDEFBHIJKUn
nOPQRSTUULUXUZ
BROAD-PEN BLOCK By

E.

A.

Lupfer,

Columbus,

O.

This Broad-Pen Block or Egyptian Text, as it is sometimes called, is an excellent one to practice to train
the eye to precision in concept and the hand to mechanical exactness.
The spacing should be the same between the strokes in the letters as between the letters^
Great care must be exercised to keep the angle of the point of the pen at forty-five degrees at all times or
the vertical and horizontal strokes will not be the same in width.
And unless all vertical and horizontal
strokes are the same in thickness, the effect will not be pleasing.
The beveled corners in some of the capitals are made by going over them a third time, hut it is not necessary to twist or change the angle of the pen in so doing.
The left and lower strokes or sides of the letters are usually made first, and then the top and right sides
are made.
It will take considerable practice to train the eye to perceive and the hand to exactness in the execution of
straight lines, regularly spaced, uniformly vertical, and well proportioned.
Sharp, square-cut beginnings and endings are desirable, therefore exactness in detail is necessary.
Pencil head and base lines for both capitals and small letters may be used, and if much difficulty is experiened in seuring uniform slant and spacing, vertical pencil space lines may also be used to school both eye
and hand to accuracy.
India ink, broad-pointed pens, firm paper are necessary for the best work.
Much care, patience, firmness, sureness, and skill are necessary to execute this alphabet, but its mastery
makes all other text alphabets easy and excellent.
Little or no retouching with a common pen is necessary or should be indulged in.
One of the many new lessons and beautiful, practica illustrations which appear in The Zanerian Manual ot
Alphabets and Engrossing, which is a revised, enlarged and greatly improved edition of New Zanerian Alphabets, published

by Zaner

&

Bloser Co., Columbus, Ohio.

By Miss

F.

L. Gray, Pupil of E. L.

Br

Rockland, Me.

Mr.

Floyd

E.

Oneth,

&

&/u.#>uj*/ujjC<&uw/<r

Rogersville.

Mo., died some time in June or July,

aged 28 years. His wife, parand one-year-old child survive
him.
1918,
ents,

In 1916 Mr. Oneth married Miss

Miller, of Salt Lake City,
college and has for some time given

May

Last year Mr. Oneth taught commercial

subjects

in

the

West High

School of Salt Lake City, Utah, resigning his position and work on account of ill health.
In 1912 he completed a course in
the Zanerian and achieved such suc-

By
fine

A. B. Cox, Penman, Strayer's Business College, Washington. D.

a teacher as

penman and

a still finer fellow.

cess as a supervisor of writing that in

1915 he was chosen to organize and
supervise the instruction of arm movement writing in Porto Rico. So successfully did he accomplish the task
tha't he was offered a permanent position on the Island.

We found him to be every inch a

gentleman, thorough in anything he
professed either knowledge or skill,
modest, loyal to his friends, and true
to his convictions.
is
I't
indeed a
tragedy for one so young and inspiring to depart so untimely through no
fault of his own.
Our sympathy goes to those who
gave him to us and to her who won
his love and who was worthy of him.

SPECIAL OFFER!
With every one dollar order for my inks I will
send free one set of ornamental capitals or one
beautiful flourished bird executed with white and
gold ink on blue paper SATIN GLOSS, the worlds
best glossy ink 4 oz bottle, 50 cts. NONESUCH,
the ink with the brown line and black shade, same
price.

Sample cards executed with these inks free

two cent stamp.

for a

604

W.

A. W.
Colvin St.

DAKIN,
Syracuse. N. Y.

Engrossing and Card Writing

are

my

specialties.

Were you

satisfied

with

your

last year's diplomas, and the price you

paid to have them filled in? Write for samples

and

prices.

12 cards, plain or fancy, 25c.

G. D. GRISET,
EVANSTON. ILL.

2909 CENTRAL

By M. Otero Colmenero, San

penman

in

Juan, Porto Rico

our island possession, and one who ranks

ldll.llll,Ul*.U.lJ.liJJJliyiMHlllMU.UiW.^MJmi.UlM.Hl tJ.j,

JI.lllll,

HMJ.

II

C.

Mr. Co

<!^&&u4/neM'd*/tuxi&r

DESIGNING &
ENGROSSING
BROWN

E. L.
Rockland, Me.

and stamps

n,

Page.
Close attention must
be given to balance in a design, also
Title

to

arrange

ment

of

Unless your
masses.
design "holds together."

it

is

a failure, al-

may

though

it

accurate

and finished

in

be

detail.

This design

is

not

elaborate one,
neither is it simple,
but fills the middle
ground of elaborateness and simplicity
The decoration on initial "P" is
adapted from the acanthus leaf, modified here and there to meet the requirements of decorative effect. The
entire design must be laid off roughly
an

in

pencil,

merely suggesting

size

and

character of lettering and ornament.

detail drawing should follow, with
special attention to form and color
values.
Pencil the principal lines of

lettering, aiming for accuracy in form

and spacing. Use India ink for all
kinds of pen drawing. Pen technique
.refers to the method of using lines
and dots in treating color values.
Outline scroll work with a No. 5

broad pen, aiming for uniform thickUse a No. 170

ness in the strokes.
Gillott pen for lining scroll work,
carrying the thickness and spacing of
the lines to produce the different tone
values.
Background of initial "P"
was ruled with a No. 3 broad pen.

Cross-hatch lines at top to obtain the

dark tone. Avoid using weak, indistinct lines, and aim for full, sweeping
curves. "Block in" lettering first with
a No. 1 or 3 broad pen, according to
size of letter desired, and afterwards
rule edges, striving for uniform vertically.

Chinese
stippled

Add

relief line for finish, also

white dots and lines.
The

background and wreath adds

and delicacy which, in conthe hard lines, is most pleas-

a softness

trast to

Study the

details of this design crit-

&>

ically; we are sure it is worthy of

your best efforts.
This design can be treated most effectively in color, and the only reason
why we give this study in pen technique is the fact that color drawings
reproduce very unsatisfactorily from a
standpoint of color values. Pen draw-

ing

is

very satisfactory for cuts for

commercial purposes, but the delicacy

of wash drawing is better for resolution

work.

BOOK REVIEWS
Our readers are interested in books of merit,
but especially in books of interest and value
to commercial teachers, including books of
special educational value and books on business subjects.
All such books will be briefly
reviewed in these columns, the object being to
give sufficient description of each to enable
our readers to determine its value.

The Employment Department and

Employee Relations F. C. Henderschott and F. E. Weakly. La Salle

Extension
University,
Paper cover, 60 pages,

Chicago.
not

price

given.

This book describes the organizaand duties of an employment department, the function of the employment manager, his relations to other
departments, the sources of the labor
tion

supply, and the scientific method of

This
selecting people for their jobs.
for general intelligence, special intelligence, and manual dexterity; physical examinations;
and the observation of temperment.
Mental capacity tests which have been
found reliable are given in full.
last includes tests

War Time

Control of Industry The

Experience of England, Howard L.
Gray. Professor of History in Bryn

Mawr College. The MacMillan Co.,

New York. Cloth, 307 pages, price
$1.75.

This volume

is

a review

and an-

alysis of the successive stages of Governmental control of industry, parThe volume is

ticularly in England.
of immediate value in showing what
has been done in England toward the
solution of problems with which this
country is just beginning to deal, and
which will have to be solved in the
light of what has been done, as well
as in conformity to coming events,
which each year must be viewed at
somewhat unusual angles. Railways,
woolens,
mines,
munitions,
labor,
leather, food and agriculture are all
The last chapter entitled
dealt with.

"Conclusions and
very illuminating.

Comparisons"

Is

Experiments in Educational PsyPh.

chology Daniel Starch,
D.
The MacMillan Company, New

York.

Cloth, 204 pages, illustrated,

price $1.00.
volume
This
has not only been designed to serve as a guide for lab-

oratory experiments in educational

psychology, but has served more
largely in the past few years than any
other book of which we have knowledge. The experiments selected have
direct
bearing upon educational
a

The material is of such a

concrete nature that litor no previous training is necessary to carry on experimental work
so as to determine mental clearness
and alertness. The book possesses a
double value in that it enables one
not only to test a class but to begin
at home by testing one's own perceptions and performances.
problems.

simple, and

tle

Edwin
of Judging Men
B. S Knox School of

The Science
Morrell,

Salesmanship

and

Business

Effi-

Ohio.
Cleveland,
Board
ciency,
covers, 145 pages, illustrated, price
not given.
The author was for several years
a profession of psychology in an Ohio
college and has for some time given
his entire attention to teaching business men concrete psychology as it
pertains to the interpretation of human nature. This volume bids well
to do for the present generation what
phrenology and physiognomy did for
the past generation because it has
brought these elements and experimental sciences and arts up to date.

The volume

profusely illustrated
is
with drawings and photographs illustrating unmistakably the characteristics discussed therein.
The temper-

ments are treated

&

&ie^uJ//ieJ^&/iuzz/fr

as a basis for interpreting character, supplemented by

the "Face of Man."
"National Psychology" is given a deserved chapter
in the book.
"Sikografs" of President
Wilson, Rockefeller, Bryan, Goethals

and other notable men are given including one in our own field of enOf
deavor, Mr. Harry C. Spillman.
course, the purpose of the book is to
train observation and thus to help one
to judge rather than misjudge human
nature, and to appreciate rattier than

human nature rightly taught and viewed makes

one critical of self rather than of
verily believe in the old
others.
saying that the "Greatest study of
mankind is man" and it therefore
gives us pleasure to commend this
to suspicion character, for

We

partners went on a tour to

South America and the junior partsenior

ner stayed home in order to throw

upon shoulders that
had not been exercised. In a word,
Skinner shocked his subordinates into thinking and responsible beings by
responsibility

delegating to them authority.

As a
consequence they worked with enthusiasm and surprised their employers upon their return with their
It's a good
vim and youthfulness.
suggestive short story.

book.

Recent U.
Pitman's Phrase Books, Chemical and
Drug Trades. Isaac Pitman & Sons,
X. V., Toronto, and London. Cloth
boards,

76

pages, illustrated, price

S.

Government

Educational Publications
Copies of which may be procured by addressing
the Superintendent of Documents,

Government Printing

85 cents.

Washington. D.

The volume

prepared
for clerks, typists, or stenographers
preparing for or employed in the
many branches of the Chemical and
Drug industry and trade. The introductory chapters are the result of
long experience by one engaged in
A list of some 1,500
such work.
phrases and characters are given,
are
frequently
used in that
such as
is

No. 51. Moral Values

Secondary Education. Price, 5

Bulletin, 1917,
in

cents.

The Money
1917, No. 22.
Value of Education. Price. 15 cents.

Bulletin,

Bulletin, 1918,

No.

struction in the

3.

Bulletin, 1918,

Dodge.
lishers,

Big Idea.
Henry Irving
Harper & Brothers, PubNew York. Boards, 80

pages, price not given.

The story tells how an
office force was rejuvenated

An
titan a

About Books

Agricultural In-

High Schools

of Six
Price, 10 cents.

Eastern States.

line.

Skinner's

Office.

specially

No.

11.

Community

Center, What it is and how to Organize It. Price, 10 cents.

No. 54. Training in

Margaret S. McNaught.
(The best book of
Editor.)
the kind we have seen.

Bulletin,

1917,

Courtesy.

over-age

when

the

Price, 10 cents.

Italian proverb says:

bad book.

Quoting from

There

Tom Brown: Some

is

no worse robber

books, like the city

of London, fare the better for being burned.

And now, one from Carlyle: If a book comes from
the heart, it will contrive to reach the heart.

As applied to text-books, the intellect or understanding is to be reached, rather than the

or emotions.
A poor text-book robs the student of the time that he should have
spent studying from a good book.
Practical Text Books for Practical Schools have been specially prepared by authors of
practical experience, both in school and in business. These books grip the attention and reach
The right thing is
the intellect, and compel the understanding.
There is no waste of time.
learned speedily. There is no wrong thing to be unlearned.
heart,

Our books have stood the severest tests for many years, in the largest and most progressive schools.
The schools are progressive because the books are progressive, being revised frequently to keep them up to date.
Catalogue and price list free. Get that and then select some of our books for examination.
They have been published for your especial benefit, but you must make the next move
in order to receive that benefit.
Can you afford to neglect this opportunity, and go on using
Nothing but the best is good
books that are barely "good enough" to get along with?

enough now.

THE PRACTICAL TEXT BOOK COMPANY

1739 Euclid Avenue

CLEVELAND, OHIO

iji.uH.uji.u.i.i.iuj.iiijjtjti.u.mu.im.n..iJ,iii.i,ii,i-ii<.iJ.<iui.uHii.iiitiH

&

&t&u4/n<M>&&unfir

*--.-. s
how others mastered penmanship by my
f
\
{JXsy**?"") method. Your name will be elegently

'

F.

written on a card

if

W. TAMBLYN. 406 Meyer Bldg

I

you en-dose stamp.

Kansas

The

by mail.
tion

securing,

Mo.

City.

teach rapid, tireless

posi-

salary raising kind.

Write for free journal.

FR>HC1S

COURTNEY, Box G-492.

B.

Detroit, Mich.

The American Penman

The Leading Magazine Devoted
Commercial
manship.

Education
Beautifully

and

to

Pen-

Illustrated.

Contains graded lessons in business writing, engrossing, ornamental

writing and text lettering; Articles
on Business English, Commercial
Law, Accounting, Natural Laws of
Business,
School
News. Personal
News, Educational Business News.
Subscription Price, $1 per Year.
Sample Copy, 10c.
Club Rates Given on Application.

By

the

Editor

Beautiful Oxidized Silver Watch

Fob given Free with single subscriptions at $1.00 per year.

The American Penman

30

N eTYo rk

ce

Your Mite Makes Right

HIGGINS'

BUY W.

S. S.

ETERNALINK-ENGROSSINGINK
WRITES EVERLASTINGLY BLACK

DO YOU HAVE TROUBLE

The Eternal Ink

is for general writing in plain orfountain

pens (2 oz. bottle by mail 20c.)
The Engrossing Ink is for
special
writing, engrossing,
etc.. (2 oz. bottle by mail 30c.)
These inks write black from the pen
point and stay black forever; proof
to age, air, sunshine, chemicals and

If)tur dialer

do.

CHJS. M. HIGGINS
271 NINTH ST.

lltfl)

&

C0..MFR.

BROOKLYN,

N. Y.

th,
if
getting position and muscular movement in your writing'
Myograph for pen and ink work and Adjuster for pencil. They positively
prevent finger-motion and wrong position. Myograph 20c. Adjuster U)c
postpaid, or both for 25c. A Pencil Economizer free with order, dend
stamps. The demonstration by little 6-year-old Lucvnda Miller the writing marvel) at the recent Commercial Teachers' Federation meeting convinced all who saw the exhibition that our claims are not exaggerated.

in

Try them in your classes.

1024 N. ROBEY ST.

Address

A FAUST

C.

CHICAGO.

ILL.

VALUABLE BOOK ON COMMERCIAL PEN LETTERING

"Practical Compeni

Commercial Pen Letteredition, revised and enlarged,

ranged for School use.) A comof tin- Marking. Shading, Plain,
,."ial, Border and Shadow Lettering Fens. Contains
100 pages 7 -- x 10W, illustrating 14s platea of Commercial
Pen Alphabets, Designs. Show Card LayoutB. Corners,
Borders, Scroll Designs, etc., with complete instructions
This book has a beautiful front cover page
for each
ing and Designs."

especially giacied and

y/\ 0/s/s/sxy

urn of
19

>ka6lmj

lmc&

We

guarantee this
printed in three colors and Gold.
to be exactly as represented or money back.
Complete catalog of Lettering Supplies
Prepaid, SI. 00.

book

Best Quality at Lowest Prices

Catalog and full-sized samples
sent on request.

ART ENGROSSING
in
Designing, Engrossing
and Illuminating, Drawing
and Painting.

Instruction

Esterbrook Pens
The biggest business unit in America, the
U. S. Government, uses them; also the
majority of schools and business colleges.
Designed with a knowledge of what is needed in a pen.
Send

5e HOWARD & BROWN 5*2

10c for

samples of the

12

most popular Esterbrook Pens.

ESTERBROOK PEN MFG. COMPANY

50-70 Cooper

Camden, N.

Street

Rockland, Maine
jii.mi.uiiui

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!

J.

&

<^^utihiM&&ai&r

Pens

Gillott's
The Most Perfect

Pens

of

PRINCIPALITY PEN, NO.

O

Halftones
REPRODUCED FROM

CULOTTS

VICTORIA PEN, NO. 303

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TrtE!

Gillolt s

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DESIGNERS ILLVSTRflTORS

Pens have for seventy -five years stood the

most exacting tests at the hands of Professional and

Business Penmen. Extensively imitated but never

equalled, Gillott's Pens still stand in the front rank,

as regards Temper, Elasticity and Durability.

ENGKHVERS
@lumbus, Ohio

SOLD BY ALL DEALERS

Joseph Gillott
ALFRED FIELD &
93 Chambers

&

Sons

CO., Sole Agents

NEW YORK

St.

PENMANSHIP SUPPLIES
Prices subject to change without notice. Cash should accompany all orders,
All goods go postpaid except those listed to go by express, you to pay express charges. Of
course, when cheaper, goods listed to go by exp ress will be sent by parcel post, if you pay
charges.

PENS
Zanerian Fine Writer Pen No.

1
1
1.

1
1
1

No.
No.

Standard Pe

Pen No.

4.

5.

6.

gr...
$1.00
$ .30
'A gr..
Gillott':
Special prices in quantities.
also handle
Write for prices.
Hunt's. Spencerian & Esterbrook': pens.

Triangular Straight Holder, 7'A inches

Triangular Obliciue Holder, 6 inches
Central Holder, "hard rubber, SH inches
Correct Holder, hard rubber. 6H inches
Pencil Lengthener

complete

set (12 pens)

doz. single pointed, any No
doz. double pointed, any No
gr. single pointed, any No

A
l

gr.

double

any

pointed,

INKS

20
40
35
75

No

Zanerian Fine Art Oblique

'

Holder.

Obliqu<

Ink
Gold
1
1

Ink

doz. bottles Zanerian Gold Ink,

bottle Zanerian School Ink.

Arnold's Japa

Rosewood:

SI. 00

Nearly

.$ .75

pt.,

pt.,

Holder, Rose

Expert Oblique Hold

1

gr

doz

1
1

1
1

$12.00

gr.

1.25

'/4

doz.

...

express, $ .65

CARDS

11'

55
10
10

$0.25

PEN HOLDERS
11

15

25
25
10
20

Lettering Holder
Hard Rubber Inkstand
Good Grip Penpuller
Inkholder for Lettering

Broad Pointed Lettering Pens.

1

20

White, Mack and

TYi inches:
.$6.50
gr.

100

Excelsior Oblique Holder, 6 h

...
gr
$7.50
yi gr.
doz
90
Zaner Method S
ight Holder, 7 r/J inches:
gr
$4.75
$9.00
'A gr
'A gr.
1 only
doz
doz
50
90
i
1

ZANER & BLOSER

six

different colors:

postpaid, 30c; 500 express (shipping weight

ht 4 lbs.), $1.50.
1000 xepress (shipping

Flourished Design Card:

With space for name.
Every one different.
.

of 12 cards.
3 sets of 36 cards
1

set

.$

different

lbs.),

sets

.1'

21

CO., Penmanship Specialists, Columbus, Ohio

msEmmnsMmmssmammEBaMMsmm

<Me&u4/n*M&&u*ir

1&>

THE SERVICE WE OFFER

AT THIS TIME
believe to be more valuable to young people, especially those
help their country in its hour of need, than ever before.

we

who want

to

do most to

The schools are crowded with those training for office positions with the government
and with business concerns.
Many of these students never make good, and yet, every school is besieged for qualified

stenographers, bookkeepers, etc.

The successes we never hear

great national

life

They pass out and are quickly absorbed

of.

into the

of our country.

What about the failures those who get so far but cannot go "over the top".
are willing, they are earnest, and yet, somehow they cannot make it.

What

They

are you doing for this class of students in your school;

Maybe they are intellectually incapable; maybe

because they are found in every school.
There are other reasons you can find for their
their previous training was not sufficient.
failures.

Might not one of these reasons be that you are not using the books that are easiest to
understand, and that most surely qualify in the least time for successful mastery of the
subjects of which they treat?
cal

Our commercial text books provide the right training based on the first-hand practiexperience of those who have prepared them.

might he a better text in any subject you teach than the

one you are using, what are you going to do about it?

If there

Are you going !to avoid your responsibilities in the face of the enemy?
The first duty of every officer is to protect his men and train them so that when

the
time of mortal conflict comes, they will be prepared to render the best account of themselves,
and do the most for their country.

The first duty of every teacher is to put the very best text books available into the
his students that will best train them for the conflict of life upon which they are
about to enter.
hands of

The competent

officer

does not arm his

men

with

flint-lock

muskets when Enfield

rifles

are available.

The competent

teacher, principal, or school officer, does not use text books that are in

a class with the flint-lock musket.

The Rowe texts are planned and intended for the sharpshooters and shock
regiments of the industrial army of our country.
We ask every teacher who is not now using them, and who is fired with the spirit of
patriotic

duty and energetic enthusiasm to ask for such of our books as he needs for his

purposes.

The only
from mere

is that we do not care

Get them and use them.

limitation

curiosity.

143 Second Street

San Francisco,

Cal.

/Jit?

to

send books to those

who

S
/~t.

request them

Harlem Square

^7rl/./xi)ciSz/&o.

Baltimore,

JIMIII,lHJl.U.B.f.l4.IIUlli'llllUll!au.ilMUI..IJ.IIU.II.Hi4.IJ.UUI.mi J |.IIU.M

Md

'.

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,

iU.i

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i',

"ll'^IIIW^iiilllflllJlfllllllilllfll

Ir-A^riERS-

I|,|

PROFESSIONAL EDITION.

October, 1918

$1.00

A YEAR

-t

The

Biggest Day's

Commands
This

true

is

the Biggest

of everything including

Students

who

Work
Pay

TYPEWRITING

are trained in the skilled use of the

SELF STARTING
REMINGTON
have a

letter

typing efficiency which cannot be attained in any

other way.

The

mechanism

cuts out

explanation

and thus gives the

all

typist

is

hand

simple.

This automatic indenting

settings of the typewriter carriage

more time

to type.

Self Starting Remington enables every typist who uses

become a more productive worker and hence a bigger

The
it

to

wage

earner.

Remington Typewriter Company

(

Incorporated)

NEW YORK

and

EVERYWHERE

L'l^Hliltiil.ll^l^JllltiKyitll.H.lli'i-lli-llnN.IIMill.lltWI'HIimtil'l-f^lW

J//u 'KJujs/ujj C'duia/tr

Challenge Shorthand
Two Down

Bliss

Bookkeeping

Special Short Course arranged for use with

or without offices.
Extremely interesting to

Directions

From the standpoint of speed and legibility the

two down directions of Challenge Shorthand are
incomparably superior to the three down directions of

the pupil.

the Pitmanic systems; and this truth is universally

recognized by shorthand writers.
Challenge Shorthand notes talk, because all the
directions are always certain.
Learning Challenge W, CH, J, P, B, F, V, Y, the
text of any Pitmanic system is practically the text of
Challenge Shorthand, after you strike out the unmasterable jumbles incident to Pitmanic lengths, and
/,
I- and r-hooks, and two ways for /,
sh
and, thus
correcting, you save half the time of the student's
course, and dissipate all the haze of the graduate's
after life.

Scientific

Challenge Shorthand Manual, $1.25;

Produces

Simplis Shorthand
Only Ten Short Lessons. Easy to teach, easy
to learn, and easy to read.
Graduates hold
the best positions.

watni/

Three Down -directions:

(/
TBW

DH

II

SH

"11

Ml'

lines

MB

N "mj

Challenge

is

20 per cent beat in speed, and 100 percent in safety

SCOUG ALE,

Special

THE F.H. BLISS PUBLISHING COMPANY

Copyright 1918, by

M.

Up-to-date business letters.

features.

)
(

Pitman and Challenge in Comtnoi

All verticals slso in connon, though the Ohallonge
verticals nay take any inclination to the left
Challenge

Takes up the work where the textbook leaves

off.

))
Z V

))

\l

National Dictation

D B
S F
Challenge Safety Appliances

Two Down-Directions:

Pitman Danger

(f\ I
CH J T P

Genuine Touch Operation in the

The Very Best Meth-

quickest possible time.

od published.

sample

CHALLENGE SHORTHAND
\\i\)j WZZB
FTHL VDHY PTCH BDJ R S SH j,

Touch

Typewriting

copy to teacher or school, 90 cents.

$>

SAGINAW, MICHIGAN

Weather* J. Texas

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Metropolitan System of Bookkeeping

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The author is a teacher of elementary bookkeeping, also an expert accountant, and

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It is emphatically a modern text educational, vocational, and disciplinary, and conveniently arranged for a combination of class and laboratory methods of instruction.
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The complete text (402 pages) and divided units, adapt Metropolitan System of Bookkeeping for long or brief courses, and for use of special sets.
There is a careful grading of the work from the beginning, and new subjects are introduced one at a time. A full explanation and script illustrations accompany the introduction
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The text does not go to the extreme in the matter of accountancy, but is strictly in accordance with modern accounting practice.

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METROPOLITAN TEXT BOOK COMPANY

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Gregg Shorthand
" The National System'

IS

BEST

When

a shorthand system has been endorsed by seventyper cent of the Boards of Education of the country whose
high schools teach shorthand, and is taught by eighty-five
per cent of the private commercial schools, it is natural to
inquire why.
The answer may be found in its three leading features.
five

^ ne s m P nc ity f Gregg Shorthand makes it easy to learn and

easy to teach. Students succeed with it; become enthusiastic;
study with greater interest; acquire greater skill than with other systems. Incidentally it relieves the teacher of much drudgery.

S/W*/)//// tV
J

T fOl 1)1 IltV

J
tS

Shorthand

is

>

'

'

^ ne connec tive vowels and

make Gregg Shorthand easy

the most legible of

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distinctive
to write

longhand-slope forms

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Gregg

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flowing characters and brevity of form give it the

Gregg writers have been
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*y/u<j6uJS/uJS<5~{/iua/fr

Adopted by

the

New

&

York Board of Education for 1918-1919 Listing

Supply List No. 11886

Pitman's Shorthand Rapid Course

A New
(I

and Complete Business Course

The object of this book is to orovide a simple and rapid course of instruction for

who wish

those persons

to

acquire the

shorthand within a very

short period and mainly for business

ability to write

purposes.
<J

CJ

There are only twenty short lessons,

expressed in simple, brief language, without redundancy, and with a proper regard
for, and appreciation of, the learner's intelligence and common sense.

<J

The

principles are introduced in an entirely new order and with certain groupings
that have never previously been adopted. The learner is enabled to write separate words in the first lesson, and he is

in

Twenty Short Lessons

introduced to sentence writing in the

third.
The whole of the explanatory matter, with
the essential exercises illustrating this
There is,
is contained in 98 pages.
however, an appendix with a generous
supply of additional reading matter and
writing exercises.
The principal of word building is applied throughout the book, so that the
learner greatly extends his shorthand vocabulary with each succeeding lesson and
without conscious effort.
Position writing is introduced with the
first lesson, the halving principle in the
fourth lesson, and Phraseography with
the diphthongs.

WHAT TEACHERS SAY

me

great pleasure to inform you that the teachers

>f shorthand at the Summer Session of the College of the City
of New York, after using the 'Rapid Course,* have all exI voice
pressed to me their warm admiration of the book.
their sentiments as well as my own when I tell you that we
have found the book a most helpful one for both the student
and the teacher. The wealth of exercise material in shorthand
and in longhand proved of inestimable value. The wonderfully compact form in which the theory is stated in the text
served as a great aid in a rapid presentation of the subject
It sufficient time for a thorough review of the principles.
and
Fx-om every standpoint we all feel that the "Rapid Course* is
I
unquestionably the best text that has yet been presented.
may add further that it is my intention to use that book
exclusively from now on in all of the work to be given in the
Extension Department, in the Evening Session and in the
Summer Session at the College of the City of New York."
Arthur M. Sugarman, Teacher of Isaac Pitman Shorthand.
c*<U.<i.
Cit
of th.
of New York, and Julia Richman High
School, New York.
"It gives

I.

"Your 'Rapid Course' presents in concrete from all the

valuable improvements suggested by the millions of people
who write the system every day. The exercises are brief
just enough to correctly illustrate the principles, and it has
further simplified the system, making the textbook an ideal
one for presentation to a class of employes who study the
subject in connection with their daily occupations." H. W.
unsbt rger, Conductor of Isaac Pit man Shorthand Classes,
The National City Panic of New York.

"I wish to tell you what a splendid book I have found

It is the best text that
Pitman's 'Shorthand Rapid Course."
have yet seen in P.itmanic shorthand. I have much pleasure
to report that my results in one term are better than I usually
think the word
I
attain with the 'Course* in two terms.
I

building principle so completely used in this textbook makes

The omission of exceptional
the study from it very simple.
words and the carefully selected vocabulary makes it the
proper work to use where the time is limited." Charles L.
New York UniverPitman
Shorthand,
Isaac
Frank. Teacher of
sity, and Washington Irving High School, New York.
"1 have examined your 'Shorthand Rapid Course* with much
believe it is the best textbook that you have
I
published, and I am looking forward to seeing the American
This text will make
Edition when it comes from the press.
the teaching of shorthand more interesting than heretofore,
and I feel sure this work will meet with deserved success.
I'd like very much to have the opportunity to use this text
in a 1.- --inning class." James Telfer, Central Commercial and
Manual Training High School, Newark, N. J.

interest.

"I have just had an opportunity of examining Pitman's

'Shorthand Rapid Course,' and having gone through the book
carefully from cover to cover I find it to be the most practical
The Additional Exershorthand textbook I have ever seen.
cises impress me as being particularly valuable, not only to
teachers who desire to give to pupils in the regular course
additional illustrative work, but useful also for tests and for
W. L. Mason,
teachers using other Isaac Pitman textbooks."
Polytechnic High School, Santa Monica, Cat.

Cloth, gilt lettering, 198 pages, $1.50

Teachers' Examination Copy, postpaid, $1.00. Mention School
Send

for a copy of "Analytical

ISAAC PITMAN

Comparison" and Particulars of a Free Correspondence Course

&

SONS,

2 West Forty-fifth Street,

NEW YORK

Publishers of "Course in Isaac Pitman Shorthand." $1.50; "Practical Course in Touch Typewriting." sr,c; "Style Book of Business English", $1.00; adopted by the New York Board of Education.

mmmm*Mmm\m\mmm

for Teacher

amgamgf

COLUMBUS, OHIO, OCTOBER,

VOLUME XXIV

The BUSINESS

-----

Editor

Business Manager

Zaner & Bloser. Publishers and Owners

Published monthly (except July and August)
118 N. High St., Columbus, O., as follows:
Teachers' Professional Edition, $1.00 a year.
Students' Penmanship Edition, 75 cents a year
(Foreign subscriptions 20 cents extra; Canadian subscriptions 10 cents extra).
or

Remittances should be made by Money Order

Bank Draft, or by currency at sender's risk.

Stamps accepted.

Two Editions. The Teachers' Professional

Edition contains 40 pages, 8 pages of which
are demoted to Accounting, Finance, Mathe
matics, English, Law, Typewriting, Advertis
ntions, etc.,
the nee<

ially suited to

nd Departments
of teachers, principals

and proprietors.

The Students' Penmanship Edition contains

32 pages and is the same as the Professional
Edition, less the 8 pages devoted to commer
cial subjects.
This edition is specially suited
to students in Commercial, Public and Private
schools, and contains all of the Penmanship.
Engrossing, Pen Art, and Lesson features oi
the Professional Edition.
The Business Educator is devoted to the pro
and practical interests of Business
Education and Penmanship.
It purposes to
inspire and instruct both pupil and teacher,
and to further the interests of those engaged
in the work, in private as well as in public
institutions of commercial education.
gressive

Till

N\

IITEHOCSI

My dear Mr. Secretary:

I
am pleased to know that despite the unusual burdens imposed
upon our people by the war they have maintained their schools and
other agencies of education so nearly at their normal efficiency.
That this should be continued throughout the war and that, in so far
as the draft law will permit, there should be no falling off in attendance in elementary schools, high schools or colleges is a matter of the
very greatest importance, affecting both our strength in war and our
national welfare and efficiency when the war is over. So long as the
war continues there will be constant need of very large numbers of
men and women of the highest and most thorough training for war
After the war there will be urgent need not
service in many lines.
only for trained leadership in all lines of industrial, commercial,
social and civic life, but for a very high average of intelligence and
preparation on the part of the people. I would therefore urge that
the people continue to give generous support to their schools of all
grades and that the schools adjust themselves as wisely as possible
to the new conditions to the end that no boy or girl shall have less
opportunity for education because of the war and that the Nation
may be strengthened as it can only be through the right education
of all its people.
Cordially and sincerely vours.

W'OODROW WILSON.

Hon. Franklin K. Lane.

Secretarv of the Interior.

MERIT AND OPPORTUNITY

Change

of Address.
If you change your adbe sure to notify us promptly (in advance, if possible), and be careful to give the
old as well as the new address.
We lose many
journals each issue through negligence on the
part of subscribers.
Postmasters are not al
lowed to forward journals unless postage is
sent to them for that purpose.

dress,

Subscribers.
If we do not acknowledge reyour subscription, kindly consider firsl
the journal you receive as sufficient
evidence that we received your subscription al'
right.
If vou do not receive your journal bv
the 10th of each month, please nctify us.
ceipt of
copy of

Advertising Rates furnished upon applica

The Business Educator is purchased and

tion.

read

by the most

among

intelligent

and well-to-do

those interested in business education

and penmanship in the United States, Canada

England, and nearly every country on the
globe.
It circulates, not alone among business
college proprietors, teachers and pupils, but
also among principals of commercial depart-

ments

of

The

better private business schools

merit support along commercial eduthey have

cational
lines
because
evolved that line of instruction and
are capable of doing it better than
any other class of institutions. They
always have, and will continue to do
so for some time at least, turned out
better stenographers and bookkeepers in less time than public institutions because they specialize and intensify instruction, devote more hours
to it each day, and have older pupils
than in high schools.

These better private business

schools deserve the patronage of the
government in the line of vocational

and
for if stenography
not vocations and
consequently vocational subjects for
instruction, then there are no such
The governthing along any line.
ment should grasp the opportunity of
education,

bookkeeping are

the best instruction in the best business schools, both private and public,
and do so on the basis of merit solely.

Then. too. the re-training and further

training

of

disabled

soldiers

should be as much the part of the

private business school as any other.
It is prepared to the work in bookkeeping, shorthand, typewriting, business English, penmanship, commerarithmetic, etc., better than any
other, and the disabled soldier deserves the best.
cial

High and Normal Schools and Col

among office workers, home

leges, as well as
students, etc.

Rates to Teachers. Agents, and Club Raisers

upon application. Write for them whether
you are in a position to send few or many
subscriptions.
Sample copies furnished to assist in securing subscriptions.
sent

II

EDUCATOR

Entered at Columbus, O.. Post Office as 2nd Class Matter

C. P. Zaner,
E. W. Bloser.

NUMBER

1918

At a meeting on Sept. 7 of the Executive Board of the National

Commercial Teacher's Federation, it was decided to postpone the
1918 Convention one vear as a war measure.

,T

&

.y/u>3&uJ//i*jJ<5~<6<ia6r

Developmental Practice in Rapid Movement Writing

By

TOM SAWYIER,

Columbus, Ohio

THE MOVEMENT PHASE OF WRITING

is first of all dependent upon an efficient adjustment of the running parts of the writing
healthful and efficient position is. therefore, of prime importance and should he understood
machinery.
and maintained by the writer at all times from the start. Start right and then keep going in the right direction
is the perpetual suggestion.
The so-called
Facility in the writing action is the result of arm mo.-ement as the basic source of motivity.
"muscular," "free-arm" and "forearm" movements are synonymous and may be used interchangeably. Rapid movement writing is acquired by persistence in the use of the large arm muscles as opposed to excessive finger moveArm muscles are capable of doing maximal effort without tire. Finger activity as a means of pen
ment.
propulsion is inadequate, because limited in extent of power and endurance and restricted in ease and grace of
Arm movement promotes endurance and agility for the writing act, and in consequence lends force and
action.
character to the written product.
Too high speed is productive
Quality or legibility and speed in movement are the present-day requirements.
Finger movement and low speed is obstructive to efficiency. Formation and reproof illegibility and scribbling.
duction should be developed in a well-balanced combination to produce a practical, social-service handwriting.

Movement

in

writing

A good,

Development

Exercise

of u.

1.

Begin and end this

with

drill

upward

an

curve.

Count:

Start-1-2-3-4-5-6

1-2-3-4-5-6-curve.

Emphasize down strokes as indicated by the arrow.

Exercise 2. Count:
a-l-2-3-4-5-6-swing.
1-2
1-2
1-2.
Start-] -2-3-4-5-6
Exercise 3. Count:
Keep spacing wide between the letters.
Exercise 4. Count: 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-curve. Watch position of body. Glide the little finger freely.
Exercise 5. Count on the up or connective strokes.
Exercise 6. Count 6 for the retraced oval and go q.uckly to the letter group similar to Exercise 3.
Exercises 7, 8 and 9 are good to develop a running motion for the u. Keep turns rounding and angles sharp.
All down strokes should slant alike.
Exercises 10 and 11. Count: 1-2-3-4-5-6-down-down for the exercises and a-l-'2 for each small u made singly.
Sometimes count on up strokes of u as 1-:.'-:;.
Exercise 12. Watch the slant of down strokes in u. Join u in groups of four to the count of a-1-2 1-:2
1-2
1-2
12.
Keep turns narrow and rounding and angles sharp. Watch spacing and size. Keep a good position
and use a free movement. A and O may be used as a review in connection with the u-movement. Write a page
or more of this exercise. Criticise your work from time tD time. Study is essential to progressive practice.

Development of C. Exercise 1. Retrace the oval

tines and finish similar to the upward swing in ending C.
Maintain the "oval" or elliptical shape and not a circular form. Watch spacing and size.
Form the loop, swing up and
Exercise 2. The small arrow indicates the directionof motion in starting.
around into the oval which should be retraced 6 times aid finished. Keep definitely in mind the contour of
Count: loop-l-2-3-4-5-6-swing. Uniformity is desirable.
Go up and
Exercise 3. Count: loop-l-2-3-4-5-6-swing C. Make the "loop part lower than the top curve.
around. Keep sufficient space between loop and the downward curve. Write on the base line.
Exercise 4. A real "C-shell" exercise, indeed, and a good one, too. Start the loop feature and in spiral-like
mi. tii m gradually fill the entire space in capital C and finish as a C.
Sit up straight and you can see better, also
(i

make C

better.

Exercise
a

C.

Move

5.

Good

for the small "direct" loop in C.

Exercise 6. The loop of C

space and systematize practice.
gliding

arm

Start

much

as

C and

finish

as in the act of completing

briskly.
is

much

like small

Write also

in

in

appearance and

the middle of space

to

Economize
size.
Join in groups of three.
I'se a free,
school the eye in alignment.

action.

Exercise 7. Complete C except finish and surround with a retraced oval taller than the letter form enclosed.
Follow with C's made singly. He plain, free and quick. Do your "double" best.
moveExercises 8, 9 and 10. Capital C in connection with fie i-like drill or joined to letters in groups is g
ment application. Practice these drills faithfully and industriously. Make a compound curve of the finish ol C in
joining to o. Exercise 10 affords practice on abbreviations.
Study copy carefully. Close small o, and pause at
1

shoulder of

r.

The signatures should be practiced with attention directed to spacing, slope and
the initials, finish each word carefully and freely.
Keep a good healthful position.

size.

Study space between

of Numbers 1, 4, 6, 9, 7. Exercise 1.
Begin with the "push and pull" drill and alternate with
definitely on the base line.
1
of six. evenly spaced, with uniformity in slant and size
Stop the
Be quick!
Exercise 2. The straight line exercise should be made with a rapid in-and-out vibratory action. Keep bottom
of drill on the base line. 4 starts and ends like 1.
Bring the horizontal stroke low in 4 of which last down stroke
crosses.
Stop suddenly on the base line. I 7 or number 4 CDunt: 1-:.'-:'.. quickly, lightly, rhythmically.
Exercise 3. Start
exercise with a dot and attach the straight line drill without pause. Top of 7 is a small
compound curve. Down stroke is straight and goes a trifle below the base line. Lift the pen while in motion.
Be plain!
Exercise 4. Begin like a and change to the "compact," straight line drill. Number 9 should he closed at the
or 4.
top, otherwise it may resemble
Finish like
below the line. Slant, size, spacing should be uniform
Exercise 5 is the straight line with a six as a final stroke.
How about
Back of 6 should be kept straight.
yours:
Finish figure with a small loop or oval separated from the stem stroke.
Count: 1-:.'. 1-:.'. or 1-loop.
Exercise 6 is a variation on figure 6. Start like number
and add the small loop motion, or "pig-tail" finish.
Vlternate the B's in groups of three.
Count: 1-2-3-4-5-6, 1-'.'. :i-4, :>-r>. Emphasize the 1-like strokes.
Exercise 7.
These numbers all have straight stroke elements similar lo number 1. Write the line many times.
Strive for plainness, sureness, quickness.
Figures should he unmistakably easy to read. Place a row between the
lines on the paper to economize space, and keep a verticil alignment as in arrangement for addition.

Development
number in pairs

1&(3(3(3&&0
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Watch position of b :>dy, arm, hand, pen and paper. Glide the little finger
of E. Exercise 1.
Roll the arm on the muscle near the elbow. Gradually diminish the compact oval in size as shown. Pracagain and again. Keep exercise on the base line. Good for control.
Exercise 2 is made up of direct retraced ovals in the form of E. Start where E begins, retrace top and bottom
Think the transition before making it.
times each. Go from one to the other without lihing the pen.
oval
Finish like the swing of E.
Exercise 3 is an E-tracer. Go a little slowly over the form at first and increase speed as facility is acquired.
Be mentally alert and physically active. Count: start-l-2-3-4-5-6-7-swing for upper oval and 2 for lower part. Start
Development

freely.

tice

it

(J

and end

like E.

Be

graceful.

Exercise 4. Make a single E and surround with the "direct" retraced oval, with a finishing curve similar to
Keep space regular between forms.
Exercise 5. Study the copy carefully, and trace with dry pen at first. Alternate the two oval adaptations or
make a line of each. Think slanting ovals, systematic arrangement. Good for mental alertness and muscular agilPersevere. Be confident.
ity.
Exercise 6. Always know what is wanted before practicing upon it. Little arrow indicates start of motion
Do not get oval too large. Think clearly. Relaxation of muscles is essential.
in the loop oval.
Exercise 7. Alternate capital E and C. Both these capitals have similar beginnings and endings. Keep slant,
Practice same capitals one-half height shown. The E may start with a dot if desired.
size and spacing regular.
Exercises 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 are designed to develop applied action. They present capital and small letter motions
Pause slightly at the little dot or "blind loop" in v and w before joining and finishing. Study
in combination.
each copy closely before practice. Write many lines of each. Watch position of paper and hand.
The signature-like combinations afford excellent practice in arrangement. Study size, slant, spacing. The
practical letter combinations should be given considerable practice. Keep spacing wide between capitals. Develop
confidence and power.
E.

Development of n. Exercise 1 starts and ends like

Keep height and slant the same throughout.

n,

An

appropriate adaptation of straight lines

in

this con-

nection.

Exercise 2. Let the count indicate down strokes or over-turn impulses. Create freeness. Relax stiff muscles.
Refrain from gripping.
Exercises 3 and 4. Start with a double turn tracer. Keep turns similar at top and bottom. Trace No. 4 with
dry pen. Count on up strokes as well as on downward motions.
This is an important drill and should be
Exercise 5. Reverse the motion for development of over-turn.
Arrow shows the way.
practiced to overcome awkwardness and tendency to make wild, erratic motions.
Aim
Exercise 6. Similar to No. 2 only stress is laid on up or connective strokes in the movement process.
rounded.
and
turns
well
make
angles
sharp
to
Exercise 7. Count: curve-l-2-3-4-5-6-curve.
Give three counts to single n. Keep last down stroke on same
slant as

first.

Exercises 8 and 9. Join two n's. Make a sharp distinction between turn and angle. This is an excellent combination for much practice.
Xot accuracy but pleasing legibility is the form-goal. Freedom must combine with form to produce desirable
Pause
ends. Practice each word at least 25 times. Pause to detect chieffaults and practice to overcome them.
again to make improvement.

Development of D. See that position

make still greater improvement.

is

both healthful and

efficient.

Strive to harness the uncontrolled

mo-

tions and

Exercise

1.

Alternate the "O-tracer" and the "push and pull."

Attention to slant, spacing,

Turn out

size.

some good work now.

Exercise 2. Similar to the retraced oval with O finish with a toe loop attached. Start the D and go into oval
counts and swing upward as in capital O. Persevere.
for straight line and for the toe loop exercise count: down-l-2-3-4-5-G-D-swing.
Exercise 3. Count
Suppress a too rapid movement in the tiny reverse oval tracer and thus avoid losing control of the lower curve and
tracer

(i

(i

finish of D.
4.
Xow. try single D and the slanting line exercise. Count: 1-2-3 for D and retrace line movement
Keep the lower loop and the base curve on the line.
Exercise 5. Finish D upward. In this drill attach the i-like drill to the finishing stroke of D. Repeat same
The m-like drill may also be used as a fill in. Strive for freedom
drill beneath to occupy open space remaining.

Exercise

(i

times.

and control.
Exercise
other.

6.

and

end

Swing them upward.

alike.

Do

Count

1-2-3,

yours?
1-2,

Keep letters equidistant from each

off and see.
Single D's 50 a minute; single O's 00 a minute. Think clearly

Swing them
etc.

before you act.

Exercises 7 and

8.
Do jour "level" best. Be systematic in
Captial and small letter moveme it combined.
your practice. Strive to make tangible progress.
Exercise 9. For initial drill in joining D. Count: down-loop-loop-l-2-3-4-J-li.
For D's grouped count: down,
1-2-3
1-2-3.
loop-loop, down-loop-loop, etc., or 1-2-3
Keeping at it means to win.
The name and address is good application material. The signature should be considered as to spacing, etc.

Development of m. Exercises 1 and 2. Start boldly and forcefully with emphasis on up strokes and then on
down strokes. Keep turns fully curved and slanting strokes uniform in slope and separation. Make last
down stroke same in slant. Finish gracefully. Now reduce in size as shown in No. 2.

the

Exercise 3. Direct attention to the location and size of

Last turn at base line should be similarly curved.

turns.

Count:

turns.

Draw

the

first

1-2-3-4 and think of uniformity of

form and increase speed as skill is

acquired.

difficulty
Exercises 4 and 5. Follow the retraced oval and straight line drills with the upper turn exercise.
arises in the transition or application of motion. Be alert to control erratic flights of the pen.
Exercise 6. The reverse oval adaptation is for the over motion in m, and the straight line exercise is for the
down strokes in m. Follow with single m's counting for up strokes at times and then for the slanting stroke.
Count:
Start-1-2-3-4-5-6, start-l-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-curve, 1-2-3-4, 1-2-3-4.
Exercise 7. Join the
and repeat. Count on down strokes only, 6
to a retraced oval and make "double"
for the oval and 1-2-3 for m.
Pause to criticise and then
For connected m's count: 1-2-3 1-2-3, 1-2-3 1-2-3.
practice to make improvement.

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The wi rd mine is a fa' rite p-actice word. The words "mimic" and "memento" are excellent ones. Keep
Hook the c and close the o
spacing wider between letters than in letters. Keep size and slant uniform, too.
before finishing. Control the height of e's ill "memento."
Display it in rapid
physical
ammunition
do
you
possess?
mental
and
much
demand.
How
is
in
Ammunition
Uniformity, legibility and ease are the keys
iashi.m as you drive the pen through this rather long word.
fire
t

u id

writing.

Exercises 1 and 2. The forearm should act quickly in and out of the sleeve in a somewhat
of P.
The "indirect" compact oval
Slant of push and pull should be about on the line of vision.
diagonal manner.
Keep the up strokes and dow.i strokes the same in quality of line. Position!
needs thorough practice.
Exercise 3. Retrace the slanting line 8 times and join a half space reverse-compact oval. Repeat the oval
The transitional movement is important. Trace the push and pull quite near
drill in the open space remaining.
to the top before changing to the oval.
Exercise 4. Count: start-down-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-around-2^3-4-5-6-7-8. Keep your mind on the pen and the pen on
the paper throughout drill.
Think clearly before acting. Count: 1-2-3-4-5-6Exercise 5 has a still closer relation to the capital P shape.
l-2-3-4-5-6-swing.
oval
Exercise 6. Count: curve-l-2-3-4-5-6-oval or circle. Make the oval as nearly round as possible. Retrace the
Finish with an easy, graceful leftward swing.
last up stroke quite near the top.
Exercise 7. Count: curve-down-l-2-3-4-5-6-swing. P. ace the oval close to the stem retrace. Do not lift the
pen. Study and steady practice win.
Exercise 8. Study copy carefully. Use an in and out and circular motion. Do not retrace too rapidly, or it
Count: curve-pullwill force the oval away from the stem and the letter will have an open, unsightly appearance.
circle or l-:.'-M at the rate of from 50-00 a minute.
spacing
between capital and the
and 10 are good word-like drills. Watch
Exercises 9, 10, 11 and 12. Xos.
lower- and upper-turn movement. Xos. 11 and 12 are good name-like drills. Keep capitals same in slant, size and

Development

'.'

spacing.
Give much practice to the capital in easy words and signatures.
Pause slightly before making connective stroke
the connecting act.

Development
and end

of x.

like small

Exercise

1.

Three P's joined

is

good one

to

develop

the capitals joined.

in

Begin "Push and pull" with an upper turn and end with a lower tun..

Start

x.

Observe direction of ovals as shown by arrows. Touch the oval forms. Lift the pen and reverse
motion for the second part of drill. Count: curve 1-2-3-4-5-6, 1-2-3-4-5-6 curve.
Exercise 3. Study exercises thoroughly before drilling upon them. Use same count as for No. 2.
Make a central contact of the downward motions. This style
Exercise 4. Begin like n and end like small
Avoid separating parts of letter. Lift the pen. Count: 1-:.'. 3-4 and retrace
of \ is essentially similar to capital X.
Exercise

2.

i.

ab

>nt

times.

Exercise 5. After study, practice to the count 1-6 and pause to direct change of action.
Exercise 6. Small x looks the same inverted. Test your practice and proceed to improve. Be quick, be plain,
be sure. Stop first section of letter on the base line. Start second part no higher than the turn in first principle.
Bring last downward line in series to the base line and stop. Lift
Exercise 7. Emphasize down strokes.

pen

to finish exercise.

Exercises 8 and

9.

Count: 1-2-3-4-5-6-x, sw'tg-x,

etc..

swing-x.

swing-x.

Avoid

swing.

spasmodic or

sluggish motion.

These drills harness form to movement and drive it to work. The words are excellent for practice. Excel your
v-rrtice: became r"iir own critic.
Develop maxiformer efforts to execute form and movement. Examine
mum flunecy and power for the writing act. Lift the pen to complete the x in writing words. Remember position.

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3-B grade,

form,

75<7

Movement, 122',; Quality, 99 r ;

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according to the Chillicothe Survey Report.

Price 10

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<^^&u&n^&&u&&r
Contributions in

Business and Social Writing

G. D.
Evanston,

Illinois,

GRISET

$
A Good Handwriting
Means a Well Trained
Hand,

Key

and that is
to Efficiency.

the

Township High School

LESSON

No.

This lesson has to do with word practice. Beginnin j with the easiest letters, the plates gradually become
more difficult until (in Plate 7) words with upper and lo er loop combinations are given. These words (in Plate
7) were chosen because they offer practice on the hardest letter combinations one meets up against.
firmly believe that work of this nature (the practic
of words containing difficult combinations) is the best
form of practice one can follow.
Write four copies of each plate before taking up the n ::
Don't hurry. Remember you are trying to improve
your writing. Take your time. Sit erect. Use the push \ d pull motion. Some letters are more difficult than
others, so take a little more time on them.
Pay as much attention to the last letter of every wo d as von do to the first letter.
I

^^^^C^C^t^^-^L^^^T-^C

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Plate 1. These alphabets are given as an illustration of pen lifting (or pen picking). When doing their best
all professional penmen lift their pens frequently S) as to reset their arms, and start fresh, as it were.
Certain letters offer the penman an opportunity to lift his pen, reset his arm, and then continue, without making
a broken line.
Exercise No. 2 illustrates certain letters tiat may be used to advantage as half way houses. Practice up on pen-lifting.
It comes in handy.

work,

Plate

2.

Watch

slant, spacing,

Don't hurry; just take your time.

You should
feel free

and

You

relative height of letters.

are trying to improve.

Try

for a rhythmic, easy,

push and pull motion.

be able to write the longest word on the ;e plates without lifting your pen.
If your
while writing such long words, it is a good sign that such practice is just what you need.

arm

doesn't

Plate

Remember

4.

that the

t,

&

^J^u^/ned^^u^a/^

d,

and p extend the sime height above the base

line.

Plate 5. Don't make the lower loops too long.

If too long, lower loops conflict with the writing that follows.
Finish every word as painstakingly as you begin it.

^i^^i^i^^v^i^r

'

Plate 6.
Don't forget your push and pull movement. A little finger
Finish the 1> carefully.
The second part of the k is taller than the second part of the h.

How

about the

Try pen

lifting

in

movement

helps the loops.

f?

now.

-^L^l^f^^Z^^^^^^

Heavy lifting develops a strong back. Difficult combinations develop

Some persons think they can write because they can scribble, "Nine men mine

Plate 7
to try

"My

heifer

This plate,

if

skill
in

^>

and confidence.
mine." Ask those simps

was smelling

alfalfa hay."
consistency practiced, will give

you

skill

and confidence of which you haven't dreamed.

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The

figures are important, for very little writing is done that does not contain some figures.
To be
of use, figures must he unmistakably plain, for only one illegible figure will throw a whole account off.
Study the large forms carefully. The figure 6 extends one-third of its height above the other figures, while the
7 and 9 extend one-third of their lengths below the base line.
Slant the finishing stroke of the two a little upward.
Doing this keeps it from becoming confused with the ba;e line. Begin the T with a dot. and finish with an upstroke that is rather straight. Notice that the oval of the 9 doesn't quite rest on the base line
When making figures use the little finger as a hinge. The figures are so small (ordinarily) that it is not
necessary for one's little finger to slide. Of course, even this hinge action is arm movement, as the propelling power
comes from the upper arm.

Plate

8.

>^^O^i^ly^>

'

Pvey/O&st
*U4^^/&f^^zzsc>?^/^/cn

By James

D. Todd, Salt Lake City, Utah.

Mr. Todd

is

wond;rfully accur

rid

he writes quite rapidly, too.

JLc^Z^ &1>^L^7U^I^3^&3^

'.

6-A grade, Chillicothe. Ohio. School.

Form, 72<7C
price 10 cents, Zaner & Bloser Co., Columbus, Ohio.

Move:

thod of grading.

Chillicothe

Surveys,

^T

EDITOR'S PAGE
PENMANSHIP EDITION

<!ffie3&UJ//t&iAQ~6M*zfcr
many

as

We

Our Policy: Better Writing Through

small

Improved Teaching and Methods.

the

Form with Freedom from

rather

the Start

ART AND ACT

writing

was

times
recent
I'ntil
taught as an art something beautiful
It was taught along
seful.

certain definite lines of slant, size and

accuracy and
Legibility,
beauty were all emphasized. Position,

movement and speed received secondary attention, and sometimes scant

attention.
But the world moved on
in its work and in due course of time
handwriting dropped behind the spirit
of the times, and. as is usually the
case, a revolution took place in which,
as is usually the case, the tables were
turned.
In recent times, consequently, writing has been taught and promoted as
an act. the art being secondary to
It
has been and is being
the act.
taught along certain definite lines of
position, movement and speed, with
As a conless emphasis upon form.
sequence there is much writing that
unsightly.
and
is scrawly
It was a case of formalism giving

of

formalism

teaching and learning is essential to efficiency, but in

the end they are objectionable as
such. Too many teachers carry them
too far, and "diminishing returns" in
in

and results follow. The forand act must be merged

into the informal and individual or
interest

mal

in

much

art

of

it

is

lost.

COST OF ENGRAVING
The

increasing costs of certain

chemicals and metals and the shortage of skilled chemists have increased
greatly the cost of engraving so that
it will be difficult to continue to give

in

hereto-

as

E.

man}
in

we hope to surprise
disappoint our readers
from month ao month.
Vnu can help by sending subscriptions, news items, contributions and
specimens.
Commercial education and good
penmanship help to win the war by
than

making

for

intelligent

and

efficient

work.

Engraving now costs us between

two and three hundred percent more
than before the war.

"CARRY OVER"
"Why

applies to penmanship methods and

practice as well as to anything, for if
too much movement is taught it will
always mean that too little of something else just as important has been
neglected.
Extremes react.

do not more pupils use the

movement

'muscular'
writing?"

in

all

of

their

question frequently
is
a
asked by conscientious teachers.
The answer must necessarily conform to conditions, and they vary
greatly.
Generally speaking, one can
say that the instruction has been inin
quantity or in time,
wrong thinking, or that too little attention to the application from day to
day of the things taught.

sufficient

The use or application

the proof

is

teaching
having taken and consequently "carthe

that the thing attempted is too formally presented both in matter and
manner. Extremity forces pupils to
abandon the thing taught at.
We recently heard of a certain
city
having abandoned "muscular"
movement because it did not "carry
over."
And it did not carry over
because the type of movement taught
from the first grade was extreme and
required too much time and effort on
the part of teacher and taught.
"Too much is too much" is a very
old and meaning-full expression, and
is

it

teaching,

ried over."

amount

B.

but

past,

pleted product, but they should balance.

Too much form means impeded expression; to much movement
means impeded reading; the right
mixture or correlation means good
writing and good reading qualities.
certain

the

miscellaneous specimens as

of

in

shall be unable to give as

way to mannerism. Both form and

manner are essential to the com-

and mannerism

and illustrations

copies

penmanship
on

or

of

the

But it is wrong to conclude that because everything taught did not carryover that the teaching is wrong or a
failure.

safeguard

If

enough
health

of
a n d

position

to

foundation

movement has carried over;

of arm movement to insure

if

PARTIAL CONTENTS
Of the Professional Edition of
this Number of the Business
Educator
Editorials.

Mental Meanderings. Carl MarBattle Creek, Mich.

shall,

Part Three of the Official Report of the Chicago Convention of the N. C. T. Federation.

Commercial Course for Seventh

and Eighth Grades.

enough

ease and

efficiency has carried over; if enough

of form for legibility and sightliness

has carried over; and if enough speed

for expression and efficiency has carried over, then the teaching has been
a success, even though posture is not
perfect: even though fingers co-operate with the arm to the extent of
"fifty fifty;" even though form does
not analyze or conform to a particular degree in slant; and even though
speed does not run to or above loo
letters (twenty words) a minute.
One reason why much of the teaching in writing does not "carry over"

Four-Year College Course, for

Domestic and Foreign Service.

Paul Lomax.

School Surveys.

Bookkeeping Viewpoints. W. A.
Sheaffer,

Milwaukee.

The Development of the Private

Commercial School:

From

the Standpoint of the

Executive. Dr. H. M. Rowe,
Baltimore.
From the Standpoint of the
Teacher, Miss Janet Biller,
.

Des Moines.
Address.
Miss Dorothy
don. Elgin Watch Co..

WheChi-

cago.

c
Touc
efficiency.

cuticle or

-rf*

Sane

"2

H.

Arnold.

Methods.
Spokane.

(Illustrated.)

AtVZd/tf/?/

and Tension are closely related

muscle sensitiveness is necessary to
The muscle feels as well as moves. Tact relates to feeling, whether by

muse

Penmanship

Frank

Questionnaire to Private
ness Schools.

Make
is

the

in

Most

Busi-

of the Best that

You.

Book Reviews.

The Business

Letter.

The

Goodrich Rubber Company.

News Notes and

Notices.

j
I

I
I

I
1

J
I
I

M^&u4ih<M&&un&r
EDITOR'S PAGE

Q>

MENTAL
Have you

PROFESSIONAL EDITION

invested in

Liberty Bonds?

A Forum

for the Expression of

Convictions and Opinions Relating to Commercial Education

MEANDERINGS
CARL

Get busy and Buy!

C.

MARSHALL

Battle Creek, Mich.

The Value that is Proved

The greatest thing that can happen
to any human being is for him to win

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Bureau of Education

and

May

Washington. D. C,

15,

1918.

FOR PRINCIPALS OF HIGH SCHOOLS AND ELEMENTARY

SCHOOLS OF SEVENTH AND EIGHTH GRADES

The following course

of study

is

designed for use

in

schoi

in

of seventh

Is

COURSE OF STUDY
SEVENTH GRADE
Arithmetic
Physical Geography
History of the United

Arithmetic
I'.

Stati

ditical

Historj

lei

of

igraphj
ill.

nited

States

EIGHTH GRADE
First

Arithmetic
History of

Commercial Geographj
Merchandising

Spelling

Modern Language
First

Merchandising
buying and se
Bookkeeping (with Business Pr
History of^Commerce
.Modern Language

Semester

Modern Language
Economic History

Semester

History of the United States,

(with emphasis upon foreign
Foreign Trade of the United St;

Modern Language

Business Organization and

M.ma

these

years,

we managed

to

from actual fighting, although

were perilously near it two or

Elementary

Commercial

Law

become almost as common a

sight in England and in Canada as
the Union jack itself?
Just why?
Americans and English are not in the
least different from what they were
before this war started. This is what
have seen
has happened for us.
British manhood and valor demonstrated
an the reeking fields of
France.
have seen British national honor and courage vindicated
when the British Government threw
down the gauntlet before the German
Kaiser, and told him without an
hour's parley, that he and his iron

We

Second Semester
Economics (Transportation and

(with emphasis upon foreign ri

Foreign Trade of the United Sta

States,

all

We

of United S
Stenography, or
Foreign Classics in English, or
Chemistry of Commerce

Modern Language

lited

and especially

rlag has

FOURTH YEAR
First
E(

British,

you heard about bow the American

Second Semester
Resources and Hygie

Tropical
Civics

Modern Language
Economic History

of United Sta es
Stenography, or
Foreign Classics in English, or
Commercial Produi ts

the

But now! During the last three or

four years, have you heard anybody
but a negligible pro-German do any
And have
sneering at the British?

for

three times.

igraphy
Algebra, or

Biologj
Civics

if

In

THIRD YEAR

iple

We

questioned his courage. I have heard

.in eminent statesman declare that the
British were a nation of cowardly
shop keepers and priggish aristocrai y,
who made other people do their
fighting
a people that kept the
world bullied by its navy, and grabbed territory at every opportunity. It
isn't so very long ago that our "patriotism" consisted chiefly in twisting
the tail of the British lion. This was
a favorite pastime with our Fourth
of July orators, editors and politi-

we

Second Semester

Semester

Al K ebra. or
Office Appliances, Filing, etc.
Bookkeeping (with Business Kno idedge)
History of Commerce

for

We

keep

SECOND YEAR
First

others'

'

Stem 'uraphy

each

to us Yankees was "heaped

measure, pressed and shaken down."

Typewriting

at

instance, has had rather a poor

ion of the average Britisher.
never grew tired of telling how
we licked him in 1776 and again in
As an individual we
1812, and why.
made fun of his manners, his speech,
its, his dress, and especially
his inability to see a joke.
even

meted out

Modern Language

snarling

The average American,

heels.'"

Canadians, they were not at all

in giving us back as good
as we sent, and the contumely they

Second Semester
Business English, Penmanship,
nmmercial Arithmetic
iinnn rcial
" ography
Typewriting
Modern Language

Commercial Arithmetic
Commercial Geographj

more ways than one we have been

In

"nations

As

FIRST YEAR
Semester
Business English, Penmanship, an

times past,

In

felt kindly toward people in

general, and foreigners in particular.

backward

HIGH SCHOOL
First

is

also the
thing that can happen
This
to any nation.
tremendous w a r is
proving to the world
as nothing has ever
done before, the real
worth o i humanity.
many of us ha.

the

Commerce

ivies

re-

always

Foreign Language

Foreign Language
Typewriting
Arithmetic

-ellIt

cians.

Second Semester

Semester

the
others.

greatest

the regul.ii

year high school. All subjects in this course should be presented, whenever
possible, with some emphasis upon foreign trade and foreign relations of
It is likely that geography texts will some day treat as a
the United States.
unit the physical resources, means of transportation, and the trade habits
and customs of trading nations of the world. For the present, however, this
important subject must be subdivided in the manner herewith suggested.
Penmanship is not offered as a special subject but is to be taught in
Beginning with
connection with the courses in English and bookkeeping.
the second year in High School, the students should be provided with faciliNo attempt
ties for typing all prepared work, such as themes, exercises, etc.
has been made to include supplementary courses like music, gymnasium, etc..
nor to give the number of recitation periods per week for each subject. The
policy of assembly or class talks on special business topics or business policy
by business experts and men of affairs should be encouraged.
In the arrangement of the subjects, due consideration is given to the
knowledge that many students leave school at the end of the eighth grade
or at the end of the second year of high school. For the present, therefore,
the welfare of these students, with consequent economic gain to the nation,
must be kept in view in outlining any course of training that prepares for
careers in trade and commerce.

his

and
>1

Tentative Course in Commercial Education and Preliminary Training for

Domestic and Foreign Commerce, with Some Emphasis Upon
Foreign Service for the Government

and eighth grade that have departmental teaching and

keep

to

respect

^
helmeted legions would not be allowed to crush the liberties and civilization of Belgium and France.
And what have the British learned
about us? They have learned that we
Yankees are not merely a race of
money making braggards. They have
seen us pouring our billions and billions of treasure and credit into the
common war chest. They have seen
us in less than a year train and send
to

the

front

million

of

fighting

And they have

youngsters, fresh
from our shops and farms, meeting
the
the hardened Prussian Guards
most capable soldiers of the earth
in a man to man fight, and forcing

young
seen

Americans.

these

trained

them

pell-mell

backward

utter
miles of

in

over scores of square

recaptured frontage.
Briton and American have
rout

found
Each has
each other, that is all.
measured up to the greatest stature
of manhood, and each knows it!
It is a bright promise for the future
peace and happiness of the world that
this

is

so.

Rather quietly in fact,

without any red fire or
blare of trumpets whatever -a very important vcitory has
recently been won by the private busThis
iness schools of this country.
is nothing less than a practically assured arrangement, whereby crippled
soldiers, returned from Europe, are
to
be given a business education
(when they wish it), and that this
Recognition
and Service

training is to be supplied by private

business colleges selected by the Gov-

ernment. This work has been carried

on in Canada for two or three years,
but

in

schools especially established

purpose by the Canadian Government. At first, it was proposed to

follow this course in the United
States, the proposed schools to be
for the

established at various points as required, or perhaps, the cantonements,

where the soldiers had been trained,
might be filled up and used for this
educational work.
But it was fortunately suggested to
the Board of Vocational Education,
(which has the matter in hand), that
the
nited States is already equipped
with hundreds of high grade and efficient business schools, that are more
likely to give these disabled young
men the kind of training they need
than would any school conducted by
government officials. It was also suggested that the soldier boys are fairly
well "fed up" on cantonment life, and
I

militaristic

and

environment,
change. It was

official

and would welcome

made apparent, also, that the private

business schools are in a better position to secure employment for the
soldier when his course is completed
than would any government school,
located possibly at a distance from
employment

centers.

Early in July a conference meeting

was quietly arranged at Washington
between officials of the Vocational
Board and representatives of some
twenty-five

leading

private

business

&

<5^<38uJ//t4M&du*a&r
schools of the Mast and Central West.
The whole matter was gone into thoroughly, and with a gratifying frankness, on both sides.
think there is no doubt that the
idea will be carried out, and that the
in
year will see hundreds, possibly
thousands, of our disabled young soldiers receiving a practical business
education in our business schools, at
Government expense.
believe the following tentative
general plan was agreed upon at the
I

conference
The Vocational Board is to se1.
lect such schools, as it thinks best,
for the service to be rendered.
Any school selected is to receive
tuition,
as
whatever it has been
charging the public for similar ser-'.

vice.

No

school is to be permitted to
or otherwise exploit the
it
has been selected by the
Government as a place of business
training for any soldiers.
4.
Other things being equal, a
school will be selected that is convenient to the home of the soldiers,
and perhaps to some extent, the wishes of the soldier himself may be
consulted.
I
wish that such old war-horses of
business education as S. S. Packard.
G. W. Brown, Robert Spencer, T. B.
Stowell, J. F. Spaulding, H. B. Bryant
and others, could have lived to see
the despised "business colleges" thus
:i.

advertise
fact

that

recognized by the Government of the United States.

These schools have rendered a service to American commerce, and to
the American people, that has rarely
indeed been properly recognized, and
officially

for one I have every confidence that

the patriotic service they are now
called upon to render will more than
justify the confidence that is to be

reposed

in

them.

believe I am telling no tales out

of school when I state that Mr. Fred
G. Nichols, of Rochester, X. Y., now
with the Vocational Board, of Washington, is the man to whom credit is
mainly due in bringing about the
I

proposed arrangement.

won

his

teacher,

Mr. Nichols
spurs as a business college
no one knows better

and

it is the part of wisdom

to have this training of the crippled
soldiers done in the schools that are
really fitted to do it.

than he that

Hats

done; producing food, producing the

things needed for ships, guns, munitions, etc., making the ships, guns,
etc., running the railroads and ships
to convey them, training soldiers, and
finally what the soldiers themselves
do in the trenches, the most glorious
work of all.
Second, there is the
work that has not the slightest relation to the war,
and there is a lot
of this.
such work as making fancy

silk clothing,

and laced

lingerie,

mak-

ing beer and other intoxicants, and

the forty and one fool things that you
will find at the soda fountains, making cut glassware, and all the var-

fancy jigamarigs used in filling

out the average expensive home. Just
ious,

walk through the retail district of any

city and see the stacks of things that
clutter up the show windows, and
note the crow-ds of eager, high-heeled,
silk stockinged, mostly overfed women, who pour along the streets and
into the shops to buy these things.
Just who and what are these women? Millionairesses? Not on your
life.
Ninety percent of them are the
wives and daughters of working men.
and artisans, or else working women
themselves, who are just now handling more
money than they ever
thought of handling in their lives.

Now
of

the

to keep the show windows full

things these reckless
fool

WORK, and a
every hour of this
winning the war is
I
concerned is worse than wasted.
was in an audience the other day
where there were at least a hundred
spenders
lot

of

it.

work

so

buy takes

And

far

as

women knitting things for the solBut these women wore enough
costly and luxurious clothes and jewelry to consume more labor than
their knitting would amount to in ten
years.
"But if we all quit buying everything except what we have to have,
what will become of business?"
diers.

Yes, I was just waiting for you to

ask that. The answer is, that those

who

really want to
to his knees

beaten

see

the Hun
care a

do not

hang about the business that gets in

It would be
the way of our doing it.
a good thing if every one of these
needless businesses were to go broke.
When I was in Washington the
other day they told me about a big
manufacturer of jewelry and other
fillagree stuff, who went to Secretary

Fred Nichols!

McAdoo to complain bitterly that a

ruling of the Treasury Department would react disastrously
Work Will
have been reading on on his business. The Secretary lookWin the War various bill hoards;' ed him sternly in the eye and oband placards, of a lot served, "Well,- sir, allow me to say to
of things that will win the war. "Food
you that I don't care a d m whether
will win the War." "Ships will win
In
you make any money at all."
the War," "Coal will win the War,"
other words, this is not the time to
"Aeroplanes will win the War," and be making money out of gew gaws.
so on. Probably all of them will help;
Now, the moral of the preachment
it is certain that no one of them will
is, that every one of us who is really
do it alone. The one thing that will
in earnest about wanting to "do our
come nearest to winning the war will bit
to lick the Kaiser," should stop
be WORK, and this, of course, inshort off the buying of everything
cludes most of the others. Now, there
If
that we don't absolutely need.
are two kinds of work in this conneceverybody in America would do this,
off to

certain

tion;

doing

first,

the

the

work

things

that is directly
that have to be

(Concluded on page

:;:.')

d?

>y/u >^u^/ujj Cdut&/<rr

BOOKKEEPING VIEWPOINTS
The Second

of a Series of Articles

By
Head

of

\V. A.

Commercial Deparment, West Division High School,

Milwaukee, Wis., and Practicing Accountant

THE TEACHING OF ACCOUNTS

It

is

not

my

purpose

to discuss the

merits of the various methods of

teaching bookkeeping to beginners.
They are commonly known as the
account method, the journal method,
the use of all of the books of entry
at once, the financial statement method, and combinations and modificaI
am
tions of these four methods.

going to presume that no matter

what method is used, with the possible exception of the financial statement method, it will be preceded by
or combined with a study of accounts.
I
throughly believe in teaching accounts primarily, at the beginning,
rather than books of entry. 1 believe
that all of these methods, if rightly
used, must include from the beginning
a progressive study of accounts. This
can easily be done in all of these
methods except the financial state-

ment method.
In
lust a word about this method.
many ways it would be the ideal
method if it could be taught to an
But
ideal class of mature students.
demands such an analysis of business problems and transactions, and
it-

such an intimate acquaintance with

business that it becomes a very difficult method when presented to the
average high school class instead of

mature class. The methfrom its nature more of a unimethod than a high school
method. It is like teaching pupils to

to the ideal
1

od

is

versity

analyze a sentence before they know

the elements of sentence structure

and the parts of speech, or like asking pupils to understand the commerce of a country without first
studying
I

its

resources,
people.

its

natural

conditions,

government,

and

its
its

In the study of accounts there are

to be avoided at the
beginning. One is making the study
of accounts simply a study of rules
governing the accounts; the other,
that of making the study too technical
and including transactions beyond
the knowledge and capabilities of the

two extremes

at
that
time.
The purpose
should be to make the study of accounts a means of understanding the
principles of double entry bookkeeping and to build up an understanding
of these accounts such that the pupil
can use them intelligently in the
making of statements and closing

pupil

the

ledger.

and crediting the account. The tendency is to make rules to fit each
of

transaction

account instead of allowing the pupil

to reason
them out from general
rules and principles.
It is so much
easier for the teacher and pupils if
the text book tells the pupils what
account to debit or credit or refers
to the rule in the text for debiting or
crediting the account for that particular transaction.
But does it teach

him accounts?
Or does it simply
make him dependent upon the text
book or upon the teacher? It is not
a

teaching of accounts,

that

affects

the

it

is

teaching

instead.
Such a use of rules
the pupil an imitator, a dexterous performer to see how quickly
he can find the rule in his text that
covers that particular transaction.
Xeither should the study of accounts at the beginning be a study of
practically all of the possible transactions that may take place that
might affect that particular account,
and perhaps the technical method of
closing the account also.
Perhaps
you may say that this is an extreme
view and one that is not found in
actual teaching.
But I assure you
that it is used by a considerable number of teachers.
don't teach any
other subject in the course in that
way.
What would you think of a
teaclTer
of
commercial arithmetic
when he was teaching the first principles or case of percentage teaching
at the same time all the possible applications of this principle to the difficult problems of gain and loss, commission and brokerage, commercial
discount, etc.:
You would say, "Let
him learn the principles of percentage first, then apply them, one by
one. to new subjects and new problems." Or, what would you think of
a teacher of commercial law saying
to his class after it had studied one
of the elements of contracts, agreement for example, "Now we will apply that principle that we have just
learned to agency, partnership, and
corporation agreements." You would
say at once that the pupil must have
a broader foundation and understanding of the elements of contracts before he can understand their application to the more difficult kinds of

rules

makes

We

organization-.

You may

ask.

"What
how

of teaching pupils

is

to

the harm
close the

account when you are first studying

the account?"
If it is a financial account closed simply by Balance there
objection to it. although, to
mind, it should not be taught
the account is first studied, but
after studying several accounts that
are closed in the same way.
But the
closing of an account depends upon a
proper understanding of what the account represents.
It is easy to explain the reason for closing cash, the
is

little

my

Let us consider these two extremes,

both of which should be avoided.
The study of an account should not
be a study of the rules for debiting

kind

on the Teaching of Bookkeeping

SHEAFFER,

when

personal accounts, notes receivable

It
and notes payable by Balance.
follows as a natural result. The same
cannot be said of the closing of merchandise expense, and the proprietor's account.
Before the closing of
these accounts can be understood,
the pupils must understand the different factors that cause an increase or
proprietorship.
They
decrease
in
must make statements showing the
changes in the business and the presThey
ent condition of the business.
are not ready for this until they have
series
of
transentered several short
actions, or sets, posted them to the
ledger, taken a trial balance, and
analyzed the accounts in the state-

ments of
sets and
Every

profits

and losses and as-

liabilities.

bookkeeping
of
how anxious pupils are to
complete a set and begin a new one.
He knows, too. that the drill must be
varied so as not to discourage the
pupil or make him feel that bookkeeping is nothing but imitation and
routine
work.
The teacher must
watch the development of his class,
by having frequent class recitations,
and introduce the analytical part, the
making of statements and the closing
of the ledger at the proper time.
Xor should the teacher wait till the
class is ready to make statements beHe
fore he prepares his class for it.
should begin preparing his class for
technical
the
before
several
days
it
closing of the ledger is studied. Beteacher

knows

gin

some

simple exercises in
Suppose
proprietorship.
grocery
business with
begins a

with

changes

in

a man
He buys
a cash investment of $1000.
a stock of groceries for $600 cash.
Is he worth any more or less than
He pays $40 for rent of
before?
store for one month and $15 for
What is his worth now?
clerk hire.
He sells groceries that cost $5 for $0.
Has his net worth changed? Exercises of this kind can be multiplied.
They will give pupils a better understanding of each account and its relation to the others, and will prepare
them for the closing of the ledger.
'

customary to begin the study

by studying the cash account.
This is good pedagogy provided no attempt is made to teach
It

is

of accounts

It
the double entry principle at first.
matters little whether the teaching
of cash is in the form of the cash account or a simple cash book, so long
as it is confined to teaching the idea
The
of cash debit or cash credit.
analysis should be the simplest possible at first, and the pupil should not
be burdened with a study of what
caused the cash to come in or to go
This should be followed by a
out.
study of merchandise, expense, and
If one were to
personal accounts.
follow the historical order of the development of the idea of debit and
credit, he would begin with a study
The expresof personal accounts.
sions "debit" and "credit" were no
doubt first used to express the relation that exists between the business
and the buyer of goods, commonly
called a debtor, and the relation to

dC
the seller,

commonly

<!!ffi^&uJ//i^&&/u&/fr

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

called the cred-

BUREAU OF EDUCATION

itor.
But these accounts are easier
understood after a study of the cash
and merchandise accounts.
Many take up the studj oi notes
ible and notes payable al
this time, but it seems to me much

better

For

the

pupils

to

get a

good

understanding of open book accounts

They should
before studying note-.
understand how the different transactions affect personal accounts, and

make

use of them in short series of

Manyexercises.
transactions
or
teachers do not at first see the reasons wh\ it is better to put off a little
the average
of
the business
$100 and found a credit for $100 due
to a note he had given to the busiiwould say that John Jones
owes the business nothing. But the
proprietor knows that John Jones'
notes.

pupil were to
lolni Jones,

If

examine the account

who owed

debt on open book account has s"imply been superseded by a higher and
better form of account, a note reThis can easily be underceivable.
stood after the pupil knows personal
accounts.
After the pupil understands the
accounts of cash, merchandise, expense and the personal accounts, he
ready to study the double-entry
is
principle as related to these accounts.
Here is where he must first make
a double analysis.
Up to this time
he has simply been answering the
question, "Is it a debit or a credit of
the particular account which he has
been studying?" He must now study
the relation of cause and effect.
He
knows that if cash comes in there is
something that has caused cash to
come in. It may be the proprietor's
investment, a sale of goods, or a receipt from a customer on account.
He will now see that his study of accounts will greatly aid him in understanding the double-entry equation.
In many ways it would be desirable
to put off the study of the proprietor's
account until the pupil is ready to
study the changes that take place in
proprietorship.
Every teacher rinds
difficult at first to make his pupils
see the relation that exists between
the business and the proprietor. They
can't see at first how changes in the
business change the results of the
proprietorship.
But the proprietor's
account must be introduced at this
time in order to formulate a complete series of transactions to give
the pupil drill in the various steps
that should be taken from the recording of the transactions to the
finding of the results of the business.

Washington, D. C, May

Concluded on page 32)

15,

19

FOR THE PRESIDENTS OF COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES

Tentative Four-Year College Course in Preparation for Domestic and Foreign Trade and Foreign Service of the Government

This proposed course of study is offered mainly with the design of helping the smaller institutions in the United States, lacking this very necessary
and special type of training, to evolve a course of study within the range of
their present possibilities and satisfactory to the end in view in the pursuit
of such a course of study.
Among the leading subjects that should receive
treatment in the college course are the following: Two or more modern
commercial languages with ample opportunity to acquire a conversational
use; accounting applied to export problems; the history and geography of
commerce with special and separate treatment of the five main geographical
divisions; commercial products; organization of home factory and office
for export trade; export policies; foreign advertising and salesmanship; foreign commerce and commercial development and commercial policies; trade
relations of the United States; international banking and foreign exchange;
credits; trade mark and patent laws; foreign investments; foreign transportation systems; ocean transportation systems: ocean transportation; port
and terminal facilities; marine insurance; international, mercantile and maritime law; industrial, fiscal and customs legislation; comparative government; tropical hygiene. Many of these subjects are now offered in the larger
.institutions, and even receive more advanced treatment than the course of
study herewith submitted would seem to imply.
The amount of time to be given to each subject will vary according to
the requirements of each institution.
The real difficulty lies in the acceptance by our colleges of the subjects mentioned in the first year which are,
however, worthy of college treatment and are fundamental and essential
in any course of training for foreign trade.
Until our cities have more generally established high schools of commerce, with natural articulation with
the commercial department of our higher institutions, it is absolutely necessary that the latter, in planning for an adequate course of instruction for
foreign trade, substitute on an elective basis for the customary first year
group of studies, subjects similar to those mentioned in the following course
of study.

FOUR-YEAR COLLEGE COURSE

(Wherever alternative subjects are given, it is intended that one subject
should be pursued by the student of domestic and foreign trade and the
other by the student of diplomatic or consular service.)
FIRST YEAR
First

Semester

Advanced Business Arithm

and Rapid

Arithmetic and

Calculation.

Advanced
History

of

Rapid

Calculate

Commercial

Correspond*

ts

Commerce (Ethnograph

History of

Historical Background.)
First Modern Language.*

and

Commerce

'in.

<

Pi

tii

Ethnographic

Historical Background.)
First Modern Language.
Stenography and Typewriting, or

ewnting,

'al

it

But nothing but simple investments

and withdrawals of cash should be
studied at first.
Many teachers seem to think that
the step from the study of the separate accounts to the study of the double-entry principle or equation is a
difficult one.
But if they will confine
their teaching at first to exchanges
of cash and gradually progress to
of the non-cash transacthe
studj

**

Chemistry.

SECOND YEAR
Accounting.

of

:iple

Salesmanship and Advertising.

History of Commerce (Products
kcts alid trade movements).
First Modern Language.
Economics, Industrial and Politi
History of the United Stati -

1.

Comi

2.

I'ul.l

al

La
and

Speaking

Public

History of Commerce (Products,

kets and trade movements).
First

Modern Language.

Industrial and I'oliu

History of the United States.

Economics.

THIRD YEAR
(Transportation, money and banking)
Representative Biographies of Enterna
tional Leaders and Publicists,

and Social
Industrial
Advanc
id
(Social
labor legislation and
gration and citizenship laws).
Representative Biographies of Inte

International Law, or

tional

Economics

Organization

and

Management

of

Leaders and Publicists.

Maritime Law, or
Foreign Trade Problems.

Fac

tory and Home Office.

First Modern Language.

Second

Modern

First

Language.

Modern L.un

Second

Language.

-Modern

FOURTH YEAR
Political History of F.u
Near East, or Foreign Trade wit
and Near East.

Current

ope and

Europe

Comparative Government, or
Foreign Investments.
American Diplomacy, Treaties
Foreign Policy, or
Fiscal and Customs Legislation
Second Modern Language.
Third Modern Language

Othe

subje

History of Latin-A
it
Far East, or Foreign Trade
ica
^
a aw\
Latin America and Far K.ist.
Tropical Resources and Hygiene.
and Consular
Practices,
Diplomatic
International Banking and Foreign
change.
Seci 'ini M odern
anguage.
Third Modern Langu;
Ctirr

Political

substituted

language

1.

lor
of the

^
The

BUSINESS LETTER
The

Rubber Co.
Akron. Ohio

B. F. Goodrich

special
arrangement with the above
we are privileged to reprint a series
the company is pubt opy]
consider
lishing for tlu-ir correspondents.

Can, may.
"Can" means ability.
"May" means permission. "Can we
ship this by express?" is wrong because what we really wish is permission.
Correct u$es of these words
are:
"May" we ship this by express?
and We "can" ship these on Thursday.

Capacity and

We

eptionally excellent and our readers

fortunate in having the opportunity
these monthly
messages 10 correitor.]

No.

19

FAULTY EXPRESSION

IN

DICTATION
In the effort to turn out letters as
quickly as possible, a dangerous tendency to make letters machine-like
must be avoided. Often the emphasis
is placed on getting the letter written
rather than on getting a definite re-

from the

sult

letter.

At the present time. Say "at presand avoid two unnecessary

ent."

words
Advise.

would

Avoid

a plague.

this

It is

word as you
most abused

the

It i^
business English words.
much better to say "inform" or "tell."
The same should govern the expression "please be advised."
At this time. Avoid in such expressions as "We are sending you at
Simply say
this time our price list."

all

"We

are sending

you our price

list."

At hand or has come to hand. Very

It is
stereotyped and meaningless.
much better to say "We have received."

Appear and seem. Discriminate be"Appear"

these two words.
which manifests itself
"Seem" applies to that
which is manifested to the mind on
"Seem" gives or creates
reflection.

"Capacity"

ability.

is

receptive or containing power, while

"ability" means power of achieving.
"He has the capacity to learn salesmanship and the ability to work
hard."
Disclose and expose do not mean
the same.
"Expose" means to reveal
or lay bare without regard to manner.
"Disclose"
to view.

Esteemed

means

to

open

lay

These words
should not be included in your busifavor.

ness vocabulary.
Effect
and affect.
"To effect"
means to accomplish. "Affect" means

Men

influence.

to

Letters are sure to sound machineif they are

loaded with peculiar
jargon so common to many business
messages. Absurd phrases that have
been handed down by business men
For years are listed below, along with
other phraseology so often troublesome to the dictator.
"Hereto" is suAttached hereto.
perfluous. You could not attach anything under separate cover.
like

of

"effect"

price

changes that "affect" business conditions.

Favor

kindness rendered and

letter may do an act
is not a kindness itself.
Use this word sparingly or better still avoid it altogether.
Farther and further.
"Farther"
should be used to indicate longitudidistance,
"further" to
nal
denote
quantity or degree. He was "farther"
from the jobber than we thought so
we wrote nothing "further."
Guess, suppose and think.
We
"guess" when we wish to hazard an
opinion which is admitted as insufficient.
We "suppose" when we have
grounds for assuming a thought to
be true.
When we "think" we give
thought to a matter to which we admit the thought has been insufficient
to furnish us with exact or certain
knowledge.
This word is now obsoGotten.
not a
nt

lete.

Use

Hand
is

is

letter.

kindness, but

"got."

you.

Say "send you" which

really correct.
whether. "If"

If,

is

used correctly

when supposition or condition is im"Whether" is used when an

"I shall decide Tuesday 'whether' I
shall go."
"These shoes are good for

Apt, likely and liable.

"Apt" ima tendency or natural fitness.

plies

"Likely" applies to a contingent and

very
probable.
is
considered
as
"Liable" has the suggestion of danger

"You

are liable for damages."

with awe. The

expression, "I had an awful good
.time." is incorrect.
A good time
could not be awful.
Balance, remainder and rest.
A
bookkeeper keeps a balance by addi-

Awful means

to

till

and subtraction. Balance means

equality and should not be used in
the sense of remainder, or rest. It is
incorrect to say, "We are sending
the balance of the order."
tion

happen, to take place. "Transpire"

But use
to come to pass.
"occur" wherever possible because it
is a simple word and simple words are
always more effective.
Opinion is sometimes more than an
impression.
It
is
a conclusion or
judgment held with confidence. The
words should not be used interchangeably with "idea."
An "idea"
may be a misconception with or without foundation.
One may have an
"idea" of aid enjoyment, but hold an
opinion on the result of a sale.
Proposition.
Many writers use
this word to mean almost anything.
This is incorrect.
A proposition is
really an undertaking or a proposal
and should not be substituted for
task or work.
Party and person. Except in legal
"person"
is
preferable.
formality,
"Party" means in general an entertainment. Of course, legally a party
is a person.
Each party to the contract was satisfied and the president
was the person who signed it.
Promise should never be used to
"Promise" alindicate "assurance."
to

means

ways implies futurity. It

He was ashamed,

to say:

is

another year's wear

Textan."
Enclosed herewith.

'if

Herewith

is

"enclosed."

soled

Say

with

simply

superfluous,

because you cannot enclose anything

under separate cover.
In so far as. The "in" is superfluous and meaningless in the expression.

Lengthways, sideways and endways.

Common

expressions but undesirable

and not good substitutes for "lengthwise," "sidewise" and "endwise."

Lay, lie, are frequently misused;
"lay" to put down) always takes an
object, 'lie' (to recline) takes no obHe "laid" the belt on the table.
ject.
Feeling tired, he "lay" down.
Merely and simply. "Merely" implies only, barely; "simply" means no
complication.
He quoted "merely"
on conveyor belts.
<

incorrect

is

"promise"

"assure" you.
Proven should not be used except
as an adjective
otherwise use proved.
Real.
Xot a substitute for "very."
It is incorrect to say. This is a "real"
good offer better. This is a "very"
you.

Say', rather,

good

otter.

Same should never

be used as a
pronoun. Like "advised" and "favor"
it should be dropped from all forms
of letter-writing.
Shall, will. "Shall" used in the first
person expresses futurity as. "I shall

be

in

shall

Chicago on Thursday"

come

or.

"We

at four."

Shall used in the second and third

persons expresses willingness, determination or desire.
The following
will guide you when wishing to express mere futurity.
I

suggested or presented.

alternative

refers to that
to the senses.

the impression of being. A man may

seem honest, but he cannot appear

Occur and transpire. These terms

synonymous. "Occur" means

are not

plied.

tween

as.

&

y/u?&uUn&U c*6u&/<r

shall

You will
He will

We

shall

You will
They will

Will in the first person expresses

determination, willingness or desire
"I will not O. K. the requisition,"
"We will not O. K. the memo."
Will used in the second and third
persons expresses mere futurity. The
following w'ill guide you when wishing to express willingness, determination or desire.
as,

will

You shall
He shall

We
You

will
shall
shall

They

State, or would state should never

be substituted for "saj\" Expressions
such as these are overworked and
stereotyped.
Through an oversight on our part,
your order has not been shipped. It
is better to say "through our oversight your order .has not been shipped."
i

Concluded on page 32)

&

&u?<tj&uti*ttt ddeua/tr*

commercial machinery and library

equipment, and be ready to sub-

Report of the Twenty-First Annual Convention of the

mit their report at the next session of this department.

In the
are

National Commercial Teacher's Federation

Chicago, December 26-29.

meantime commercial teachers

urged to make every effort to bet

ter the present deplorable lack of
library and machinery equipment.

1917

To

FOURTH INSTALLMENT'

SCHOOL SURVEYS
By Mr. Paul Lomax,
F., December 28,

N. C. T.

1918

In discussing topic value of commercial education I wish to deal concretely with the subject by letting

you know the significant results

which we gain from surveys conducted in the state of Missouri and
The Misthe state of New Mexico.
souri and New Mexico commercial
educational surveyors were authorized by the commercial department of
the Slate Teachers' Association. They
had their organization interest in the
wish of the Commercial Teachers of
each state to inaugurate a constructive and comprehensive program of
state-wide standardization of comTo bribe such a
mercial education.
standardization the following procedFirst, assisting condiure was used.
tions were determined by means of a
questionnaire, copies of which were
sent to all commercial teachers in
Second, a careful study
each state.
of the questionnaire data was made
discover outstanding problems.
to

li

recommendations

definite

r d.

were made to the commercial department of each State Teachers' Association for the solution of these problems.

Now, my

discussion for these

twenty minutes will deal with the

outstanding problems which were
discovered in the questionnaire data.
First, the qualifications of commercial
teachers with reference to the trading of commercial teachers, the survey data revealed two important
facts.

very

much higher than

monly thought.

men who

is

com-

Many men and wo-

graduates of universities and normal schools found it advisable if not best to attend the business college in order to get that kind

ers of

now

not

Commercial Reading Circle committee whose duty

committee.

We

Mexico.
For such a
Survey Committee beg

leave

to suggest
(a) Kahn
& Klein's "Principles and Methods in Commercial

Education."
(b) Steven's

teaching commercial subjects to inaugurate such courses of study of

how to teach typewriting, bookkeeping, shorthand, and the other commercial branches.
Second, the appointment of a special

New

the

list,

which do
methods in

special

apponit

will be to make out a suggested

list of books to be read this coming year by the commercial teach-

and

teachers

offer

liber-

magazines.

"Boys and
Work."

Commercial

in

Girls

(c) Kester's "Accounting Principles and Procedure."

(d) Monroe, DeVoss & Kelly's

"Educational
urements."

Tests

and

Meas-

be appointed
ark out a standard commerurriculum. which will include
thos
subjects which are most
business
demanded
by
actual
needs in New Mexico, this committee to be ready to make its
report at the next regular session
of this department.
ittee

have encouraged

that commercial teachers read more

of the commercial magazines.
Next,
that a committee be appointed to
work out a standard curriculum.
These are the definite
remedies
adopted b3' our state teachers to form
a plan of action for the coming year.
I
hope that this thing may become

That a committee be appointed to

make a careful study of most approved textbooks in the various
commercial subjects and be ready

general all over the country and we

will get together and find out what
our pertinent problems are and then
not be satisfied but to outline a definite way of solving them. We are living
in a day when commercial teachers
all over the country seem to be wide
awake to our outstanding problems.
I
am glad now that we have in Dr.
Swigget a national head for commercial education in
this country and
may we band together and face these
problems squarely your weaknesses
and my weaknesses, let us not be
afraid of them but let us be wide
awake to get at the solutions, to get
at a standardization for the different

submit such a list at the next

session of this department.

to

That a committee be appointed

on submitting test sheets in shorthand and typewriting to each
commercial teacher in the state
regular
intervals
of
four
weeks, to collect this data, and
then from the data attempt to
derive a set of transcript, speed,
and accuracy standards.
at

That each commercial teacher be

urged to adopt the daily recitation

method

in

typewriting.

That each commercial teacher be

urged to adopt 5 laboratory periods and at least 3 recitation periods a week (M. W. and F.) in
bookkeeping.

glad to come from New Mexico to be with you, and if what little
work we may be doing may be of
help to some of you, I am glad of

this year each commercial

teacher be urged to make a careful
study of those educatii
measurements
apply
whicl
commercial subjects with the
pose in view of being prepared to
experiment with some of these

that.

measurements by another year.

commercial

subjects.

That

am

are

of training essential for the best dedepartvelopment of commercial

ments.
I
am one and I praise the
college
for
keeping up
business
standards in that respect.
'

First, remember to urge upon our

state schools which train prospective

First, the academic and professional

qualifications of commercial teachers
is

To

commercial

more

sub
fessional

fo

routine, mechanical work, to do that

we need definite recitation periods to
accomplish that end, and lastly, the
matter of measurements.

commercial

upon

urge

teachers to
ally

The second problem.

most fundamental
professional

The second,

in

This is the
the matter of

training
for
teachers.
the matter of equipment

The
commercial departments.
commercial
departof
equipment
ments may be considered under two

of

headings. In accounting, a very small

percentage of scales of definite class
periods for teaching of accounting or
bookkeeping, as you may call it.
Something ought to be done about
We have come to the time
that.
when we recognize the fact that the
thing we want in accounting is the
teaching of principles, not so much

Recommendations of the New Mexico

Commercial Survey Committee
to the

Commercial Section
ico

of the

New Mex-

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE

PRIVATE COMMERCIAL
SCHOOL
From

the Standpoint of the Executive

Educational Association

conclusion, in order to profit

from the survey in a real way, the
following recommendations are submitted as a program of standardization for the coming year:
In

To urge upon

our state schools,

which train prospective commercial teachers and which do not

now

offer

special

methods cours-

es in commercial subjects, to inaugurate such courses in how to

teach bookkeeping, typewriting,
shorthand, and the other commercial

branches.

To appoint a special
to make a careful study of what
may be considered a standard

By

Dr. H. M. Rowe,

National Commercial Teachers' Federation, Private Schools Dept.

Friday P. M., Dec. 28, 1917

The executive of a private school

stands in the same relation to his
school as does the executive of a manHis school and its
ufacturing plant.
equipment is his plant, his teachers
are his workmen, his courses of study
and the text books he uses are his
materials, and his output is the training that he gives to those who receive
which is expressed in
instruction,
their ability to do the things that are
wanted

of

them

in industry.

<!Me&ud;n^dru&&r

The work

of the business executive

divided into two predominating feaproduction and that of
marketing. The production end is by
far the most important because if
goods are made right they will sell,
led, of course, there is a demand
for what is made, and the demand for
thoroughly equipped help in all lines
of industry is always beyond the supply, and particularly so at this time.
Xote that I said "thorough}- equipped."
First, let us consider some of the
qualities of an efficient executive.
In
the first place, he must know his business from the top to the bottom, he
must know the kind of goods for
which there is a demand, how those
goods are to lie used and the purpose
for which they are to be employed.
The successful executive to begin
with must have a sufficient capital. If
he does not have, it is his business
He must have a proper
to secure it,
regard for a good credit.
Without
these things no business can be made
a success in these days.
Xext comes the plant
the school
building and its internal equipment
and adaptation for the purposes of instruction.
If rhese are not first-class

found

lie

in

faculty.

frequent consultation with

He will be encouraging

is

his

tures, that of

them and incidentally pointing out the

weak spots in their instruction. He

in

every particular, his

his energies in

bend
that

will know how to instruct every class

in his school just as well as the teacher, and he ought to know it better,
but he also ought to know that each
teacher has his own way and if that

way is a good way, he had better

him alone so long as he obtains

let

re-

sults.

The good teacher will co-operate

with the good executive, and he will
unconsciously do his part towards
"team work." and team work is the
thing that makes every business go
Whenever a teacher reaches that
point where he cannot be told something, he has ceased to be useful as
a teacher because he stops growing
right there, and a full-grown teacher
in this sense is a dead one.
The good executive is straight out

He

business all of the time.

is gentle,
direct, firm, convincing, accommodating, insistent, pliant, discreet.
He is
master of himself, and he is master
of his
i

duty is to
strengthening
it is weak.

first

teachers are the workmen.

the

The

I
have already
operation in the

something that

The good school executive is the

man who spends most of his time
room or on the

either in the school

outside studying the

market for

his

product. If he is a good executive he

too high-priced to spend his time
in explaining what the price of the
tuition is or what the prospects of a
position are
Xeither is he scouting
around for new students. You will
is

likely find

him somewhere about

the school seeing that the machinery

running right, that teachers are attending to their business, and that pupils are attending to theirs.
He will

touched upon cofaculty.

is

sadly

That

is

lacking

in

many schools. It is the result of poor

management and the retention of
teachers who will not pull in double
The school room is no
the individual who cannot
others.
A school is a

less

costs

for

his

will

product than

it

successful school cannot be

without a fair margin of profit

any more than can any other business
run

In the manufacturing plant

is not productive

skilled executive must know his selling field.

He must make the necessary changes in his courses of study,
and in his texts, and if necessary in
his teachers, so that his school will be
equipped to impart the kind of training that the young people who are to
fill
the positions in industry must
have.

is

student is permanently dismissed

every now and then because he is not
good student. That very student
.viil bring far more prosperity to the
school through his dismissal than he
..:'.'.
through his interference with the
internal management of that school
- a student that is without credit
to the school after he leaves it later
a

workman Who

adopt in the business school.

The
capable executive is the man who
knows what is going on in every department of his establishment.
The executive in the manufacturing
plant studies the market.
He knows
what the world wants in his line of
That want is changing continuously. The course of study that was
appropriate fifteen or twenty years
ago is not appropriate today.
The

rst,

with

;nise.

must do one of two things, he must

improve himself so that he will become productive, or he must look for
another job. That is a good rule to

most

the good executive will not

permit the internal standards of his
school to be lowered or its rules and
regulations to 'be disregarded in order
to retain an indifferent student.
I am
convinced that the best evidence of
efficient school management is that
I

nmunity enterprise.
He is a poor executive who

skilled
mechanic
commands high
wages.
So do skilled teachers, and
you cannot turn out well-qualified pupils unless your teachers are properly
qualified.

of those that are not efficient,

the fourth is the development of a
co-operative spirit between the executive and the operative departments
of the business; namely, the principal
and the teachers. These are the things
that have to do with the makil
good school.

for

equipment wherever

The

*&

Trained

ability

for

employment

in

v is becoming more and more

-mess of schools that are main-

Dr. H. M.

Kit
tions

fully

obtrude

tained by the state.

It is useless to
say that these schools cannot do the
They are doing it, and they
oing it in many instances with
the very best of the highly skilled
teachers who were trained in the private schools.
They teach the same

Rowe

branches

recognize that condimany instances that

in

the best plans of mice

and men.

It
not always possible to have
.s
sufficient capital, and that is the besetting sin of the private school, as a
rule
To the everlasting credit of

the>e schools

let

it

be said, however.

that while many of them have insufficient working capital, so great is the
personal integrity of those who own
them that seldom do they default in
tin payment of their bills.
reference in this connection, therefore, is
not intended to touch upon the integrity of the average school man, but
is
intended as an answer to your

My

President's question. "What should

be expected of the executive in building up a better school?" I am merely
saving that sufficient capital is the
first essential, as it is the first essential in building up any other profitable
business.
The second is the proper equipment
of the school, the third is the employment of efficient teachers and the dis-

They sometimes have even

superior equipment and better facilities.

There is no rent to pay. and
even the books and other materials
are supplied wthout cost to the pupil-.
In one respect only does the private
school executive have the advantage
over the public school executive. He
al liberty so to eliminate the none
e itials in his courses of study and
-i>eed up the productive facilities of his establishment that the inn he can offer in a given time.
vorfh more and consequently is
cheaper for the student at a tuition
than the instruction he can receive
From the public school free of charge.

Eliminate the element of time saved

and you have little to offer that will
prove to be an inducement for the
p-ospective student to select your
school
that

is

rather than the free school

conducted by the public.

In making this statement there is

no criticism either upon the public
school or the work it does, or upon
the private school and the work it
does.
There is no question involved

^
that

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE

PRIVATE COMMERCIAL
SCHOOL

in

'I

From the Standpoint of

By Miss Janet Biller,

am

not

of

essential

ability.

say
connection.
will

much

this

to

this
a
I

start

a private commercial
any city in the United
would charge a higher rate
of tuition than any other school in
that city.
I
would not employ a so
nor would
guarantee a posi

school

in

(ion

to a living; soul

school.

entered my
my school so

that

would make

on

the inside that anyone outthe kind 'of education that I had to give would come
inside of their own free will
If they

who wanted

side

on

telephone and asked me

would ask them to

;li.'

tor information.

onu
sell

down and see what

had to
the same as they would if they
buy

to

harp.

pair

of

shoes or a

would have the business men coming to me for their help

would have Letter help to
give them than they could secure
Few's

iiere.

tion

would charge a higher rate of

because
would so qualify
I

tui-

my

students that they could secure a

higher salary after they left my school
than they could after attending a

cheap school. It is the specialist in all

the professions and in most lines of
tfacture that is the prosperous
man or business.
It
is
the highly
lized and highly efficient private
hool that has the best chance to
eed
It that
sort of school will
not succeed, no other will.
In closing,
would discharge as an
inefficient executive of my school anyho left the impression in tlie
mind ot the public that I was saving.
.Please .on,,. ,,, ,,, v S C hool." I wouid
increase the salary of the executive
who would leave the impression upon
51

3w

;:
'

best

come

to

want

tlie

mind that "If you want the

menial training, von must
my school." And I would
atmosphere of my school to

say to everj
"I'

student

in

you do not make of

successful

student

here,

want you."

that

school.
yourself a

we do not

us be "gleaners in education "

hut let us select the heads of wheat
that are well tilled with ripe grain,
so
I-et

thai

when

product
Of

A-A-]

will

we

come

lo

market Our
stamp

receive the public

many

that

of

us

the

ifelt

same way

and decided to begin my paper several

pages in advance of the first one.
A commercial school is a business
institution which is professional in its
operation and which sells special and
expert service, and is therefore in a
class with all other professional
effort
am in favor of the development of
the commercial school with
I

emphasis on

special

professional side, for

school the possible
development does not loom very
large but professionally the possible
development is unlimited.
as

wanted

first lew pages of papers read

at conbecause they were always
tiresome and uninteresting and nobody cared to hear them anyway.
Thinking further about it I concluded

ventions,

in

If I were conducting
commercial school, or if

private

were

just

told me that Lena Vogt told him that

Clay D. Slinker told her that he wished that everybody would cut out the

executive

see

The

it

its

as -a

manager

of

commercial

school has a tremendous responsibility m directing and

controlling tin
workings of his- institution. The first
problem the manager has to consider
is

organization.

The organization question is one

which must ibe shared jointly by man
agement and teacher, and neither one
should throw the burden of responsibility upon the other.
It takes a
combination of proper executive work
with proper co-operation and
effort
on the part of the teaching staff to
organize a school which shall render
liin'f

The

efficient

service.
manager of a

commercial

school must be capable of handling

questions and problems in the same
way as does the head of any business
firm or institution, but in addition
he
must see to it that the people under
his charge co-operate in such
a way
as to keep the spirit of the
entire
concern in harmony. A term which
recurs perhaps most insistently in regard to the vast armies both of our
allies and our enemies in
good morale.
It is conceded that regardless
of
military strength or physical fitness
the most important factor in a victory
of any kind is good morale, that
is
unless the men pull together with a
will and thus eliminate
counter-irritation a great deal of the effort
of the

group

is wasted in friction.
We cannot win anything without harmony of
all the parts of the whole,
or as the

college boys say. it is team work

which wins the game.
Now this is
true not only in the action of armies
and football teams, hut is especially

should always be open to

and do what he pleases about anyway, and that according to my vieware

he manager must grow as

well as
Hie people under him in order
to fulhis entire duty, and to this
end he

fill

or suggestion of those

had the pleasure of sitting beside

Mr. Fred Gurtler at a recent convention banquet in Des Moines, and
he

positions,
or any of
those subjects ih.it are threadbare in
disi ussion that each one will go home

personal" entity
business eth-

o-f

and conduct as well as to the more

material lessons of the school room.
ics

C. C. C.

eration, Private Schools Dept.

Friday P. M., Dec. 28, 1917

not going to discuss "student

canvassing,
advertising,

mteeing

point,

the Teacher

Des Moines, Ia
National Commercial Teachers' Fed-

getting,"
-ii.r

true oi
a
school where immature
minds grow and expand and gradu-

ally acquire a definite

"i regard to question

College,

or the tuition that is net essarj

to secure high speed instruction,
1

sMe&uJ/jiej^g^cafrr

operating the machinthe private school under proement and with a keen retion of the value of time to the
prospective student, so much more
done for him in a given time
aved will more than
:

new

ideas

working under

him. A teacher who is thoroughly

interested in his work, particularly
a
new teacher, who can look on matter^
from the standpoint of a spectator
ma} have ideas too valuable to disregard, and it may be possible
that
through being too close to the thinothe manager has failed to get
the pro
per perspective and so is unable
to
see

the deficiency.

Fellow teachers, did you ever have

a plan that you had thought
oi and dreamed of
until you were sure
it
was the right one. and" did you ever
hesitate and finally decide with
much
tear and trembling to present
it
to
your manager with the hope that
in
an idea or

h's pleasure at receiving

it
he would
display some enthusiasm and
appreciation, and then when von have
laid
it
before him. he perhaps gave it
a
passing thought with the remark that
"It might be a good thing if
it could
be worked out?" Did you ever
have
that experience?
I have, and I have

gone hack

to

my room

and

my work

with the thought that perhaps

conscientious work and initiative do
not
count after all.

Then at other times I have laid before the manager a plan which
I considered an improvement upon
the
methods in use, and the suggestion
had been received with such genuine
appreciation and enthusiasm that I
have felt there was nothing in the
realm of business college work that
I
could not plan and execute myself

At least I was anxious to try. for the

manager had expressed his faith in

my

ability to do it: and that knowledge would prove a spur and an

inmy very best efforts in

spiration for
the future.

Managers and

Principals,

we appre-

ciate a word of commendation

whether it savors of the mid-victorian
courtlmes of Uncle Robert Spencer
who
always said, "My daughter, allow me
to present
compliments and to say

my

you have done nobly and well " or

whether it is delivered with the modern brevity of "That's fine" of F
L
Dyke, or the modest smile of approval
F. Williams.
I
believe managers do not realize

of B.

how much

this means to those workthem, for we are only

children after all. I believe
all suggestions should he
given a fair
trial, for if the management
gets one
good idea from a dozen valueless ones
his time has not been wasted,
and the
teacher is made to feel that he is
really a part of the institution,
although he may have nothing invested
hut his time and best efforts.
This co-operation between manager
and teacher or the lack of it brings

ing

under

grown up

&

'5^&uJ/?t<M&6u*i&r
out usually the virtue or faults of the
school operation more readily than

anything

else.

Tp secure the best co-operation the

management should select his teachview

to personality, ability,
ive all suitability, seeing to it

ith

.1

each person under him is doing

hing which he can do best and

that

mosl

Make

possible for
her to put the very best and
all of himself into his work and service.
Make the surroundings so
that the attention of the instructor can i>e concentrated on his
work Given proper and pleasant surroundings and an adequate salary on
which to live comfortably, the teachgive more whole-hearted
than if these conditions are
not fulfilled. Any normal person will
joyfully.

it

go more than half way to meet any

efforts at co-operation, and this i- especial}' true of the teacher who is in
the work more as an ideal of service than for the large and munificent

involved.

The management should see to it

good routine
teachim: in making him a poor executhat he does not waste a

and vice versa.

I
believe that
are far superior to men in detail work, and was about to add that
they also make better executives, but

tive,

women

realize that such a statement would

isolutely nothing in which men
excel, and we must be willing to diI

honors.
are several questions that bear
on this matter and are suggestive in
connection with school development.
How much teaching service is a
entitled to receive per hour.
nth. or any other unit of time
. ve him what he deserves
tuition he is paying and for
the school to make a profit on the
vide
i

splendid organization made the

-tand out as a distinctive sucnd m others where the lack of it
or any evidence of it placed the school
the

in a

secondary

class.

Students who attend commercial

schools are so widely different in educational preparation, age. temperament, and others ways that the classification and handling of them presents
one of the biggest problems in commercial school teaching. That teacher
si
successful who keeps in mind
the fact that the human animal likes
to be led rather than driven.
The

average pupil learns more readily

hen he is made to feel that that
school is his. and that he is going
there and getting information through
his own efforts and because he wants
to rather than being the passive subject of a sort of operation of learning.
believe that managers and teachers
should emphasize the fact of the student's possession of a distinct and
personal right and part in the life of
the school.
believe in consulting
him as to what he thinks about the
work of the class and the school in
general, and what he really thinks will
sometimes be very much of a -urprise.

who

desire the special and expert

training that will enable them to make
a successful start in business life.
I
believe in keeping the work along
strictly business lines, and in perfecting and developing it until it can properly and truthfully be said that we
are operating a professional training
school.

The commercial school has made

wonderful progress in the past few

Some of the best minds, men

great in ability, experience, far-sightedness, and wisdom have been at the
head of commercial schools in this
country during the past generation,
and they have done much to bring itdevelopment to its standard of today.
It must further develop, it cannot
stand still. The task that lie- before
us is an immense one. \\ e need each
other and we need a spirit of high
years.

effort,

of enthusiasm,

the

to

of

best
it

interests

may

In

cause.

need unity

and of

other

sacrifice

words,

we

effort to advance the

of our profession that

achieve for us the grandest and

results, both collectively and

individually.

I
believe in giving him the pride of
accomplishment and possession, and
in nine times out of ten you will have
an interested and intelligent student

body.

In addition to his regular

work

ADDRESS
Miss Dorothy Whedon, of the Elgin
Watch Company, Chicago
National Commercial Teachers' Federation, Dec. 28, 1917

teachers' sen

Do managers

or teachers know howmuch teaching services should proper',} be given in any unit of time in
order not to underdo or overdo a
teacher's effort?

check has your school on

your teaching service so that you may
know whether each teacher is as
nearh inn'; efficient as possible?
How do you organize your' teachrice so as to meet the varied
demands of changing attendance?
Have you. a hundred dollar per
month teacher doing a fifty dollar per
mo
job. or the reverse?
[s your system of school operation
and work elastic enough to take care
of
students
efficiently
and stable
enough to be definite and fixed?
Any institution, business or otherthat deals with the public as
does the school is bound to be influence'' by the personal element entering into the relation between school
ing

have emphasized it especially here

for it is truly a matter of first importance
have been in schools where
I

This is very important.

What account do you take of it?
\\ hat
do you do to recognize it?
What do you do to capitalize and use
lent.

it?

The matter of properly organizing

the teaching service is so vital to the
success of a commercial school that

encourage class and school

especially

Make him

the

and

Mi--

competition.
learning to
the world, and

tlemen.

spirit,

spirit of
feel that he is

take a man's place in

that you respect him in the same way
and value his opinions even as you
expect him to respect yours.

am

greatly in favor of the many

sports and activities.
the splendid school
spirit
which prevails at C. C. C.
College where I am employed is in a
large measure responsible for its unI

different school
believe that

We

qualified success.
march to our
hall on Friday morning to
the splendid music of our own school
orchestra, and in some magical way
our president always provides something very much w-orth while.
have listened to the inspiring words
of David Starr. Jordan, the less polished speeches of Bill Sunday, and
sometimes our students furnish a
clever and unique program.
have
a Girl's Glee Club and boy's basket
ball team that sweeps everything liefore it, and debating clubs for "both
girls and boy:-.
Our students are thus
made to feel that the school is theirs

assembly

We

We

to progress
possible.

and develop

in

every way

From the teacher's standpoint the

handled by the commercial
school
need consideration.
Some
schools succeed in making public
school kindergartens out of their institutions, and others try to put on the
front of a school of higher learning.
The commercial school is outside the
sphere of either of these, and its work
must appeal to young men and women
subjects

Whedon:
I

want

and Genyou a little

Ladies
to

give

"And he saith unto them.

will be great among you
your minister and whosoever
among you will be chief, will be your
servant'."
That is what I want to
quotation:

'Whoever

shall be

talk to

you about.
hundred and fifty or
came our great eco-

July abqut a
sixty years ago

nomic

changes when almost over

night we passed through the hand
stage into the machine stage, when
the family was no longer your great
unit, when the great factories sprang
up and then finally when power was
applied to machinery.
We had still
-greater changes when cities came into existence and then we had the
concentration and integration of capital,
and our whole viewpoint was
broadened and we found still other
methods of thought, but by that time
things were happening so fast that

we

didn't quite bave our ethics up to

the rest of the standards.
When we
talked of business men who were successful, we spoke of shrewd business
men because they could detect things.
You spoke of a hard-headed business
man and you thought all the time
he might be a little bit lax perhaps
ethically, but all that has come to be
changed and men are realizing the
truth of what the great teacher said
true not because He said it but He
said it because it was true, that "He
who wishes to be greatest among
you shall be your servant." and so

now-a-days

we

find

when we open

our mail that such and such a maga-

&

&/u'&uJ//i^A'&fa4a&r

wishes our

zine

valued

subscription

dollar and a half because we

are something more than a card index
They are anxious to put
for them.
their whole staff of editors at your
service.
are told when we go into the

We

'Please bring us your certifi\\ e

cates, notes and savings account.

hank.

It is the
will help vou all we can."
same way with your hotel. "Please
cine to our hotel. We can give you
There is nothing
the best service.

too servile for us to attempt."

It

is

same way when you go to your

You go to the
department store.
store which offers you the greatest
service, and men are finding that not
only in relation to their customers
the

and" to their patrons, but to their employees, vou will find that the greatest master of business is the servant
of those who are working under him
and so we have your employees welfare associations, our mutual benefit

associations, athletic clubs and reading rooms, recreational centers, all

manner of educational work.

Some people have

different ideas of

service than others. There was TimThey asked Timkins, for instance.
kins if he were doing his bit in the

I," he said, "Why,

daughters use me
my
We still have some
to wind wool."
people around our offices that have
They
iust about that idea of service.
think they are there so the boss may
have somebody to cuss at, or else
they think they are there more or less
as machines, not ready to take initiative to do anything on their own account, and that is why you and I are
here in the world one reason why
we have our commercial forces, so
we can make these future stenogservants
raphers greater servants
that they may serve not only the business with which they are connected
but that they may serve the nation
wherever one has got to do a little
bit more than one man's share, and
that they may serve the world for the
world is made up of people just like
you and me, isn't it? And each of
us have our part of service to do.

arniy service.
wife

and

"Am
five

service of your business is only

a part of your living in the world,
and you and I are going to fail in our
duty if you as teachers and as an older office employe, don't help teach
younger employees of ours to get the
correct ideals, a greater inspiration
for service, and help them to look
upon their work not only as a work
but as an art, to get the greater and
It is going to
bigger development.
be necessary to teach the technicalities of course, but over the practice,
over the routine work of your typewriter keys of your stenography, your
your bookkeeping, your
dictation,

The

penmanship, you

have

got

to

have

higher ideals of service than that, and

as you teach your routine work, teach
Folks, can't you tell the people
joy.
you are teaching to work, that work
fun, that there is nothing hard
is
about it, that there is a joy in living,
and when you get that enthusiasm.

that is going to take you over the

top, that is going to keep you from
sticking in a mediocre place.

suspect.
The President gives an order to his Secretary and the Secretary
passes it on to the Chief Clerk, and

Teach efficiency in the

Typewriting is one of

so

little

things.

your best
You have a

places for getting that.

chance to teach routine, but a care-

painstaking regard for detail

ful,
should be taught, and then there is
that idea of cheerfulness.

was talking to a friend of mine

the other day who is to change
her position the first of this year and
take a new one. As she went to the
president of the old firm to tell him
she was going to leave, he said, "I
am sorry to see you go. It is not beI

just

cause of the long hours of overtime;

you're paid for that.
It is just on

account of your smile."

He says,
"The atmosphere of cheerfulness that
you have put into this office has been
one of the biggest assets we have
had." So that idea of cheerfulness is
another one that we ought to give
Put emphasis on getto our people.
ting your training, the using of tools
of your trade, yes, but put stress too
on those other things which aren't
emphasized enough, judging from the

way people come

into our office.

Then besides your efficiency and

besides your cheerfulness comes initiative.
The idea of looking out for
things to do, because service isn't
service in its highest sense if it has
to be asked for.
We all appreciate
more the service which is given before it is asked for, and if you tell
people that right around the
corner is waiting to happen something that will give them a great big
boost ahead on their ladder to success, then you have given them something that is going to help them in
their work.
Another thing is vision, to get a
glimpse of the big game of business
as a whole.
You are only one small
cog in the machine, of course, and
lots of days it seems as if you never
would be anything more, but keep
ahead of you what people are doing,
the trend of the times, what the thing
is as a whole, then you can overlook
those drudgery days. There is a big
difference, you know, between overThere is
looking and looking over.
the idea of vision. Let's get both of
those things, and look over the field
to see the opportunities that are there
for a greater increased service, a biggei ministry and to overlook the lit-

your

trying things that

tle

become

so

ir-

ritating at times.

anothr idea too that goes

make up this idea of service, and

There
tci

that

is

is

responsibility.

Too many

of

our office people are still clockwatchers. There has been a lot said
about it but at that, most of the people you know are strictly on a time
basis, and when the clock says 5:00
or 5:30, they are out, regardless of
what mail is still to be done or how
important a matter there is still hanging over. A few people are willing to
Most of us like
take responsibility.
And in an ofto shirk it, don't we?
than
other places, I
worse
fice, it is

it slides all the way down the line

until it reaches the office boy or the
file clerk, and they do it because they

When you can find someone

to.
who is a real shock-absorber, who
catches those things as they slide,
then you have someone of value in
have

the office.
This
sponsibility.

Another thing

idea

the

is

earnestness.
up service too.
is

goes to make
boys and girls come

of

re-

That
Our

into work so
that a great many of them
don't have the proper spirit.
They
don't look upon it with the earnestness that they should have and that
idea of looking upon your work as an
art, as a profession, if no more than
running a typewriter, is a thing that

young

going to change your work from

mediocrity to that above the average.
is

That is what is going to lift a clerk

out and beyond.
Did you read the article in the Jan-

uary
American
young man who

magazine

the
on
Secretary to Sec-

is

retary of War Baker?

help your students to

If not, it may
know what an

ideal Secretary will do,

and then the

am

going to put into

final thing I
Under that
this service idea is spirit.
supreme
I
want to include loyalty
loyalty to the firm in order that there

You all know

be team work.
what it is in an organization to have
someone that is continually bucking
against the heads someone who always wants to go the opposite direction.
They may have splendid ideas,
may be very clever, very brilliant,
well educated and capable in doing
their own work, and yet around an
office there is no one that is harder
to fit in than one who is always disThe person who is always
gruntled.
grunting about something, that always has a kick, is the one that can't

may

tolerated.

be

And

so we have S-E-R-V-I-C-E
spirit. "E" for earnestness,
for responsibility, responsibility
the details first and of course it

"S" for

"R"
in

naturally
things,

follows

"V"

for

to

vision

the

to

bigger
overlook

and look over, "I" for initiative. "C"

"E" for effifor cheerfulness, and
ciency, efficiency with the tools of
Altogether, you have
your trade.

SERVICE, a well-rounded employee

with a well-rounded pocketbook, and
"He saith unto them, 'Whoever will
be great among you, shall be your
minister and whosoever among you
will be chief will be your servant'."
i

Applause.)

SERVE AND SAVE

BUY W.

S.

S.

^
Sane Penmanship
Methods
By

FRANK

H.

ARNOLD,

Supervisor of Writing, and Principal of the Lewis

and Clark Evening High School. Spokane. Wo.

Some men

&

.y/u>36uj//itjjCWtua/<r
that the methods of teaching the
child at the beginning should be the
same methods that are used in the
later life of the child.
I
went even
so far as to call this large, free writing "sign-board" writing, and really
pitied people who could not see that
matter as I did.

When

try to cling to their old

became writing supervisor

every conscientious teacher to get results, if she but follow strictly the
plans and outlined work of the author.

With the help of these new

manuals no one needs to go wrong.

But to get to the main point of my
discussion, let me state that I thoroughly believe in large w-riting for
the first two grades, mainly because it

grade schools of Spokane, I

thoroughly convinced that all
the poor writing that could be found
in the written work of grade students
could be traced back to the primary
grades where the large writing was
After one year of observataught.
tion
and serious consideration of
grade writing in all its phases I saw
I
became thoroughly
a new- light.
convinced that the penmanship troubles in the upper grades did not result from the teaching of large writing.
I
found, however, that our

in these grades.
To get
results
in
forearm
the teacher must expend
a great deal of effort, and. if not
careful, the child will be the victim
of a great deal of unintentional nagging.
And in spite of all the efforts
put forth, the little fellow- will hackslide
quite often when he
closely watched.
The plan of procedure is too hard for the immature

statements are
All the
merely an introduction to what I am
going to say below about penmanThese statements are
ship methods.
all the apology, if you wish to call
that, that I am going to give for
it

methods

child.

my

incorrect

of thought and action even

they are really convinced of
their mistakes. This is natural, I presume. The ordinary person does not
like to be regarded as a turncoat, or

ways
after

wavering views.
I
am
that I cannot be numcannot
bered among individuals who
give up old convictions when new
I
light comes.
believe that mental
a
growth demands an open mind
mind willing to acknowledge error.

man

really

of

glad

foregoing

changed views.

get down to "brass tacks" at

once, I desire to state that there was
I
did nut believe in
a time when
I
large, free writing for the child.
was thoroughly steeped in that plausible sounding, but seductive argument

To

the

in

was

of teaching this large writbeen at fault, and that the

kind of writing had nothing whatever
I
might add just here
to do with it.
that the wisest plans will fail, if you
ito put over those plans by using

ing had

methods.

explaining the
misundei stood
Mr. Zaner's suggestions, and
Mr. Zaner's new manuals
3
a
manual for every
by the way make it easj for

ner>! 011I3 saj in

thai
we had
1

easy to teach and easy to learn.

1
am just as thoroughly convinced
that fore-arm muscular movement is
is

impractical

even

mediocre

movement

While

it

is

extremely

olearm

'

\y

/(

-J
Second Grade

Wr

ng.

Spokane,

Wi,

Schools.

Fo

difficult

to

teach the child the principles and necessity of forearm movement, he can
easily
understand
the wholearm
method of writing. Show the child
slide
his arm and write a
large letter, and he has no trouble
follow your directions. Then why
him with the harder process?
he reaches the fourth grade,

ell

coordinated.

o.

he

methods
will

in

write

<Me3BuJ//i^&6ua&r

'mil
than the child who has
iroughl up "ii forearm movei.ini the time he enters school.

&

^oing to try to prove

this

by

-^

"
'

believe the writing of

ourth grade pupils first taught
ree writing in the lower grades
hope that
ovi mj assertion.
aner will see tit to use some of
urth grade writing in illustratI

artii le.

deviate from ray discussion

and say that I am a lover
I
believe that the child
has the right to be as happy and
1
do not
in care as possible.
it
just to the child to make
irk hard, if we can get desired
When see
in an easier way.
children, under the mistaken
little
guidance of a conscientious teacher,
desperately to make large
g
act in a small way that is
liscouraging, and unnecessary.
ready- to exclaim with Briggs,
1

just a little

Idren.

portrayer of childhood
needs
feller
a

eat

"When

is.

ssibly

should say

discussion that

in

at

this point

we begin

fore-

in penmanship at the
find
ling of the third year.
easy matter to show the third
child how to use his forearm
He
as a control in writing.

arm training
in.
it

in

an

We

een taught all the small and

capital letters in the first two grades
able when he reaches the third
grade to write many easy sentences

Third B Grade writing, Spokane, Wn Schools.

pure arm movement evidently having been employed.

Note the

sual

freedom and speed.

and

By

words.
Is

in

using

wholearm

grades one and two the

child has acquired better form than

he :ould possibly acquire by trying
two hard things. I refer here
effort to make his arm muscles
a small

in

itself,

way

and

properly, a hard
efforts

his

to

ac-

It is easy
quire the forms of letters.
third grade to reduce the"
letter
to
a smaller
formed
well
large,
size, and the child can spend most of
proper
the
acquiring
now
his time

this a
I
call
movement.
methods of proced-

forearm

sane, pedagogical

know that
when I follow

d
I

le

actual
is

am on

solid

these methods,

experience

worth more

to

in

child

me

than

theory.
not care in this article to dis.ii-the writing of the grammar
All penmanship authorities
practically agree as to the methods
I am submitthese grades.
lowever, to Mr. Zaner some
ens of writing done by gram-rade children. If he sees fit to
writing, you will have a
chance to see writing of grammar
liildren who were taught large
I
am
writing in the lower grades.
not at all ashamed of this writing.
and believe it meets the demand oi
school life and the business world.
if

i!

INVESTORS WILL WIN

INVADERS WILL LOSE
strength
balanced.

Eighth Grade writing, Spokane, Wn., School.

in photographing and is therefore too small, but
of the original specimen, in whcih form i

>eed

it

reveals

was reduced
some of the
are

admirably

>y/ic>3fiitj//iJj&/uia/<r

departmenY of the interior

The Forty-eighth Year Book

BUREAU OF EDUCATION
Washnigton,

D.

111.,

C. May

10,

1918.

QUESTIONNAIRE TO PRIVATE BUSINESS SCHOOLS. Y. M. C.

SCHOOLS, ETC., ON PREPARATION FOR FOREIGN TRADE
The Bureau

of Education in pursuance of the

work undertaken

in

A.

'

Name

of School
Location (State)
(City)
(Street)
Xante all special career cour
1.
ilesmanship, now offered
school, and mark with a cross those for which ilu-rr- is an increasing demand.
i<
2.
What new career courses art
iffer for 1918-1919?
Is there any perceptible need it
3.
Can your school offer a course in foreign trade?

by

When

Language

Male

"'

Language

Female

What percentage of your

What is your system of

present

students are

now

Male

Female

male or

employed''

securing
for your students:
do you maintain relations with students aftei leaving your school?
To what extent is the work of your school recognized by the public school
of your city or state?
How is your school identified with the organized business life of the
May your answer to the above questions be published bj this Burea

How

and

service.

College, R.
Maclean, President, recently
an attractive bulletin, printed
ange and black with gray
which indicates a thriving school.
i

The

Central City Business School,

Syracuse, X. V.. issues a beat
embossed and illuminated-covi
logue bespeaking a good am!
school.
Mr. A. W. Dakin.
the

famous penman, and R. W. John-

son each have specimens of pe

ship

therein.

W.

C. Brownfield, Bowling
Ky., is now supervising wri
Cincinnati and teaching in one
evening high schools.
Mr. I'
field is a man well qualified in methods and technic in penmanship, and
we are sure his success will be markHe is
ed in the Queen City.
America's most skillful penmen. Cincinnati has quite a large number of
expert penmen:
A. M. Woni
\. Snyder. C. R. Tate. H. A.
all Zanerians.
I

[Questionnaires of this nature should be replied to fully and promptly

by commercial schools.
It bespeaks interest, enthusiasm, efficiency, consideration

in

J.

Mr.

other than English does your school teach

Does your school teach commercial geography ami history of commerce?
State foreign languages spoken by your students, with number of students,
female, speaking each language
Num ber of Students
Number of Students

6.

What languages

5.

your
^.

>

City

is

The Detroit Commercial

co-

operation with the Committee of Fifteen on Educational Preparation for

Foreign Service, desires to ascertain at once to what extent your school
can assist in training for foreign trade. Will you not furnish this Bureau at
your earliest convenience with answers to the following questions, using the
inclosed penalty envelope marked "commercial" for your reply.
Very truly yours, 1'. P. Cla:
missioner of Education.

4.

Business College. Quincy,

keeping with the average
high grade product of this instil
even though the paper and pi
are about double in cost to what they
were a year or two ago. ll is
fusely and attractively illustrate
bespeaks a growing institution.
in-ill

Editor.]

Mr. Irwin N. Knehans lias been elected teacher of commercial subji

the Granite City. 111.. High Schi

The Grand
Mr. H. A. Reneau, of

Des Moines.

year in the High School,

with The Equitable Life Insurance Co., 'if Iowa, working in the
[owa,

is

last

now

Auditing Department.
Mr. Reneau
a very fine penman as well as a
very fine man. and we wish him all
the success he deserves in his new
line of work.
Miss Ethel Bryan, Wilmington, Ohio,
who taught the commercial subjects
in
the Plymouth, Indiana, Schools
last year and supervised the writing
in the grades, is this year teaching in
is

the

equal

and
and
ence

Commercial Col]..
Miss Bryan handles with about
facility penmanship, shorthand
the usual commercial subjects,

Elizabeth, X.

lege.

is

is

young woman whose

influ-

always for the good.

Mr. A. B. Cox, formerly with StrayBusiness College, Washington.

D. C, writes that he now has a very

er's

desirable position in the government

service.
After the war Mr. Cox may
return to teaching. Let us hope that
the boys will all come back and show
us how to do things after the great
struggle is over.

Mr. A. N. Symmes, of Indiana and

Louisville, last year with the Columbus Business College, is now at the
head of the commercial department
in the Mansfield High School.
Mr.

Symmes

is

gentleman by

teacher by nature and a

instinct.

Mr. W. H. Carrier, formerly of Michigan, but of recent years of Illinois,

is now at the head of the Champaign,
Illinois,

Commercial College.

He

re-

ports a fine enrollment in the past

year with outlook still better for the
present year.
He is located in the
New Robeson Building, which is one
of the finest commercial buildings
found anywhere.
Mr. T. H. Lodge, a high school teacher of many years' experience, is now
connected with the Los Angeles,
Mr. J. E.
Calif., Business College.
Owen, manager, reports a thriving
school.

Mr. H. E. Hudson, of Philadelphia,

Pa., is now teaching commercial subjects and penmanship in the Easton,
Mr. Hudson is an
Pa., High School.
His
experienced, well qualified man.
services will be

appreciated,

we

Commercial

School.

feel

sure, in Easton.

Salem,

Mass..

George P. Lord, president, issues a

well-printed. 3.5-page, brown covered
catalogue showing the work of the
school in a way that convinces a
prospective student that the institution offers first class instruction for
all who are ambitious to succeed.
Mr. A. H. Dixon, Principal of the
Miles City, Montana, writes that this has been the
they have ever
prosperous
year
most
had, and that the future looks very
good.

Montana

Institute,

Island, Nebr., Business

College recently issued an exct
catalogue of 7" pageed "it a quality of paper that thi

ally tine

ernment
that

it

now
is

forbids,

high

means

which

grade,
success.

besi

<

It
prosperity and
is
ered in brown, embossed, and
in black and red.
It is attractively
|

illustrated.

"Your Opportunity"

is

the

titl

profusely illustrated, l:.-page circular

issued by "Wichita, Kans., Commer\
The penman. V
College.
cial
Botts, has decorated every page with
his designing and skill, which is quite
Penni;
original and effective.
Cart>
Flourishing. .Lettering,
ing
are featured.

Mr. H. A. Roush, formerly of McKeesport and Pittsburgh, and last

the footlights in vaudeville, is this \ear teaching bookkeeppenmanship
in the Woo
ing and
Mr.
High School of Cincinnati.
year before

Roush is not only a fine penmanship

teacher but a well rounded man. menWe have reason
tally ami manually.
to believe that he will find the service

mutually

beneficial

in

uati.
J.

J.

and
a

Truitt, the well known pei

commercial teacher, has o

new school

in

man

The New
Commerce. Mr.

Miami.

Fla.,

Liberty College of
Truitt states that his school is loHe
cated in the midst of Paradise.
is organizing a chain of four schools.

&

<3^&u4/n^&rfiuafi>r

"Make

the Most of the Best That

is in

You"

Auditing Procedure.

Efficiency brings added responsibilities.

are tbe stepping stones to increased salary
in tenure of office.

Added

responsibilities

Punctuality:
I.
See tbat you are not only in the office, but at your
desk, at the prescribed hours in the morning, and at noon time, prepared

work.
Application: Punctuality does not mean much if you do not apply
self to your work at all times.
Do not invite criticism of your superior
by misapplication of the time specified as office (working) hours.
3.
Accuracy: With this most important essential mastered, speed will
rind its way to the front. "Whatever you do, do well."
4.
Judgment: See that your best judgment is employed at all times;
no more can be expected.
5.
Co-operation: Nursing a grouch or grudge makes one unhappy. If
you feel you cannot co-operate with others when called upon to do so, speak
frankly to your superior of it. "United we stand; divided we fall."
Determination: Determination, rightly emploved, can and will sur6.
to

''-.

mount any

difficulty.

Experience:
Experience is a Aatter of profiting by mistakes.
mistake is an error of judgment. Avoid making the same mistake twice.
7.

To avoid errors
To profit by mistakes
To think and then act
To make the best of little
To shoulder a deserved blame

BUT
{

From

IT
a

ALWAYS PAYS

Washington Stenographer)

BOOK REVIEWS
Our

readers are interested in books of merit,

but especially in books of interest and value
to commercial teachers, including books of
special educational value and books on business subjects.
All such books will be hriefly
reviewed in these columns, the object being to
give sufficient description of each to enable
our readers to determine its value.

Lessons in Personal Efficiency. Robert

Grimshaw.
The Macmillan
ompany, New York. Cloth boards,
I

'ages,

illustrated, price $1.00.

This is a thought-provoking book.

being the substance of a series of lectures Liven in the New York University
The modern interpretation of
aning of such words as Efficiency. Attention. Perception. Memory. Will, Time. etc.. are given and
clarity the mind and subject.
Questions for review and to stimulate a retentive memory are an im'

part of the book. Tbe volume

deals concretely with psycholo.^ and
physi ;Iogy, as we need to know them
in their application to individuals and

their

Caton

activities.

Scientific

Shorthand, and Note

T.

-..

..

Scientific PubJ. Caton.

Co., .Minneapolis. Cloth. 172
illustrated.

nality in shorthand is the author's

claim. And he supports it with a verv
ete and costly volume
which
iiagone through three revisions.
The engraving is carefully done, the
"I'd. and the binding and
i

stamp
'i

NOT EASY

IT IS

To apologize
To begin over
To take advice
To face a sneer
To keep on trying

bespeak

pre-war

Simplicity and brevity and

nently speed in both learning
riling are the result of a basic

Salle

Chicago.
Auditing

and make for security

rule as follows:

"(a) write every inilong vowel and dipthong sound;

write all the consonant sounds;
(c) construct and position the written
part of each word so the outlines
show the exact position occupied by
tbe unwritten vowel sounds."
The
system looks good and sounds sound.
The order of presentation reveals
pedagogic consideration as well as
practical application.
The characters
are Pitmanic-like and are written according to position.
tial

(b)

Cloth, 342 pages.

the analysis of business
transactions.
In the minds of some
business men the definition stops
there, but among progressive men
who understand the tendencies of the
times, auditing is regarded as a constructive science.
Books have been written on auditing theory.
This is a manual of
procedure which tells the practitioner
is

not only what accounts must be audited, and why. but how.
The book
discusses fully the steps taken by an
auditor in verifying the balance sheet,
and profit and loss accounts. It treats
in a practical way the audit of balsheet accounts, of income accounts, of expense accounts, of municipal accounts, the mechanical or
detailed side, the auditor's report, and
various miscellaneous matters.
The accountant will find discussions of such topics as the valuation
of inventories, the reserve for doubtful accounts, how to show notes receivable discounted, securities depreciation as an operating cost, the valuation of goodwill, deferred charges,
short cuts for verification of cash, the
determination of net worth, what to
include in the surplus account, safeguarding the pay-roll, etc.
The book is issued by the LaSalle
Extension University and forms a
part of the instructions material in
the course in Higher Accountancy.

ance

Grammar
A. M..

M.

to Use.
William D. Lewis.
Red. D., Principal, and Helen

Lynch, A.

Democracy Explained.

Spargo.
lishers.

338

Harper

New

pages,

John

&

Brothers. PubYork.
Cloth -boards,

large

type.

Price

not

given.

The volume is well named, being

an explanation of social vs. political
democracy.
.The subject is clearly
presented in so far as it is possible

B.,

Teacher,

William

Penn High School, Philadelphia. The

C. Winston Company, Philadel-

John

phia and Chicago.

price 72 cents net.

The volume

Social

William B. CasPublished
Extension University,

tenholz, A. M.. C. P. A.

by La

Cloth. 221 pages,

designed to promote
the use rather than the mere study or
theory of grammar. It is sufficiently
simple
for
pupils
in
junior high
schools and of value to older persons
seeking short cuts to correct expression.
Its review provisions and its
is

applications function particularly well.

Essentials and essentials only are
stressed and featured.
Classification
is
minimized and application by
means of illustration is emphasized
by being provided for and developed.
Xo one can study the book without
improved power to speak and write

to anticipate it at this time.

The
is something more than a viscorrectlv.
ionary; he is a practical theorist who
believes that a better condition will
come, is coming, through evolution "Carry On," subscription, free to all
rather than through revolution or by interested in the reconstruction of
some sudden awakening. Syndicalism. disabled soldiers, Washington, D. C.,
Revisionism, etc., are interpreted and
Artliur H. Samuels, Captain, S. C. N,
explained by one who views things A., Managing Editor, is new worththrough Marxian philosophy.
while publication, devoted to the reIt is
a timely presentation and a conviction
education and re-training of soldiers
worth reading, because its author is incapacitated by war. It is published
an authority and because it is a sub- by the American Red Cross, attracject pressing hard upon human contively
illustrated,
and instructively
sciousness and need. Although writ- and entertainingly written. President
ten before the war, it is nevertheless
Wilson, Theodore Roosevelt, Charles
M. Schwab and other notable persons
a key to much which must necessarily
fallow the war.
contributed to the August number.

author

&

^/&&u&n^&&ua&r
Rose Baldwin, of the East Hartford.
Conn.. High School, is now with the
Torrington. Conn.. High School.
Ralph Howard is the new commercial
teacher in the Fitchburg, Mass., High
School.

Margaret Delury, who has been in

charge of the commercial work in the
Stoughton, Mass.. High School, is

now

Revere.

the

in

High

Mass..

The new commercial teacher at Madison. Minn.. High School, is Georgetta B. Dolezal, of Elberon, Iowa.

M. R. Trexler,
is

now

of Fairbury, 111.. High

with the Monmouth.

High School.
Helen C. Peterson,
111..

of Minneapolis,
goes to the Larimore, X*. D., High
School as commercial teacher.
C. E. Butcher, last year with the

Olean, N. V.. High School, takes

charge of the commercial department
of the Waterloo, Iowa. Business College.

Ada Burnett goes from

the MarshallSchool, to the Ha-

town. Iowa. High

vana. 111., High School.
Gertrude E. Grant goes from the East
Providence, R. I., High School, to the
Englewood, X. .1. High School, where
she is to have shorthand and typewriting.

Kunz, of Davenport,

Olive
the

Iowa,

new commercial teacher

University of X'orth Dakota.

Carington Jackson, recently

Aberdeen,

D..

S.

State

is

in

the

of

the

Xormal

School, is now in charge of the commercial work of the X'egannee. Mich.,

High School.
C. M. Drake, last year with Hill's
Business College. Oklahoma City, is
now with the Belmke-W'alker Business College. Portland. Oregon.
Irene Edgecomb has gone from the
Cortland, X. V.. Business College, to
the Merrill Business College, Port
Chester, X. V.
Pearl Pratt ha- been promoted from
the
the

Woodward High

the

School. Cincin-

High
Omaha.

er

Kennedy, who resigned from

the Passaic, X. J.. High School to go
O. A.

accounting in Xew York City

has been persuaded to return to take
charge of the commercial department
there this year, succeeding Harold
Cowan, who goes to Arlington, Mass.,
High School.
B. F. McAdams, Sever). Kansas, is
in charge of the commercial work in
the Lincoln. Xebr., Business College,

Ethel Farrell,

in

Carrie M. Harrison, Mount Pleasant.

Mich., will be a new teacher in the
Rockford. 111.. High School.
Lillian Stoll

is

new

teacher in the

Idaho Technical Institute. Pocatello.

Watts, last year with the
J.
Wilkes-Barre Business College, has
become head of the commercial department of the Minersville. Pa-

A.

High School.
Bertha Cowan, Bridgeport. Ohio, is
new commercial teacher in the
a
Peru. Ind., High School.
L. May Eisenhart, who for several
years has been with the Beacon Business College, Wilmington, Del., has
!>cen made head of the typewriting
department of Bay Path Institute.
Springfield, Mass.

Miss
cial

E.

J.

Moore

teacher

in

is

the

new commer-

Bridgeton.

X".

I.,

High School.
H. E. Emerick, of Carson City. Mich.,
is the new commercial teacher in the
Canton. Ohio. Actual Business College.

charge of commerSte. Marie.

School.
Hallie Buckley, Berlin. X. H.. will
teach commercial branches this year

of

work in the Sault

Mich., High School, last

cial

Lucille De'Lashmutt is a new

teacher of English there.
Leola M. Robinson, Bath. Maine, goes
to the Newton, X. J.. High School
this year.

and

Mrs. K. E. Twitchell, last year with

the Wirislow, Me.. High School, is
now with the Revere. Mass.. High

School

year,

to

takes

charge of the commercial work in the

Cape Girardeu. Mo.. State X'ormal
School.

Anna E. Reed, of Carlisle.

new commercial teacher in

Pa.,

the

is

Cen-

in

the St. Johnsbury, Yt.,

Academy.

Anna H.

Finley, last year in the Troy.

X. V.. High School, is a new commercial teacher in the Xew Rochelle.
X. V.. High School.

W.

Ethel

last year with

Del.. High School,

Williams,

High School, Harrisburg. Pa.

M. M. Mackinder, of Medicine Hat,
Alberta, goes to Wasatch Academy,

goes

Mount

Pleasant, Utah, to handle the

William E. Drake, who has been with

commercial work.
Libby J. Cohen is a new commercial
teacher in the High School at West-

the Ellis Publishing Company for

several years, goes to the Drake Business College. Jersey City, as a commercial teacher.
Leona McLean, University Place.
Xebr.. is a new commercial teacher
in the Denison. Iowa, High School.
Abbie C. Watson, last year with the
Miller School. Xew York City, has
joined the Bryant & Stratton School,
Providence.
Esther Ward has been engaged to
teach commercial work in the Uxhridge, Mass.. High School.

tral

ford.

Mass.

May

L. Fillmore has

gone from the

High School to the
High School.
Marie Keenan, Omaha, is a new comMansfield, Mass..
Richfield. Utah,

mercial teacher in the Santa Fe, N.

M.. High School.
Emma J. Williams, Readfield. Me.,
will
have charge this year of the
shorthand in the Rochester, X. H.,
High Schoo.I

ersworth.

E. Mae Comfort, of Xew Castle. Pa.,

follows C. E. Butcher as commercial
teacher in the Olean. X. Y.. High
School.

the

Georgetown.
to

the

Caldwell.

X.

J..

High

School.

last

year

commercial work

of the

cently

Commerce.

Dubuque. Iowa, High School

Catherine Creedan,

nati.

into

School.

School,

H. A. Roush, formerly of the Latimer

High School, Pittsburg, is now with

X.

became

in

charge

the

Som-

High School,

re-

commercial teachWinthrop, Mass., High

the

in

H..
the

in

School.

Edna

I.

Buchanan,

Minot, X'.
this year

last

year with the

will teach

High School,

D.,
in

one of the Des Moines

High Schools.
Christine Johnston is a new commercial teacher in the Milford, X. H..
High School.
David Hamblen, Jr., last year with
the Saugus. Mass., High School, now
has charge of the commercial work
at Middleton, Mass.. High School.

Marie A. Watson, Georgetown, Mass..

goes to the Bliss Business College.
X'orth Adams. Mass.
Marion L. Vassar is a new shorthand
teacher in the Vermillion, S. D., High
School.
Catherine Connelly is a new shorthand teacher in the Booth & Bayliss

Commercial

School,

Waterbury,

Conn.
year with the
Troy. X. Y.. High School, is now
with" the Roselle Park. X. J.. High

Jessica

Palmer,

last

School.
B. E. Alward, who has been in charge
of the commercial work in the Lincoln County High School. Eureka.
Mont., is now with the Montesano.

Wash., High School.

Elizabeth B. Aisenberg is a new
teacher of penmanship, and Helen F.
Denrield is a new teacher of bookkeeping in the Xew Britain, Conn.,
High School.

Mamie

Saathoff,

Mendon.

111.,

is

new commercial teacher in the Eldorado. 111.. High School.

Vivian Simpson, of Roxbury, Mangoes from Hammond. Ind.. High
School, to the Moline, 111.. High
School.
M. L. Lacey goes from the Rockford.
111..
High School to the Springfield.
Ohio. High School.
Edythe Johnson, of Iron Mountain,
Mich., is a new commercial teacher
in the Cadillac, Mich., High School.
Benjamin Neuwirth, Brooklyn. X. V..
has charge of the commercial department in the Elmira, X. Y.. High
School.
Helen M. Harris, Orono, Maine, is in
charge of the commercial work in
the Hackettstown. X. J.. High School.
Margaret T. Ryan goes from the Calais, Maine. High School, to the Somersworth, X. H., High School.
Mr. Deckman is a new shorthand
teach in the Office Training School.
Harrisburg, Pa.
Emma E. Hobbs and Elizabeth Barneck are new commercial teachers in
the
Redwood Falls, Minn., High
School.
Annie A. Bass, of Xorwich. Conn., is
new commercial teacher in the
a
Xewmarket. X. H., High School.
Mrs. Modesta Barton, for several
years with the Highland Park College.
Des Moines, where she had
charge of the commercial department,
is
to be this year with the West
High School. Des Moines.

Rose P. Treat
Des M

goi

the

ol

Schools to the
Liverpool, Ohio, High School.
Bertha M. Jones,
ears in
I,
the Bridgewater, Mass., High s h
~
new teacher in the Chandler
a
i

East

>

Boston.

J,

Gertrude Fairbanks goes this

from the Welleslej
Mass
School to the Medford;

year

The

works published by
Pitman & Sous. 2 West 45th
Xew York, have been added to
the Xew York Supply Last for 1918listing:
1919
"Pitman's Shorthand
Rapid Course," "Key to Shorthand
Writing Exercises and Examination
Tests," "French Phonography" by T.
Reed.
\.
"Pitman's
English
and
Dictionary."
Shorthand
and "The
Four in Isaac Pitman Shortfollowing

oi such words curtails a man's

development.
T h e y encourage
mental laziness because a stock
phrase conies to the lips without
needing the impulse of an idea.
-Usually the use of stock phrases

hand."

Lillian I. Kite, of Keota, Iowa, is to

hi
with the Lawrence. Kansas. High
Last year she was
this year.
with the Oshkosh, Wis., High School.
L. H. Rich, Bay City, Mich., is
in
High
teacher
the
ercial
immerce, Detroit, and
of
'

Harold

"'

King,

F.

teacher
il

of

penmanship

of
in

ii

year with
igh School,

last

thi

>etroit

the
is

and

High

Commerce.

John R. Jones, formerly with the Xew

Carlisle. Indiana. High School, is now
head of the Penmanship Department
Richmond. Indiana. High
in
the
School. Besides penmanship, he also
teaches Commercial Arithmetic and
i

ping.

The Taylor School

is the green eraof the white covered catalogue issued by that institution locatMr.
ed in the citv of Philadelphia.
Freeman P. Taylor. Ph. B.. president,
has built up a good school, and the
catalogue is a creditable representa1

title

Remington Notes,

City,

for

tinue.

SOME TEACHING CHANGES

VERMONT

IN

Miss Agnes Leary resigned her position in the commercial department of

function High School to take
government work.
A. E. Holmes, of the Portsmouth. \*.

High School, succeeds Irving V.

H..

Cobleigh,

who goes

Marquand

\\.

commercial education.

New York

September, is particularly timely,

dealing as it does with Typewriting
duties and opportunities in war time.
The girl and the machine are as esn winning the war as the boy
and the gun.
Mechanical accountbecoming more and more an
important part of typewriting. "Absolute accuracy" is encouraged, and
there is nothing more conserving and
uctive than to do it right the
time.
first
Let the good work of
"Noting" Remington
service
con-

to

Brooklyn, X.

School.

55

Hanson

Place.

Miss Florence

Sails, of Burlington, is

in the Commercial DepartSwanton, Yt., High School.

GEM CITY BUSINESS COLLEGE

teaching

Quincy. Illinois. August

Zaner cc Bloser.
Columbus, Ohio.
rentlemen

Miss Alice Canton, of Richmond. Yt.,

is teaching in the High School Com-

29,

1918

of

mercial

Work

at

Burlington, Vt.

Miss Mertie P. Blair resigned her po-

may

be interesting to you to
that at the International Rotary
held in Kansas City in
July, the writer was made Chairman
of the Business College Section, and
am enclosing a list of those who
belong to this section.
It

ment

sition

know

cial

Convention

in

in

High Commer-

Burlington

more expensive.

i-

M'ten

the use

one word will convey just as

complete a meaning as a whole
phrase of conventional jargon.
Each letter we write costs our
company about thirty-five cents,
so every saving we can make lowers production costs.
of

School.

>i

[saai

BOOKKEEPING
'.
i

ii

tinned

from page 20

they will find that the teaching

of this principle becomes much simpler.
The pupil should know at once
whether it is a debit or credit of cash
he has been drilled to under131
It
is
easy
stand the cash account.
for him to decide the other side of
the equation by deciding what caused
the cash to come in or to go out.
From this study the teacher should
go to the purchases and sales of
These should
goods on account.
present no special difficulties because
taught
these acpupil
has
been
the
counts. Here, too, a clear distinction
book of
between
be
made
a
should
It is
entry and a book of accounts.
that
he unof the utmost importance
derstand that the ledger is a book
nf transfer and that a transaction
must be recorded in a book of entry
ii.

His,

first.

After a number of short exercises

of this kind have been studied the
class should be ready to record the
transactions of a formal set in simple
books of entry suitable for a small
business and learn the routine steps
of any set to the completion of it.

Department to accept a position

the commercial department of the
High School at Morrisville, Vt.

MEANDERINGS
(Continued from page IS)

Mr. George W. Blair, who for the

eight years has been connected
with the Gem City Business College,
left Quincy on Tuesday, August
27,
ew York, for overseas work in

THE BUSINESS LETTER

(Continued from page 21)

past

the Y.

M.

C. A.

Mrs. May Gibson, who formerly

taught in the
Bryant & Stratton
School, St. Louis, goes to Oberlin.
Kansas, this year to teach.
Miss Mary Bryant, of Clayton, Illinois, will teach this year in the Mt.
Sterling High School.
Miss
Helen Heatherlv. of LaGrange, Missouri, will teach in the
High School in Okmulgee. Oklahoma,
while Miss Winifred Weatherman, of
Kakotca. Missouri, has accepted a position

in

the

Donnelly

School,

Charleston. West Virginia.

With kind regard-..
am.
I

Very

truly you|s,

D. L.

MUSSELMAN,
President

We
is

would suggest.

better,

and costs

"We

suggest"

less.

Will you please arrange to send.

"Please send" is just as complete and
eliminates four words.
We extend you our apologies. "We
apologize" is better and more correct.
Your letter of recent date. Cseless
Either give the exact
to the reader.
date or refer to the subject of the
letter.

There are three good reasons why

every business man should eliminate
the above expressions from all business messages.
1

It is an imposition on his part to

expect a customer to read such
verbiage.
If we incorporate extra
words into our letters, our customers must read through extra sentences in order to get the real
thought, and this takes extra time.

wouldn't be a
were millions of
war work which
They
less work.

it

the
least

front
six

month until there

pairs of hands at
are now doing usesay every soldier at

must be backed up by at
war workers. That means

that our proposed army of five milmen at the front will require
lion
thirty million war workers to keep
them supplied and lit to fight. But
at present we are far from having
the thirty million war workers. There
are too many millions at work making the things neither the soldier nor
anyone else needs.
Just to the extent that you buy
these things .to that extent you are
depriving our soldiers of their backing.
It is a simple matter of figures.
Think it over, and decide what
are going to do about it.

YOG

INVESTORS WILL WIN

BUY W.

S.

S.

i^fe'3@uJS/ieM/(dfu*i&r%

RED CROSS and

CLARA BARTON

The

Stories from Recent Real Life

By CHARLES

Holyoke. Mass.

Two

Part
Iii

Red

part one
Cross. I

story of the
have introduced the
heroine in medias res,
in the midst of tilings.
Mow, let us go hack
of

this

Bump

bumps.

r e

tor

it

is

al-

interesting
to
the
childhood
early growth of

a rkable

records

of the pages of the

world's history. Generally these years
of early youth are of ordinary nature.
Such was certainly the case with Clara
Barton, born in Oxford. Mass.. a
farm town near the city of Worcester.
Her father had been a gallant
soldier under Mad Anthony Wayne
in
the Indian campaign soon after
the Revolution, and had been present
at the death of the great Indian chief.
Tecumseh, at the battle of Tippecanoe.
Mr. Barton was a farmer of
moderate means in a not very fertile
section of the not very fertile state
of Massachusetts, which grows better

men and women

than

it

does wheat

and corn.

Clara Barton was the one

family and there were sevand her brother Dave was
her idol. He was is or 20 years old
when the little girl was rive. He was
a Wild West sort of a fellow, and
one of his favorite amusements was
to catch a couple of colts, mount one
himself and toss his live year old
sister on the back of the other and
tell her to hang on to his mane and
then, by a rope around the horse's

girl of the

eral boys,

neck, lead her in a wild gallop over

the hills of Oxford.
She could ride
a horse as well as any Apache Indian
girl, and at the age of 77 she said:
"I am as much at home on the back
of a horse as I am in a rocking chair,
and a great deal more comfortable."
In the wild scurry of the Civil War.
she often narrowly escaped capture
by riding at break neck speed in a
cavalry saddle over the rough roads
of Virginia and the Carolinas.

Queer Childhood

never had no dolls,

but instead she had dogs and cats
and pet hens and tame woodchucks.
an owl or two. some chipmunks,
white rats and a gray squirrel.
In
fact, she had a small menagerie of
live animals on whom she lavished
the care and affection that the average small girl bestows upon her numerous family of dolls. She grew up
very athletic, though not large of
frame and of a most retiring and
sensitive
disposition,
without
any
confidence whatever in herself.
So

much

Right

and

little,

these men and women who have made

Finding the

study

ways

little

of the school she attended.

Dr. Fowler, who was a noted Phrenologist of the 19th Century, came to
Oxford to lecture and the Bartons
went to the lecture. Dr. Fowler examined Clara's head and felt over her

This

that she absolutely

she tried to speak a piece in school
at the Friday afternoon rhetoricals.
and her parents were seriously worried about this lack of self-control

and confidence in one who was mentally and physically wonderfully active, for, under the training of her
older brothers, she became a superb
mathematician and a brilliant scholar, far in advance of the older girls

CRAGIN

T.

broke down when

girl

did she lack this self-confidence

The Doctor

said:

"Give this

charge of other people's work and

she will develop confidence and have
no hesitation in taking charge of their
work." and so they got her a district
She was almost
school to teach.
scared to death of her pupils when
she took charge, but they were almost
scared to death of her. so they got
along very nicely together and the
discipline of that school was splendid,
for she loved her pupils, and nobody
to teach who does not. and
is
fit
where there is genuine affection between pupils and teacher there is
never any trouble about discipline.

girl

F'or sixteen years Clara Barton was

a school teacher and then she broke

School teachers do sometimes.

Mi si people think it is a snap, teachonly a few hours a day.
school,
ing
Well, it is. but sometimes the mental
strings snap under the strain of it.
so Clara Barton gave up teaching.

down.

Center of Genius

From

within ten or fifteen miles of

Worcester came some rather remarkBranchard. the discovable persons.
erer of a new principle of mechanics,
the lathe for turning irregular forms.
Clater, who by the invention of his
spindles and loom, revolutionized all
textile mills of America: P.lias
Howe, inventor of the sewing machine: Eli Whitney, inventor of the
cotton-gin. and by that invention he
probably caused the great Civil War,
because negroes became very valuable: William T. G. Morton, who conquered pain by the discovery of
Dorothea Dix. went from
ether:
Worcester to found the modern system of insane asylums of America.
Creat Britain and the world: insane
people had been treated like dangerous criminals, chained and locked up
Xo wonder few of them
in dungeons.

the

their reason; Luther

Burbank. that magician of the plant
world who has given us seedless oranges and lemons and wonderful varieties of fruits and berries: George
Bancroft, the historian; Edward Everett Hale, brilliant author and Unitarian minister: John B. Gough. fa-

ever recovered

mous
with

orator,
his

who

dramatic

thrilled millions
ability to enter-

and who himself demonstrated

that it is never too late to mend, for
Gough was a common drunkard of
Worcester till he was thirty years

tain,

**
old; and George Frisbie Hoar, a man
so great he could well fill the place
the United States Senate, once
in

Webster and

by

occupied

later

by

Sumner. All these were contemporaries of Clara Barton, the Angel of

the Battlefield.

On

Washington

to

Massachusetts
the
most inventive state in the Union
were making bitter complaints that
Inventors

in

inventors

other

got

possession

of

secrets through improper influin the patent office at WashA Massachusetts congressington.
their

ences

man

got Miss Barton appointed to a

position in the recording department
of the United States Patent Office,
and she became head clerk of the
department to the great disgust of a
large force of men who did their level
best to make life a burden to the
onlj woman in the department, but,
as you know, if you have read the
first part of this story. Clara was a
girl who could take care of herself.
The woman who drove her hospital
team through the rain of bullets.
shrieking shot and bursting shell at
Antietam was not likely to be afraid
of a few office clerks who blew tobacco smoke in her face and spat tobacco juice around her feet as she
passed by. During the six years that
Clara Barton remained in the patent
she completely re-organized
office,
that branch of the service, and there
was no more betraying of secrets to
needy inventors who lacked brains oi

own.

their
*

And

The Lightning
April,

then, in

Strikes
1861, the

light-

cloud of rebellion that for years had been gathering darkly in the South. The cannon shot that splintered the stone
walls of Old Fort Sumpter. frowning
in Charleston harbor, and shattered
the flag staff that held the Stars and
Stripes above the fort aroused the

ning came

out

of

the

North from its slumber and transformed a million school boys into a
I
was a very
million fighting men.
small boy at the time, just beginning
to read.
learning
and
school
to
go
to
You
"Can the cat catch the rat?
bet your

life

the cat can

catch the

and other classics of the kind

The school master, a neighbor of
ours, sometimes carried me on his
shoulders through the deep snow of

rat,"

'61.
It
was a
forty or fifty
big hulking boys and strapping girls,
and how those boys flew out from
under that school master when Lincoln called for 75,000 men to put down
The big boys all went
the rebellion.
to war. They were desperately afraid
that the fun would all be over before
they got down there. It wasn't, and
a good many stayed down there perMy father had two boys
manently.
working for him. John and David
Cram. After the first battle of Bull
Run. David Cram was reported missing, and after the battle of Fort Donelson. John Cram was reported miss-

that early spring of

large country school,

^'

ent office

Washington.

in

Early Volunteer

time to the service of the nation.

Xot in the hospitals at Washington,
but on the firing line, behind the cannon and amid the crash and tumult
of the field itself, for it was there
that men had desperate need of women's help and there most women
could not go, but before she went to
the front Miss Barton had a well
laid-out plan of action.
the

all

especially the

President Lincoln
parts of the country,
East, were hurried to
of

call

troops from

Washington, which was in imminent

danger of capture by the rebels, who
were only a few miles distant over
the

Potomac

in

Massachusetts,

Virginia.

with

Butler

The
in

6th
ioiii-

mand, was the first regiment to reach

Washington. It left Boston and went
to the Capitol through Philadelphia
and Baltimore. It was necessary for
the regiment to leave the cars and
march across the latter city and take
This march
a train for Washington.
was through a mob of howling sympathizers of the South who showered
bricks, dead cats and pistol bullets
upon the marching soldiers.
Four
were killed and scored were wounded,
and the troops arrived in Washington
battered and beaten and buffeted
sorely by the Baltimore mob. and

was nobody to look after the

wounded. When Clara Barton was
a girl of 14 her brother Dave was
badly injured in an accident.
For
many weeks he was confined, a helpless cripple, to his bed, and Dave was
there

Clara's idol.

Through

his illness she

watched over him like a mother. His

every want found her ready, and she
became a splendid little nurse, and
now this experience became very useful.
She knew just what to do with
these wounded and beaten men, and
she did it.
That has been the key
note of the whole life of this remarkable woman. She took full charge of
these boys from Massachusetts and

word to Worcester what she

was doing and asked them to send
her bandages, preserves, jellies and
things of that kind, and they came by
the carload, and soon she was emshe sent

barked on

several numbers of this

similar instances of
the swamps of Charleston Harbor, amid fever and disease
and death from the shells of Fort

could

fill

magazine
service.

her

mission

as

with

In

Sumpter and Fort Wagner. Of days

and nights in the wood of the Wilderness, as Grant drove his men
the

army

men were burned

She had saved a little money during the long years of school teaching
and service in the office, and she determined to give this money and her

At

pendent worker among the wounded.

They began to come back in boat
loads and train loads from the fields
of Virginia. And on the field, on the
boats, in the trains, everywhere was
the small dark woman with her bandages, her medicines, her soup and
wine and restoratives.
I
have told, you of Clara Barton
at Antietam and Fredericksburg.
1

against

An

an

&fc*36uJ/ju?U-&&u&&r'

Neither of these boys was ever

I
suppose each was
heard of again.
buried in one of the long trenches
that held the nameless dead, after
I
saw the
those bloody combats.
boys who had struggled with slate
and pencil over agonizing problems
arithmetic, grasp the musket and
ill
to the shrill note of the fife and the
sharp tap of the drum, march under
the streaming folds of Old Glory,
into the storm of death that for four
years was to drench the South in
blood and make a vacant chair in
every family circle of the Xorth, and
into this storm of death and destruction went Clara Barton from the pating.

inde-

of

Virginia,

to

death

while
in

the

blazing forests as they lay wounded,

and in the Crater of Petersburg when
five

hundred

men

were

blown

to

pieces in the great explosion, and the

wounded lay for four days in the
blazing sun before they could be
taken out under a flag of truce. She
stayed with the armies until the very
finish and then, completely broken
down herself, spent several months
preparing for another great work.

The Search

for Missing

Men

In the report of every battle there

given a list of killed, wounded, and
missing, and sometimes the list of
missing men is large. After a battle
is

every company is lined up and the

sergeant calls the roll.
Each man is
reported killed, if he is known to be
dead; wounded if he has been taken
to the hospital.
If he does not respond to either of these reports, he
is set down among the missing, and
after our war of four years there
were many thousands of these missing men, and nobody knew what had
become of them. Of course, many
of the missing men are found readily
enough. They are stragglers or they
are prisoners.
Some of these desert
in the midst of battle and. knowing
their lives are forfeited, never come
back.
Such was the condition at the
close of the war and President Lincoln appointed Clara Barton, whose
executive ability was well known, to
find out as far as possible what had
become of each missing man. It was
a gigantic task, but she went at it
with her usual diligence and persistency. As soon as it was known that
she had been given this work to do,
a flood of letters came pouring in
from all parts of the country asking

declared war against Germany. Louis

Napoleon, Napoleon the third, "Napoleon the Little," as Victor Hugo

scornfully called him, felt his throne
tottering under him.
He knew that
a war with Germany would be popular and Bismark, the greatest statesman of his time, had prepared the
way to have Napoleon declare war
on Germany: a war which Bismark
wanted, for he knew that France was
poorly prepared, while Germany was

armed to the teeth and drilled to the

minute, and then Paris went wild,
and everywhere was heard the cry

"On

to

Bismark

Berlin!"
The great German
let loose the war machine

Von Moltke had prepared so thoroughly. That army went over France
steam roller. In a few months
Germans were in Paris, Louis
Napoleon and the Empress were fugitives in England, and Germany had
collected a billion dollars and taken
Alsace and Loraine from her conlike a

the

quered foe.
In order to provide for the expenses of her search for missing men
Clara Barton had arranged to give
300 lectures, visiting every city of any
size in the L'nited States.

form

speaker

she

was

As

a plat-

remarkably

successful, for she told a simple story

of her own experiences on the battlefield,
transport ship, hospital train,
and in the many places she had visited in search for missing men.
But
the constant journeying and speaking
every night before a great audience
was too much for her. and one night
when she went on the stage to speak
to a crowded house in a western city
she found, to her astonishment, that
she could not say a word. There w-as
a complete nervous breakdown, and
the doctors told her nothing but absolute rest would save her reason.
They prescribed a year in the quiet
of Switzerland or Italy.
It was several months before she could get up
strength enough to make the journey, but in 186!i she sailed from Xew
York and landed just in time to
meet the great wave of battle that
was rolling toward France from Germany along the borders of Switzer-

land where she was seeking rest.

On the 15th of July, 1870, when
Miss Barton was at Berne, Switzerland, there came like a thunderbolt
out of the sky the news that Napoleon III of France had declared war
against King William of Prussia, and
Paris rang with the cry: "On to Berlin!
To the Rhine! To the Rhine!

and

Vive I'Empereur!"
Miss Barton's amazeto her little Swiss
Chalet the splendid coach of the
Grand Duchess of Baden, daughter
of King William of Prussia, so soon
to be Kaiser Wilhelm der Gross, first

And then there came the news

that another great war had broken
France had
out across the Atlantic.

Emperor of Germany. In it rode the

Grand Duchess herself, and after presenting her card through the footman
she alighted and clasped Clara BarShe told her that she
ton's hand.
knew all about her through what she
had done in the Civil War, and she
asked her to go with her and give
her knowledge of war conditions to

her to find out what had become of

some loved one who had never reported after a certain battle.
She

found thousands of missing men and

them to anxious relatives
friends, while sometimes they
preferred to remain where they happened to be. Some were in Southern
territory, married to Southern women,
while many were in the graves of Andersonville and Libby and other prison camps of the South.
restored

Vive

la

France!

And one day

to

ment there came

&

>y/i&&u*U'/ieM<adiu&fir
the field of relief in the opening war.
to come to Strassburg,
await the siege of Carlsruhe, and after
was over organize the Red Cross
it
Miss Barton told her that she
relief.
was an invalid, that the doctors after
confining her to her bed for months
in America had decided that her only
hope of life lay in absolute rest for
But, like an old
at least three years.
Warhorse, smelling the battle afar off,
she could not refuse and she went.

She asked her

war
was
Franco-Prussian
The
France
short, sharp and decisive.
was no match for the powerful Germaii machine that Bismark and Von
Moltke put together, and soon Napoleon III was a fugitive with the
crown prince and the Empress Eugenie, living somewhere in England.

The Germans entered Paris starved

into surrender early in

The Germans

:J8.

indemnity,

dollars

1871,

January

collected a billion

took

Alsace and
to get ready

Loraine and went home

for the world conquest war that is
now raging, and then there came the
brief period of riot, murder and destruction that followed in the days
of the Commune when the French
army of the Republic from Versailles
shot down all they could of the
French communists of the Red Republic

in

the

member

of the Red Cross associaShe had seen its magnificent

Europe and she resolved to
give her time to it here in America.
The Red Cross association was
first formed in Geneva, Switzerland,
Monsieur Henry Dunant, a
in 1859.
Swiss gentleman, was traveling in
Italy at the time and he was present
on the battlefield in the days following the French victory at Solferino.
Thousands of killed and wounded lay
upon the blood-stained field and
"There was lack of woman's nursing.
There was dearth of woman's tears."
For several days Dunant worked
for the relief of wounded men, and
he was greatly impressed with the
horrors of that battlefield. He went
home to Switzerland and prepared a
story which he called: "A Souvenir
This was widely cirof Solferino."
culated among the nations of Europe
and the result was the formation of
in

society of the Red Cross,

with the head of the Swiss Republic
A congress
as its first president.
was held at Berlin and sixteen European powers were present, and an
agreement was made among these
nations which made the wounded in
case of war neutrals, and provided
for their treatment by nurses of anv
nation, who should bear the insignia
of the Red Geneva Cross on their
uniform.
Hospital, tents and buildings of any kind floating this Red
should
not be fired upon, and
Cross
citizens who aided in the care of the
the

first

wounded

were

its

German

guaranteed

safety.

from one end of the country to the

other to interest statesmen and soldiers and charity workers and literary
men and women in the enterprise, but
it was eight years before she succeed-

wouldn't turn it
it
happened to meet a Red Cross
nurse or stretcher bearer, but they
were not to be intentionally injured.
It remained for the '20th century with
kultur to

bomb

ed in getting the President, himself a

brave soldier. General Garfield, to put
forth the effort which insured success
and then just as success seemed withing reach, Charles Guiteau, a crazy
lawyer, murdered Garfield, and Chester A. Arthur became president and
signed the first charter of the Red
In the
Cross Society in America.
spring of iss:i, Clara Barton, The

hospitals

and torpedo hospital ships.

The United States, like other nations, had been invited to the congress at Berlin and a representative
had been present, but strange to say
this country, which had seen so much
of the horrors of war, did not choose
to enter into any agreement with the
Politicians were not
other nations.
interested. They had had all the war
they wanted, did not expect any more,
and saw no particular need of joining the Red Cross League of nations, and it remained for Clara Barton, home from Europe, to get the

Angel of the

Battlefield, as the solfondly called her, became the

president of the Red Cross Society of America, an institution which
depended entirely on voluntary contributions for its support. There was
no war threatening this country. All
was profound peace, but from the
very day of its organization down to
the present time, all over the world
the Red Cross is doing heroic service
fighting
among
twenty
nations.
There has been plenty of work for it

diers
first

l'nited States to take its place in the

Turkey and
after
Russia,

society

nations
had
league of mercy which
white flag with the Red
She
Geneva Cross in its center.
commenced work with her usual vim.
but it was no easv task. She traveled

semi-barbarous

other
joined

the
the

floated

to

do.

PEP
YANKEE
New War
Song

The

of

tion.

work

course, a bullet

Paris, and
in Paris after those

streets

Clara Barton was

bloody days carrying everywhere
the relief of the Red Cross.
In 1874, Clara Barton returned t.i
America and established a residence
at Capitol Hill in Washington, determined that America should become
a

Of

Words and Music by Tom Sawyier, Columbus Ohi

When
To

the S. O. S. was sent to

the Cradle of Liberty,

I".

S. A.,

Every Son and Daughter of Uncle Sam,

Rushed to save Humanity.
We're all in the fight, determined to win.
We'll never

let

up. we'll never give in

made

the World's

'Till

are Free
A decent place to

live

Safe and the Seas

in

for

you and me.

CHORUS
Hep! Hep! Hep! Yankee Pep in the step
Of the Yanks on the march Everywhere.
Crusaders for Right; determined in the
that "Right makes Might."

To prove

Sammy

Yankee Pep,
in

Of

the step
the Yanks in

Pep, there

is

fight

Yict'ry

France somewhere.

When

Old Glory takes a stand

Right and Freedom rule the Land.
It's Yankee Pep, Yankee Pep in Uncle Sam.

The Stars and

in

For the cause

Our

Stripes

are

now

unfurled

France
of

Democracy.

quick preparation surprised the World;

We

will fight 'till victory.

has 'em on the run at the point of
the gun.
To get kaiser Bill and every other Hun;
have seen "E-nuff" of divine right stuff.
mean to put an end to Wilhelm's Bluff.

Sammy

We
We

Composer of the new War Aims

March Song, also of Mark Twain
March, and others.
Mr. Sawyier
has arranged effective piano accompaniment, also for male quartet and band.
"Tom" is an expert
Mandolinist

He

artist
rll

as

also
a

teacher.

CHORUS
Buy! Buy! Buy! Buy a Bond! Liberty
Do your best, it's the test; do it now.
The Eagle put to flight
Will help Our Boys to fight;
Our Bonds will make for might.
Give your best; fill' the Chest; get your
name on Victory's list.
Now the Fourth Great Drive is on.
to reassure. Right and
It's your chance

Freedom will Endure

So buy your Bond, a Liberty Bond from

with the penpen-

professional

He'd he a gen-

&

*^MJ&uJS/utf^dMua&r
Normal School, and from

'15

to

'IS

the University of Virginia.

She
attended the Zanerian during August.
1918, evidencing at the same time the
enthusiasm and qualities which have
made her so successful in her work.
This year she is supervising in the
Cincinnati schools, where her enthusiasm will be contagious.
in

LIBERTY,

Engrossing and Card Writing

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GRiSET,

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Mary R. Barnette, whose

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Virginia and received her education in the Salem High School,
the Virginia State Normal Schools,
National Business College of
the
Roanoke, and the University of Virginia, graduating from the latter in
1!US in the department of English.
Miss

classic features

born

in

For seven consecutive years she

taught penmanship in the junior high
school and in the normal training department of Roanoke, and this year
was offered the supervisorship of
writing throughout the city.
From 1912 to 1914 she taught penmanship in the Martinsville Summer

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.y/u'-jViM/u^C'tfatvAr

37

ROUNDHAND OR ENGROSSERS' SCRIPT

By

E. A. Lupfer, Zanerian College of Penmanship,

LESSON

Columbus, Ohio

No. 9

Since the majority of capital letters are based on th_" compound curve, you will do well to spend much time
on the exercise. Study the curves at the top and bottom and how the shade swells and diminishes gracefully.
See that the down strokes are parallel and on the main slant. The up strokes should be parallel and on the connective slant.
After you have mastered the exercise, the compound curved strokes in V, W, etc., should be easy, as they are
practically the same.
Study the beginning stroke of V. Xotice that part of it is much the same as the last part of small n. Unless
you learn to see the forms clearly and see the relation of one letter to another you cannot expect to make good
The beginning strokes of V, W, Z, H and K a e the same. Be careful to get them the right size and
letters.
not too high nor too low.
is much the same as small
only
The loop on Z is the same as the loop on the small z. The last part of
Make the last part of the K the sam in shape as in small k. By making comparisons of this
it is curved more.
kind you will discover that you have already worked on many of the strokes in the capitals. Make both strokes in
I
ami J downward. The top part of P, B and R are not s very difficult if made slowly. Work for form and qualshould be slightly
Give considerable attention to the little d ts. The down strokes in A and
ity, not speed.
curved. Begin T and F the same as P. Study the ovals a d compound curves in S, L and G.
This lesson contains considerable material, and mile s you study and practice perseveringly you cannot expect
results.
Be sure to study.

Lets Unite to Help the Red Cross!

Are You Interested

FINE
W.

A.

in

BUY A BOND

PENMANSHIP?

Schmidt, Rocky Mount, N.

and Thus
Save and Serve

Send me S1.0O and you will receive 12 cards with voir

name written on and some selected specimens of my
ornamental penmanship for >o"r scrap book. Kitty cents
of each order received before December 31, 1918, will be
turned over to the Porto Kico Chapter of the American
Red Cross.
A receipt for your donation, duly signed by
the Treasurer, will be sent to you. You get the whole
value of your money and tbe RED CROSS the profit of
our transaction. Think how much we can do without
wasting a single penny.

M.

C.
P. O.

OTERO COLMENERO,
SAN JUAN. PORTO RICO

Box 488

BARGAIN PRICES
Book 108 Pages, otl
5 Writing 538 Lessons
Madarasz Artistic Gems
34 Alphabets of Lettering
Lessons in Engrossing Script.
95 Lessons in Artistic Writing.
Madarasz Engrossing Script
30 Written Cards
50c 60 Wl
C. W. JONES, 224 Main Street,

50c-worth
50c value
12c worth

$50.00
$25.00
J 3.00

12c-va)ue % 2.00
12c worth! 5.00
12c value $ 3.00
itten Cards
90c
Brockton, Mass.

VmErPft

teach rapid, tireless

Banks
by mail.

dsar G. Alco--.

tion

securing,

The

posi-

salary raising kind.

Write for free journal.

FRANCIS

B.

COURTNEY. Box G-492.

MaBSBEmsEMEmsBmsBs&Emsmms^axMm

Detroit,

Mich.

Miss Mabel Wilson, of Malta Bend,

AIo., recently of Modesto, California,

Mr. R. E. Wiatt, Supervisor of WritLos Angeles, California, in August favored us with a list of 38 subscriptions to the Professional Edition
of
taken from among his teacher students in the summer school of the
University of California, at Berkeley,
wdiere he had charge of the writing.
This bespeaks enthusiasm and success in matters pertaining to penmanship and its instruction in the public
schools.
ing,

new teacher

of writing in the
Junior High School of Duluth, Minn.
Mi>s Wilson was awarded the Zanerian Gold Medal of Merit for 1918 for
progress and achievement in writing.
a

is

THE BUSINESS EDUCATOR,

E. W. Keenan, who for the past six

years has been teaching bookkeeping

and penmanship in the Wilmington,

Delaware, High School, resigned to
accept an appointment in the Beacom
Business
ollege of Wilmington.
(

Miss Helen R. Bloser, daughter of

the junior partner and business manager of Zaner & Bloser Co., is supervising writing in Springfield, Mo.,

Mr. C. E. Chamberlin, formerly of

Chattanooga, Tenn., is now in charge
of the Commercial and Penmanship

work

of the South-West Texas State

Normal School, San Marco, Texas.

succeeding

will

rind

work

the

well

within

his

grasp.

Mr.

Supervisor of Writing.
Duluth, Graduate of Harvard
University and of the Zanerian, and
winner of the 1!H7 Zanerian Gold
Medal of Merit for Progress in Penmanship, was one of the instructors
in the Zanerian Summer School.
Mr.
Duffy is achieving success in his Duluth work, being in thorough sympathy with child life and development, and not merely interested in
F. J. Duffy,

penmanship

technic.
Duffy's Malt
not of his making or takDuffy's Movement Writing
is worth taking, and many are enjoying it in Duluth.

Whiskey

is

but

ing,

Miss Louisa Maria Spencer, Blanchard

Hall,
Los Angeles, Calif.,
whose portrait appears above, is the
author of some attractive devices as
aids to good writing by means of
large letter cards, rhythmic drills, and
spelling, all designed to be used in
connection
with the California
(Zaner) Method of Writing.
"Health
and
Spelling
through
Rhythmical Penmanship" is a book
containing

Recent U.

S.

Government

Educational Publications
Copies of which

be procured by addr
:ndent of Documents,
nt Printing Office.
Washington, D. C.

No. 15.
The Evolution of
National Systems of Vocational Reeducation for disabled soldiers and
sailors.
Issued by Federal Board
of Vocational Education.

Bulletin

Bulletin, 1918, No. 18.

Americanization as a War Measure.
Price, 10

Bulletin, 1918, No. 10.

Public School
Classes
for
Crippled
Children.
Price. 10 cents.
1918, No. 5.
Work of the
of Education for the Natives of Alaska, 1916-17.
Price, 20
cents.

Bulletin,

Bureau

many

original suggestions,

With every one dollar order for my inks I will

send free one set of ornamental capitals or one
beautiful flourished bird executed with white and
Bold ink on blue paper SATIN GLOSS, the worlds
best glossy ink 4 oz bottle, 60 cts. NONESUCH.
the ink with the brown line and black shade, same
price.

Sample cards executed with these inks free

two cent stamp.

for a

A.
604

W.

Colvin

BUY A BOND

not often well balanced.

"Spencer Pedagogy" and "Script

Cards" comprise a book and materials
to develop perception as well as correct methods of teaching and prac-

W. DAKIN,

St.

Syracuse. N. Y.

and Thus
Save and Serve

tices in execution.
All letter-forms
are set to rhythmical music, and care-

fully

and

executed

skillfully

The price of each publication including the script card materials is $1.50.
The script forms are skillfully engraved and attractively printed in
colors. The author is an enthusiastic
teacher
who com'bines philosophy
with experience and who inspires because of her dynamic personality. She
modern itinerant teacher of
is
a
teachers and not an old-time itinerant
penman.

AND HOME STUDY

WAR
On

account of the war, the high cost of living.

for labor, thousandsof young
people will be unable this year to attend high
school and college, and thus must utilize their spare
time in taking home study courses by mail.
Special Rates for Courses Offered

Grammar School

English

Law

Typewriting

High School

Bookkeeping
Shorthand
Domestic Science

Bible
Agriculture

Civil

SPECIAL OFFER!

Brodowsky,

Miss Jennie Shepherd, last year in

Joseph, Oregon, is now teaching the
commercial subjects in the high
school of Pasco, Wash.

methods, and materials for promoting

both penmanship and spelling
two
arts always associated together but

and the greatdemand

SERVE AND SAVE

Stella

Miss Anna Lee Wolfe, of Covington,

Ky., is one of the new supervisors of
writing in Cincinnati.
She attended
the Zanerian during the summer and
proved to be an exceptionally alert
and progressive student. She is well
qualified by experience and training
for the work, and we are sure she
will make good in no small way.

.-

the Supei

Miss

who was granted a year's leave of

absence.
Miss Bloser is a graduate
of the Ohio State University and of
the Zanerian, having specialized in
English and Penmanship.
Supt. W.
W. Thomas, of Springfield, was a
pupil of Mr. Bloser in the late eighties at Delaware, O.

Chamberlin is a well rounded

commercial and penmanship man who
Mr.

Servlc

Normal
Engineering
Salesmanship

Story Writing

Drawing
Real Estste

Automobile

Over One Hundred Branches Included

Thousandsof

are now
open for typewriters, stenographers, hookkeepers, and
clerks. We rent and sell typewriters on easy monthly
payments. Write for prices and terms on machinea.
Enrollment fee $10.00: "special rates of tuition" to
those who apply now. Send your name todaytomorrow
may be too [ate. "DO IT NOW." For "Special Tuition
Scholarship" and full particulars address Dept. A..
Civil Service

and

office positions

CARNEGIE COLLEGE, Rogers, Ohio

THE TEACHERS' FRIEND

A

teacher often gets the blame for a studwhen the fault lies in the text they
are teaching just as it lies in a gun with its
sights out of line. The Byrne text books shoot
straight to the mark and the teacher receives
praise for efficient work. There is a reason for
so many of the best schools teaching Byrne
texts. Examine them.
ent's failure,
1

Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
and
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne

Combination Shorthand.
Simplified Shorthand.
Simplified Shorthand 'Spanish
Practical Dictation.
Duplex English, Punctuation

Correspondence.
Practical Speller.
Practical Business Writing.

Touch Typewriting.
Bookkeeping.

yrne
Combination

ihorthand
WRITTEN EITHER WITH
TYPEWRITER OR PENCIL

BYRNE PUBLISHING COMPANY

57 East Jackson

msmssss^ssBSESMSTBSBES^ssmi^nsEssnm

St.,

Chicago,

111.

&

>y/u rj6u4//itjj Ct/i/ea/sr

W/nntfirl
VV dllLCU

F' r st-class

BULLETS
are necessary to

Bookkeeping and
for Bus-

Address

Democracy and Prosperity against

Texas, care Business Educator, Columbus, Ohio.

make

Autocracy and Hate.

The Pratt Teachers' Agency

TEACHERS AVAILABLE

NEW YORK

70 Fifth Avl...

Ballots effective.

/COMPETENT lady

Recommends
specialists,
schools.

college
d normal graduates,
and othe r teachers to colleges and

^
er

The agency receives many calls

When

Invest and Insure

Penmanship teacher

iness College in Texas.

for
cial teachers from public and private schools
and business colleges.

dealing with Bullet-

Headed Huns

WM.

BUY LIBERTY
BONDS

For

LARGER SALARIES

the

In

O.

WEST

$1 registers in

three

AGENCY, Macheca

in city of

Well established, prosp er ous business college

211 15th Street

New

Commercial Teachers,
aries.

DENVER. COLO.

Building,

has constant demand for

at good salSpecial terms given for en-

Orleans,

offices.

North Star Teachers Agency,

HANSON. Mgr.
FAOGO. N.OAK

J.

THE INTERSTATE TEACHERS'

MINNEAPOLIS. MINN.
Globe Bldg.
SPOKANE, WN.
Old Nafl Bank Bldg.

Cfilfk
fTor
* "* CJcllC

be secured by writing at once to

TEACHERS WANTED

write

HAZARDTEAGHERSAGENGY
27th Year.

may

'

PRATT, MANAGER

O.

Gregg shorthand teacher

and penmanship teach-

or male commercial

rollment.

excellent territory;
near; high rates of

14,000;

no competition

tuition; present attendance day 60,

Price and terms reasonevening 40.
Present manager going to the
able.
army. Address WESTERN COAST, care of

Nine Month Commercial Positions

$750.00

The best high schools and business colleges are writing us for teachers to begin in September. Fine opportunities now open for qualiWe need 50U experienced teachers to recomfied beginning teachers.
mend for choice positions. Write us to send you our free literature
state your qualifications briefly.

Business Educator, Columbus, Ohio.

COOPERATIVE INSTRUCTORS ASSOCIATION

$2,800.00

MARION. INDIANA

TUDY BANKING
Vacancies and

Still

More Vacancies!

telephone, by telegraph, they come VACANCIES for

young teachers and for old teachers; for men and for women, experienced and inexperienced; for teachers of Bookkeeping, of
Shorthand, and of all the allied subjects; at high salaries, medium
salaries and lower salaries places, in short, for all sorts and
conditions of teachers.
Day in and day out, these places are coming to us- we have them ow. and shall

By mail, by

pHE

best paying Business College in

-*Up-to-date systems and
Texas.
equipment, worth at least $6,000. Owner in draft and will sell for cash only,
for less than school's receipts for last
School been established
two months.
18 years, has the best of patronage at
Address SAXET,
home and abroad.
care Business Educator, Columbus, O.
r

FOR SALE

IONALBARGAIN

26 Solid Oak Commercial Desks

50 Kitchen Tables for Bookkeeping use
15 Solid Oak Typewriter Tables

The
I

lot

new and

into new building

uniform fixtures.

E.

and

will

Hasten

CONTINENTAL TEACHERS' AGENCY

BOWLING GREEN

$75.00
90.00
40.00

goes for $200 cash

am moving

one of them.
It"s your own fault, if you don't get the benefit of son
to write for our registration blank free and \ atch results.

have them.

have

all

Besides many other good places, we have filled these during

Q1
OA- August: High Schools in Englewood. N. J.; Denison. Iowa;
Roselle Park. N. J.: Des Moines; Cincinnati: Olean, N.Y.: Holyoke: Newburg.
Sault Ste. Marie; Washington. D. C. Business College:
Lynn:
Boise:
N. Y.;
Lincoln. Nebr Business College: Idaho Technical Institute. Pocatello: Bay
HELP YOU?
Path Institute. Springfield. Mass.

Anrr
""&

BITS

OF
ORE

W. DOAK. Escanaba, Mich.

GRAHAM TEACHERS

KENTUCKY

(INC.)

MAY WE

The NATIONAL COMMERCIAL TEACHERS AGENCY

E,

GAYL0R0, Manager

E.

(ft

Prospect

Specially by a Specialisl)

are in demand for positions in public and

private commercial schools.
Let us know your qualifications and requirements. Our registration and placement service
is

J.

GRAHAM &

1133 Broadway

CO.

New York

City

Managers and Teachers Wanted

AA/prif pr] A high-class business col-

VV dllLCU. ] e e manager, one who is

g
capable of earning from $2,000 to $5,000
a year; also a good Bookkeeping teacher, male or female, who is a good penman; also a Shorthand teacher who

knows Graham- Pitman Shorthand from

to Z.
Persons subject to draft need
not apply.
More than 1,200 students
enrolled since January 1. Address

DRAUGHON'S COLLEGE,

Nashville,

Beverly,

Ma

Mail Coupon

free.

ANDREW

Hill,

Specialists'
Choice positions for Commercial Teach
Possibly one of
Educational Bureau
these may be just what you want.
ROBERT A. GRANT. Mgr.

ers remain unfilled.

Write for

details.

We

making a record of those

are also

able for future positions, especially

in

January and

Shall

we

on this

February.

place your

name

516-18 Nicholas Bldg.

'

sh a better position about

91

...

Send

name
ADDRESS

list?

Jl.)in,Hri-! IJ,l4 i^lll4rr)ltlliM

llty-

St. Louis.

avail-

Tennesee

Write Us Today!

Positions Unfilled!

l<4l,^,lll4ill,llltill^fffflT^i,mHM

details.

Mo

Winners, High School of

rounded practical educator, as well

Certificate
ell

&

<!MJ&u&/uM&&u&&r

(Ii) What have you done to improve

your methods of teaching and practice of writing to raise the standard
of the writing product of vour pu-

pils?
:2.
To what extent should the proive teacher
application
of position, arm movement, plainness
of letter forms, and general neatness
of arrangement, as presented and emphasized in the regular writing les-

spire

son?

Make

::.

answering questions exhibit

handwriting such as you wouhl wish
your pupils to imitate in general
In

scl

1.

practice.)
(a)

What importance do you

attach to the general acquisition of a

practical

handwriting?

drills
pils.

that

six good developmental

you would require of pu-

When

and what
of them?

is

should

they

the purpose

Explain just
conduct a classroom
4.

be given,
of any one

how you would

drill

so as to in-

instill

healthful and efficient

purpose of
the
is
(a) What
5.
counting?
(b) Give your method of counting.

EXACT

WRITING

and

posture as well as fluency in productive power for the writing act.

How

ii.

would you

treat the probin

the first

lem of lefthandedness
grade and in the fifth?

T-s.
State the objections to the use
of pen and ink in the primary grades.
are the chalk and the pencil for
little children the logical and pedagogical instruments of writing to precede the introduction of the pen:'

Why

Questions in Writing for County

Teachers' Examinations for the State
Ohio by Tom Sawyier, Columbus,
Ohio.
of

Liberty Bonds, the Free Man's Bonds

IRtrsCwtiutsliat

ryj #ifff ^\ '&,%,r

$*$
das OTtcrci t)u 3n'i of fo'countnj
to ir.jke

iporlft

Hit

0afp fur flraocniry

y-

^ o ^ 1 %r
s<

y $0$

7-

r
/

Penmen & Card

ake big Monei
Place lor Pho
of paper, su
Special Price!

Writers
This specimen of penn anship is
until four years ago, was
n employe
to penmanship, completing

of

Mr. E. L.

engrossing Honor Rolls as

jnt calling and begin anoth

msMmmnsmmamssmsm

g l.rT-FWTU"g S

&7^ii^^r

jtT
The Art

of

ENGRO SSING
P.

W. COSTELLO
Scranton, Pa.

Herewith
dent

of

presented for the stuengrossing a set of resoluis

pler

which are sim-

tions

than

design

in

those

of

my

work

which have appeared

the B. E. during
The
the last year.
original was executed on a sheet of 3-ply
18x23
board.
bristol
inches in size. All of
the lettering in this
specimen is of the broad pen variety
with the exception of the principal
"PETER ROBLING, SR.," and
line
in

a'

nwmlJor of ir< t3oan> ol^iivdvrs:

.
.in> to oiler suxtaite trifurc to rife memory

sees for rcaa*

words "THE BANK." I might

mention that the bristol board is
known as kid finish, which
is
takes the pen and brush equally well.
.Avoid what is known as pulp boards
the
also

't^

what

lines

witli

..

the i>eccasei'as rollout:

or"

Ciprif fiftli.TuwlvoaTHmiORO ano-tfiqlikvu.

Jtc ii-o/oiw of

,-,

'cwc> men
^lir.Vxol'lir.j

because they are worthless for this

All of the brush work
line of work.
in this specimen was executed in dark
green obtained by a mixture of
Hooker's Green Xo. 2 and Paynes'
Gray.
The spray of lilies must be accurately sketched in pencil, and when the
sketch is satisfactory go over the
pencil

appreciation

its

;!ic

fc-unJotsofriwivutti^iocSanlioinJ

itetBoar? ol-'i>irttch5S.sma: iteoKjanuation,

was

conscientious, alert foisting 'foisirass

,i

man, U'rWc j:i\jment :ra.< seut&axtbrcaAu'DCc qaiuin.

his represeHFatUs capacity on tfotBoarJ orafosctaS Hie
.same earnest ani sincere falvr tfiat acfiiei.'eJ to* niBis5u<sw
in private business UK. Jn his opinions nc u'.is cleat- tolerant;
1

atK

sticuc afiuaiis

Iv

-_ . -

ire lite vi..;hi-._

sFflRFIi'// "Iso katneo'to

fru r^|

j-i fflJiJuAX

uwHiintke

tfrnagm as a Jm^baiuV

303 Gillott's pen

commends

dipped in the color above mentioned,

and then erase all the pencil lines
leaving a clean, faint but permanent
outline upon which the lilies are
painted.
For the flourishes around the heading and the "Committee on ResoluPrincipality
tions"
use a Gillott's
Pen Xo. 1. and make the strokes off-

trie

lite

oP^Rr^emita as

of

,,.f\

tnsit-esscommnnit:,

'

tffto

amV citem,

f;it!uT

tree

JWvKObLlwcJ*

know

anfr

ktcjl;csKM\T or citizenship.

Jie was a lotjal bivoteb hither ano rtusfanJ.aniftK career cifounAsin inspiration ano pooo evantple .^I'e mourn (lis loss. ^Uc u'ilTtr.isshis
ano bis Business saqacihi as a incnuWofourfBoetro.
-Vk st/ntpatfitiS tuitn bis famiui in Hie foss of a home lowitv] faual busoauo
cltle
those

jrccaflc 'companionship
'

c.a'

direct

fatfier.

seitiir.ieitfslvspreaOtioonotirolticic

that

aui!>

bcA'ul' lojlic

anul'j| of Hie

imasdb

hand from left to right. For cleaning

up the work when completed use art
gum instead of rubber, which may
be purchased at any stationery store.

v '-><

1
i

,hon<-'

-KtcharO Vnmo*:

CAN YOU WRITE CARDS?

Card Writers are "cleanirg up" selling Our Flair arils.
We ill
Sen.! 4c for samples of Card Writers Supr. ies
one dozen Flair Cards f- r 25c.
write vrur name o
A15FNTS WANTED. Address all rders to McBEE &
BASHOR. 3 Hawthorne Ave.. West View Borough.
Pittsburgh. Pa.
I

Beautiful

War Service Record Etched with

Pen by

a Stee

or sweetheart together with the date of his or her

entering the service, and the branch of service in
which he or she is engaged in the great world
war for democracy, and I will send you postpaid the most beautiful
Service Design on
the market, with the record lettered in same in
the best possible style. The design is also arranged to permit the mounting in of photo of the

War

young
P.

DO YOU HAVE TROUBLE

W. Costello. Scranton. Pa.

Send me 50 cents together with the name of vour
soldier, sailor or Red Cross nurse relative, friend
P.

getting pos._.
for p
prevent finger-:
postpaid, or both
stamps. The den
ing marvel at th

rnla

in

Myograph

vmced all who si

Try them in your
1024 N.

ROBEY

If

th.

>
|

nd ink work and Adjuster for pencil. They positively

nd wrong position. Myograph 20c. Adjuster 10c
-c.
A Pencil Economizer free with order. Send
tion by little 6-year-old Lucvnda Miller the writt Commercial Teachers" Federation meeting conexhibition that our claims are not exaggerated.
'

C.

ST.

A FAUST

CHICAGO.

ILL

patriot.

W. COSTELLO.

Enirosset and Illuminator

SCRANTON.

Odd Fellows Hull Bldg.

PA.

Spencer Pedagogy of Rhythmical Penmanship

A

Normal Course by Louisa Maria Spencer

Penmanship and Spelling thru Mental and Physical Development.

to all systems of muscular penmanship.

Adapted

Successfully used in public and private schools and by mothers in the home.

CORRESPONDENCE COURSES GIVEN

MATERIALS:

Teachers' Edition containing Rhythmical Posture Drills and Letter-Stroke Songs

and Script-Woid Building Cards.
-

for Primary Grades; Students Musical Edition

Address:

SUPERVI-ORS'

AND TEACHERS' SCHOOL OF PENMANSHIP

204-205-218 Blanchard Hall. Los Angeles. California

F.

W. TAMBLYN, 406 Meyer

Bldg..

Kansas

City.

Mo.

i-jit.tm.uiiu.i.f,'jj.)iuigjiiM).M.i!iiij.'ii .ii.,u.i.i.i.ii.iJiJ.ii.mii.iiiiii.iimM
l

^T

&

y/u>y3uj//iijj {faa&t&r

AMERICAN ALPHABET,

by E. A. Lupfer, with Zanerian

Lesson No.

Tin's alphabet is the outgrowth of a demand for something that the people not trained in lettering can read
without much effort. The forms are plain, clear-cut and g-aceful. This alphabet is used quite extensively in America by engrossers and penmen in lettering diplomas, resolutions, etc., in which it is especially suited to body work.
The capitals are sometimes made more ornamental, as the judgment or taste of the engrosser dictates. There are
times when a simple letter does not look as well as one mjre elaborate.

Rule head and base lines for short letters one-half inch apart, and for capitals about seven-eighths apart.
the space in letters the same as between letters.
Use the eye to judge spacing. Keep the letters fairly
together so that the lettering looks solid and stands out more than the background.
Give special attention to curved strokes. Unless you can make
look weak. Keep the small letters h,
and u open at the bottom

them

work

clear-cut and graceful, your

and small

u,

v,

and y open

at

the

Keep
close
will

top for

The top and bottom strokes should be on the same slant.

Get sharp, clear beginning and ending
strokes.
Too much ink on your pen will not produce sharp, smooth lines. Dip often and use waterproof ink.
Do not merely copy the forms, but commit them to memirv so that you will have a good mental picture of them
legibility.

at all

times.

Do not patch this alphabet with a fine pen, but finish it as you go with the broad pen. You will hud it
very speedy and beautiful alphabet.
The modern engrosser must he competent to do many things well, and resourceful in order to remove all
obstacles that seem to stand in the way of a paying order.

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of the many n;w lessons and beautiful, practical illustrations which appear in The Zanenan Manual of Alphabets
is a revised, enlarged and greatly improved edition of
Zan;rian Alphabets, published by Zaner & Bloser Co.,

New

and Engrossing,
Columbus. Ohio.

4*

>3?u?^iAi//u^C~duta6r*

&

&
BOOK REVIEWS

&^&uMn&M<2dku&fir
DESIGNING &
ENGROSSING
BROWN

E. L.
Rockland, Me.

very Hue pointed pen should be

used in treating tone values on the
roses, and a coarser pen
for the
leaves.
-Solid black can be used for
the very darkest tones.
.Make every
line count in the general effect. Study
col

Send self-addressed postal for criticism, and stamps

lettering was executed with a

broad pen and retouched with
pen.
Uniform size and spacing must be observed.
The background should be darker

are extremely dei u a

very interesting as a
study.
First
sketch
i

roughly with

at-

little

tention
to
details
aim for balance and

proper
arrangement
of masses.
Xext finish in detail, suggesting

color values,
India ink for
se
all kinds of pen drawing and. if the drawto he reproduced do not dilute
\ ith
water.
For best result s
'.
must be intensely black.
I

ing
the
the

is

values critically.

The

NTo.

PEN DRAWING

Our readers are interested in books of merit,

but especially in books of interest and value
to commercial teachers, including books
of
special educational value and books on busi
ness subjects.
All such books will be briefly
reviewed in these columns, the object being to
Rive sufficient description of each to enable
our readers to determine its value.

fine

Applied Business Calculation.

Birch.

To

C.

E.

The Greg- Publishing Com-

New

pany.

tune than the roses, but, as a rule,

lighter than the leaves.
Short, parallel
lines thickened or cross-hatched
here and there to produce variation of
in

York.

those teachers

who

realize

the

importance of rapid, accurate calculation in number work, "Applied Business Calculation" will carry an appeal.
This handy pad presents ninety-five
and ninety-five tests, together
with plans for final examinations. The
factor of time is emphasized in each

tone.

Miss Lucy C. Ferris, of Westerville,

drills

O., a Zanerian graduate, last year supervisor of writing and drawing, Alliance, O.. is this year in charge of
that work in Warren. Pa., under the

as a result of accuracy in the

lessons.
The exercises" may be
used to supplement a textbook, or independently. The plan of the entire
test

drill

Superintendency of R. T. Adams.
Miss Ferris is proficient in Art as
well as in Writing, having formerly
taught in the grades at Covington,

series of exercises involves the four

steps (l) Teaching; (2) Practice:

Ohio, before qualifying as a specialist.

:;

The

Test; (4) Review.

This pad has been carefully a
and should find ready use in the Sixth.
Seventh, or Eighth Grades, and For
review in the Junior High and Com-

mercial School.

Derivative and Compound Words in

Pitman's Shorthand.
H. W. B.
Wilson. Isaac Pitman & Sons, New

fctfT

York and London.

pages.

This

^Qoub iW Ifofifcf
i)

ivuy ."fo^mt

312 pages.

and $<w

Shwlbriormlk c hjJisi& shows

dJssincile loahtnft hrintcrkuc

sistev rase..

ot& besaxi jou .arftoiw

Sm&
Xnpml-lomoF<rainkyypurih/.
!

Of tKo.-v u}ic, Koo|jino ik*{ii- <vtrmcni.< while

^tXtlk

on Ihrouoh iifcwirk Acyv ariqlh

_^x ^

Price $2.00.

fccjtiioviSToom

71

book

This is probably the most timely

book since the publication of "Proe s
and Poverty." by Henry
George, or "Looking Backward," by
Edward Bellamy.. The author, although a business educator, is a student of human affairs in the large and

'n c;i Itaivo/oil oi oenut atr;

j%\ Ionolier

little

The Abolition of Inheritance, Harlan

Eugene Read.
The MacMillan
Company, New York. Cloth boards.

qffrmuby ma y ifc&d^wm^
I

cfjte

Paper cover,

Price 75 cents.
an illuminating

upon words and their shorthand outlines.

Grouped therein is the valuable
material scattered through the various Pitman books, and here made
available to the teacher and learner.

"i

'

is

thinker who has the courage to express his convictions.

Inheritance,
he declares, and logically and rightfully, is unjust to the one who inherits as well as to society at large.
The privileges of inheritances, economic results, and social consequences are analyzed and discussed
most logically and convincingly. This
book is not intended for mental and
moral molycoddles, but for all who
seek truth, who desire equality, and
who are ambitious to serve in order
that they may be served.
Democracy
a

going

to have a larger, more unihumanitarian, and just meanand application following the war
than ever before, and this volume will
aid in accepting the new philosophj
is

versal,
i

human

of

vice,
feels,

not
01

human

ser-

and universal democracy.

after reading this book

One

relationships,

"money" but inheritance

of

all

evil."

that
"is the

<

Pitman's Progressive French GramFrank A. Hedgcock.

mar.
Part 1.
Isaac Pitman

New

&

York.

Price

London and

Sons,
Cloth,

pages.

:;'-'<;

$!.:;").

This timely volume seems to be

opportune because for the immediate
need of a knowledge of French on the
part of millions, for

He

merely theoretical.

be much
heretofore.
rather than
has endeavrather than

will

it

more widely used than

The author is practical

ored to organize method

Apto present a reference grammar.
plication is featured from the start
and English is encouraged whenever it
can aid in acquiring the French. The

and English-French
words are very helpful, and

French-English
of

lists

the Reference Index

The King

of the Golden
Ithi
Ruskin, and

John

River,

by

Wonder

n the Amanti 'lis

tyh
Stories.
of
Phonography, by Jerome 1!.
I

Howard.
graphic
1:.'

mo.,

The Phono1!)18.
Company.

Cincinnati:
Institute
cent-.

'it

man

added

for

to

its

students

Phonography

by

li

Company

"Hill';

Hans

hxist ian

Wo-dd Book Company, Yonkers-onHudson, New York. By Sherwin

Mr Cody,

is

America.

B.

Co., Equitable

Forbes Publishing
CBuilding.
New York.

Cloth board-.

44:.'

C.Forbes.

B.

pages, illustrated.

price $300.

text of the book is made up very

largely of liberal quotations and adap
tations from business correspondence

and

literature,

thereby making

it

in-

teresting and concrete.

Business Letter Writing" to accompany Mr. Cody's book

"Exercises

in

above named. Paper cover, 49 pages,

comprising a large number of examquestions, assignments, etc.

"Word
Speller."

Grimm Brothers, and Horace

Scudder, a key being furnished by
No. 126 of the Riverside Literature

the

by

Men Who Are Making

Cody.

"How to do Business by Letter."

k on a
Clcth. 2:;s page-. \ test
timely subject.
An attempt to com
bine spirit and letter in the promotion
of business by and through letters.

the

Vndei son,

Speller,"

vest-pocket-size abridged volume particularly suited to frequent

study and reference with special rulings for checking words, etc.
The above series are the outgrowth
of many years' experience in teaching
and in business,

small

writings of sound literary merit.

of

Phonographic
Institute
Company
through the publication of this volThe "other" stories include
ume.
tale- from the pens of Bjornstjerne
Bji irnsi >n,

Mifflin

Students of shorthand gain a double

benefit by reading such books a- this
printed in accurately engraved pi on
they perfect their
graphic character
knowledge of. and familiarity with.
the pronographic system, and at the
same time familiarize themselves with

ples of letters as well as instructions,

is

reading-books

Benn

(Houghton

*$*

:;.">

Another "classic"
of

Series

Ct/tua/tr

The

handy.

is

.//u '36/tj//ujj

ior

and

Studs

inn'.

Cloth. 127 pages

High

School

and

Business

For Juncommercial

presents many new

classes
practical methods of teaching
spelling and of learning to spell.
Words frequently used and frequently
mis-spelled are given special attenWord studj i- uiiven the emtion.
phasis it deserves.
I

I.

and

of

The volume comprises biographies

50 leading American-, many oi

whom

public

but

cess. "

the author well says, "is

spiring.

robbe

Tin

Tom Brown: Some

books, like the city

of London, tan- the better for being burned.

And now, one from Carlyle: If a book comes from
the heart,

it

will contrive to reach the heort.

As

applied to text-books, the intellect or understanding is to be reached, rather than the

or emotions.
A poor text-book robs the student of the time that he should have
spent studying from a good book.
heart,

Practical Text Books for Practical Schools have been specially prepared by authors of
practical experience, both in school and in business.
These books grip the attention and reach
the intellect, and compel the understanding.
There is no waste of time. The right thing is
learned speedily.
There is no wrong thing to be unlearned.

Our books have stood the severest tests for many years, in the largest and most progressive schools.
The schools are progressive because the books are progressive, being revised frequently to keep them up to date.
Catalogue and price list free. Get that and then select some of our books for examination.
They have been published for your special benefit, but you must make the next move
in order to receive that benefit.
Can you afford to neglect this opportunity, and go on using
books that are barely "good enough" to get along with?
Nothing but the best is good

enough now.

THE PRACTICAL TEXT BOOK COMPANY

CLEVELAND, OHIO

1739 Euclid Avenue

iiWtmTi Jr.ffwm

i.ji.iiiiJiJM.i,i.i.iA:ijjiijia'.yiii ) ,u,i^jiiii.ii,jj,i.i.i,ii,i*j,T

Little

in

com-

It is an
ing to be -polled Service"
introduction to many successful men
by one whom the art of delineation is
both frank and illuminating, even in-

Quoting from

hear-

The author has exceptional

getting information about

people; in getting them to talk about
their success; and in telling in forceful English of their careers and characters.
It is especially valuable to
people engaged in teaching business,
and alike instructive and stimulating
Indeed it
to those studying business.
is one of the most original and valuable books of the kind we have eve:'
It reminds one of "Plutarch's
read.
Lives" and of Hubbard's "Little Journeys." but to the offices rather than
"Sucto the "homes" of great men.

An Italian proverb says:

than a bad book.

About Books

the

about.
ability

&

<Z^&u4iM4M&faaifir

By

HIGGIN8'
ETERNALINK ENGROSSING INK
-

WRITES EVERLASTINGLY BLACK

The Eternal Ink

is

for gen-

eral writing in plain orfountain

pens (2 oz. bottle by mail 20c.)

The Engrossing Ink

special

is

for

writing,

engrossing,
etc., (2 oz. bottle by mail 30c.)
These inks write black from the pen
point and stay black forever; proof
to age, air, sunshine, chemicals and
fire.

itppb

GHAS. M. HIGGINS
271 NINTH ST.

&

the

Editor befor

The American Penman

The Leading Magazine Devoted to
Commercial Education and Penmanship.

Beautifully

Illustrated.

iow you

graded

Contains

lessons in husiengrossing, ornamental

and text lettering; Articles
jsiness
English,
Commercial
Accounting, Natural Laws of

my

Wrap a
small, 25c.
arter in a piece of paper
d enclose with your orWil
OildiE
of my capitals

Suhscription Price, $1 per Year.

Sample Copy, lCc.
Club Rates Given on Application,

Watch

A. P.

sub-

High School, Pasadena, Cal.

1"

Jtrio

MEUB,

Expert Penman

scriptions at $1.00 per year.'

30

finest

School
News, Personal
Educational Business News.

The American Penman

12 dif-

your sig-

hand. You
be delighted and there
doubt that you will
one style that you will
sh to adopt. The charge

ss,

Beautiful Oxidi2ed Silver

in

ure (on cards) written

BROOKLYN, N.Y.

how

?nt styles of

riting,

Fob given Free with single

CO.. Mfr.

WRITE A BETTER

SIGNATURE

VALUABLE BOOK ON COMMERCIAL PEN LETTERING

Compendiui n of Commercial Pen Lettterand Designs." (191M

Practical

ecially g. aded and arra Dged for School use.) A a

plete instructor in the use nt he Marking, Shading. Flam,
Special, Border and Shadow Lettering Pens. Contains
100 pages T -; \ 10W, illustrating 1-1S plates of Commercial
Fen Alphabets, D signs. Show 'ard Layouts, Corners,
Borders, Scroll Designs, etc., with complete instructions
for each
This book has a beautiful front cover page
printed in three colors and Gold.
guarantee this
I

<

We

to be exactlv as represented or money back.

Pr t paid, $1.00. Coinp etc catalog of Lettering Supplies

book

Best Quality at Lowest Prices

Catalog and full-sized samples
sent on request.

ART ENGROSSING
Instruction in Designing-, Engrossing
and Illuminating, Drawing
and Painting.

Esterbrook Pens
The biggest business unit in America, the
U. S. Government, uses them; also the
majority of schools and business colleges.
Designed with a knowledge of what is needed in a pen.
Send

3E2 HOWARD

& BROWN

ass

10c for

samples of the

1'2

most popular Esterbrook Pens.

ESTERBROOK PEN MFG. COMPANY

5 0-70 Cooper

Street

Rockland, Maine
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Camden,

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Pens

Gillott's
The Most PerEect

of

Pens

^CILLOTTS

PRINCIPALITY PEN, NO.

MONK

REPRODUCED FROM

VICTORIA PEN, NO. 303

PENMANSHIP*
DOUBLE ELASTIC PEN,

No. 604 E.

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F.

^
Gillott s

equalled, Gillott's Pens still stand in the front rank,

as regards Temper, Elasticity and Durability.

ENGRHVERS
Ohio

SOLD BY ALL DEALERS

Joseph Gillott
ALFRED FIELD &
93 Chambers

&

lm&

Terry
DESIGNERS 1LLVSTRHTORS

Pens have for seventy-five years stood the

most exacting tests at the hands of Professional and

Business Penmen. Extensively imitated but never

(olumbus,

Sons

CO., Sole Agents

NEW YORK

St.

BOOKS ON FORGERY
When forgery is suspected in a sigand
nature
lawyers
or
document,
others interested usually seek the person in the community who has a reputation as a skillful penman or as a
teacher of penmanship to pass judgment on the writing. This is why tt
pays penmen and commercial teachers
to prepare themselves to give evidence
in
court on disputed hand writing.
Many have missed profitable work by
not being prepared.
The leading experts in this work command from $50
to $100 a day for their services.
The books

listed

herewith

are

the

They
best to be had on the subject.
cover the ground very thoroughly, and
persons adapted to this work can soon
with the
get properly started in it
aid of these volumes.

"FORTY CENTURIES OF INK

FOR THE HANDWRITING EXPERT," by David N.
author
\riti

is

one

many

of the

The

of the best

known hand-

mg

called

xperts

and to give

Carvalho.

ned documents
the courts in
forgery cases

ZANER & BLOSER

It is stated that
tried in this country.
he possesses a greater knowledge of
inks than any other person, and for
that reason is best equipped to inThis
others on the subject.
struct
book should be found in the library
Price,
of every handwriting expert.

$3.50

postpaid

DISPUTED

"HAGAN'S
WRITING." A

very

HANDwork
work

valuable

for all interested in forgery.

that no handwriting expert
willing to part with once it
Price, postpaid
possession.

would be
is

in

his

$3.50

trated.

comprehensive,

interesting,

work upon the subject of

forgery and its various problems.
The
subject of Signatures is first presented,
Bank
then Check forging and raising.
problems and dangers with forgeries,
instructive

age of writing, thumb prints, ink, and

paper are all discussed and explained.
Handwriting experts as witnesses, and
as a profession are presented
and well. The book as a whole
material
represents
collection
of
a
from expert sources that makes its
own best appeal. Any one interested
in the subject will find it filled with

forgery
tersely

"COURTNEY METHOD OF DETECTING FORGERY AND RAISED

thrilling

CHECKS,"

vent forgery in writing checks is well

presented.
A very large collection of
K ni ine, torg ed ingenio us, g rotesque.
are presignat
a id characte rti 1

by F. B. Courtney.

This

book presents a very ingenious method

which the author has employed very
the
his
practice in
successfully
in
His
courts as a handwriting expert.
description of the method is intensely
interesting.
The book is invaluable to
the expert and it is also well adapted
Price,
to
the use of the layman.
$1.50
postpaid
"

DISPUTED

HANDWRITING,"

by Jerome B. Lavay, 304 pages,

illus-

trials,

nt< d,

accounts of famous forgeries,

convictions,

maki ng

it

How

etc.

it

ost

to

pre-

attractive

ly one c ailed upon to

P ibl cation.
give testimony n court as a tandwritin g expert to prove a do cument or sigmi re genui ne or a fotgery or any
le wishing to take up the study of
fn rp'f ry, will fin d this be ok ir valuable.
$3.00
postpa id
P
,

CO., Penmanship Specialists, Columbus, Ohio

EElSmBMSMMamMmSEEMBMEBmMBEWm

^
We

'y/it>3(Juj/jieJj&6ua/<r

&

Have Large Stocks

of

Books

for Immediate Supply

How Long We

Keep Our Stock

Will be Able to

We

Full

Cannot Tell

and again up to this date this year.

swapping dollars these days for the publisher, but it
should be of interest to our customers to know that we are trying

Our

sales doubled last year

It is just

to look out for their interests.

Order Your Books Well

We

have repeated

this

many times

in

in

Advance

our advertising because

we

realize that otherwise

sore disappointments in securing texts are pretty sure to follow.

We

name our titles or say anything about our books.

no use. Rowe texts are used everywhere, are known of by everybody, are
ly preferred by most teachers, and besides we are willing to let our business travel
the easy ways, taking good care of the present users of our texts until the war is
When that occurs, there will be time enough for expansion.
is

are not taking the space to

really

At

this particular

time our main interest

is

There
great-

along
over.

the kind of training students will

in

For that reason

receive at the hands of teachers, whether they use our books or others.
we are endeavoring to co-operate in every. way as much a? possible in this time, of great
need for such co-operation, in the great work of training young people to meet the pressing demands that are upon us.

Under the Circumstances

am

we

our terms of credit must be strictly adhered

Schools are prosperous.
We are not. For the
first time in the history of our business we are heavy borrowers in bank for money we
have invested in paper stocks, some of which will not be used until 1920.
This is for the
protection of our customers.
An unpaid bill represents just so much money for which we
are paying interest, and to which we are entitled the moment it is due. Now is the time to
exercise the Golden Rule.
I

sure

to for reasons

be pardoned

will

we have

143 Second Street

San Francisco,

Cal.

in stating that

plainly stated.

//its

/
r~i.

/Ws./T^oucrzS&o.

IJl|.llrUJ:iUWJ.lW'ffl)imiMKmillJCTA^^

Ha'lem Square

Baltimore,

Md.

ijift

!!

!|ii|jl,!l,:

Learn to Save the Minutes

and

the

Hours

will take care of themselves

Students of typewriting can be taught

to save the minutes
and the hours if
they are taught the skilled use of the

SELF STARTING
Remington Typewriter
Students who are instructed on this machine learn
to save nearly a minute in the typing of every
letter of average length.
When these saved minutes
are multiplied in every day's work they expand into
hours, days and weeks.

how

Saving is the great national problem today food

saving, labor saving, time saving. The Self Starting
Remington makes every typist a more efficient time
saver and hence a more efficient wage earner.

Remington Typewriter Company

374

BROADWAY

(INCORPORATED)

NEW YORK,

N. Y.

Step-by -Step Guide

From Pitmsnic

Bliss

to

Challenge Shorthand
1st Step.
2nd Step.
3rd Step.
4th Step.

5th Step.

&

>y/u ^u^ssujj C'dtuxz&r

Upward L and 1-tick.

Upward Sh and Sh-tick.
Upward R and vowel-tick.

Bookkeeping

Special Short Course arranged for use with

or without offices.
Extremely interesting to
the pupil.

Scientific

Right-oblique Way and regular R- and

L-hooks.
Right-oblique Chay, Jay, Pee, Bee, Ef,
Vee.

Each step leaves the Pitman expert in possession of a completed shorthand system, without
any ragged edges.
Step-by-Step Guide, nine cents, stamps.
Challenge Shorthand
Manual, $1.25; to
schools and teachers, 90 cents.

Touch

Typewriting
Produces

Genuine Touch Operation in the

The Very Best Meth-

quickest possible time.

od published.

Simplis Shorthand
Only Ten Short Lessons. Easy to teach, easy
to learn, and easy to read.
Graduates hold
the best positions.

CHALLENGE SHORTHAND
\

i(A(ni/
vj
PTBL VDHY PTCH \m);
BDJ
W
_Three Down-direct iona:

TH W
DH CH
Two Down-Din
SH H

B S SH
Pitman Danger l.n

Z ZH

National Dictation
}

Takes up the work where the textbook leaves

off.

D B

T P

8 P

Challenge Safety Appliance*-

T" hKmB

'itman and Challenge in

K C N "ScJ
Common
(

Up-to-date business letters.

Special

2 V
_

features.

Chnllenie X

erticala also In common, though the Ohallengo

Copyright 1918, by

M.

SCOUGALE. Weatherf L Texas

THE F.H. BLISS PUBLISHING COMPANY

SAGINAW, MICHIGAN

SOME PERTINENT QUESTIONS

DO

you expect your pupils to be no more than mutts only to be able to calculate such problems as the cost of three pecks of potatoes when the price of a bushel is given? Or do
you have greater expectations for them and would you give them greater possibilities and
greater aspirations? Do you wish them to know first about the problems that men of affairs
have to solve and then how to solve them? If you would expect more of them than they
have been doing: wouldn't they probably do more for you and themselves?
Pupils will them-

vinced thatwhat
ing from ....

selves be conthey are learn

Smith's Arithmetic of Business

quires them to do
the time and ex-

and what

it

are

worth

well

re-

pense they are

devoting to its study. It will even be profitable for most business persons in your community
to take with you, either day or evening, the course in practical business affairs and in business
calculations that is provided in this unusual book.

The

results of this course will be apparent, numerous and positive: Better informed persons,
better satisfied pupils, a better school, a better reputation for its graduates, a longer average
enrollment and finally a better financial return at the end of the year.

623

S.

Wabash Ave.

CHICAGO

LYONS & CARNAHAN

131 East 23d

mBMMSSMmwmaEwm^MmsmMmzmna

Street

NEW YORK

*?
Ellis

<^&ud//uM&&uMfor

The Newest Idea

Rapid Calculation

in

Kinaesthetic

Typewriting-

Method

AS DEVELOPED IN

SPEED TESTS CERTIFICATES OF

PROFICIENCYTEACHER'S

The Model Typewriting Instructor

RECORD BOOKCOMPLETE KEY

By CARL LEWIS ALTMAIER,

Professor o Secretarial Studies, Drexel Institute, Philadelphia

"What

is

Kinaestheiic

Method?"

method based upon the psychology and physiology which underlie typewriting.
It is a Method which dev'elopes and fixes the mental
and muscular co-ordinations necessary in "Touch
It is a

Speed

Short

Typewriting.
Methods

Drills

The Method and Exercises of the book lead in the

most scientific and direct way to
Touch Writing

Knowledge

Accuracy

Style

Knowledge

Machine

answer questions and offer suggestions concerning commercial books and commercial courses. Write us.
like to

Speed

ous matter, and is the result of years of experience.

The use of the book is a delight to both teacher

and

pupil.

Sample Copy

ELLIS PUBLISHING

Forms

The Method and Exercises have been thoroughly

tried out.
The book is absolutely free from superflu-

SEND FOR SAMPLE COPY

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of

of

company

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for books in quantity furnished t

and discoui
application.

is
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PARK PUBLISHING COMPANY,

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PHILADELPHIA, PA.

5609 Pine Street

Metropolitan System of Bookkeeping

By W. A. SHEAFFER

The following are a few reasons why

this

new

text is being

rapidly adopted:
The author is a teacher of elementary bookkeeping, also an expert accountant, and
teacher of advanced accounting.
It is emphatically a modern text educational, vocational, and disciplinary, and conveniently arranged for a combination of class and laboratory methods of instruction.
The emphasis is constantly on the thought side of the subject.
The complete text (402 pages) and divided units, adapt Metropolitan System of Bookkeeping for long or brief courses, and for use of special sets.
There is a careful grading of the work from the beginning, and new subjects are introduced one at a time. A full explanation and script illustrations accompany the introduction
of each new subject, book, transaction, or paper, followed by exercises to be worked out
by the pupil
Business papers are used extensively in only one unit of the system. In the other units
only the essential papers connected with the new features are introduced.
The text does not go to the extreme in the matter of accountancy, but is strictly in accordance with modern accounting practice.
The work, from the beginning, is teachable to pupils of high school age.
Quality of material and workmanship considered, the prices are surprisingly low.

METROPOLITAN TEXT BOOK COMPANY

Publishers of "Metropolitan Series" of Commercial Texts.

37 South Wabash Ave., Chicago

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Aliiies
THE

pressure of demand today is for an intensive stenographic training that yields maximum results in the min-

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all costs.

With Gregg Shorthand, Rational Typewriting, and

Office Trainingthat co-operate in making the shorthand
course complete-both
speeding up in production and maintainance of
quality can be secured.
allies

Gregg Shorthand Manual

Gregg Shorthand is taught exclusively in 75 per cent
of the high schools of
the country teaching shorthand, and is
taught in more than 85 per cent

ot the private business schools.

It is easy to learn, to write, and to read,
in combined speed and legibility it
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c mblne th( or v with practice.
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,
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ability along with
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Rational Typewriting
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Mastery of the finger
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Accuracy, speed and correct form are developed through
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Rational Typewriting is the only typewriting text
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It is r
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Office Training for Stenographers

introduces the student to practical business problems,
and puts the finishing touches on his stenographic course.
It covers the office activities
and information that the business man has in mind when he
asks for an
experienced stenographer.
Designed for introduction in the advanced
department, it co-ordinates perfectly with the advanced shorthand
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billheads, checks, and various other business papers accompanies
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series of

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Reasons for Learning

Pitman's Shorthand
Rapid Course

ISAAC PITMAN'S

SHORTHAND

Because its basis is scientific. After over eighty years of

improvement, no really new basic principle has been discovAny new would-be geometric systems are obliged
to borrow its basis in order to present anything like a
practical method of shorthand writing.
ered

nplicity

Because
from each
wri'ing

work

of

consonants and vowels are separate and dis

other.
This frees the mind from hesitatioi
outline which is the very structure and fr

its

the

of the

word.

its

litted

words

are

vow

vowels
tomatic

written

in

different

positions

to

This does away with the necessity

Is.

e> cept in rare ir stances.

in a short time.

Position writing

Because about twelve per cent, of its outlines

Eyesight is a very important matter
are shaded.
for the stenographer, and shading relieves the
eyes of the writer as well as the reader. Moreover,
as shading comes on the downward stroke, it is
as natural as going down hill. The monotony of
light-line shorthand causes a great strain on the

Complete Business Course in

TWENTY Short Lessons

The object of this book is to provide a simple

and rapid course of instruction for those persons
who wish to acquire the ability to write shorthand
within a very short period and mainly for business
purposes.
The principles are introduced in an entirely new
order and with certain groupings that have never
previously been adopted. The learner is enabled to
write separate words in the first lesson, and he is
introduced to sentence writing in the third.
The whole of the explanatory matter, with the
essential exercises illustrating this is contained in
98 pages. There is, however, an appendix with a
generous supply of additional reading matter and
writing exercises.
Position writing is introduced with the first lesson, the halving principle in the fourth lesson, and
Phraseography with the diphthongs.

nerves of the eye.

What Teachers Say

Because
in
in

it saves 100 per cent., to say the least,

It is compact and beautiful
writing material.
appearance, and can be written in small compass.

Because it is a proven winner. "Nothing sucIt

Its success is universal.
ceeds like success."
has been used in Congress the Senate and House
for fifty years, and is still
of Representatives
It has been found equal
there for good reasons.
to all demands made upon it, as regards speed
exacting technical cases.
accuracy
in
the
most
and
It has also been victorious in international and
Miss Wood carried the Adams
other contests.
Cup for three years. Mr. Behrin won the InterThese
national Cup three years in succession.
two are the champions of the world, and they
consider their success due to their use of the Isaac
Pitman system.

Because

it

improves with the times.

In each decade since

ction.

either in the

legibility.

;ilr._

;i

It has
it presents a
basis for a universal system.
practically rtceived universal recognition, having been

adapted to almost

all

&

modern languages.

Send for a copy of "Analytical Comparison" and

wish to tell you what a splendid book I have found

Pitman's 'Shorthand Rapid Course.' It is the best text that
I have much pleasure
I have yet seen in Pitmanic shorthand.
to r por' 'bat my r sui s in on- term are better than I usually
attain with the 'Course* in two terms.
I think the word
"I

building principle so completely ua^-d in this textbook maki~-s

The omission of exceptional
the study from it very simplewords and the carefully selected vocabulary makes it the
proper work to use where the time is limited." Charles L,
Frank. Teacher of Isaac Pitman Shorthand, New York University, and Washington Irving High School. New York.
to inform you that the teachers
"It gives me great pi
of shorthand at the Summer S<?ssion of the College of the City
Rapid Course,' have all exof New York, after using th
I voice
iration of the book.
me
their
warm
ad
pressed to
I tell you that we
their sentiments as well
found the book a most helpful one for both the student
and the teacher. The wealth of exercise material in shorthand
The wonderand in longhand proved of inestimable value.
fully compact form in which the theory is stated in the text
served as a great aid in a rapid presentation of the subject
and left sufficient time for a thorough review of the principles.

From every standpoint we all feel that the 'Rapid Course' is

I
unquestionably the best text that has yet been presented.
may add further that it is my intention to use that book
exclusively from now on in all of the work to be given in the
Extension Department, in the Evening Session and in the
Summer Session at the College of the City of New York "
Arthur M. Sugarman. Teacher of Isaac Pitman Shorthand,
College of the Citu of New York, and Julia Richman High
School, New York.

Course for Teachers

Cloth, gilt lettering, 198 pages, $1.50

Teachers' Examination Copy, postpaid, $1.00
Mention School

ISAAC PITMAN & SONS

ISAAC PITMAN & SONS

2 West Forty-Fifth Street

2 West Forty-Fifth Street

Particulars of a Free Correspondence

NEW YORK

NEW YORK

Publishers of "Course in Isaac Pitman Shorthand," $150;

"Practical Course in Touch Typewriting," 85c; "Style Book
oi l. .siiiess English," $1.UU; adopted by the New York Board
of Education.

Publishers of "Isaac Pitman's Spanish Shorthand," $130;

"Isaac Pitman's French Shorthand," 50c; "Isaac Pitman's
German Shorthand," 60c; "Isaac Pitman's Italian Shorthand,"
6 ic
"Isaac Pitman's Latin Shorthand," $1.00.

jii.ujjiau.Bj.iijjiiujimujiiMi.M.iimiAiii)aiJjaiiii,iiiiA<ra !

i#mm

COLUMBUS, OHIO, NOVEMBER,

VOLUME XXIV

The BUSINESS

EDUCATOR

Entered at Columbus, O., Post Office as 2nd Class Matter

C. P. Zaner,
E. W. Bloser,

-----

Editor
Business Manager

Zaner & Bloser, Publishers and Owners

Published monthly (except July and August)
118 N. High St., Columbus, O., as follows:
Teachers' Professional Edition, $1.00 a year.
Students'

Penmanship Edition, 75 cents a yeai

(Foreign subscriptions 20 cents extra; Canad

ian subscriptions 10 cents extra).
shi uld be made by Money Orde
Draft, oi by currency at sender's risk

Remittances

Bank

or

Stamps accepted.

Two Editions. The Teachers' Profes*' rtT, at

Edition contains 40 pages, 8 pages of which
are de/oted to Accounting, Finance, Mathe
matics, English, Law, Typewriting, Advertising, Conventions, etc., and Departments spec
ially suited to the needs of teachers, principals
and proprietors.
The Students' Penmanship Edition contains
32 pages and is the same as the Professional
Edition, less the 8 pages devoted tu commer
cial subjects.
This edition is specially suited
to students in Commercial, Public and Private
schools, and contains all of the Penmanship,
Engrossing, Pen Art, and Lesson features ot
the Professional Edition.

NUMBER

1918

INTRODUCTION
Never in human history was there so great need for legible writing as
now. Thousands of men are scrawling messages which an equal number of
women can scarce decipher. Other thousands of men in camp and trench
are laboriously striving to acquire the gentle art of writing that they may
re-establish communication with their homes; while still other thousands
must needs invoke the aid of friends to write the messages which they the^nselves cannot write. Still further, more than five millions of our own people
are unable to write and so miss the joy that comes from being able to put
one's thoughts and sentiments down on paper. In view of these things, it is
altogether fitting that special emphasis should be put upon the subject of
writing and, to this end, this Manual is issued in the hope that it may
stimulate teachers and pupils alike to greater zeal in this matter that all the
boys and girls of our land may come to know that legible writing is really
a fine art.

F.

B.

PEARSON,

Superintendent of Public Instruction.

The above is a fitting introduction to "Manual of Fundamentals in the

Teaching of Handwriting in the Public Schools," by Tom Sawyier, published
by Department of Public Instruction, State of Ohio. It is also a tribute to
good writing and an inspiration to achievement.

The Business Educator is devoted to the pro

and practical interests of Business
Education and Penmanship.
It purposes to
and instruct both pupil and teacher.
and to further the interests of those engaged
in the work, in private as well as in public
institutions of commercial education.
gressive
inspire

Change of Address. If you change your ade sure to notify us promptly (in advance, if possible), and be careful to give the
old as well as the new address.
lose many
journals each issue through negligence on the
part of subscribers.
Postmasters are not al
lowed to forward journals unless postage is
sent to them for that purpose.
dress,

We

Subscribers.
If we do not acknowledge reyour subscription, kindly consider first
the journal you receive as sufficient
evidence that we received your subscription all
right.
If vou do not receive your journal by
the 10th of each month, please notify us.
ceipt of
copy of

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Tub Business Educator is purchased and
by the most intelligent and well to do

tion.

read

"Sail on! Sail on!" thou "Ship of

"scrap" the sword.
By Tom Sawyier.

State.'

and penmanship in the United States, Canada,

England, and nearly every country on the
globe.
It circulates, not alone among business
college proprietors, teachers and pupils, but
also amoiif,' principals of commercial departments of High and Normal Schools and Colleges, as well as among office workers, home
students, etc.

Rates to Teachers, Agents, and Club Raisers

upon application. Write for them whether
you are in a position to send few or many
subscriptions.
Sample copies furnished to assent

sist

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securing subscriptions.

III

"To the end that no boy or girl shall have less opportunity for
education because of the war and that the nation may be strengthened as it can only be through the right education of all its people".
-PRESIDENT WILSON.

Developmental Practice
IN -

Rapid Movement Writing

By

Columbus, Ohio

#&&& ^Jfi X~
ESSENTIALS IN LETTER FORMATION
Form and movement should

be correlated from the outset. Form should not be emphasized to the obstruction of freedom in movement, and on the other hand, movement and speed should not be excessive, as quality
deteriorates in proportion to the degree of over-emphasis placed upon producibility.
Legibility is of first importance in letter formation, and concerns the fundamental details such as the turns,
angles, retraces, loops, initial and terminal strokes.
The location and number of turns and angles in small "m,"
for instance, effects its characteristic identity more than its size, slope or spacing.
Good writing should be plain,
simple and easy to read.
Uniformity in such generalities as size, slant and spacing is an essential factor in letter, word and sentence
formation. Regularity in these elements make for facility in production and effects and sightliness and readingqualities in the handwritten product.
Minimum or short letters should be similar in size; loop letters should be the same in slope; spacing between
letters should appear regular; capital letters and upper loops should be uniform in height; straight down strokes,
retraces and loops should be on the main slant.
Gracefulness in formation or attractive legibility rather than accuracy or precision is, therefore, the modern
ideal or standard of attainment.

Development of B. Exercise 1 is a good preliminary motion drill. Go from the straight slanting line movement to the reverse compact oval without hesitation or pen lifting. Keep a good position. Write with freedom and
confidence.
Exercise 2 has closer relationship to capital B. Think direction of motion. Count 8 for the "push and pull"
and (> for the reverse oval. Pause before making the "boat" finish. Learn to adapt the oval to the form evolved.
Do not lift the. pen throughout the drill.
Exercise 3. Starts and ends like B. Retrace the stem stroke 6 times and change to the "figure :i tracer" and
end with a horizontal curve. Count: start-l-2-o-4-o-li-circle-circle-l-2-circle-circle-l 1
I'se your head or
swing.
you'll lose your head.
Exercises should develop mental alertness and agility.
Exercise 4. A rather fantastic evolution but nevertheless skill producing in this connection. Keep the compact oval attachment perpendicular in its relation to the stem stroke.
Exercise 5. Count: start-l-'.'-:!-4-S-6-circle-circle-swing. Keep both ovals on same slant as the retraced portion
of exercise. Think circular action in making the ovals.
Exercise 6. The starting stroke should be one-half the height of B.
Make the straight-line retrace quite
near the top before going to the oval action and finishing B. Suggestive count: start-down-l-2-:i-4-B-swing.
Exercise 7. Study proportions. Trace the B with dry pen. Count: curve-pull-roll-roll, swing, or start-1-2-3,
curve.
Cultivate a light, free, smooth, elastic action. Ma'<e between ?."> and 40 B's in a minute.
Exercises 8 and 9. Attach capital B to the lower turn and then the upper turn exercises for practice in connection.
Count: a-1-2-3, glide-1-2-3, etc. Make the beat come on down strokes.
Exercises 10 and 11 are similar to Nos. 8 and 9. Connecting a group of small o's to B is interesting and gainful.
Make the as high as B in Exercise 11. Put as much strength of movement as possible in your writing
:.',

ai

tion

Be
B's in

winner is a good sentence and a good suggestion. Study size, slant, spacing and formation. Practice
groups of three without raising pen. Pause slightly before making connection glide between letters.
a

Development of v. Exercise 1. Make turn and top and bottom the same in size. Invert your work to determine error in curve or slant. Exercise should appear the same when inverted. Retrace each form
times. Count:
(i

1-2-3 or curve,

swing.

Exercise 2. Count for up and then for down strokes. Watch angle of paper and adjustment of the writing
machine. See that it runs smoothly.
Exercise 3.
This is a new drill for v.
Make a curve at top and base and immediately go into an oval retrace,
with a finish like small o. Exercise may be reduced one-half in later practice. Pause momentarily before swinging
a horizontal curve to the right.
Exercise 4.
End the m-like drill with a slight pause and finish like v. Count: 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-v, finish. Practice

frequently.

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Draw

Study formation.
the letter off slowly the first time to get proportions.
Exercise 5. The v-tracer.
Pause slightly before finishing.
Retrace the character 6 times, increasing rate of speed as power is developed.
one-fourth
tall.
make
them
singly
about
space
Count
on up strokes:
Reduce one-half in later practice, and finally
a-1, swing or v-finish.
1-2, finish; or on down stroke as follows:
Begin and end the upper and lower turn drills with
Exercises 6 and 7. Count: a-v, a-l-2-3-4-5-6-7-v, swinj.
small v. Be sure to curve the v on top to avoid resembling an open o.
Exercises 8, 9 and 10. Practice easy letter in combination with small v. Observe space relationships, uniform
Use a forceful arm movement on initial, connective and final stroke.
slanl and height.
Practice faithfully all the words given in the copy. These are good application words.
how gracefully and forcefully you can drive the pen. Watch position.

Study spacing.

See

Exercise 1. Count: curve-l-2-3-4-5-6-dot-swing.

of r.
Exercise 2. Same count as for No. 1. Gradually reduce to one-half in the four steps.
Exercises 3 and 4 are good to develop lateral action. This style of r begins like n, therefore. Xo. 3 is well
Pause slightly at the blind loop or dot at top of r.
Write both drills rapidly.
adapted here.
Exercises 5, 6, 7 and 8 are excellent combinations. Practice them faithfully. This style of letter joins readThis style is frequently used as a final r as in Mr.
Finish of r is
ily with letters of high finish like o and w.
Care must be exercised that this construction of letter does not resemble v, o or an x
similar to o, w, v and b.
or even d when made rapidly. Be careful in retracing. D not proceed rightward until the dot has been made.
The dot should
Exercise 9. Join letters in groups of four. Space down strokes regularly and rhythmically.
not be extended much above the upper-turn portion of the letter.
The words error, runner, order will prove good application material.
The abbreviations Mr. and Dr. afford practice in both capital and small letter movements as well as in a
practical connection of letters.
Feet, body, arms, hand, pen and paper all need attention and adjustment from time to time.
Are you sure
your position is both healthful and efficient?

Development

:>

Development of R. Exercise 1 is a combination of the stem-tracer and the reverse oval. Count: curve-1-2-3Think the change of motion, before transition. Do not lift pen or pause in the movement.
4-5-6-around-l-2-3-4-5-6.
Watch slant, spacing, size.
Exercise 2. Retrace the straight line movement 6 times and complete the capital R. making the oval portion
Count: curve-l-2-3-4-5-6-oval-finish.
Pull the finishing curve downward toward the
as nearly round as possible.
Compare your practice with copy freelbow. Keep a good position, and "an eye" on spacing, slope and -ize.
quently.

Make the retraced oval close to the stem of R. Keep the

Exercise 3. Count: curve-pull-l-2-3-4-5-6-finish.
Never practice without directing attention to this
top as rounding as possible. Are you sure about position?
Practice line after line of these drills
essential to progress in writing.
Exercise 4. Alternate the straight-line adaptation and the single R, line after line. Keep down stroke of simiStudy spacing and arrangement. Count for drill and letter: curve-l-2-3-4-5-6-swing, curve-down-ovalswing, and repeat across the line. Bring retrace quite near the top before making the circular attachment in capital
Make the final stroke about perpendicular to the base line.
R,
Exercise 5. Start R the same as capital P or B. St idy proportions carefully. Can you draw a good picture
of R? Form knowledge is all important. One must know formation before reproduction is successful.
Do your
lar slope.

best at

all

times.

Exercise 6. Follow the R with the i-like or lower turn exercise and the m-like or upper-turn exercise. Alternate the two exercises across the page.
Keep turns rounding and angles sharp. Glide freely.
Exercise 7. Word application now follows. Some of the easy short letters appear in the words. Write easily

and smoothly.
Exercise 8. These letters have similar beginnings. Study closely; practice faithfully and intelligently. Watch
then spacing, then slant.
Exercise 9. An excellent signature-like combination. Emphasize straight downward motions.
Practice at
Spacing between small letters should be wider than in letters. Finish carefully.
least a page of this exercise.
Exercise 10. Join three R's to the count: curve-one-oval-swing-two-oval-swing-three-oval-swing. Be free and
graceful.
Shift the paper with the left hand to accommodate mechanics of motion.
size,

Development of w. Exercise 1. Be free, yet

Keep slant and spacing uniform.

movement.

forceful in

Count:

curve-1-2-3-4-5-6

l-:.'-3-4-5-(i-

finish.

Exercise 2 is a reduction and extension of No. 1. Keep the little finger gliding easily from left to right.
Make full curves at base line and distinct angles at the top.
Exercise 3. Count:
1-2-3, 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-finish.
Fill in the open space beneath with the under-turn drill with
w termination. Watch alignment, slant, spacing. Count on up strokes in the large form and on the down strokes
in the attachment.
Exercise 4 is similar to Xo.
with the oval attachment in place of the straight-line movement.
Practice these
:.'

drills

frequently.

Exercise

5.

Count: curve-1-2-3-4

ceive the count value.

Exercise
drill

6.

Count:

for variation.

Exercise

between

7.

Think

1-2-3-4

1-2-3,

1-:.',

finish,

swing,

1-2-3.

1-2-3,

1-:.'-:;.

swing,

etc.,

etc.

clearly, sit correctly, practice faithfully.

at the little dot or finish of each

Pause slightly

for the single letters.

Down

strokes are to re-

Place the emphasis on upward

before joining letters.

movement

in this

Spaces should be wide

letters.

Exercise 8 is a good one. Finish of w and o are similar.

the habit of pausing a trifle before the finish of w.
Practice

wuwu, wewe,

Every
line

little

letter has a

after line of these

movement
and similar

all

its

drills

own.
like

Get
wiwi.

etc.

Carefully practice w in short words like we, win, and others.

Study copy. Criticise your slant and spacing.
Short or minimum letters must be pleasingly uniform in height and size. Fill a half page or more of each word.
Aim tn improve your penmanship now.

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T r r f-o r r rro-r rr r^r r r r r^rr r r r^rr r rr

3 T O r2-33-c?r2-33-0rX3 3-0r2-33-0rZ33-0 f O

12

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&

Practice. Exercises 1 and 2 are similar except in beginning strokes start No.
Variations in
and No. 2 like n. Emphasize the up motions in Xo. laid the down motions in No. 2.
Exercises 3 and 4. Arrows indicate direction of movement. Keep ovals uniform in size and alignment.
Keep a good position and write freely.
tice at rate of 275-300 a minute.

Movement

like

Prac-

and 2. Alternate the straight line and the oval. Watch slant. Be alert.
Turns at bottom should be rounding,
8 give emphasis to the up and down strokes as indicated.
7
angles at top angular. Keep spacing equal between down strokes.
Learn to transfer thought to
down
strokes.
and
emphasizes
both
up
m-like
drill
Exercises 9 and 10. The
either directions of strokes at will and with ease.
Practice these
Exercises 11, 12, 13 and 14 are excellent to develop lateral activity in small letter formation.
movements frequently. Study copy closely, compare and criticise.
Watch spacing in u and the finish of w. Make rounding
Exercise 15. Be careful to loop the "e" and dot
tops to n and m. Begin all letters freely and end them carefully.
Practice letters in groups of four as suggested here. Turn the paper so that ruling is parallel to the forearm.
Write the letters in the spaces or on the lines. These exercises are good for spacing and lateral gliding activity.
Exerciseh
Exercises

6 are similar to Nos.

and
and

i.

Developmen of N. Exercise 1. First, study the direction and plan of motion. Fix in mind the movement of
Retrace tiny loop 4 times and make six inverted
the pen before and after touching the paper. See small arrow.
Count: 1-2-3-4-1-2-3-4-5-6-stop. Fill in the open space with a similar motion as indicated
loops the size of small e.
in the copy.
Exercise 2. Start the motion before touching pen to paper. Keep the small loop away from the first down
Count:
Slant should be regular.
stroke; curve the top much. Spacing between down strokes should be narrow.
loop-1-2-3-4-3-6-7-8 at the rate of about 18 drills in a minute. Keep a good position.
Exercise 3. Make the loop and the three form without lifting pen or pausing. Count: loop-1-2-1-2-1-2. Hold
pen

lightly.

Move

fast.

Exercise 4. Count: Ioop-l-2-3-4-5-6-swing, loop-1-2. Begin and end like X. Alternate exercise and capital X
across the page line after line.
Exercise 5 is to develop the initial movement in N. Retrace loop from 4-ii times and complete the X; write a
Count: 1-2-3-4-5-6-N-swing, 1-2-3. Spacing, slope and size sho'uld be uniform. Arrange
single letter and repeat.
your practice systematically.
Exercises 6 and 7. Make X's at the rate of one a second. Study proportions and both styles of finish. Keep
the second part only a little lower than the first part. Spacing should be rather narrow between down strokes.
No. 6
Style in Xo. 7 is very practical as it permits connection with letters in word formation without pen lifting.
is a favorite with many well known penmen.
Finish each
Exercise 8 is a good one for application of movement. Watch spacing in and between letters.
drill

gracefully, freely, quickly.

Exercises 9 and 10 are suggestive name-like

and

efficiently.

Use

a rapid

arm movement.

movement

Get the habit.

Practice each one many times. Sit healthfully

"Study, study, study" is as important as "practice,

drills.

practice, practice."

Development of e. Exercise 1. Count: curve-1-2-3, etc.. to 10, and repeat and say swing for the finishing
curve without pause in the motion. Uniform slant, good quality of line and quick stroke are the aims.
Exercises 2 and 4 go gradually from the straight-line and compact oval drills to the e formation. Keep your
balance wheel from wabbling. Develop high speed in the pen motoring.
Exercise 3. Keep "direct" retraced oval narrow. End with a graceful swing.
Exercise 5. Curve the up stroke and keep the down stroke straight and slanting. Draw the enlarged tracer
Count: up-loop-up: or 1-2-3. Finish the height of the loop.
to get proportions and then retrace about 6 times.
Exercises 6 and 7 are good to cultivate ease. Make eight full, open-looped, even-sized and spaced letters following the oval and straight line attachments. Develop power for speed. Crank up the writing motor, but don't
do reckless driving.
when speed is applied.
Exercises 8 and 9 are designed to overcome tendency to produce similarity in e and
Dot carefully. Finish each group with a small upward swinging motion.
Exercise 10. Alternate formation of e and i. Make a distinct difference between loop and angle. Always loop
your e's. Begin each letter freely and end it freely, but carefully.
Write fluently the application words presented in cooy. Loop the e's, close the a and s in "ease." Cross t
and dot i with care in "tie." Watch finish of v and b and shoulder of r.
_

...

Development of Numbers 2, 3, 5 ,8, 0. Exercise 1. Start 2 with a dot, swing around and down to the base line
or N, then go slightly upward toward the right. Form an angle and not a loop
like the start of capital
the
base of 2. For the exercise count: dot-l-2-3-4-5-6-t\vo. Practice line after line of these figure exercises.
at
Curve bottom of 3 horizontally and
Exercises 2 and 3. Count: dot-l-2-3-4-5-6-three, 1-2-3, 1-2-3 for Xo. 2.
swing outward toward the left. Start 3 with a dot. For Xo. 3 count: dot-l-2-3-4-5-swing, 1-2-3, 1-2-3. Make the
oval horizontal.
Exercise 4. Start like 1 and change to the horizontal retraced oval, then lift pen and "cap" or finish the 5.
Count: down-1-2-3-4-5-6, glide. Count: 1-2, 3 or 1-2-3 far number 5. Watch slant, size, and spacing.
Exercise 5. Retrace the oval 4 times, lift the pen and produce four ciphers closed at the top with sides curving
Be quick, be plain, be neat. Uniformity of spacing, slop and size is essential.
equallv.
to 8_ to
Exercise 6. See direction of motion as shown by arrows. Start 8 as in printing an italic s. Join
Count. 1-2 for the 8 one for the dot and two for the loop and finish.
the count: dot-eight-1-2-3, or 1-2-1-2-3.
stroke.
and
straight
upward
finish with
Always close 8
Start
8 assists in making the straight upward finish.
Exercises 7 and 8 should he practiced frequently.

much

Nx

bottom of pull and pull drill, and think of an 8 in ending.

Exercise 9. Repeat the numbers 2, 3, 5, 0, 8 across t'le page. Write them plainly, freely, quickly. Keep the
Place a row between the lines in the middle of each space.
figures under each other in writing them line by line.

at the

Be systematic!

&&&uJi/i&}4&&uxztir
Contributions in

Business and Social Writing

G. D.
Evanston,

iflkiS

Illinois,

GRISET

&
A Good Handwriting
Means a Well Trained
and that is
to Efficiency.

Hand,

Key

the

Township High School

LESSON

No. 8

but natural for one to take the road of least resistance. For this reason, the average penmanship student
spends most 01 his practice period (if left to himself) on the letters or words that are easiest for him, little dreaming that the way to improve fastest is the road of strenuous endeavor. If you wish to become a skillful penman,
drop the easy things that you can already execute, and g3 after the hard combinations that you do but poorly.
It

is

This lesson is to deal with words, as did the last lesson, but differing from the last lesson in this respect, that
each word begins with a capital. Where advisable the capital is joined to the letter that follows. Some capitals
the W, O, D. P. and V,
are left unjoined: because joining them would necessitate a rather awkward and difficult

stroke.

Write at least four copies of each plate before taking up the one that follows.
Don't forget to try pen lifting.
Speed up on your work as it becomes familiar, but don't write faster than you can with perfect control.

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Plate 7.
When practicing the alphabet of capitals, work for uniformity of size, slant, and spacing. This is
about the most difficult exercise you will ever run up against in business writing, so don't get discouraged and quit
after a few trials.
After writing about fifty alphabets you'll begin to get into the swing of it. Just work like
Sam Hill! Train your eye to see the correct form, first; then train your hand to execute what you see.

There
It

is

but one

way

to

become

good penman

study

and work.

If you smoke cigarettes, drink booze, or prowl around half the night, don't
takes a clear brain to think clearly, and a steady nerve to make a steady line.

expect to turn out good work.

.:',

(y^^^&^/jr 21 1/

7/y Z;

J^

&

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3y Margaret Ryan, pupil. Goldey College, Wilmington,

Del.

PUSH AND PULL FOR UNCLE SAM

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Pasadena,

Calif..

High School

Certificate

Winners.

Mr. Thurston on

left

and Mr.

Meub on

right,

the

Penmanship boosters

*'

&u?&ute'n<M6utx-afir

EDITOR'S PAGE
PENMANSHIP EDITION
Our Policy: Better Writing Through
Improved Teaching and Methods.
Form with Freedom from the Start

OPPORTUNITY
(pportunity never rapped so vigorously at the business college door
No class of schools or inas today.
stitutions or lines of business is doing more to serve and to win the war
They are
business schools.
than
training girls and young and middleaged women to attend to office busi:h ss, (bus releasing men for service
over seas and in factories and for the
various necessary things directly and
indirectly connected with war.
Agriculture, manufacture and trans
portation are the three chief divisions
of human activity during times of
peace, but now war well-nigh overshadows them all by taxing them all
But there is one
to their utmost.
other which links them all together
(

all effective, and that

called "business."
Business is the science of accounting for the values of the products and
services, and connecting human activIt
is
ity.
in training young people
into the customs and technic of business that business schools perform
For without
their valuable service.

and makes them

is

commonly

And

handling products and

could be accomplished.
this training for business, as
in

men,

little

in

well as in training women for

ness, both as careers and as an

busi-

emer-

gency measure, the business school

is

not only the pioneer institution, but

the most efficient as well.
It was the business school, not the

promoted shorthand and

English.
typewriting and business
Bookkeeping is not the major work
college, that

the business schools, but Arithmetic, the kind the world needs to
make its business transactions; English, the kind the world uses when
of

wishes to say much in few words;

and handwriting that promotes and
it

records thought, are the things that

taught and emphasized and that
make accountancy and stenography

are

valuable.

The business

college

has

won

fine victory, but it can win a larger

one by doing better service than ever

before.

hard to
teachers

At the present time this is

do because of scarcity of
and immaturity of pupils,

a demand for office helpers too

strong to allow pupils to remain in
school long enough to qualify as thoroughly as they should. But that is
but one of the ill effects of war. Fortunate that even war has advantages
e. tough to counterbalance the ills to
which it subjects the world.
While we win the war for a larger
freedom, we are also winning in sim-

$>

There must be a simple beginning

and a persevering, consistent transition if there is to be a worthy end.

and

and in a
more are
and fewer

pler living, siucerer service,

more universal industry, for

working

and

producing

slacking in the "lap of luxury" and

indolence than before the bun revealed his hate and madness.

THE BOSTON MEETING

NOVEMBER
The

Federation of
High School Commercial Teachers
will hold its annual all-day convention in the School of Business Administration rooms of the Boston University on Saturday, November 16, 1918.
The officers realizing there never
was a time when teacher stood in
greater need of the inspiration and
instruction to be found at gatherings
of this nature, are making unusual efforts to prepare an adequate program.
The program will appear in these
columns next month.
R. G.

THE BEGINNING, THE MEANS,

AND THE END

\V. O.
C.
J.

The

start, the continuance, and the

are three phases of penmaninstruction and practice well
worthy of consideration but too frequently but indifferently considered.
Some glibly and superficially remark that we should "start as we
end." and that nothing should be
taught that is not practiced in life.
This, if taken literally, means learning
by apprenticeship methods, or as they
term it. continuation or part-time education.
But as a rule they do not
mean this nor think this far, but instead they mean that their particular
theory and practice should be taught
no matter about age or other condi-

Nature starts life one way and terminates it quite another. Things are
in
constant transition, and consequently not sameness but transition
is the law of progress.
If

we
is

are to "start as
no place for

they are not employed

we

end," then
exercises, as

in actual writ-

If we
are to "learn only by
ing.
doing," then we must "cut out" practice upon individual letters either for
form or movement, because in correspondence we do not write a a a a a a
or b b h b b b or C C C C C C or do
do do do do do or See me write.
See me write. See me write, etc., etc.

Now

we ought to know full well

that repetition helps to fix things so
that they do "carry over," but also
we ought to know that repetition prevents growth if carried beyond certain

Pres.

HOLDFX. Sec.
MOODY. Treas.

Ohio has recently published a

"Manual of Fundamentals in the
Teaching of Handwriting in the I'ubSchools, by Tom Sawyier, Specialin Methods and Practice of Public
School Penmanship," which in scope
and content impresses us as being
lic

ist

the

best

kind ever at-

thing of the

tempted by any State for the writing

urban and rural school-;.
It comprises 't~ pages of text and
illustrations and gives definite instrucin

tion in the teaching of writing to all

classes of schools below those found
one-grade city schools, and much
that is valuable there.
hope to have the privilege of
printing some of the rather exceptionin

'

tions.

there

LAIRD.

OHIO WRITING MANUAL

finish

ship

IN

New England

bounds.

We

material in these columns from

time to time.
It is published by the Department
of Public Instruction, Columbus, O.,
Francis B. Pearson, Superintendent
of Public Instruction.
al

PARTIAL CONTENTS
Of the Professional Edition of
this Number of the Business
Educator
Editorials.

Mental Meanderings. Carl Marshall. Battle Creek, Mich.

Part Five of the Official Report of the Chicago Convention of the N. C. T. Federation.

Bookkeeping Viewpoints. W. A.
Sheaffer, Milwaukee.
Dr. Glenn Levin
Address.
Swiggett, Specialist in Comcercial Education, U. S. Bureau of Education. Washington. D. C.

The School and

Office Plan of

Training. Mr. Carlson, WhiteT

water, Wis., X ormal School.
Education and the Juvenile
Court.
McGoorty,
Justice
of Chicago Juvenile Court.

The
is vitally important yet it needs to
rding to age. inclination, vocation.

Business

Letter.

The

Goodrich Rubber Company.

News Notes and

Notices.

^T

EDITOR'S PAGE
PROFESSIONAL EDITION
A Forum

for the Expression of

Convictions and Opinions Relating to Commercial Education

THE WAR INDUSTRIES BOARD

Has in the interest of conservation
demanded a reduction in number of
pages in all magazines and periodicals
except newspapers and agricultural

As

papers.

we

consequence

are

omitting eight pages of matter until

further orders from Washington or
the hun is done.
We gladly comply, believing the
saving will hasten the end of the
world war.

MENTAL
C.

MARSHALL

Battle Creek, Mich.

seems an

miracle.
of
case

But

in

some

the

who

pass from among us,

annihilation
wou d
seem to be a much
greater miracle.
1

Such a man was

George Brown. Somehow. I cannot feel
funereally solemn as

down

write
about him. The Persians have a saying:
"Since thou hast come into the
world weeping whilst all around thee
smiled, so live that thou wilt leave
the world smiling whilst all about
thee weep." But once in a while there
is a man who leaves such a wealth of
pleasant memories in the hearts of his
friends when he goes away, that they
smile even as they waft him a last
adieu.
That is the way I feel about
"G. \Y.," as we always called him.
To begin with, he was all man
regular he man, as the boys in the
I

sit

to

trenches phrase it.

If
somebodywould put him into a book, and do a
of
it,
that
book
would
sell.
good job
What golden material he would have
or
Thackery
or
been for Dickens

Mark Twain!
I

I
had the time, the print
and the skill to write of him

wish

;.pace,

just

as

knew

him.

Xot

that

he

would have wanted me to write about

him in that way. If he cared anything
at all about the matter, he would prohave preferred that I should
write mainly about his work, and that
is what I shall try to do here.
Most of George Brown's professional brethren knew- that he was a
canny and successful business school
man, but not all of them knew that
he owed his success to the fact that
he was a sound and faithful teacher.
I do not think I have known any
bably

W. had

sense of

humor

that

was almost abnormal. This, if nothing else, would have kept him from
being an egotist. His scorn for pretense and humbug was fairly vitriolic,
and both his private and public exhibitions of this quality were usually as
picturesque as they were diverting.
real scholarship, but
irreverent toward its infigured in degrees, titles
and other scholastic pomp. He loved
good music, but cared little for poetry
Once when I was
or the other arts.
walking with him through a park, we
passed near one of those hideous effiwhich the enthusiastic
gies,
with
American public is wont to preserve
As we
its local heroes from oblivion.
glanced at the somewhat neglected

was

persons, immortality
n y
irrational and unbelievable

He

George W. Brown

ma

To

man who was a better judge of teaching and teachers in his partciular line.
Among his teachers he was sympathetic but keenly critical, and woe
hired
who
unto any teacher he
thought he could loaf on his job and
For years he asget away with it.
sembled his teachers at some central
point every summer, at his own expense, where for two weeks or more
they listened to lectures by experts or
had demonstrations of the latest and
best methods. This insistence on good
teaching was, from the beginning, a
corner stone in Brown's policy, it was
this, and his constant and dogged determination that every boy and girl
who came to his schools should have
a square deal, that accounted for his
success as a school man merely this
and nothing more just plain honesty,
coupled with grit and gumption.
G.

MEANDERINGS
CARL

&

&tJ38u4*neM&6uw&r

respected

most

signia,

statue.

as

1.

\Y.

remarked solemnly,
and I are in our
But for that we

"How fortunate you

obscurity, Marshall!

to stand up for all time in

some park, gathering coal soot and
serving as a toilet convenience for
the dickey birds."

might have

For a man without classical tram

ing, George Brown had a wonderful

command of good English. Few men

that I have known had at their tongue's end a wider or more picturesque
Always he used words
vocabulary.
with accuracy, and on occasion with
potent effect. Like all original thinkers, he made much use of parable and
Had he gone
vigorous illustration.
into politics, he would have made a
wonderful campaigner.
Although the very least of a sentimentalist, this rugged and virile man
of him, as
kindly and sympathetic as a woman.
his
good and
referred
to
He never
generous deeds, but I, for one. happen
were
many.
to know that they

was

at

the

inner

heart

I
do not know what G. W.'s religious opinions were, or even if he had
It was a subject we never disany.
I
have heard him "cuss"
cussed.

but I never
profanity to
forcible; he
Neither did I ever
did not need to.
directed
gibe
any
hear him utter
against religion or the things of reof
a genmuch
ligion.
He was too

when provoked,
knew him to employ
mike his conversation
mildly

tleman for that sort of thing.

In fact

think that George Brown,

without knowing it, was a pretty good

Christian.
If, happily so be, beyond
the Dark River, there is provided for
fairly decent people, a better world
than this, and it is my luck to be
found among the elect, I shall look
around for G.
as soon as possible
after I arrive.
I think bluff old Saint
Peter will admit him. I am sure he
will if he knows as much about G.
W. as I do. and he probably does.
But how I should like to see my old
friend's face, when they hand him his
harp and measure him for his first
pair of wings!

There

They Will
Hardly

Do

element

try,

it

more

private

the

has

has

always

among

a certain
this counor less active hostility to

been,

It

in

Mostly
narrow-minded

business school.

come

from

educators, who are either

jealous of, or else absurdly ignorant
of the value of these schools and the
necessity for the work they are doThe latest assault on the busiing.
ness school takes the form of a proposition that they shall be singled out
to pay a special and well nigh prohibitive tax of twenty-five per cent of

would-be

their

income.

Of course
that just now,

it

seems inconceivable
the Government

when

crying aloud

all directions for

trained clerks, typists, and other office
any meddling tax committee will
be permitted to cripple the only class
of schools that are in a position to
supply this help. Still, it is never safe
to bet on what meddling officialdom
The strong and forceful
will
do.
business school men of the country
should try to get the ear of men like
Secretary McAdoo, Mr. Vanderlip, or
Mr. Ryan and convince them of the
this
danger that threatens
scheme to tax half the commercial
schools of the country otit of existIt should be easy to show its
ence.
entire asininity.
Up to the present date, I have been
unable to learn with certainty just
who is responsible for this fool proposition, but it has been publicly
credited to a New York man bearing
It is
the suggestive name of Klein.
unfortunate that in times like these a
lot of cheap and noisy little men are
able to nose their way into small
government jobs where they are able
is

in

help,

from

to work mischief in their efforts to

attention.
Perhaps
official
attract
It is when
this is one of those cases.
the pot boils that the scum rises to
the top.

Teachers
and Experts

such a thing

Is

there

as

knowing too much

about a subject to teach

It
does not take
successfully?
it
much general experience with educational processes for a close observer
to learn that the professional expert
quite often a very poor teacher.
is
This is notably so in the arts. The
best trainers of the singing voice, for
instance, are almost never fine vocalThe successful teachers of
ists.

drawing or painting in the art schools,

have rareiy produced anything worth
while themselves.
Few of the professors of rhetoric or literature in our
colleges and universities, so far as I
can recall, have themselves been successful authors.
The principle seems
to work out the same way in the commercial schools.
A top notch accountant is seldom a good teacher of
bookkeeping. "I used to get a lawyer
to teach commercial law," remarked
the manager of a big business school
to me recently, "but I soon learned
better; they know too much, and almost always fire over the students'
heads." Time and again I have known
ambitious school proprietors to hire

gaudy

at

some

salary,

world-re-

nowned penman, who could flourish

ornamental capitals, grassy - tailed
birds, and bounding deer with spiraj
spring innards, in a way to make you
gasp, but who were tearful failures

when

came to teaching boys and

do plain every-day business
Deprecating any undue
blushes on the part of the editor of
the Business Educator, I may record
my observation that his success as a
great teacher of writing is due to the
fact that he has never allowed either
himself or his pupils to permit teachit

girls

to

writing.

nical brilliance to dazzle out of sight

the

more important matter

of sound

and successful teaching methods.

is

am

not sure that I know why it

that experts are so apt to be inef-

teachers; I doubt if anybody

I
am sure that it is, on
the whole, a good thing not only for
the teachers and the schools, but for
the experts themselves.
The truth
seems to be that doing a thing and
teaching others to do it, are entirely
different jobs.
It may seem paradoxical to say that one may be a fine
teacher of a subject, or an art in
which he is not fully proficient himself, but it is a matter of common
school-room experience just the same.
ficient

knows; but

Nevertheless it should not be forgotten that lack of reasonable technical proficiency is a defect in a
teacher; if such a teacher succeeds, it
is

in

of it.
for a

spite of this defect, not because

Proficiency is a splendid asset

teacher provided, always, he

does not let the technical or art side
of the subject get in the way of the
teaching end of the job.
Some experts know how to do this, and these
are teachers indeed.

The Bifurcated
German

curious

ray

of

is shed on Hun
psychology by a recent observation in the Cologne Volks
Zeitung.
Lamenting the awful havoc
and bloody brutality of the war, this
editor is moved to remark:
"Much
as we detest it as human beings and
Christians, yet we exult in it as Germans." Trying to be a Christian and
a Hun suggests the attempt to ride
at the same time two horses going in

light

opposite
directions.
In
his
"Dr.
Jekyl and Mr. Hyde," Steve" son has
tried to show us the possibility of a

(Concluded on page 34)

BOOKKEEPING VIEWPOINTS
The Third

of a Series of Articles

By W.
Head

of

A.

Commercial Deparment, West Division High School,

Milwaukee, Wis., and Practicing Accountant

THE ANALYSIS OF ACCOUNTS

In

the

last

article

emphasis was

placed on the understanding of accounts from the beginning of the

study of bookkeeping. Such a study
of accounts both by means of frequent
class recitations and written exercises
serves three very important purposes.
It gives the pupils a basis for the
study of the double-entry principle,
it prepares them for the classification
and analysis of accounts, and relieves
them from the monotony of the routine work.
Just as soon as pupils
have had sufficient practice in the
routine work of entering, posting, and
taking a trial balance of short exercises involving simple accounts, they
should be taught the classification of
accounts. This should not be a new
study if accounts have been well
taught, but it will introduce them to

new and technical bookkeeping

terms that should now be understood.
There is no good reason why pupils
cannot understand and use the terms
commonly used by bookkeepers and
accountants in classifying and analyzing accounts. They are no more difficult to understand than the expressions often used by teachers to try to
a few

simplify the teaching of the subject.

The one great

fault in the teaching of

this subject as well as many others in

bookkeeping

that the teacher gives

the classification and states the definition of the terms used and depends
upon this to give pupils an understanding of the subject. Teachers de-

pend

too
think that

is

much upon

rules.

They

that they need to teach

is just what is in the text book.
If
the text book gives the classification
and definition of the different kinds
of accounts the pupils are told to
learn it for the next lesson and then
told to apply it to the analysis of
accounts in a trial balance.
Instead
of that, the first lesson of this kind
should be an oral lesson with the
teacher developing the subject from
the previous knowledge of the pupils.
The development should be along the
line of the purpose of each account
and the results to be obtained from
it. Ask questions that the class should
be able to answer without previous
study. These questions should relate
first to the cash account.
Ask. "What
is the purpose of the cash account?"
"What does each side of the account
show?" "What does the difference
between the two sides represent?"
Ask similar questions about customers' and creditors' accounts.
If notes
receivable and notes payable have
been studied, discuss the results of
these accounts in the same way. From
the study of these and similar illustrations the terms real, personal, and
property as applied to accounts should
all

on the Teaching of Bookkeeping

SHEAFFER,

be explained
way the

and defined. In a simiterms assets and liabilishould be studied and defined.

Next, accounts that record changes
in the proprietorship interest should
be studied.
The expense and merchandise accounts are the only ones
that should be studied at first.
In
studying the expense account the idea
that every item of expense used in
carrying on the business has the effect of decreasing the value of the
proprietorship should be emphasized.
Start with an investment of a merchant in a business and the expenses
he must incur in order to carry on
lar

ties

the business.
Show the effect of this
on the net interest of the proprietor
in the business.
Then study the merchandise account in the same way as
it
relates to the purchase of goods
and the sale of all of these goods at
a profit or a loss.
This is a simple
arithmetical problem in gain or loss

and should present no

the

same way as

in

difficulties.
In
the case of ex-

pense the effect of each of these transactions on the proprietor's interest in

the business should be shown.
Several problems should then be given to
be worked out in an informal way.
The problems should include investment, expenses, and the sale of all of
a

stock of goods at a profit or at a

For example, suppose A invests

in the business of buying potatoes by the car load and selling them
by the bushel or bag. He sells potatoes that cost $200 for $280 and incurs
expenses in doing it of $30.
much is he worth now? The idea that
the
expense and merchandise accounts name some increase or decrease of proprietorship should make
it
easy to classify these accounts as
loss.

$300

How

nominal.

The meaning
plied

to

should

now

the

be

of net

worth as ap-

proprietor's

made

clear.

interest

Using the

illustration just given pupils will see

that A is worth what he put into the
business, $300, plus what he made
over and above his expenses, $50,
making a net worth of $'1.30. Putting
it
in a different way, let A's invest-

ment be represented by cash $200 and

horse and wagon valued at $100.
After he has sold his car load of potatoes and paid for them he has $250
cash and the horse and wagon worth
$100 without computing any depreciation on them.
This gives the value
a

which is his net

This fundamental idea of net
worth being found in the two ways il-

of his assets as $'i30,

worth.

is a very important one, as

basis of the proof of the
correctness of the statements not only
in elementary bookkeeping but also
in advanced accounting,

lustrated
it
is
the

&

<^&*i/?uM/&6ua&r
Let the class now undertake the
solution of problems involving inventories of merchandise and expense.
In discussing the method of finding
the profit or loss on merchandise
when there is an inventory of goods
on hand, the problem should be just
as much a problem in arithmetic as
possible.
Do not try to teach the
ledger method of adding the inventory to the credit side at first. Pupils
will not understand it till they see
that putting the inventory on the
credit side is equivalent to subtracting
it from the debit side as in the arithmetical method.
In the same way
pupils will understand that if the business has paid out $100 for coal and
has $60 worth on hand that only $40
worth has been used, therefore, only
$40 should be deducted from the proprietor's
interest
in
the business.
Nothing should be said as yet about
the formal statement or the closing
The underof any of the accounts.
standing of problems and exercises of
this kind should always precede the
study of the method of doing it.
It
pupils understand the why, the teaching of the form of the statement and
the formal closing of the accounts
will be much easier.

The class should now be ready to

take any trial balance of the previous
and analyze it.
exercises
Pupils
should classify the accounts and analyze each one.
Follow this by taking a simple trial balance and asking
pupils in their own way to find the
net worth of the proprietor.
If they
use the method of finding the net profit
and adding it to the proprietor's
net investment, as they will probably
do, lead them to see that there is
another way of finding the same result and thus proving up their work.
Statements of profit and loss and
and liabilities should follow
Teachers today make too little
use
of the
six-column statement,
more commonly called by accountof assets
this.

ants the working sheet.

While it is
little
used by bookkeepers and accountants as a form or exhibit to be
presented to the business man. it does
furnish to the accountant and the
learner

the best possible

as well
means of proving up his work, and
to the beginner also a means of exhibiting the results of the business
and of formulating the rules for the
determination of the results.
If pupils

to use these working

greater extent teachers
the pupils would
less time in hunting for

were taught

sheets

would

to a
find

that

spend much
mistakes and proving up the
ments than uow.

state-

After using the working sheets in

determining the results of the business,
the principles governing the
finding of the profits and losses, the
assets and liabilities, and the proprietor's net worth should be stated. One
of the principal advantages of the
working sheet is that the arrangement
is such that every other column is a
debit

column,

debit, losses,

ning with the

namely,

and
trial

trial
balance
And beginbalance credit col-

assets.

umn

every other column is a credit

column, namely, profits and liabilities.
Here the importance of an understanding of the classification of accounts is apparent. The pupil can see

from the working sheet that if the

account shows a debit balance it must
show a loss or an asset, depending
upon whether it is a nominal or a
real account.
On the other hand, if it
shows a credit balance it must show
a profit or a liability.
The working
sheet, too, very clearly shows the
nature of a mixed account in that the
account will show results in the
losses or profits columns and in the

assets or liabilities columns.

The only account that should at
first seem difficult of classification is
the proprietor's account.
Before attempting to classify it, the teacher
should review the different conditions
that would tend to change the proprietorship.
Problems involving investments, withdrawals, expenses of
carrying on the business, and profits
should be given. The closing of the
working statement by enteri-ig the
proprietor's net worth in the liability
column should prepare the pupils for
the classification of the account as a
real account that shows a liability of
the business to the proprietor under
normal solvent conditions.
If
the
teacher will take the assets of any
working sheet and convert enough of
them into cash to pay the outstanding liabilities the class will see that
after these have been satisfied tinbalance belongs to the proprietor.
Or, a rectangle may be used to represent the assets of a business. A proportionate part of this rectangle may
be shaded to represent the part of
the assets needed to pay outstanding
liabilities, the balance representing the
proprietor's interest.

The working sheet should be followed by the formal statements of

Profit and Loss and of Assets and
Liabilities.
In the statement of Profit
and Loss the finding of the profit or
loss on merchandise by subtracting
the inventory from the purchases and
then comparing this result with the

sales should be used, as it is the natural method and the easier to understand.
The other method of adding
the inventory to the credit side and

then finding the difference should be

emphasized in closing the ledger.
The closing of the ledger is another
step that depends upon the correct
analysis of each account and the reThe question of which
sult obtained.
method to use in closing the ledger
Shall it be the ledgerat once arises.
transfer, or "red-ink" method, as it
the journal
is sometimes called, or
method? There is no question but
that accountants very generally favor
the journal method and for a very
good reason, especially when it concerns the closing of the books of a
large business. But the objections to
the ledger-transfer method that it is
too difficult to trace the transfers
from one account to another and that
there is no record of the closing in a
book of entry do not have the same
weight in a small business. On the

other hand, the method of handling

inventories in closing the books by
journal entry makes the closing of
mixed accounts more difficult for the
beginning than in closing by the
ledger-transfer method.
It certainly
will do pupils no harm to learn both

methods, and of the two the ledgertransfer

method seems

the easier to

begin with.

Although the closing of the ledger

so far as it relates to the closing of
the nominal and mixed accounts is
technical and difficult for the beginner, much of the difficulties is due to
insufficient drill in the classification
and analysis of accounts. In teaching
the closing of the ledger to a class
for the first time it is best to make
it
a blackboard exercise, with the
teacher developing the method of
closing and illustrating it on the
blackboard.

should

Pupils

find

no

in answering the questions

the teacher asks and in understanding the method of doing it. The exercise is still somewhat difficult after
the pupils understand it because of
the number of little details that must

difficulty

be observed.
I
would have a short drill first in
ruling single and double lines on a
ledger.
The pupils should have before them a working sheet or statement of Profit and Loss to be used
as a guide in closing. The first closing should include the study of merchandise, expense, Profit and Loss,
and the proprietor's account.
The
teacher will avoid making the closing
merely an imitative exercise if he will
insist on pupils telling him how and
why each step is taken before the
step is put on paper.
Pupils should
be questioned on the reason for closing each account, the result it is desired to show, and last, the formal
method of doing it. Teachers cannot
too strongly emphasize the mathematical reasons for transferring all
red-ink items entered in the various
Don't simply tell pupils
accounts.
that every red-ink item must be transferred to the opposite side of some
account in black ink. They must see
by concrete examples that the ledger
cannot be kept in balance unless this
The teacher should, by
is
done.
blackboard illustrations, trace the
changes in the trial balance due to
every red-ink item entered. This
should always be clinched by taking
a trial balance of the ledger after
closing.

Teachers may think that the work

outlined here will take up too
time, but

it

is

justified

by the

much

fact that

nothing that can be studied will help

to give pupils an understanding of
the subject as this study of the analysis

of accounts.

It

will help to give

investigating
them inquiring and
minds that will aid them very much
in the advanced work and later in
business. Nothing in the study of elementary bookkeeping will help so
much to give them power and initiative.

&

&w&uJ//i4M&&uxi&r
Our guarantee

The

BUSINESS LETTER
The

Rubber Co.
Akron, Ohio

"Our"
guarantee

assured of full value for

your money spent.

B. F. Goodrich

By special arrangement
company we are privileged
of

something that
is of vital importance to
you if you care to be

with

above

the

to reprint a

Copyrighted booklets the company

We

lishing for their correspondents.

series

is pubconsider

them exceptional. y excellent and our readers

specially fortunate in having the opportunity
to study these monthly messages to corre[Editor.]
spondents.

We

can make for any style required,

fail to find illustrated in our
catalog just the shoe you
"Our"
desire at the present time,
catalog
We will forward the shoes
prepaid upon receipt of your
order with price and will strive to

you

it"

serve you in a

No. 10

It is

more

Yours

difficult to sell

the dealer

to sell the

consumer.

is

it

most satisfactory man-

ner.

SELLING THE DEALER

by mail than

is

The dealer receives scores

truly,"

This is a self-centered letter.

It
says nothing of the slightest interest
to the dealer; hence it could not be

of personal
calls as well as much sales material,
urging him to buy various kinds of
goods.
Competition for his business
is keen, because his orders are usually
large and he is usually good for repeat
orders.
To write him letters he will

quality,
Claims
about
statistics
about sales, age in business and pictures of "our factory" are mere bomIt is a delusion to think that
bast.
such sales talk will hypnotize any

not "waste-basket." we must bring

ourselves into intimate relations with

There

him and make our letters reflect his

everyday problems and interests.
In other words, we must make our

vital

letters

thoughts, his lan-

his

reflect

guage, his wants and his problems if

we expect our letters to "get under
his skin."

us as manufacturers to appreciate the dealer's ppint of

view.
Our ability has been eilisted
in making quality goods, and we are
saturated with facts and figures about
our process of distribution; the size
and importance of our factory and our
large output of products.
often
forget that the dealer is not interested
in these things and that letters which
concentrate upon them fail to arouse
his buying desire.
Too often our letters are built around the manufacturer's interest instead of the dealer's
and as a result they do not make him
respond.
The following letter will show how
the correspondent is apt to steep himIt

is

difficult for

We

self in

his

own

interests,

and utterly

disregard the viewpoint of the dealer:

"Dear Sir:
Accept our thanks

for your favor

We are glad of this
opportunity to forward you
a catalog showing the styles
which we carry in our Stock

received.

just

"Our
Stock"

Room

ready

for

imme-

diate use.

Of course
all

the

"Our"

it

is

impossible to show

we make. The
shown simply
represent some of the sea-

styles which
illustrations

successful.

dealer

into

Our

shoes

correct in every
word.
Our oxfords
possess superior fi 1 1 n g
"Our"
qualities.
They do not gap
oxfords at the ankle; they fit closely
and do not slip at the heel;
they are the coolest shoe for summer.
We have them in Green, Red, Tan.
Black and Patent.

sense

of

are

the

interested.

problems.
There is little that
would link up buyer and seller.
Another mistake we often make is
the failure to distinguish between the
dealer and the ultimate consumer.
er's

generally not a user. He

does not use the tennis balls, hot
water-bags or belts about which we
arc writing,
ff we write him in the
same strain, that we write the consumer, our letter is bound to fall flat.
The following is a consumer's letter
which would bring poor results if
mailed to dealers:

The

dealer

"Dear

is

Sir:

Our rubber
fortable of

sole is the most comany on the market today.

and soft, making walking

It is flexible

comfort.

outwears leather and is cheaper.

almost as thin as
paper what is left is as good and of
It

When worn down

the same quality as when the sole was

put on.
Rubber soles are non-conductors of
heat and, therefore, cool in summer
and warm in winter.
Shoes on which our rubber soles are
used are weather-proof and come in
sizes that will fit any foot in the family.
Our rubber soles are a tried and
proved selling material and the result
of years of experiments and tests.
Use the inclosed letter blank and
get some of these soles along with

advertising

matter and window

dis-

Yours

sumption that the buying motive of

the consumer and dealer are the same.
must remember that the dealer is

We

most interested

.1

for this quality.

He realizes that the consumer's
satisfaction is small consolation to
him if he buys a dozen articles and

Has

Will
Will

in

three factors:

it

a demand?
make a profit?

it

please

it

the

trade?

if he does not make

on the dozen to meet

only one, or

sells

enough

profit

expenses.

We

have devised many methods of

helping the dealer sell his goods.
advertise liberally in local and national papers, we send him cuts or
copy for use in the newspapers of his
city, distribute samples, send window
displays and printed matter, and give
him advcie on questions he may have.
All this is sales talk and of interest to
the dealer. These things are weapons

We

you can
other

use.

dealers

You can tell him about

who made big profits

under
own.

circumstances similar to his

If the goods have been profitable to others, they are bound to interest him.

The following letter brings out how

correspondent can inject the "you"
appeal into his letters to dealers:
a

"Dear Sir:
Whatever

is
best for you as a
best for us as a manufacis our success.
the basis on which our 1918

dealer

is

turer.

Your success

This

is

Selling Plan is offered.

It insures you against price decline,
gives you the privilege of exchanging
goods for credit and allows you to
return goods at the end of the season.
You buy from a preferred dealers'
list and sell to
the consumer at a
margin which insures you a profit

on each

sale.

It
gives you extended payments
privilege and early shipments which

protect you against delayed shipment

due to traffic congestion.
Goodrich advertising is built around

Gal 13
the dealer.
vice

v\as

Our big advertising sercreated years ago

FOR

THE DEALER.

The Goodrich dealer represents a

factory making everything that's best
An organization whose
rubber.
in
are justice and service, and
is dedicated to fair
treatment.
hanshould like to have
ideals

whose good-will

YOU

We

dle

Goodrich products

in

your local-

ity.

Sign the inclosed card and complete

details

will

The

The writer has entirely failed to put

himself in the place of the dealer. He
has proceeded on the mistaken as-

TION.
this,

truly."

This letter might bring orders from

consumers but never from dealers.

considers last SATISFACThe dealer does not ignore

but he trusts to the manufacturer

retailer

once.

plays.

styles

son's best sellers as selected

by the leading retailers from
our two hundred and fifty styles designed by our selling force.

becoming

not the slightest indication

the entire letter that the writer
in
has acquainted himself with the dealis

The ultimate consumer who buys

our products considers first what the

go forward to you at
Yours truly,
Goodrich Rubber Co."

B. F.

In your letters to dealers, you must

impress upon their minds that articles
which are well advertised and established are always safe to buy and
guarantee a good profit.
Discussing the quality of your article

is

permissible

if

it

shows the

it is something that can be overworked. If an

entire letter is used in a rhapsody
If
about quality, it is ineffective.
(Concluded on page 24")

salability of the article, but

Report of the Twenty- First Annual Convention of the

National Commercial Teacher's Federation

Chicago, December 26-29,

1917

FIFTH INSTALLMENT!
Doctor Swiggett:
Fellow workNaturally I appreciate deepl}
President Owens' very pleasant introductory remarks, but really, it was
unnecessary for your president to
state that I have fellowship in this
association.
I spent a most pleasant
period of two days with you last
-

ers:

memories

which have been

with me through the past year and
were urging me on to Chicago at
this time.
Unfortunately I was prevented by a very severe cold from arriving according to schedule, and I
was even afraid until yesterday that
f was not going to get here
for today.
But with the best intentions
and with the pull of fellowship I am
here and delighted to be with you.
year,

of

May 1 not say at the outset that

has been said by the previous
speaker which 1 might hope to say
had I chosen her theme as the subject of my brief remarks.
How well
it
was said! The things she mentions are the really vital things we
all

are all working for, striving to lay

firm hold on in every class of instruction in public or private school:
and even outside of the classroom
whenever we can as our several
paths cross, we are, or should be.
a helping word.
The great
word "service," boldly arranged in
lettered sequence, it seems to me,

giving

should be emphasized somewhere on

the wall at all meetings of this Federation; to remind us constantly that
service is the goal of our common
effort.

But service
what does it mean,
what does- it spell? It means, doesn't it, above all things, that we have
a real basis of co-operation; that we
see something outside and beyond the

small sphere within which we may be

working.
So much of our silendid
effort in these recent

months

of stress

and struggle has been due in large

measure to the fact that our great
country was brought face to face with
the stern reality that it had not nationally or locally learned this lesson
of co-operative
service so that it
could be practically exemplified in the
daily round of duties.
Isn't
that
true?
I can safely say without misunderstanding that the recent necessity for
Federal control and direction of railroads lay not entirely through the

sole

railroads to cooperate, but in part, as well, through

the failure of the people and even of
the Government's agents, to co-operate with the railroads.

Be

failure

that as

of

it

the

may!

Certainly as a

consequence, many people who had

never learned this lesson in school
or in life are now striving their best
to become a working part, as it were,

&

<!MJ&u&n^&&uxi&r

of this magnificent system of ours,

built up. as we know, through individual initiative.
Many of our greatest men have learned this lesson of
co-operation over night.
There has
not been irremediable hurt and harm,
because all that is in the way of being remedied, and there may come
out of it in time a good that will be
to us as a Nation's priceless heritage.

merely my private opinion,

the opinion of one who reads with
some attempt at reflection, honestly
endeavoring to interpret clearly. And
after all. as I have said, this is for us

That

is

right

now

the great lesson.

It is
something we are looking forward
to now, not only in getting together
for the accomplishment of the immediate thing before us, but as you
know I am quite sure many of you
better than I
following the achievement of a military victory there come
far greater things that are won by
that victory.
say that those
things are to be achieved in what we
call the reconstruction days, and our
Allies, too, in this respect, have been
most wise, having early begun to
prepare for the days to come. That
time is with them, "the day."
It is
the day of reconstruction along economic lines through a practical carrying out of policies of co-operation.
All this, it seems to me, is the work
of the schools.
You can't get it first
in life except in moments of great
all

We

National

and we

have to
go back again into our schools, and
perhaps even
to
the
elemental
grades.
Many bureaus and commissions organized today directly by the
Government, or committees appointed by the various National association to co-operate with the Government, are trying to do something in
and through the schools. They must
go back to a basic, to a primary
statement of co-operation, and work
out from that through the elementary
into the grammar and high schools
and all related schools that are associated with the public schools of the
country.
The failure to so proceed
explains, in large measure, what I
crisis,

will

think to be a loss in training for business, a topic on which I feel that I

should say just a word in order to

my being here.
Training for business means train-

justify

doesn't it, for a certain specific

definite thing.
It is instruction
to some definite vocational or profesing,

and

sional

comes
our

end,

whenever

a profession.

In

business

be-

some way

in
until quite
considered training for culcitizenship as the sole duty

own country we have

recently
ture and
of the school, and looked upon education as the school's one priceless
privilege.

like,

however, to

differ-

entiate between education and ifcstruction.

Up to a certain point the English,
who really gave to us our school system, built their own magnificent system at the top of which is Oxford,
solely, it seems to me, with the idea
of education in mind.
That system
has given us the best example of
regent in the world.
It has given a
degree of mental patience that is
extremely difficult for us to understand in men when they are placed
in trying circumstances, out in Africa,
in India, anywhere else in the world

where Englishmen congregate and

do their bit in carrying out in some

way

that splendid imperial policy of

Joseph

Chamberlain.

That

is

what

has done for England abroad. But

back at home it did not enable the
Englishman to do so well along the
it

lines of practical instruction.

In the

proportion that England perhaps as-

sumed a larger and larger position

of dominance through diplomacy, her
great rival assumed a larger and
more secure position in what we may
call industrial efficiency in the preparation of raw materials and in their

distribution.
I
want to make quite clear this
essential difference between the purpose and value of educational instruction.
It is necessary first of all to
see this one point clearly, namely,
that a man isn't going to be damned
for all

course

time because he takes only a

comm,ercial education; that

in

for the time being far

more

desirable

perhaps than the culture of education

the

efficiency

of trade and commerce through technical instruction.

I
wish I had time to tell you, but
you are doubtless just as familiar as
with the needs and demands in this
country for this type and kind of instruction.
It isn't that the opportunity for this instruction itself isn't at
hand, but it is rather a lack of proper
relation between it and local and National commercial needs. I have only
recently sent out a questionnaire to
the secretaries of chambers of commerce in some 400 of our leading cities, to find out if possible what their
local needs may be. I was told at the
time of sending this questionnaire
that I should not expect more than
15 per cent of replies. I am gratified,
however, to state that as I was leaving Washington
only about four
weeks after mailing the questionnaire
there had been received something
like
per cent of replies, and many
of the secretaries wrote me, "We are
very sorry that we haven't this information, but a committee has been
appointed to make a survey of the
is

.")()

want." That is a fine example, may

I
not say in passing, of the very
co-operation we have been talking
about and which we need most in our
country.
An adequate course in commercial
education with a specific end in view,
is America's great need and opportunity.
We shall not be concerned
so much with production in these reconstruction days as we shall in distribution.

If

this

is

true

we need

&

'y/u''j6ujS/tt'jJ-C'dut&6r
commercial education far
my judgment, than we do in
industrial education, and I say that,
courses
more, in

in

not simply because I am the specially in commercial education, for if I

thought the other, in all fairness I

should be asking for it.
You have only to examine and see
how we have relatively declined in
our exports of food stuffs and agricultural products.
See how great has
been the increase in statistics that
relate
to
manufacturing
centers!
Read and interpret these statistics!
I
have one fault to find, let me say
just
here, with all school people:
They do not read the right kind of
inferences out of statistics.
Now if
commercial teachers are not going to
read and interpret correctly statistics,
something is radically wrong

with our courses in commercial education.

And so, while we need men
and women and shall always need
them in the service of production, we
shall have the novel and relatively
larger need for thousands of men and
women to take our manufactured
wares and distribute them throughout
the world.
Do you know why we
are going to have to distribute them?
Some men state that we are on the
eve of a great National bankruptcy
if

we do

ever,

not.

is

it

do not think, how-

quite so

bad as

that.

You

know enough about finance and

about unstable exchange to know just
what confronts us. Let us face the
issue squarely and prepare courageously by wisely directed efforts in
the schools for an economic policy
that will carry us safely through the
reconstruction days. Realize, for example, the great amount of invested
wealth in this country, the large
number of industrial plants recently
established, and the still larger number that have been diverted from
what we call, if you please, natural
lines of trade into lines unnatural
from the standpoint of commerce.
Think, for example, of the shock
of readjustment!
We surely need as
a Nation, therefore, to formulate and
inaugurate at once some well-concerted Federally supervised policy of
foreign trade that will quietly and
gradually divert all of those factories

now engaged

in

emergency produc-

tion into lines of natural trade.

But
we can't consume all that they will

produce; we must have foreign markets.

you, therefore, engaged

commercial education, will have
All

of

consequence
ining

first,

to

do your

bit

what are the

in
in

by exam-

local

trade

needs of your community and then

attempting to build up in your schools
a course of study that will be helpful
in solving your local trade problems,
but most helpful in so far as it relates to or in harmony with a Nation or Federal trade policy.
Now that isn't going to be so hard
because we are all thinking or beginning to think along this very line.
This is the supreme opportunity for
service of all the commercial schools
of the

country, public and private

and

like to think, too, that the pri-

this

vate school men are getting more and

more into the school game of the
community in which the school is situated, and that this type of school is
feeling itself more and more a part
of the school life of the community.
As I told you last year, I view this
as a measure fraught with the greatest importance, namely, the participation of the private business school
in
the school life of the country.
And yet, do you know, some of the
best modern schools in England have
been built up in this way, and nearly
all of the high schools of commerce

just

France have had their beginnings

manner.
As a Nation we want no waste; we
want no loss. We are priding ourselves on our efficiency and we can't
have it, it seems to me, until we are
in
in

this

pulling together in this spirit of

co-operation, utilizing as an asset for
the
accomplishment
of
the
end
schools that have been so long established in our midst for successful
training of vocational business.
May I now close by relating to you
briefly a story of statistics that bears
somewhat on the points I have
touched upon in my rather rambling
remarks. If I were to ask you now,
"Izvinitie, vi govoritie po russki?",
how many of you not born in Russia
or of Russian parentage could understand that? And yet it means, "I beg
all

your

pardon, do you speak RusI learned last summer

that
England had been getting ready to
capture Russian trade through having
a sufficient number of well prepared
sian?"

young

Britishers

to

sell

textiles

in

Russia, and that England was endeavoring to do this thing largely

through the chambers of commerce
and its county council schools. The
relation between them is such that
it is a very easy matter for the cham-

ber

of

commerce

to

insist

that

the

county

council school put in some

Russian.
They began quietly; we
didn't hear much about it.
And yet
there are 28 of these schools teaching
Russian in the City of London alone.
The ten large universities of England
with an attendance reduced 40 per
cent a year ago and reduced full 50
per cent in the last 12 months, are all
teaching
Russian
for
commercial
purposes.

This situation
very interesting

in England was so
that I said, "Let's
the situation is in the
United States," so I sent a letter of
inquiry to those institutions where I
knew Russian should be taught according to their published statements.
There are only eleven of these institutions in the United States.
I
do
not feel at liberty to mention any
names, but one of the largest universities in the south wrote me that "We
had three courses announced in our
catalogue, but we are not offering
Russian this year because there is no
interest." Two universities in two of
the largest cities in the United States
have this year only four students enrolled in Russian, and they are taking

see

now what

language principally to find out

what relation it is to Sanscrit.

Three of the institution are in agricultural communities in the middle
west where there is no such cogent

reason for studying Russian for foreign trade as there is in New York,
Chicago, or Philadelphia.
I
shall not dwell further on this
situation but shall leave it to you to
out of this little statement in
comparative
statistics
the
lesson
that should be patent to us all.
My
final word is an appeal to the private
business school men and to the principals of high schools in our large
manufacturing cities to make immediately some kind of a survey of the
domestic and foreign trade needs of
these cities, and endeavor to so modify or readjust their course of study

read

that there

may

be

their respective

in

cities adequate educational

ties to meet the needs of

commerce.

opportunitrade and

(Applause.)

THE SCHOOL AND OFFICE

PLAN OF TRAINING STUDENTS FOR BUSINESS
By Mr.

Carlson, of the Whitewater

Normal, Whitewater, Wis.

N. C. T.

F., Public Schools Section,

Saturday Morning, Dec. 29, 1917

Commercial teachers have frequently been told of the shortcomings

our commercial graduates.
It is
with the idea of overcoming these
shortcomings and furnishing a knowledge of office methods that various
plans for providing this sort of training which has been called to your
attention as a necessary part of the
curriculum by previous speakers in
the Convention.
of

ery,

just

want

to recall that

Employment Manager
& Company, in

shall-Field

Mr. Avof
his

Martalk

yesterday at no time mentioned anything of shorthand or typewriting or

bookkeeping, but rather did he speak
of those things which were outside of
our work in shorthand, typewriting,

bookkeeping and penmanship which

he expected of people
there
for
employment.

who

came

Professor
brought out very
forcibly the opportunity of teaching
business correspondence through the

Gardner

dictation

in his talk

class.

There are three general plans of

providing this training as used in our
present
commercial high
schools.

The

first is the office training plan,

the second is the office and school
service plan, and the third is the part

time employment plan.

Considering the

first

plan for just a

few moments, there are three textbooks which offer material for such
a

course

the

office

training

course,

Lyons and Carnahan came out with

book in 1907 entitled "Stenographers' Business Practice."
The Gregg
Company produced a book in 1911
a

entitled "Office Training for Stenographers," and the last school year
under copyright date of 1917. the

the Xew York City High School.

The last two mentioned books are
very intelligent texts in the way of
material for office training courses.
The plan used in the Whitewater

Normal School

is

somewhat

differ-

We now offer a twelve weeks

course in office training, reciting five
days a week, and in that course we
make use of both of these textbooks
as office reference books.
To give you a slight idea of the
nature of such a course, briefly some
of the things which are covered are
"Getting
a
Position."
"Business
Ethics." "Office Organization," "Departmental Arrangements." "Incoming Mail." "Outgoing Mail," etc. We
lay a great deal of emphasis on filing,
postal information, the proper use of
the telephone, cablegrams and telegrams and office reference books. I
haven't recited, of course, all of the
things covered in the course in teaching the application of typewriting,
ent.

shorthand and bookkeeping to

systems and office methods.

much

the

for

first

this training in
office systems.

office

So
scheme of giving
methods and

office

The second plan is the school service plan, and since it has to be discussed later this morning by Mr.
Yoder, of one of the Milwaukee High
Schools, under the title of the "Centralized Accounting System," I shall
not say more under that topic than
this, that in some schools an effort
is
made to solicit work from the
high school principals, the City Superintendent and the high school
teachers in the effort to give the students practical training in the application of shorthand, typewriting, penmanship and bookkeeping, but since
that will be very ably discussed later
is enough on that subject.
Now, the third scheme of providing
this training is the part-time employment plan a plan which I also described in the Gregg Federation, but
in the belief that perhaps some of

that

those

present

that plan,
that again.

Last year

are
shall
in

the

not

familiar

briefly

with
describe

High School

at

Manitowoc. Wisconsin, because of

crowded conditoins in the High
School and because of the impracticability of bringing in work from the
offices to be done in the High School,
it was felt that perhaps the same sort
of training could be obtained under
ideal conditions by seeding the stude

&

^MJ&u&n&U/&&uxi&r

McMillan Company came out with

a book on office practice written by
two of the commercial teachers in

out into the office doing the

right out in the field, and that
that sort of training were given
then, it would not be true as it often
is that the school work is a school
exercise which, when satisfactorily
completed, must be consigned to the
its

work

if

wastebasket. because it has no commercial value.

In other words, we
believe that in the senior year it is
practicable to give a certain definite

and

penmanship, but that some of

that training could be applied to actual and practical business problems
which have a commercial value.
felt that there is nothing better than
the real thing, and a clever imitation
is never quite so good.
felt that
no plan of office apprenticeship is
satisfactory unless it gives the school
a chance to work with the office.
In
other words, the school's influence
in

We

We

should be constantly exerted upon

the student at all times while he is
carrying on this office work.
Briefly, then, the plan

of

all

was

non-commercial

the

to shift

subjects

such as English and history and also

the bookkeeping into the morning
period.
felt that no plan of office
apprenticeship should in the slightest
handicap or interfere with the work
of the English Department or the
History Department or the work in
bookkeeping; that those departments

We

should continue uninterruptedly and

in

no way handciapped by any parti-

cular plan or

scheme of the commer-

department. With these subjects

placed in the afternoon, that left
simply the senior shorthand and the
senior typewriting for afternoon instruction.
The next device was to
divide the senior class of thirty-nine
students into two groups, with the
idea that each group would be sent
out into the offices on alternate weeks
cial

all

so that one group was in the offices

every afternoon and all day Saturday
of one week and returned to school
full
time the next week, the other
group replacing them, so that there
were two persons for the same work.
For this work thev were paid from
$3.00 to $5X0 a week.
Most of the
boys received $."..00 salary. A few of
the girls received the same salary.
On Saturdays they had an opportunity to find out what a full day's work
was because they worked under the
regular office schedule on that day.
During the week they complied
with the regular afternoon schedule,
reporting from 1:00 o'clock to 5:00
o'clock,

or

1:30

to

6:00 o'clock,

de-

pending upon the particular office in

which they worked. The assignments
were not limited to any particular
company. I say that, so that, those
of you who are teaching in smaller
town high schools need not feel that
this is a plan which can not be applied
to anything but towns in which you
have the larger corporations and the
larger
offices.
Assignments were
made to a large manufacturing company with a very large office, to the
shipyards, which also maintains a
comparatively large office, to the
Goodrich Transportation Company,
but also to a lawyer's office, to a
small abstract office, to a garage and
to a wholesale cheese merchant, to a

hardware
both

store, etc., so that

small office
office represented.
the

we have

and the large

In terms of school credit, this work

represented one-half of one semester's

work

in

one unit so that

it

was

23

long a time for that sort of training.

The other 63/64 of the four years'
was obtained in a conventional
way.
You understand all students reported every morning in school and
every afternoon of alternate weeks,
and that there were two people on
credit

the position.
This particular plan

was devised as

second semester plan entirely, but

due to the present demands occasioned by the needs of the army and
navy in removing many people from
offices,
it
was necessary to allow
twenty students to work under this
plan at the beginning of the year, and
perhaps that is one point in its favor
that it offers an opportunity for high
a

schools to help out the peculiar situation which now exists in many
communities because of the inroads
which the army and navy have made.
In this time when we are urged to
conserve on every hand not only in
the matter of food and fuel and materials, perhaps a plan whereby the
high school may assist in carrying
the load which the offices now bear,
would be a partial step.

EDUCATION AND THE

JUVENILE COURT
By

McGoorty,

Justice

of

Chicago

Juvenile Court

N. C. T.

The boy
with

my

in

that I
judicial

F.,

1917

come
work

in
is

contact
not the

boy that has had the benefit of a

commercial or high school training.

In my experience in the criminal

court where boys come about the age
of seventeen it is almost invariable
that the fact is ascertained that the
boy left school at the age of fourteen,
age.

at

the

minimum

compulsory

That is to say, while our compulsory school age of sixteen is in

force, still between the ages of fourteen and sixteen, boys

and

girls are

permitted to enter private employif

they receive an educational
training of a certain number of hours
a day while in such employment.
It
has always seemed to me since I have
given the subject any thought that
the boy in the happiest instances has
not very much of an opportunity in
a great city, especially in the congested areas of a great city, but the

ment

boy who

lives in a wholesome environment has those opportunities

which American life and activities afford.
But the boy I know is the boy
whose home has been broken up by
poverty or crime or both, or by death
or the destruction of home through

destroyers.

We judges are not chosen for the

purpose of moralizing or of solving
social conditions primarily, but to administer the law.
To administer the
human law, it is true, but nevertheless

having

in

mind the protection of

ciety ps well

so-

as the interests of the

imf ortnnate accitsed.
And yet time
and time again, especially at the time

^
boy as well as

best in the
I

feel a

in the girl,

this great wastmaterial of these boys

keen sense of

human

age of

that are sent to the county jail, to

the house of correction and to the
state reformatory, and to leave those
respective institutions perhaps truly
in
some cases, worse morally and
physically than when they entered.

Xow, it isn't easy to offer a solution

are all inboy problem.
terested in the boys, either as parents or as teachers or as citizens.
Ever since that child held forth his
arms in Bethlehem, the whole world
has been attracted by the appeal of
childhood. And we realize that these
boys, these juvenile delinquents, are
in many instances the victims of environment, the victims of circumstances over which they had no con-

We

of the

trol.

What chance in
boy who is raised in

this

city

has

the tenement
the
district or in any of these congested
areas of this great city where he very
seldom sees God's blue sky, where
only in his dreams does he see a
stretch of prairie or blue water?
These are the boys that have to seek
Mr. Recreation and Mr. Pleasure in
the poolroom and in the saloon, and
amid associates that are demoralizing

and conducive

to evil.

But there are some remedies. We

have some recreations. We have municipal play grounds, but we haven't
enough of them. The boy, full of
Adam's animal spirits with a moral
side undeveloped, and yet with that
inside sense which God has placed in
the human soul, with that gold in his
name which may not yet have been
discovered and developed, feels a
longing at times within himself for
the better things of life.
But he is
brought down to this lower level by
these evil and unfortunate associates.

And

say to you teachers, to

you women and men who have devoted your lives to the greatest and the
noblest of all undertakings, that while
we are living in an age that demands
one hundred per cent efficiency, never
lose sight of the fact that any boy or
girl

so

is

under-educated whose

moral

side isn't developed together with the

intellectual side, because we can not

have

men and good women

good

unless the boys and girls have been

so trained and their minds and actions have been so directed that they
have inculcated in them a religious
sense and a moral sense based upon
sound religious principles as well as
those
intellectual
attainments and
mental discipline which will enable
them to fight the battle of life, f believe in universal military training.

We

have

it

now, as

&

f^ffle&u&n^&dtuxt&r

when our country and the world is

calling for the boys, when every impulse is to develop the finest and the

understand

it,

generally in our high schools in Chicago.

I wish that we would have
it
in our grammar schools.
Not only
for the purpose of fitting our boys
for such crises as that through which
we are passing, but to implicate the
spirit of obedience and reverence and
And to imrespect fof authority.

press upon the boy the real dignity

of his approaching manhood.
Since the commencement of this
war in which we are now engaged,
since last April juvenile crime, that
is crime committed by boys and girls
under seventeen, has increased thirtytwo per cent in the city of Chicago.
In England the first year it increased
thirty per cent and the second year
I am not going
thirty-five per cent.
to attempt to connect the cause or
relation betw-een the war and this increase in juvenile delinquency.
know it is so in adult delinquency,
that there is a perfect wave of crime
at the present time sweeping over
Chicago notwithstaning the efforts of
the police department and of the judiciary who are charged with the
administration of the criminal law.
But our boys ought to be given an
opportunity to be normal boys and
to be in normal, wholesome surroundings, and society is responsible primarily, to some extent at least, in
making it impossible for these boys
of ours to help themselves without
the aid of society and of governmental and private agencies to place these
boys in a better environment, to give
them more opportunity for recreation, to have night schools continue
to offer a longer period throughout
the year, so that they may have a
broader vision, so that they may not
attain the years of manhood thinking
that the law of some city is raised
against them and that the state's attorney and that the judge find it an
unpleasant but an impersonal duty to
confine them between four walls, to
look out upon the wall through prison
cells instead of opening up to them
a world full of opportunity and of
beauty, a world in which they may be
taught that their ultimate aim is to
be citizens of this world, to train
themselves in this world that they

We

may become

citizens of Heaven.
have a responsibility,
the parent or the teacher or the citizen.
are teachers
all, and let us endeavor each one to
help. The commercial teacher reflects
and imparts his personality, his enthusiasm to those young men and

us

of

All

whether

is

it

We

young women with

whom

he comes

contact, and let us see that that

responsibility is discharged well, and
that we may impart such an influence
upon governmental agencies that
gradually these boys and these unfortunate girls will be given a greater
chance and a greater opportunity so
that our material as well as our inin

tellectual

improved.

and moral welfare may be

I thank you very much.

NEWS NOTES
Merle A. Daugherty, of Fort Morgan.
Colo., is in charge of the commercial

work

of

the

Coalgate,

Okla.,

High

School.

Mary

B. Rogers, Lee, Mass., is a new

shorthand teacher in the Bernards-

Gladys A. Humeston

is teaching commercial work this year in the Mt.

Pleasant. Iowa, High School.

Myrtle E. Godwin goes to the West

Warwick, R. I., High School as commercial teacher.

THE BUSINESS LETTER

(Continued from page 20)
possible, send samples of your goods
and let him judge as to quality. He
then sees just what he is buying.
Strong descriptive statements are effective in creating a favorable impression of quality.
Letters written to dealers must be
full of enthusiasm.
The seliing effort
must come from them so any vigor or
confidence that you can instill in them
is sales help.
Over-enthusiasm is less
likely to offend a dealer than a consumer. But the dealer gets more sales
letters than the consumer
hence the

arguments given him must be marshalled with greater care. He is looking for co-operation and material and
spiritual help.
Many dealers argue
that a house that cannot send out letters of appealing nature would prove
a poor ally in any sales venture.
Letters to dealers should be filled
with the strong personal element and

have a frank man to man attitude.

Their language may even be colloquial
and breezy, but never clever. The big
thing in our letters to dealers is to
get right into the things in which they
are interested and give them a good,
clear, definite message of service.

MEANDERINGS
(Continued from page 18)
kindly and benevolent gentleman and
a cruel and consciousless scoundrel
living within the same skin.
Also,
George Gray Barnard, in his wonderful marble allegory, "I Feel Two Natures Struggling Within Me," has
with consummate genius made vivid
the

same

idea.

Perhaps

this

is

the

explanation of the Prussian. When all

is fair and sweet in the world, and
there is no smell of powder or blood
in the air, he goes about his work or
attends his kirke or his beer garden
or his turn-verein, a fairly goodnatured and decent person. But once
the war trumpet sounds and he is
called to the colors, his gears are reversed and he becomes the combination of tiger and hyena that the
eral Staff demands.

Gen-

costly mistake that the world

did not find out this dual nature of
In reality, the esthe Hun sooner.
sential brutishness of the Prussian
has been known for a long time.
Even the great German poet, Goethe,
knew it a hundred yaers ago. Said
he: "The Prussian is at heart a savage, and civilization will only make
him more savage." The world is just
beginning to realize the truth of this
It is a

Miss Ruth Parker has charge of the

advanced department of the Law-

paradox, and having learned it, it is

pretty safe to conclude that the demon in the Prussian will not be allowed to run amuck in the world
again, no matter what the cost o)

rence. Kan., Business College.

stopping him

ville,

N.

J.,

High School.

may

be.

jf

c2fe&uJ/rtM&&u&&r

RED CROSS and

CLARA BARTON

death

Stories from Recent Real Life

yet, the charter of the society had not

been signed. It was a year later before it had any real official existence.

The

By CHARLES

T. CRAGIN
Hohoke, Mass.

Then

Part Three

Jackson Sanitarium at
Danville. New York.
and finally rented a
house in that beauti-

section

of

the

country. She was living there when tinRed Cross got its
first work in time of peace.
The great
northern peninsula of Michigan was
an immense timber forest, and From
tin's forest has been taken the lumber
which built the great wooden cities of
the West.
The first, Chicago, that
was destroyed by fire when Mother
O'Leary's cow kicked over the lan-

was a wooden city. That

burned so easily.
As the

tern in 1872,
is

why

it

timber had been cut in Michigan, the

land had been cleared of stumps ami
numerous small farms had appeared.
and there were thriving villages, not
very large, scattered all over the
peninsula.
There was not. in that
time, any forest reserve. Today, these
timber forests are carefully
watched by United States Forest Service men. who are constantly on the
lookout for fire. In issi. nothing of
that kind existed, and there came a
terribly dry season.
No rain fell for
weeks, and the result was that these
great forests and clearings where
there was plenty of underbrush and
trimmings from the great trees, became regular tinder beds ready to
burn like powder the moment a match

great

was dropped, and of course s imebody

dropped the match, a careless hunter
or fisherman, perhaps neglected to
cover up the fire carefully, or emptied
his

pipe.

Anyway,

the

fire

started.

and swept over the north peninsula

Hundreds of lives were
of Michigan.

Farm

lost.

bouses, villages, railroad

that same within
the flames shriveled, and

trains,

everything

sweep

of

scorched, and went up

in

smoke and

ashes, and there was ruin and death

all over the territory.
Hundreds of
families were homeless.
They bad

everything and barely escaped

with their lives from the rush of the
flames, and then the Red Cross Solost

ciety

went

France,

after

the

Prussian

there

came

the great Mississ-

ippi valley
flood.
The Mississippi
river is not an imposing stream to

eriod of nervousness and

Followed the home-coming of Clara Barton,
and during this period she went to the

ful

in

wave swept over that fair land and

left it crushed and desolate.
Magnificent work was done although, as

into action.

Rochester, Xew York, was made

center of distribution, and from
all parts of the country there came
pouring in money, and food, and
clothing, and medicines, and, like an
old war horse snuffing the battle.
Clara Barton came from her country
house and again went to work just as
the

she did in the terrible Civil

davs. and in the davs of ruin

War
and

look upon; it lies flat and muddy in

the great central valley of the Continent as it flows its three thousand
six hundred miles from Lake Itasca,
away up next to Canada line, down
into the Gulf of Mexico.
The river
lies flat with the plain most of the
way. There are no rocky battlements
towering up as they do along the

banks of the Hudson, and so the river

not imposing, but it runs very near
in tin- level of the country, on either
side, and when there comes a great
is

in the water, the river is higher

than the land, and so they build
levees all along the river banks, especially below St. Louis where the
"Big Muddy" comes to the Mississippi with its coffee colored flood and
goes on down through the low lands
These levees are simply* banks of
earth piled up along the river side so
that when high water comes the river
sball not overflow and bring a second
deluge on the valley, but these levees
often break and, when they do, they

rise

have what they call a crevasse and

the country round about becomes a
great lake, and this year of L882 witnessed extremely high water all the
way down the valley of the Mississippi, the levees
failed to hold the
flood and crevasse after crevasse followed, ami all the land was under
water.
A hundred thousand people

were homeless, many of them were

in the great onrushing flood
which swept in upon them, and after
the water subsided there was ruin,
desolation, disease and death everywhere in the vast valley of the lower
Mississippi and the cry for help from
a stricken people rang loud throughout the land, and the first to respond
was the now fully organized Red
Cross, with Clara Barton at its head.
Steamboats, bearing the Red Cross
flag and the Red Cross sign, fore and
aft. were launched, loaded to the gun-

drowned

wales

with every kind of supplies,

food, clothing, building materials, and
all
medicines with plenty of
doctors and nurses to look after the
sufferers who. many of them, lay at
the point of death, stricken with fever
and every kind of disease. For months
these Red Cross boats of mercy plied
to and fro along the Mississippi ami
its tributaries, bringing relief to the
stricken population. It was a magnificent demonstration of what organized relief could do in a great emergency, and soon the valley began to
smile again.
Xew habitations, better than the old, were erected.
The
destitute were clothed and fed and
put upon their feet again, and the
fertile earth brought forth bounteous
harvest, and again prosperity smiled
upon the great, rich valley of the
Mississippi.

above

In the Valley of the

Conemaugh

few years later in 1886, there

came one of the most terrible disasters the country has ever known.
The little city of Johnstown, twelve
or fifteen thousand population, lay in
tin-

valley

of the

Conemaugh.

The

Conemaugh

is a little river and Johnsabout eighty miles out of the

city of Pittsburg, where the Conemaugh joins the Alleghany and Monongahela and flows on to make the
Ohio. About ten miles above the city
of Johnstown, there was an artificial
lake.
It had been
built by wealthy

town

men

is

in Pittsburg,

who wanted

a place

where they could go and enjoy fishing.

They made this lake by darning
a
small stream that ran into the

Conemaugh.
It
was a great earth
if I dared to be profane I should
say that it wasn't worth a dam, but
they built it nearly one hundred feet
high and so got a deep lake several
miles long.
dam,

Sluiceways were
of the

dam

built on each side

to let off the water when

reached a

certain
spring, lots of water
it

Conemaugh from

height.
Every
came down the

this

lake

through

sluiceways, and the cellars along

bank were generally flooded during the spring season.
reI
member that spring well. I was in
Chicago at the time and it rained and
rained, and then it would rain some
more, and after a little while there
would be more rain until everything,
pretty much, was water soaked, and
streams all over the country flowed
beyond their banks, and floods were
an everyday thing.
And then, one
day. as evening was drawing on and
the housewives of Johnstown were
tin-

the creek

preparing supper for their

men

folks,

most of whom were employed in the

"Cambria Iron Works," there
came tearing down the valley at full
speed, a horseman yelling, "To the
great

hills
for your lives! the dam has
broken and the lake is coming down
on you!" And just behind him, in
plain sight, a great wall of water
fifty
feet
high, came towering its
white crest down into the narrow
valley where lay the city.
At the
lower end of the city, the Pennsylvania Railroad had built a stone
bridge across the creek over which it
ran its trains. The Pennsylvania railroad does its work in a very thorough
manner, and it built a bridge so strong
that no flood could tear it up.
The
flood simply went over it and the
bridge held, but the flood swept the
houses of Johnstown on to this bridge
and the bridge stopped them, and
they crushed together, and the flames
from hundreds of stoves were soon
burning to death those who were not
drowned by the flood or crushed by
More than eight thousand
the walls.
lives were lost in the great Johnstown
disaster.
I
went through there on
one of the first trains from the West.
For eighty miles we crawded on trestles up the valley from Pittsburg.
Wreck and ruin, all around us, roofs
of houses, dead cattle, clothing, everything you could think of, and in the

^/w*3&u<k'/uM&aiu&&r
were piled
coffins
the
itself
twenty feet high all around the little
temporary railroad station, and we

city

could Hear the dull explosions of dynamite as the searchers blew up the
ruins at the bridge in their search
after bodies.
It was a Sunday morning that the
news of the terrible Johnstown disaster came to us in Chicago where I
was stopping at that time, and imme-

furnish relief were

steps to
Collections were taken up in
taken.
the churches, and from all parts of
the country relief came pouring into
lohnstown and there went Clara Barton, personally, to take charge of the
diate

Sue was then sixtyThe Governor of

years old.
Pennsylvania sent state militia in
there at once, for already robbers
were stripping the dead of jewelry
and even clothing. They made short
work of anybody who was caught at

Red Cross work.

five

kind

that

of

business.

rifle

-hot

For five
unnecessary.
Miss Barton took charge of
Cross work in Johnstown,
('real -.lore-houses were established,
and without money and without price
food, clothing, medicine, and furniture, a- fast as new houses could be
built, were given to the sufferers from
Hut Johnstown
that awful disaster.
was relieved completely. There was
more than enough money sent there
to pay for everything wanted, and
l,n- the first time on record there was
money left after everybody had been
provided for. and the city of Johnstown rebuilt, is now the headquarters
of the great Cambria iron works, a
much larger city than it was in 188S1.

made

trial

in 'Hiii-

the

Red

Tussle with Yellow Jack

,im just a little ahead of my story.

lor it was in September of the previous year that Yellow Jack made his
Yellow
last excursion to the South.
fever broke out m Jacksonville, Fla.
There was always yellow fever in
those Southern states in those days,
but it did not often become epidemic.
You know we have small pox in every
big city of America, but it does not
This time Yellow Jack despread.
cided to treat everybody alike, but the
Mayor of Jacksonville got together

committee and

the first time.

Well, they fought the
fever from September till along past
Christmas, when the welcome frost

enabled them to leave. It was a terrible time for those who happened to
caught in the fever territory.
They wouldn't let you come into a
place for fear you would bring it,
and after you got into the place they
wouldn't let you go out for fear you
would take it with you. Trains were
held up and passengers at the point
of a gun obliged to stop where they
were.
At that time I was in Manchester. X. H., and we had a young
get

He was
fellow working in the shop.
"twenty-four karat hue," and
he got mad about something and quit
the shop, and took his wife and baby
and went down to Florida to work
for an uncle of his near Jacksonville,
He got
peddling sewing machines.
down there just in time to take part
i:i
Yellow Jack's picnic proceedings.
They camped out wherever they
would let Vhem, and pretty nearly
starved to death and he was crazy to
get away from there, and finally he
got permission to go if lie would take
a train that made no stops until it got
He didn't have any
out of Florida.
money but I sent him by wire enough
a crank,

money to buy a ticket to Manchester,

and
assure you that he didn't do
any more kicking about conditions up
north after he got back there.
1

The Final

Call to Action

was in the year 1KU7 that President McKiuley made a personal apIt

Yellow lack and then sent to Jacksonville

twenty Red Cross nurses
who had themselves had the fever,
and you don't have it but once. Generally, you don't need to, it kills you

everybody
get out and go

told

liv-

into
ing in that city to
the country places, camp out. do anything to prevent the spread of the
frighftul disease.
They didn't then
know much about Yellow Fever, they
knew what it did, how the sick turned
a ghastly yellow, and how the black
vomit came, and then sudden collapse
and death. But they didn't know that
it was that little black mosquito, not
like our lovely sweet singing mosquito of the Xorth, but a little black
silent nipper, that carried the poison
from one person to another, and
there was panic whenever Yellow
Jack made his appearance, for they
knew well enough that nothing but
frost could stop it.
You know smallpox goes all the better in cold weather, but frost kills the mosquito and
the fever soon dies out.
Well, the
hand at fighting
Red Cross took
,i

the people of the United

help the sufferers in the
of Cuba. For more than
a year the revolution had been in
progress in the island of Cuba, and
the bitterest and most savage species
of warfare had been going on in that
distracted island. Gomez, and Garcia,
and the negro Maceo, led the revolupeal

to

States
prison

to

camps

The Spanish general in command had come to be Weyler, and

tionists.

W'eyler had herded the families and

the old people of the revolutionists
into camps, where they were fenced
in and around, to starve to death, unsupplies from their
less they got
It was a horfriends on the outside.
rible

condition

of

affairs.

Children

and old people were dying by hundreds for lack of food, and the Red
Cross prepared to go there, and Clara
Barton got a ship all ready loaded
with

supplies

of

every

description.

The United States was disgusted at

Cuba
the cruel warfare in Cuba.
was not strong enough to overthrow
the power of Spain, and General W'eyler was a grim and cruel ruler.
The
United States battleship Maine had
been sent down there to guard the
interests of the citizens of the United
States who might be living in the disThere were a good
tracted island.
many of them on the sugar and tobacco plantations as overseers, clerks
and managers, and the great white

$*

battleship lay there in silent disapproval of Spanish misrule. One night

there were strange whisperings

around the cafes and wine rooms and
gambling dens of Havana that something was going to happen. At midnight, there was a dull, heavy explosion, a flare of red light lit up the
inky blackness of the harbor, a great
white shape heaved up out of the
water, a bell tolled, and the Maine
sank into the mud and slime of
Havana, making an iron coffin for
more than four hundred men, who
were drowned like rats in a trap or
Nothing unkilled by the explosion.
der heaven could stop war. "Remember the Maine" was the battle signal
flashed from the ensigns of
that
Dewey's fleet as it sank the Spanish
fleet in Manilla Bay, and "Remember
the
nal

Maine"
of

the

fluttered as the battle sigwarships of Schley ami

Santiago and "Remember

Maine" was passed from lip to
Roosevelt's
rough riders ami
lip as
the Xegro regulars stormed San Juan
It
was a newspaper war, for
Hill.
the Spanish government probably had
nothing whatever to do with the
blowing up of the Maine. War came
and in 18H7 hundreds of thousands of
men were recruited to go over and

Sampson

at

the

take possession of the Island of Cuba.

The Red Cross had made extensive

preparation for work in the horrible
General Weyler had
prison camps.
decided to starve his prisoners to
death if the fighting men did not stop
their warfare on Spain, but the declaration of war put an end to this work.
Spain and the United States were at
war, and the great ship, which had
been secured for the Red Cross work
in the prison camps was at once prepared for military service and the
work of the battle field. The "State
of Texas," an ocean going steamer of
the Mallory Line, had been chartered
and loaded with Red Cross supplies,
mostly contributed by citizens of the
middle west, Kansas City more than
any other one place. There were 1,400
tons of everything necessary for this
work, on the good, safe-going "State
of Texas," which had a crew of thirty
or thirty-five men. But she had some
difficulty in getting into the Island of
Cuba with her supplies, for Admiral
Sampson didn't want food to get in
there lest the Spaniards take it. And
then there came the battle of Siboney.
followed by the battle of San Juan
Hill, and the Red Cross got permission to take any wagons that could
be found and go forward to where
the battle had been raging a couple
There Clara Barton, 77
of days.
years old, found plenty of work to
It was a most distressing sight
met the eyes of the Red Cross
workers when they came to the rear
of General Shaffer's army after the
battle of San Juan Hill. Hundreds of
wounded had been brought back there
They lay
the first day of the battle.
in an open field of tangled grass with
mud from tropical rains, sticky and
damp, underneath. When it was not
raining the sun blazed out and fairly

do.
that

,jfa,j6u*H/l&&///<Y/frr
At night a
and burned.
wind from the ocean made the

scorched
chill

wounded men cringe and

shiver

when

not burning up with the

fever of their wounds. There was not
in sight.
Only a
building
a hospital
few dog tents to cover the suffering
dying.
They
of
them
soldiers, some
had been brought in from the field,
stripped
clothes
their blood-stained
off them in many cases till they lay
absolutely stark naked in the blazing
sunlight or drenching rain. The aged
Angel of the Battle Field had never
seen anything 'worse even in the days
But she knew
of the great Civil War.

they were

what to do and soon fires

were blazing, soup and gruel and hot
tea and coffee and wines and food
were provided, and blankets, bales of
them, were brought to cover the sufexactly

same angel who

forty years before had come to the
stricken men at Antietam and FredShe was 77 years old,
ericksburg.
this small Massachusetts woman, but
her hair was as black as ink even then
and she was as active as ever. A day
or two later after she had established
order and comfort, there came to her
ferers.

It

was

the

burly, red faced man in a rough

A red
mud-stained suit of clothes.
bandana handkerchief under his cavalry hat protected his sun-burned
neck. A big pair of eye glasses straddled his nose and a couple rows of
prominent white teeth smiled on the
woman as he said, "Miss Barton, I
have got a lot of men in my regiment
a

that are sick and they don't want to

leave the regiment, and I need such
here for
delicacies as you've got
buy some of these of
them. Could
think a good deal of these
I
you?
men and I am proud of them."
I

deal of friction, and there were those

who said that the finances of that
great association had been carelessly
handled.
I
have not the least doubt
that

Miss Barton was a poor bookI never saw a red, hot. wide

keeper.

awake active man or woman who was

good bookkeeper. Remember when
she began her life work on the battle
field she was the only woman nurse
that heard the sound of the guns and
smelled the powder smoke, and got

her hands stained with the blood of

the battle

field,

and had

bullets strike

down men while

them. The United

she was nursing

States government
never recognized her; never paid her.
We can excuse that kind of a woman
for not being a careful bookkeeper.

She took the money that came

in

and

she spent her own

of it was expended carelessly, as no doubt it was, by
such a woman, doing the work of ten.
who in thunder cares? I am sure I
Nobody could make me bedon't.
lieve, and nobody ever did make the
country believe, that, any money stuck
to the hands of Clara Barton.

spent

it

Her

as

just

money, and

some

if

days were spent modestly

she had near Washin the country place in
Oxford, Massachusetts, where her
family had lived almost a hundred
She was 01 years old
years before.
when, in April. 1912, she answered
the final roll call of the Great Commander, who calls us all to the colors
know of no figure in
of eternity.
the whole history of the world that
is more full of heroic action than this
dark haired, energetic woman of
whom Massachusetts and America are
in

last

a little

ington,

home

and

<>

penman now living capable of executing work of this quality, and probably the last graduate of P. R. Spenest

cer, Sr.

Mr. Warner was born near St.

Johnsbury, Caledonia County, Vermont, in March, 1832.
He took a
course in penmanship under Piatt R.
Spencer, Sr., at the Log Cabin Seminary, Geneva, Ohio, in 1838 and 5i).
and has a certificate of proficiency,
written in Mr. Spencer's own hand.
He relates that Mr. Spencer would
come in with his sickle, give a lesson
and set copies for the students, and
go back to his farming.
Air. Warner became a very expert
penman and capable teacher of writing, adding other commercial subjects.
He taught at the Albany, X
Y.,
Business College, Eastman's at
Poughkeepsie, and was for a time
teacher and partner with the late
Prof. Lowell, at Binghamton, N. Y.
He worked with many of the old time
penmen, James W. Lusk, John D.
Williams, George Davis, of Poughkeepsie, and others.
He came to Elmira in ls<>3, enter-

proud.

entirely safe to say that Theodore was "Deelighted," for he went

away carrying a great bundle of supplies on his broad shoulders, and his
sick men got all they wanted.

While

Mr.

X.

Almost
in

it

eighty

years

as active as ever.

sist

C.

BREWSTER,

old.

But

of

Mr.

new Commercial

Dequesne
Cole,

like

University, Pittsburg.
many others, started

country school teacher; then became a professional penman, then a

commercial teacher, and now a uni-

The President
became, and

organizing a

as a

under just a little bit of a cloud,

which became magnified far beyond

versity

is

today, the president of the Red Cross

Society.
In 11104 Mr. Roosevelt became its first president, as Mr. Wilson is its president today.
Miss Barton retired from office
rather unhappily.
There was a good

in

Department.
Mr. A. E. Cole, Commercial teacher
in one of the Pittsburg High Schools.
recently was awarded the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Economics by
the School of Accounts and Finance

1900 the

real proportions.
of the United States

from

ark, Ohio,

American National Red

Cross was reincorporated, and Clara
Barton retired from the presidency

its

retired

G. G. Winter, for the past six years

instructor in bookkeeping in the NewHigh School, resigned his
position and accepted one with the
Lakewood, Ohio, High School, to as-

of the Chapter

The Spanish-American war ended

was

Warner

Elmira. N. Y.

the active field work of Clara Barton,

although the great Galveston flood of
00, in which 10,000 lives were lost,
and 4000 houses crushed like hazel
nuts, gave her a final fight against

she

Elmira Com-

regular business about six years ago.

he is still active in going about the
city, takes a keen interest in current
events, works in
his
garden and
flower beds, and as a diversion, and

It is

disaster.

the

ments, while he is still living, I am

led to submit the above at this time.

said the lady.

in

Nathan Caldwell.

mercial College in 1858. On the death

of Mr. Caldwell in 1804. Mr. Warner
took charge of the school and conducted it in various locations according to its growth, for about 44 years,
in 1894 erecting a building of his own
for the work

to keep in practice, tries his hand at

ornamental penmanship.
Having known Mr. Warner for 3">
years, and being in his employ for
six years, I can appreciate his work,
and believing that a man should have
credit
for
any remarkable attain-

"Not for a million dollars Colonel

Roosevelt," said the lady, "though we
are very proud of you."
"How can I get them. Miss Barton?" asked the red faced man anxiously.
"Just ask for them Colonel,"

The End

of

who had organized

justly

employ

ing the

We

are publishing herewith a por-

trait of and signature by Mr. A. J.

Warner, of Elmira, X. Y.. at the age

of 85 years,

who

is

probably the old-

graduate.

Chester M. Jones, who for four years

taught in the Pittsburg, Kansas, High
School, is now teaching in the State
Manual Training Normal School of
Pittsburg, Kansas.
We wish Mr.
ones much success in his work.
I

^
E. H.

*!^^&uJ//icM&faaz&/~

Thompson

Mae

has gone from the

Uraughon Business College, Memphis,
Tenn., to Kinyon's Commercial College, Pawtucket, R. I.

G. Smith is now with the Boston

School for Secretaries. Last year she

was with

W.

Rosa M. Smith is to teach in Bristol,

Miss Smith has been private
secretary for the President of Grand
Onarga,

Miss Lucille Dillon

mercial teacher
High School.

111.

Little,

Avoca,

Pa.,

commercial teaching
chester, N. H.,

Miss Mildred E. Rice, of the Utica,

H. A. Reneau and L W. and A. J. Karlen,

Engrossers
in
Insurance
Companies,
Des
Moines, Iowa.

Clinton, Iowa.
Last year she
was with the Xew dm, Minn., High
School.
Irene E. Kane is teaching in the Clinton, Mass., High School.
lege,

Grace Lawrence
teacher in the

is a new commercial
High School at Har-

rington, R. I.
L. E. Terry is leaving the Central
Business College, Kansas City. Mo.,
for the Central High School there.

Mary H. Plimpton

is

teaching

the

in

High School at Arlington, Mass. She

was with the Junior High School,
Chelsea, Mass., last year.

Florence

E.

Hamblen

teacher in the
High School.

Mrs. Edith Priest is teaching commercial branches for the Winslow, Me.,

High School.
Lena E. Addelson, last year with the
Morse High School, Bath, Me., is
now teaching commercial work in
Old Town, Me., High School.
Chester

Jones, last year with the

Pittsburg, Kan., High School, has
taken work as a commercial teacher
in the State Manual Training Normal
School, at Pittsburg.

Mabel Burgy,

is

the

new

Conn.,

Bertha Cowan, Bridgeport, Ohio,

the new commercial teacher
Peru, Ind., High School.

in

is

the

er

is

Holvoke,

the

in

new

teach-

Mass.,

High

is

University.

High School.

\'t..

is teaching commerwork in the Baldwinsville, Mass.,

High School.
E. F. Burmhaln has charge of the
commercial work in the Escanaba,
Mich., High School.

Alice

I.

Bulfinch

cial

new commercial
Vt., High

Bertha G. Cole

is

teacher
School.

Windsor,

the

in

D.

S.

Helen A. Baker, of Lenox, Mass., has

recently taken a position as assistant

commercial teacher
X.

J.,

in

the

J.

Wallace,

last

year with

High School,
N. Y., High

Harry D. Smith

is

new commer-

teacher

the

High School.

Ruby Turner,

last year with the TonaY.. High School, is now

with the Oil City, Pa., High School.

wanda, X.

Miss Flood and Miss Collins are two'

ren, Ohio,

teachers in the

War-

High School.

Mary L. McCarthy, of Willimantic,

Conn., is to teach commercial work
this year in the Benton. 111., High
School.
Anna H. Mee
teacher
School.

in

Lillian

Wilson

is

new commercial

the Burrillville, R.
is

I.,

High

new commercial

teacher in the Spring Valley, Minn.,

High School.

Hazel H. Pope has recently become

shorthand teacher in the Concord, X.
H.,

Business College.

B. Alley, Stoneham, Mass., is

a new shorthand teacher in the Bryant and Stratton School, Boston.

in

the

Paterson,

N.

T.,

W.

McCarty, for many years with

the Packard School, New York City,
has recently been added to the staff
of the College of Business Administration of Boston University.
J.

Z^stpUA^l^ stJz^
By

Lakewood,

High School.

John

the Manchester, N. H.,

is now with the Troy,
School.
cial

new teachers in the commerwork of the Northern Normal

D., are
cial

School, Aberdeen,

Ottawa

in

Gladys Galloway has recently been

chosen commercial teacher in the St.
Albans,

H.

new commercial
Ottawa, Kan.,

of

new commercial teacher

Margaret

Torrington,

X. V., Free Academy,

School.
Charles

Worf, Bowbells, N. D.j

and Miss Mabel Rosel, Bottineau, N.

ness College.

Cora von Doehren is a new commercial teacher in Brown's Business Col-

charge of a

Man-

Rose Anne Howe, last year with the

schools of Porto Rico, is a newteacher in the Central High School,
St. Louis.
Ruth H. Currier is a new commercial
teacher in the Portsmouth, X. H.,
High School.
Mary Lally, of the Torrington, Conn.,
High School, is teaching shorthand
Englewood, N. J., High
for
the
School.
Edith W. Smith, last year with the
Orono, Me., High School, is now with
the South Portland, Me., High School.

in

is

Ethel Smith, of Mt. Victory, Ohio, is

new commercial teacher in the
Rossford. Ohio. High School.
This'
is a suburb of Toledo.

to the

High School.

Caroline V. Eddy has charge of the

shorthand work of the Oshkosh, Wis
Business College.
Blake D. Prescott is teaching shorthand for the Waterbury, Conn., Busi-

D.,

secretarial course in Mrs. Dow's

School, Briarcliff Manor, N. Y.

Pitts-

staff of the

new com-

Minot, N.

new

the

is

the

is

the

in

Abbie A. Morrill

ear

Marguerite

new commercial teacher in the

ton, Pa., High School.
Ethel F. Ney is a new addition

High
North

William M. Maxwell has charge of

the commercial work in the High
School at Robinson, 111.

William Fenzel, a former student of

Ohio University, as charge of advertising in that well-known school this
x

L. Lillie, last year with the

Attleboro, Mass., High School, is now

with the Xew Bedford, Mass., High
School.
Air. Lillie is succeeded by
Miss Beth S. Hayward, last year with
the Beverly, Mass., High School.

Tenn.

Prairie Seminary,

the Somerviile, Mass.,

School.

Katherine Farrell is a new teacher in

the Mueller School, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Edith Cauble, New Albany, End., is
the new commercial teacher in the
Mt. Vernon, Ind., High School.

A. D. Taylo

ROUNDHAND OR ENGROSSERS' SCRIPT

By

E. A. Lupfer, Zanerian College of

LESSON
The beginning loop
down stroke of the loop

and

Penmanship. Columbus, Ohio

No. 10

and about the same as the loop in F, B and R. See that the
is curved as much as the up stroke and that it is slightly shaded.
This shade should no:
be as heavy as the main shades. Notice the slant of the loop.
It is necessary to make both shaded down strokes
in U and Y the same in thickness.
The dot on Y shou'd be rather heavy, neat and up off the base line.
The Q and X begin exactly the same. Make the horizontal oval of Q the same as in L. Dots on the X are
important for beauty but not legibility.
Practice until you can make good letters without retouching.
You will make money and save time by it.
However, retouch letters you do not get correct the first time. All engrossers make some poor letters but usually
they are able to convert them into passable letters by a little retouching.
Study the shaded down stroke in C, E and O. The b .ilk of the shade is below the center. See how graceful
you can make the shade. If put on too suddenly it will make an awkward break. The slant of the finish of C
and E should be the same as the general slant. The middle loop in E should slant upward slightly. You will find
the ability to make various harmonious (not freakish) styles of letters will serve you well in actual engrossing
of U,

Y,

(J

is

full

Some letters fit a

The O and D
raise the

pen

in

certain space better than others.

are rather trying on the nerve but you can learn to make them if you are determined.
Som<
D, while others find it best to make the latter without raising the pen. Make the top oval part of

A downward

after you have made the body part.

Eigures are very important for they are used often. They will be easy to make after you have a good mental
picture of them.
\Yatch slant, height and weight of strokes.
The small letters are presented for a review. See how uniform and graceful you can make them. Hit tinhead and base lines evenly; that is. pull all the shades do ,vn close to the base line before making the turn-. Work

and be happy.

a@aa
/*>3-S6 7?90JZ3-S6 7#>0J234'JV7f'sa/23#S'6
!

'

4{//f////;uf?attfti7A

^T-^eL^L^

:ing

by. E.

H. Fe

North Central High School. Spoka

2~-

&

ffie<3lu4/ned4/&&ua&r*
NO FEDERATION CONVENTION
IN

1918

Whitewater, Wis., Sept. lx. l'.ilfs

of the Executive Committee in Chicago, September 7, it
was unanimously decided not to hold
a meeting of the National Commercial
Teachers' Federation this year.
The
Committee had a meeting in Chicago
in May, and were preparing for a
grand Convention next December. In
August letters were sent out to a
great many members of the Federation asking their opinion on the advisability of postponing the Convention until
the Christmas vacation,
Eighty per cent of the answers
1919.
were in favor of postponement. 'PinCommittee took into consideration
the sentiment of the
membership
and decided to postpone the meeting.

At a meeting

The postponement
measure.
The one

is

made

as a

war

big question before the people of the United States

at present is to win the war.
The
sentiment of the members was that
we could do more toward winning the
war by postponing the Convention

than we could by holding it. It will

give the members an opportunity to
invest the money which would be
spent in attending the Convention in
Saving Stamps or Liberty Bonds. It
will also lessen travel to that extent.
Secretary McAdoo has recently issued a statement earnestly requesting
the people of the United States to use
the railroads just as little as possible,
and stated that the Government need-

F.

Sept. 29, 1918.

is out of debt and

there will be no expenses during the
interim except for postage. The committees of the Federation will continue to work upon some very important problems.
It is believed we
can do more for the country and
commercial education in this way than
we could by holding the Convention.

sonal

good

ship card will be

Convention, whenever

it

for the next

is held.

penmanship

Glendale,

Calif.,

Attention Commercial Schools

There is a Great Demand for Show
Card Writing Courses
Foust's Complete Show Card Writer is the
best text published: its contents covers every
medium used in makinp show cards and engrrossinff.
Its adoption has just been made in
the State of California. Send for catalog.

Pit-

man) Shorthand M or F.
Send
photo with application.
0. 4. HOFFMANN,

C. A.

Milwaukee Business College, 307 Security Bldg.

Pres.,

the

results of a practical nature in writHe recently favored us with a

list of seventy-six subscriptions taken
from among his teachers and pupils,
which alone bespeaks his devotion to
the cause.

Pres.

WANTED
Commercial Teacher
vv

in

ing.

respectfully,

REED,

FAUST, 1024

N.

Robey

St.,

Chicago,

Expert Shorthand

1919

Training

McHale

Gregg School maintains special departments giving intensive training

This text is written for beginning classes in

Spanish in high schools and colleges. It is adapted
to all systems of teaching Spanish.
It has been
found to be the most economical method of teaching
this subject.
It teaches vital, living lessons in
Spanish from the very start. It insures correct
pronunciation.
It accustoms the student to think
in Spanish.
$1.00, Postpaid.

preparatory to court reporting, Civil

Service work, or any other positions
requiring a high degree of skill and
accuracy.
These courses are immensely helpful to stenographers
who desire to increase their efficiency.

Practical Business English

By

O. C. Gallagher

and L.

Two Remington Accuracy

developed

B. Moulton

An effective and inspiring course in business

English by two of our most successful English
All the exercises have been drawn from
business life and represent the methods of highly
successful houses.
Advertising, Oral Salesmanship, Sales Letters, etc.
are fully covered.
With

winners were
our typewriting department

seventy-eight net words a minute without

an error, thereby exceeding all previous
records in these tests by six words a
minute.
Classes for beginning students in shorthand
open every week. Progress is individual.

his training in English, therefore, the pupil will derive invaluable knowledge of the best business

usage.

in

in 1918.
Mr. Eli Gans won in the January
tests, and in June, Mr. Leslie Lincoln wrote

teachers.

92c, Postpaid.
Write today for more particulars.

GREGG SCHOOL,

HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY

BOSTON

NEW YORK

CHICAGO

jii.iiiLiJjii.i.ii.uiijjiMJiiiijiiMui,|

CHICAGO,

6 N. Michigan Ave.

a jj
i

i;.ii,. i Jiiii.i.ii. i .*j. i j.i ui. i iiMj.iiuu.iJ

i

Schools. Mr. Fullen is a fine teacher

and man and will, we are sure, secure

cation.

C.

per-

to say that

NORMAL TOWER.

1919.
It is hard to conjecture what
conditions will be in 1919, but we hope
they may be such that we may hold a
Convention that will be an inspiration to our members and of great
good to the cause of commercial edu-

JAMES

my

THE BUSINESS

Mr. P. A. Fullen, who attended the

Zanerian some years ago and who
more recently has been located at
Astoria, Ore., now has charge of the

is

Yours

in

and also

believe that each number of the magazine is worth to me more than the
whole year's subscription. In regard
to lettering and engrossing, I consider
the hours I spend and put to my
private practice the most enjoyable
hours and the most interesting of all

the hope of the officers of the

Federation that the members will not
lose their professional interest thru
this postponement, and that we can
look forward to a big Convention in
It

interest

EDUCATOR,

Members who have paid their dues

lor 1918 will have their membership
extended for one year. The member-

Spanish Taught in Spanish

By Charles

Denver, Colo.
Editor B. E.:
I
wish to express to you

The Federation

BUSINESS

1918

BARNES COMMERCIAL SCHOOL

ed the transportation facilities in conducting the war.

It is in harmony
with this request that the Committee
decided not to hold the Convention.

ILL.

III.

&

>%te38u<U*t*M&6u*i&r
CAN YOU WRITE
CARDS?
Card
g up"
Our

SCHOOL WANTED

Writers are "clean)

to buy school well 1 icated.

to consider proposition in
city of less than 2 ">, 00
Prefer larger.
Correspondence confidential. Address,

selling

Flag

\A/^ni*_or-|
VV dllLCU.

arcls.

Card Writers Supp ies.

We will
one dozen Flag Cards f..r 25c.
A .1 NTS WANTED. Address all rdersto McBF.E &
BASHOR. 3 Hawthorne Ave.. West View Borough,
Pittsburgh, Pa.

Send

Have cash
Do not care

4c for samples of

*rite

ur

v.

Bookkeeping and
Penmanship teacher for BusFirst-class

iness College in Texas,

a<ne o

Address

Texas, care Business Educator, Columbus, Ohio.

B. E. Davis, care of Business Educator,

Columbus, Ohio.

Ifipninpn^trifntion!
ukm ftqcnts wanted in cuoru citu

AsWanMoupn

to sell the

the

Ul OaiC

In

the

WEST

write

27th Year.

$1 registers in three offices.

Globs Bldg.
MINNEAPOLIS. MINN.
Old Natl Bank Bldg. . SPOKANE. WN.
211 15th Street

P.C.B., care Business Educator, Columbus, Ohio

The Pratt Teachers' Agency

most beautiful

market

DENVER, COLO.

15.000.000 IN THE LAST DR^Fr

home U'Uh a service ffaq in its
- prospecttue buuer

specialists,

The agency

receives many calU for commerpublic and private schools

rid

bu

colle

WM.

PRATT. MANAGER

O.

.nfcm'&i

BusinessWriting
The

O.

J.

POSIT.ONS for TEACHERS and BUSINESS COLLEGES for Sale

We need beginning and experienced teachers to recommend. Write
for our FREE literature; state qualifications briefly. If you would buy

teach rapid, tireless

by mail.

North Star Teachers' Agency,

HANSON. Men.
FARGO. N. OAK.

Bldb cD.W.dosrello.

"

SALARIES

70 Fifth Avenue NEW YORK

O'lltge and normal graduates,
and other teachers to colleges and

Recommends

at the present lime

(fucrq

LARGER SALARIES

HAZARDTEACHERS'AGENCY

in thcllnitcd States

tHN Service Record

I | on

For

pYk 1* ^ialpk ^ gd school in a city

J.
of 50(j0
Owner has
other business. Good thing for one who
can teach combined course; or for man
and wife who can teach both courses.
Small amount will handle it. Address

a money-making business college, write for particulars no charge.

posi-

securing, salary raising kind.

Write for free journal.

tion

FRANCIS

B.

COURTNEY, Box G-492,

CflD OAI L* SPLENDID

rlin uALt

CO-OPERATIVE INSTRUCTORS' ASSOCIATION, 41 Cole Bldg, MARION, IND

Detroit, Mich.

small Business

College in ideal location: excellent reputation, no bills, enrolled sixty-nine students last month, averaging
one new student per day now. Will give terms to
right party.
Reason for selling, owner has

orga

trouble of

iic

long stinding

that

More Than One Hundred Fine Teaching Positions

our files, and from five to ten new openings reach our office
have recently sent our candidates to the following cities:
Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, Brooklyn, Detroit,
Indianapolis, Memphis, Toledo, Dallas, Louisville, Dayton, Nashville,
Portland, Jersey City, Washington, Chattanooga, Wilmington as well
as scores of smaller cries and towns too numerous to mention. Many
school hoards and school proprietors are asking us to look ahead for
them. We have the best openings that the profession affords, and can
place you now or later.
Our best service is at your command.
are

forces

Qolfi
Ul oaic

All or part interest in

agrowing Business Colmiddle West.
City of 15,000.
Nearest competition 100 miles. Cleared
over 100% last year.
Owner in class

lege in

one.
tor,

Write K, care Business Educa-

Columbus, Ohio.

FORCED SALE

CONTINENTAL TEACHERS' AGENCY

BOWLING
GREEN

ible

SACRIFICE, care Business Educator

afflic

Columbus.

0.

QU R business August and September year equaled the aggregate

^ the of the
Urgent requ
are coming
by telephone,
August telegraph,
and mail and from
kinds
schools
every part
the counExamples: A woman advanced from
year
now; another
from
another from
$1W; another from
a woman
and
beginner
another
nine months. MAY WE HELP YOU?
The
national commercial teachers* agency
September
Prospect
Beverly,
for

for

rest

this

year.

sts

of

all

try.

E. E.

daily

$lll to

to $150
$90 to $120;

$1125 for

GATLGRD. Manager

A BANKER

of

in

$90 last

$65 to $100;
at $75:

KENTUCKY

(INC.)

BUSINESS COLLEGE;

Completely,
gantly equipped, established, flourishing, $20."00
capacity annually. Exceptionally favorable lease,
city 400.000. Pacific Northwest, rapidly growing,
fabulous payrolls, wonderful climate. Offered at
Invoice, terms on part. Opportunity of a lifetime.

Address

We

Chicago,

TTf-v*-

still in

daily.

change of work.
Address "Dividend Payer",
care Businese Educator, Columbus, Ohio.

(A Specialty bi

SgKMIst)

Hill,

Mese.

LOOK US OVER!

Prepare by mail in spare time for this a'tra

tive profession in which there are vk.-aX opp.i
tunities for both men and women. Send a' on
for free book, "How to Become a Banker,"
Ed B ar G. Alcorn, President,
I

American School

of Banking, 29 McLenB

Largest Bureau of its kind in America.

Places Commercial Teachers in all states.

Bldg., Columbus.

Positions filled in the best schools, including half of

the State Universities.
200% net increase in business to September 1st. A
successful Bureau, giving the highest type of profes-

FOR SALE
Good money-making Business College in
Doing good business, no

Southern Indiana.

competition within sixty miles, no commercial

course in local high school. City about 10,000,
territory drawn on about 100.000. The price of
the school can be made in one year.
15 years
old, fine reputation and support of the people,
overhead expenses low. Selling on account of
ill-health. Don't write unless you mean business and can pay cash for the business.
Address

Box 193, care Business Educator, Columbus,

PuLhsheu

0.

sional service.

We place you in a better position than can be secured thru any other source,
or there is no commission to pay. For that choice position now, in January, February, or next September, write us.

THE SPECIALISTS' EDUCATIONAL BUREAU

ROBERT A. GRANT. Mgr.
516-18 Nicholas
Bldfr. ST.

Best Ever

*r>d A.|ve:tneri will

U.

S. Liberty

lhank you for

LOUIS. MO.

Bonds and Business Educator

aaamazmaa

&

^MJ&u&ned^&dutafir*

BROAD-PEN LETTERING,

by E. A. Lupfer, with Zanerian

LESSON

No. 4

Select the styles which you like best, but be sure

In this alphabet you will find a number of styles of letters.
An engrosser needs a variety of alphabets and styles so that he can
that your alphabet harmonizes as a whole.
Some letters go together so much better than others.
select lettering which will best fit the occasion or space.
The average person finds it difficult to read broad-pen lettering. People are accustomed to reading type and
frequently penmen do not make their work as easily read as possible. Study the things which make reading easy.
Some of the letters given are more modern and easier to read than others.

does not curve as much as the

Give special attention to curved strokes. Notice that the last stroke of n and
You can learn much from sign writers and the
curved strokes in other letters. Become a student of lettering.

commercial lettering

artist.

aa56c6cf^fiijjftrmnoppqqqr55tuuu
-iupfar
of the many new lessons and beautiful, practical illustrations which
Zanerian
is a revised, enlarged and greatly improved edition of

One
which

New

Lets Unite to Help the Red Cross!

Send me $1.00 and you will receive 12 cards with your
name written on and some selected specimens of my
ornamental penmanship for J our scrap book. Fifty cents
of each order received htfore lerember 31, 191S, will be
turned over to the Porto Kico Chapter of the American
Red Cross. A receipt for your donation, duly signed by
I

You get

cmr

Think ho

ch we

the

appears in The Zanerian Manual of Alphabets and Engrossing,

Alphabets, published by Zaner & Bloser Co., Columbus, Ohio.

Are You Interested

FINE

il.Jt
,

THE TEACHERS' FRIEND

in

PENMANSHIP?

inclose twenty-five

>ith..

W.

Schmidt, Rocky Mount, N.

A.

C.

AND HOME STUDY

WAR
On

account of the war, the high cost of living,

and the great demand for labor, thousands of young
people will be unable this year to attend high
school and college, and thus must utilize their spare
time in taking home study courses by mail.
Special Rates for Courses Offered
English
Law
Civil Service

Gramm-r School

Typewriting

High School

Bookkeeping
Shorthand
Domestic Science

Normal
Engineering
Salesmanship

Story Writing

aGoodPenithers mastered

ns and tells
penmanship bymy

Bible
Agriculture

Drawing
Real Estate

F.

W TAMBLYN.

406 Meyer Bldg

Kansas

City,

Mo.

teacher often gets the blame for a student's failure, when the fault lies in the text they
are teaching, just as it lies in a gun with its
sights out of line. The Byrne text books shoot
straight to the mark and the teacher receives
praise for efficient work. There is a reason for
so many of the best schools teaching Byrne
texts. Examine them.

Byrne
Bvrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
and
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne
Byrne

Combination Shorthand.
Simplified Shorthand.
Simplified Shorthand (Spanish).
Practical Dictation.
Duplex English, Punctuation

Correspondence.
Practical Speller.
Practical Business Writing.

Touch Typewriting.
Bookkeeping.

yrne

Automobile

Over One Hundred Branches Included

Thousands of Civil Service and office positions are now
open for typewriters, stenographers, bookkeepers, and
clerks. We rent and sell typewriters on easy monthly
p:ivments. Write for prices and terms on machines.
Enrollment fee $10.00; "special rates of tuition" to
those who apply now. Send your name todaymay be too late. "DO IT NOW." For "Special Tnit
Scholarship" and full particulars address Dept. A.,

CARNEGIE COLLEGE, Rogers, Ohio

[OMEN

WANTED IN
BANKS

WS WK You .-an learn by mail. Send

-How to Become a Hanker,"

Dept. 13

for free hook.

by K.lKiir <
Alcorn. Irs American School ol Banking
18S East State Street, Columbus, O.

Combination

horthand
WRITTEN
WITH
EITHER
TYPEWRITER OR PENCIL

Buy a Bond and then Buy More Bonds

ji.ii.ijji.u.ij.iujjijmi.uii.u.imi.iWMa..ij.ui.i.ii.iji,.ij.tini,ntn.iii.ni.M

^
The Art

*&

<!3fc?&2uJ/'n&ti (zdtuxi&r*

of

ENGROSSING
P.

W. COSTELLO
Scranton, Pa.

ROLL OF HONOR

ROMOPttONOR

The present world conflict has

added another branch to the art of
the
engrossing in
shape of honor rolls,
which are in demand
by churches, lodges,
societies and business
concerns,

names

bers who have joined

the fighting forces of
the United States of
America, may be properly displayed in the church or meeting room.

"?"*!" t^tfiA.a
V
Carles-? -?iml.\u'u.
-.vic<tot".^lrulv.'
"Rcrru. ;TMn k S
Afiilt jr. enrolius SnKkfc

3nri

inches in size.
peculiar

in

JoKn

i?j(frci.

jincrcu'j

James C

-"ItUM.i

M(n

jfiajfior9mvtSg

ZtrXn t^tn.kV.
CcWWlJ

OIliKj*

-"'l.Gi.hai'

'

,Vj!IC-~

v !;i:H:
.V-'i>nj

ifdnnun.

Scmfp.

k?avr.

t?.'nvU'.<<
is

MWiiwn.

DokpR-?

.Vcnmlun^Jtrli-"Ml -:i:;ck -vr.-?atn^d

tVvncy, 'JIUcSmI
Auivfr, _"H'i.q!i

?.

.'.imc^ll

?Camt

i>ltiis. Snlfionii

harmonious and arHe must learn to

arrangement.

Irusf

Hulusatm

iT\
?{hiuly miu'inkr
..spiritual

miu

wurprauerji

triuporal uK'ltiirc of

atfituc itatm'i tm.'mln.'rs

^JUJBB

rf

it.

The school boy of the present day

has far better facilities for acquiring
some knowledge of art than those of
or :10 years ago, and the boy who
for any reason may have to leave
school before finishing the higher
grades, may have access to the public
library of his town, where he may
select various works on art and profit
by studying them.
-.'."i

The

Muy',

au'f<

(?inor, Qllicfiacfi'.

draw so as to be able to give his

clients anything they may want put
into a piece of work.
It is true that in most cases the arrangement of the work is left to the
best judgment of the artist selected
to produce it, but there are also cases
where the man or set of men who are
paying for the work insist on their
right to dictate just what shall be pul
into

Mn

t?urn5.
Gaftteu

<tfum

feature about
this piece of work was the request of
the gentleman ordering it, that whatever border effect might be used to
enclose the names must be architectural in design, and of a character to
match the interior woodwork trim of
the church in which it was to be
placed.
Mention is made of this request to
impress upon the student the fact that
the engrosser of the present day must
not be satisfied with the mere ability
to make beautiful letters and string

them together

.\*n-3-

-Rcrri

this little article is a

reproduction of a hand made roll oi
honor, engrossed upon a sheet of
white kid finish bristol board. 22x28

tistic

&nuHiu

-TV\incq

SatfitK Dofin

Accompanying

The most

Hiilhp5-Xlnnp.|.1fnn5V^K ' i

that the
mem-

of their

flags

in

the

Liberty

HONOR ROLLS

Bond

One

in service. Place for Photo, Printed

lora. filled in with Beautiful Writina. Agents
Quick Sellers. 3c. Stamp for
ed. Bis
Ic an
F L. Blystone. Pitcairn, Pa.

the

Buyers to promote Democracy

and down Autocracy.

12

Comm

NAME CARDS FOR

^Sti,,, Blank Honor

^^rTf?

little book-form Card

Case and a dozen cards with
your name written in my ex-

pert style, sent postpaid for 35c

Send today. Your money back if
not satisfied.

A. P.

MEUB

BOOST

B.'S

AND

10

Penmanship Teachers
who wish to Bret the best results should have
one or more of my large charcoal drawings of
the correct position of the hand, arm and pen.
size 20 x 28 inches. They are large enough to
be seen distinctly for 20(1 feet. By keeping this
drawing constantly before your class you cannot fail to get wonderful results. Sent in mailing tube, post paid for. $2.00 each. With your
name or name of your school in large, shaded
old english text. $2.50 each.

better.

PASADENA, CALIFORNIA

L.

Rolls.

$2.50. 100 for $s.t)0.

5 cards 12 for 16c.

Send 50 cts. for 12 Reputation cards, all selected combinations of different names none

Expert Penman
High School

Penmen

f or $1.50. 20 for $2.2.i, J"

MY SPECIAL
A dandy

25c

Special to

sj/f?)?

accompanying

specimen were done in natural colors

and blue, and the cross
in burnished gold, as were the dots
in the letters of the head line, "Roll
Honor." The flagpole, cord and
..f
tassels of the flags were done in a
thin
wash of yellow shaded with
All of the shading in the
brown.
architectural border was rendered in
various tints of green formed by mixing Hooker's Green Xo. 2 and Payne's
Flesh tints in the soldier and
Gray.
sailor faces produced by mixing light
red and gamboge.
of red, white

WANTED:

tile,

iftis'piirish.

B.

A.W. DAKIN, 604 W. Colvin

E.'S

St.,

Syracuse, N.Y.

THE BEST EVER!

Why

7.

is

arm movement writing

advocated?
Xante in the pedagogical order
8.
of their importance the following essentials of good writing:
Form, position,

speed,

movement.

POSTPONED
annual meeting of the Xew
< Federation or High School
Commercial Teachers that was to be
held in Boston on November 16, has
been postponed to some time early in
1

Question
Please name, describe and indicate function of the
forearm muscles upon which the arm
rests in

relation

its

writing.

to

i^ecemoer, the exact date to be an-

aounced

compound

cises,

Answer

(1)

The names correspond

with the hones, the shape, and the

function. They are employed to hold
the pen and to move the fingers. The
skin covering rather than the forearm
muscles serves to retard and control
the
movements originated by the
muscles of the upper arm and shoulder the basic movements in the arm
or so-called muscular movement.

Space

(2)

forbids

detailed

infor-

you could probably get

what you are wanting in "Zanerian
Anatomy." price 25 cents.
mation, hut

Questions in Writing for County

Teachers' Examinations for the State
of Ohio by Tom Sawvier, Columbus.
Ohio.

Make one

a.

line

of a closely-

spaced, compact oval exercise two

spaces in height, and one line of the
slanting straight line or push-and-pull
exercise one space high.
Omit one
space between the drills.

Write

in

your best style the

first

verse of "America."
2.
When should penmanship appear on the daily program, and why?
Discuss briefly.
i.
What is the pedagogic value of
the blackboard in connection with the
penmanship problem? Tell how yon
would use it in the teaching.

Write a

set

each of capitals and

small letters, and the figures from O-'.l

in three groups.
Show the styles you
would present to pupils for reading
and imitative purposes.
5.
Outline briefly a plan for a writing lesson in either an intermediate
or grammar grade. Present exercise,
letter-form and word or sentence application in your development.
("i.

a.

When

should pen and ink be

introduced?
b.

How much

pen

writing

would

you require of pupils in arithmetic,

spelling and language work?
c.
Name two advantages in using
pen and ink for general written expression.

Beacom Business

Colleges, Wilmingwith a branch school at

recently issued a whitecovered, embossed, splendidly printed
and attractively illustrated catalog of
forty-eight pages indicating a practical and prosperous institution. Quality and service are indicated by the
text and courses offered.
Business Success is the title of a
thirty-two page catalog issued by
Hunt's Business College, Eau Claire.
Wis.
It
is
printed in orange and
black and effectively illustrated. Mr.
Hunt started in the world as a professional penman, and has gradually
evolved into a prosperous business
ton,

Del.,

Salisbury,

manager and owner.

school

One hundred and

NEWS NOTES
F. E. Auld, formerly
Pa., and Denison, fa.,

of Scrantou,
has charge of

Commercial Department in the

Globe Business College of St. Paul.
Minn.
S. A .Lewis, Jr., last year with the
Knoxville, Term., High School, is this
year
connected
with
the
Grover
Cleveland High School, St. Louis,
Mo., teaching in the commercial department. We wish Mr. Lewis much
success in his new position.
Barnes School, Denver, is the title of
the effectively printed and embossed
gray-covered catalog issued by the
Barnes Brothers, E. C, H. E., and

Text and illustrations are

good, and the tint bordered
pages are artistic. Success and prosperity are indicated by the booklet.
E. T. Whitson several months ago
established Whitson's Business College,
Seattle, Washington, and
reB.

ports that the school has been very

successful from the start.
He has
ordered The Business Educator to as-

him in his work.

Keeler, who some years ago
had charge of the Commercial work
in. the Brooklyn, New York, Commercial High School, now has charge of
the School of Business in Rollins
sist

Howard

College,

Winter Park,

No

Florida.

many of our readers will

member when Mr. Keeler was in

doubt

re-

the

Brooklyn institution.
That he will
meet with much success in his newfield of work, we have no doubt.
E. Bell, Sec, Brown's Business
College, Springfield, 111., has started
the school year by sending us a club
of 100 subscriptions. This school has

D.

developed many good writers and we

expect to see many trained this year.

of 176 subscriptions to the B. E.

received from J. D. Rice.
Mo., Business College.
from
this fine list of subJudging
scriptions, the school is certainly in a
Mr. Rice is a
flourishing condition.
fine penman and as a consequence
the students the College is turning
out are good writers.
list

has

been

Chillicothe,

Mr. H. Guy Wood, formerly with the

Los Angeles, Calif., Business College,
now in charge of the commercial
work in the High School, Helmet.

is

Calif.

_iAl

Mr.

forty-five subscrip-

Gresham's contribukeeping penmanship

strenuous times. Penmanship is essential to progress because of its importance in business
and social life.
I. D. Ruff, of the Leech's Actual Business College, Greensburg, Pa., writes
that they have the largest enrollment
tions

the

R. P.
alike

4.

LAfRD.

curves, etc.

W'm. O. Connor.

b.

R. G.

information in regard to the

different muscles employed in different movements used in writing such
as in the ovals, push-and-pull exer-

1.

later

:.'

full

("live

&

<5^^uJ/'neM&J*Ma&r

i>

S.

1.

tion
towards
alive in these

in the history of their school.

He
also favored us with a list of twentyseven subscriptions, and stated that
they need the B. E. to help them get
the best results in penmanship.
number of students from this school
were awarded Certificates last year.

list of two hundred and eighty subscriptions has been received from
Florence Clayton, of the Rider-Moore

& Stewart School, Trenton, N. J.

This school has an enviable record in
turning out fine business writers. Mr.
H. W. West, with whom many of our
readers are acquainted, and who has
taught in the above institution for
quite a number of years, is
the service of our Country.

now

in

M. A. Adams, recently

of Pasadena.
Calif., is now Principal of the commercial department of the California
Commercial College, San Diego, Calif.
Mr. Adams is a teacher of wide experience and a penman of ability.

Mr. Otis L. Trenary, Secretary of the

National Commercial Teachers' FedKenosha, Wis., has recently
been appointed by the Governor of
Wisconsin to head the Instruction
Board for War Work for that state.
No better selection could have been
made. He is resourceful, enthusiastic,
experienced in executive work, well
grounded in pedagogic doctrine, and
eration.

fearless

to

promote

Congratulations to

list

been
head

all

his

convictions.

concerned.

of sixty-three subscriptions has

received from John R. Jones,
Penmanship Dept., Richmond.

End., High School.

a strong, business

Mr. Jones writes

hand and will no
doubt secure splendid results during
the

coming

year.

Seventy-nine subscriptions

W.

is

Daniel

Hoff's contribution to the cause of

good penmanship. Mr. Hoff, who is

manager of the Meadville Commercial
College, includes a year's subscription
with each one of his pupil's list of
Mr. A. B. Stamps is the
supplies.
teacher of penmanship.

<5^&uA*n^&&uxi&r

&

ON ACTIVE SERVICE
With

the

American Expeditionary
Force

Le Mans, France, Aug. 26, 1918

Dear Mr. Zaner:
It is about time I am penning you
I have traveled several
a few lines.
thousand miles since I last saw you;
by rail, boat, truck and foot.
Isn't
it
odd, these days, how far and so
cheaply one can travel by joining one
of Uncle Sam's Eastern Hemisphere's
touring parties?
at Camp Merritt I visited
City, also Coney Island.
place, is all I can say now.
Next on the program was a boat ride.
The first day out I took a fancy of
leaning over the rail and looking for

While

New York

Some

Charlie Chaplin style. The first

three days out I did not care if the
ship was sunk by a U-boat or not.
After that I could walk the decks like
an old timer.
It was a great trip.
fish,

We had some rough weather. I was

on the boat fourteen days.
We had several educational hikes
in England.
The cathedrals are very
interesting; also the castles.
The
things I saw brought back events in
history and English literature to me.
The eats in England were scanty.
What they gave us was excel'ent, but
the quantity was small. The English
seem to be far distant. They and the
Americans did not mix very well.
The French are a very kind and
polite people.
They appear to want

do everything for us. If we boys

could only speak their language it
would be like home to us (?) But
we prefer America to them all.
I
have been billeted at different places
while in France.
At present we are
permitted to place on the heading
where we are. The street cars here
are only about two-thirds the size
of the Columbus cars, but a majority
of the time they use a trailer.
My Lieutenant is from Columbus
He is an O. S. U. man and for a
while was connected with the West
High School.
His name is Lieut.
Rader. I am on detached service at
present.
I am in the Supply Co. at
present. I have charge of one of the
various departments.
The harvests
here were excellent.
I
saw women
to

between sixty and seventy-five doing

their bit in the fields.

They

grain with a sickle, then bind

cut the
it.

I suppose Bogdanski and the other

boys are in service now. When they
change the draft limit that will bring
in more.
Where is Robert Bloser?
The Y. M. C. A. is doing a great
work for the boys. Believe me. they
appreciate it.
Give regards to all.

Yours

respectfully,

E. H.

Address:

Supply

ETTER.

Co., S. O. S., Clas762,

Camp, A. P. O. No.
American Ex. Force.
sification

By H.

P.

Behrensmeyer, Quincy.

111.

^
DESIGNING &
ENGROSSING

The more care you use in

writing the letters the less retouching
with a common pen will be required.
\ini for uniform size and spacing.

relief line.

BROWN

E. L.
Rockland, Me.

ON THE ROAD TO BETTER

WRITING

Send self-addressed postal for criticism, and stamps

The

for return of specimens.

As

rapid, artistic letter, the onf

this connection most ac-

in

ceptably ri
requirements:
1

Practice
ciples

come
their
acter,

until

these

on

prinhe-

you

with
form and charfamiliar

and when you

mastered penhandling to a certain
degree, begin on the

have

letters.

Note

form

very
carefully.
Rule lines about
three-eighths inch apart to regulate
the height, and use a No. 2 broad pen
ink.
Aim for clean, snappy
lteters, letters that require very little
retouching with the common pen. The

and India

smaller alphabet was made with a

No. 3 pen, with no retouching, and is
given as a plain, marking style suitable for
In "Buy
still

window, cards, posters,

latter half of

September found

your editor inspecting writing conditions in Northwestern Pennsylvania

and Northeastern Ohio in the follow-

BROAD PEN LETTERING

shown

&

K^i&;M/iJS(24&u'a&r'

etc.

Liberty Bonds" is shown

another stvle. embellished with

ing cities:
In Warren, Pa., Supt. R. T. Adams
and Supervisor of Art and Writing,
Miss Lucy C. Ferris, are stimulating

good writing through wise supervision

where it is most needed, spending
most time where results are poorest,
confirming good results by "absent

treatment."
And the conditions in
writing are above the average, and
they are still improving.
At Corry, Pa., Supt. C. J. Laegle is
getting behind the work by stimulating
conscientious
and
intelligent
teaching. Here, too the work is progressing practically because pedagogically presented.
In Steubenville, Supt. R. L. Ervin
is endeavoring to secure as good results in writing as in other subjects
by expecting the teachers to interpret
manuals and present instruction in
conformity to age and need.
In East Liverpool, O., Supt. F. P.
Geiger is determined to have writing-

taught second to no other Ohio city,

and with Miss Thomas, Supervisor of
Primary Grades, to assist in the execution, the prospect is fine for superior results. The teaching force is

awake and

in

fine

spirit

for service.

In Niles, O., W. C. Campbell and

Miss Eileen Gorham, teacher of shorthand in the high school and supervisor of writing in the grades, are
improving
the
"art
preservative"

through

intelligent

normal

effort

in

writing done and not merely in the

writing class.
all

In Salem, O., Supt. J. S.

Lowry join hands

Alan and

Rena

teacher and

taught through

to

help

needful,
rational instruction in all
grades at the hands of all teachers
and pupils. Supt. Alan is one who
appreciates efficient
instruction
in
natural,

writing and

is

getting

B. E.

it.

means

Beat 'Em

by buying

Bonds Enough
to give

Berlin

'Ell.

&

'Jf/W'^GtM/ujj C'dtuxi6r'

BOOK REVIEWS
Our readers are interested in books of merit,
but especially in books of interest and value
to commercial teachers, including books of
special educational value and books on busiAll such books will be briefly
ness subjects.
reviewed in these columns, the object being to
give sufficient description of each to enable
',;!-,:

Practicable English, by Oscar C. Gallagher, A. M., Head Master. West

Roxbury High School, Boston, and
Leonard B. Moulton, A. B., Department of English, High School of

Commerce,
Boston.
Houghton
Miffln
Company, Boston, N e \\
York,

Chicago.

Price,

!)2

Cloth,

220

pages

cents, postpaid.

Business

English
tells
how and what to write to conduct and
promote business. Written primarily
Practical

for pupils in the third and fourth

years of high school, it provides a
foundation on which to base future
business success. Principles are presented clearly and definitely, without

lengthy, academic discussions. Every

exercise is so planned and analyzed
that the pupil has a certain piece of
work before him, with specific directions as to how he shall do it.
The
book is divided into four parts: (11
Business English, (2) The Business
Grammatical Forms
of the School,
(4)
and Sentence Structure, and
Practical Business.
The section on Business English
presents to the pupil the broad use
of description, narration, exposition,
and argument as they are adapted to
(

.'i

business. In the section on The Business of the School, the spirit of actual business is applied to all forms
of written work arising out of school
activities and the relations between
teacher and pupil. The book further
covers Advertising. Oral Salesmanship. Adjustment and Collection Letters, etc.
Oral and written work is
emphasized throughout the text.

Practical

Compendium

of

Commercial

Pen Lettering and Designs, Fourth

Edition, Revised.
Newton Automatic Lettering Pen Co., Pontiac
Mich.

100 pages, paper cover, illuminated title, price $1.00.

This is a book containing instructions and illustrations in automatic
pen, and brush lettering, show-card
lettering and designing, etc.
It contains a great variety of lettering and
designs and is of value to home students as well a* to show-card artists
Four pages are printed in colors illustrating automatic pen lettering and
designing.

Patriotism in Washington's Time.

P. .1. Byrne. M. D.
John Murphy
Company, Baltimore. Md.
Cloth.
His pages, price $1.50.
This is a timely publication, full of
inspiration, showing by sequence the
evolution of Democracy as demonIt is a
strated in and by America.
compilation of historical data and
documents, beginning with "The Albany Plan of Union for the Colonies"
1T.">4
Washington's Farewell
in
to

Address

in

L796,

Obligations of the United States as

to Panama Canal Tolls.
Speech by
Hon. Ellhu Root.
The Phonographic Institute Co., Cincinnati.
Paper, 51 pages, ISO cents.
The famous speech is first printed
in the "reporting style" and then in
Roman type, which serves as a key
to the former.
Like all of the publications of this company, it -is a model
in engraving and printing, and a valuable aid to students of the Benn Pit-

man Howard

graved

Quoting from

plates.

The History
Pitman.

W.

of Shorthand. Sir Isaac

Isaac Pitman & Sons, 2
X. Y. Cloth, 258 pages,

45'th St.,

price $2.00.
Fourth edition.
This is chiefly a history of English
shorthand systems.
It
contains a

wealth of material of interest to all

who wish to know the origin of writing by abbreviated letter forms and
by signs and sounds. The evolution
of shorthand writing is as interesting
as any other art. and in many particulars more interesting because of its
The Apassociation with language.
pendix of over one hundred alphabetic modifications is alone worth the
price of the book.

An Italian proverb says:

than a bad book.

About Books

shorthand.

Derivative and Compound Words in

Pitman's Shorthand. Isaac Pitman
& Sons. 2 W. 45th St., N. Y. Paper
binding, 71 pages, price 75 cents.
)f
special value to teachers and
writers of Isaac Pitman Shorthand.
rinted from type and shorthand en-

There

Tom Brown: Some

is

no worse robber

books, tike the city

of London, fare the better for being burned.

And now, one from Carlyle: If a book comes
the heart, it will contrive to reach the heart.

from

As applied to text-books, the intellect or understanding is to be reached, rather than the

heart, or emotions.
A poor text-book robs the student of the time that he should have
spent studying from a good book.
Practical Text Books for Practical Schools have been specially prepared by authors of
practical experience, both in school and in business.
These books grip the attention and reach
the intellect, and compel the understanding.
There is no waste of time. The right thing is
learned speedily.
There is no wrong thing to he unlearned.

Our books have stood the severest tests for many years, in the largest and most progressive schools.
The schools are progressive because the books are progressive, being revised frequently to keep them up to date.
Catalogue and price list free. Get that and then select some of our books for examination.
They have been published for your special benefit, but you must make the next move
in order to receive that benefit.
Can you afford to neglect this opportunity, and go on using
Nothing but the best is good
books that are barely "good enough" to get along with?

enough now.

THE PRACTICAL TEXT BOOK COMPANY

CLEVELAND, OHIO

1739 Euclid Avenue

|.JII.)IM.IJIl |.l.lJ.WJ.lJJlJllli..lU.'ll..lI..IJ.Ill.l,I..IJi..lJ.lll,Ullil.lllJ.IT!Wi
1

&

<S4fc&u<tinM'&diu&>r

BARGAIN PRICES
First

Book 108 Pagea, others 32

Business Writing 538 Lessons

each.

5(lc

-worth $51.00

bOc

value $25.00

Madarasz Artistic Gems

Alphabets of Lettering
..
12c worth $ 3.00
Lessons in Engrossing Script
lie value $ 2.00
9.S Lessons in Artistic Writinglie -worth $ 5.00
Madarasz Engrossing Script
lie -value $ 3.00
3U Written Cards
50c 60 Written Cards
90c
C. W. JONES, 224 Main Street, Brockton, Mass.
34

Engrossing and Card Writing

my specialties Were you satisfied with
last year's diplomas, and the pr re you
paid to have them filled in? Write for samples

are

your

and

12 cards, plain or fancy, 25c.

prices.

2909

G. D. GRiSET,
CENTRAL
EVANSTON.

ILL.

The American Penman

The leading Magazine Demoted to
Commercial E-lucation a~d Penmanship.
Beautifully Il.ustrated,
Contains graded lessons in business writing, tngro^sing, ornamental
writing and tex
lettering; Articles
on Business Engl sh, Commercial
Law, Accounting. Natural Laws of
Business,
School
News, Personal
News, Educational Business News.

Subscripts Pr'ce. $1 per Year.

Samp'" Copy, lfc.
Club Rates Given on Application.
Beautiful Oxidized Silver Wa*cb
t % s'ng'e subscriptions at $1.00 per year.

Fob given Fre

The American Penman

30

^"^o,k

HIGGINS'
ETERNALINK -ENGROSSING INK

By M. Otero Colmenero, San Juan, Porto Rico

VALUARi

R^OK

"MMERCIAL PEN LETTERING

<">

"Practical Compendium of Commercial Pen Lettering and Designs." (1918 edition, revised and en ar> ed.
esiRTialh u adfd and arranged fur School -ise.) A complete instructor in the use o thv M .irking. Shading, Plain,
Special, Border and S-a
w Lettering Pen*. Co tains

WRITES EVERLASTINGLY BLACK

The Eternal Ink is for general writing in plain orfountain
pens (2 oz. bottle by mail 20c.)

The Engrossing Ink

i.

-rders. Sen. II Desig. s, e c, witl

This book has a be>iut
for e .ch
printed in three col >rs and G Id.
il

special writing,
etc., (2oz. bottle by mail 30c.)
These inks write black frum the pen

point and stay black forevt

to age, air, sunshir ', chemicals

If your dtalcr
that

CKftS

.ages 7-v x 10 - illustrating Ms d .tes of Omrmrcii.1

D signs. Show Card Layout-, Corners.
1

Pen Alphabet*.

for
engrossing,
is

TEH Ha

fM

book
CO..

to be exactlv as represented or r
$1.00.
Comp ete catalog of Lette:

Pr paid,

wpplj

in is,

M. HIGGINS

271 NINTH ST.

&

C0..MFR.

BROOKLYN.

Spencer Pedagogy of Rhythmical Penmanship

A Normal

N. Y.

Course by Louisa Maria Spencer

Penmanship and Spelling thru Mental and Physical Development.

Adapted

to all systems of muscular penmanship.

Successfully used in public and private schools and by mothers in the home.

CORRESPONDFNCE COURSES GIVEN

MATERIALS:

Teachers' Edition containing Rhythmical Posture Drills and Letter-Stroke Songs

for Primary Grades: Students' Musical Edition and Script-Word Building Cards.

Address:

SUPERVI ORS' AND TEACHERS* SCHOOL OF PENMANSHIP

204-205-218 Blanchard Hall. Los Angeles, California

Best Quality at Lowest Prices

Catalog and

fnll-s'V.pH

samples

sent on reoiiest.

The biggest business unit

ART ENGROSSING
Instruction

in

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and Illuminat r>o\ Drawing:

and Painting.
;

Esterbrook Pens
in America, the
U. S. Government, uses them; also the
majority of schools and business colleges.
Designed with a knowledge of what is needed in a pen.

Send

HOWARD & BROWN

10c for

samples of the

12

most popular Esterbrook Pens.

ESTERBROOK PEN MFG. COMPANY

50-70 Cooper

Camden, N.

Street

Rockland. Maine
IJW.1HHTfiBWIB.tiHJ.IIUmUIWi.l.lJaiJWW!Hi

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SOLD BY ALL DEALERS

Joseph Gillott
ALFRED FIELD &
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& Sons

R.

J.

3ENNETT,

815 Land

Title Bide.

C. P. A.

Philadelphia. Pa.

CO., Sole Agents

NEW YORK

St.

The Zanerian Manual

of

Alphabets and Engrossing

A WORK ON MODERN ENGROSSING

A revised, enlarged and

edition of

New

greatly improved

Zanerian Alphabets

book for engrossing artists and students, 8 xll', in.,

bound in boards, treating on the following subjects:

Roundhand
Broad-pen Lettering
Standard Lettering
Freehand Lettering
Display Headings
Title Pages

Wash Drawing
Pen Drawing
Diplomas
Certificates

Resolutions
Designing

Besides the numerous examples of modern engrossing,

it contains complete instructions how to execute the
above various lines of the engrossers' art.

One of America's foremost engrossers writes:

"Am in receipt of your latest edition of the Zanerian

Man-ial of Alphabets and Engrossing and 1 am certain the

publication will prove a delight as well as a real help to all
w< uld have conlovers of penmanship and engrossing.
I
sidered it a gold mine in the days when 1 started to earn my
livelihood in the engr- ssing profession."- P. W. Costello.

WGROMEDCOJW

Terry
En<?.0
DESIGNERS ILLVSTRHTORS
-

ENGRZWERS
(bLUMBUS.QHIO

Price $2.00, Postpaid

Zaner

&

Bloser

Penmanship Publishers

Company
COLUMBUS, OHIO

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Rowe Shorthand
Continues to forge

its

way

important adoptions have been

A complete system in itself,

Exercises in

Lessons

in

Rowe Shorthand,

with a complete

list

made

of supporting texts, such as, Test

Touch Typewriting, and other major texts required

a Big

Money Saver

this fall

Reign'er's Dictation Course in Business Literature, Ross'

because

in the training of

stenograsupply.

complete course equipment which we

phers, leaving nothing to be desired in the

It is

Many

into additional schools.

it

does not have to be supplemented with

of exercise books and pamplets, each adding to the cost of the student, in order to
possible to teach or learn it successfully.

The Rowe Shorthand Text

Complete

is

all

sorts

make

it

in Itself

its teachings cover the whole field of shorthand work beginning with an easy understanding of its principles and ending with the attainment of great speed. The most successful schools using it are those that adopted it by just having their teachers take our training
course and thereafter starting all new students in Rowe Shorthand.

and

Reigner's Dictation Course

in

Business Literature
has out-stripped all others for the reason that it may be used with any of the popular systems.
regret to say that because its author, Mr. Reigner, has gone over the seas on special
duty for the Government, and our own editors that had the work in charge are also in the
army here and abroad, Part Two of this text cannot be published until their return.

We

Now

the Time to Make Arrangements for opening classes in January and Febhave no special inducements to offer except the superiority of the system, the
greater satisfaction it will give to the teacher, the greater rate of speed at which it can be
written, and the greater efficiency acquired by every student who learns it.

ruary.

is

We

143 Second Street

San Francisco,

Cal.

Mf //Ssn//xi>Lcrz/&o.
t

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Ha'lem Square

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Baltimore, Md.

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* mercial education

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T*HE purpose of com-

fo

is

increase earning Jjm

This

is

the best of

all

reasons

why

wt}

every

fi

school should teach the skilled use of the

I
I

Self-Starting

REMINGTON

3THE
H

trained operators of this

machine possess a high earning

pj

power because they are able to perform a bigger day's work thanks

to

the time saving Self- Starter.

This automatic indenting mechanism is an exclusive Remington

(I

feature.

g
N

Remington Typewriter Company

|1

(Incorporated)

374 Broadway

^^ UJ
New

York

^"

&

y/u rj6tA>/;itjj 6"drua&r

'

Bliss

Challenge Shorthand

Bookkeeping

Special Short Course arranged for use with

Extremely interesting to
or without offices.

Pitman- Graphic

the pupil.

Pitmanic was the best on earth until Challenge

Shorthand came.
Take an} page of shorthand using three downP, T, Ch. etc.
written under
ward directions
speed stress, transfer to a ruled line the downward
directions as actually written, and you cannot distinguish, with less than 20 to 50 per cent error, the
attempted verticals from left- or right-obliques.
That is why students have such difficulty in
learning to read their dictation notes.
But with most specimens you can distinguish
with 100 per cent certainty between the two outside
directions left- and right-obliques.
Test this carefully before passing judgment. You
can know the truth if you want to.
Challenge Shorthand, with Pitmanic rules and
brevity, has but two downward directions, easily
written with 100 per cent safety.
Challenge students easily learn to read their
notes readily and accurately.

Scientific

Touch

Typewriting
Produces

Genuine Touch Operation in the

The Very Best Meth-

quickest possible time.

od published.

Simplis Shorthand
Only Ten Short Lessons. Easy to teach, easy
Graduates hold
to learn, and easy to read.

the best positions.

National Dictation
Takes up the work where the textbook leaves
Up-to-date business letters.

off.

Special

features.
Five Short Steps from Pitmanic
Shorthand, nine cents, stamps.

to

Challenge

Challenge Shorthand Manual, a complete texthook, $1.25

to teachers, 90 cents.
;

THE F.H, BLISS PUBLISHING COMPANY

M.

SCOUGALE,

SAGINAW, MICHIGAN

Weatherford, Tex.

Better Books that bring Better Results

Burgess' Commercial
By

The language

is

KENNETH

clear, the

F.

BURGESS and

J.

A.

Law

LYONS, Authors

paragraphs arc short, while

its

teachability distinguishes

it.

Lyons' Bookkeeping
This system alternates theory and practice in such a way as to present all the attractive
features without the loss of time and attention that attend a pure practice method.

Miller's
The student

'

New

Business Speller

taught spelling through effective aids, as classification, various rules, association, interesting reviews, and through illustrations.
is

Read's Salesmanship
A

complete textbook on an important subject. It is in six parts and is the most thorough and teachable presentation of this subject ever comprised in a single textbook.

623

S.

Wabash Ave.

CHICAGO

LYONS & CARNAHAN

131 East 23d

ussE^BMmmmmBXESE^m&mmmEmm

Street

NEW YORK

&

'^te'^&uJ/'/i&ti&dutafrr

Practical Law

The Newest Idea in Typewriting

KINESTHETIC METHOD

Next
Class

As developed

in

The Model Typewriting Instructor

CARL LEWIS ALTMAIER

By

Professor of Secretarial Studies,

Drexel Institute, Philadelphia

What
It

is

is

"Kinaesthetic Method?"
method based upon the psychology and

physiology
tal

which underly typewriting.

method which develops and

It is a

and

muscular

co-ordinations

fixes the

men-

necessary

in

"touch typewriting."

The method and

most

scientific

exercises of the

and direct way

book lead

in the

to

Touch Writing

Knowledge

Accuracy

Style

of

Forms

Knowledge of Machine Speed

The method and exercises have been thoroughly
tried out.

ThpOQ
I

Tflfl'

HGOG IUUi

New Model

Arithmetic

Effective English

Home Accounting

a ,i Letter Writing
Modern Banking Ellis Industrial
Rational Speller
Rapid Calculation

Bookkeeping

Tablet

Ellis

Method of

Teaching Bookkeeping.

ELLIS PUBLISHING

COMPANY

BATTLE CREEK. MICHIGAN

The book
ter,

and

is

is

absolutely free from superfluous matthe result of years of experience.

The use

of the book is a delight to both teacher

and pupil.
Sample copy to schools, 75 cents. Price and discounts for
books in quantity furnished on application.

PARK PUBLISHING COMPANY,

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

5609 Pine Street

Metropolitan System of Bookkeeping

By W. A. SHEAFFER

The following are a few reasons why

this

new

text is being

rapidly adopted:
The author is a teacher of elementary bookkeeping, also an expert accountant, and
teacher of advanced accounting.
It is emphatically a modern text -educational, vocational, and disciplinary, and conveniently arranged for a combination of class and laboratory methods of instruction
The emphasis is constantly on the thought side of the subject.
The complete text (402 pages) and divided units, adapt Metropolitan System of Bookkeeping for long or brief courses, and for use of special sets.
There is a careful grading of the work from the beginning, and new subjects are introduced one at a time. A full explanation and script illustrations accompany the introduction
of each new subject, book, transaction, or paper, followed by exercises to be worked out
by the pupil
Business papers are used extensively in only one unit of the system. In the other units
only the essential papers connected with the new features are introduced.
The text does not go to the extreme in the matter of accountancy, but is strictly in accordance with modern accounting practice.
The work, from the beginning, is teachable to pupils of high school age.
Quality of material and workmanship considered, the prices are surprisingly low.

METROPOLITAN TEXT BOOK COMPANY

Publishers of "Metropolitan Series" of Commercial Texts.

37 South Wabash Ave., Chicago

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THE GREGG PUBLISHING COMPANY

New York

New
GREGG SPEED STUDIES,
Makes

Publications
SHORTHAND DICTATION DRILLS

by John R. Gregg

to
combine theory with
has done more to advance skill in
shorthand writing than any other book published since the
Gregg Shorthand Manual. All writing and reading materiil
"Makes new matter easy." 328 pages,
is
in shorthand.

possible

it

effectively

practice.

Teachers say

bound

cloth,

in

it

$1.00.

RATIONAL TYPEWRITING

Medal

of

Embodies the
schools.
Rational principle in teaching fingering technique.
DeFeatures correct
velops quick mastery of the keyboard.
form and arrangement, and particularly construction work
develop
initiative
and
ni.y
hanuie
original
problems.
to
a,
to
96 pages, bound in cloth, 85c.
and highly specialized commercial

CIVIL SERVICE, by

Cooper

A complete and up-to-date revision of "How." Gives

comprehensive information about United States Civil Service
employment.
Con-tains
illustrations
and numerous
specimens of previous Civil Service examinations and practical problems intended to prepare stenographers and clerks
for the Civil Service.

140 pages, bound

cloth. $1.50.

in

VOCABULARY OF THE GREGG SHORTHAND

MANUAL,

Honor

high schools

for

HOW TO PREPARE FOR

efullv
aded and suitable dictation material is essi
Grading, ch
to the development of the highest skill.
acter and variety of material, and its informational a nd
educational value have been fully considered in preparinj
printed
in larg
The ook rs
Shorthand Dictation Drills.
type (no shorthand), and can be used with any system, o
for typewriting practice.
212 pages, bound in cloth, 75c.
tial

COURT REPORTING SERIES

Edition, by Rupert P. SoRelle

A short imenrn
tut c mpleie, course

E. H.

San Francisco

Chicago

Two 32-page pamphlets (Gregg Notes, Part 1. and Gregg

Notes. Part 2) ail in shorthand, for use in developing speed
in court testimony.
Bound in art paper covers each part
25c.
Keys to same, Gregg Dictation, Parts 1 and 2, bound
in art paper cover, each part 25c.
;

APPLIED BUSINESS CALCULATION,

A

SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES
SHORTHAND

ciples

of

shorthand

pages, bound

in

application.

by illustrating their
art paper covers, 25c.

66

One of
command

ESPERANTO ADAPTATION OF GREGG

SHORTHAND, by Ernest L. Jackson
A complete and intensely practi
Shorthand to Esperanto, the Inte
taining word-sign and phrase lists,

engaged.

Kimble's

150 types of
alphabetically
in

type.

May

by E.

Kimble

J.

the stenographer is to obtain

of the business in which he is
v ocai>u*.aries gives the vocai uiary oi

according
be useu

100,000 words arranged

The liats are printed
business.

contains

businesses;
t

system

a. y

ftith

make

ment

the problems of
the vocal. ulaiy

of

oi

shortna.u.

205

GREGG

KIMBLE'S VOCABULARIES,

IN

ion of v /nrrf. and sen tence arra nged ac cording

of the Rev ised Mai ual, *upple mented by letn both
tests ar d in valuable pract ce material
64 pages, b ound in ar paper covers,
type

Contains a complete alphabetical list of all the words used

the re\ised Mam. a. oi Gregg Shorthand, with page number on which the word first occurs indicated.
Printed entirely in type.
Invaluable to teachers for reference and
constructive work.
54 pages, art paper covers, 60c.

by Charles Dickens

E.

in

Reading shorthand is one

Printed entirely in shorthand.
of the quickest
ways to gain both reading and writing
Moreover, it increases the command of the prinpower.

and Tests covering the fundamental processes in arithmetic, and their application to business prob194 pages, bound nt
lems
adapted for class room work.
Teachers'
35c.
art paper covers, pad form, stiff hack,
Key, 25c.
series of Drills

by John R. Gre??

THE CHRISTMAS CAROL,

by

Birch

daptation of Gre^g
language, con-

jnal

mphcity

strong appeal
language.
26 pages, bo

will
terestir.g

students

all

art

of treatof this

paper covers,

40c.

LETTERS OF A SELF-MADE MERCHANT TO

HIS SON
book,

popular
ompletely

and

pages, bound in cloth, $1.50.

entirely

enlarged

illustrated,

in

by

bound

additior

cloth, 75c

Ready Soon
The following

titles

are

now

in

course of preparation

By John

By Edward Hall Gardner

By

IN

GREGG SHORTHAND

SPIRIT

By William

Pelo and

J.

Gregg Shorthand

R.

TEACHERS'

is

be ready soon:

Gregg

HANDBOOK

TYPEWRITING

By Rupert

Alice M. Hunter

THE AMERICAN

will

REPORTING SHORTCUTS

CONSTRUCTIVE DICTATION

GRADED READINGS

and

PERSONALITY:

STUDIES

DEVELOPMENT

Emma

Serl

By Harry

OF

RATIONAL

IN

PERSONAL

P. SoRelle

Collins Spillman

taught exclusively in 75% of the cities of the United States

whose High Schools teach Shorthand

EBBammmsmamsmMMBmsmMmsMm

&

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Reasons for Learning

ABOUT

ISAAC PITMAN'S

TYPEWRITING

SHORTHAND
JOHN

By

L.

ROBERTS,

Denver, Colo.

"A Practical Course in Touch Typewriting," by

Chas. E. Smith, now in its Fourteenth Edition, has
its way to the foremost place as an instruction book in touch typewriting by its own intrinsic
merits. It is the most constructive system of typewriting ever devised. It follows the line of least
resistance, so that the student becomes a skillful
operator with a minimum amount of effort.
IT

won

Because its basis, is scientific. After over eighty years of

improvement, no really new basic principle lias been discovAny new would-be geometric systems are obliged
borrow its basis in order to present anything like a
ethod of shorthand
ing.

ered.

Because
from each

its

work

consonants and vowels are separate and distinct

This frees the mind from hesitation in
which is the very structure and frame-

other.

writing

the outline
of the word.

Because its words are written in different positions to

indicate omitted vowels.
This does away with the necessity
vowels except in rare instances.

of inserting

Because about twelve per cent, of its outlines

are shaded.
Eyesight is a very important matter
for the stenographer, and shading relieves the
eyes of the writer as well as the reader. Moreover,
as shading comes on the downward stroke, it is
as natural as going down hill. The monotony of
light-line shorthand causes a great strain on the
nerves of the eye.

Because
in
in

it saves 100 per cent., to say the least,

writing material.
It is compact and beautiful
appearance, and can be written in small compass.

Because it is a proven winner. "Nothing succeeds like success." Its success is universal.
It
has been used in Congress the Senate and House
of Representatives
for fifty years, and is still
there for good reasons.
It has been found equal
to all demands made upon it, as regards speed
and accuracy in the most exacting technical cases.
It has also been victorious in international and
other contests.
Miss Wood carried the Adams
Cup for three years. Mr. Behrin won the International Cup three years in succession.
These
two are the champions of the world, and they
consider their success due to their use of the Isaac
Pitman system.

Because it presents a basis for a universal system. It has

already practically received universal recognition, having been
adapted to almost all modern languages.

TRAIN'S

fingers are trained first on those keys over

which they are naturally held when in their normal position. It is scientifically and pedagogically
correct.
It is a remarkable fact that all the World's Typewriting Championships and all the Typewriting
Records are held by typists who learned typewriting by means of Balanced Hand Methods.

Miss .Margaret B. Owen, four times winner of

the World's Professional Championship, is a Balanced Hand Typist, having learned by going from
the outside keys toward the center.
Miss Owen
afterward worked through all the exercises of "A
Practical Course."

Miss Hortense S. Stollnitz, holder of the World's

Novice Record and Amateur Champion for the
year 1916, learned touch typewriting from "A Practical Course."

Mr. George L. Hossfeld, the present World's

Professional Champion, and also holder of the
World's Amateur Record of 145 net words a minlearned from

ute,

practice.

"A

Bessie

ACCURACY

contest in New York City she wrote

words a minute for 13
Miss Friedman held the World's Amateur Championship for the vear 1914.
She now
holds the World's Record for ACCURACY. The
winning of this distinction is considered one of the
greatest achievements in typewriting history.
at

the rate of 132 perfect

minutes.

You can buy a

buy a

LARGER bat you

BETTER book

urteenth Edition. Revise

Particulars of a Free Correspondence

Course for Teachers

ISAAC PITMAN & SONS

;

Education.

Cover, 60c; Cloth, 85c

postpaid, 40c

Price: Stiff Paper

and Enlarged.

Teacher's Examinatio: i Copy,

ad 57c, respectively

ISAAC PITMAN & SONS

New York

Publishers of "Course in Isaac Pitman Shorthand," $1.50;

"Practical Course in Touch Typewriting," 85c
"Style Book
of Business English," $1.00; adopted by the New York Board
of

cannot

A Practical Course in Touch Typewriting

Send for a copy of "Analytical Comparison" and

2 West Forty-Fifth Street,

Practical Course."

Friedman also learned from "A

Practical Course." Miss Friedman holds a unique
record in the typewriting world.
At a recent
Miss

Because the publishers of the system are live

men who are continually printing text-books and
guides to equip the stenographer with everything
he needs to qualify himself for any position he
covets, besides providing ample reading for self-

improvement and additional

ALL THE FINGERS ALL THE TIME.

The

2 West Forty-Fifth Street,

New York

Publishers of "Isaac Pitman's Spanish Shorthand," $1.30;

"Isaac Pitman's
"Isaac Pitman's French Shorthand," 50c.
German Shorthand," 60c; "Isaac Pitman's Italian Shorthand,"
'Isaac Pitman's Latin Shorthand," $1.00.
6 ic.
:

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COLUMBUS, OHIO, DECEMBER,

VOLUME xxrv

The BUSINESS
Zaner,

Editor

Published monthly (except July and August)

118 X. High St., Columbus, O., as follows:
Teachers' Professional Edition, $1.00 a year.
Students' Penmanship Edition, 75 cents a year
(Foreign subscriptions 20 cents extra; Canadian subscriptions 10 cents extra).

Stamps accepted.

Two Editions. The Teachers' Professional

Edition contains 40 pages, 8 pages of which
are devoted to Accounting, Finance, Mathematics, English, Law, Typewriting, Advertising, Conventions, etc., and Departments specially suited to the needs of teachers, principals
and proprietors.
The Students' Penmanship Edition contains
32 pages and is the same as the Professional
Edition, less the 8 pages devoted to commercial subjects.
This edition is specially suited
to students in Commercial, Public and Private
schools, and contains all of the Penmanship,
Engrossing, Pen Art, and Lesson features of
the Professional Edition.

Even

Change
be

dress,

of Address.
If
sure to notify

If

public

birthright, and for the spirit which

has so splendidly risen to give dea world meaning and a world

mocracy

reality.
By another
Time we have reason

be thankful for this same democracy

they are resisting.
We are thankful even for the gasless Sunday and restricted sugar rations, and bran breads and paper
regulations, because they help us to
enjoy the many other blessings the
more, and because of our harmless
sacrifices others enjoy who need the
things we ungrudgingly give.

re*

Advertising Rates furnished upon applicaThe Business Educator is purchased and

tion.

the most intelligent and well-to-do

those interested in business education

by

and penmanship in the United States, Canada,

England, and nearly every country on the
globe.
It circulates, not alone among business
college proprietors, teachers and pupils, but
also among principals of commercial departments of High and Xormal Schools and Colleges, as well as among office workers, home
students, etc.

FAR AND NEAR

"My

mail order work is going well.

receive answers from my 'ads' in
the B. E. from every state in the
Union and many foreign countries."
I

Rates to Teachers, Agents, and Club Raisers

in

securing subscriptions.

Thanksgiving

to believe that
millions of our present enemies will

your subscription, kindly consider first

of the journal you receive as sufficient
evidence that we received your subscription all
right.
If you do not receive your journal bv
the 10th of each month, please notify us.

sist

Billy-

beginning, Thanksgiving's Time

here and we have much to be
thankful for, even amidst war and the
"flu," both of which will ere long be
memories and not realities.
We are thankful for our American

you change your adus promptly (in ad-

sent upon application. Write for them whether

you are in a position to send few or many
subscriptions.
Sample copies furnished to as-

more luxur-

is

copy

among

far

in the

ceipt of

read

live

same time, and beneficially, too.

Anyhow, as we started out to say

devoted to the pro-

we do not acknowledge

war we

Sundayed on were of a different type

than we employ today.
The world
has enlarged and contracted at the

vance, if possible), and be careful to give the

old as well as the new address.
We lose many
journals each issue through negligence on the
part of subscribers.
Postmasters are not allowed to forward journals unless postage is
sent to them for that purpose.
Subscribers.

in

The gas and brimstone they

and practical interests of Business

Education and Penmanship.
It purposes to
inspire and instruct both pupil and teacher,
and to further the interests of those engaged
the work, in private as well as in
institutions of commercial education.

IV

ious than did our forefathers in peace.

gressive

in

NUMBER

1918

The events that created the day in

Pilgrim old Xew England were vastly
different than we know them now in
our complex lives and civilization.

Remittances should be made by Money Order

Bank Draft, or by currency at sender's risk.

is

THANKSGIVING TIME

W. Bloser,
Business Manager
Zaner & Bloser, Publishers and Owners

The Business Educator

Events are transpiring so rapidly

these days that between the time
these lines are being penned (Oct. 22)
and the time they will have been
printed and mailed much may have
happened of world-wide importance
and significance.

E.

or

"

EDUCATOR

Entered at Columbus, O., Post Office as 2nd Class Matter

C. P.

The Flag of the Free

executed in colors with e
Faust, 1024 N. Robey St

A. P.
Oct.

16,

1918-

MEUB,

Pasadena,

Calif.

i'.ten

without revision
he may contii

ier that

<5^3Budtn&U'4/tu&r

specimen of applied penmanship by one who

correction ard
r.d

&

thus d

ive

to

!i

is

endeavoring to

Developmental Practice
- IN -

Rapid Movement Writing

By

Columbus, Ohio, R. D. No. 8

tf-tfCjO-e^g wjip.

%%

A
To

the Readers of the B. E.:

By reason of many requests, I will offer careful red ink criticisms and other comprehensive suggestions on all
writing practice submitted from the course "Developme ital Practice in Rapid Movement Writing" now appearing
in each issue of the Business Educator.
1.
Do not send more than three full pages (both sides) at any one time. Leave space for interlineations.
Preferably begin practice on the copies in the September issue.
2.
Include with the first lesson a specimen of your handwriting taken before beginning special instruction.
3.
4.
Criticisms and special pointers on each "lesson" will cost 25c, or four lesson a $1.00 bill in advance.
5.
Send postage with each lesson for return of corrected practice work.
6.
Lessons should be sent as regularly as possible. It is suggested that at least two lessons be mailed each
month. The student would find it quite profitable to sead a lesson each week.
Now for some good work with promise of "full value received." A few students have already remarked "It's
worth the price."
T :m Sawyier,
(Don't forget to buy Thrift Stamps, too.)
R D. 8, Columbus. O.

Development of M. Exercise 1 is a straight-line modification beginning and terminating like M. Know what
then see that conditions are favorable to promote skill. Make the straight pulling motions toward the
to practice
the line of vision.
Keep tops curving and angles
Exercise 2. Make the down strokes close together a id of the same slope.
Count: loop-1-2-3-4-5-6 1-2-3-4-5-6-s ving. Keep tops even in first drill. In second drill acsharp, not looped.
Reduce to the size of a small
tion is similar except that the down strokes are gradually diminished in height.

body on

and

finish.

Practice these movements often.

Exercise 3 is similar to latter half of No. 2 without retraced stroke.
Go
quickly from loop to finish. Slant, spacing and gradation of size are the chief points for attention.
Exercise 4. This principle is used in a large number' of capitals and should be studied and practiced frequently.
Keep sufficient space between loop and main stem stroke. Make the top as nearly round as possible and the
down stroke as nearly straight as possible. Count: 1-2-3-4-5-6-finish. The loop principle may be made singly or
alternated with the drill.
Exercise 5. Start the action before touching pen to paper and lift pen at finish while still in motion. Exercise
is similar to No. 3 in diminution of "in and out" motions.
Exercise 6. A good form- of drill to use in conjunction with capital M.
Count: loop-l-2-3-4-5-6-7-swing,
loop-1-2-3, etc.

Exercise

downward

7.

lines.

Make each
Use

letter

without

lifting

pen or pausing in the motion. Spacing should be narrow between

Both are practical endings. Make M's at the rate of about

either or both styles of finishes.

50 a minute.

Exercises 8 and 9 are good to secure capital and small letter action, and, therefore, should be worked upon
Study, practice and intelligent comparison of work with copy is a vital factor to progress.
Exercises 10 and 11. Practice the names with a rapid arm action. Attend to elements of spacing, slope and
relative size of letters. Write on the base line.
Finish words and letters at all times. Are you gaining?
Development of c. Exercise 1 is designed to develop the initial stroke and the over motion for the hook in
small c. Count: curve-1-2-3-4-5-6. Watch slant. Keep shape of oval.
Exercises 2 and 4. Count on up strokes then on down strokes. The m-like or "overturn" exercise is good for
the start of c, and the u-like or "under-turn" exercise is g)od for the down stroke and finish of c.
Exercise 3. Count:
curve-dot, 1-2-3-4-5-6-swing.
Pause at the hook of c as indicated by the comma in the
count. Glide little finger freely. Watch position of body.
Exercises 5 and 6 are good to develop freedom of movement. Practice them thoroughly and frequently. Count:
curve-hook, 1-2-3-4-5-6, etc. Keep turns rounding and angles sharp.
Exercise 7. Count: 1-2-3-4-5-6-swing, and 1-2, 3; 1-2, 3, etc., for single c. Join two c's. Watch height, slant,
curvature of hook and lower turn as well as the finish.
Exercises 8 and 9. Alternate e and c and
and c in combination.
Glide easily and freely between letters.
Watch height of letters joined. Keep them uniform. Loop the e, dot the i, and hook the c.
Write line after line of such words as can, nice, accrue. Watch spacing. Keep your work free from wabbles
on the one hand, and "clear" of scrawls on the other. Close a, watch shoulder of r, the loop and finish of e, in
the word accrue. Study and practice to accrue skill.
frequently.

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Development of H.
pen and paper.

Always keep

good healthful position

&

of body, as well as an efficient adjustment of hand,

Exercise 1. First, study drill to know exactly what is required. Try all the drills with motion-practice, keeping pen slightly raised. Examine action of arm during this practice. Count: loop-1-2-3-4-5-6.
Exercise 2. Start the arm motion, then touch the paper with a light, elastic action to the count: loop-1-2-3-45-6.
Stop definitely on the base line. Keep uniform slant of downward strokes.
Exercise 3. Begin with the reverse retraced oval, swing over in a circular manner toward the right and produce
the straight slanting line. Keep the down stroke removed from the oval.
Count: curve-l-2-3-4-5-finish.
Exercise 4 is a much used stem principle and should be mastered. Note width between oval and straight stroke.
In what direction should the pen move in starting the small loop? Be free, quick, yet careful. Count: 1-2, 1-2, 1-2.
etc.

Watch

slant, size

and spacing.

Exercise 5. Start and end like H. Retrace second part five times, and finish like O. Keep both down strokes
Say: loop-1, 1-2-3-4-5-swing. Get better control of your wild movements. Persevere and win.
Exercises 6 and 7. H starts like N. Second part begins like K and finishes like O. Practice many lines of the
letter.
Criticise your work.
Alternate letter with O as in No. 7. Count for H: 1-2, 3-4, or loop-1, 2-finish.
Exercises 8 and 9. Capital H may be readily joined to other small letters. These drills give practice in practical joinings.
See how easily and well you can join the three H's.
Exercise 9. The signatures should be studied carefully and practiced faithfully, line after line. Watch spacing,

parallel.

size of capitals

and slope of down strokes.

Development

of o. Exercise 1. Cultivate an oval motion, if you would master small o. Keep the small compact oval uniform in height and slant. Make lines light and close together. Watch position from top to toe.
Exercises 2 and 3. Count: 1-2-3-4-5-6-finish. Keep an eye on slant, size and spacing. Develop a light touch
of pen to paper. Reduce one-half in size as shown in No. 3.
Exercise 4 is similar to No. 2, with the initial stroke attached.
Start with a strong upward curve and pause
momentarily before retracing oval and finishing.
Exercise 5 is a good one. Count: curve-1-2-3-4-5-6, gIide-1-2-3-4-5-6, glide-1-2-3-4-5-6, swing.
Exercise 6. Count: a-1-2-3-4, 1, 2, 3, 4, swing. Watch spacing. See how smoothly you can run the writing
machinery. Close each o and pause slightly at the top.
Exercise 7. Close the o and round it out. Count: curve-1, 2, 3, 4, swing.
Write a half page or more of each of the words: on, no, none, moon. Study each copy closely. Always close
o, loop e, and make turns rounding in n and m.
Keep slant of last down stroke of n parallel to first down line.
Finish of words is essential. Turn the paper and write o's in groups of four across the ruling. This is good to
develop regularity in movement extension.
Employ a rhythmic continuity from letter to letter.

Development of K. Be sure that your position is right before you "go ahead." Swing the arm freely, hold
the pen loosely.
Study all copies carefully before beginning practice. Criticise your work. Make frequent' comparisons with the copy.
Exercise 1. Begin the reverse, retraced oval with an open loop. Start the motion before touching pen to
paper. Touch the paper lightly. Follow this drill with the stem principle.
Round out the top, and make the
down stroke as nearly straight as possible. Count: loop-1-2-3-4-5-6, 1-2.
Exercise 2. Start the loop with an oval motion slightly toward the right. Keep this principle round and wide
Note width between loop and down stroke. Count: 1-2, 1-2, etc. at rate of 60-70 a minute. Watch slant.
at the top.
Exercise 3. Retrace compound curve lightly and freely. Curve both parts equally. Start at top like second
part of K as shown by arrow. Retrace six times. Count: down-up-down-up-etc, or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 on down strokes
only. Slant downward curve considerably.
Exercises 4 and 5 are good for control and freedom. Start leftward like second part of K. End same as you
begin. Lift pen at left of exercise. Balance both parts. Think of curve in K.
Count: left-right-left-right-left, or
K-swing K-svving, etc.
Exercise 6. Count: loop-1-2-3-4-5-6, K-swing. Watch slant. Begin and end like K.
Exercise 7. Count: 1-2, 1-2-3-4-swing-K. Keep it up, don't give it up. Make oval horizontal. Think quickly.
Exercises 8 and 9. K begins like N and ends like R. Stop motion on base line, first part of K. Lift pen while
in motion in making "drop curve."
Second portion of K is made with a lateral swing from right to left, while
finishing stroke is pulled inward toward the elbow.
Alternate capitals K and R two letters ending alike. Make
at rate of about 40 per minute.
Practice the names and the signature combination faithfully. Be free, yet plain.

Development of a. Exercise 1. Touch the pen lightly to the paper on the downward motion in the compact
oval and go to the straight line drill without lifting pen or halting in the movement.
Finish with upward curve
like a.

Exercise 2. Are you sure about position? The compact oval and straight line are designed to develop fundamental movement control. Use a free movement, light touch, graceful action.
Exercise 3. Count: curve, 1-2-3-4-5-6 1-2-3-4-5-6 swing. Think of form of small a.
Exercise 4. Lower drill is No. 3 reduced one-half. Upper exercise is a good one to develop the down stroke
in a and ease in lateral activity.
Exercise 5. First draw the a in correct proportions and make 5 or 6 enlarged a's over each other, gradually
increasing the momentum to a high speed possibility. Keep on the right track.
Exercises 6 and 7. Attach a to the lower-turn and upper-turn drills.
Glide freely from left to right to the
count: close-a-1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10.
Down stroke of a is made on first numerical count. Practice this exercise
frequently to "warm up" on.
Exercise 8. Count:
curve-oval-1-2-3-4-5-6, 1-2-3, 1-2-3, 1-2-3.
Count on up strokes in single a.
Exercise 9. Count: curve, 1-2-3-4-finish, a-1-2, a-1-2, a-1-2.
The practice words should be written with attention directed to slant, size and spacing and details of construction affecting legibility.
Close a, d and o; keep turns rounding in n and m; watch v and r.

Development of Numbers. Visualize the forms; study general proportions. Trace the enlarged figures with
dry pen before attempting the smaller ones on paper. Make each number unmistakably plain. Watch size, slant
and spacing. Numbers should have plenty of white space around them to facilitate recognition. Large numbers
crowded in position breeds confusion. Keep the numbers in vertical as well as horizontal alignment in figure
construction.
Each number must stand on its own merits. Content is of no assistance in deciphering illegible
digits as in sentence writing.
Therefore, make all straight lines firm and keep curves full and graceful.

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The count for 1 is down, one, light, quick. Stop definitely. For number 4 count: 1-2-3. Start like 1. HoriStop definitely. For 6 count: 1-2. Start like 1, but a trifle higher. Separate small loop from
stem of figure. For 9 count: close-'.); or 1-2. Stem of 9 goes a trifle below base line. For T count: dot-1-2; or
1-2-3.
For 2 count: dot-1-2. No. 3 count: dot-1-2; or 1-2-3. No. 5 count: 1-2-3. Cap the 5 on count of 3. For
count; close-it; 1-2; quick, light. For 8 count: dot-1-2; or 1-2-3; around-up. Note position of arrow to indicate
direction of start. Close number 8, 0, 9; start 7, 2, 3 and 8 with a dot.
Practice the numbers spaced on the ruling as shown by turning the paper lines nearly parallel to the forearm.
Small, neat, clean-cut, well-formed figures should be your standard of attainment.
The sentence is full of timely and suggestive significance as applied to the making of numbers. Watch slant,
spacing, beginnings and endings.
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Development of

direction of the elbow.

Exercise

2.

&

1
Count: 1-2-3-4-5-6-eheck. Make the short downward strokes outward in the
best to stop at the shoulder of r. Touch the paper lightly.
the small direct oval and emphasize down strokes.
Pause gently on the short

Exercise

r.

It is

Count

1-6

for

stroke forming the shoulder.

Exercise 3. Count:
curve-shoulder, 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-swing.
Curve the first stroke considerably.
Keep
angle shaped like a little tent.
Exercise 4 is good running action. Know fully what is to be done before beginning practice. Stop momentarily at the shoulder of the r.
Watch the slant and finishing curve in the terminal r.
Exercise 5. Begin and end the r the same as i. Curve the initial stroke and keep the down stroke straight
and slanting. Stop at the obtuse angle at the shoulder as indicated by the check mark.
Exercises 6 and 7. Count down strokes in Xo. 6 and up strokes in No. 7. Watch slant, size and spacing.
Secure a uniform quality of line. Sit healthfully and efficiently as a habit.
Exercises 8 and 9 should be practiced thoroughly to obtain freedom and uniformity. Be as graceful as possible.
Don't use finger movement.
Exercises 10 and 11. The initial drills are small movement generators.
Follow with the r made singly and
"double." Count for r is: 1-2, 3-4. Pause gently when ii the act of making the short stroke at the shoulder.
Exercise 12. Alternate the r and
in group.
Small r is much like a "broken backed i."
Dot each i after
completing group.
Exercise 13. You will not be unlucky if you study c^py closely and practice intelligently. Keep turn at base
of r full and rounding. The difficult letter combinations as "ve." "or" and "wr" should be practiced separately before attempting the words as a whole. Write rapidly and plainly.
Finish each word carefully. Watch size, slant
i

and spacing.

Contributions in

Business and Social Writing

G. D.
Evanston,

Illinois,

GRISET

one

will not be

we

Hand,

Key

and

that

is

the

to Efficiency.

Township High School

LESSON
In this lesson

A Good Handwriting
Means a Well Trained

No. 9

take up sentence and paragraph writing.

If

you have mastered the previous lessons,

this

difficult.

In all writing, you must bear in mind uniformity of size, slant, and spacing.
In sentence, paragraph, and page
writing, there are several others things one should know.
First of all, the margins must appear even, or nearly so. The left hand margin is easily determined. Its width
depends a good deal upon the size of the paper, the nature of the penmanship, and somewhat on the context, or
that expressed. In ordinary pen work a J4 inch margin is about right for the left hand margin.
The right hand
margin should be about
as wide as the left hand margin.
The unevenness of the right hand edge makes its
margin seem somewhat wider, thus causing it to appear about as wide as the left hand margin, although in some
places it is. in fact, narrower.
Another thing of importance in body writing is the spacing between words. Begin the beginning stroke of
each word on the base line just below (on the main slant) the finishing stroke of the preceding word.
(Notice
dotted lines on Plate 1.)
The third point to bear in mind in sentence, paragraph, and page writing is this: that at times it is necessary,
in order to preserve the good appearance of your work, to slightly extend, or to slightly shorten, your spacing.
When you extend or shorten your spacing, you must do so gradually (which presupposes foresight) so as not to
cause a marked difference of appearance in your work.
Uniform margins is simply a matter of careful attention, and of skillfulness at lengthening and shortening
words to suit the occasion.
Correct spacing between words simply means that one has schooled oneself to finish and begin each word
carefully and properly.
The ability to shorten or lengthen words to suit oneself simply means that one has practiced much.
Don't imagine that the good penman was born a good penman. He wasn't. He simply worked on penmanship

like

Sam

Hill, that's all!

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EDITOR'S PAGE
PENMANSHIP EDITION
Our Policy: Better Writing Through
Improved Teaching and Methods.
Form with Freedom from the Start.

of the editorial vaporings of

the Business Educator, as back of
if
not all publications, the real
most
hard work takes place.

Back

and

solicitation, handling,

bill-

ing of the advertising requires care

and discrimination as in no other de-

partment.

The promotion and care of submeans constant and pains-

scriptions

taking effort so that the minimum of

errors occur and the largest possible
service rendered.
The new postal regulations make
even more troublesome than exit
mail correctly and
pensive
to
promptly.
All of these matters and many more
come under the watchful eye and
conscientious attention of Mr. Bloser,
to whom more than to any other the
success of the Business Educator is
indebted. He is the most patient and
just

man under undeserved

criticism
He de-

your editor has ever known.

lights in serving.

Salving

is

no part

of his nature, but he does smooth out

many an irrate and unfair critic who
blames us for late arrival of journals
when they themselves are to blame

for not giving correct address or notifying us in time to make the change

address before mailing.

Here's my jumping off place,
more I may not be able to
more when the busy Business
ager reads what the Editor has
to slip over on him.
in

say

for

any

PEACE OR WAR TRAINING

MARSHALL

our readers are overlooking Carl Marshall's monthly Mental Meanderings, they are missing the
most timely comments in and of our
of

profession.

BEHIND THE SCENES

The

MR.
If

if

Mr. Marshall is a many-sided man

and one who has had varied and valuable experiences in and out of the
commercial teaching profession.
He combines in a rare manner and

women.
This we believe to be in opposition
which animated America

to the spirit

in entering the war. which was to

fight autocracy to a finish and thus

to

an unusual degree the qualities of

philosopher, naturalist, linguist, and
teacher.
He is a near specialist in
each one and a master in all.
His topics range widely each month,
and they are treated broadly but not
wit In uit point and pith and with a
flavor and unction peculiarly Mar-

end war by establishing democracy.

shallesque.

ever more.

Mr. Marshall's wide acquaintance

the fraternity of teaching and his
natural inclination "'to know" men as
well as methods make it comparatively easy for him to write entertainingly and to enlighten.
His humanly simple mode of life
enables him to see and size up situations that become interesting through
the genius of his observation and expression, for he is no less skillful in
Xo
expression than in observation.
one can accuse him of being either
blind or pen-tied.
But the last double word recalls the
fact that he has not long since abandoned the pen' for the typewriter in
And he has made
his literary work.
the transfer from pen to type without any apparent mental confusion or
loss and with considerable manual
gain in time and conservation of efin

write

fort.

Man-

May his thrift promotion fatten his

own purse as well as others and
lengthen his days among us.

dared

There are powerful influences at

work under the spell of patriotism and
the psychology of war endeavoring to
fasten upon the country universal
compulsary military training, even [or

If this be not done, then we made a

mistake in entering the carnage or in
completing it.
But we have reason to believe that
it will be fought to a finish, and that

military-ridden humanity

way and

live

What we
and

the

do need

is

may go

of

life

peace

the
for

more universal

less professional physical training

safeguard the health of the nation

and vocational training, with a view
of discovering the best in each and
providing a means within the reach
of all of developing it. Then and then
only can we hope for the maximum
efficiency, prosperity and happiness
on the part of the largest possible
to

number.
People are truly happy only when
they are working at something they
enjoy and receive therefor compensation in conformity to their needs.
Instead of military training we shall
industrial,
comagricultural,
mercial, technical, and so-called professional training to fit men and women to win through trained talents,
for all have inclinations to do something well, for some of the simplest
employments are the most essential.

need

PARTIAL CONTENTS
Of the Professional Edition of
this

Number

of the Business

Educator
Editorials.

Mental Meanderings. Carl Marshall,

Battle Creek, Mich.

Six of the Official Report of the Chicago Convention of the N. C. T. Federa-

Part

tion.

Bookkeeping Viewpoints. W. A.
Sheaffer,

Milwaukee.

Some Measurements

in

Com-

Education.
Clay D.
Slinker, Des Moines, Iowa.
mercial

G.

W.

Brown

Appreciation.

Georgia H. Wagnalls.
family will pack
vith the

War

quartet of

and Navy Depa

Yanks receiving Chr

nd the American Red

proper delivery.

The

News Notes and

Notices.

&

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EDITOR'S PAGE
PROFESSIONAL EDITION
A Forum

for the Expression of

Convictions and Opinions Relating to Commercial Education

BUSINESS COLLEGES

RECOGNIZED

Through a questionnaire and other

sources the government is getting a
line on the reliability, equipment, and
courses of study in private business
schools with the purpose of sending
disabled and other soldiers who wish
commercial training to them for such
instruction.

both sensible and practical

as economical, because the
college is in a position to
give more in less time and for less
money than any other class of
Of course the government
schools.
will pay tile tuition and certain other

This

is

well

as

had a hard time

paying off this and

other foreign debts, and our industries
were deeply bled by the constant
stream of gold that flowed into the
foreign coffers.
At times the people
grew restive and bitterly indignant
against the "bloated bondholders" and
"British shylocks" whom the demagogues and agitators said were "fattening on the products of honest toil."
And during the "greenback craze" of
the late seventies, we came dangerously near to repudiation and national
dishonor.

But

this

time

in

In the meantime let every business

college prepare and resolve to so instruct and treat all government patrons that never again will the business college be sneeringly spoken of
by high-brow educators, many of
whom have learned their lessons
while the Osier limit is attending to
the balance.

MENTAL

MEANDERINGS
CARL

C.

MARSHALL

different.

cans will not be shouting themselves

hoarse in a demand that the principle
their investment shall
be paid in depreciated rag money. Our
people will be not only patriots who
have bought their own birthright, but
they will be interested stockholders

expenses.

vail.

be

will

interest money will stay at home,

a means of nourishment instead of depletion. And the thirty or
forty millions of industrious Ameri-

and interest of

will not be long, therefore, until

commercial schools will again take
on the air of co-educational institutions, as the male element has been
in Mich a minority since the war is
on that nearly all pupils were of the
gentler sex.
The time may soon be
here again when the numbers will be
more nearly equal, and then normal
conditions will again begin to pre-

it

The

and prove

business

It

in

the

their own
sufficient

Government.
That is
answer to those bilious

persons you occasionally meet, who

are going about wailing their Jeremiads over the "revolution" that is
likely to follow this war.
Stockholders are not in the habit of smashing

machinery

the

in

their

own

plant.

Anarchists of the Bolshevik and I. W.

W. type, are always persons who
themselves have nothing to lose by

monkey wrench into the

cylinder.
Some of you will remember Coxey who, some twenty years
ago, led an army of tramps across
throwing

mntry

Washington.
Well,
after this, "General" Coxey
to

in some way or other, got hold of a

money, and none of us have
little
heard of his leading any more tramps
about the country.
There is nothing like a little solid

prosperity to kill the anarchist bug.

In Inlying fifteen or twenty billions
of their own Liberty Bonds and Thrift
certificates, the American people have
given a sufficient hostage to the future prosperity and security of their
country.

Battle Creek, Mich.

Uncle

Sam

gets done selling

Bonds and Thrift Stamps, he

will
probably have
gathered in not less
than forty million
customers, practically
all Americans.
The

economic value of
tremendous fact

kowtow most meekly to his superiors,

and be as cordial as a spring morning
mi, equals, but as snarling as a
to
wolf to those he thinks beneath him.
I
once had the misfortune to lie
associated with a business manager
like that.
At a club or a convention,
he could put up a fine front of good
fellowship, and be as smiling as a
basket of chips
as my old grandmother used to say but back on his
job he constantly harried and bullied
everyone that he dared to, and was
aboul as disagreeable and as snarling
and generally nasty as a man could be
without having rabies. In a technical
way, tliis man was very capable, but
he was a heavy handicap to the business just the same, as such men al-

ways

this
to

the nation at large, is

as obvious a? it is incalculable.
At the
outbreak of our Civil

War in 1861, neither the people nor

the
Government had anything to
speak of in the way of ready money,
and the national credit was not any
too good. It was therefore necessary
to finance the war on foreign money.
Our bonds had to be taken up by
European capital, and they charged us
at fust, over seven per cent interest.
For the next twenty years or so, we

Lincoln said that no

man

is

good enough

to own another man.

true that not many of us
are good enough even to boss another man. let alone to own him. Still
fewer are either good enough or wise
enough to boss, successfully, a number of men. In fact, there is no job
that is harder to put over, as any man
It

is

also

knows who has ever

tried it.
I think
that the main reason why good bosses
are so scarce, is that not many men
are able to put themselves in the
other fellow's place, and see things
from his point of view. If you have
not been endowed with this quality
and cannot acquire it, you would better not try being any kind of a boss,
for you will fail just as sure as you
are born. The makings of a boss are
not in yuu.
Of course, the foundation of this quality is a natural tendency to be kind and considerate and
just to others, whether they are above,

are.

Just as some men are spoiled by

prosperity, others are spoiled by au-

Give them a

thority.

little

job where

they have even temporary direction

of others, and they at once swell up
like a poisoned pup, and lose pretty

much all their human qualities. As

Mark Twain put it, they get to imagining

that

they

are

the

molasses,

whereas they are but the faucet

through which the molasses flows. It
takes a bigger man than that to be a
and the bigger he is the
greater boss he can be.
see this
when we study men like Herbert
Hoover. Henry Ford, and Charley

We

Schwab.

One of the most difficult jobs of

bossing there is, is that of the schoolmaster.
One reason this particular
kind of bossing is so difficult, is that
so many teachers have forgotten all
about the way they used to feel and
think when they were themselves
young. The really successful teachers
are those who have kept alive in them
some part of their own childhood.
The first school I taught I was scared
stiff

Responsibility
of the Boss

The Liberty Stockholders

When
Libert>-

below, or on a level with you. I have

discovered that there are a lot of
people in this world who are nice to
other people, not because it is their
nature to be nice, but because they
have to be.
A man like that will

for

happy

fear

moment,

should, in some unstep on the tail of

my

precious dignity. I felt that if I

should do this, all would be lost. So,
I tried to convert myself into a plaster cast imitation of Napoleon and
Frederick The Great molded into one.
The result was such that I can hardly
think of it yet without being fried
brown in my own blushes.
The
things that little bunch of prairie
lay hawkers did to me that term was
a plenty.
But I had learned
lesson, and the next school I tackled I

my

began by being friendly and human

and letting my sense of humor have
the right of way.
I even went out in
the yard and played "two old cats"
and "black-man" with my pupils.
It was here that I learned the valuable lesson that if you are to manage
human beings, young or old, you
must have them like you. This, with
a working knowledge of the job, is
about all there is to being a successful boss of anv kind.

&

<!?ffle&u4i'/ieM'<&d[u*ifirt
Will They Rise to
the Opportunity?

this

At
the

writing,
relations bebusithe

tween

schools and the Government

to be in the process of being
ironed out with entire smoothness.
In order that the Vocational Board
may have some just basis for judging
tlie fitness of a school to be entrusted
with the work of training our returned crippled soldiers, the Board
has sent out a questionnaire covering
the facilities of the school in the matter of equipment, course of study,
teaching force, floor-space, ventila-

recognition

this

must be seen

game

may

durable,

be

not

again

discredit of the

the

it

crooks and
break into

to that the

do

charletans

ness

the

seem

There are still

gitimate
schools.
those left who are not any too good

tion, etc.
all

It is

my

schools may,

if

understanding that
they wish, submit

the Board their qualifications, as

The
called for by this questionnaire.
or
thirty
representatives of some
forty leading schools have had conto

ferences with Dr. Prosser and Mr.

F.
G. Nichols, of the Vocational
Board, and I believe this questionnaire has been issued as the result of

understanding between
the
representative
the Board and
school men.
before
intimated
in a
As I have
amicable

an

previous

article,

this

recogni-

official

of the private business schools

the Government of the United
States, marks an important epoch in
the history of commercial education
Furthermore, the
in this country.
standards of educational and technical efficiency thus prescribed by the
Government, will afford to worthy

to

attempt it.
The reliable schools of the country
should meet the Government more
than half way in this plan to standFurardize their work and facilities.
thermore, the very last thing they
should think of is selfish advantage
and exploitation of any recognition
to

Government may

the

diers.

Will the school men who are cooperating with Dr. Prosser and his
Board be big enough and broad
enough to do this? - Personally I
think they will, at least the most of
them.

The Golden Days

of

October

Department

of Justice ruled that in-

corporated business schools were not

"educational institutions," within the

meaning

many

of

this

act.

men

At that time,

that this decision was a direct blow at the cause

of commercial education, as unjust
and as unwarranted as it was humiliating.
But there was a reason for
that decision. It was shown that certain irresponsible schools of the shyster class had taken advantage of the
Monderson-Hainer law to sell the advertising privileges allowed by it in a
manner that was nothing less than inFor instance, a
decently fraudulent.
school out in Illinois got out a
"school journal" that had two pages
of school matter as camouflage, followed by thirty pages of advertising
for a fake patent medicine concern.
The school man ordered 100,000 of
these "journals" which he sold to the
medicine people at a fancy profit, and
the medicine concern then sent them

school

felt

out at pound rates.

Perhaps

this bit

of ancient history

may be of service to
who have accepted

those school
in

good

faith

men
the

professor of proIn order that

fessional recognition.

Government's

latest

last

had some-

say

to

and the
pig-killings
you might have got the idea that
But
is my favorite month.
If the truth must
is not really so.

like,

time
I

thing

apple-parings,

n s t it u"incorporated educational
tions" should have the right to send
matter
at
newstheir
advertising
out
They will
paper or "pound rates."
later,
the
also recall that a few years

This
year

about the homely joys of November.

From my remarks at that time about
corn-huskings,
barrels,
cider
full

tion

the Manderson-Hainer law of some

twenty years ago, which provided that

give them in the

the crippled sol-

matter of training

by

business schools an opportunity they

have never before enjoyed, of securing an officially accredited standing
as educational institutions.
Our older school men will recall

le-

November
this

be confessed,

my

heart belongs to her

younger and more smiling

tober.

be

so,

Month"
Quaker

sister,

Oc-

natural that this should

for it was in early "Tenth
the vernacular of my
(in
parents) that I came into the

It

is

world; at least, so they told me. The

Quakers were not much given to
celebrating birthdays of any sort, but
as long ago as I can remember, I was
allowed to regard my natal anniversary as a legal holiday, which meant
that I could take to the woods early

morning and spend the whole

gathering hazelnuts, chestnuts,
black haws, wild grapes, or whatever
other treasure-trove in the way of
wild forage I might be lucky enough
An added joy was
to come across.
the privilege of taking Brutus with
me, said Brutus being a big-limbed
and shaggy St. Bernard, to whom a
day in the woods was as great a treat
Then
as it was to his young master.
there was a bounteous basket of
lunch, comprising such solid delicacies as only the kind mother of a
hungry boy knows how to provide
baked chicken white meat and drumsticks too, and both muffled up in
big slices of fluffy
sage stuffin'
fresh bread cemented together with
thick layers of yellow butter and currant jelly; two quadrants of mince
flanked with sponge cake and
pie,
in

the

day

crisp doughnuts lined like the autumn

leaves; and finally, all the remaining

space

taken

up

with

O Boy!
How all this came

flaming

wine-

saps,

back to me as I
meandered down through the hills of
The woods
Connecticut last week!
were so glorious in their endless
blends of brown, crimson, gold and
lemon yellow, and the chestnuts and
butternuts were in such tantalizing
abundance, that I could hardly resist

temptation to ask the conductor

to stop the train and let me off.
the

But presently we pulled into a little

junction town, where we had to J
change cars.
Ordinarily, the wait 1
would have been an hour, but they I
told us it was "pay-day," and that our
I

ij

would not be in for two hours.

appears that the monthly pay-cars
are now attached to the regular passenger trains, instead of running
alone, which makes the time schedule
"i the passenger a thing that is not.
However, hooray! It is now me for
those woods!
I can walk for a half
hour out into the hills, spend another
hour in the woods, and have another
half hour to get back.
It was the first time I had had a
chance to sample the autumn woods
Very
of Connecticut at close range.
train
It

quickly

came upon my

I
I
I
j

I
I

I
I

I
I
I

heart's fond- I

The I
chestnut grove.
ground was already plentifully be- I
sprinkled with burrs.
It had been 1
somewhat more than fifty years since I
I had opened a chestnut burr out on I
my grandfather's farm in Ohio. I
Quickly and painfully I learned that I
there are features of the process that I
I had, in the lapse of this half cen- I
desire,

est

Ma

It appeared that
tury, forgotten.
Nature, in the spines of those burrs,
safe-guarded the
pretty
well
had

within

treasures

animals

like

me.

against predatory
After getting my

fingers well stabbed with the develish

little bayonets, I decided that those
chestnuts, so far as my getting any of
them went, might as well be in a

Hun

submarine.
Then I began to
wonder how in the deuce I used to
them when I was a boy. But it
was no good; I could not remember
Just then I saw a man
to save me.
and a boy coming along a by-path,
and I decided to ask them politely

get

how

people in these parts open chestnut burrs. But the man beat me to it
with a question of his own. What he
said was: "Hey. you! What ye doin'
in

them woods?"
"Sticking

my

fingers mostly,"

swered truthfully.

"Do you own

anthe

woods?"
"Sartainly I do; owned 'em fur
twenty year."
"Do you own these chestnut burrs?"
"'Course I do; or at least the boy
does."

"How

do you open them?"

"Don't open 'em; let 'em lay till
they bust open."
Thank you.
"0, that's the way.
It's been fifty years since I've seen
a chestnut burr, and I had forgot."
"Where be ye frum?"
(I
have found that
"California."
most impressive
California is the
place to hail from down here, and 1
nearly always use this state when it
is necessary for me to be diplomatic.)
"Ye don't say! And ye haint never
been back here since?"
"Not till this morning; my train
was two hours late, so I thought I
would walk out in your woods and see
if

could find a chestnut."

(Continued on page 20)

*~

>y/U'3GttJ//ieJj

BOOKKEEPING VIEWPOINTS
The Fourth

of a Series of Articles

By W.
Head

of

A.

on the Teaching of Bookkeeping

SHEAFFER,

Commercial Deparment, West Division High School,

Milwaukee, Wis., and Practicing Accountant

New Books

of Entry and Labor

Saving Devices

In the development of the doubleentry principle there is no more important study than the understanding
of new books of entry and special
columns in these books of entry.
About the only reason for giving
the great amount of time to the
use of the journal that the average
teacher does is to teach the doubleentry principle of equal debits and
credits.
Since this principle is easily
seen and understood in the ordinary
journal with every entry shown on the
book as an equality of debits and
credits, it would be very much better
if more time were given to the application of this principle to the special
The application of this
journals.
principle to new books of entry and

new columns is fundamental in the

understanding and use of them. It is
because pupils do not see that there
debit for every credit in these
is a
books, although it may not be written down and the entry completed till
the end of the month, that they make
the mistakes that they do in entering
and posting.
The cash book seems to many
teachers to be a difficult one to teach,
but it is such largely because the
teacher undertakes too much at once
and does not make the principle of
the book, or rather, two books clear.
Teachers should take up the teaching
of the cash book as if it were two
books. If pupils are taught to analyze
a cash entry into cash received and
cash paid it is easy to begin the use
Begin with
of the cash book early.
a series of transactions involving cash
received. Have pupils enter the transactions on the left-hand side of a
two-page journal sheet by writing the
complete entry for each transaction
showing the debit and the credit, as.
Cash to C. A. Brown, with the amount
and explanation. After they have entered several in this way they will see
that every entry has the same debit
with a different credit. Ask the class
how the work may be shortened.
Many pupils ma}' volunteer to answer
Ask whether it will
this question.
really make any difference in the
ledger account and in the equality of
debits and credits whether each item
is posted to the debit of the cash account or simply the total. Right here
is
where many teachers fail in the
teaching of the double-entry principle.
They do not teach their pupils to post
that total to the debit of the cash
account. They dismiss the subject by
saying that the cash book is the cash
account and therefore need not be
Teachers should insist on
posted.
posting the total of each side of the
cash book to the cash account at least

pupils thoroughly understand

Perthe principle of the cash book.
haps some of you will ask why it is
until

necessary to do this extra work. It is

because pupils cannot help but see the
principle of equal debits and credits
if this is done and also because then
the ledger will be complete in itself
and a trial balance can be obtained by
the beginner with greater ease.
After pupils understand this let

them enter the same transactions on

the lower half of the same page by
omitting the word Cash from each
entry and recording only the account
that caused the cash to come in. Let
them then find the total and record
it
as Cash debit in the proper way.
In the same way take a series of
transactions that involve cash paid
Instruct pupils to enter these on
the right-hand side of the same journal sheet opposite to those on the
debit of cash.
They should be entered as complete journal entries at
first to establish the principle of the
credit of cash and the debit of some
other account. Then they should be
rewritten on the same principle as
those of the debit side by recording
the cash credit but once in total. Folout.

low

this

by combining the two sides

book and balancing it.

The advantage of taking each side
into one cash

separately is to emphasize the fact

that each side of the cash book is
really a separate book and to make it
easier for pupils to analyze the transThe chief reason for bringactions.
ing the two books together into one
balancing cash, and
for
comparison,
is

proving

it.

The double-entry principle of the

purchase book and sales book can be
developed in the same way. If both
sides of each entry that is to be placed
the purchase book are written
in
down at first, then combined into one

compound

entry, the idea that the purchase book is nothing but a special
journal will be evident. A device that
has proved successful with the writer
is to make the entries in the journal
for a number of purchases on account
by recording the debit and credit of

each entry, then, 'before posting, suggest

calling

the

first

&

&6u&/tr

column

Mer-

chandise Dr. and posting the total of

it
instead of each item at the same
time posting each credit. In the same
way, in teaching the sales book, the
second column of the journal may be
called Merchandise Cr. and only the
The teaching of the
total posted.
purchase book and sales book as speclittle more than
becomes
journals
ial
teaching the form of the book after
understood.
principle
is
the
In the more advanced work after
pupils understand the use of these
books of entry and have had considerable practice in the use of them.

they should be given problems and

exercises that will illustrate the use
of other specialized journals.
One of
the first exercises that should be given
should involve the notes receivable
book or journal as a book of entry.
Take a business such as an automobile or farm implement business in
which a great many notes are receiv-

ed from customers. They should at

first be
entered in the two-column
journal in the usual way.
Then the
class should be asked to make suggestions as to how to save the posting
of all of these items to the debit of
the notes receivable account..
Some
one may suggest posting the total inAsk how that
stead of each item.
could be done if there were other entries of a different kind in the same
Some may suggest keeping
journal.
a separate column for notes receivable
debit; others, may suggest putting entries of this kind on separate pages of
Here is a good chance
the journal.
to emphasize
tries of any

the point that the

en-

one book should be in

order of the dates and that such a
suggestion could not be accepted unless

these entries were treated as a

new specialized journal.

The labor-saving advantages

of

special column for notes receivable

would be apparent, but there are certain very decided advantages of the
use of a separate book for notes reThe principal reason for
ceivable.
aside from the labor-saving
its use
work of posting is to keep a detailed
record of the time of each note, its
due date, parties to the note, and the
details of their payment as well as
In the same way
the posting data.
the development of a notes payable
journal for a business that gives notes,
often payable so much each month,

for

machinery and equipment should

be taught.

Probably the next specialized journals that should be taught would be

the returns and allowances journals.

The

transactions involving returns

really very simbut teachers usually put off till
teaching of the
work
the
the advanced
Let
entries for these transactions.
them be taught in the intermediate
work as journal entries the reverse of
Then, when a
the purchase of sale.
larger business is being illustrated,
the use of a special column for each
kind of returns and allowances should
be taught, not because that is a very
common form in use but because it is
a step between the use of the twocolumn journal and the specialized
returns and allowances books.

and allowances are

ple,

In the advanced work the purpose

and use of such books as the account
sales register, voucher record, freight
claims book, special distribution books
and other special journals adapted to
particular businesses should be explained and illustrated. In every one
of these books pupils should see that
the purpose of each is to classify
transactions that are similar in separate books so as to make it easier to
find a particular transaction of this
kind and to save the labor of posting.

&

'y/'tt^iu//itjj&/ufa&r*
Bu1 pupils must also be taught that
books "i entry should not be multiplied indefinitely,
11 1
that the same
result may be accomplished by the
use of special columns in some of the
1

ments, so must the purchases

theory of the accountant is
purchase journal should be
record nothing but purchases

>

the cash book.

That should suggest the classifying of
these items and reducing the labor of
posting.
But the classification should
take the form of a special column in
the cash book instead of a special
book because it is unwise to have part
pi the cash receipts or cash payments
in cue book and part in another.
This
les not prevent the entering of cash

The difficulties that may arise from

methods such as this were impressed
upon me recently in auditing the
books of a concern whose freight bills
are a large item, ft is necessary, too,
to distribute these bills over five de-

bills

in

separate

part of the

cash

transferred to it. Since the cash book

was also the check record the checks
on the general cash book were not in
consecutive order, and this presented
another difficulty. The daily balance
on the general cash book, too, was
incorrect.
eliminated the difficulty
by using a Freight column in the general cash book in which all payments
for freight were entered, then making
the distribution in a special Freight
Distribution book.
In the same way
the u'se of an Expense Analysis or
Distribution book may be used in
connection with an Expense column
on the cash book. Advanced pupils
should he given some idea of modern

MARSHALL MEANDERINGS

We

methods

of this kind.

Pupils should be taught,

the sales

too,

that

book and purchase book may

(Continued from page

Is)

"Wall, we don't e'zackly give chestnuts away 'round here: they've been
fetchin'
'round
fifteen
an'
twenty
cents a pound, but seein's ye're a
stranger, I don't mind if ye pick up
a few.
Lige here will help ye bust
'em aout with a stun."
Which was duly accomplished with
much show of boyish patronage on
the part of Lige.
Then the obliging
landowner told me I was quite welcome to wander over his place as

much

as

liked.

Which

that fairly makes one's mouth water.

I
don't see why they are live cents
apiece at the fruit stands; someone
must be profiteering. And the truck
patches
are
covered
with
broad
stretches of beets, carrots, onions,
turnips, etc., and there are miles and
miles of fat cabbage patches enough
to turn all Germany green with hungry envy.
Good old October! May you bring
us even better luck next year.
Work
with your sister November to fix up

book.

If

sales

are

distributed by depart-

Everything

seems

very bountiful
as well as beautiful, all through New
England these days.
Nearly every
farm house is surrounded with stately
apple trees laden with ripe red fruit

fat

the

Thanksgiving

war.

for

the

end

1918.

the-

fact

old
in

of a

My first impulse was one of sorrow, tint as

Mr. Marshall says, why should we regret the
passing on to greater fields of usefulness of
such a man as Mr. Brown
lor surely this
can only mean for him release from the forced
inactivity of later years,
and did he not tell
us in one of his 'talks" that he expected to
go on conducting Business Colleges for the
next 2000 years, whether on this or some
other plane?
Yes, I was one of the "Brown teachers"
and have always been proud of the fact,
thankful for the privilege of having known
Mr. Brown and of having enjoyed his confidence and friendship.
Like Mr. Marshall, I
wish
had unlimited space in which to convey to you all the kindly reminiscences
have
;

"Dear

of

Daddy Brown,"

old

as

we

teachers

used affectionately to speak of him.

Mr. Marshall refers to his kind nature undei
the seemingly brusque manner.
I
recall when
first entering his empoy I was timid, for Mr.
Brown seemed so brusque and business-like
and spoke so rapidly, and how nervous I felt

when

it

was

said,

"Mr.

Brown

is

coming

to

visit our school."

With his keen insight and
kindness of heart he soon detected this condi-

and said so gently "Girlie, 1 want you

to understand I am your friend and that I
appreciate your work and capability as a
tion,

teacher."
After that

I always knew I had a staunch

friend in Mr. Brown, and looked forward with
pleasure to his visits to "our school."
Needless to say what his encouragement and confidence meant to me, not only during the balance of my work in Business College, but all
durinp the years that have passed since then,
when things looked dark and discouraging.
In addition to his kindness to me as a
teacher in his employ, I have known in several instances of his befriending worthy students pecuniarily embarrassed.

From what
his

early

life,

have heard him say regarding

judge that Mr. Brown, like

Elbert Hubbard, was schooled mainly in the

University of Hard Knocks, consequently the
nuggets of gold which he constantly imparted
in his "talks" (he did not call them lectures
nor addresses) were things that he had actually
worked out along practical lines in his
own experience from early boyhood and had

demonstrated their worth and applicability,

hence they were of inestimable value to those
of us who had eyes to see, ears to hear, and
the

wisdom

to profit

thereby.

Ah

did.

special columns in order to

divide up the sales of the business by
departments. Give the class exercises
that involve the sales of businesses
having different departments. In this
pupils should be taught that if there
are very many departments it is better to put the details of the sales and
the posting data in one book and
make the distribution in another.
Some one may suggest the use of a
separate book for the sales of each
department.
Give them a word picture of a modern business made up of
several departments where the billing
is usually done in
one place for all
departments.
They will see the necessity of some kind of a distribution

contain

due to

is

My attention is rivited to the article by Mr.

Marshall regarding .Mr. G. W. Brown, this
being my first knowledge of his demise.

the advanced work in bookkeeping on

the theory that even the teacher of
elementary or intermediate bookkeeping should have a good knowledge of
what should be taught beyond the

work that the teacher is doing. It is

only in this way that the work of the
teacher of beginning bookkeeping
can be made to connect with that of
the teacher of advanced bookkeeping.

it

copy of your Journal, and have

enjoyed its perusal, although for the past
dozen years have been entirely dissociated
from Business College life.

until

file

Doubtless

my name was found on some of your

of "Brown teachers" that
am

receipt

information about what has happened.

In this article I have considered a
number of things that are a part of

found

and making the distribution

there.
But by doing this the general
cash book contained no record of all
of this freight paid until the end of
the month, when the total only was

that

1,

Educatoi

records

much to the labor of

posting. This method certainly shows
the liabilities of the business at all
times in a much better way than by
waiting till the bills are paid before
they are entered.
There is also the
chance that if they are not entered
they will be forgotten at the end of
the fiscal period when statements are
drawn up. Modern business certainly
favors methods that will show the results in the best possible form with
the least expenditure of energy, but it
does not favor short cuts that will
make it much more difficult to get

no accountant or auditor to supervise

of the bookkeeping work.

book

Business

Gentlemen:

out adding very

all

bookkeeper

November
The

we add to the columns of the purchase journal such expense columns

The

to

as are necessary and in that way have

a definite record of these bills with-

payments by check in one book and

the small cash payments in a petty
cash book. The class should discuss
questions of this kind and see the
reason why this is a poor method in
the average business where there is

partments.

used

they are paid or put

through the journal and in that way
add to the labor of posting? Or, shall
in

BROWN APPRECIATION

W.

G.

that the

of goods
if
a factory, raw material.
But
what about the business that has a
great many expense bills of various
kinds that are not paid till the end of
the month. Shall they simply be held

in

this a big task, so hit upon the scheme

of entering the payment of all freight

The

or,

books of entry already in use. Suppose we find in a business that some

one account is debited or credited a

many times

be.

of

those "talks" to students and teachers!

'have never heard anything like them, for
there never was another "Mr. Brown."
What
humor he could intersperse along with his
1

seriousness
How he enjoyed innocently referring to that shining knob of one of our
worthy Principals, and what volleys of ad!

he could employ to express his disgust with the "pusillanimous" ne'er-do-well.

While by no means posing as a "religionist"
Mr. Brown must have been an earnest student
of the Book of Books, for how else could he
have been so familiar with and so appreciacannot recall a single
tive of its precepts'
Students' Talk in which he failed to quote
and make practical application of some Biblical
passage, and he frequently referred to the
Bible as the great storehouse of wisdom.
Although no bronze statute be erected to
commemorate his work, yet in the hearts of
his
principals,
teachers, and
students,
-Mr.
Brown erected for himself a monument which
shall endure as long as memory remains.
jectives

Sincerely yours.

Report of the Twenty-First Annual Convention of the

case

Chicago, December 26-29,

IN

the data
a chart
of the
pupils who made each of the thirteen
classes of errors found in the papers,

1917

By Clay

D. Slinker

my disposal I shall
not attempt to reach conclusions as
to standards to be required of students in the various commercial subBut I shall attempt to conjects.
vince you that there is need for more
systematic manner and method of
judging student achievements.
We are all judged in accordance tn
some marking system. In the church,
the

in

community

life,

in

business,

and so on, we are rated according to

some system or standard.
In my
town, if I wish to make a purchase
and have not the ready cash, my reis settled according to the recorded evidence as to my habit, custom or apparent ability to pay. We,

quest

as

teachers,

tem
or

to

fail,

use

some marking

sys-

determine whether pupils pass

are eligible for school activi-

contests, plays, recommendations

for jobs, positions of trust, etc.

ties,

We

would feel very much offended if

charged with laxity, unfairness, or incompetency in fixing these marks. In
tact, most of us no doubt when requested have steadfastly refused to
raise a certain pupil's mark one fraction of a per cent, being thoroughly
convinced that the mark given was a
fair and absolutely accurate measure
of the pupil's ability or standing in
the subject.
Recently the question is
being raised as to whether all teach-

marks conscientiously placed are

therefore necessari^' correct.
Investigations of this question are now in
progress, and in due course the court,
the high court of human intelligence
as applied to education, may be expected to render an opinion. The investigation lias only begun, but the
evidence at hand is overwhelmingly
convincing that there is woeful lack
of uniformity in teacher's estimates
of the accomplishments of pupils.
ers'

In his recent book on Educational

Measurements, Dr. Starch, of the
University of Wisconsin, gives in a
graphic way some rather startling
facts concerning the range of variation in the marks assigned by a number of teachers to the same paper
written by a single high school student answering a set of questions in
an English examination. The passing

grade was 75%.

The median

of

You

are probably now thinking that

the subject which you teach there
not the likelihood of so wide a
variation in marks.
Possibly that is
so, but would you still so contend if
we could show as wide a range in the
marking of a given paper in so exact
a science as mathematics? The marks
given a geometry paper by 118 teachers of mathematics shows a still
wider range. The same kind of an
experiment with a history paper
showed a greater range than in either
English or Geometry.
In the Des Moines High Schools
8.2% of all who studied bookkeeping
certain year failed to pass.
The
per cent of failure was highest in a
school in which a very high grade of
work was being done. For the purpose of studying conditions in the

marks was 80.2%. That is to say,

one-half of the teachers marked the
paper 82% or lower and the other half
marked it 82% or higher. Twenty-six
teachers marked this paper below
passing, fourteen marked it 90% or
above.

classes in commercial subjects.

There also exists a wide difference in
teachers' judgments of pupils' worth.
These differences arise from a variety
of causes.
Teachers have different

ious

opinions as to the relative values of

the various elements in a pupil's production.
When the degrees of merit
are closely allied there is frequently
found an inability to distinguish between them. Individual teachers have
widely different standards for judging
and the standards are different in different schools.
Teachers frequently
have preconceived notions as to what
pupils should be able to do.
By this,
mean arbitrary standards set up en-

various classes, I arranged a simple

test covering one of the processes in
bookkeeping, including every form of
transaction with which the pupils
were familiar. See Figure I.
All of the papers were marked in
accordance with a definite plan which
considered every possible error and

ard without

the medical profession

that

'y st

through

men of a given age have a nor72 to the minute; that

certain per cent can be expected to
have a pulse slightly above or below
this mark, and that a still smaller per
of the

mal pulse of
a

more widely above or below

cent vary
this

mark.

In a similar way any large group

of people can be readily divided, let
us say, into five groups; one small
group would include the extremely
large and another would include the
extremely small. Next there would
be a larger group which would of
course include a few large ones not
quite large enough to be included in
the extremely large and some small
ones not small enough to be included
with
those
ranked as extremely

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numerous and accurate measurements that a majority

covered

okkeeping.

1.

Now we know

requirement.

his

to

This apparently justifies

our judgment that the teachers' gradng had been based upon rough estimates.
One of the practical benefits
growing out of this test was demonstrated by an improvement in teaching.
A later group of pupils covering the same problems and taught by
teacher B a year later, for example,
passed a similar test with 70% efficiency instead of 28%, as was the

fj.

set up a standconsidering the pu-

first

as a class or mass would be as

impractical as for the family physician to say that we must raise the
pulsations of the heart to 100 per
minute and then rate us as sick or
well in proportion to our conformity
pils

efficiency.

*i

To

the requirement.

marking became practically impossible.

The test revealed many interesting things, not the least of which
was that in the school in which the
greatest percentage of the pupils
were efficient according to the test,
there had been the highest percent
of failure according to the teachers'
own estimation of the pupils the preceding year. In the school in which
the smallest fatality had appeared in
the teachers' reports, my test with
the strict rules for marking on all elements involved, revealed the smallest

Figure

any measure of
chance to meet

tirely independent of
the pupil's ability or

prescribed
penalties
commensurate
with the seriousness of the mistake.
By following this plan, variation in

all

all

teacher this, and

another indicating the per cent of his
own pupils, who made each of these
errors.
By this method he found out
where his teaching had been strong
or weak.
The result was more purposeful effort with the classes in
bookkeeping.
There is undoubtedly much variety
in method of arriving at conclusions
as to the standings of pupils in var-

in

To,-,

to

prepared

and showed each

is

In the space at

addition

In

above,

showing the per cent of

SIXTH INSTALLMENT!

COMMERCIAL EDUCATION

here.

shown

National Commercial Teacher's Federation

SOME MEASUREMENTS

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the community
we move.
in

or group in which

A few years ago job printing was

second or third rate business
Then
throughout the central-west.
group
of these concerns secured an
a

expert who dissolved the cost of a

job into its elements by considering
every individual item that had any
bearing upon the total cost of carrying that business over a definite space
These varof time, such as a year.
ious items included the cost of estimating, soliciting, typesetting, makepress-work, material,
transfer,
up,
folding, binding, rental according to
floor space used, heat, light, taxes,
Under the plan deinsurance, etc.
vised by the expert, a card starts
with a job and goes with it to comEach operator records his
pletion.
charges against it for time, material,
etc., so that when the task is completed it is possible to compare estimates with actual costs in order to
determine the accuracy of the preIt is easy to see
vious calculations.
that with a reasonable amount of experience it becomes posible to make a
very accurate forecast of the value
of a task, with the result that the
balance will be on the profit side of
tne account in a very high percentage
This has been preol tiie contracts.
cisely the experience in the job printing business, and

business
sca^e.

now

it is

first class

when run on this scientific

And, the result is not only

favorable to those in the business,

but is an advantage to the vast majority of those

Then there would be a great

middle group including many more
than any of the others, and it would
include the middle or common sizes.
Dealers in shoes and in men's furnishing goods and in other ready
made clothing must be ever mindful
of these classes in order to avoid
small.

They may make careful

loss.
The largest
selections as to sizes.
part of their purchases are for the
middle group, the next selection is
for those under or over the middle
size, then there must be a smaller
selection for the groups of extremely
large or extremely small people. Nature affords innumerable illustrations
It is therefore reasonof this sort.
able to assume that we shall find
abilities
in
differences
classes
of
which may be grouped under four or
five heads with a reasonable degree
That is to say that we
of accuracy.
shall find the extremely bright and
the extremely dull, then in between
these we shall find a great middle
Is
class capable of some subdivision.
it not also reasonable to assume that
this distribution shall be found to be
ciuite regular, at least in a comparaheavy

tive

nized.

By

careful comparison of abiliany class or school the markgroup

should
estimates
themselves approximately as above
indicated if the teacher marks according to what she actually finds rather
than in accordance with her notion of
what she should find. By this method

:ated in

the

to

which they compare with

you and I are
accordance to our standing

in

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1.

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numerous

great central group,

:.'
in the extremely high or excellent
group, 5% in the extremely low or
failing group, and the remaining 45%
about equally divided between the

fits

1.

through

according

rated

Hit and miss judgments in prices

permissible only where the proare great and losses unimportant
owing to lack of competition. In the
products of commercial education, the
competition is certainly too keen and
the goal too important to admit of
temperamental or hit and miss judgments in the gradation of pupils'
are

their fellows, just as

sense?

Data gathered

in

are

manner

print-

|0b.

or

pupils

-f

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If

.*

1.4

tests reveals a distribution of ability

the following,
in groups about like
which shows about 45% of the total

number

ties in

ings

who must have

You and I now pay our

ing done.
jusl snare of the year's profits whereas under the old plan we were just as
likely as not paying, in addition to
our just share of profit, a sum necessary to make up for the loss due to
iiad guessing on the other fellow's

two extremes.
See Figure 2. This illustrates a great
tendency which is everycentral
where present but not always recogcentral group and the

the

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gress had been made in the different

groups while pursuing the more advanced course. These investigations
give us a basis upon which to build
standard requirements for graduation
in typewriting.
Figure 3 represents the work of all
typewriting pupils in the Des Moines
Schools at the close of one year of
typewriting practice. This work was
done before any attempt at scientific
measurement had been made.
See
the widely scattered dots.
There is

no

marked

here.
36.7.

shown
Median Speed

tendency

central

See Figure

3.

Median of Error

1.2.

Efficiency

3.1 t

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work. If there is anything scientific

about teaching it must be possible to
dissolve each project into elementary
parts.

In order to determine the relative

of certain groups of students
the Des Moines High Schools

ability
in

"

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,

7--

2*?

show

the total words written by each

pupil and the total errors made by
each. By this process we learned the
median speed and the median accuracy of the whole group and of each
teacher's group.
This gave a basis
for determining the efficiency of the

.-

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Explanation of Chart

The figures at the top indicate the

number of words written per minute
for ten minutes.
The figures at the left indicate the
number of errors made per minute.
At the bottom will be found total
of pupils writing at the rates indicated.
At the right will be found total
pupil> making the number of errors
indicated.
In this test pupils who had written
25 words per minute or more for ten
minutes with not more than ten errors in the entire time were considered efficient. The dots in the upper

right portion of the chart enclosed

by a heavy line make up the efficient
group.
The vertical dash line indi-

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studying different systems of shorthand, and to discover the commonest

mistakes and their causes, some three
years ago I planned a series of tests.
These tests were given at intervals
covering the fourth semester of shorthand and were designed to afford a
measure of transcribing ability. Sev-

cates the median of speed. The horizontal dash line indicates the median
of errors.
The term median used in these illustrations means a point exactly dividing the total number by half.
It
is a fairer measure than the average
because it is not affected by the extremely good or the extremely poor
student.
Use of the median simply
makes an equal numerical division of
the group being considered.
The pupils whose work is represented in the next chart had the same
Figure 6

-J.

eral benefits resulted from these tests,

one of which was a more definite system of grading, and another a change
in
systems of shorthand, but the
greatest benefit was probably the
suggestion of further testing for the
fixing of standards.
Several of our
teachers have joined heartily in this
work, and the results have been most

gratifying.

About two years ago we took specimens from students in typewriting

who had been in class one period a
day for one year. (The time require-

+-

7-

ment

for our typewriting course is

forty-five minutes a day, five days per
week for two years). These papers
were marked according to the international rules and the results indicated on a chart so arranged as to

teaching methods.
Later, specimens
were taken to determine what pro-

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measurements should obdo's and don'ts.

Don't try to measure everything all
at once; rather try the most tangible
things first and study your results.
Do organize your results.
standard

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6d

,V77

70

many

serve

jo

Do give the pupils an idea as to the

general aims and purposes of the subject to be studied.

Do show where and how

connect with the

>

this is to

experiences of

life

the pupil.

Do divide the subject into its parts

or elements, then try to master these
elements.

I-'-.

Do
Do

(i,

use carefully graded material.

prove your claims and show

your proof.

Do accord to the
part in the work.

Do measure

(f '/'
c

big

the

well

as

as

quantity of accomplishment.

Do remember

!!
\Ac

that sped
important element.

all

The world
amount

of training as those in Figure

and they got it in the same schools.

The work, however, was done under
closer supervision and was constantly
Note the
subject to measurement.
marked central tendency within the
zone of efficiency about the point of
the crossing of the dash lines, i. e.,
This is an indithe median lines.
cation of good teaching.
See Figure
4.
Median Speed 35.6. Median of
Error .7. Efficiency 71%.
At the time of making the above
:;,

charts I made a separate chart of

the work of each teacher's group of
pupils and discussed results with the
teachers individually.
Figure 5 represents the poorest

presented
by any
teacher.
Note the widely scattered
dots showing results of lax teaching
methods. Here is a case of drifting
where the teacher has been unaggressive, the work listless, and devoid of
Median Speed
See Figure 5.
aim.
Median of Error 1.8.
Effi34.75.

group

results

ciency 22.54%.
This teacher decided to change
methods and the next chart, Figure 6,
shows with what result.
The pupils whose work is charted,
in the next figure had been studying
only four and a half months and
their efficiency was based upon their
ability to write fifteen words per
minute and not to exceed one error

per minute.

See Figure

Speed

Median Error

20.7.

Median

6.

.6.

Effi-

ciency 70.3%.

The close grouping indicates purposeful endeavor on the part of

teai her and pupils, the immediate result of a close study of the failure
vividly depicted in Figure 5 and a
checking up of later results.
Figure 7 shows the growth made
in all groups in about three and onehall
months in the third semester.
Note the favorable effect of accuracy
shown in four of the groups, then
note the fatal effect of speed gained
at the expense of accuracy, as shown
in

pupils

quality

group

B.

The

efficiency

in

this

group has slightly diminished where-

reasonable

has increased in all other cases.

See Figure 7.
The next figure shows graphically

of a worth-while task.

as

it

time

Figure

results of weekly copying tests

given in a third semester typewriting

is

not the

willing to allow a
for the completion

is

the

See Figure

class.

Numbers

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r

at the sides indicate gross

in the number of errors while the

gross and net speeds improve. It is
needless to say that the teachers and
pupils alike take great interest in the
outcome of these weekly tests of
growing ability.
In some of our

keep a graph of
work for the purpose of
comparing individual results with
the class results. This form of graph
can readily be used for charting reclasses the
their own

pupils

transcribing.
an analysis of the

sults in

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Public Schools.
I
would not offer standard measurements as a cure-all, as a last ac-

complishment, nor as the last word in

appraising teachers' worth, but I do

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arriving at a better and more uniform

have
system of judging pupils.
only begun to see their possibilities,
and the benefits to be derived from
their application.
Those who think of attempting

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commend them

to you as a valuable
teaching and as a means of

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charts and
By
graphs one is enabled to say definitely whether the teacher has placed
her main emphasis on speed or accuracy ox whether she has had any
definite aim. Furthermore any teacher can do the same thing for herself
and through co-operation with other
teachers can make comparisons that
may be mutually beneficial.
All graphs and charts used as illustrations for this paper portray actual
work done in the Department of
Business Education in the Des Moines

in

,v

per

and bottom indicate the number of

weeks the pupils have studied typewriting.
Note the general decrease

aid

if

minute, net words per

minute, and total errors made in ten
minutes' writing. The numbers at top

words

-71

8.

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0^
WISE AND
OTHERWISE
Stories

from Recent Real Life

By CHARLES

T.

A
nol

Transaction in Banking

great many bright boys and some

bright came to the great business college at a little
city on the Hudson
just after the close of

the Civil

War.

Many

thousands of men

in

faded

blue with rent

and tattered flags, but
with shining guns and
shining faces marched

down

Pennsylvania

Avenue past

the

re-

viewing stand where Abraham Lincoln, with a smile on his kindly careworn face, towered, six feet, four
inches of majestically gaunt and awkward humanity, watching the endless
line of marchers.
At the head of the
column rode Grant, the silent soldier.
Grant was not a speechmaker, but
when at Appomatox he handed back
to Lee his sword and said, "Let us
have peace," and gave food to the
starving army of Virginia, and sent
them home with their horses to plow
up the desolate fields of the South, it
was a speech and an act that endeared
him to every soldier's heart. Behind
the great procession came a splendid
band of music bearing a banner inscribed with the name of the big
Hudson River Business College. Hundreds of thousands of circulars of that
school were distributed, and 1700
young men at one time, mostly from
the army, went there and put the little
city very much on the map.
In fact,
they ran the town for a few years.
One of the most promising young
men that came there in the flush times
just after the war was Samuel Blake.
nice looking fellow was Sam Blake,
clean-cut of feature and of goodly
proportions, active and energetic, and

of
tal

much more than the average mencapacity. He learned bookkeeping

very readily, and he was a mechanical

wonder. There was nothing that Sam
Blake could not do with machinery.
There was an ancient clock down in
the basement recitation room which
had once been the vestry of the old
church which housed the business
school. This aged time piece had an
eccentric habit of striking.
For instance, along about quarter past three
it would strike nine, or thirty-six, or
anything else it happened to feel like.
Sam Blake took it down one Satur-

day, ripped it apart, strung its insides

over the table, greased them up
and put them together again, and that
clock ran as regular as the sun. All
the boys in school that had watches
used to set them by the Sam Blake
clock, as it was at once christened.
He could take a watch apart, scatter
the wheels and springs and jewels and

all

"dinguses"

all

them together again and that

watch would run to a second. I can
take a watch apart well enough, myself.
I once did it with a watch belonging to my father, and got an

put

everlasting walloping to show his appreciation of my enterprise.

I
did a
thorough job of taking it apart.
It
was when I came to put it together
again that I fell down.

CRAGIN

Holyoke, Mass.

&

y/u >X>uj//ujj C</uta6r

over a newspaper and

larger salary than the modest two

thousand dollars a year and expenses
on the road that Sam Blake drew
from the safe company. And so, Sam
Blake got several hundred dollars in
debt to the stable keeper who had
charge of the horse he thought was
going to be a prize winner.

The School Master at

Number Ten

A Wizard

with Locks
Sam Blake was a wizard with locks.
There were no Yale locks in thosj
days but with other locks, no matter
how complicated they might be. when
they saw Sam Blake coming with a
bit nf wire or a hair-pin or even a
board nail in his hand, they just
opened right up and said, "Come in,
Sam." for Sam could come in in spite
of any lock that had then been invented.
He knew all about the me-

chanism

of

The\

locks.

seemed

to

have a fascination for him, and when

he got through school he wrote a
string of letters applying for a position and got a job in an office of one
of the big safe companies of America
Ireland, or Morse
am
I
not sure which, and there he went to
work, and, of course, he had an opportunity to study the fine locks that

Diebold,

were being made for bank safes. It

was not long before the young fellow
from the office attracted the attention
of the mechanical department. He had
a wonderful ear, and by the click of
the combination as faint as the rustling of a leaf in the springtime breeze,
he could tell just how the tumblers
of the complicated lock came together
and opened the safe. In a year or two

Sam

Blake had graduated from the

and was going out on the road
up locks that wouldn't work
because somebody had lost the combination or because the lock itself had
Ten years after he
got out of fix.
graduated from business college he
was the leading lock expert of a big
safe company, and was sent all over
the United States to set up bank safes
and see that all combination locks
worked just exactly right, and when
there was trouble it was Sam Blake
who was sent to coax the locks open
without destroying their expensive
mechanism; and he got a very good
office
to fix

His Special Weakness

Sam

This is just a little incident which

nothing to do with my story.

has

My

stories are a good deal like the

lectures of Artemus Ward, which he
said contained a good deal that didn't
have anything to do with them. District
number ten was a suburban
school just outside the village limits
lit Northampton, Mass.
The beautiful
little Meadow City of the Berkshires
was then a good sized town, and
Smith College had just been opened.
The schoolmaster of number ten had
thirty or forty boys and girls, and
the school house was one of the old
red brick structures common in those
days.
It had a big attic above the

Blake had no vicious

character.

He was

genial

traits of

sort of

though he
nip as most trav-

fellow, not given to drink,

occasionally took a
Some
eling men did at that period.
He did not play
of them do yet.
cards; he had married and had a small
family growing up. But, Sam had one
weakness. He was passionately fond
of horse racing, and he owned a little
horse that he had brought down from
his native country town under the
impression that this horse was going
to prove a second "Dexter" or "Maud
S."
Now. this horse of Sam's couid
trot just fast enough to lose a race,
and the only thing more expensive to
keep than a fast horse, who really

woman who

isn't fast, is a fast

is
fast.
Either one

will

use

really
up a

school room which was used when

it
was used at all to store away any
old stuff, like broken desks, disabled
chairs and the like.
There was no
stairway to the attic, but a scuttle in
the ceiling, and you could get up
there by means of a ladder. Nobody
had gone up there for years and the
rats held riot in the empty space,
with squealings and squeakings, and
there was a nest of chimney swallows
in the disabled chimney which sometimes made strange flutterings like
uneasy ghosts from the old Indian
times, when
murder ran red riot

around

Northampton.

On Monday,

34, 1876. the rats and chimney

swallows were unusually noisy in the
old attic, and big Tom Ryan proposed
that they get a ladder and go up
there and wipe them out, but the
schoolmaster said, "No, it will make
a lot of dust and dirt so let it go
until Saturday."
If they had gone up
there as big Tom Ryan had proposed
there would not have been any story
for me to tell you, but there might
have been a funeral and Tom and the
schoolmaster might have been present

Jan.

in

the hearse.

An Unusual

salary.

District

Surprise Party

Mr. John Whittle was one of the

most highly respected citizens of

Northampton and he

lived in a pleasant
well
appointed house, having
quite large grounds around it, where
rose bushes bloomed in due season,
and wistaria vines climbed about the
front of the house, which was quite

Mr. Whittle and

at home on the evening
January 25th, 1876, and

dignified with age.

his wife

were

of Tuesday.

they had with them as out-of-town

guests, Mr. and Mrs. Cutter, Miss
Mattie Waite and Miss Benson, and
there was a servant girl in the house.
At just about midnight, after every-

body had gone to bed and the lights

were all out everywhere in the quiet
country village, there was a surprise
party at the house of Mr. Whittle,
who, with his wife, was awakened by

<3/it'3&uj//u^j
from

a dark lantern flashing

in their faces, and Mr. Whittle sat
up in bed to find himself looking into
the muzzle of a dark brown pistol,
held within a few inches of his face.
There were two men in the room, and
it was evident that the surprise party
was going to be something in the nature of a masquerade, and that these
men had come disguised as burglars,
for each wore a domino mask which
covered the eyes and a part of the
face.
"Get up!" said the tall lean man
a

light

of the couple, and Mr. Whittle got

up, so did Mrs. Whittle, and they
Members of the
went downstairs.
party of five masqueraders had visited the other sleeping rooms of the
house and soon there were gathered
in the parlor, five women with their

roped together by
ankles and wrists, and two men. The
women were taken into a small room
and told to keep quiet and Mr. Cutter
was also provided with an apartment
under guard, and the two leaders of
the party gave their attention to Mr.
Whittle. They told him plainly they
had come for the keys of the outer
door of the Northampton Bank, of
which Mr. Whittle was the cashier.
They told him also they wanted the
combination of the lock of the big
Whittle told them there was
safe.
no use trying to break into the bank
for the safe was too strong and that

hands

tied

and

would die before he would give

them the combination. "We will see
he

tall lean man of

the couple. He was a dry talking man
this lean fellow, and he wore a long
linen duster that buttoned from his

about that!" said the

neck almost down to his heels. He

looked like a surgeon ready for the
operating room, as he took a sharp
pointed lead pencil out of his pocket
and jabbed it sharply into the face of
Mr. Whittle.
"We will see about
that!" They took him into a corner
of the room and again demanded the
keys that would open the outside door
Whittle refused to give
of the bank.
them up, and they went thr'ough his
"Is that
pockets and found a key.
the key to the bank?" asked the tall
Mr. Whittle didn't like to
lean man.
tell a lie, but he thought he might
gain time by doing so, and he said,
"Yes, it is." "You lie," said the robber, giving him another jab with the
pencil point, and he stepped to the

door and set the key in the

thus proving the truth of his
statement that Mr. Whittle didn't always tell the truth. Then the robbers
front
lock,

went at him again. They wanted the

combination for the bank lock. After
a good deal of hair pulling, pencil
punching and thumping, Mr. Whittle
gave some figures which he said was
the combination, 4-11-44 or 7 come 11
or something of that kind, which the
duster wrote
tall man in the linen
down on a piece of paper. This was
the combination for the lock of tinouter door of the big safe, so Mr.
Whittle said, and he gave them some
more figures as the combination of
Said the
the door of the inner safe.
tall lean man, "Will you swear that
these are the correct combinations?"

"Yes,

&///m/sr

Mr. Whittle, rather

"You are not only a liar but

will," said

shakily.

you are a damn liar!" said the tall lean

man.
"Just repeat those figures."
Mr. Whittle could not do it, and then
they went for him; they hammered
him and jabbed him, and twisted his
fingers and his ears and his shapely
nose, and gave him the third degree

for three hours, before

thinking that
they meant to kill him, and perhaps
they did he finally gave them the
correct combination and the key to
the outer door of the bank building.
And then three of the members of
that
unusual surprise party went
away, leaving two to guard the house-

hold.
They came back in the early
gray of the morning with two large
bags, and all went away just as the
east was beginning to show the faint
gray of the coming morning. They
cautioned the imprisoned members of
the house not to move for at least an
hour or they would be shot dead, and
it was fully an hour before Mr. Whittle succeeded in freeing himself from
the bonds with which this most sociable set of masqueraders had tied
him up. There were no telephones
in those days, no automobiles, but
Mr. Whittle beat the record of most
automobiles in the time he made get-

down to that bank. He was not

surprised when he got there.
He
found the front door of the bank
closed and he had to smash a window
to get in, for his visitors had not returned the key. When he got in, he
found the safe doors closed as usual,
but the combination would not open,
for his thoughtful visitors had evidently
tampered
with
the
lock.
Everything was in order, but Mr.
Whittle was pretty sure that when
they succeeded in opening the safe
there would be another surprise party
awaiting his depositors, and there
was. for when Sam Blake, the lock
expert, came up there late that afterting

noon and

finally succeeded in opening

safe, $1,250,000 in cash and securities had also gone away from
there, with the unusual surprise party
of Mr. Whittle.

the

After the Ball

Was Over

"The morning after" was certainly

unhappy one for the natives of
Northampton and all the country
round about, for most everybody who
had money, bonds or other valuables
had brought them into the Northampton bank and left them there for safety.
Hundreds of thousands of dollars
an

of such securities had been taken by

the masqueraders when they went
home from the surprise party, and
they left absolutely no traces of their
going, though there were plenty of
little souvenirs left for the village to
remember them by masks and rub-

shoes and sledge hammers and

and a dark lantern and some
skeleton keys and bric-a-brac of that
kind. Nice things to put on the center
It was evident
table or the what-not.
that the party had scattered after the
robbery and had put their plunder in
ber

drills

some

safe place.

bank

at

The

officers of the

once offered $25,000 reward

&

and Sam Blake told them that

was plainly the work of some

this

big

of safe robbers, for Sam knew

all about safe robbers.
He had been
called in several times to fix things
up after cracksmen got through with
their job. In 1876 and up to the coming of the time lock, bank robbery
was a regular profession, and paid
very well indeed. The bank robbers
were the swell mob of the underworld
very different from the peterman, the
second story worker, the yegg, or the
humble dip who looked up to them
with awe and veneration, for after a
successful coup these aristocrats of

gang

crime
lived

spent

on the

money like water

fat of the land.

The Coming

When

this

produced no
eral

offer

and

of the Pinks
of $25,000

reward

results, finally, after sev-

months

the

were

Pinkertons

called in.
Allen Pinkerton had been
the head of the secret service during
the Civil War period and had built up
a detective agency in which were associated with him his sons, Robert
and William, as well as a large number of other gentlemen with keen
noses for crime, and they came to
Northampton and looked the ground
over, and William Pinkerton said,
"This looks to me like an inside job.
Is every one in this bank absolutely
trustworthy?" There didn't seem any
doubt about that, and so Pinkerton
began to look for clews that would
tell him who did the job.
There were
two big mobs of bank robbers in this

country

at the time, as well as

smaller

ones.

One was

the

many
Scott-

Duulap, and Pinkerton made up his

mind that it was the Dunlap gang, of

which James Dunlap was the head,

that had done the Northampton Bank
robbery. Already the directors of the
bank had received several letters from
parties who claimed to have possession of the stolen money and securities.
They had been invited to indicate when they were ready to trade
by putting an advertisement in the

New York Herald. Of course, the

robbers did not propose to give up
the cash or the coupon bonds, which
are just as good as cash, since they
were not registered, but the other securities, which sould not be cashed,
they were willing to sell back to the
bank for $150,000. If the bank agreed
to this trade, they were asked to insert in the personal column of the
New York Herald, the single word
"Berkshire."
The bank paid no attention
offer,

to

this

but the letters that had passed

the Pinkertons a clue to the

identity of the band that had committed the robbery, for they knew
just how these gangs disposed of their
For instance, the band,
plunder.

gave

headed by James Dunlap, nearly

disposed of their plunder

ways

al-

in

way, returning it in a lump and

taking a large sum of money, which
Dunlap divided with his men. On the
other hand, the mob headed by the
notorious Jimmy Hope, of Worcester,
Mass., generally divided the plunder
this

<36fe*36u*u/i*&> &4&u*i/rr
and each man disposed of

his

share

as best he could.

The first clue came to the Pinkertons in the rather remarkable interest
the robbery shown by our friend,
Sam Blake. Sam had been summoned
He
to Northampton to open the safe.
had been in Northampton several
times during the months just preceding the robbery, and had inspected
the lock and the dials of the safe. Up
to a recent period it had been the custom of the bank officials to give only
one number of the combination to
That is, Mr.
each of three men.
Whittle had one number, the bank teller had another number, and the bookkeeper a third number of the combination, and they had to get together
to open the safe, but the bookkeeper
in

had been taken severely ill one day

and they had a lot of trouble getting
the safe opened because he was not
there, and Sam Blake advised giving
the combination to the cashier only,
which had been done. What seemed
strange was, that Sam was
interested in the proposition of
the robbers to return a million dollars
worth of securities on payments of
On several different occa$150,000.
sions he talked with the officers of
the bank about it, an.d intimated plainly that he might be able to help them
get the money back. Finally he even
went so far as to tell one of the directors that he could name the members of the gang, and this at once set
Bob Pinkerton to thinking, especially
a

little

much

a number of daring robberies in

various parts of the country had taken
place in banks that had notoriously
weak locks, and if looked as if somebody who knew a good deal about
locks had put the burglars wise to the
location of these easy marks.
as

It was notorious among the various

professional families of bank robbers,
that one of these families was getting

inside information about banks which

because of old fashioned or weak
safes invited robbery, and there was

$&
is only guess work on your part."
"That's true," said Bob Pinkerton,
"but the circumstantial evidence is
it

The Scott-Dunlap
mighty
clear.
crowd have been tackling old banks
with locks that were antiquated and
in blowing
open safes that came right straight
from the work shop of the big safe
company where Sam Blake is employed."
"How are you going to

they have been using tools

"Let
"and

me

much

prove it?"
Pinkerton,

commenced

squeal, unless he is a good deal more

Of
of a crook than I think he is.
course, Dunlap and Scott and Red
Leary and all the rest of that gang
are old 'dyed in the wool' crooks 24
karats fine, but Sam Blake is not a
natural crook; they have got hold of
him some way. If he was a real crook
he would not be so worried about the
loss of that money to the hayseeds up
there about Northampton. Leave me

jealousy among this gentry because of this fact. And so Pinkerton

a series of investigations
about several bank robberies that had
And, one day, he antaken place.
nounced to his chief that in his opinion the most dangerous bank burglar
in the country at that time was our

bright business college boy, Samuel

Blake, lock expert of the big safe
company, and the trusted adviser of
bank cashiers all over the country,
where he had opportunity to see just
what safeguards were provided for
the treasure entrusted to the care of
these banks. "Well! well! well!" said
"That is a kind of a 'bolt
the chief.
out of the blue' is it not, Bob?" "Yes
said Bob Pinkerton, "but you
it is,"
and I have dealt with crooks long
enough and seen enough of the
science of crime to know that truth
is stranger than fiction, and it is often
the unexpected that happens." "But,"
said the chief, "we cannot prove that

Blake had anything to do with

I'll

alone,"

make

said

Blake

alone and you will see, I will land him

high and dry, and his evidence will
save his neck and send the rest of
that gang where they belong, behind
the bars."

RATHER GIVE THAN LOSE

I

lose

had much rather give a dollar than

a

number

EDUCATOR.

this.

of

THE BUSINESS

WMH,

WRIGHT,

Washington, D.

World's Champion Typists!

On October 11, 1918, Mr. George Hossfeld
won the International Professional Typewriting
Mr. George
Hossfeld

Championship, writing 143 words per minute for

one hour, the net rate after deducting 10 words
Under the former deduction
for each mistake.
of five words, this rate would have been 1464
words, smashing all former records.
In the same contest, Miss Minnie Regelmeyer won the

Miss Minnie
Regelmeyer

Novice or School Championship, with a net speed of 108

words per minute (117 according to the former rules).
Both of these winners learned Typewriting from the

BARNES' TYPEWRITING INSTRUCTOR

Spencer School, Paterson, N. J., where the Barnes Course has been used exclusively for years.
Beginning with the Eastern States Contest in 1914, twelve out of the thirteen School Championships, two of
the Amateur Championships, and now the World's Professional Championship, have been won by learners from
the Barnes' Instructor.

in the

THE NEW COURSE

The records of both Miss Regelmeyer and Mr. Tangora, the 1917 International Novice Champion
net), are the product of the new course, revised since Mr. Hossfeld's
raised the world's record ten words per minute.

(110 words
Novice Championship record of 98 words

free. Copy of either the Complete. SI. 50; the Special, $1.00;
or the Abridged, $.50, will be submitted for inspection with the privilege of return.

ToTeachers: Sample pages

SfilrlJI**
709 PINE STREET. ST. LOUIS

^EMSEtEmmmMmsms^Emismimsazm^

C.

&

<!3^&uA/nM(a4uMfcr

Dear Mr. Zaner:

I

am

for

YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN

you of my lesson
week which brought

going to

scheme

tell

last

ASSOCIATION

wide-eyed, pin-dropping attention on

the part of every youngster, and I
understand many teachers are carrying the same story through all the
work.

Los Angeles, October

last Wednesday morning, October 23,

and was buried on Saturday. It makes'
it much sadder when you know
that
he was married only six weeks before
to a very accomplished and talented
young woman, with whom he had kept
company for over a year.
Mr. Bryant was a graduate of the
School of Commerce and Finance as
well as of the Pace Institute of Accountancy of New York City. He was
Principal of the Commercial Department of our School of Commerce and
Finance, and later when I took up

do.

me to drift into the

of Let's Pretend" with good
results so easily obtained. I find, too,
that it is not always just the primaries that enjoy it.
It

is

easy for

"Land

To do this without modulation or

emphasis, or, in other words, without your whole self would meet defeat, I'm sure.
"Good-morning boys and

the

glad

faces.

to

see

remember about
I

gin just listen a

We

so

good writing poknow we have all

Now, before we be-

little

to

find

out

We

would

we?

(General

pulling-in)

Fine

Another

thing,

we must

notice that

every soldier hears the command.

wonder how many good

soldiers

we

have?

Let us try this oval to 1-2-3-4,

a march, two spaces high
1-2-3-4.
to the count 1-2-3-4
Let us remember, too, that every

just

like

and right

company

of soldiers fires in the same

See that your guns point
right back over your
shoulders. Fine. (Vary exercises and
count till capital
is made.
Show
the 'cripple' O's on board and tell
direction.
the same

how

happens.
Have them mark
their best ones in each line.)
Let us hold up our faces so the
officer in front can see them
etc.
In our little camp we're working
for commissions, just like the soldiers
do, only our commissions come in the
it

form of good grades. How many soldiers in Camj) 4-B are trying to get
good commissions? Isn't that fine?

Now when I come again let's see

how many I can point out with honmention and I know we'll

orable

never have to use this corner guard

house.
Good-bye.

Lucy

into a very able

C. Ferris,

Supervisor of Writing, Warren,

Pa

man

in

many

ways,

and as you know possessed a wonderful mind and a true and likeable
personality.

about

ing, and
we even have our little
streets, too.
wouldn't want any
feet or elbows out in our streets,

sev-

rity, and had every opportunity to

advance as rapidly as opportunity afforded.
Mr. Bryant was developing

these days, don't we?

And I
suspect we each know some one in
camp. Did you ever think that we
are in camp, too?
The boys go to
find out how to do when they really
go to war and we come here to our
reading, spelling, arithmetic, writing,
etc., so that we can fight the big fight
that is on ahead after school days.
A soldier's camp is divided into
companies; so it is here in our build-

he

Mushet Audit Company, where he

was honored for his ability and integ-

while.

hear lots about boys going to

camp

camp every day

Secretaryship

local office.
After serving with them
successfully for a period of almost a
year, he became associated with the

Time!

sition?

heard something.

Financial

ered his connection with the School

and became a senior accountant with
the firm of Haskins & Sells at their

girls!"

many happy
Could you show me what you

I'm

1918.

dear Mr. Zaner:

will be very much shocked and
grieved to learn that our mutual and
beloved friend, Mr. J. C. Bryant, died
from Spanish influenza and pneumonia

You

I
realize it is up to me to make
writing enjoyable; put it on a plane
with every day life: take away the
vagueness; and, if the teacher has
been considering it a bore, create a
sunny atmosphere with the desire to

know and

30,

My

With
Mr. W. A. Botts, whose portrait
appears above, got his stock of old
time grit plowing among the stumps
on a farm near Independence, Mo.,
where he was born. He finished the
Public Schools of Missouri, and the

Normal, the Business, and the Pen

Art Courses of the Chillicothe (Mo.)
Normal School.
He studied Penmanship under F. W. Tamblyn, Kansas City, Mo., and was a student of
cartooning under W- L. Evans, Cleveland, Ohio, and of Art under John
Elliott Jenkins, of Paris.

Advertising with the

I.

He

C. S. of

studied

Scran-

ton.

He taught in the Anthony, Kans.,

Business College; Draughons Business College, Oklahoma City, Okla.;
Phillips University, Enid, Okla., and
was Secy-Treas. of the Southwest
Publicity Shop-Advertisers. The past
six years have been spent with the
Wichita, Kans., Commercial College
as Secy.-Treas., having bought an interest.
He handles all the penmanship and art work, having an Art and
Engrossing Studio in connection with
the college. He has had a number of
students who are penmen, artists and
cartoonists of uote.
Mr. Botts is a well rounded commercial teacher and man and enjoys
circle of acquaintances and

a wide
friends.

best personal wishes,

am

Sincerely yours,

O. T. Johnston.

TO THE

B.

Certificate

your

B.

E.

E.

OFFICE BOY

more than

salary

will
a

increase

Marriage

Certificate.

A
the

may

B. E. Certificate will help to win

Marriage Certificate

war, but a
cause war.

The

Printer's Devil.

Mr. D. D. Miller, of the Miller School

of Business, Cincinnati, Ohio, on October 22, by consent of court and legal
process, changed the spelling of his
name from Mueller to Miller. The
old spelling caused confusion and, being thoroughly American, together
with his father and two brothers, decided to make their name agree with
their sentiments.
It is another evidence of up-to-dateness and the tendency to live in the here and the now
rather than in the past.
Mr. Miller
conducts a good school and prospers
as a consequence.
G. E. Spohn, Pres. Capital City Commercial College, Madison, Wis., recently sent us a list of 120 subscriptions to the' B. E..
This school has
been using the Educator in its classes
for many years, and has always been
able to maintain a high degree of

enthusiasm

in

penmanship.

ROUNDHAND OR ENGROSSERS' SCRIPT

By

E. A. Lupfer, Zanerian College of

LESSON
The names

Penmanship, Columbus, Ohio

No.

11

months are used so frequently in filling diplomas that you should master them. Try each
Compare your work with the copy. Did you rule your head and base lines carefully? Do not

of the

one separately.
waste time working on paper poorly ruled. Get a hard pencil, about 6H, and in sharpening it, let the lead extend
out beyond the wood about half an inch. You can then sharpen it on a piece of fine sand paper until the point is
like a needle.
Use a brass edge rule. Engrossers use section liners.
Study the proportion of capitals to loop and minimum letters. Unless letters are correct in proportion, they
look scattered. Watch the slant and quality of line. Use a slow, firm, yet graceful movement.
See that you master the miscellaneous words, for they are used often in actual work.
This lesson will prepare you for resolutions. You should try to secure orders for roundhand.
There are
hundreds of places where it can be used, and actual work will make an engrosser of you.
Do you have a holder which has been properly adjusted for roundhand? You can't expect to get along well
unless your tools are right.

umcu&H

imWy

Miss Emma Onsrud has charge of the commercial work in the Worthington, Minn., High
School.
The new teachers in the Central High School,
Detroit, are, Mr. Carlisle Hause, of Mt. Clemens, Mich., Mr. E. G. Blackstone, Dubuque,
Iowa, and Miss Ruth Walsh, Flint, Mich.

Ml:

Eva M.
High

mcrcial
School.
th

year

is

in

teaching commercial subthe Ogden, Iowa, High

School.

Miss Or
teacher

A. Trudeau is the new commercial

the Rockport, Mass., High School.

garet

Montgomery has charge

cord,

rcial

New

teacher in the Strayer Business College, Philadelphia.

Ruth E. Herrick
jects

These new teachers are this year with the

Packard Commercial School, New York City:
Edward J. Dubois, Miss Matilda Sexauer, Mrs.
Weber and Grant R. Sinsabaugh.
Miss Blanche Baldwin, last year at Victoria,
Texas, is this year in charge of commercial
subjects at the McAllen, Texas, High School.
Miss Grace Tomb, Jersey Shore, Pa., is a new
Clara

Castle,

has

Pa.,

these

of the

Cal.,

High

nev

High School: Miss Florence

McBurney, Miss Marion Jones, and Mr. J. H.
teachers in the

Robinson.
Miss Sadie Shirley is a new assistant in the
commercial department of the Troy, N. Y.,
Business College.
Miss Ethel Whittmore is a new teacher in the
Coraopolis, Pa., High School.
A. D. Hanson, last year a commercial teacher
in the
Easton, Pa., High School, is now
Principal of the Rosemont, Pa., Schools.
C. D. Cummings, last year with the R.-M. &
S. School, Trenton, N. J., is now teaching
in the Vonkers, N. Y., High School.

Mr. Orvis Banks

in the State

is

new commercial

Normal School

teacher

at Ellendale, N. D.

M.

W.

Grinnell, of Parsons, Kansas, nas

charge of the commercial department of the
Evansville, Ind.
High School.
4
E. W. Taylor, Conneaut, Ohio, is a new commercial teacher in the La Porte, Ind., High

School.

Miss Bertha Wilson has charge of the commercial department of the State Normal School
at Chadron, Neb.
H. K. Richardson, Alpena, Mich., now has
charge of the commercial work of the MonesPa., High School.
D. D. Manross, Jonesville, Wis., is a new
teacher in the Butte, Mont., Business College.
Miss Martha Crumb. Marshall, Minn., and
Miss Alyce Gannon, Middleton, Wis., are new
commercial teachers in the New Ulm, Minn.,
High School.
,

sen,

Mr

Ele

Franklin, Pa.,

High School.

Miss Mabel R. Monroe, recently

of the

Easton,

High School, is now teaching commercial

subjects in the Dentins, X. M., High School.

Pa.,

F. J. Wheeler, Ann Arbor, Mich., has charge

of the commercial department in the Calumet,
Mich., High School.

Miss Maude Bechtell, St. Paul, is teaching

commercial subjects in the Montevideo, Minn.,

High School.
C. Martin, Jamestown, N. Y., and Miss
Myrtle Chase are new teachers in the Spen-

C.
i

<ri.ui

School, Cleveland.

A. Vogt, Mayville, Mich., has charge of the

commercial department of the Adrian, Mich.,

J.

High School.
Miss M. Ada Davis and M. W. Zipoy are two
new commercial teachers in the State Normal
School, at Whitewater, Wis.

Miss Elsie Flowers is in charge of the shorthand work of the Albuquerque, N. M., Business College.

Miss Edith C. Moore is following Miss Christine Johnson as commercial teacher in the
Milford, N. H, High School.
Miss Johnson
has gone to the Woodstock, Vt., High School.
Miss Anna Steely is a new teacher in the
Bethlehem, Pa., Business College.
Miss Mary B. Hill, Hutchinson, Kan., is
teaching shorthand in the Nickerson, Kan.,
High School.
W. R. Smith, Malone, N. Y., is the new commercial teacher in the Colfax, Wash., High
School.

Miss Florence Megchelsen, Keokuk, Iowa, has

charge of the commercial work of the Ronceverte,

W.

Va.,

High School.

Miss Elizabeth Kleine has been promoted

from work as a grade teacher in Minneapolis
to a position as assistant Supervisor of Pen-

manship
J.

there.
C. Kline now has charge of the commercial
of the High School at Marion, Ohio.

work

THE MO. MEET. POSTPONED

STATEMENT OF THE OWNESRHIP,

MANAGEMENT, CIRCULATION, ETC.
Educator

Business

monthly

sional Edition, published

bus, Ohio, October, 1918.

State of Ohio

I,

Teachers'

of

The present
Let us have the names

knowledge and

best of his

ment

of

the ownership,

lished
"bit"

thes
col
autoc racy.

of

penme n not pub

have Hone

.h,

Names

written

their

by E.

belief, a true state

(a

management

of the
daily paper, the circulation), e'
aforesaid publication for the date
the above caption, required by the act of
August 24, 1912, embodied in section 443,
Postal Laws and Regulations printed on the
reverse of this form, to wit:
That the names and address of the pub1.
lisher, editor, managing editor, and business
managers are:
_,
. , _
Post-Office Address
Name of
Columbus, O.
Publisher, Zaner & Bloser
Columbus,
O.
Editor, C. P. Zaner
Managing Editor, C. P. Zaner, Columbus, O.
Business Managers, Zaner & Bloser,
a

Columbus,

1918.

Columbus, Ohio.
Gentlemen

Colum-

ss

Franklin
Before me, a Notary Public in and for the
state and county aforesaid, personally appeared E. W. Bloser, who, having been duly
sworn according to law, deposes and says that
he is the Business Manager of the Business
Educator, and that the following is, to the

County

9,

The Business Educator,

Profes-

at

Joseph, Mo., Nov.

St.

Required by the
Act of Conaress of August 24. 1912

Of

&

y/u 'l6uJ//ujJ &{/u<xi/{r

30

and members

the

Secretary.

Piatt,

That the owners are: (Give names and

2.
addresses of individual owners, or, if a corporation, give its name and the names and
addresses of stockholders owning or holding
1
per cent or more of the total amount of

officers

former executive committee of

Missouri
Valley
Commercial
Teachers' Association, held a meeting
November 2, at the Coates House,
Kansas City, for the purpose of deciding whether the annual meeting
should be held this year; and also to
outline plans for the next few months.
Since our president is in the service,
and owing to existing conditions of
war, influenza, and finance, it was decided to postpone the annual meeting
of the M. V. C. A. for the time being.
The following were present at this
meeting:
Mr. F. M. Rude, Acting
President; Messrs. P. B. S. Peters,
F. J. Kirker, C. T. Smith, E. M. Piatt;
Miss Eva J. Sullivan and Mrs. E. M.
of the

Will you kindly see that notice of

this postponement is published in the
next issue of your magazine, and
greatly oblige,

stock.)
C. P. Zaner, Columbus, O.
E. W. Bloser, Columbus, O.

MRS.

3.
That the known bondholders, mortgagees, and other security holders owning
or holding 1 per cent or more of total amount
of bonds, mortgages, or other securities are
(If there are none, so state.)

E.

E. C. T. A.

M. PLATT, Secretary.

ANNOUNCEMENT

What?

None.

Convention.

When?

4.
That the two paragraphs next above,
giving the names of the owners, stockholders,
and security holders, if any, contain not only
the list of stockholders and security holders
as they appear upon the books of the company but also, in cases where the stockholder
or security holder appears upon the books of
the company as trustee or in any other judiciary relation, the name of the person or corporation for whom sdch trustee is acting, is
given also that the said two paragraphs contain statements embracing affiant's full knowledge and belief as to the circumstances and
conditions under which stockholders and security holders who did not appear upon the
books of the company as trustees, hold stock
and securities in a capacity other than that of
and this affiant has no
a bona fide owner
reason to believe that any other_ person, association, or corporation has any interest direct
or indirect in the said stock, bonds, or other
securities than as so stated by him.
That the average number of copies of
5.
each issue of this publication sold or distributed, through the mails or otherwise, to
paid subscribers during the six months preceding the date shown above is (This information is required from daily publications

April 17, 18,

19, 1919.
Springfield, Mass.
for program and further an-

Where?
Watch

nouncements.

Round

Tables,

Good

Discussion,

Fellowship will be there to greet you.

The big event of the year.
Healey at the helm guarantees it.

NEWS NOTES
Mrs. Ethel Hudson, Seymore, Tex., is teaching
commercial branches in the Terrell, Texas,
High School.

C.

Sworn
26th day

to
of

EARL

A.

me

Mich.,

Notary
17,

Public,
1920.)

now has
the Wiba

men

in

the

all-round instructor of several years experience in the best schools. Address

universal

Experienced,

Blickensderfer, etc., etc., manufactured several years ago. I am in a

position to promote a good, cheap
machine along a new line of writing
service thus far never covered.

Address

TYPER,
COLUMBUS. OHIO

Business

care

Educator,

Columbus, Ohio

dollar order for my inks I will

send free one set of ornamental capitals or one
beautiful flourished bird executed with whiteand

gold ink on blue paper Satin Gloss, the world'B

best glossy ink 4 oz. bottle. 60 cts. NONESUCH,
the ink with the brown line and black shade,
same price. Sample cards executed with these
inks free for a two cent stamp.

A.

604 W. Colvin

W. DAKIN,

St.

Syracuse, N. Y.

Mullen and Miss

the
Pa.

new commercial man with

imercial School, Allentown,

Ami

Miss Be

SPECIAL OFFER!
With every one

B. Cunningham, Appleton, Mini

harge of the commercial subjects
x, Mont., High School.

Folsom, for years head of the commerork in the Utica, N. V., Free Academy,
ing charge of the commercial work of
onkers, N. Y., High School.

Commercial Instructor
wants position in a good school. SadlerRowe and Practical Text Book Co.,
Bookkeeping.
Good penman. Strong

simple inexpensive typewriter for

use,
the order of the Hall,

Care Business Educator

Wisconsin,
University of

of

High School.

Miss Mai

A
somewhat on

the

Miss Agnes T. Dubuc, of Lewiston, Me., is a

new shorthand teacher in the Holyoke, Mass.,

this

LUPFER,

expires Jan.

Wanted

of

commercial

High School.

and subscribed before

September, 1918.

(My commis

Sutton,

new

Walter L. Cochran, Newark, N. J., has charge

of the commercial department of the Negaunee,

W.

(Seal)

Wise, of the University

Miles D.
Chicago, are

Duluth High School.

only.)
E.

T.

and

lie

L.

Ames, LeRoy, N. Y.
al

Wesleya.

ary,

br

ches
N. Y.

at

Genesee

Wood, last year with the Los Angeles

H.
Business College, is now in charge of the
commercial work of the Hemet, Cat, Union
High School.
Miss Evelyn Mossinger, recently in the Civil
Service at Washington, has charge of the new
commercial department recently established in
Miss Mason's School, The Castle, Tarrytownon-Hudson, N. Y.

wzmsmMmmmmssamsmnimEMsmm

&

3^&uA/nM<a4fa&zr

Commercial Teacher (PitWANTED

'"

man) Shorthand M. or F. Beginner

acceptable. Send photo with application.
0.*.

HOFFMANN, Pris

U/AMTpn
" ">' tU

To
ingr

Milwaukee

Wis. (Business College

with the privilege of buytwo good business schools

Address "Business Manigtr,"

Wanted
iness College in

are "cleaning
sellingCards.
samples of Card Writers Supplies.
We will
name on one dozen Flag Cards for 25c.
Address all orders to McBEE &
B ASH< IK. 3 Hawthorne Ave.. Weat View Borough,
Pittsburgh, Pa.

Send

4c for

write your

AGENTS WANTED.

Texas, care Business Educator, Columbus, Ohio.

lease,

one or

in the Central West.

care Business Educator. Columbus, 0.

WANTED
wtio understands Business College work
from the ground up to manage well established
Opand financially strong business school.
portunity for successful teacher who wants to
get out of a rut, or for school representative
Address
and
managing.
selling
combine
to

Man

The Pratt Teachers' Agency

For

70 Fifth Avenue. NEW YORK

college and normal graduates,
specialists, and other teacher* to colleges and

LARGER SALARIES

27th Year.

schools.

The agency receives many calls

cial teachers

and business

WM.

for

commer-

tht

WEST

write

$1 registers in three offices.

Globe Bldg.
MINNEAPOUS, MINN.
Old Nat'l Bank Bldg.
SPOKANE. WN.

from public and private schools

colleges.

O.

In

HAZARDTEAGHERS'AGENGY

Recommends

211 15th Street

PRATT, MANAGER

The Scarcity

C. A. P, care Business Educator, Columbus, Ohio

of

DENVER. COLO.

Commercial Teachers

continues and increases each month.

Now is the time
for Normal and College graduates to prepare to teach
the commercial branches. The salaries are excellent
and the conditions congenial. Write to us for the facts.

SALARIES

ROCHESTER BUSINESS INSTITUTE,

Register now!

O.

CAN YOU WRITE

CARDS?
Card Writers
up"
Our Flag

Bookkeeping and
Penmanship teacher for BusTexas, Address

Rochester, N. Y.

North Star Teachers' Agency,

FARGO N. OAK.
J. HANSON. Men

COD Oil

C SPLENDID
College in ideal

rlln
i)AI L
uii vnua.
I

small Business
location: excel-

ent reputation no bi l| S- en .
rolled sixty-nine students last month, averaging
one new student per day now. Will give terms to
Reason for selling, owner has
right party.
,

organic trouble of long standing that forces

change of work. Address "Dividend Payer",

POSITIONS for TEACHERS and BUSINESS COLLEGES for Sale

We need beginning and experienced teachers to recommend. Write
for our FREE literature; state qualifications briefly. If you would buy
a money-making business college, write for particulars

CO-OPERATIVE INSTRUCTORS' ASSOCIATION, 41 Cole

no charge.

Bldg.,

MARION, IND

care Businese Educator, Columbus, Ohio.

WANTED
COMMERCIAL TEACHERS
Men and Women
or private schools.
waiting.

all branches for public

Contracts
Best salaries.

National Teachers' Agency, Philadelphia, Pa.

Coif* A good
Pi-sf
r%JL OdlC

school in a city
Owner has
of 5000
other business. Good thing for one who
can teach combined course; or for man
and wife who can teach both courses.
Small amount will handle it. Address
P.C. B.

care Business Educator, Columbus, Ohio

Canada, Cuba, the District of Columbia

and Thirty-Three States!
Calls for experienced and inexperienced commercial teachers reached us from forty-seven states during July and
August. We placed our candidates in thirty-three of them,
and also in Canada, the District of Columbia, and Cuba.
Employers are already writing to us for teachers for
January and February. Salaries range from $75 to $250.

"Let's get in touch!"

CONTINENTAL TEACHERS' AGENCY

BOWLING GREEN

KENTUCKY

(INC.)

We

STILL

have done an
had l
,

N.D., at

of the finest

GOING

STRONG

They are oming

all

the while.

$1,400. for a lady; the Utica Free

ladies' fitting schools in the
-.100; Lynchburg, Va., High

sHi-i-t

vn Eastern business school.

iOO.

We

are both losing

money

if

you do

up-to-date e

The NATIONAL COMMERCIAL TEACHERS' AGENCY

E. E.

GAYLORD, Manager

(A Specialty bv a Specialist)

Prospect

Hill,

Beverly, Mass.

Your future depends upon

FREE TO TEACHERS
Byrne Practical Touch Typewriting
Fourth Edition
Fourteen years test in some of America's
largest schools.
Its writers hold records.
Contains new features making possible more
accuracy and speed. By the use of a Key
Board Practice Chart typewriter equipment

may be reduced. Requires less time on part

of teacher. This text is positively a time and
money saver and result getter, must by seen
to be appreciated. Sent free to teachers upon
receipt of thirty cents in stamps to pay wrapping and postage.

How about
your salary and prospects for
promotion? If you desire a change, now or later, we will put
you in a better position than can be secured thru any other
No obligation to
source, or there is no commission to pay.
Largest Bureau for
Confidential service.
accept any place.
Write for details.
Specialists.

Your Future

SPECIALISTS'

BYRNE PUBLISHING COMPANY

57 East Jackson

Bldg., Chicago, IB.

Best Ever

U.

present action.

EDUCATIONAL
BUREAU

S. Liberty

516-18 Nicholas Bldg.

St. Louis, Mo.
ROBERT A. GRANT, Mfir.

Bonds and Business Educator

mmsBsssEasmaasBBaBEEammm^^mMmsm

<5^&u4/n4M&&uxt&r

32

LETTERS OF A
SCHOOLMASTER

&

The Gregg
Normal Session

Contains an ideal course for dictation in shortclasses.

This book contains letters from a
teacher to his former pupils who are out in the

hand

training course

Gregg

for teachers of

and correlated
subjects given annually at Chicago

These letters contain excellent

business world.
suggestions, advice and information to those en-

Shorthand

each summer.

business life.
One or more of the
be used as a base for discussion in
correspondence department.
Good English

tering into
letters

the

may

Gregg Normal training

is

a wonderful help

and to those
about to enter the commercial teaching pro-

to teachers of experience,

found in these letters and a list of nearly one

thousand words is given, with space allowed for
These letters are inthe outline for each word.
teresting, refreshing and inspiring, and would
have a tendency to increase interest in your
English and shorthand departments.
Include a
copy of this valuable book with each list of
supplies.
Give the book a trial and we know
other orders will follow. How many copies shall
we send you?
is

fession

it is

practically indispensable.

Without any question the need for more

teachers will be greater than ever next
year, even though the World War ends
immediately.
It is not too early to make plans now for
getting this highly specialized training at

Gregg

Price 50c per single copy, or 30c per copy

School.

Write today for catalog and printed matter.

in quantities, prepaid

Zaner

&

Bloser

Engrossing and Card Writing

are

my

specialties.

Were you

satisfied

with

last year's diplomas, and the price you

paid to have them filled in? Write for samples

your

12 cards, plain or fancy, 25c.

G. D. GRISET,
2909 CENTRAL
EVANSTON. ILL.

and

prices.

GREGG SCHOOL,

Company
COLUMBUS, OHIO

Publishers

E
D
M
^
M

CHICAGO,

6 N. Michigan Ave.

ILL.

A BANKER

Prepare by mail

in epi

tive profession in whi

tunities for both men

American 5ch*ol

aGoodPen3

of Banking,

an of you at
Write for my

specimens and tetls

how others mastered penmanship bymy

for free book, "How

Edgar G. Alcorn. Pre:
I

McLene Bldg.

Columbus. 0.
F.

France did a wonderful piece of work in tabulating its homeless mothers and
enabled not only to bring scattered families together, but to locate those families
of their precious furlcugh time in long railroad trips to meet their kin.
When it
over Europe, and that the buildings of some towns were so completely pulverized
of the task can be estimated.
The above picture shows some of the tabulators at

W. TAMBLYN, 406 Meyer Bldg., Kansas

children.
Through a card index
near to their soldier relatives so
considered that many of these
that even streets could not be
work.

is

City.

Mo.

system of efugees it was

that they n ight lose none
refugees we e scattered all
recognized, the magnitude
:

^u >j6u4Ssijj &duia/sr

4
The Art

of

ENGR OS SING
P.

&

W. COSTELLO

Scranton, Pa.

j^pfiniuticinp
adopted Py the

The accompanying reproduction

a piece of

of

engrossing belongs to the

type or style known
as illuminating, and is
an example of the
treatment of work originating in the 14th

the @ih) of'vX'nL'L'i-^olotviiio,

siwnlh.niiirtccn hundtvi miO right

July

and

continuing thru
15th century.
It
will be noted that the

llifri'tl'i
*

the

entire border design

springs from the large

In iviiuuif limit

nur must

onorable

initial "D" and is carried around the entire design, forming

a very beautiful frame effect for the
reading matter of the resolutions. The
entire background of the border design is burnished gold and the initial
"D" and ornamental portions of the
border are in various shades of Vermillion, French blue, yellows and em"
erald green. The lighter portions of
the border are the blues and the darkAll of the colors
est the vermillion.
employed are opaque, being mixed
with Chinese white.
The lighter
shades of the color are painted on
first and the darker ones in the order
of their density.
The grotesque animals found in the border are also of
the period above mentioned.
After
the painting in done outline the entire
in black with a No. 5 Soennecken pen. The white dots and lines
throughout the work are Chinese
white, the straight lines being ruled
in with a ruling pen and the curved
ones freehand with a No. 1 brush.
This work was executed on a sheet of
Reynolds bristol board, four ply,
which presents a firm smooth surface
absolutely necessary for this particular style of work.
The size of the
engrossing is 12x.l6 /2 inches. The
main lines in the delicate tracery used
as a filler throughout the border are
black and the short branches leading
off from them are a light red.
The
circles at the end of the short branches are filled in with green and the
center of each is a dot of burnished
gold. The tracery used in the reading
matter is in red.

Jthasplcascithcr'HiiiiijIitij

sob

late$resii>eiit of riu'^Jutti'i^Tnh'S,

mho wa$

three times the ttinftifra tf if*$|e'imirratic)Jarh.,

(That we, rhej)eleiiafes ofrhepnriu.

mRartoiuil^niiientiinins'semblra'
'recognise in
characters

known

possessed

to

an

him one ofinc stfnmgeflM ablest

to the werlot> statesmanship, who

e.vtraoroinary Secure the elements of

leaiVrship.ono bo his able rinsciattioia'and forceful

'administration ofpublic aMW,refltfleb honoruponhis
rounlru nno his pnrtu; ano
I

^'^

hTtv!

express our 6cep

JuJlHUrU, sorrow at hisWath uuii cvti'iii* our
warmest aurnpathp aiib conscience to his tamtlu,

iPUflinpA

u '

herein)

a
iti

design

pcspivao upon Hie records or

am) a copy be tormaroco to Hrs. (i'lei-clano.

thai this resolution

the convention

BO

ac&g

The

initial

"R" and all of the lower

word "Democratic

in

tial

two shades of vermillion. Iniin "Whereas" in French blue

"W"

with stripe of red in the center.

Initials "H, G, and C" in the words
"Honorable Grover Cleveland" in two
shades of blue with background of
gold, and the lower case letters in
two shades of vermillion.

"R"

"Resolved"
two shades of red with gold background and lower case letters in two
shades of blue. The second "ReInitial

solved"

in

first

is just
the reverse in color
To those who are not familiar with the beautiful art of illuminating would say the original work

scheme.

lost in the

process of reproduction.

'

case letters in the

is

must be seen to be properly appreciated because its real charm, apart

from the careful painstaking effort required to produce it, lies in its color
scheme, which of course is entirely

AND HOME STUDY

WAR
On

account of the war, the high cost of living,

and the great demand for labor, thousands of young
people will be unable this year to attend high
school and college, and thus must utilize their spare
time in taking home study courses by mail.
Special Rales for Courses Offered
English

Grammar School

Law

Typewriting

High School

Bookkeeping
Shor'hand
Domestic Science

Bible
Agriculture

Civil

Service

Normal
Engineering
Salesmanship

Story Writing

Drawing
Real Estate

Automobile

Over One Hundred Branches Included

Thousands of Civil Service and office positions are now
open for typewriters, stenographers, bookkeepers, and
clerks. We rent and sell typewriters on easy monthly
payments. Write fur prices and terms on machines.

Enrodment fee $10 00; "special rates of tuition" to

those who apply now. Send vour name mday-tomorrow
be too late. "DO IT NOW." For "Special Tuition
Scholarship" and full particulars address Dept. A

may

CARNEGIE COLLEGE, Rogers, Ohio

i

H.'|.)i(i,itiiiif,iA^iiiitir;iiMi,i)i i- 'iMtfHN.iiiiiM*i

Frank Kane, Lincoln,

Nbr.,

writes:

have been a subscriber to your

paper for the past three years and
have always found it very helpful in
my work. Last year I was supervisor
of penmanship in the Clinton, Iowa,
schools.
Two years previous to that
I had charge of the commercial work
At present I am head instructhere.
tor in the commercial department in
the high school in Lincoln, Nebr.. and
know that your paper will be a great
help to me."
"I

B. Bloom, recently Principal of

Public Schools of Almeda, Pa., is now
assistant cashier in a new National
C.

Bank which was opened June 1st in

Mr. Bloom, who has
Irvona, Pa.
been a penman and commercial teacher for a number of years, reports that
they are doing a nice business and
that the prospects for the future are

good.

TOR

THE BUSINESS EDUCA-

and

his

professional

wish him success

work.

iiiHMTt4i'mfi

in

his

new

friends
of

line

&

y/tt ~38u4/neU C'duat/iT*

abr&efyhiiklmnqjqrstuuuwyii?

31
a

U CD (EJTOfj 3 J HOOT
(Dp (0 ft

profitable.

SO Utiles

\M456T$dQ\ Irttomy

BROAD-PEN LETTERING,
LESSON
No
it

in its

used so extensively and

various forms.

letter is

The alphabet herewith represents

is

No.

by E. A. Lupfer, with Zanerian

5 Rapid Old English
You

so artistic and enduring as the Old English.

the rapid, unretouched

will

do well to master

used in filling diplomas, etc., where speed

necessary except where a mishap occurs.

style

is

required rather than fine finish. No retouching with a fine pen is

Beginners should use a No. 1 broad pen before using smaller sizes of pens.
Use head and base lines and see that you follow them closely, for uniformity of height is necessary as well as
uniformity of spacing. The space between letters should be the same as in letters. The letters should be taller
than wide. Avoid square looking letters as a rule. Lettering should be neither too narrow nor too wide. It should
be solid, not scattered. Where we have to crowd lettering we make it tall and narrow, and where we wish to
spread it to cover space we make it low and wide. Unless you follow this plan your work will look crowded or
squatty, or not proportioned well.
There are many styles of Old English, and the ideals of penmen as to the standard vary slightly. The alphabet
presented herewith represents our ideal of the standard. All should master the standard form before cultivating
individuality.
While individuality is commendable when it is good, you must know the standard styles to avoid
mistakes and freakishness.
Study the joinings, corners and parts of letters, etc. See how often certain strokes are repeated in different
letters.

The "spurs" in Old English should be neither too small nor too large. Let them extend about half the width
of the pen, or one nib on the small letters. The spurs in the center of the capitals should be rather large and circular with sharp hair-line beginnings.
The head and base strokes should slant in the same direction and be curved evenly. They should not be too
large and heavy.
Study proportion.
Study and practice carefully and you will make headway. After you have learned to hold the pen and dip ink
carefully, (dip slowly and keep ink-retainer clean), your biggest problem is to get an accurate ideal of the forms.
Clara Haas, who was last year in the
Coalgate, Okla., High School, now is
teaching Gregg shorthand and bookkeeping in the Sault Ste. Marie, Mich.,
High School.
J. R. Jones is in charge of the commercial department of the Richmond,
Ind., High School following L. A.
Newgard, who has gone with the
Wright Airplane Company, Dayton,
Ohio.
Mrs. Edna Watson Holtz, formerly
Miss Edna Watson, goes from the
New Ulm, Minn., High School to the
Charlotte,
Mich.,
High School as

commercial teacher.
Racine College, Racine,

Wis., publishes a beautiful catalogue, splendidly

printed

and

artistically

illustrated

with views of buildings, etc. The institution prepares boys for college,
from the seventh year in the grades
to the sophomore college year. It has
a reputation for high grade training
and for character development.

The Mankato,
lege

is

tractive,

Commercial Colmailing one of the most atWis.,

post-card

size,

colored fold-

showing eight views of its building and rooms, we have ever received.
ers,

The
ies,

building lis fire-proof, four storsplendidly furnished.

The

and

photos show a very large attendance.

G. D. Griset, Evanston, 111., High
School, who is conducting a course in

business writing

EDUCATOR,

in

THE BUSINESS

believes in taking his

medicine, for we have received a
club of 92 subscriptions from him,
which indicates that his classes are

own

enthusiastic.

Mr. M. D. Anthony, of Maryland, and

Miss Margaret Ebert, of Wisconsin,
both Zanerians, were married Sept.
39th, 1918, and are now at home in

Oklahoma

City,

Our

Okla.

best

wishes are hereby extended.

Mr. H. A. Roush, of Letart Falls, O.,
now heads the Commercial Depart-

ment

of the Charleston,

School.

man, a

Mr. Roush
fine

is

W. Va., High
many sided

penman, and

fellow generally.

a jolly

good

,y/u 'jfotjS/UM G'dk&i/cr'

**

TYPEWRITING RECORDS
In October Geo. Hossfeld won the
International Professional Typewriting Championship, writing 14; words
net per minute for one hour, and

Minnie Regelmeyer won the Novice

Championship, writing IDS
School
Both were
words net per minute.
Spencer's School. Paterson,
of
pupils
X. J., where Barnes' Typewriter In-

was

structor

L.

W.

By

the Editor

used.

Zinn,

Pres.

Riverside.

Calif-

Business College, has favored us with

Mr. Zinn
list of 45 subscriptions.
writes a very practical hand and is no
doubt interested in good penmanship.
BUSWith his supervision and
a

THE

EDUCATOR

jn his classes
INESS
we- expect excellent results to be secured.
Mr. P. P. Freeman, who has been
teaching in the Commercial Department of the Hartford, Conn., Public
High School for a number of years,
has accepted a position as auditor for
the Capewell Horse Nail Company of

^z-^z-^>?^*

Hartford.

'^er^Jstv*^

HONOR ROLLS
For the one in
in Colors, filled ir

Photo, Printed

vice. Place for

ith

Beautiful V

Quick Sellers. 3c Stamp for

Wanted. Big Con
Sample and Terms. E. L. Blystone, Pitcairn, Pa.

12

NAME CARDS FOR

25c

Special to Penmen
Blank Honor Rolls, 10
forSl.50. 20 for S2.2S,'2S
for S2.50, 100 for Ss-.OO.

Write today.

Short Cut

To Primary Teachers

to

Interested in Writing

Plain Writing
The book

is

typical

Stories appeal to children.

the world of Fairy and Fable.

of

the

"Short Cut to Plain Writing."

own
you
you

writing
to

make

is

plain,

it still

this

title,

real

But

if

your

book may help

better looking by aiding

to discover the poor places in it. Then,

too, it gives the clue to less practice and

more improvement and

less

teaching and

better writing on the part of your pupils.

lating;

it's

gestions.

Price 25c, prepaid,

author.

C. P. Zaner

is

the

live

and revel

in

Can you tell a good story or relate a fable that

connects with the work at hand? If so, you'll enjoy
all the more "Funny Fable Folk" in writing by Jno.
If you can't tell a
O. Peterson and Alice E. Strong.
story, perhaps this book of fable and fancy in writing
will lead you to discover the secret and philosophy of
both writing and story telling. Who knows?
its a unique little volume designed to delight children
to relieve the teaching of writing of so-called drudgery.

Anyhow,
and

The picture and motion exercises lead to letter motions and

forms and thus to writing. Something original and yet simple and
easily

unconventional; it's stimuhelpful; it's concrete in its sug-

It's different; it's

They

employed and applied.

Birds. Frogs. Mice. Bees. Fishes and Woolyworms all act out
the art of writing in their tryouts at flying and jumping and running and swimming, thus suggesting and stimulating the first
struggles in handwriting.
It is not so much a system as an inspiration, suggestion, and
method to interest, instruct and encourage the children in their
primitive practices.
It is concrete in its philosophy of motion and thus it unconsciously stimulates and safeguards motor activity the basis of
real writing.

Bound in black card covers, black and white illustrations, 24 pages, about 5x8 inches, post paid, 50 cents.
Unique, original, adaptable, applicable, vitalizing, concrete,
modern.

Zaner

&

Bloser

Company

Penmanship Publishers
Columbus. O.

Zaner

& Bloser Publishing Company

Penmanship Specialists
Columbus, O.

JI.IIII.UIlU.lJ.liJJ.]lUIMi.Ullli.U.I!ftU.i|MMl..lJ.llU.ll.lJiMJIBaMrfillWtBI

&

<^M^>^u4/nte(ud[U&&r

DESIGNING &
ENGROSSING
E. L.

BROWN

Rockland, Me.
Send sell-addressed postal for criticism, and stamps

Rapid Lettering
This style is based on the Roman
and is recommended as a most

letters

style

practical

for

purposes where speed

and legibility count
for more than accuracy or artistic finish.
Rule lines for height
about one inch apart,
also

vertical

prevent

lines

sloping

to
let-

whatever.

Good spacing and good

form

are, of course, highly essential

for best results.
No. 5 broad pointed pen was used for the smaller lettering.

The

initial

"A"

is

highly decorative

and

will afford considerable careful

study. First, sketch in pencil, aiming

for

balance

and action, then follow

drawing,

suggesting

Aim for strong, vigorous lines in

your color tones, varying the thickness and spacing of lines to produce
the different gradations of light and
shade.
Observe how effectively the
leaves melt into the solid background.
Try your hand on a similar design,
making changes here and there to
suit the purpose required.
Aim for
strength and contrast in rendering
color values. Balance and action are
important requisites in any design.
Send us your copy for criticism.

Recent U.

S.

Government

Educational Publications
Copies of which may be procured by addressing
the Superintendent of Documents,

Government Printing

Use

pencil only
general
indicate
to
size and spacing of letters.
Esterbrook's drawing and lettering pen No.
2 was used for alphabet.
The thin
stroke of letter represents width of
pen, two strokes being required for
thick part of letters.
This letter requires no retouching, and its accuracy
must depend entirely upon your skill
instead of any mechanical devices
ters.

with a detail
color values.

Office,

Washington, D. C.

Bulletin No. 18.

Evening Industrial
Schools.
Issued by the Federal
Board of Vocational Education,
Washington, D. C.

Lessons

in

Community and National

By Charles H. Judd

Life; Series B.

and Leon

C.

Marshall.

15c per copy.

Bulletin, 1918," No.

Government

2.

I.

The Madison School averages

per minute and 63% in

form.
84

letters

This represents a better balanced product in writing than the Irving. The average in the Penn School
is 103 letters per minute and 59% in
form. The 6B average 144 letters per
minute and 62% in form. This quality
is good considering the phenomenal
speed for that grade. The 7A room
of the same building average 127 letters per minute and 65% in form,
which represents a better balance, but
still too high in speed and too low
in
form, according to the Zaner
Scales or Standards.
form.

A PENMAN'S DILEMMA
Dearest Editor

264 pages.

Guide to U.

Publications.

piled by Walter
20 cents.

the results of the test in speed and

quality in penmanship. The 8th grades
show an average of 105 letters per
minute and a quality of 68%, which,
according to Zaner Scale, is 5 letters
above the median and but 2% below,
revealing a splendidly balanced product.
The Irving Building, from the
3rd to the 7th grades inclusive, averages 90 letters per minute and 60% in

Swanton.

S.

ComPrice,

The Annual Report

of the Altoona
Schools is one of the most
complete and concise publications of
the kind that is received in our office.
Table G, a large folder-sheet, gives

Public

Advise

me

/ don't feel just right,

I can't sleep at night,
I moan and sigh,
throat is dry,
I can't write or think,
grub tastes like ink,
heart doesn't beat,
I've got cold feet,
head's in a whirl.

My

My
My

My

Answer

Then why don't you marry

the girl?

5CDEFGHUKLM
NOPQRSTUVWX
YZ-TAO
AND AN Y OTHER PURPOSE WHERE
3PEED

A ND

LEGIBILIT Y

ARE ACRE

DE5IRABEE TMAN ARTISTIC

FIN13H-.

BOOK REVIEWS
Our readers are interested in books of merit,
but especially in books of interest and value
to commercial teachers, including books of
special educational value and books on busiAll such books will be briefly
ness subjects.
reviewed in these columns, the object being to
give sufficient description of each to enable
our readers to determine its value.

Pitman's

Shorthand

Isaac Pitman
St..

New

&

York.

Rapid

Sons,

Course.

West

43th
Cloth, 202 pages,
2

price $1.50.

The book

is designed to assist the

the speedy acquisition of a
of the system. The explanations are simple and clear and the
stages easy.
A series of 20 lessons
with 'J4 exercises comprise the first
half of the volume.
Additional exercises are provided in the 100 pages
which follow and complete the book.
It is concise and yet quite complete
apparently containing all that is necessary to learn the art of writing
speedily.

learner

&

>J/u >J(>ujS/u,ij6Muxt/br

in

more complex phases of the subject

of bookkeeping and accountancy. The
volume impresses us as being especially favorable to teachers and smde:its of these subjects

elemental

character,

because of

its

quite
progressive in its order of
procedure, and yet quite practical and
complete. The volume before us also
impresses us favorably, not only as a
text for the students, but as an excellent book for the busy business
in
who desires to inform himself, by
way of review of former studies and
past experience, upon the subject nf
as

it

is

explicit,

modern bookkeeping and accounting.

knowledge

Ten Day Shorthand. George L. Dudley.

The Dudley Shorthand Com-

pany, publishers, 132 Broad Street,

Elizabeth, X. J.
Paper cover, 30
pages, price $1.00.

The author seems

lieve

that

he

to honestly behas evolved a simpler

and more practical system of shorthand writing than ever produced. It

looks Pitmanic in its strokes but is
original

in

many

of

its

applications

and methods of presentation. It emphasizes consonant characters but

uses vowel expedients. Characters are
shortened and lengthened much as in
the Cross Eclectic we learned a third
of a century ago.
It's a word and
character book, as no sentences are
given, the words being the keys to
sentence or complete expression.

NEXT TO YOUR HEART

fits
the upper
JUST
vest pocket. Wear
it

next your heart and

protect yourself against
a bad "spell".
Thirty-three thousand
words with correct spel-

Phonographic Word-Building. R. B.
Gummerson. Isaac Pitman & Sons,

West 45th St., N. Y.

pages, price 60 cents.

Paper, SS

ling,

book designed to give in

form word-building exerfacilitate mastery of rapid and

little

cises to
legible writing.
in

Intended to be used
conjunction with the regular text.
entire text is in Pitmanic short-

The

hand characters. The arrangement is

good and ought to aid both teacher
and taught.

when
Supplementary Exercises
Pitman Shorthand. W.
Isaac Pitman & Sons.
St.,

X. Y.

in
L.
2

Mason.

W.

45th

pric

75 cents.

The book comprises a series of

graded exercises on every rule in the
system, specially compiled and adapted for use with "Course in Isaac Pitman Shorthand."
Much valuable
time may be gained in mastering the
principles and acquiring the form and
meaning of words bv the aid of this

And

panion to everybody who

has occasion to talk, read
or write. It is not a book
made hastily, only to
sell, but is an accurate
and complete dictionary,
compiled from the latest
edition
of
Webster's
great International. It's
especially
valuable to

text.

students and people employed

in
offices, and
worth ten times its cost
to anybody.
It is complete, practical, accurate
and convenient.

Accounting Theory and Practice. Unit

Charles F. Rittenhouse, B. C. S.,
C. P. A., and Philip F. Clapp, B.
C. S., C. P. A.
McGraw-Hill Book
Company, Inc., 239 West 39th St..
New York. Cloth, 165 pages, illustrated.
Price for the manual and
three books of forms with business
papers, $3.00.
This volume is the first unit of a
series of four texts and practice se^s
in elementary- and advanced accounting, theory and practice, systematizing and cost accounting. Unit 1 is designed to provide a first year's course
1.

in

traveling.

with this book in the

pocket, only an instant
of time is required to
gain the information at
just the time it is needed.
It's an invaluable com-

Isaac

Cloth, 140 pages,

syllable divisions,

pronunciation, parts of
speech, and definitions.
It's a dictionary we refer to and it's the dictionary to refer to anywhere at any time. Carry
it as easy as a watch.
Tells you a lot of things
you often want to know

graduated

Size M x 2^< x 5J^ inches,

weight. 2 ounces.
The size
it especially valuableit is always on
hand when
needed. For this reason it is
worth more to most people than
an unabridged, and it gives almost every* word that the average person will ever have occa-

makes

sion to use.

Given as a Christmas
present by many schools
and publishing houses.

bookkeeping and elementary acThe ledger account is used

counting.

as a basis for developing knowledge

of bookkeeping. The text begins with
a discussion of the theory of debit and
credit and gradually
develops the

THE PRACTICAL TEXT BOOK COMPANY,

1739

Euclid Avenue

ijjii.iiit,uj*.i,i.iJ.iijj.iiiJiiiyiiii.u.imu.'ii,.ii,,iJ,ui.i,ii.ii,j.ij.mii.iiiBj.ii)t.u.i

Cleveland, Ohio

&

f^^J&uA/n^^i&iuta&r*

dtiT

BARGAIN PRICES

First Book 108 Pages, others 32 each.

50c worth $50.0C
50c value $25.00
Madarasz Artistic Gems
12c worth { 3.00
34 Alphabets of Lettering
Lessons in Engrossing Script .. 12c value $ 2.00
12c- worth $ 5.00
95 Lessons in Artistic Writing.
12c value $ 3.00
Madarasz Engrossing Script
90c
50c 60 Written Cards
30. Written Cards
C. W. JONES, 224 Main Street Brockton, Mass.

Business Writing 538 Lessons

OMEN

WANTED IN
BANKS

Banks are employing hundreds of women m

very department of bank work, even up to
cashier. Clean, pleasant work with men's pay.
You can learn by mail. Send for free bonk.
"ow to Become a Banker," by Edgar G.
orn, Pres. American School of Banking
185 East State Street, Columbus, O.

MY SPECIAL
A dandy

little book-form Card

Case and a dozen cards with
your name written in my ex-

pert style, sent postpaid for 35c

Send today. Your money back if
not satisfied.

A. P.

MEUB

Penman
PASADENA, CALIFORNIA

Expert
High School

HIGGIN8'

Attention Commercial Schools

There is a Great Demand for Show
Card Writing Courses

BusinessWriting

FAUST, 1024

N.

Robey

St.,

Chicago,

The Eternal Ink

is for general writing in plain orfountain

pens (2 oz. bottle by mail 20c.)
The Engrossing Ink is for
special
writing, engrossing,
etc., (2 oz. bottle by mail 30c.)
These inks write black from the pen
point and stay black forever; proof
to age, air, sunshine, chemicals and

posi-

securing, salary raising kind.

Write for free journal.

tion

FRANCIS

B.

COURTNEY, Box G-492,

Help Bring the Boys

III.

Home

Detroit, Mich.

with W. S. S.

VALUABLE BOOK ON COMMERCIAL PEN LETTERING

ETERNALINK -ENGROSSING INK

WRITES EVERLASTINGLY BLACK

The

by mail.

Foust's Complete Show Card Writer is the

best text published: its contents covers every
medium used in making show cards and engrossing. Its adoption has just been made in
the State of California. Send for catalog.
C. A.

teach rapid, tireless

"Practical Compendium of Commercial Pen Lettering and Designs." (1918 edition, revised and enlarged,
A eomt'spfi*i;illv vrraiieil ami arran^'d for School use.)
plett- instructor in the use ot the Marking, Shading. Plain,
Special. Border and Shadow Lettering Pens. Contains
100 pages 7V x 10W. illustrating US plates of Commercial
Pen Alphabets. D- signs. Show Card Layouts, 'Corners,
Borders, Scroll Designs, etc.. with complete i
This book has a beautiful front ct
for each

[^m^^^WSM

We

guara
printed in three colors and Gold.
as represented or moi
to be exactly
~
Prepaid, $1.00.

book
free.

fire.

If your dealer

dors not

CHAS. M. HI8GINS
271 NINTH ST.

&

Penmanship Teachers

SUPPh

pnmpnAttantion!
CO., MFB.

BROOKLYN,

RqentTnranted

N. Y.

anotoum

in

to get the best results should have

one or more of my large charcoal drawings of
the correct position of the hand, arm and pen,
size 20 x 28 inches. They are large enough to
be seen distinctly for 200 feet. By keeping this
drawing constantly before your class you cannot fail to get wonderful results. Sent in mailing tube, post paid for. $2.00 each. With your

who wish

aim cihj

in thcllnited States

to sell the

most beautiful

War-Service Record
-

--on the market at

13.000.000 IN

the present lime.

name

THE LAST DRAFT

-t I'cru home with a scruicc flaa,

_
unnetcui a prospector buyer

Best Quality at Lowest Prices

Catalog and full-sized samples
sent on request.

Instruction in Designing, Engrossing

and Illuminating, Drawing
and Painting.
Rockland

if you can. otherwise we

Send for full information.

DAKIN, 604 W. Colvln

St.,

shaded
all se-

none

Syracuse, N.Y.

Esterbrook Pens
in America, the
U. S. .Government, uses them; also the
majority of schools and business colleges.
Designed with a knowledge of what is needed in a pen.

The biggest business unit

ART ENGROSSING

to

of voiir school in large,

better.

AW.

Come

name

lected combinations of differentnames

(//////s/y/s.j

teach yon by mail.

or

old english text, $2.60 each.

Send 60 cts. for 12 Reputation cards,

m its

will

s=j HOWARD & BROWN

Send

10c for

samples of the

12

most popular Esterbrook Pens.

ESTERBROOK PEN MFG. COMPANY

50-70 Cooper

Camden,

Street

Rockland, Maine
Mff.ti/IIWA^IIfltilWIII).M.n i>
l

ll4l.iHil'l'Ml l*flJ-i HI-ltil^

l

W--M

J/it ?^&uj//i&j crfut**6r

Gillott's
The Most Perf ect

Pens
o!

Pens

lgiluitts

PRINCIPALITY PEN, No.

Half Tons
REPRODUCED FROM

VICTORIA PEN, NO. 303

pan

DOUBLE ELASTIC PEN,

Gillott's

PENMANSHIP^

No. 604 E. F

Pens have for seventy-five years stood the

most exacting tests at the hands of Professional and

Business Penmen. Extensively imitated but never
equalled, Gillott's Pens still stand in the front rank,
as regards Temper, Elasticity and Durability.

SOLD BY ALL DEALERS

Joseph Gillott
ALFRED FIELD &
93 Chambers

&

Sons

|RGR$SSEDCOTI^

^|HE
En<?.0
Terry
DESIGNERS 1LLVSTRHTORS
-

ENGRZTVERS
(olumbus, Ohio

CO., Sole Agents

NEW YORK

St.

Zanerian Manual
of Alphabets and Engrossing
(A

Work on Modern

Engrossing)

book 8y>xliy2 strongly bound in boards, 136 pages, containing complete courses of inFreehand Lettering, Wash and Pen
in Roundhand, Broad-pen, Penciled and
full-page etchings and halftones of
It presents a large number of beautiful
etc.
examples of pen and brush work from
and
Resolutions, Diplomas, Certificates, Title Pages
the engrossing masters.
The work is thoroughly modern, favoring legibility, speed and the
It unquestionably
beauty of simplicity, rather than too much elaborateness and antiquity.
contains a greater variety of practical styles of lettering and engrossing than any similar
,

struction

Drawing,

work, regardless of size or price.

The detailed instruction given makes the book a self-instructor for the beginner, while the
With the aid of this book you
illustrations furnish inspiring models for the professional.
should soon learn to fill diplomas, engross resolutions, design attractive advertisements, etc.
It instructs and illustrates how to do the work that commands big prices.
Engrossing is a very profitable line of work, and no one will have occasion to regret having
mastered it. Many persons make good sums simply filling diplomas, certificates, etc., aside
from their regular work, as there are thousands to be filled in every community.
The book is a revised, enlarged and greatly improved edition of Xew Zanerian Alphabets.

Over one-half of the material in the new edition did not appear in the former edition.
Thirty valuable full-page instructive illustrations are part of the new material which has
been added. Price $2.00. postpaid.

Zaner

& Bloser

Co. si^^s^^bji^; Columbus, Ohio

dll,IIII.IJJl.l,IJ.I.U;JJllUlliiilllUU'4iJJIIt).HIJ,l.l.l,H,l*J!fl.roffWI^WBW

f^^&ud/ned&isyutafir

How

to Introduce
IT IS

Here

Is

How

It Is

Done

&

Rowe Shorthand

VERY SIMPLE

Let us either qualify a teacher now in your school by correspondence, which we can do in four months,
requiring only a few moments of her time daily, or let us supply you with a capable teacher already
prepared.
In the latter instance, you can put in the system at once; in the former, you should, of
course, not attempt it until your teacher has reached that point where we would pronounce her competent to instruct her classes efficiently.
In either case, when you are ready to put it in. start all your students entering school in Rowe Shorthand, and continue until you have a good, big class, say twenty-five or thirty.
By this time, you will
already begin to observe your Rowe Shorthand students gradually overhauling the students that entered at an earlier date studing another system.
By the time six weeks have passed, the difference will
be so apparent that any question as to continuing it will disappear, and -thereafter the longer you use it.
the better you will be satisfied.
is no fanciful suggestion.
It explains just how Rowe
Shorthand has been introduced in one
school after another, and it is just how it will work out in your school, because the Rowe system
has an absolutely distinct and unquestionable superiority over other systems both in the earlier part
of the course and the advanced work.

This

Do

we cannot prepare teachers properly by correspondence. Just ask us for

we have so prepared and they will come by return mail, when you can write

not say that

of the teachers

the
to

names
them.

Everyone realizes there is room for something better than the Shorthand
Systems that have predominated for the last forty years.
Rowe Shorthand is "something better." and it is only a question of a reasonable time until it will be
the dominating system, because it has dominating finalities that will compel public attention, approval,
and adoption.
Of course, it would be foolish for any school to atcempt to introduce Rowe Shorthand if it were not
anxious to make a success of it. It is a thoroughly scientific system, developed upon definite rules, and
the system must be thoroughly learned to secure the results intended, but it is at no time as difficult
as any other system.
Students progress more rapidly, they are more self-dependent and lean less on the teacher, and attain
is substantial and reliable and positive in less time than in any other system, although we never have and never will make the slightest claim for this advantage of shorter time. We
want to use the time saved in developing phases of shorthand writing that have never been attempted
in connection with other systems for want of time, except by the
few who were willing to give the
necessary time to become expert.

a rate of speed that

Now

is

will be

the time for teachers to take up the teachers' correspondence course by mail. The first lessons
forwarded promptly upon request. There are great opportunities opening for those who will
become competent shorthand teachers.

qualify themselves to

143 Second Street

San Francisco,

Cal.

//?-&

//

sTl/./xJouszy&o.

fl-ifflaaflifffflfflfflmffliiM^

Harlem Square

Baltimore, Md.

mm

'.

Jill

WmM

x
'

I
*

HTHE purpose

T_

"

of com-

sg^ivllHL.

* mercial education is 4H|

fo increase earning Jjm
This

is

the best of

all

reasons

why

BSlft

Wn
every

l
fi

school should teach the skilled use of the

Self-Starting
j

REMINGTON

j
ft

^PHE

trained operators of this

?|

machine possess a high earning

power because they are able to perform a bigger day's work thanks

the time saving Self- Starter.

This automatic indenting mech-

to

anism

I
y

is

an exclusive Remington

feature.

Reminpton Typewriter
Tvoewriter Company
Comoanv
Remington

(Incorporated)

374 Broadway

New

York

ci

m MmMsmmBMaEMmsmamammsmmB^m m

.y/u'.&uj//ute&/lfia*&r

Bliss

$>

Bookkeeping

Special Short Course arranged for use with

or without offices.
Extremely interesting to

the pupil.

Touch

Scientific

Pitman- Graphic

Typewriting
Genuine Touch Operation in the
The Very Best Meth-

Produces

quickest possible time.

The Pitmanic Shorthands were the best

until Challenge Shorthand corrected their
one great weakness, and now Challenge is
the best on earth.

od published.

Simplis Shorthand
Only Ten Short Lessons. Easy to teach, easy
to learn, and easy to read
Graduates hold

\w

the best positions.

Ch

////

nW/

National Dictation
! \!/

WAJ//
P
T

Takes up the work where the textbook loaves

Ch.

Up-to-date business letters.

off.

Special

fea ures.

THE F.H. BUSS PUBLISHING COMPANY

CK

SAGINAW, MICHIGAN
Faithfully lined from

of Well

Reporting Notes

Known Writers,

published by the
the above etching re-

Shorthand Writer,

produces the confused downward directions

of six of the

Well Known Writers; and

rapid notes of

ward

all

directions,

writers, using three

show

It is easily possible

the

down-

like confusion.

to

write left-leaning

and right-leaning strokes rapidly without

confusion.

Challenge Shorthand, retaining the rules

and brevity of the Pitmans, alone utilizes

this safety device two downward directions

A Gregg Summer
Normal Graduate
Writes
my appreciation of
that it is a school
advertisements; whose
splendid teachers are courteous and always
show a personal interest in their students;
and a school where the students are sin"I

can

express

best

Gregg School by saying

that lives up to

its

cere boosters."

Another graduate says: "At the end of

the first week I was well repaid for the
trip in new ideas and inspiration.
I 'can
7

instead of three.

honestly say that I never learned so

in so short a time before."

Challenge Shorthand students excel in

early attainment of speed, and in ready

The need

reading.

available,

always
be

Five Short Steps from Pitmanic to Challenge Shorthand, nine cents, stamps.

Challenge Shorthand Manual, a complete

textbook, $1.25; to teachers, 90 cents.

for

well

qualified

much

teachers has

been greater than the number

and without any doubt there will

most excellent opportunities

due to the increasing interest

cial education everywhere.

in

this

fall

commer-

today for the 15)19 Normal Announcement and start planning to spend
six happy and profitable weeks at Gregg
School next summer.

Write

GREGG SCHOOL,
M.

SCOUGALE,

Weatherford, Tex.

6 N. Michigan Ave.

^3WiTMfflr.f.Mlffl4ltMtB..WI^.J h IIJJJII^IIJJ,yjJ WH!HWrfllH!!BW

1

CHICAGO,

ILL.

<5^&i&ii/teJJ/&<te&i&r

To Primary Teachers

Bookkeeping

Ellis

$>

Interested in Writing
JTLLIS INDUSTRIAL

BOOKKEEPING

exceptionally elastic bookkeeping course.

may be
With

adapted

to

an

is

Stories appeal to children.

the world of Fairy and Fable.

It

Can you

any condition in any school.

office practise or without.

SECTION ONE
Jobbing, Produce and Provision Business.

ness college course or

first

General

Merchandise

Short busi-

year in high school.

SECTION

Anyhow,

TWO

Business.

and

Advanced business

set,

including

elementary,

Advanced business

cost

For one semester

in

and

college course or

high school or for short course in

for

Many

sets.

other special

its

your work in banking.

employed and applied.

Zaner

ELLIS PUBLISHING

a unique little volume designed to delight children

teaching of writing of so-called drudgery.

Bound in black card covers, black and white illustrations, 24 pages, about 5x8 inches, post paid, 50 cents.
Unique, original, adaptable, applicable, vitalizing, concrete,
modern.

Elementary Tablet Method.

Modern Banking

&

Bloser Publishing

Company

Penmanship Specialists
Columbus, O.

COMPANY

BATTLE CREEK. MICHIGAN

Metropolitan System of Bookkeeping

By W.

A.

SHEAFFER

The following are a few reasons why

this

new

text is being

rapidly adopted:
The author is a teacher of elementary bookkeeping, also an expert accountant, and
teacher of advanced accounting.
It is emphatically a modern text educational, vocational, and disciplinary, and conveniently arranged for a combination of class and laboratory methods of instruction.
The emphasis is constantly on the thought side of the subject.
The complete text (402 pages) and divided units, adapt Metropolitan System of Bookkeeping for long or brief courses, and for use of special sets.
There is a careful grading of the work from the beginning, and new subjects are introduced one at a time. A full explanation and script illustrations accompany the introduction
of each new subject, book, transaction, or paper, followed by exercises to be worked out
by the pupil
Business papers are used extensively in only one unit of the system. In the other units
only the essential papers connected with the new features are introduced.
The text does not go to the extreme in the matter of accountancy, but is strictly in accordance with modern accounting practice.
The work, from the beginning, is teachable to pupils of high school age.
Quality of material and workmanship considered, the prices are surprisingly low.

METROPOLITAN TEXT BOOK COMPANY

'"

Publishers of

in

Birds, Frogs. Mice, Bees. Fishes and Woolyworms all act out
the art of writing in their tryouts at flying and jumping and running and swimming, thus suggesting and stimulating the first
struggles in handwriting.
It is not so much a system as an inspiration, suggestion, and
method to interest, instruct and encourage the children in their
primitive practices.
It is concrete in its philosophy of motion and thus it unconsciously stimulates and safeguards motor activity the basis of

fourth semester in high school.

night school, use the

and revel

to relieve the

easily

SECTION THREE
Manufacturing

live

The picture and motion exercises lead to letter motions and

forms and thus to writing. Something original and yet simple and

college course or third semester in high school.

corporation work.

They

a good story or relate a fable that

connects with the work at hand? If so, you'll enjoy
all the more "Funny Fable Folk" in writing by J no.
O. Peterson and Alice E. Strong.
If you can't tell a
story, perhaps this book of fable and fancy in writing
will lead you to discover the secret and philosophy of
both writing and story telling. Who knows?
tell

Metropolitan Series" of Commercial Texts.

37 South Wabash Ave., Chicago

M^i..HMJiJ.up.yjjiHjai!iiiimiaM<.iiBiiiMjiiiajM,iwHiw*^ii^

&

*!!Me&u&n^&&uxifrr

THE GREGG PUBLISHING COMPANY

New York

New
GREGG SPEED STUDIES,

SHORTHAND DICTATION

by John Robert Gregg

it possible effectively to combine theory with pracTeachers say it has done more to advance skill in
shorthand writing than any other book published since the
Gregg Shorthand Manual. All writing and reading material
is
in
shorthand.
"Makes new matter easy."
(Key for
a. h

rs*

us?.)

Honor

of

APPLIED BUSINESS CALCULATION,

Edition, by Rupert P. SoRelle

A short, intensive, but complete course

in

by

C. E.

Birch

for high schools

highly specialized commercial schools.
Embodies the
Rational principle in teaching fingering technique. Develops
quick mastery of the keyboardFeatures correct form and
arrangement and particularly construction work to develop
initiative and ability to handle original problems.
96 pages,

and

bound

Edited by

graded and suitable dictation material is essendevelopment of the highest skill. Grading, charvariety of material, and its informational and
value have been fully considered in preparing
Shorthand Dictation Drills.
The book is printed in large
type (no shorthand), and can be used with any system, or
for typewriting practice.
212 pages, bound in cloth, 75c.
Carefully
tial to the
acter and
educational

328 pages, bound in cloth, $1.00.

Medal

DRILLS,

John Robert Gregg

Makes

RATIONAL TYPEWRITING,

Phelan Building

Publications

tice

San Francisco

Chicago
623 Soutn Wabash Av

77 Madison Avei

series of drills and tests covering the fundamental pro

cessss in arithmetic, and thei
application to business prob
lems adapted for class room vork. Eliminates unproductive
mechanical work and leaves the student free for menta
processes
194 pages, bound n art paper covers, pad form
stiff back. 35c.
Teacher's key 25c.
;

cloth, 85c.

CIVIL SERVICE, by

SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES IN GREGG

SHORTHAND, Edited by Alice M. Hunter

A complete and up-to-date revision of "How." Gives comprehensive information about United States Civil Service
Contains illustrations and numerous specimens
of previous Civil Service examinations and practical problams intended to prepare stenographers and clerks for the
Civil Service.
140 pages, bound in cloth. $1.50.

A compilation of supplementary words .and sentences arranged according to the lessons of th? R?vis2d Manual, supplemented by l?:ters, charts. t?s:s and invaluable practice
Designed for both
material in bo'h shorthand and typ*.
reading and writing practice. Contains word-sign chart for
drills, and other valuable features.
64 pages, bound in art
pap?r covers. 60c. Teacher's key, 25c.

HOW TO PREPARE FOR

E. H. Cooper
employment

VOCABULARY OF GREGG SHORTHAND,

COURT REPORTING

by

Contains an alphabetical list of all the words used in the

revised Manual with page references.
Entirely in type. 54
pages. 60c.

CHRISTMAS CAROL,

KIMBLE'S VOCABULARIES,

by E.

J.

Each part

timony. e;c

lplete
lOsp

new JIm-

Key

25c.

id

pr

:al

adaptation of Gregg Shorthand

40c.

LETTERS FROM A SELF-MADE MERCHANT

TO HIS SON, by George Horace Lorimer

Kimble

Contains the vocabulary of 150 types of business

words.
205 pages, cloth, %\ 50.

court tesin shorthand

to sai
type, 25c each.

entirely

ESPERANTO ADAPTATION OF GREGG

SHORTHAND, by Ernest L. Jackson

by Charles Dickens

Printed entirely in shorthnad to conform to the

SERIES, Edited by John

Robert Gregg
Two 32-page pamphlets

John Robert Gregg

in accordance with the

120 pages, illustrated, cloth,

Enlarged and completely re-written

100.000

n^w Gregg Shorthand Manual.

CREEDS OF GREAT BUSINESS MEN,

Shorthand by Georgie Gregg
P*.

new reading book

in

Gregg Shorthand, 38 pages,

30c.

Ready Soon
CONSTRUCTIVE DICTATION,

CISES, by W.

HAND,
A new

IN

GREGG

REPORTING SHORTCUTS,

SHORT-

by Alice M. Hunter

Gregg
A wealth

reading book adapted to early dictation.

AMERICAN IDEALS,
J. Pelo
Selected patriotic

by

Emma

Serl

Bartholomew

E.

Constructive problems adapted to any textbook.

Teaching business correspondence through dictation.

GRADED READINGS

BOOKKEEPING EXER-

BARTHOLOMEW'S

by Edward Hall

Gardner

by

TEACHERS" HANDBOOK O F
TYPEWRITING, by Rupert P.

and William

Methods and keys

readings.

John

Robert

of speed-giving material for the reporter.

to

all

RATIONAL
SoRelle

editions.

PERSONALITY STUDIES IN PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT,

By Harry
A

Gregg Shorthand

P5

is

'"l'.ff

Collins Spillman

book that opens a new

field

in education.

r
taught exclusively in 79 o of the cities of the United States
whose High Schools teach Shorthand

?g

'

M*

1id!M-.Hffl!BS

&

fe&it&neM/<3'46u&&r'
JUST PUBLISHED

Pitman's Shorthand

ABOUT

Rapid Course

TYPEWRITING

Complete Business Course

TWENTY Short
<l

CJ

in

Lessons

"A

The object of this book is to orovide a simple and rapid course of instruction for

its

way

book

tion

those persons who wish to acquire the

ability to write shorthand within a very

merits.

short period and mainly for business

purposes.
The principles are introduced in an entirely new order and with certain groupings
that have never previously been adopted.
The learner is enabled to write separate words in the first lesson, and he is
introduced to sentence writing in the

resistance,

third.
The whole.of the explanatory matter, with
the essential exercises illustrating this
There is,
is contained in 98 pages.
however, an appendix with a generous
supply of additional reading matter and
writing exercises.
Position writing is introduced with the
first lesson, the halving principle in the

fourth lesson, and Phraseography with

the diphthongs.

What Teachers

Say:

"I wish to tell you what a sple did book I have found Pitman's 'Shorthand Rapid Course.' It is the bsst text that I
h pie;
have yet seen in Pitmanic shorthand,
better than I usually
report that my results in one term s
think that word
attain with the 'Course' in two ter s.
I
building principle so completely used n this textbook makes
The >mission of exceptional
the study from it very simple.
words and the carefully selected v( abularly makes it the
Charles
proper work to use where the time
nited."
Frank, Teacher of Isaac Pitman Shorthand, New York Un
nd Washington Irving High School, New York.
nty,
"I have just had a
'Shorthand Rapid Cour
from cover to

carefully

opportunity of examining Pitman's

and having gone through the book
I find it to be the most practical

'

iver

shorthand textbook I h:
ever seen. The points which appeal
to me most favorably a
the following: 1. Beautiful text and
letter press work, ever;
rery outline being perfectly engraved from
beginning to end.
2.
The novel and practical arran^men.:
of the principle
bringing those most easily learned in'o
close juxtapositi
and at the same time preserving their
Marvelous condensation, the principles of
logical sequence,
the entire system lucidly
plained and illustrated within one
ndred pages
t
useful appendix, containing additional exercises together with a list of useful phrassograms,
also all the grammalogs and contractions arranged alphabetically and phonetically.
The Additional Exercises impress me
as being particularly valuable, not only to teachers who desire

Touch Typewriting," by
in its Fourteenth Edition, has
foremost place as an instructouch typewriting by its own intrinsic
the most constructive system of type-

Practical Course in

now

Chas. E. Smith,

won

in

It is

to the

writing ever devised.

It

follows the line of least

becomes a skillful

so that the student

operator with

minimum amount

of effort.

IT

TRAINS ALL THE FINGERS ALL THE TIME.

The

fingers are trained first on those keys over

which they are naturally held when in their norposition.
It is scientifically and pedagogically
mal
correct.
It is a remarkable fact that all the World's Typewriting Championships and all the Typewriting
Records are held by typists who learned typewriting by means of Balanced Hand Methods.

Miss Margaret B. Owen, four times winner of

the World's Professional Championship, is a Balanced Hand Typist, having learned by going from
the outside keys toward the center.
Miss Owen
afterward worked through all the exercises of "A
Practical Course."

Miss Hortense S. Stollnitz, holder of the World's

Novice Record and Amateur Champion for the
year 1916, learned touch typewriting from
tical Course."

"A Prac-

Mr. George L. Hossfeld, the present World's

Professional Champion, and also holder of the
World's Amateur Record of 145 net words a minute, learned from "A Practical Course."

Miss Bessie Friedman also learned from "A

Practical Course." Miss Friedman holds a unique
At a recent
record in the typewriting world.
contest in New York City she wrote
at the rate of 13:2 perfect words a minute for 15
Miss Friedman held the World's Amaminutes.
She now
teur Championship for the year 1914.
holds the World's Record for ACCURACY. The
winning of this distinction is considered one of the
greatest achievements in typewriting history.

ACCURACY

to give to

pupils in the regular course additional illustrative

tests and for teachers using other
W. L. Mason, Polytechnic High

work, but useful also for

Isaac Pitman textbooks."

School, Santa Monica, Cal.

Cloth, gilt lettering, 198 pages, $1.50.

Teachers' Examination Copy, postpaid, $1.00.

You can buy a

buy a

LARGER but you

BETTER book

A Practical Course in Touch Typewriting

Fourteenth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Price: Stiff Paper
Cover, 60c; Cloth, 35c. Teacher's Examination Copy,
postpaid, 40c and 57c, respectively

ISAAC PITMAN & SONS

Mention School.

2 West Forty-Fifth Street,

ISAAC PITMAN & SONS

2 West Forty-Fifth Street,

cannot

New York

SI. 00.

jii.im.uii.i.M.>.ujj.iiuiwi)ii .M.i.a'f.'ii).n.,i.i,u.i,ii.Hii,!Hini.itiH-l
<

New York

Publishers of "Isaac Pitman's Spanish Shorthand." SI 30

"Isaac Pitman's French Shorthand," 50c. ; "Isaac Pitman's
German Shorthand," 60c. "Isaac Pitman's Latin Shorthand,"

VOLUME XXIV

COLUMBUS, OHIO, JANUARY,

EDUCATOR

The BUSINESS

Editor

Remittances should be made by Money Order

or Bank Draft, or by currency at sender's risk.

Stamps accepted.

Two Editions. The Teachers' Professional

Edition contains 40 pages, 8 pages of
are devoted to Accounting, Finance. .Math
matics, English, Law, Typewriting, Advertis
entions, etc., and Departments spec
ially suited t
needs of teachers, principals
and propriet
The Students' Penmanship Edition contains
32 pages and is the same as the Professional
Edition, less the 8 pages devoted to commer
cial subjects.
This edition is speciallv suifd
to students in Commercial, Public and Private
schools, and contains all of the Penmanship.
Engrossing, Pen Art, and Lesson features of
the Professional Edition.
is

to

devoted to the pro-

and practical interests of Business

and Penmanship.
It purposes to
inspire and instruct both pupil and teacher
'nterests of those engaged
ell

of

dress,

vance,

We

lowed
sent to

to

forward journals

them

unless
for that purpose.

postage

is

right.

If

you do

the 10th of each

not acknowledge rekindly consider first

receive as sufficient
you
ubscription all
?ceive V ur journal by
,

plea se

notify

us.

Advertising Rati
furnished upon application.
The Business Educator is purchased and
read by the most intelligent and well-to-do
among those inters ted in business education

and penmanship
England, and r early

L'nited States, Canada,

ountry on the
tes, not al
among business
proprietors, teache
hers and pupils, but
also among principal
f
commercial departments of High and Normal Sch _._ and Colvell as among office wqrkers, home
students, etc.
college

Rates to Teachers, Agents, and Club Raisers

upon application. Write for them whether

are in a position to send few or many
subscriptions.
Sample copies furnished to asin securing subscriptions.
sent

iu

sist

\\ ith

out

this

heavy hearts we have gotten

issue

EDUCATOR.
to

Subscribers.
If we do
ceipt of your subscription,
copy of the journal you
evidence that we re
d

feel

my

my

high

inability to

opinion
a

convey

in

words

of the man.
He
man and possessed

large number of friends from one

end of the country to the other, who
will be greatly shocked to learn of his
sudden death. He was known far and
wide as one of the highest authorities
on matters pertaining to penmanship,
and was also recognized as one of the
a

.:bli.

nercial edu

Change of Addrtss If you change your adbe sure to notify us promptly (in adif possible),
and be careful to give the
old as well as the new address.
lose many
journals each issue through negligence on the
part of subscribers.
Postmasters are not al-

her.

was every inch

ducation

Columbus hos-

Mr. Zaner and I have been partners

in business for the past twenty-seven
years, but on this occasion I keenly

fressive

n the
nstitutii

in

Mr. Zaner was an ardent lover of

nature, and his chief recreation was
in
portraving her in water color
painting and in automobiling through
the country. He has generously taken
the writer and his family, as well as
many others, on many delightful
trips.
It was not an uncommon thing
for him to stop his machine to view
a sunset or a landscape.
To be with
him at such times, or while he was
painting a scene, one would soon discover the strength with which nature
in her diversity and beauty drew him

Published monthly (except July and Angus;)

118 X. High St., Columbus, O.. as follows:
Teachers' Professional Edition, $1.00 a year
Students' Penmanship Edition, 75 cents
subscriptions 20 cents extra; Canadian subscriptions 10 cents extra).

The Business Educator

condition

pital.

Business Manager
Zaner & Bloser, Publishers and Owners

NUMBER V

critical

Entered at Columbus, O., Post Office as 2nd Class Matter

C. P. Zaner,
E. W. Bloser,

1919

whom we

of

Our

THE BUSINESS
Editor, our Chief,

went

for counsel,
advice and instruction has been taken
from us without a moment's warning.
all

C. P. Zaner is dead.
He was killed
an automobile accident seven miles
from Columbus at six-thirty o'clock

in

Sunday evening, December 1st, 1918,

while
returning from
Westerville,
where he had gone to visit friends.
It seems that a Pennsylvania train
gave no warning of its approach in
the darkness and while at full speed
struck Mr. Zaner's machine, killing
instantly Mr. Zaner, his wife's sister,
Mrs. Mary Irvin, and seriously injuring Mrs. Zaner, who now lies in a

skillful penmen in the world.

Our hearts ache for the widow in
her loss of a husband she worshiped.
Nothing could be more beautiful than
his devotion to her.

most

It seems impossible that we shall

never again have the privilege of
hearing his gentle voice or of grasp-

ing his friendly hand.

Farewell, brother, and companion

our boyhood days!
We shall
endeavor to heed the lessons of your
noble and inspiring life. Farewell!
since

E.

W.

Bloser.

M*&utih<M&&uMfcr

&

Developmental Practice
IN

Rapid Movement Writing

By

Columbus, Ohio, R. D. No. 8

MOVEMENT EXERCISES
The purpose

movement exercises is to establish certain of the nerve connections for definite writing motions.
Repetition of motor impulse makes for improvement in control of energy and accordingly facilitates execution.
Obviously the movement exercise should be developmental in character. There should exist, in other words,
of

a close relationship between the drill and the letter form evolved.
Exercises should function chiefly in overcoming technical difficulties in performance.
The so-called oval and the straight line exercises are designed to cultivate freedom and rhythm of motion,
establish simple co-ordinations for control, re-establish circulation, and afford opportunity for the writer to observe
correct position and to make proper adjustments for the easy running of the writing mechanism.
The reverse or "indirect" oval exercise may advantageously be used to develop such capitals as Q, B, J, and for
the upper- or over-turns, left curves or reverse motions as in small
and n. The awkwardness usually found in
practicing reverse or clockwise movements is very good reason why it needs to be given more serious attention.
The left-handed writer finds this movement to be more readily controlled than the "direct" motion.
Capitals O, A, C, E, D logical^' and practically evoh-e from the "direct" oval motion, as well as do all letters
containing lower- or under-turns, right curves or "direct" movements.
The straight line or "push and pull" exercise is good introductory practice for letters embodying straight line
elements, such as capitals P, B, R, M, N, J, small t, d, p, and others.
Undue emphasis should not be placed upon the movement or drill phase of writing with a corresponding sacrifice in quality of letter formation.
When movement, and especially speed is stressed, the result is a perverted and
distorted concept of both form and motion.
It must be remembered, however, that exercises are only means to an end
the true goal-idea being increased
facility, practical rapidity and maximum endurance for the writing act.

Development of s. Exercise 1. Start with an upward curve, reverse motion, swing into the horizontal retraced
oval and finish as an s. Count: curve-s-l-2-3-4-5-6-dot. Trace exercise w-ith dry pen and study proportions. Make
several lines of the drill one space high, then reduce one-half in the practice.
Exercise 2. Similar to No. 1 with final stroke attached. Pause slightly at the bottom of s at the little arrow
before finishing.
Count: curve-under-1-2-3-4-5-6, swing. Reduce to one-half space in later practice.
Exercise 3. Study proportions closely.
Draw first form in the tracer and increase speed in retracing until
confidence and power is developed. Count: curve-close-fiuish, or 1-^-3, or 1, 2 for the up strokes only. Watch
position.

Exercise 4. Swing from the retraced "direct" oval to the s without pause. Count: 1-2-3-4-5-6 -S, swing. For
Practice each number or exercise, letter, etc., across the page, and not as arranged
s, count: 1-2-3 or 1. 2.
development.
Exercise 5. Count: 1-2-3-4-5-6-stop, 1-2. 3-4, 5-6, swing.
Practice line after line.
Close each s, and space
equally.
Cultivate an easy, swinging, rocking lateral action. Keep it up!
Exercise 6. The reversed, retraced oval attachment aids in developing the controlling pause for closing s.
Pause at small arrow and go to the letters in group-form.
Exercise 7. The S. O. S. exercise is a good one to develop freedom and control in forming the under curve in
s.
Count: curve-1-2-3-4-5-6, glide-1-2-3-4-5-6, curve-1-2-3-4-5-6, swing.
Exercises 8 and 9.
Count: curve-close, 1-2-3-4 to 10, or 1-2. 1-2-3, etc. Begin and end the i-like action with
a small s. Be careful to keep top sharp and to close at the base.
Exercises 10, 11, 12. Alternate s with such letters as e, r, o, etc. Practice a page or more of these excellent
"movement and form" combinations. Observe uniform spacing. Note size, slant and finishing strokes. Close s,
loop e, shoulder r, round out and close o at top. In No. 12, s does not close at bottom when joined to o.
The practice words are good ones for application of s. Write freely and plainly. Criticise your efforts, then
practice to improve.
Developmental Exercises. Frequent practice upon these drills will aid in developing strength of movement and
lightness of touch. Each line and variation should be written many times. Almost all penmen use similar drills to
"trim up" on before writing copies, etc.
In lines 1 and 2 gradually diminish the height or extent of the movement.
Be as systematical as possible in
your practice work. Make each page a model in neatness of arrangement. Strive to make some improvement on
every line attempted. Watch position for health and efficiency. Make an inventory of yourself from time to time,
as concerns your sitting and writing habits.
single

in the

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Development of U. Exercise 1. Make the small reverse compact oval at the rate of from 200-250 revolutions
Keep lines closely spaced. Use a light elastic touch of the pen to the paper. Try the reverse loop
a minute.
exercise as shown in the copy to the count: start-1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10.
Exercise 2. Start the small open loop rightward and downward. Go quickly into the direct elongated oval
attachment and complete. Count: loop-l-2-3-4-5-6-swing. Keep in mind the form of capital U.
Practice this drill thoroughly.
Exercise 3. Count: loop-l-2-3-4-5-6-down-down-down-etc.
Keep slant and
spacing regular. Make downward lines rather closely spaced.
Exercise 4. Start the capital U and retrace the last down stroke six times. Down strokes should slant simiAlternate with the single capital U.
larly.
Make turn rounding at top.
Exercises 5 and 6. Keep the small initial loop out from the left side of the U.
Both down strokes should slant alike. Do not loop the second part. Finish like capital A. Count: 1-2-3. Drop
Study form of letter carefully. Practice freely with the arm movement.
finish pulls in the direction of the elbow.
Keep space, slant and size regular.
Alternate the U and N line after line. Think clearly and act quickly.
Exercises 7, 8, 9, 10 are excellent to combine the capital and small letter movements. Earnest effort on these
Write each of the words many times. These words were written very freely while sitting
will be worth while.
Be sure of your position. Be sure to round out the tops of n and m, close o, a, d and p, cross
in a good position.
and dot i, hook the c, loop the e and 1, and watch the shoulder of r.
t
may
connect very practically with small letters in the writing of words, or it may be made
The capital U
freely and well with a "drop curve" as shown in "Uncle" and "Utica."
To designate that one style of U should be used in preference to the other would be an emphasis of non-essential features.
To insist on a certain style would be sheer pedantry. Use the one you like and can make best.

Development of t. Be sure that the body, hand, pen and paper are in correct position.
Start with a forceful upward curve.
1 and 2 begin and finish like t.
Go quickly into the straight
1-2-3-4-5line exercise.
Watch slant, size and quality of line. For exercise 1 count: curve-1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10
6-7-8 1 9-10-swing.
For exercise 2 count: start-l-2-3-4-5-curve. Keep spacing uniform between the drills. A light
touch is desirable and should be cultivated.
Exercise 3.
Count: curve-1-2-3-4-5-6 1-2-3-4-3-6-7-8. Emphasize the down strokes. Aim to combine strength
Exercises

movement with

lightness of touch.
Spacing, slant and height should be uniform.
Exercise 4. Alternate the drill and two letters made singly. Retrace the t half its height and cross carefully
at two-thirds its height above the base line.
Exercises 5 and 6. Every good t should contain a good i.
Curve the up stroke and make the down stroke
Retrace one-half its length.
Keep turn narrow at base line. Cross the main stem stroke
straight and slanting.
1-2-3,
1-2,
cross
strokes)
for
single
carefully.
Count:
cross or
(up
t, and 1-2-3, cross for "double" t.
Exercise 7. Alternate in word-like manner t and i, t and u, t and o, etc. Observe uniformity of size, slope and
raise
spacing. Always cross the t with care.
Do not
the pen. Cross the t's last. Never form a loop in making
of

letter

t.

Exercise 8. The words "tuition" and "tattoo" are good for study and application practice. Spacing should be
wider between than in letters. Keep slant regular. Close o and a, dot i, and cross t, begin and end words with
care and freedom.
Be plain, graceful and rapid. Practice separately each of the words in the suggestive sentence.
"Direct attention to the retraced part of letter t" is an excellent thing to bear in mind during the practice and at
all times when writing.

Development of V. Exercise 1. Be sure of position. Relaxation of arm muscles is essential to freedom and
control. Think clearly, and act quickly.
Count: 1-2-3-4-5-6, swing. Pause momentarily at the top on the count of
Make the ovals narrow and of similar slope, size, spacing.
6 before finishing.
First study what is wanted and then practice intelligently. Keep oval
Count: loop-1-2-3-4-5-6, swing.
Exercise 3. Count: loop-1-2-3-4-5-6-7, swing. Make down strokes regular in spacing, length and slant. Use
push and pull action. Ease of movement at a controlling rate of speed is essential. Practice line after line of this
drill.
Be systematic in arranging work on the page. Watch position.
Exercises 4 and 5. These drills are good to develop power and confidence in beginning and ending the V.
Mental alertness is necessary to develop skill. Pause slightly at the finish of V.
Watch spacing
Keep body of letter
Exercise 6. Count: 1-2-3-4- V, finish for the drill and 1-2, 3 for V.
Quality of line should be smooth, free and firm.
relatively narrow.
Exercise 7. Count: 1-2-3 for V. Start the initial loop downward toward the right. V starts like U or N and
finishes like small v.
Study forms carefully and make frequent comparisons with the copy.
Exercises 8 and 9. Count: loop-1-2, 1-2, 1-2, etc. Keep turns similarly rounding at both top and bottom. Do
not raise the pen. Spacing, size and slope are important. Gradually diminish the V in size to small v in five acts.
Exercise 10. Alternate the capital and small letter movements.
Many of the capitals and small letters a.e
essentially similar in construction, differing chiefly in size.
Count: 1-2-3 for both letters. Practice a page or more

Exercise 2 starts and ends like capital V.

narrow and pause gently before final stroke.

of this drill.
"Air. Vernon V.

the line separately at

Vascome, Windsor, Vt." is a good line for practice on capital V.

first.
"Miss Verna Victoria Vance. Vassar," is also a suggestive

Development of D. Exercise 1. Touch the paper lightly

fourth fingers. Roll the arm on the muscle near the elbow.
retrace.
Finish freely and gracefully.

with the pen.

Count

1-6

Try each

of the

Glide the hand upon the

for the oval

words

in

line.

and

1-6

for

the

rhird
straight

and
line

Exercise 2. Start like small a and go quickly into the st-a:s?ht line compact exercise at abiut 203 down strokes
a minute.
Count 1-8 and repeat for the push-and-pull. Close the a part of the drill and keep the lower turn narrow
Slant should be uniform.
at finish of exercise.
Exercise 3. Count: start-oval-1-2-3-4-5 1-2-3-4-5.
Let the count fall on the down strokes. The retraced stem
of the d may be omitted as shown.
Count: curve-d-1-2-3-4-5-6.
Exercise 4. Alternate drill and single letter, line after line.
See that the slant of straibht down strokes is
uniform. Close the "a" part of d. Keep lower turn narrow.
Exercise 5. Count: curve, 1-2-3-4-finish for the drill and 1-2-3 for the d. This time emphasize up strokes in
the d.
Give attention to slant, size and spacing.
Exercise 6. Each d should contain an a and an uncrossed t. Keep the turns at base line rather narrow. Always close the d, and avoid looping the stem. Count: 1-2-3 on up strokes or "a-1-2" for down strokes. The oval
part would be made on the count of 1 and the stem on 2. Watch position.

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and 8. Alternate d and a, or d and t in the practice. Strive for uniformity in size of oval, in slant
of down strokes, and in spacing between letters.
Close a and d and cross the t.
Write several pages of these
letters.
Pause occasionally to study copy and make comparisons. These may also be joined in groups of four.
Practice the words "date*' and "paddle" in a free, graceful and confident manner.
Cultivate ease and strength
in your gliding action between letters.
Do not lift the p;n while writing the words.
The sentence contains many elements or principles f und in small d. Each of the words should be practiced
separately and then as given in the copy. This sentence does not begin with a capital letter, but is an exception
Exercises

to the rule.

Review

of

Numbers.

Write the figures

1234567S

9
four times across the page as shown in copy.
Be quick, be neat. Kee > them small and spaced properly.
the figures in two vertical columns.
Study plan of arrangement. Spacing and size
of figures are important.
Plenty of white space around the numbers makes them easily read or recognized. Practice line after line of this column arrangement.
Pause at times to study, compare, and to note improvement.
All of the groups of numbers in the last division of the copy are called "magic squares."
Each column of the
square will add 15 any way you go. 2, 4, 6 and 8 on the corners and 5 in the middle is the key to the grouping.
Add them, try them, write them plainly, freely, systematically.
Always close 8, 9,
and 6. Keep 4 low. 1 and 4 stop on the base line. 7 and 9 go below the line a trifle.
Cap 5 last. Start 8 like italic "s."

Make them,

first

of

all,

plainly.

Turn paper and practice

Development of p. Exercise 1 contains the principal motions found in small p. Retrace the straight line six
times, adding initial and final strokes as shown in copy. Retrace the reverse oval six times. Pause momentarily for
change of motion. Be free, graceful, and rapid.
2.
Study proportions of drill. Start on the base line, retrace the stem stroke four tmies and go to
Count: curve-1-2-3-4 1-2-3-4. Act quickly.
Exercise 3.
Count: curve-l-2-3-4-oval, swing. Pause slightly before finishing. Close letter at base line, Keep
slant uniform and spacing regular between drills.
Exercise 4. Alternate the drill and letter to the count:
curve-pull-1-2-3-4-5,
swing, curve-pull-oval,
swing.
Think clearly before acting.
Exercises 5 and 6. Curve the up stroke of p considerably, and retrace the lower part up to the base line, then
make the reverse oval closed at bottom, and finish. Count: 1-2-3-4 at the rate of from 45 to 50 a minute.' join
four letters to the count: Start
1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-8, swing.
Make down strokes when counting 1, 3, 5 and 7. The
sentence is a timely suggestion. Practice each word individually before writing sentence as a whole. Always keep
slant, spacing and size uniform.

Exercise

the reverse oval retrace.

Contributions in

A Good

Business and Social Writing

G. D.
Evanston,

Illinois,

GRISET

Means

Handwriting
Well Trained

and that is
to Efficiency.

Hand,

Key

the

Township High School

LESSON

No. 10

This lesson, being the last, is devoted to page writing.

If you've worked diligently on the previous lesson,
you'll not find this one very difficult.
Often, the ability to write a good, clear cut letter (of application) gives one a chance to prove his worth in
some desired position. Good writing, like music, has an universal appeal. Everyone admires a graceful, flowing,
business handwriting.
So, oftentimes, a well-penned letter of application has a greater influence on the reader than
most applicants imagine. Even though writing may not be part of the work to be demanded of the desired employee, a well written application has its good effect, for the employer knows that it took willpower and stick-to-itiveness to acquire the required skill. and willpower and the ability to stay with a job till he accomplishes it, is what
all employers want their employees to possess.
Don't think (as some people do) that poor penmanship signifies a high plane of mental development.
It
doesn't, for I've met many boneheads who were miserable penmen, and I've run across some brainy men who were
good penmen.
I'm grateful to Principal Wilfred F. Beardsley for the following letter, expressing his opinion of the value of
penmanship. Mr. Beardsley's opinion carries weight, for he is not only a thoroughly wide awake educator, but a
master of Latin, Greek, Sanscrit, etc. In spite of the above mentioned accomplishments, he has had time, in his
busy career, to become a very good penman.
The other letter expresses my attitude toward the Zanerian College. Having profited very much from the time
I spent as a student at that institute, I wish, in this way, to put others wise to the fact that I consider it the mecca
for all ambitious penmen.
If you intend to take up writing as a profession, don't waste time; go to the Zanerian right away.
You will make better headway if you concentrate your effort on one thing at the time.
Write each of these letters over and over again, and try each time to improve the margins, slant, spacing, and
general appearance. Don't be satisfied with four or five copies make about twenty of each.
In conclusion, I wish to say that I've refrained from inserting various forms, or styles of letters, some of
which might have pleased certain readers more than these that I've presented.
I believe one should learn to do well one thing at a time.
Being limited to ten lessons, I chose the letters that
I considered easiest to learn, and most rapid in execution, although, in so doing, I found it necessary to omit some
graceful styles that I admire more.

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EDITOR'S PAGE

Too many rules kill the

many restrictions kill

PENMANSHIP EDITION

Change the form of

when its style blocks improvement.
Improve writing and monkey as little
with style as necessary.
Too many

Our Policy: Better Writing Through

Improved Teaching and Methods.
Form with Freedom from the Start.

THIS CHRISTMAS
This Christmas, above all others, it
seems to us, is the Christmas of serChrist Himself served in order
vice.
to save, and service must continue to
he the key to salvation. Therefore we
wish for all salvation in proportion to
service; that salvation which means
peace of mind, a clear conscience, and
the joy of living and serving and loving.

"Peace on earth, good will toward

men" now seems nearer to reality
than ever before;
real

as

it

is

ideal.

may

it become as
The wholesome

outlook upon life; the optomism that

breeds and spreads cheer; and the
faith in fellowman that is willing to
risk and to give the "benefit of doubt"
is

the

day

life

practical application in every

of the biblical declarative in-

spirit.

Too

spontaniety.
writing only

teachers are stylists rather than constructionists.

They are sticklers for
their particular form of letters and
are too narrow to know that there
are others just as good and better for
some individuals.
So let us develop the individual by
adapting writing to his needs as well
as by training him into universal formalities in reading or recognition of
For
that which has been written.
there are usually two or more parties

concerned
message

in

handwriting and

its

the writer and reader or

Enough

formality for easy

reading is nine-tenths of all the form
that needs to be taught. And enough
arm co-operation with the fingers to
increase ease of execution is about
all there is to the over-worked movement phase of teaching and execution.
On with more efficient and less
technical instruction and writing.
readers.

junction quoted above.

So with the spirit of charity, grate-

To those still in war service and

away from home, we wish them all
they deserve in that peace of mind

is

being changed to conform to

Handwriting inthe "New Order."

struction, even more than the art
one of the changed and
is
itself,
changing theories and practices.
Many lament the passing and modification of technical formalities and

Xow! Young Men!

is

the

Do you

Language?
Then
Shorthand would serve you well berelish

cause it is the tool of language expressed upon paper.

Do you enjoy Arithmetic? Then
Accountancy would appeal to you, because it is the language and record of

for the welfare of the pupil or for

the welfare of the art itself for universal language usage.
must recognize that the ideal
hand is a combination or blending of
the individual and the universal the
formal hand or style of writing needs
to be fitted to the individual before
it becomes truly serviceable as a lan-

values.

vehicle.
Many a good hand
has been lost to the world through a
nagging insistence that pupils sit just
so, move just so, and write just so.

Agriculture, Manufacture, Merchandising, Salesmanship, Mechanics,

Chemistry, etc., appeal to you stronger than Shorthand or Bookkeeping or

guage

solve.

THIS

NEW YEAR

This New Year comes pretty near

being a new year in outlook, in opportunity, and in service. If it is not
a new year in each of these, then we
have not lived and loved and served

For certain it is that in spite

whatever discord and chaos that
exists, the world is less bound
tradition and dominition than ever

fully.

of

still

to

before.

This New Year of 1919 opens with

different horizon than that which
confronted 1918, and therefore the
mental and spiritual outlook is stimulating, particularly if our livers are
not clogged by gluttony and our consciences by profiteering. And few indeed of our readers are troubled with

these suicidal physical and spiritual

conditions, for the profiteer does not
subscribe to the B. E., but to secret

time to

Xow, before y >u

choose a career.
Success
settle back into old grooves.
and happiness hinges upon doing two
enjoys
thing
one
things: doing the
doing, and doing the thing the world
well.
needs done and doing it
Now is the time to qualify in the
things you are qualified by nature
to do well and enjoyably and which
the world needs.

mannerisms, but growth itself is

Teachers of writing, both
change.
special and general, were too much
wrapped up in the hair-line distinctions in form, position, and movement

We

all

Civil life will look good to

those who have served world life, and
will be employed to serve a larger and
more universal good than the world
has ever experienced.
This New Years opens auspiciously
to all who aspire, and to all such we
extend greetings and well wishes for
individual freedom, believing that to
be the key to world deliverance and
Co-operaa desirable world destiny.
tion, consideration, and trustfulness
are the spiritual and material keys to
world peace and prosperity.

the welfare of the world.

This Christmas, as never before, we
are glad to be a part of the nation
which above all others has stood for
world democracy, and fought for it
when it was a mere theory, and persevered in it for a hundred and fortythree years until it seems a probable
Amen.
reality in the near future.

thing

in order to succeed
any line of life's work,
have financial problems to

financially in

because

dollars.

and
description
surpasseth
which
which alone can be the heritage of
for
and
serve
sacrifice
those who both

Political ideals and social casts are

not the only human institutions and
customs that are being smashed and
modified by the war, but nearly every-

mercial education

bonuses instead.
This New Year begins with wideopen doors of opportunity to many
who never before knew the salvation
of service, the brotherhood of man,
the chance to make good in deeds and

fulness, and brotherhood animating

our hearts, we wish for you all that
you wish for others.

HANDWRITING IDEALS

Penmanship, then you should qualify

in those lines.
But this fact is significant, that all persons need a com-

Do you admire good Penmanship?

Then

the teaching or supervision of

writing or the engrossing of diplomas
and resolutions would appeal to you
and serve you and humanity.
There is an increasing demand for
all three of these lines of activity and
at

PARTIAL CONTENTS
Of the Professional Edition of
this

Number

of the Business

Educator
Editorials.

Mental Meanderings. Carl Marshall,

Battle

Creek, Mich.

Part Seven of the Official Report of the Chicago Convention of the N. C. T. Federation.

good compensation.

Bookkeeping Viewpoints. W. A.
Sheaffer.

The

Milwaukee.

Business

Letter.

The

Goodrich Rubber Company.

If

News Notes and

Notices.

EDITOR'S PAGE
PROFESSIONAL EDITION
A Forum

for the Expression of

Convictions and Opinions Relating to Commercial Education

THE

1919

The outlook

war
such

for

course but

who

entered the

will

now pursue

.service instead
a course upon

entering civil life.

those who have been
injured will take up such work under

And many

of

the tuition of Uncle Sam, who will pay

the tuition bill.
Thousands, too, who had no intention of going to school but who have
been aroused to the benefits and importance of an education, will now
turn to the' commercial school for
training in efficiency in the fundamentals of Spelling, Penmanship, English
and Arithmetic, and in the technical
subjects of Bookkeeping, Shorthand,

Typewriting, Business Laws and Customs, Commercial Geography, etc.

At this time there appears to be no

Eastman at the Mustering Out stations, as in '65, but times have changother methods will be em-

ed and
ployed.

It

significant

is

that

in

'65

Commercial
Education
was
little
known, unrecognized, and looked
down upon by those who did know its
real value, but today the government
itself is looking to the better
cial schools for commercial

commertraining,

while high-brow institutions are introducing commercial courses.

What a change! What an outlook
for 1919!

MENTAL

MEANDERINGS
CARL

C.

MARSHALL

Battle Creek, Mich.

The

Call to the

So

may

far as the

Commercial Schools
fighting goes, the war

be considered over. But the

new job that the
has
for
world has not yet
gun. So suddenly

made

big

war
the
he-

has
cyclone
ended that we have
hardly had time to
note the changed
landscape
and the
wreckage that it has
the

great

of

San

situation

scratched America economically.

spite our war wastage, we are

Dein

vastly better position industrially than

we were five years ago. While Europe

owes us more than seven billions, our
own war debt is owed to our own
people, which is a tremendous difference.
From now on, Xew York will
be the world's banking center, and
with unimpaired man-power and augmented industrial resources all along
the line, we shall be, whether we will
it

in

or no, the world's dominating figure

commerce.
The thing in

commercial

all this

that should give

pause

educators

and

the evident fact that from

this day forward, there will be as
never before, a demand for trained

thought,

voting
the

is

men and women

work

Thousands
skilled

to

carry on

of business offices by

ern business
Hereafter,
of our times
more than
schools for
in

mod-

methods.
business schools worthy
have to be something

will

clerk

and drill
and typing.

factories

shorthand

of offices will want people

the use of comptometers,

manifolding machines,

filing

systems,

and many other devices of the modern

the great sales organizations will be on the hunt for men
trained in the psychology of salesmanship, and with the address and
initiative to fit them for going to
Europe, Asia and South America as
successful missionaries of American
office.

Also,

commerce.
There will be needed
thousands of first class accountants,
and especially, cost accountants, and
other thousands who know enough
about commercial law, banking and
finance to make trusted departmental
and business managers.

The dawn

of great things is at hand,

brethren of the schools of comare you going to be ready
when the sunshine breaks through the
hills, or are you just going to mosey
along in the same old rut?
It is up to you.

my

merce;

An Hour

with the

Sage of Holyoke

Nobody who has

been reading the
Business Educator

for the last ten years, needs any "have

with us this evening" stuff as a prelude to wdiat I am going to jot down
about Charley Cragin. Long ago, he
introduced himself to us better than
anybody could do it for him. But he
has stuck to his job so long in the
little Massachusetts town on the Connecticut, that not many of you have
had a chance, as I have had, to get a
Well, he is just
"close up" on him.

Franciscoo

after
the fire.
or are
Stolid autocracies that have
vegetated for tens of centuries are
being converted into seething democracies. The magic bottle has been
uncorked and the giant is free. There
will be an end of kings and other pets
of
fortune
wdio
have held swav

Crowned heads have toppled

toppling.

products

it was
makes me think

again will the world be what

The

food

in

in cotton, coal, iron, and manufactures will make us both purveyor

and carrier to the impoverished lands
of Europe
impoverished both in men
and in products. The war has hardly

and

Never

left in its path.

bet. ire.

through the privileges of caste and

birthright instead of merit.
At first
the new order will affect Europe more
than America, politically. The great
change here will be industrial and economic. For the first time, we shall be
a great maritime nation with our flag
waving in every harbor in the world.

Our pre-eminence

OUTLOOK

commercial schools
for 1919 is promising.
Thousands of
young men who contemplated a commercial

&

JPu-^uj//itjjdiun&r

about what you would expect a big

expansive, offhand sort of person, as
void of pretense as his finely formed
head is of hair, stout and rosy, with
smiles breaking out all over his mo-

and a sense of humor that is

ever sprouting as spontaneously as
wild flowers in spring. He is the sort
of man who would be chummy with a
newsboy, rescue a kitten from a pursuing dog, or hand a punch to the jaw
of an insulting bully without wasting
time in preliminary argument.
bile face,

From all of which, you will understand the pleasure I felt on getting
into Springfield the other day, knowing I was going to have time to run
up the river for a little season of noserubbing with the man who has for so
long been giving a touch of human interest to the pages of the Educator.
If you have never had the pleasure of
a trolley ride along the Connecticut in
autumn, you have missed something.
It is a region of fat farmlands and
orchards, big comfortable
looking
farm houses with neatly kept surroundings, and here and there a little
village perched on some spur of the
hills, which does not seem fit for much
else.
Then there is the broad silvery
river keeping company with you as
the car-line winds along the edge of
the valley, and the blue hills of the
distant Berkshire country showing up
now and then. It was just the sort
of ride to put one in good fettle for a
visit with a man like Charley Cragin,
and I was feeling, as the Colonel
would say, particularly bully when I
ran in upon him in his workshop.
Of course, Bro. Cragin is a teacher,
an incurable teacher, I might say.
Years ago, he was one of the stars in
L. L. Williams' galaxy out in Rochester.

X. Y., but for

many

years he has

headed the Commercial Department

of Miss Thompson's fine little school
Also, he was the chief
at Holyoke.
architect of the "M. I. B.," a text on
bookkeeping that has been used so
long by the schools down in this part
of the country, that it has almost be-

come

a Sacred Institution like the

Catechism or the Westminster ConHowever, I must say
fession of Faith.
that for my part, I do not find this
monumental product of Cragin's pen
nearly so entertaining as the lighter
product he turns out for the Educator.
Maybe this
turally frivolous.

is

because

am

na-

When two

old dogs that are on

terms of amity get together, especially, if they have not seen each other
for some time, they are very friendly
and familiar and personal, and spend
a lot of time trotting up and down
the road together making mutual observations
and exchanging confiSo it was with Bro. Cragin
dences.

and me. We had a lot to say to each

other which would not be of particular
interest to

anybody

else,

and we com-

opinions as to a number of
things and found ourselves mostly in
harmony, which of course enhanced
our mutual respect. I was glad to be
able to tell him how tremendously

pared

everybody

is

enjoying the most inter-

IS

^MJ38t*i/*uM<%46u&&r

esting and valuable biographic articles

he lias been writing about Clara BarAs a matter of fact, I did not
ton.
dare tell him all I feel as to this notable contribution, for fear he would
think I were "piling it on." Men like
Just
Cragin do not relish flattery.
the same, these vivid articles, written

by

man who

within a few
where Miss

years has

lived
miles of the little village
Barton was brought up,
memory goes back to the
for

a man whose
which this great
stirring times in
woman did her work, and a man, too,
who knows how to write, deserve to
be put in more durable Form than the
fleeting pages of a magazine.
I am glad of the opportunity to pay
passing tribute to my fellow
this
I have taken the libcraftsman
erty of dubbing "The Sage of Holylike

do not know whether he

like

for,

this,

English,

the

savoring

anything

hates

of

will

he

swank.

i:

to.

was

Fate turned

Mecca

"How?

filled

do not quite under-

"Perhaps

have

should

just

is,

my

am

I
of the eleventh generation."
a little mental calculation. Then
looked the youth over and asked
"How much do you weigh?"
O, about a hundred and
"Me?
I

made

to

"1

understand you," he

don't

"No?

Well,

lelp you,"

then, let
said kindly.

that

thin

me

fal-

try

to

"How many

larents have you?"

"Why, two of course."
should imagine so; and
"Yes,
I

"Four."
"And great-grandparents?"

pur-

sued.

s'pose there were eight."

"Right. I see you are quick at figires; and the great-great-ones?"

"Why,

"Sixteen wouldn't there?"

"Sure.
Now, I won't tire you by
lsking you to figure it back for eleven
generations, but if you were to do so,

you would find that when John Alden

was living, you had ten hundred and
twenty-three ancestors, not counting
him, and as you weigh 135 pounds, or
2160 ounces, you have to divide this
by ten hundred and twenty-four to
find out

how much

John Alden.
tenth ounces.
lie

seemed

of you belongs to
That gives tw-o and oneD.o you get me?"
to; also,

he

moved

sadly

did not notice him putting

away, and
on any more Alden airs.
could embelish this true tale with
a moral, but perhaps it is not necesI

sarv.

Pocatello, Dec. 6, 1918.

The Business Educator:
Mr. Reed, president of the Idaho
Technical Institute, passed from this
He,
life on
the :32nd of November.
in company with a party of friends,
was on a duck hunting expedition at
the time.
He had been in the act of
launching a small canvas boat when
he dropped dead from heart failure.
He was alone at the time, but another
member of the party discovered .the
body very shortly afterward. There
had been no struggle, death having
apparently occurred instantaneously.
In the death of President Reed each
member of the Faculty has lost a
personal friend. To me his death was
During my
a very decided shock.
eight years as a member of his faculty
had learned to love and respect
I
him. not only as an educator but as a

Many a pleasant fishfriend as well.

ing and hunting trip have I enjoyed
in his company, and during these outings I learned to know Mr. Reed incan assure you
I
timately as a man.
that he was truly one of nature's
noblemen.
Miles Frank Reed was born in isr::
and lacked only two or three days of
being -Hi years of age when death so
lie was a
suddenly removed him.
graduate of the University of Idaho,
and later took his Master of Arts degree from Columbia University. Like
so many other prominent educators,
he was obliged to

make

his

own way

early life, and so worked his way

through college by alternately teaching and attending school.
Eleven years ago he was prevailed
upon to accept the presidency ol our
in

local state school, then known as the

Academy of Idaho. From the beginning of his regime he worked constantly for a higher educational standard for this school a standard that

would

more

thoroughly

fulfill

the

educational needs of southern Idaho.

Finally, three years ago last February,
efforts were rewarded when the
State legislature granted the institution a new charter by which it
became the Idaho Technical Institute,
a school of college grade with greatly
his

how

many grand parents?"

with

in

how-

figure

Priscilla Alden
electric wire fac-

elbow said

'as-

been on the family tree before your

twig appeared?"
"O, I see now what you mean. Why

at

said

What I am trying to get at

how many branches there have

cended.'

tered.

one

collec-

much of John Alden there is in you;

make it a trifle over two ounces."

chattering French
Canadians, or else cheap eating places'
where they sell you untidy shore din-]
tiers, and charge you a quarter for a|
poorer clam chowder than you can
get in Clark Street, Chicago, for ten
However, one does not go to
cents.
Plymouth to ogle factory girls nor
yet to eat stale fish, so I was not with
out other occupation. Successively, I
stood in awe before the pagoda-shel
tered "Forefathers' Rock," also kow
towed to the heroic granite statue of]
"The Puritan." and finally climbed upl
the hill to the old grave-yard andj
leaned against Gov. Bradford's tombstone as I re-read "Miles Standish."
These pious observances being duly
went to the home of
accomplished,
the Plymouth Historical Society, inspected the cradle of Penigrine White,
the muslin petticoat woven by Priscilla herself, and much other precious
historical bric-a-brac. Just then some
tories

feah

thirty-five.
Why?"
"I
was just trying

quite sufficiently conscious that I wasj

on holy ground, although there was
little left to suggest the simple old
days of Miles Standish, Governot

John and
and the rest mostly

historical

stahnd you."

Bradford,

the

in

he

dozen years or more ago

me up one morning in
of all good Yankees, PlyThere was a whole
mouth, Mass.
perfectly good day with nothing to do
but do nothing, as the man I had gone
there to see would not be home till
had never been in
the next day.
Plymouth before, and was of course
It

interest

responded with that

genteelly bored air which must have
taken him months to acquire in its
"O, deah, it's an
finished perfection.
old story to me; I'm a descendant, ye
know." I asked him how far he had
descended and from whom.
"Me? Why I'm an Alden of course.
I suppose you know this is our 'Old
Home Week.' There are over three
hundred of us here, all descendants of
course, though not all Aldens."
"And how far did you say you have
descended?" I repeated.

won't be sworn that I

have not told this story
before, but no matter;
there would be few good stories going
were not repeated.
if some of them
Moreover, I have been sojourning in
a country lately where the idea under
lying this story needs to be rubbed in
I leave you to guess what country

that

clearly a male specimen of the species.

lie was thin of neck, high of collar,
and garmented in the best Boston
Also, he was so fragilely delistyle.
cate and colorless as to suggest tint
in
his time he had undergone too
many washings. I modestly admitted

"Really?"

old thinker is not a

But if this
sage, then I do not know the breed,
and I think I do. Besides, it is mighty
poor efficiency to let people die before giving them their flowers.

referred

pink tea, or the ribbon counter, or

"Ah! I notice
a Willy Boy's club:
you are interested in our collection."
I focused my attention on the speaker.
Despite his dainty voice, he was
in

my

fine

Ancestry as
An Asset

mincing tone which one hears only at

a

tion.

whom

oke."

&

enlarged curriculum and consequent

extended field of usefulness.
President Reed leaves a wife, three
sons and one daughter to mourn his
His eldest son, Miles Frank
loss.
Reed. Jr., is with "the boys" in
France, having enlisted last June.
Norman Brown Adkison, a member
of the faculty, has been appointed
president ad interim pending definite
action of the State

Board

of

Educa-

Mr. Adkison has been for years

tion.
professor of chemistry in this InstiHe is
tution, and is a very able man.
thoroughly conversant with the late
President Reed's aims and policies,
and should the Board decide to make
In-,
appointment permanent, he will
prove eminently competent of filling
the important position to the satisfaction of students, faculty and public.

Yours very

truly,

T. Courtney.

dfo&ud/n^&&un&r

BOOKKEEPING VIEWPOINTS
The

Fifth of a Series of Articles

Head

of

CONTROLLING ACCOUNTS

bookkeeping must undertake. But it is

something that is well worth the time
that it takes to teach it, as the divided
ledger and controlling accounts are
features of a modern bookkeeping system for every business that lias a considerable number of customers' and
creditors' accounts.
Since a controlling account is an account on the general ledger that controls or checks the accounts of subledgers,
auxiliary
we
or
ordinate
should begin the study of controlling
accounts by first studying the ledgers
Many teachers make the
to be used.

mistake of beginning with a study of

the special columns to be used in the
books of entry in order to teach the
controlling accounts of accounts reThis
ceivable and accounts payable.
is beginning at the wrong end. as can
readily be seen by the work of the
accountant or bookkeeper in systematazing the books of a business that
uses but one ledger. The accountant
must first study the business and the
He will not
needs of the business.
begin this by a study of the books of
entry and the columns necessary, but
rather by a study of the trial balance,
statements, and the ledger accounts.
If he finds that the number of ac-

counts with customers is considerable

or if it is a business that is a growing
business even if the number of accounts of customers is small, he will
suggest the use of a separate ledger
If he finds
for customers' accounts.

School,

that the number of firms from which

the business buys is few he will prob-

ably not place them in a separate

ledger unless the number of general
He cannot, of
accounts is large.
course, decide on the special columns
for the books of entry nor the controlling accounts until he has decided
how many ledgers to use.
Begin by studying the ledger of a
set that the class has worked out,
preferably one with a considerable
number of personal accounts. If the
pupils have been taught the proper
classification of the accounts of a
ledger into real, nominal, and- mixed,
and a further classification of real accounts into personal and impersonal,
it will not be difficult to show them
the necessity of dividing up the ledger
They can readily
in a definite way.
see that in any business with a large

number

of accounts that the number

personal accounts is very large
to the other accounts of a
business.
If rightly taught from the
beginning of their study of bookkeeping they will make a division of peraccounts into customers' acs inal
counts or accounts receivable and
creditors' accounts or accounts payof

compared

able.

the
;in
study of the divided
ledger by giving the class an idea of
system in the bookkeeping department of a modern business office. Let
us suppose that one clerk is employed
the

in billing sales to customers and making out the daily sales sheet. Another
clerk is cashier, handling all of the
cash received, the largest part i>i
which is collections from customers.
A third clerk is the bookkeeper for
the accounts receivable, posting the
sales to customers from the sales
sheets and the receipts from the cash
book, or more commonly in a large
business from cash credit tickets '>r
sheets.
A fourth clerk' is the bookkeeper for the accounts payable and
enters the invoices from creditors and
posts the payments to them. A fifth,
usually
the
head bookkeeper, has
charge of the general ledger, the general journal, and makes payments to
Let the class see the necescreditors.
sity of having the work so arranged
that the work of entering, posting,
and proving up the books may be divided up.
The natural thing to do
would be t.p take out of the general
ledger the largest group, the accounts
receivable.
This would make it possible for one bookkeeper to specialize
On this ledger and do all of the posting to it.
In the same way, the ac-

counts payable

may

the general ledger

separate ledger.

Draw

be taken out of

and placed

diagram on the board show-

ing the interrelation of the

the

in

work

of

A rectangle
employes.
be drawn to represent the

different

may

first

sales ledger. By means of lines show

the relation of the books of entry to
I would divide the
the sales ledger.
diagram into two parts, debits and
credits.
To the left, connected by a
line, show the principal sources of the
debits, the sales sheets or sales book.
To the right, show the sources of the
credits, the cash book, journal, and
the returns and allowances on sales
book if one is used. Then to the right,
draw another rectangle to represent
the purchase ledger. Divide this into
two parts, debits and credits. To the
right of this rectangle, show the
source of the principal credits, the
purchase book. To the left show the
source of the principal debits, the cash
book, journal, and the returns and al-

lowances on purchases book, if one is

Discuss with the class the dif-

used.

entries that would affect acin

the sales and purchase
ledgers as debits and credits.
When these ledgers and the sources
of the different items are understood
take up the study of the general
ledger. Draw a rectangle to represent
the general ledger. Divide it into the
two parts, debits and credits.
The
sources of these debits should be
shown as coming from the cash payments and the journal. The credits
should be shown as coming from the
cash receipts and the journal. Trace
the entries from the different books of
entry to the ledger.
It will pay to
take plenty of time to give a thorough
drill on the entries that will affect
these different ledgers.
After the use of each ledger is thoroughly understood, then the steps to
be taken in proving up the work
should be taught. The class will understand that in order to get a trial
balance of the work all of the accounts
nf all of the ledgers must be used. But
this method has the disadvantage of
making the trial balance very long and
consequently making the finding of
errors a more difficult matter. It also
it
mure difficult for several to
work on the proof at the same time.
The teacher should then suggest the
use of a summary account in the general ledger to take the place of or
control each of the subordinate ledgers.
If the teacher will then draw a
rectangle to the left of that representing the general ledger and connected with it on the debit side labeled
accounts receivable and one on the
right and connected with the credit
side of the general ledger labeled accounts payable, he will be ready for
the next step.

counts

Milwaukee, Wis., and Practicing Accountant

In the last article a stud\- of the use

of special columns was made for the
purpose of showing the classification
of accounts that occurred frequently
and to save the labor of posting. This
idea must be extended to the study of
other special columns based on the diThe teaching of
vision of the ledger.
the use of separate ledgers and controlling accounts is one of the most
difficult
steps that the teacher of

19

ferent

on the Teaching of Bookkeeping

By W. A. SHEAFFER,
Commercial Deparment, West Division High

&>

Now the purpose of these accounts

should be made clear. The class must
understand that the purpose is not
simply to show the total of the sales
and purchase ledgers respectively, but
to give an independent summary with
which these subordinate ledgers must
prove.
Divide the accounts receivable controlling account into debit
and credit.
By comparing this account with the sources of the items
posted to the various accounts in the
sales ledger in the diagram already
drawn you can show that one debit
to the accounts receivable account for
all of the debit items posted from the
sales sheet or sales book will suffice.
Draw a line and show the source of
this summary as being the total sales
for the month.
In order to show how
this would prove up, take a sales book
of fifteen or twenty entries and post
them to the various accounts in the
ledger called the sales ledger. Then'
the necessity of a debit to some account in the general ledger to prove

with the sum of the individual accounts in the sales ledger and also to
balance the posting of the total to
the

credit

of

the

Merchandise Sales

will be evident.
The necesposting the summary of the
purchase book to the controlling accounl of accounts payable should be
explained step by step. In the same
way the posting of the total of the

account
sity

nf

^^&ud*n&U/&&ua&r

20

returns and allowances books should

be studied.

When the posting of these books to

the summary account is understood,
take up a study of the cash book and
journal.
I would begin by making a
study of a cash book of a previous
set that the class has worked out, or
some suitable cash book illustrated in
the text or placed on the board. Direct the class to make a study o-f the
cash receipts based on the ledger to
which each account should be posted.
They will, of course, find items that
belong in the general ledger and in
the sales ledger, but ordinarily none
for the purchase ledger.
A study of
these entries and their posting will
convince the class of the desirability
of having a separate column in which
to place the items for the general
ledger and another for the sales
ledger.
The posting of the cash received from customers to the controlling account of accounts receivable should be added to the diagram.
Require the class to trace out items
on the cash payments and see the necessity for a division of the items according to ledgers. The only difficult
point is the use of the merchandise
discount columns on the cash book.
The understanding of these columns
will be made easier if a column is
kept on each side of the cash book to
record the total to be credited to
each account on the cash receipts and
to be debited on the cash payments.
This makes but one posting to the
controlling account from each side of
the cash book.

study of journal entries of a preset will also show the necessity of keeping columns on each side
to separate the items that are to be
transferred to the subordinate ledgers
from those that are to be posted to
Draw lines to
the general ledger.
vious

show

the transferring of these totals

of the columns of the journal to the

controlling accounts.

Before

are given a set to

using the three ledgers
they should be given one or more
short, simple series of transactions to
be worked out in columnar books,
posted to the ledgers, and proved up.
pupils

work out

the subject seems difficult for the

class after all of this study it would
be desirable to take those books and
columns that affect but one subordinate ledger first, then, the other. After
If

that,

they should be combined.

In connection with the study of

controlling
accounts
the
teacher
should take advantage of the opportunity to explain the use of the modern bookkeeping machines, especially
for the posting of customers' accounts
and the making of the duplicate
weekly or monthly statements at the
same time. Any of the companies
selling these machines will be glad to
give the teacher forms to illustrate
the use of its machine and booklets
giving the advantages of its use.
A
word of caution is necessary in the
use of these machines.
Since they
furnish a means of proving the work
of posting the accounts receivable by

means

of a

$>

summary

ledger control
without comparison with the controlling account on the general books
this proof is frequently omitted.
Recently I found on the books of a large
business over $(i()()0 difference be-

tween the detailed accounts in the accounts receivable ledger and the controlling account in the general ledger.
This was due to the fact that adjustments were made from time to time
on the general books which were not
given to the machine bookkeeper.
In the .advanced work after pupils
have used these two controlling accounts for some time other controlling accounts should be studied.
In a
commission business, the use of a controlling account for Consignments to
prove the consignment ledger will illustrate its use in a specialized business.
In a corporation business, the
Capital Stock and the Unsubscribed
Stock account as controlling accounts
for the stockholders' ledger should be
illustrated.
In a manufacturing business, the Machinery account as a controlling account for the detailed machinery accounts in a special ledger

should be explained. In all of these

studies the necessity of keeping the
detailed accounts in agreement with
the controlling account should be emphasized.
This should be done by a
monthly trial balance or proof.

Although

this

article

may seem

technical to the teacher of beginning

bookkeeping it is necessary that every
teacher of bookkeeping have a good
understanding of the fundamental
principles of a modern bookkeeping
system whether the teacher is required to teach this subject or not.
To the teacher of the advanced work
it
may furnish some means of giving
a better understanding of the subject
to

his

class.

teachers that have never made use of

diagrams to teach this subject will
find in the suggestions much that will
appeal to students that learn many
things much better by visualizing
them than in any other way.

AERIAL MAIL SERVICE

Mail

service

Philadelphia,

been

between New York,

and Washington has

operation for some time,

the charge per 'letter being 3 cents
more than for special delivery, and
the time between New York and
Washington but three hours.
Weather conditions do not interrupt service.
Thus, in few words, achievement is
announced which a few years ago was
thought to be impracticable and even
impossible.
This service will no doubt be extended because the air men of war
will be disposed to continue their exciting and thrilling vocation during
peace.
A new calling awaits a new
generation of young men.
It, more
than any other invention and vocation, typifies the intensive, exciting
times in which we live.
in daily

Mr. J. E. Soule, at the age of seventy-four, apparently in the prime of

life, retires from the engrossing business in Philadelphia, having amassed
sufficient to enjoy life to the full, and
expects to "rest, golf, shoot, fish and
travel" the remainder of his days.

Mr. Soule was a pupil of Father

Spencer, the penmanship author, and
John D. Williams, the famous flourisher, having traveled, worked and

roomed with the

He was an

latter

number

of

years.

associate with such

masters as Piatt, Henry and Lyman
Spencer, Flickinger, Root, Madarasz,
and many more penmen of yesterday

and today.
Air. Soule began as a commercial
and penmanship teacher. Was proprietor of the B. & S. Business Col-

lege in Philadelphia unitil 188"), when

he entered business as a banker ami
broker. A few years later he retired
and has since devoted his time to
engrossing.
He has all of his life been a man
of many parts
school master, penman, business man, athlete, sportsman, clubman, etc., etc. And in these
various activities he has associated
with and met many famous people.
\nd it was this wide acquaintanceship which brought to his art some

of the most influential and profitable

patrons, thus enabling him to command prices far above commonplace
wages.
Recently he presented to the Editor of the B. E. two large scrap
books; the one filled with original
specimens of penmanship from old
time penmen, and the other containing photos of his own skill in engrossing and from other famous artists
such
as
Ames, Wiesehahn,
Flickinger,
Brady,
Leads,
Eisenschimel, etc., etc.
We hope, from
time to time, to present some of these
masterpieces to our readers.
Mr. H. W. Strickland, of Springfield, Mass., succeeds to the business
of Mr. Soule, and will, we believe,
prove worthy to this heritage of years
in the making, as Mr. Strickland 'is
skillful and artistic as well as genial,
broad minded, and business-like in
capacity.

The

not an idea. Second, that the reader

looks for an idea applicable to him-

BUSINESS LETTER
The

Man\- letter-writers preparing a

Form Letter on such a subject would
begin their letter as follows:

"Hundreds

with the above

to reprint a series

Copyrighted booklets the company

of

self.

Rubber Co.
Akron, Ohio

B. F. Goodrich

By special arrangement
company we are privileged

is

We

buying
comfortable

are

pub-

lishing for their correspondents.

consider
them exceptionally excellent and our readers
specially fortunate in having the opportunity
to study these monthly messages to correspondents.
[ Editor.]

written so
is often
be sent unchanged to a
people.
Such a letter is known as a 1' r.-\\
Letter. The name aid address of t e
recipient may or may not be filled
There may or may not be a blank
in.
space in the body of the letter to be
filled in differently in each letter. The
whole letter may be printed by some
process or it may be individually
typed.
These details do not determine whether the letter is or is not a
Form Letter.
A Form Letter is one written to a
group of individuals instead of to a
single individual.
Its distinguishing
feature is that the letter is not materially altered to fit the specific characteristics of the individual members
of the group to which it goes; it goes
to all in practically the same form.

The Form Sales Letter

vided into thr;e parts:
First

may

Close.

The opening sentence of the Form

Letter is the letter. The personal representative shows much of his salesmanship in trying to reach his prospect under favorable conditions, and
the letter writer also has his problem
in getting the attention and interest
reader when the Form Letter
of
is ins; opened.
Unless there is somele

that

thi ig
i

lie

whom

land

to

likely

it

is

and interests the

addressed
the

in

very
waste-basket.
it

is

This is the first and biggest obstacle

every Form Letter must overcome.
Unless the opening sentence attracts
attention and arouses interest the letter can sell nothing.
Successful Form Letters should always open with a sentence that
This
discusses the buyer's interest.
is a day when everyone is looking for
ideas looking for those things that

affect
ideas,

himself.
Readers
demand
if these ideas are not out-

and

standing
reading
sentence
expected
If

able

your

they will waste

but

time

in

letter.
The opening
must grip them if they are
to read the whole message.

to sell an adjustoffice chair to a business man

sales appeal would likely be

you are trying

many

sales

in

Your Daily Work,"

letter-writers

fail

to

two vital things in this argument.

that the argument "Comfort
Your Daily Work" is a generality

see

First,
in

little

your

"More Comfort

began

something

like

The manner and

spirit in which
arguments are marshalled will

sales

Good enthusiasm,

strong belief in your product and a

clear understanding of your custom-

your back."

Such an opening is bound to interany man who sits at an office desk.

This opening will be successful because it gives an Idea from the buyer's viewpoint.
Moreover, such a beginning puts your reader in a frame

er's

of mind that makes him alert for

sales talk that is to follow.

The best sales arguments are a

combination of the two. In arranging
your arguments that are to go in the
body of your letter you should first
make yourself thoroughly acquainted
with your product, studying the article you are going to sell from every
angle and gathering all the material
you can about it. If possible, find out
how it is made, how it is used, who
has used it successfully and why it is
a good thing for your prospect. Then
after you have gathered this material,
imagine that you are in the market
fur the article and arrange your talk-

est
.

Persuasion is that element which

your prospects act.
Many
times prospects are convinced that
they need our goods, if they bought
they would be satisfied but still they
do not buy. They need some stimulus that will suggest their buying at
once, so that they will sign an order
blank. This stimulus is furnished by
persuasion. A good example of persuasion is the phrase "Do it today"
that runs through many letters. There
is
no element of conviction in this
phrase but still it has the force of
urging an order.

makes

give this element.

a chair that rests the small of

any

One

of the most serious mistakes a

letter-writer can make is to begin his
letter with a trite question.
Just as
anything novel attracts so does anything hackneyed repel.
Never begin
your sales letter with questions like
the following:

"Have you ever stopped

to?"
"Do you know that ?"
"Have you ever
realized the
?"

THE OPENING

attracts

letter

"You can increase your

daily work 25'i by sitting in

The Opening.
The Body.

Third The

chair."

this:

be di-

Second

same

may
many

it

they are adapted to his use and well

made and are giving satisfaction to
others like himself.

supremely

11

letter

sales

that

men

office

the number of men buying

this chair is primarily an idea from
the manufacturer's side of the fence,
and not from the reader's.
Comfort is a generality something
vague. It does not supply the reader
with a real idea.
But suppose the

FORM LETTERS THAT SELL

great

of

the

Acme

Now

No.

&

<5^&uUn^&&u&&r

*T

advantages of
?"
"Are you interested in
Also guard against making your
first sentence or first paragraph look
long and formidable. The eye is alwa\ s repelled by long blocks of type.
Long sentences and paragraphs at
the beginning will surely act as a
serious barrier to the reader no matter how interesting the message mat-

be.

Be careful not to make your opening dull; any opening has a chance
over the dull one. If your first sentence contains a rock-bottom idea that
is of interest to your reader you will
not be troubled by this fault.

THE BODY OF THE LETTER

The body of every Sales Letter
should contain the argument that will
the reader a customer. It should
contain those facts that will bring the
prospect to your way of thinking.
In writing Form Sales Letters you

make

must

first

get a central idea.

One

idea

Sales Letter is generally enough.

Decide always just what you want
your letter to accomplish and then
in a

Know definitely
stick to that idea.
the trend of every letter before writIf your story is a long one don't
ing.
pull it all in one letter, but use followups.
Every sales argument has two elements. Conviction and Persuasion.
Conviction is evidence, reason or
facts which show the prospect his
need for your goods

which

show him

viewpoints will do much to inyour letter.

Persuasion should never exist without conviction, because you must always give good reasons why your
prospect should buy.
ject persuasion in

ing point in such a way that they will

appeal to you.
Be sure when writing your letters
use

to

and

more

the pronoun "you"

"we" element in every

of

less of the

paragraph.
It might help you

if you classified
your sales arguments into three divi-

sions:
1

2
.'i

Facts and Figures.

Testimonials,
Tests and Guarantees.

In the first class you should use

records of performance such as the
mileage of a tire, the amount of pressure that a steamhose can withstand,
etc.
Under this heading also can

come

the

number

of articles

in

use,

the increase demand that has

taken place during a certain period.
Such material makes strong and convincing arguments providing it is arranged in such a way that it is not
dry and uninteresting.
Testimonials are always good, but
have been much abused, and readers
are now a little skeptical of them.
But because they are usually personal
they are useful.
It is a good thing
often to open a sales letter with a
brief quotation giving the testimony

and

of

someone

else.

The house guarantee and "sent on

approval" arguments are convincing
also because of the confidence they
instil

in

the buyer.

(Continued on page 24)

&

^^&uJS/uti^&&uatir

Report of the Twenty-First Annual Convention of the

High School Commercial Course

where information of this kind could

National Commercial Teacher's Federation

be obtained. It seems like a crime to

graduate a student from a Commercial High School Course with absolutely no knowledge of the great economic forces at work in society. If
no course is offered in Economics,
one should certainly be given in
Salesmanship, and these two go together very effectively and re-inforce
each other.

Chicago, December 26-29,

1917

(SEVENTH INSTALLMENT!

PRACTICAL COURSE IN SALESMANSHIP AND ADVERTISING FOR HIGH SCHOOLS

By James

C. Reed, Whitewater, Wis.

National Commercial Teachers'
Federation, Public Schools

Department
If the State of Wisconsin can be
taken as an example. Salesmanship
is not
taught in very many of the
high schools in the United States.
According to an investigation made

by Prof. Shummel, of the Fond du

Lac High School, there are only
live or six high schools in the
State which offer work in Salesman-

about

The

ship.

crowded

largely responsible

for

curriculum is
such a small

percentage.

The

of such a course
question.
I

advisability

is
hardly a
heard a man

debatable

who had been the advermanager for Wanamaker in

tising

number of years
say, "If you want to make a boy independent teach him how to sell
Philadelphia

things.

for

goodsalesman need never

Few

be out of a job."

of us realize,
I
think,
the
important part that
Salesmanship plays in the business
life of today.
A business is a threefold partnership, made up of the company, the salesmen, and the customers. The salesmen form the connecting link between the other two.
It is harder to sell goods than it is
to make them.
The manufacturing
side of business is far better developed and understood than the selling

Improvements in mechanical
processes is highly developed.
We
have splendid machinery, rapid transportation, and easy communication.
Twenty-five years ago the manufacturer made his line and considered
his work ended.
The salesmen were
expected to do the rest. The burden
placed on them was so great that
less than 10% made good.
side.

Hugh Chalmers once

easy enough
but

it

takes

to
a

said,

"It

can be successfully taught in a high

school?
Some of the best work I
in high school
There is nothing inherent in the subject itself that
would prevent the successful teaching
of it in a high school.
Passing for a
moment the question of a crowded
curriculum, as an argument for refusing salesmanship a place as a high
school study
what claims has the
subject, other than the great need of
trained men in that field of endeavor?
In the first place, it offers an
opportunity to introduce a real business atmosphere into the commercial
department. It will get you in closer
touch with real business problems
than any other subject now offered.
A discussion of the different kinds of
business, as, retail and wholesale, the
relations of the salesmen to other departments of the same organization,
manufacturing, advertising,
as
the
auditing,
distributing
departments,
It opens up an approach and
etc.
permits an investigation of many
business problems, which gives to the
student a broad business outlook, and
an appreciation of business affairs,
such as the problem of demand, crea-

have ever seen done

was in salesmanship.

tion, market analysis, price policies,

and a study of society and public
opinion, as well as public whims and
prejudices.
Moreover, it could well
follow a course in economics. All of
the economic problems of production,
distribution and consumption, could
well be reviewed, utilized and driven

home in a very effectvie way

a course in Salesmanship.
economics

is

selling side of business is now

more attention. It was but
that mechanical processes
should develop first, as results are
more easily seen in this field. Now,

The

is

it

the

need

stated in the preface of "Selling

Self," by N. O. Shirely, just off
"Salesmanship points out

press:

the possibilities which a student has

within himself, it smooths out the
highway of travel for him, and opens
the eyes of the boys and girls who
know nothing of responsibility." Such
a study should include that of imagination, memory, aesthetic appreciation, attention, association of ideas,
repetition and human instincts.
Such
a study- will habituate the student to
thinking in terms of human nature.
This is a very desirable accomplishment in any work in life. It is especially a valuable acquisition to any
one expecting to enter the business
world.
"It will lead the student to
think in terms of attention, retention,
connection,
persuasion,
satisfaction
and response."
(Walter Dill Scott,

&

in
Advertising
Selling, for July.
1915, P. 56).
So much for the desirability of including Salesmanship and
Advertising in a high school course.

How

and Ad totwoSalesmanship
years' work in

weeks each

being paid

of

a subject that

As
One's
the

We

replace these men.

acknowledge

tives.

vertising

to the selling side of business.

The
selection, organization, and training
of salesmen are live topics in the
conduct of any large business.
The need of trained salesmen is a
patent fact.
It
is
estimated that
230,000 salesmen have already joined
the
colors of the
United States.
Something will have to be done to

we

knowledge of human nature is highly

tlesirable, and we can not understand
the mental attitude and motives of
our neighbors until we have some
knowledge of our own mind and mo-

for
the
"how" and the
can we find a place
these subjects in a high school
course? In our Normal School Course
of two years, open only to high
school graduates, we devote fortyeight weeks to English and twelve

practical

If

sadly

Now

receiving

trained salesmen,

insight into a much needed and

neglected subject.
There is
nothing we understand so little as
ourselves, and the working of our
own minds. For business success, a

some

for

them."

is

offers an opportunity to give high

school students a little of the fundamentals of psychology of a sale or of
an advertisement, gives the student

"where."

is

manufacture goods
smart man to sell

however, more attention

through

not taught in this

particular high school at all, this argument for a course in Salesmanship
comes with still greater force. There
surely should be some place in the
If

Psychology
Another reason for teaching Salesmanship and Advertising is, that it

James

C.

Reed

all.

look upon the courses in Salesmanship and Advertising as the finishing part of their work in English.
I believe this is the proper proceedure.
The work accomplishes as much
for the students in the matter of
command of English as a formal
course in the subject itself. The work
Salesmanship is correlated with
in
English by requiring the Salesmanship students to prepare themselves
on Salesmanship topics and to give
talks to the class along the same
practical work in oral English.
lines

Debating

in

"Should the Advertising

be under this Sales-

vica versa?"
Advertising the work

more closely

Of
fits

course,
in

still

when

especially

the

topic of "Copy-writing" is under discussion.

The preparation of a good
copy for an "ad" is English at its
best, and brings out the importance
of effective English, as it could be

done

no other way,

in

would spend

quite a good deal of time on this subas the one topic best
ject of copy
suited to the age of high school students, though from an advertising
man's point of view copy is not the
biggest or most important branch of
if
this correlation
the study.
with the business English is properly
made, the students can dispense with
the last year's work in English as
DOW required.
It seems to me far more wise and
far more sensible to teach the English
through the medium of Salesmanship
and Advertising than as a formal

Now

course

in

English.

George B. Hotchkiss, of

Prof.

New

manship

University, in discussing the

place of advertising in a University
curriculum, said. "The College may
well give some instruction in adver-

Applied Economics, Psychology and English Composition."

My idea in high school work is to
correlate these branches of study,
Salesmanship, Advertising, and English.
I would omit one year of English and put in one-half year of
Salesmanship and one-half year of
Advertising. This would not disturb
the curriculum and the students will
speak and write just as good, if not
better English.
When should such
work be given? You could guess the
answer to this question, since I want
them at the end of the work in En-

we

we have something to sell.

The profession of Salesman-

II.

higher

women,

The

III.

The psychology

Y.
1.

The nature

of

Salesman-

human mind.
human mind.

Argument.

2.
Suggestion.
Negative Suggestion.
Judging human character.
1.

3.

:;.

Memory.

I.

1.

Xature.

2.

Value.

Train-

3.

ing.

Imagination.

5.

1.

Xature and Use. 2. Development.

3.
Imagination
in
Business.

General

6.

Attention

7.

The psychology
1.

1.

XT atttre.

of a sale.
Interest. :;.

Attention.
sire.
4. Conviction.
:.'.

J.

The

DeAc-

location of a retail store.

retail
merof the

Problems
chant:
1.

Buying stock.
2.
Arrangement of stock display. 3. Attitude toward customers.
4.
Understanding the commun-

5.
(>.

8.

spondence.
Sales Management.
Practical Demonstrations.

Salesmanship Course

Weeks

This course may vary somewhat,

depending upon the demands of the
community in which the school is located, but I will give a course for a
typical school.
I.
Discussion of the General Nature of Salesmanship.
Its importance in the commercial world. The
value of the power to influence men
in any business, most especially in

Price maintenance.
The turnover.
Advertising.

Building up an individuality.

Meeting competition.
Extending credit.
Local credit associations.

In addition to the above, the students may study the local stores of
the town noting the cleanliness, organization, and equipment, also the
personal appearance, efficiency and
courtesy of the employees. The window displays in the town should be
inspected, criticised and possible improvements noted.

9.

1.

Quality buying.

House

or-

Methods

of distribution.

10.

tion.

Each student in the class chooses

an article to sell. Then each one will
write a letter to the firm selling the
particular article to be sold by that
student, asking for literature.
Most
firms are very courteous about sending out material considering it good
advertising.
The fountain pen companies usually present the student
with a sample and lend the literature
which they furnish their own agents

in

regard to making a sale.

The student must prepare

a sale's
on his article and on a set day
give his demonstration sale
usually
trying to sell some one member of the
class.
The other members of the
class take notes and offer criticisms
on the way in which the work was
presented.
The student with a vacuum cleaner
i ir
sale, had the member of the class
lie sweeping a rug with a broom
when the Sales Student entered
then he demonstrated how much east

ier it could be done with a vacuum

cleaner.
These demonstration sales
can be made very interesting.
The
stude.its get into rivalry as to which
one can make the best showing. It
gives the student a chance to do a
little original thinking, and to show
his individuality.
The class are at
liberty to ask any questions, and the
salesman must be ready to give information and to exercise his wit and

good

sense.
of the things which may be
demonstration sales:
Fountain pens. 2. Note books.
3. Typewriters.
4. Adding ma-

Some
used

in

1.

chines.
5.
Comptometer.
6.
Cash Register. 7. Victrola. 8.
Filing cabinet.
9. Portland ce11.
ment.
10. Life insurance.
12.
Piano.
Vacuum cleaners.
.

13.

Bonds.

14.

Magazine subwheat
Twain

scriptions.
15.
Canada
Hi. Works of Mark
land.

or any other author.

Direct Selling:

Reasons for direct selling.

2.
Mail Order Business.
3.
Exclusive
4.
Agencies.
Chain
Stores.
5.
Department stores.
0.

6.

Meeting competition.
Practical work in Demonstra-

IX.

Wholesale Selling:
A lesson or two might be well
spent on wholesale selling and the
problems involved.
The length of
time devoted to this subject will vary
with the community and the class.
VII.

policies.

talk

lion,
(i.
Satisfaction.
Retail Selling:

VI.

9.

18

His Educa4.
Gen-

of the

Influencing the

:.'.

Salesman-

The Salesman. Training, education, etc.

IV.
Psvchology of Salesmanship.
Study of Retail Selling.
V.
Direct Selling.
VI.
VII. Salesmanship
and
Corre-

House

gans.
7.
Furnishing salesmen
with ammunition.
8.
Posting
the house on trade conditions.

::.
General Attitude.
Qualifications.

ship.

Modern

ship.
III.

VIII.
IX.

2.

management

and

of a sales force.
2. Co-ordination of selling organization and
business organization. 3. Sales
plans.
4.
Sales campaigns.
5.

literature
magazines
to the subject.

His Training.

I.

tion.

eral

taking up:

Organization

1.

The Salesman.

IV.

7.

of

tensively,

and books relating

4.

Salesmanin

young men, who had studied

economics could go into it, quite exbright

Its

tages.

i::

VII.
(a) Salesmanship by Correspondence.
This subject can be treated as the
teacher thinks most profitable, depending on the need of additional
drill in English composition.
VIII. Sales management.
How far you can go into this subject with profit will depend on the
maturity of the class.
A class of

advantages and disadvanUse as a stepping stone to

positions.
Salesmanship for

ship.

::.

Society.

Professor

ity.

OUTLINE

The

The

are,

glish,
and if possible, this would
place them in the fourth year of the
high school following three years of
work in English.

II.

Sales-

portance of the salesman as society

advances. The influence of salesmen
in
Modern Society. The University
of Salesmanship.
No matter who

as

Salesmanship
I.
General Nature of
manship, and its place

in

different methods of exchange in different periods

from barter the development of a medium of exchange,
and finally selling as we know it, as
an exchange of goods for a price in
money. The relatively increasing im-

York

tising

The place of
Modern Society.

Salesmanship.

Subject:

Department
manager or

&

<!ffiJ&uJ//i&i^&dru&&r

17.

Furni-

18. Ink eradicator.

Loose Leaf Ledger. 20. Wall
maps.

ture polish.
19.

The
fairs

selling of tickets to school afshould be done by the Salesman-

^
Where

ship class.

possible

it

will

add

interest to the class to have business

men and salesmen come

upon particular

talks

in

and give

subjects.

So much
manship to

for the course in Salescover about eighteen

weeks, to be given to high school seniors.
The stress of the work can be
laid at different points to suit the
needs of the class, the character of

community and

the

the available

ma-

terial.
It

is

desirable

that

several

good

salesmanship magazines should be at

hand, such as System, Advertising
and Selling and Printer's Ink. (Cost,
Desirable reference books
would be as follows:
1.
An Approach to Business Problems, by A. W. Shaw.
2.
Scientific Salesmanship, by

$7.00).

Charles W. Hoyt.
Influencing men in Business,
by Walter Dill Scott.
4.
The New Business, by Harry
Tipper.
Selling One's Self, by N. O.
5.

factor in distribution.
3. Advertising
a selling force. 4. Analysis of marconditions.
5.
The relation between advertising and selling, including the co-ordination of advertising
and selling departments.
V.
Mediums.
A study of the different mediums
and their place in an advertising
s c h e
e.
Newspapers, magazines,
trade journals, outdoor and other
forces of advertising; their relative
advantages and disadvantages, circua.s

kel

lation,

Things, by Irison S.
Marden. (Cost $7.00.)
Salesmanship and Sales Man7.
agement, by the A. W. Shaw Co.

Advertising
1.

Copy.

2.

Display.
Factors.

3.

6.
9.

layouts.
10. The criticism of an advertisement.
11.
Professor.
Advertising:
I
shall not go into
the course in Advertising in such deThe course should be coorditail.
nated with English in the way as

Salesmanship.

The first big subject to be taken

I.
up with high school students is Copy,
as much English work can be given
here as is desired.
The two kinds
of copy:
1.
Reason and why of argumentations.
2.
Human interest, copy can be
from both the standpoint of
English and Psychology.
II.
Advertising display is the next
topic, and includes a study of form,
balance, arrangement, color and harmony, and the use of illustrations.
Practical work can be done here in
the making of posters to advertise
school events.
You would be surprised at the good work that can be
done by students in this kind of work,
though some of them have not had
much work in drawing. In our own
school this part of the work is done
by the teacher of drawing, and she
takes the class one day each week.
III.
The Psychology of Advertising can be touched light or heavy,
as best suits the age and maturity of
the class. A study should be made of:

treated

1.

Human

instincts.

2.

Memory.

Imagination. 4. Association. 5. Atfi.

tention,
Repetition and Accumu-

3.

s. Unity and emphasis

lative Effect,
and contrast as used in advertising.
IV.
The economic factors in ad-

vertising:

The use

of advertising in developing a market. 2. Advertising as a

I.

etc.

his place

in

The Advertising Agency.

The types of agenceis. 2. The

VII.
1.

compensation and service

use,

of these

VIII.

institutions.

The Advertising

Solicitor.

His knowledge, duties and qualifications necessary to insure success.

IX.
The opportunities and profession of advertising.

Comparison with other profesto chance for promo-

1.

sions, as
tion,

remuneration,

stability, etc.

The qualification necessary to

insure success.
The study of type, type-measurements and layouts.
Practical work can be given by conducting the school paper, if one is
published.
Each student should be
required to make a layout.
XI.
The criticism of advertiseX.

ments.
This work can be carried on by
giving each student advertisements
to analyze, or have them find ads of
a certain type, or open to certain objections.

Mohins' ten tests of a successful

advertisement will add definiteness
and interest to the work. Constant
practice
in
writing advertisements
according
to
specified
directions,
should be given.
Advertising can not be made a definite,

logical study.

The material

is

magazines and periodi-

scattered

in

cals, and
scientific

the subject

lay

is

not yet in a

systematized condition. We
rules for advertising

down our

and some "dub" makes a big

violating
not teach

known

hit

by

You

can
it
with
exactness
like you can Physics or Biology. The
mass of available material is appalling, and the teacher must select with
care.
The following periodicals
should be at hand if possible:
all

rules.
scientific

"Printers' Ink."
"Advertising & Selling."
"Judicious Advertising."
The following are valuable supple1.

2.

mentary

texts:

The principles of advertising by

authors:
I.
Harry Tipper. 2. Harry Hol[ingworth.
3.
George Hotchkiss. 4.
Frank A. Parson.
I.
"Advertising as a
Business
Force," by Paul Cherington.
III.
"The 1916 Advertising Book,"
by Paul Cherington.
I.

four

"Advertising." by Daniel Staut.

IV.

V.
"Writing an
by Rowland Hall.

"How

VI.

Advertisement,"

write an Advertisement," by the A. W. Shaw Co.

VII. The International Library of
Technology, Vol. 60 B.
\ 111.
"Advertising and Selling the
to

Consumer," by John Lee Mohin.

IX.
"Productive Advertising," by
Hess.
This list would cost about $18.00.
If you wish a couple novels based
on advertising add "The Clarion" and
"It Pays to Advertise."

THE BUSINESS LETTER

(Continued from page 21)

THE CLOSE

a business concern.

2.

Psychology.

Economic
5.
Mediums.
Manager. 7. Agency. 8. Solicitor.
Type and Type-measurements and

4.

information, rates,

Study of the use made of such mediums in the immediate locality.

VI. The Advertising Manager.
The duties, functions and qualifications of the advertising manager, and

.'{.

Shirely.
(i.
Selling

&

'S/u;j$uJt/MM6<6uxt6r

The beginning of a letter must get

attention and arouse the reader's interest.
The body of the letter must
convince and persuade him that he
should order now. The close of the
letter

must make him

act.

The last paragraph or close has

been aptly termed the "clincher." It
is dangerously easy to bring the customer to a point of acting and still
not get his signature on the order
blank. The last sentence in the sales
letter is the place to make an appeal
for instant action. The customer will
not act by himself.
must put in
some stimulus that will urge him to
order at once.

We

There was a time when an ending

"We hope -to receive your order by
return mail" would get some business,
but if a writer should use this form
of clincher today it is doubtful if his
letter would have much pulling power.

Weak endings in a sales letter always invite delay, and delay means
inaction.
Sales letter-writers find that a definite command at the very end is the
most successful in pulling power.
Take the following:
"Sign your card now before
your territory is all taken."
"Write us at once if you
want to take over the representation of your state."
"Don't fail to read on Page
No. 1 what other customers
have said."
It has been said that the theory of
putting a command at the end of a

letter

cause
is

is
it

based on
is

the

the

fact that beof an order it

obeyed. Then, too, if

in the

likely to be

form

opening of your letter has aroused

and the body of the letter

his interest,

has convinced him that he wants your

goods, the final command at the end
will likely arouse him to action.
There never was a time when the
sales letter had a bigger opportunity
than now.
As the draft and enlistment continues to thin the ranks of
every selling organization the sales
letter is a service every one must use.
Every selling department in our organization could use the sales letter to
advantage. With a little care in preparation it is possible to produce interesting and convincing letters that
have
will
actual
business-getting
powers.

&

'M^'JQujS/igIj &<6ua/sr

WISE AND
OTHERWISE
Stories from Recent Real Life

By CHARLES

CRAGIN

T.

Holyokc. Mass.

A TRANSACTION IN BANKING
Part II

SYNOPSIS OF PART
The

to return the securities they

The
could not cash tor 8150,000 in money.
Pinkerlons were quite sure the Scott-Dunlap
gang bad done the job and that Sam Blake,
a bright business cohege graduate, then a lock
expert ;n the employ of a leading safe company knew all about the robbery, and they
out to prove the fact and recoyer the
set

and bad ottered

securities.

The Pinkertons
track of

Sam

at

Blake,

once got on the

who was very
to have the

anxious

Xorthampton Bank
buy back for

officials

$15
mi ire
I,

if

robbers

The
was

saw

the

a "million or
securities the

had taken.

of the case
Blake was
not a natural criminal
like Dunlap, Scott and
Leary, and when he
mischief this robbery had

caused, the ruin

scores of people

it

fact

that

had brought

to

in the Valley of the

Connecticut around the little city of
Xorthampton, his conscience troubled
him and, besides, the Scott-Dunlap
gang had .given him very little money
and so, when Mr. Baker, of the Pin-

kertons, went to him and said, "Look

here. Blake, we know all about this
business.
know perfectly well
that you advised the combination of
the Xorthampton Bank to be given to
the cashier alone so the Scott-Dunlap
crowd could get him. You knew the
bank safe could be easily opened and
that there was big money there. Now,
we have got Scott and Dunlap where
we can arrest them any day we want
them, and if we do arrest them one
of them will squeal, turn state's evidence to save himself, and you will
spend the next twenty, years in the

We

Massachusetts Penitentiary at
Charlestown.
Xow, we believe you
are

You

the

least

guilty

man

got into this some

of

the

lot.

way and we

are willing to give you a chance.

If
you turn state's evidence and tell all
you know about this case, we will
guarantee that you will go free."
Blake hesitated. He did not want to

away

the other scamps, yet, he

was not especially anxious to go to
prison
state
himself.
He decided to
go to Scott, and if he could get
enough money out of the gang, he
would keep still, for he knew the

give

Pinkertons had not evidence enough

him if Scott and Dunlap did

not tell the truth. He went to Scott
and asked him for money and Scott
told him to go to a good deal hotter
place than Xew York, which was hot
enough that summer. He said, "You
will never get a cent.
You have been
to arrest

talking with the Dicks already, if you

given us away, and you may
t
think yourself lucky if you didn't get
six inches of cold steel between your
Blake didn't
ribs instead of money."
stop to argue the matter but went
direct to Pinkerton and made a clean
breast of the whole wretched busi-

never visited and there was little danger of the stuff being discovered.
It was a lovely plan and they were
there, live or six experienced workers,
with all the necessary tools.
But,
there came an obstruction to their
plan.
The Y. M. C. A. bought one
of the new Yale locks which were

ness.

just

haven

And now, let us see how it came

Sam Blake, good clean boy, with

that

no bad habits, came to be the most

member of the most notorious
gang of bank robbers the country
had ever known. It all came about
valued

Northampton bank had been robbed

1,000 by a gang of Bank Safe Experts

25

through that

trotting horse, just

little

Blake
fast enough not to win a race.
kept the horse at the stable of a man

by the name of Ryan, who had a livery, boarding and sale stable somewhere up in Harlem. This stable was
really the hanging out place of a
choice collection of horse thieves,
confidence men and general all around
crooks. Stolen horses were fixed over
and sold. Old plugs worth about five
dollars apiece were doped up and
painted and varnished and sold for
high stepping family horses, and
among other acquaintances of Ryan,
the owner of this crook joint, was
James Dunlap and his partner, Scott.
and Red Leary. a gigantic Irishman

who kept a saloon down near the Five

Points, the most desperate section of
old Xew York. Leary weighed three
hundred pounds, had a head of flaming red hair, wore a number eight
and three-quarter hat. and had been a
daring bank burglar, but at this time
most of his time was given to receiving and guarding the plunder. Leary
was a gallant soldier in the war of the
rebellion, and was a man of reckless
bravery. Sam Blake was encouraged
by Ryan to believe his horse was a
trotter, for Ryan knew Blake's business, that he had intimate knowledge
of bank safes all over the country, and
he knew that the Scott-Dunlap gang
of

bank robbers badly needed such

man

in their

hazardous branch of

in-

and so it came about that

Dunlap met Sam Blake and got acdustry,

quainted with him.

A Transaction on Yale Locks

The Scott-Dunlap Co. had decided
to open a bank at Elmira, Xew York,
and the\ decided that the Second Xational would be a good bank to open
r

so they laid their plans accordingly.

It had a big safe, and the safe was
directly under the rooms of the Y.
M. C. A. The top of this safe was
covered with a layer of railroad iron
and cement a foot thick, and it was
considered absolutely burglar proof.
Scott and Dunlap thought differently

and they came

to Elmira, a half

of them, with a

dozen

woman who opened

after
a boarding house and
Their plan was to work
their wants.
only by night. They proposed to enter the rooms of the Y. M. C. A., take
up the floor above the safe and effect
an opening from the top, putting the
floor back again each morning and removing the debris to the roof of an

looked

opera house, which adjoined the Y.

M. C. A. building. This roof was

coming into fashion. Xow, these

burglars would open any ordinary
lock with a skeleton key and lock ic
again the same as a hotel chamber
maid does. But you can't do that with
a Yale lock, and it looked is if they
were stumped. Of course, they couid
break the lock and get into the rooms
that way, but they could not get
through the top of that safe in one
night, and. of course, the break would
be discovered the next morning.
It
was necessary to get somebody that
could show them how to open that
Yale lock. Ryan, of New York, had
already told Dunlap about Sam Blake,
who was heavily in his debt, and
Blake was approached.
Ryan told
him. "If I were in your position I
would not work for any two hundred
dollars a month and expenses." "Why,
what would you do?" said Blake.
"Why," said Ryan, "there are men in
this country who will pay you more
for information about bank locks in
one day than you can make in a year
selling safes

and fixing locks."

knew what he meant and

Blake

stoutly re-

any such proposition, but he

got more and more in debt to Ryan,
who encouraged him to do so. And
then one day Dunlap came on from
Elmira and they asked Blake ln.vv to
open a Yale lock, and told him they
would give him fifty thousand dollars
to show them how to open the Yale
lock of the V. M. C. A. at Elmira.
and Sam Blake fell.
jected

Blake told them it was impossible

Yale lock, but he said there

to pick a

a way to open it.

Go back to Elmira and get me called there to see
The robbers
about selling a safe.
went back and soon the safe company
was informed that a certain party in
Elmira wanted to buy an expensive
safe, and Sam Blake was sent to
Elmira to interview this party. Blake

is

Dunlap to put a small piece of

wood, just a little sliver, inside the keyhole of the Yale lock of the Y. M. C.
A. building. This was done, and, of
course, the key did not unlock the lock
and the Y. M. C. A. people could not
get into their rooms without smashing the lock.
The newspapers that
morning said that Mr. Samuel Blake,
told

the

well

known

lock

expert

of

the

Co., was stopping at the

Eagle Hotel, and, just as Blake had
expected, the Y. M. C. A. people went
around there to get his adviec about
opening the lock.
He went over
there and they showed him the key,
and while they were not looking he
made an impression of that key in a
piece of wax. He removed the sliver
from the lock and the key worked all
right, and that night the Scott-Dunlap
gang had keys to work all right, too,
for it was an easy matter to make
a duplicate key from the wax impression that Blake had made for them.

Blank Safe

^T
and every night after the Y. M. C. A.
people had gone home at ten o'clock
there were industrious gentlemen of
New York working in there taking up
the floor and carpet, and they were
busy till the light of morning began
They carried out bushels
to dawn.
and bushels of ceme it and bricks,
dumped them on the roof of the opera
house, and then they went home to
their boarding house, carefully locked
their door and slept through the day.
It
was a fine plan and would have
succeeded, only one morning the
cashier came into the safe room and
found a lot of lime powder from the
ceiling scattered all over the floor,
and the jig was up, and an investigation up stairs showed that they were
all ready to open the safe and would
have done so in a day or two more.
The party escaped, all but one of
them, and nobody dreamed that Sam
Blake had anything to do with the
attempted robbery, but Blake was in
the hands of the gang and could not
get away from crime.
The Scott-Dunlap Co. was not discouraged by this failure, and they at
once gave Blake a squeeze to let him
know that he was in their power.
They did not pay him the $50,000 they
had agreed, because they said the
enterprise had failed, but they did
give

know

him enough money to let him

that there was a reward for

crime as well as punishment, and from

that time on it was the business of
Samuel Blake, expert locksmith and
confidential

pany,

to

man

of the big safe

inform

com-

Scott-Dunlap

the

gang where bank safes were to be

found that were comparatively easy
of access.

Some

startling exploits

off by this
tion.

were pulled

bold and daring combina-

bery but, when the explosion came,

the robbers got away with $120,000 m
cash, and more than a million in securities, which they afterwards sold
back to the bank. The robbery was
a very clever one and nobody suspected either Dunlap or Scott, but
when they went away they left behind

them that air pump, and a member of

the sate company, called upon to examine the wrecked safe, said on seeing
it,

"If I did not know to the contrary

should think that air pump came
He wasn't far out of

from our shop."

the way for that is just wdiere it did

come from, and one of the sharp
nosed Pinkertons began to make in-

quiry about the employees of the safe

company, for it was very evident that
somebody had posted this enterprising band of robbers on weak safes in
It
different parts of the country.
didn't take this Pinkerton man a great
while to make up his mind that Sam
Blake was the man, for it was not
difficult to find out that he had been
interested in fast horses, that he had
associated with the crook horse dealer

Ryan, and that Ryan knew all the

burglars of the Scott-Dunlap gang,
and often met with them at his stable
or at the saloon of Red Leary, and it
was suspected that the plunder was
brought there after the banks had
been robbed. Red Leary was a noted
member of the Dunlap gang and in its
earlier days had taken part in many
a robbery, but he now acted as banker
for the gang, for they kept their plunder intact and did the trading in securities direct with the bank they had

robbed. Leary's saloon in New York

was the headquarters of the Dunlap
gang, while Shang Draper's saloon.,
not far away in the Five Points, was
the headquarters of the

Jimmy Hope

Among these was the one that

ultimately led to the downfall of Samuel Blake. A bank in Quincy, 111., had

band of cracksmen.

been selected, and they went at it

about the same way as they did the
bank at Elmira. The Baltimore woman again rented a house. They got
into the room over the bank by false
keys, they took up the floor every
night and laid it down again every
morning without exciting suspicion
and, finally, one night, Scott and Danlap were able to lower themselves
through a hole in the ceiling into the
money room of the bank. They were
in the vault, but they had to get open
the safes inside the vault. To do this,
the robbers used for the first time
what is known as the air pump method, and this method had been invented
by Blake for the purpose of selling

successful robbery at
Quincy, 111., Scott and Dunlap planned
a merry summer at Long Branch, then
the most fashionable resort on the
Atlantic CoastTheir clothing was
of the latest cut, diamonds flashed
from shirt fronts and on fingers, and
the ladies of Long Branch admired
the two good looking gentlemen, who
had always at their command a splendid team of horses to drive about the

The

company was

at

the

time introducing cement filling

prevent burglars blowing a safe

to

safes.

liv

safe

means

of sifting fine
joints and crevices

the
lock.

powder

into
around the
burglars did this

To show how
pump and exhausted

they took an air

air

and

from the

safe
then with the

through the joints

same

air

forced gun powder into the

pump

<^^u4&uM&&u**fcr

they

vacuum of
the safe, and blew the door out with
the utmost ease. Blake had furnished
Dunlap with one of these air pumps.
He had nothing to do with the rob-

Gay
After

gay

was

Life at

Long Branch

the

Dunlap, whose real name

James Barton, had originally

resort.

been a husky brakeman, while Scott

had been a deck hand on a Mississippi
Fine training for
River steamboat.
But as the summer
high society.

waned the money waned also, and the

two society leaders began to think of
another transaction in banking, and
they went up to New York to see Sam
Blake. Sam by this time would have
been very glad indeed to get out of
the business, but it is a good deal
easier to get into trouble than it is
to get out of it, and it didn't take
these two "swell mobsmen" long to
convince Blake that he was in the
jaws of the trap and must do what
they said. It was then that the plot
to rob the Northampton bank was
formulated, for Blake knew that the

locks of the cash vault would yield

readily once they had the combination to the safe and were inside the
building.
The field of action chosen,
the Scott-Dunlap Co. proceeded in
their usual systematic manner.
Slim
Peary, a smooth talking member of
the company, went to Northampton
as a book agent or something of that
kind, and spent several weeks there
getting thoroughly acquainted with
the lay of the land; he knew all about
the method of entering the bank from
the outside door by an ordinary key,
he knew that Whittle had the combination.
Blake had told that much,
and he visited the Whittle house as a
book agent and made a careful map
of its exits and entrances and, as the
day for the bank opening approached,

two more strong arm men came en

from New York by different routes.
They didn't go to any hotel. Where
do you suppose they did go?

The School House in No. 10

You remember the school house
number

in

ten with the big vacant attic

where rats held high revel and chimney swallows fluttered and rumbled
Slim
in the
old unused chimney?
Peary had located this school at once
as a safe rendezvous, and a rope ladder made easy entrance and exit
through the trap door into the deserted upper chamber, and there the two
with
strong men were quartered
plenty of provisions, including several
quarts of whiskey. They slept through
the day undisturbed by the recitations
just under them and at night they
went out and thoroughly inspected
the ground. About the first of January Scott and Dunlap, the two leaders,

came on from

New

York, one by way

of Boston, the other by way of

Springfield. They came in late evening
trains and were piloted to the school'
house in number ten, to wait til! the
appointed hour.
I

have told you about the surprise

party at Mr. Whittle's, how successful

it was and how the party came back
just before daylight, five men with i
bushel or two of plunder from the
bank.
They did not dare take this
plunder away with them, there was
too much of it, and so they left it
there
in
Northampton,
where do you suppose they put
right

and
this,

more than

a million dollars of cash

and securities. It was all planned very
skillfully and the school house in number ten was selected as the safe deThe
posit vault for the plunder.
blackboard was one of the old fashioned wooden blackboards of that
period, nailed up against the wall by

wooden cleats.
The robbers took
down these cleats, and in back of the
blackboard they stored away a large
part of the plunder.
The rest of it
was put under the little platform on
which was located the teacher's desk.
There wasn't one chance in a mill; .n
that anybody would ever dream <>f
in the old school house for any
of this robbery.
Then, the
plunder planted, the band separated.
Scott and Dunlap, with a team dr ivt
west to Springfield, and there one

looking
traces

&

&&&u<tineM&&u&&r
went north and the other went south
on separate trains. The other three
members faded into the night and
departed by different routes, all to
meet again at Red Leary's in the

trusted Leary with good reason. After

they had sold the securities the plunder was to be divided. Sam Blake received a small amount of the ready
cash with the promise of more when

Five Points.

the

A month

later,

when

the excitement

had died down, Scott and Dunlap

They
went back to Northampton.
took a team at Springfield and drove
over late in the evening, a distance
That night
of about fifteen miles.
they went to the school house in

number ten, tore down the blackboard, ripped up the platform, loaded
the plunder into the sleigh and were
nearly drowned crossing the canal to
get out of the village on to a countryroad, but they managed their escape,
and the next day when the teacher
opened school he was astonded to find
the blackboard ripped off, his desk
turned bottom side up, and evidence
The
of strange visitors over night.
alarm was spread and the attic visited
and there was found remains of provisions, a lot of warm blankets, seeral empty whiskey bottles, and it
was very evident that this had been
the rendezvous of Mr. Whittle's sur
prise party back in January.

Dividing the Plunder

It

was

sinister

meeting

in

the

liquor dive of Red Leary, at the Five

Points. A half dozen members of the
band were there, and it was finally
decided to put the money and securities in the possession of Leary, who
was to bury it in a place known only
to

himself and his wife.

The gang

bank bought back the

That was the condition

when

securities.

of

affairs

Pinkertons got hold of

Blake and put the screws on him, until he told them the whole story and
agreed to turn state's evidence. The
gang had agreed among themselves,
that whenever it be necessary to save
its

the

members any money

in its

posses-

by whoever

sion should be sacrificed

charge, and the man in

charge was Red Leary. As soon as
Blake made his confession, the Pinks
promptly arrested Scott and Dunlap,
the active workers in the robbery.

had

it

in

Blake's

was amply

evidence

suffi-

cient to send both these men to prison

for the rest of their lives, but, they
were told if they would give up the
securities
they had already disposed
of the cash
they would be granted
a much easier sentence, and they insisted that Leary do this.
Leary objected, but Mrs. Scott went to him
and told him it must be done, or Scott
and Dunlap would confess that he
was implicated in the robbery and
held the stolen property, and that
would send him up for a long term
of years with the rest.
Of course
Leary didn't want to go, and so he

much against his will, dug up

the plunder from the cellar on Sixth
Avenue, and it was restored to the
bank at Northampton.
finally,

:.

82':

105 letters;

Scott and Dunlap got twenty years

each in the Massachusetts "State's
Prison and Scott I believe died there.
Dunlap served out his term, getting
several years off for good behavior.

He was

model prisoner.

He came

nit,
went to another part of the
country and lived a respectable life.
Sam Blake, too, had learned his

lesson.

With

the

shadow

of

the

prison looming over him, he had been

taught that the wages of sin are always paid.
Of course, he was no
longer wanted in the service of the
big safe companies but he went into
business somewhere in the West and
was quite successful, and very lew
people knew that the model business
man of this small western city had
once been the most valuable member
of the great Scott and Dunlap gang
of bank robbers.
Red Leary met a curious death; he

and some friends had been celebrating

in a cafe in

came down

Xew York

City.

a flight of steps

entrance to the street.

They

from the

As they came

down, talking and laughing, one of

the party noticed a brick, or paving
stone, which lay by the curb where
some repairs to the city were being
made. He picked up this heavy ston
and hurled it high in the air at the
same time yelling: "Look out, boys."
The stone came' down square on the
eight and three-quarter soft hat of
Red Leary and cracked his enormous
skull. He died a few hours later from
the blow, the last of a band of enterprising bank workers in some respects Wise but mostly Otherwise.

Quality. 77'

*T &J&u4&uzW&6uarstruction and direction of the writing?

Why?
3.
Present a development of capital "O" or capital "B" with suggestive
counting for exercises, and letter
forms in order to stimulate concert of
action and rhythmic motor response
on the part of pupils.

Copy as a specimen
arm movement writing:

4.

best

When

Do
By

me

THE BUSINESS EDUCA-

in

TOR

what amount

of

move-

finger

ment should be used in connection

with the arm movement? D. S. Gar-

cia.

ANSWER:

The proportion of finarm movement varies greatly,

depending

upon

the

nature

the

of

work

to be done, whether of a quantitative or of a qualitative kind.

Of

where

course

quantity

rather

Personality

has

much

to

do

with

and arm move-

ment, as some penmen use much more

of one or the other movement than
other penmen of like ability. Broadly
speaking, the arm movement is used
for ease and grace and rapidity, and
the fingers are used for details and
accuracy.

In Old English lettering, how far

should the shade be from the letter?

XYZ.
The width
letter
in

of the space between the

and the shade should conform

shape

and as

to the shape of the shade,

a rule it is somewhat narrower

than the shade.

The width of the
white space is also governed by the
amount of space between the strokes
in

the letters.

Where

the lettering

is

extended the space is relatively wider

than where it is condensed.

WRITING
1.
What should be the aim of the
progressive teacher in presenting the
writing lesson?
2.
Knowledge or Skill: Which is
the more important as a part of the

teacher's

equipment for

efficient

in-

phase of position conof

health;
what
related to technic in writing?

promotion
is

7.

Give several means of maintain-

ing interest and enthusiasm for progress in applied writing.

Write two sets each of the

and small letters to show,
knowledge of letter formation,

8.
(a)
capitals

first,

and, second, facility in execution, (b)

Should the teacher write both a formal and an individual hand?

Tom

SCHOOL TEACHERS

E.

Grades

Doner, Beverly, Mass.

and

The primer

2.

of

writing. The eye training stage. The

getting ready stage.
Board practice.
Large, free writing on paper, rather
than small, intensive and restrictive.
Good general form not accuracy in
practicing words, easy sentences, letters, and pupils' names.
To be taught
as a language and not as an art. Minimum written work and maximum su-

pervision.

6.
What pedagogic values should
enter into the rating of pupils' handwriting? What are the chief objects
of the grade in writing?

than

quality is desired, the arm rather

than fingers is used.
On the other
hand, in precise writing, such as engrossing, the fingers rather than the
arm are employed.
the relation of finger

phase

LIC
By C.

all

all

What

5.

cerns

ger and

your

the good you can,

the means you can.
In all the ways you can,
In all the places you can,
At all the times you can,
To all the people you can,
As long as ever you can.

began the practice of penbelieved that no finger

movement should be mixed with the
arm movement. I wish you to answer
I

manship,

of

A BRIEF OUTLINE IN PENMANSHIP BY GRADES OF PUB-

Sawyier.

Grades 3 and 4. The manner of

writing.
The muscle training stage.
The how, the method, the process, the
movement through muscular feeling
and touch. The best time for fixing
right habits of position and penholding, and also the best time to begin
for
establishing rhythm
and legibility not too technical in
form, slant or size, yet free.

movement

Grades 5 and 6. The technique of

writing.
The form and movement
stage.
The thorough establishment
of position and movement to writing
as a language tool.
Age best suited
to maximum improvement, especially
form and movement.
Ought to
thirty minutes daily to formal
and have expert instruction and
supervision.
The time to exact and
not merely expect, for firmness is fairin

give
drill

ness.

The teachers

of

Binghamton,

New

York, appreciate the value of a good

hand writing, and as a result three
penmanship classes are being conducted each week with Mrs. Elizabeth
Landon as the instructor. Mrs. Landon is the supervisor of writing in the
schools of Binghamton. She has favored us with a good list of subscriptions, and writes that each teacher
hopes to secure a Business Educator
Certificate this year.

Grades 7 and 8. The quality, speed

and individuality of writing. The individual stage. The establishment of
an automatic arm or muscular movement. The end to be sought is a good
hand writing in an efficient manner.
A good time to make up what might
have been accomplished in grades five

and

six.

Summary
Grades

and

2.

Eye

training

stage.

Grades

and

4.

Muscle training

stage.

Mr. F. E. Auld, Globe Business College, St. Paul, is using The Business
Educator in his classes.
list of
thirty-four subscriptions has been received from him. Mr. Auld is quite a

Grades
Grades

5
7

and
and

6.

Technical

8.

Individual stage.

stage.

good penman. He is naturally lefthanded but changed to his right hand

some time ago. Unfortunately he has
one finger missing on his right hand.
Even though he is handicapped in
this way he swings a very skillful
pen.

ROUNDS-TRUMAN
64 West Randolph St.

CM^C^~ cml
F

Wanted -Engrosser
For permanent position. All-round man with experience preferred, or young man with ability,
capabable of developing:.
Apply with samples,
giving experience, age. salary expected.

a^fz

Robinson. Walnut Hill High, Cincinnati

CO.,

CHICAGO,

ILL.

ROUNDHAND OR ENGROSSERS' SCRIPT

By

E. A. Lupfer, Zanerian College of Penmanship, Columbus, Ohio

LESSON

No. 12

Engrossers derive considerable income from making letterheads. They have frequent calls for them written in
roundhand. The public calls it copper-plate script, but a good penman can get more grace and action into his work
than a copper-plate engraver, even though a penman is handicapped in getting sharp, tine-line engraved etchings.
Some of the most important things in making a good letterhead are arrangement, balance, size, contrast acBe as original as you can but avoid the freakish. Simplicity is preferable to too
tion, spacing and quality of line.
much elaborateness. While a flourish here or there, an underscore, or an ornament will often improve a design,
strokes without a purpose should be avoided.
Keep the name tall,
After working on the letterhead herewith try one of your own, using a long firm name.
Contrast in size and proportion often
compact and graceful. The other part can be smaller and less compact.
makes a very desirable design.

Executed in the

bp^pI

office

of

the

B.

E.

B^^w

liTfiJil&Bnn

III

Wmmm

A. D. Taylor, the master of accurate script

:.f?

30

^^to^ic^^r &

NEWS NOTES
W.

1^^^

L. Peterson, formerly of Brigham

I'tah, is now director of the
of the Og-

City,

Commercial Department
den, L'tah, High School.

handicap. W. T. Johnson. Business

Principal of the Haskell Institute,
United States Indian Training School,
Lawrence. Kansas, in renewing his
subscription, writes as
find that being out of

follows:

e names of penmen not pubolumns who have done their

Names written by E. A
y.

Lupfe

"I

We

The Business

Educator is a handicap
Commercial Instructor."

me

to

C. D. Phelps, Benford. Texas,

very nice work in flourishing.

as

is

doing

flour-

has been received from him indicating considerable skill and ability.
ish

dale, Pa.,

penmanship

in

hand department.
The name of Aakers Business College, Fargo, Xo. Dakota, has been
changed to that of Fargo School of
Business. Mr. O. J. Hanson, the for-

after the

school was closed with Influenza for

a month by sending us a list of S4 subscriptions. That is a sure way of getting the maximum results.

Frank

Tamblyn,

South Australia,

in

Wallaroo
renewing

mer Principal, has purchased the

school and reports an increased attendance this year over last of fifty
students, bespeaking a growing insti-

Mines,
his sub-

scription to The Business Educator,

stated that "he finds the call of the
Educator too strong to be resisted."
That is the feeling expressed by

tution.

Lieut.

very beautiful and well arranged

oval exercise design has been received

Emerald

of

free book. "How to

It

f
F.

W TAMBLYN,

406 Meyer Bldg

ZANER

A.

.20
.40
.50

75
.00

BLOSER COMPANY

of

the

Ellis

Publishing

tells

you enclose stamp.

Kansas

City,

Mo.

desk and is always read with a relish

because it reflects courage and frankness to a marked degree and not mere
ability.
Dr. Rowe is much more than
a commercial text publisher, and that
is why he is interesting.
The Budget
is mailed free to commercial teachers.

of Rythmical Penmanship
A NORMAL COURSE BY LOUISA MARIA SPENCER

1U

that

The Spencer Pedagogy

rectly

Expert Oblique Holder. 7; in.

S
Oblique Holder, rosewooo. 8 in.
Oblique Holder, rosewood.
in.
Fine Art Oblique, rosewood. 8 in.
Fine Art Oblique, rosewood. 11' in. 1

Become aGood Pen-

contains specimens and

how othersmastered penmanship bymy

me will be elegently

I-liil

Zanetian
Zanerian
Zanerian
Zanerian
Zanerian

states

The Budget, Baltimore, Md., the

House Paper of The H. M. Rowe
Company, is a regular visitor to our

PENMANSHIP TROUBLES

efully

He

Company, Battle Creek, Mich., is

splendidly covered, illustrated and
printed, presenting quite a large number of commercial text publications,
some of which are of recent date and
others are revisions of well tried publications.
All of the commercial subjects are covered, and many others
such as a pocket dictionary, etc.

very beautiful and skillfully addressed envelope has been received

Bear,
Madison
from
Charles
E.
Square. New York, N. Y. Mr. Bear
is an engrosser of considerable skill.

idjusti d

subscriptions.

The Catalog

oblique holde

35

they are using The Business Educator

penmanship classes as a penmanship text.
Many ohter schools
are also adopting this plan, and splendid results are being secured.
in their

Westervelt, Westervelt School,

London, Out., Canada, believes in
business people being well trained in
penmanship, as well as in other commercial subjects, and as evidence of
this we have just received a list of
l"."i
subscriptions from his school.

Our

Tampa.

I. Thomas, Laurium, Mich., Commercial School, favored us with a club

W.

Bala

of the

W.

took work under Mrs. Hansen, who

was the supervisor of writing in the
public schools of her city.

you ever stop to think when you are

unable to make a letter or shade properly
that the fault may be with your penholder?
It requires a very exact adjustment of the
holder t<> produce those beautiful snappy
Win waste time, effort and mashades
terial with a poor holder when you can

Hatton, son of Prof. L.

22 \-ears of age.

McGibbons,

Crystal Falls. Michigan, in the center

which her photograph appears.
of
The design is quite large and very
skillfully done, showing natural abilMiss McGibbons
ity with the pen.

J.

W.

Business College, was killed in

battle north of the Argonne Forest
in France. Oct. 21, 1918.
He was but
Fla.,

Miss

J.

M. Hatton, proprietor

many.

from

commercial department, and

Ella O'Donnell, Glassport, Pa., short-

Florence Clayton, of the Rider-Moore

Stewart School, Trenton, N. J., reiK:

newed work

Mr. M. Montague, a copper plate engraver, 4227 Ellis Ave., Chicago, 111.,
recently sent us some samples of his
work.
He has engraved signatures
and letter heads from the original pen
work of some of our greatest penmen,
who all endorse his skill in highest
terms.
Mr. Holah, of Cleveland,
Ohio, did such work a good manyyears ago, and we believe Mr. Montague is the only one specializing in
this work in the United States at
present.
wish him success.
T. B. Cain, Douglas Business College,
McKeesport, Pa., reports that they
have by far the largest enrollment in
the 40 years' history of the Douglas
College.
Recent additions to the
faculty are W. D. McLean, of Scott-

Course in Rhythmical Penmanship and Spelling through Mental and

Development.
Succtssfully used in public and private schools
Adapted to all systems of muscular penmanship. Outlined for students of all ages.
Used in all grades from Kindergarten through High School.
Special features of the Spencer Pedagogy
Spencer Rhythmical Penmanship Pedagogy
Script Word Building Demonstrator.
Rhythmical Posture Drills and
Penmanship and Spelling Correlated,
Letter-Stroke Sonas.
. j
,,
C.J-.Students
Edition.
Train* for Snpervisorships.
Script Word Building Cards.
Correspondence Courses.
Scientific

Physical

Address:

SUPERVISORS' AND TEACHERS' SCHOOL OF RYTHMICAL PENMANSHIP,

204-205-218 Blanchard

Hull,

Los Angeles. Cal.

lJi|.Mff,iJ^<j.LiJi^^JW^a^i^^w-fi!M,iiii'i,j.fa.fwiw^/

m^

<^&&uJt'/tlfr<2dua<fcr*

WANTED

nanship teacher for Business College in Texas.

prf
Qjll** A Prosperous School,
A
U1 0cllc
in a Busy City and a

Address

Position in college or head of commercial department, by college gradSuccessful

To lease with the Privilege of buy- uate.
in
ac" "'' ' tu ing one or two good business schools countancy of broadinstructor
experience.
Exin the Central West.
Address "Business Manager."
cellent references.
Address No. 1177
care Business Educator. Columbus, 0.
care of Business Educator, Columbus,
Ohio.
Texas, care Business Educator, Columbus, Ohio.

WANTED

the new way-taught b

mail within

The Pratt Teachers' Agency

Write for free sample lesson

JHARWELL SH0RTHAN0 SCHOOL.

15 John

NEW YORK

TO Fifth Avenue.

SI

Recommends
specialists,
schools.

FOR SALE
A

Business College in a Florida town

where aviation camps are located.
Good reason for selling.
Can be
had very cheap. Address
A. A. T.

care Business Educator, Columbus, 0.

college and normal graduates,

and other teachers to colleges and

Wealthy District.
Factory Center.
Increasing Business. Excellent opening for a progressive school man, or
two men. Many Positions, Big Salaries. Fine Equipment.
Rare chance.
Price 2 3 business booked to date.
Address JOHN DOE, care Business Educator. Columbus,

BlE A BANKER
Prepare by mail
for this
tive profession in which the
tunities for both men and women. Send ai on
for free book. "How to Become a Banker."
Edgar G. Alcorn, President,
i

The agency receives many calls for commercial teachers from public and private Bchools
and business colleges.
Win. O. PRATT.

American School

MANAGER

LARGEST AND LEADING AGENCY

emergency vacancies and for

Write immediately for Free Circular.

or mid-year

my

dollar order for

inks

best glossy ink 4 oz bottle. 50 cts. NONESUCH,

the ink with the brown line and black shade,
same price. Sample cards executed with these
inks free for a two cent stamp.

A.

29 McLene Bldg., Columbus.

IN

THE

1919-1920.

BOISE, IDAHO

will

send free one set of ornamental capitals or one

beautiful nourished bird executed with whiteand
gold ink on blue paper Satin Gloss, the world's

604 W. Colvin

of Banking,

NORTHWESTERN TEACHERS'
AGENCY
WEST

SPECIAL OFFER!
With every one

0.

POSITIONS for TEACHERS and BUSINESS COLLEGES for Sale

We need beginning and experienced teachers to recommend. Write
for our FREE literature; state qualifications briefly. If you would buy
a

W. DAKIN,

money-making business

college, write for particulars

no charge.

Syracuse, N. Y.

St.

CO-OPERATIVE INSTRUCTORS' ASSOCIATION, 41 Cole

SALARIES

Bldg.,

MARION, IND

Glimpse at Our Files!

Registe

O.

North Star Teachers' Agency,

HANSON. MG
FAGO. N. DAK.

J.

For

LARGER SALARIES

In

the

WEST

write

HAZARD TEAGHERS'AGENGY
27th Year.

$1 registers in three offices.

Globe Bldg.
MINNEAPOLIS, MINN.
Old Nat'l Bank Bldg.
SPOKANE. WN.

211 15th Street

DENVER. COLO.

December
You are prepared to hold one of our 33 fine
191S.
business college openings, paying from $1,200 to $1,500.
We
have two unusually desirable commercial places, at $2,000 or
$2,500, as well as 36 excellent high school places, paying from $900
Our list also includes probably 22 attractive places for
to $2,000.
lady teachers of Gregg and Pitman, at salaries ranging from
We shall have scores of other high-grade oppor$900 to $1,500.
tunities before January 1.
'.),

"Let's get in touch!"

CONTINENTAL TEACHERS' AGENCY

BOWLING GREEN
__

T^|_ _j

I llt^

nlsnrO
B.

KENTUCKY

(INC.i

ofit.
For
The normal balance sheet should show
of
teachers enrolled with us in 191S. it does. Ma ly of them, one year ago.
were wondering whether to add the h?lp of a reputable agency to thsir
Mere wish ing never got
efforts, as you may now b3 wondering.
,-igorous, effective action,
anybody anywhere. Wishing, coupled
it to yc
as we have proved it to
Let
othe
ek for fifte

own

Sheet

The NATIONAL COMMERCIAL TEACHERS' AGENCY

E. E.

GATLORD. Manager

(A Specialty by a Spec

spect

.lis

Hill,

Beverly,

Ma

February Opportunities
Some excellent positions, open in February, arc now listed.
Possibly one of these is
just what you want.
If interested, write us.
No obligation to accept any place. Service

Byrne Practical Touch Typewriting

Fourteen years' test in some of Amerlargest schools.
Its
writers hold
records.
Contains new features making
possible more accuracy and speed.
By the
ica's

us? of a Key Board Practice Chart less

typewriter equipment is required.
Also
less time on part of teacher.
This text is
positively a time saver and result getter.
Must be seen to be appreciated.
The eighth edition of Byrne Simplified
Shorthand is ready for distribution. Over
thirty thousand writers.
Either text sent
to teachers for examination upon receipt of
fifteen cents in stamps to pay postage.

absolutely confidential. YVe get you a better

place than can be had thru any other source, or there is no commission to pay. September openings also coming. Let us assist
you to a better, brighter future.

SPECIALISTS'

BYRNE PUBLISHING COMPANY

57 East Jackson

Blvd., Chicago,

111.

Best Ever

U.

S.

EDUCATIONAL
Rl IP CM
fSUKCAVj

Liberty Bonds

ROBERT

A.

GRANT. Mgr.

and Business Educator

m^m\m^^\\m,^mA\wmvmmmwm im-.mifm*mmm
t

51 6-1 8 Nicholas Bldg.

St. Louis. Mo.

A most

skillful letter

<!!3?&&uJ4'jij^&&u*z&r'

from the famous L. Madarasz.

As long

as

men

love

fine

penmanship

his

name

will

li'

&

M*&ud/n<M&&uxi&r
The Art

oi

ENGROS SING
P.

W. COSTELLO
Scranton, Pa.

The accompanying reproduction

of
testimonial in character,
and the use of colors
in its make up is permissible as well as
highly appropriate.
The actual size of the
work in the original
The
is 11x15 inches.
border and start, or
initial letter "A," are
outcourse
the
of
standing features of
this piece of work, and must be laid
out very carefully in pencil before
inking any portion of the design. The
student will note the great number of
curves in the border, and these curves
must be gracefully rounded and free
from kinks or breaks in order not to
offend the critical eye. Don't attempt
to ink the design until the lay-out

resolutions

is

asmmuM

the

border

members of thcT*oarO

jS-cfanton throuqh the aenerous.aeh'onof

r >**
"-i A" 1*1

iJf*K,

<!That the Roar6 extent its

congratulations re the citti upon
the acquisition of such a fieio ano" takes
this opportunity to record its rocoquth'on
an6 appreciation of the aift, which is a

is

ereoit both to the

6onoran6

for the latter color.

The heavier shades of green are put
on last and are obtained by adding
more color to the original mixture.

the type of cit-

izenship u'hich he represents.

and Payne's Gray

The large initial "A" is executed in

two shades of crimson lake as well as
the initial "R" in the word Resolved.
The background and ornament of
both initials are treated in the same
as

display

the

the

'SeczatatiS.

In
general border.
the general color

lines

scheme has been carried out

effect

to

pre-

in

ference to using black, giving a

harmonious

>

__

done in purple and the ornament in

green, mixing Hooker's Green No. 2

manner

oa*&

$xa'c have notc<^ trith much saKsfotKctv?

the qiffofa recreation field to the (*ihj of<*

The interior
this requirement.
lettering in the work is in harmony
with the border, apoint which should
be carefully borne in mind in arranging your design.
of

^U\\c

<

meets

The background

dhc^cran Kml!foar& of (Trace

more

whole

the

mkt-

de-

sign.

W.

McDonald, F. D. Smith and

J.
Miss M. E. Goodell, of Albuquerque,

X. Mex., Business College, are keeping the interest in their penmanship

classes alive by a liberal use of The
Business Educator. Eighty subscriptions have been received from them
this year.

F. Sterner, of Heald's Business College. Sacramento, Calif., recently favored us with a list of 100 subscriptions to The Business Educator.

J.

The Business Educator

YOUR NAME

ada.

ed.

is well patronized by the business colleges of CanThe latest list from Canada has
been received from A. S. McGregor,
Woodstock, Out., Business College.
Miss P. E. Morse, C. B. Luce and J.
R. Baker, of the Polytechnic High
School, Santa Ana, Calif., are good
loyal supporters of The Business Educator.
Miss Morse recently favored
us with a list of 3H subscriptions.

Mr. L. C. McCann, our friend from

Reading, Pa., favored us with a list of
subscriptions.
Mr. McCann is
3
conducting a very progressive business college in Reading and also one

on 15 cards for 25 cents.

Send todav Agents wantH. FARLES, 436 Engineers Bldg.,

Cleveland, Ohio.
prove your signature

W.

Fousfs Complete Show Card Writer

the
best text published: its contents covers every
medium used in making show cards and engrossing. Its adoption has just been made in
the State of California. Send for catalog.
C. A.

FAUST, 1024

N.

Robey

St.,

is

Chicago,

in

Mahanoy

City, Pa.

Mr. O. W. Burgess, of the commercial

department of Lockport, N. Y High
School, sent us a list of twenty-two
subscriptions

keeping up

indicating that he is
the penmanship interest

III.

in

his

S. S.

in Ornamental
Penmanship

Lessons

pages, will help yo

[ete

It con-tains
writing.
th detailed instruc-

course

master the difficult

penmanship.
It also
3

Attention Commercial Schools

There is a Great Demand for Show
Card Writing Courses

Home With W.

Help Brng the Boys

ental

of

.ll.i

i'.

lette

alone

1 1

Why

work in the dark whet

Price, $1.00.
help you'

will

D.

the

master,
book.

is

\1"

by A.

wonh

the
the

Taylo
price

ZANER & BLOSER COMPANY

Penmanship Publishers
Columbus, Ohio

classes.

ijn.iiii.ijjB.i.^j.ujjjiiJianjiiiu.i.iimujiiMiJj.iiiJ.ii.iAJ.Ta-.mffwirffrmww

BROAD-PEN LETTERING,

by E. A. Lupfer, with Zanerian

LESSON

No. 6

Retouched Old English

This alphabet was first made with a Xo. 1 lettering pen much the same as the Un-retouched Old English
Alphabet given last month. The straight line edges were all ruled with a rule and fine pen, and all the curves
rounded and smoothed out. It takes considerable practice and patience to retouch successfully. The highest
priced work is all carefully ruled and retouched.

Study the nice arch effect at the tops and bottoms of small letters. The points or "spurs" should not be made
Beginners are likely to overdo the retouching. Careful study and thoughtful practice is bound to win.

too large.

Only a few varieties of styles are given, since

standard before attempting to get individuality.

it

is

usually considered best to

Study carefully the simple treatment of the heading.

It

is

always safe

to

first

master a style which

is

nearly

keep your work simple rather than

too complex.

Il*ti

ahr&rfjjhtjklmnnpqmtuuutatui

aairqqj l2345GT83fl?i
One
which

is

hinmnjf

of the many new lessons and beautiful, practical illustrations which appear in The Zanerian Manual of Alphabets and Engrossing,
a revised, enlarged and greatly improved edition of New Zanerian Alphabets, published by Zaner & Bloser Co., Columbus, Ohio.

A07
This is exemplified every year in the case of those who have "the professional spirit," and year by year
improve their standing and raise their standards by attending training schools and thus raising their earningpower and securing more desirable and congenial positions as commercial teachers. Get the literature of a
school that receives six times as many calls for teachers as
Training School for Commercial Teachers.

it

can supply.

BOWLING GREEN BUSINESS UNIVERSITY,

Inc.,

It

is

the only National Official

Bowling Green, Ky.

IJIllli.l-lJililJ.l^^.ll^rilllUlllfy-lli.llHMJJIill.lfci.lJiflliUIBjLMMi

&

<5Me&u4//t*M&&i4Mfcr

BOOK REVIEWS
readers are interested in books of merit,
but especially in books of interest and value
to commercial teachers, including books of
special educational value and books on busiAll such books will be briefly
ness subjects.
reviewed in these columns, the object being to
give sufficient description of each to enable
our readers to determine its value.

Our

Bookkeeping and Business Calculation.

Enos Spencer, assisted by J.
Published by Enos Spen\Y. Drye.
Paper cover, 48
cer, Louisville, Ky.
'

Byrne Practical Touch Typewriting.

Henry Edward Byrne. Byrne PubBoard
lishing Company. Chicago.
covers, (i4 pages, illustrated.
This volume covers many little essentials about machine construction
machine manipulation.
well
as
as
Each step is illustrated and described.
The work is carefully graded from the
simple beginning to the complex end.
Quite a complete variety of advanced
model forms for writing is presented,
the purpose of which is to bridge the

gap between school and business.

pages, price $1.00.

The book

is

designed as a bridge

from theory to practice. Particularly

adapted to preparatory, secondary,
Rapidity
and commercial schools.
The
and accuracy are emphasized.
contents
1.

tion;

follow:

Group Addition;
3.

2.

Cross Addi-

Multiplication, Single Product

Multiplication

Method; 4. Complete
of Mixed Numbers; 5.
ing Various Products;

CoverGrain Calcu-

Billing,
6.

Lumber, Wire Screen Cloth,

Pig Iron; 7. Percentage, Per Cent of
or
Loss on Cost or of Sales,
Profit

lations,

Per Cent of Turnover, Distribution of

Gain and Sharing of Loss Among
Partners, Distribution of Cost of Conducting Business, Finding the Proper
Selling Price, etc.; 8. Maturity of
Commercial Paper; 9. Time for Interest; 10. Interest (Business Method); 11. Exact Interest; 12. Finding
the Face of Paper; 13. Equating Bills;
14. Averaging Accounts; 15. Adjustment of Investment of Partners.

Books

Mtch.

Paper

of the

Commerce, Chicago,
Brown, Principal of the

School,

St.

Accounting.
Battle

two

Creek,
books,

State

Nathan

N.

City,

butterflies

when they want

airplanes"

is

to

draw

one of the injunctions.

Victory White House Vocabulary is

the significant title of a 32-page pamphlet published by the Engineering
Company of America, New York City.
It is an alphabetically arranged list of
of the different words used by
all
President Woodrow Wilson in his
seventy-five classic addresses from
By Bannell Sawyer, B.
1913 to 191-8.
C. L., author of Victory High-Speed
Shorthand. It is intended for use by
spelling,
typewriting,
of
students
shorthand, and English.

its

Unusual Interest
Commercial Letters
By John

Walton School
and

Institute for
Street,

Chambers

New York

The book contains many illustrations

of war time subjects, and will no
doubt prove helpful to any teacher or
supervisor of drawing as a supplementary work.

A short account
invention and history, together with a statement of the position of the system at the present
Isaac Pitman & Sons, 2 W.
day.
45th St., New York City. X. Y.
A forty-page pamphlet giving information regarding Pitman's Shortof

Drawing.

Public Service, 51

Y.
64 pages,
12 colored pages, 75c postpaid.
The Institute For Public Service
claims that if ever drawing gains the
position to which its importance entitles it in American education, it will
"Don't make classes draw
be now.

Pitman's Shorthand.

B. Opdyke
the Julia

C.

Drew,

of

Normal

School,

New

and Celia A.
Richman High

York.

Cloud, Minn.
-

Brief Course, 298 pp.,

War Time

comprising an Account book and one of Instructions,

will fill a need long since felt by many
who cannot or do not care to keep an
extended account of expenditures. It
is simple and practical and inexpenIt is one of the Ellis Thrift
sive.
Series of three publications, the other
two being "Farm Bookkeeping" and
"Marshall's Method of Thrift Training, the last being by Carl Marshall.
All are opportune.

Modern Business Arithmetic

By H. A. Fjnney,

Co.,

cover,

Such subjects as the Inventor,

Easy to Learn, The Verbatim Reporting System, Pitman's Shorthand in
Business. In the Professions, etc., are
A sample lesson is also intreated.
cluded. A copy of this pamphlet "will
be sent to any one free upon request.

hand.

price 28 cents.
This publication,

of

of

Home

Ellis Method of
Ellis Publishing

35

8uo., 96c.

Complete Course, 488 pp.,

395 pp.,

S<vo., $1.50.

8vo.. $1.20.

These are not made to order letters, but actual

business letters that have made a trip thru the mail.

H. Lemowitz, Eastern District High School. Brooklyn:

"This is an interesting and instructive textbook. The problems

The reason for the
are modern, practical and not complicated.
existence of such subjects as trade discount is explained so that
the student gets an insight into the real business world. Topics
like the ratio between the cost items and net sales are now in demand in ah commercial statistics. This book is the kind we want
for our commercial schools."

E. E.

Gaylord, Beverly (Mass.) High

"A

School:

good taste in modern corinvaluable for business correclasses."

spondence and typewriting;
sort of encyclopedia of

respondence.

consider

it

Henry Holt and Company

19

West 44th

Street

New York

Park Street

Boston

jn.MB^ij,i.ij.LUJJiiuia(yiiiui.i'*yjii,.iJi,,y.iii,i,ii,i.j,j.iJ.uui.uti Ji.iiu.rffM

2451 Prairie

Avenue

Chicago

&

<5MJ&u&ned'<2'<6u&&r'

d*T

DESIGNING & ENGROSSING

E. L. BROWN,
Rockland, Me.
Send Send self-addressed po

Study of Oak Leaves

leaves are very decorative, and alternating with
laurel, are often seen on medals, coins, rolls of honor, etc.

Oak

The sketch

for

this

lesson

was

made from

the

natural forms, and the form and character of the leaves and branches are quite

reproduced.
Much time is
required for planning the design;

faithfully

often

and proper arrangement of

masses are the first consideration. So
arrange the branches and leaves that
they extend in different directions. Avoid
balance

parallelism, that is, too many leaves or

too many branches following practically
Accuracy of detail
the same direction.
means little when the drawing contains faults in line and
balance, hence the importance of the most careful and
critical attention to these details in arranging the design.
First make a pencil drawing, suggesting general
color values. Xow, with a Xo. J broad pen and India ink
Vary the
put in background, with short parallel lines.
direction of the lines, and Crosshatch them for the darkthickening
the
est values. Use a fine pen for the leaves,
strokes to procure the different tone values. The veins
Study each leaf critically
in leaves are simply indicated.
and note the exact tone value.

The

lettering

was executed with

broad pen and

re-

Make your copy about twice

pen.
Use Chinese white in
size of plate shown herewith.
background of initial "D," also for softening tone values
wherever necessary.
touched with

fine

As a study of oak, this design is worthy of close

imitation, and we would especially urge the student to
study the copy until he can comprehend our meaning
when we refer to balance, line, color, and arrangement
of masses.
Heading

for

Honor Roll

Rolls are in great demand

at the present time, by societies, communities, and business firms, from

Honor

which young men

have left
sponse to the country's call.
The Loyal Order of Moose

in

re-

calls to

the pictorial use of the moose

to give the design a special
meaning.
The order of Elks or
Eagles can be gotten up after this
design by using the eagle or elk's
head in the place of the moose head.
First lay off design in pencil, giving
special attention to balance, arrangement, and spacing. Make your design

mind

head,

1
Rule
l'2 in. from left to right.
vertical lines equally spaced.
Place point of divider on center line
and rule two parallel curves to govern
height of letters in words, "Loyal

about
three

Order of Moose," and "Pawtucket

Lodge." Leave a space four inches
deep for moose head and laurel, then
lay off words Roll of Honor, devoting
special attention to the rustic initials.
Use waterproof India ink for all the
lettering. The letters were "ruled
with a ruling pen and T-square
"pointed up" with a fine pen.

up"

and

The

(^
white, of course,

was added

last.

>J?/it'*36uJ/mjj
Out-

with a No. 5 broad pen.

of tone value and irregular,
scraggly lines will produce the
desired rustic effect.
line

rustic

Unevenness

Brush

Work

Two Xo. 7 sable brushes, a pan

each of lamp black and vermilion will
be the necessary outfit for the brush
work on

this design.
In mixing the
color use a very little red with black
Finish
to produce a brown tone.
moose head and laurel, also back-

ground,

first

noting

very

carefully

values.
Use a free brush and
for purity of tone.
Follow with
letters.
Note white line
to right of letters in words "Roll of
Honor." Also thin white line on left

tone

aim

shading on

letters.
The white gives proper relief to the letters and adds to
their legibility as well.
Use flat wash
for wreath first, putting in darker

Cdfwa/tr

ficial student of writing who cannot

find
confirmatory material in this
book, and much that informs and corrects, and much, too, that suggests

improvements.

Accounting

Theory

and

Practice.

Unit
Practice Set.
Charles F.
Rittenhouse, B. C. S., C. P. A. and
Philip F. Clapp. B. C. S., C. P. A.
.'2.

McGraw-Hill Book Compan;

W. 39th St., New York. Cloth man56 pages, and nine blank accounting book forms, paper covers.
The set provides practice material
for students of advanced bookkeeping, and is not a treatise on the theory
The objects are as
of accounting.
ual.

follows
1.

To

familiarize the student with

the operations of the ordinary books

of entry designed in accordance with
good modern practice.
To provide practice in the making and posting of adjusting and closing entries, and in the drawing up of
financial statements.
:;.
To illustrate the operation of
the

the
ing

ledger accounts usually found on

books of trading and manufacturconcerns, both co-partnerships

and corporations.
4.
To provide a basis for the disin class of the theory and
practice of accounting.

cussion

Fhe style, rulings, and arrangement

the forms impress one as being
thoroughly modern and in conformity
with present-day practices in progres-

of

sive concerns.

edge of

markings afterward.
Give this lesson careful, thoughtful
attention, and we are sure you will
be rewarded.

NEXT TO YOUR HEART

fits
the upper
JUST
vest pocket. Wear
it

next your heart and

protect yourself against
a bad "spell".
Thirty-three thousand
words with correct spel-

BOOK REVIEWS
Our readers are interested in books of merit,
but especially in books of interest and value
to commercial teachers, including books of
special educational value and books on business subjects.
All such books will be briefly
reviewed in these columns, the object being to
give sufficient description of each to enable
our readers to determine its value.

ling,

The Selection and Training of the

Business Executive. Enoch Burton
Gowin. The MacMillan Company,
Xew York City, N. Y. Cloth cover,
225 pages, price $1.50.
Wise, level-headed, practical manability was never so badly
needed and in demand as today. This
volume, therefore, deals with a vital
subject and in a concrete vitalizing

when

panion to everybody who

has occasion to talk, read
or write. It is not a book
made hastily, only to
sell, but is an accurate
and complete dictionary,
compiled from the latest

its employees, and the public.

This volume impresses us as being
especially
valuable
to
commercial
teachers as well as to business men,
and those training and aspiring to be
such.

prise,

Frank N. Freeman.

edition
of
Webster's
great International. It's
especially
valuable to

students and people employed

in
offices, and
worth ten times its cost
It is comto anybody.
plete, practical, accurate

By

The University

of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Paper,
illustrated. 169 pages, price $1.25.
This "study of the motor factors cf
excellence in penmanship" is of value
to students of scientific processes of
education, to administrators of educational systems, and to penmen who
wish to know the "why and the
wherefore" of their writing activities
or movements.
The handwriting act

and convenient.

food for advanced thought and act in

writing and teaching. He is a super-

x 2

Size

weight. 2 ounces.

makes

it

5'..

inches,

The

size

especially valuable-

always on hand when

needed. For this reason it is
worth more to most people than
unabridged,
and it gives alan
it

is

most every word that the average person

will

ever have occa-

sion to use.

Given as a Christmas
present by many schools

been

caught,
illustrated,
and
measured by the camera and movie
film with special apparatus to time
and measure the impulses.
Experiments in application of the scientific
data are given, all of which provide

has

And

traveling.

this book in the

pocket, only an instant
of time is required to
gain the information at
just the time it is needed.
It's an invaluable com-

way. The author himself has had valuable experience in training and in
business which enables him to write
helpfully and entertainingly. The executive is the personality who acts for
and between the owners of an enter-

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agerial

The Handwriting

syllable

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It's a dictionary we refer to and it's the dictionary to refer to anywhere at any time. Carry
it as easy as a watch.
Tells you a lot of things
you often want to know

and publishing houses.

THE PRACTICAL TEXT BOOK COMPANY,

1739

Euclid Avenue

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Cleveland, Ohio

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G. D. GRISET,
EVANSTON. ILL.

2909 CENTRAL

BARGAIN PRICES
First

Book 108 Pages,

ot

Business Writing 538 Lessons

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50 value $25.00
12c worth! 3.00
12c -value $ 2.00
95 Lessons in Artistic Writing.
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Madarasz Engrossing Script
12c value $ 3.00
30 Written Cards
50c 60 Written Cards
90c
C. W. JONES, 224 Main Street, Brockton, Mass.
Madarasz Artistic Gems
34 Alphabets of Lettering:
Lessons in Engrossing Script

HIGG1N8'
ETERNALINK- ENGROSSING INK
WRITES EVERLASTINGLY BLACK
The Eternal Ink is for general writing in plain or fountain
pens (2 oz. bottle by mail 20c.)
The Engrossing Ink is for
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I ht'se inks write Mark from the
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If your dealer

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send

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Catalog and full-sized samples
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ART ENGROSSING
Instruction

in
Designing, Engrossing
and Illuminating, Drawing
and Painting.

Esterbrook Pens
The biggest business unit

in America, the
U. S. Government, uses them; also the
majority of schools and business colleges.
Designed with a knowledge of what is needed in a pen.

Send

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The
T^nerian Manual

A Work on Modern Engrossing

A

Revised, Enlarged, and Greatly Improved Edition of

New Zanerian Alphabets

A bonk for engrossing artists and students, 81 x 111 inches,

bound in boards, treating on the following subjects:

Round Hand

Wash Drawing

Broad-pen Lettering
Standard Lettering
Freehand Lettering
Display Headings
Title Pages

Pen Drawing
Diplomas
Certificates

Resolutions
Designing

Besides the numerous examples of modern engross'ng, it conhow to execute the above various
It shows how to execute the
high prices.
commands
kind of pen work which
tains complete instructions

lines of the engrossers' art.

An

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hmp.&tjrossimj,

HOURS OF ECSTACY
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Dear Friends. Zaner

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E. P.

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1 J.

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Find enclosed two dollars for The Zanerian Manual of

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have spent too many
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hours of wrapt ecstacy with your older book of Alphabets not to

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Price $2.00, Postpaid

ZANER & BLOSER COMPANY

Penmanship Publishers

>jBnWwawBKWwjJiiiJiii.yiiiau!aii.iiiuiJ4.tii.i.ii.|.A<.ij.iiMi.i.itiii.ii^.iMM

Columbus, Ohio

Fine Discrimination in the Selection of

Commercial Text Books

Which we have been advocating

for so

many

years, has resulted in a very large increase in

the adoption of our books during the past year.

Then, we have issued several new publications that have been extensively adopted.

Junior
Arithmetic - Bookkeeping
met instantaneous favor. When "Bookkeeping and Accountancy" was first published some
it was declared that scientific accounting principles could not. possibly be taught
to beginning students of the subject in high and private schools.

years ago,

When "JUNIOR ARITHMETIC-BOOKKEEPING" was published a year ago, a

glance showed that the student was expected to prepare elementary forms of trading and
profit

and

that this

loss statements

was impossible,

very early
particularly

in the course.

when

the text

vanced primary grades and those not qualified

That
It is

Was

not the opinion today, as

There are those who likewise thought

was intended

to take

for students in the

up regular courses

ad-

in private schools.

the Opinion Last September

is

demonstrated by

its

adoption

in

schools both public and pri-

was the "missing link" between what the student knew of arithmetic,
It was exactly the book that was
and what he did not know, in taking up bookkeeping.
wanted to tie to the subject of bookkeeping the knowdedge of arithmetic the student had already acquired, making his arithmetical knowledge the basis of an understanding of bookkeeping purposes, methods and systems.

vate everywhere.

It

There are two

parts, each supplying a half-year's work.

143 Second Street

San Francisco,

Cal.

//Tev

//

Send

for descriptive circular.

/TZ/./ziiiASxy&o.

Ifc^gBJS^MSHfflM^^

Harlem Square

Baltimore, Md.

~'

,'>r

'

liiusnx;

S8

II

i
i
m

II

HP

||

^n^

II

Ml

III

II

II

^..^

III

II

I*

II

^ .^
|

||

||

^.|-

II

II

II

INSTRUCTION
PLUS!

That

is

what every student

who

is

taught the skilled

BS

gets

ffl

use of the

SELF-STARTING

Remington Typewriter

a
||

w
M
m

Such

that the student

It

f{9

m
jjjj

can learn on any typewriter.

also includes the great present-day

essential

-the operation of the Self- Starter keys

that exclusive Remington feature which adds

25 per

15 to

I
I

instruction includes every essential

cent, to the letter writing

speed

Self- Starting

which
ill-

Remington

is

completely the instruction in typing which

gives

its

f{9

it

ffl

pupils.

Remington Typewriter Company

(Incorporated)

374 Broadway

M
m

H
Q
*

the type-

enables the school to round out

writer

||

of the typist.

The

w
i

New York

^.HSWffW^.Kf.HIWHl^W^WlBUlIJJ]UJhlJiJMiH!HWrfiWW!WW

El

.y/u-*3Uuj//u,

CHALLENGE
SHORTHAND

COST

ACCOUNTING

Pitman- Graphic

Splendid

Men

for

Opportunities
and Women

The demands for expert cost accountants were never so great as at this
time, and

it is

the progressive

man

or

woman who makes

ready for advancement.

Exceptional opportunities for
men and women, due to war conditions.

The fingers above point the attempted directions

of shorthand straight lines and curves; but the
actual directions, under stress, always vary to the
full sweep of the respective triangles.

Our course in cost accounting is thorough and

specially
adapted to prepare for government
appointments or for Factory Cost Work.
Other courses include Accountancy. Auditing,
Practical Accounting, Business Law and Bookkeeping.

when used

at speed, always
jumbles with the obliques, as indicated by the central spasm of each wild three just below:

The

fifth direction,

Ch.

Ch

Prompt, personal attention of R.

R.

J.

BENNETT.

815 Land

Ml/ !////

n\\\I//

WW
P

Ch.

Ch

two downward directions of Challenge

Shorthand secure all the brevity of the Pitmans,
with perfect freedom from these jumbles.

To doubt the existence of these jumbles of the

verticals would be impossible, after transferring
the actual downward directions of any page of
practice or working notes, to blank paper.

And then to ignore the handicap of the jumbles,

and the vast gain of the unjumbled shorthand,
would be stupid, and, on the part of a teacher
charged with the destiny of youths, it would be
brutal beyond expression.
And when
hand

is

students

C. P. A.

Philadelphia, Pa.

Title Bldg.

Gregg Normal Training

Makes Teaching
Resultful

The

tells

Bennett

w/

The above directions are transferred from

"Reporting Notes of Well Known Writers."

This

J.

so.

they ask about

The conservation
are

of

the

of time

greatest

and energy

importance

today.

Gregg School furnishes a practical demonstration of efficiency principles applied to

the successful solution of problems recurOur graduates
ring in the school room.
say that six weeks at the Gregg Normal is
the equal, in results, of three months
where less effective methods prevail. The
Normal session is of indispensable value
To the teacher
to the beginning teacher.
of experience it gives new ideas, renews

enthusiasm, makes teaching easier, more

last but not least
inresultful and

creases salaries.
it,

Challenge Short-

the only refuge of truth.

The Normal session begins June 30 and

August 8. Plan now on coming to
Chicago for a most delightful and profitperiod
of study
it will prove to be
able
the best vacation that you can possibly
for
illustrated catatoday
take.
Write
logue and Normal announcement.
closes

The Pitmans have been the best, even with the

jumbles; and Challenge, without the jumbles, is
immeasurably the best of the Pitmans.
Challenge Shorthand Manual,

$1.25; to teachers, 90 cents.

M.

SCOUGALE,

Weatherford, Tex.

GREGG SCHOOL,
6 N. Michigan Ave.

diiJiiiJjJi.u.ri.iUJ.iiiJJiijjiiiuumu.HUi,iiJi.ij.iai,ij,^:fmffHTi )f,ffW!TM

CHICAGO,

ILL.

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NEW BOOKS

Special Short Course arranged for use with

or without offices.
Extremely interesting to

The Gregg Publishing Company

New York

Chicago

Bookkeeping

Bliss

San Francisco

the pupil.
American Ideals Selected

Patri-

Readings, by Emma Serl

and William J. Pelo, A M
Harvard).
otic

A selection of patriotic readings designed to teach patriotism and citizenship. Adapted to seventh and eighth
grades and junior high schools
h\<\
pages, cloth. 90 cents. Ready now.
Personality:
al

by

in

A textbook that helps the =tudent discover himself.

It develops inherent
forces and makes for higher personal
efficiency. Contains tests to measure
accomplishment and
ed principles.
192
stamping, $1.50,

to stabilize acquirpages, cloth, gold

Ready March 1,

1919.
Constructive Dictation, l.y Edward Hall Gardner. A. M.
(Dartmouth), Associate Professor of Business Administration, University of Wisconsin.
Every teacher of shorthand knows
the profound influence of dictation maon the student's English growth.

The book teaches business Knghsli along

with
skill.

acquirement of shorthand
320 pages, cloth, $1.00.
Ready

the

1. 1919.
Readings in Gregg
Shorthand, by Alice M. Hunter. Shorthand notes by Georgie Gregg.

April

Walsh's Business Arithmetic, by

John H. .Walsh, Associati Su
perintendent
\ ork City.

Graded

Reading shorthand is a potent aid in

developing shorthand skill in writing.

Send

of

Schools,

Scientific

New

Produces

lustrated,
1,

cloth,

SI .00.

1919.

Ready April

od published.

Simplis Shorthand
Only Ten Short Lessons. Easy to teach, easy
to learn, and easy to read.
Graduates hold

Bartholomew's Bookkeeping Exercises, by W. E.

Bartholomew, Specialist in Commercial
Education of the University
of New York.
Attractive
bookkeeping
problems
with a purpose, is the keynote to Mr.

Bartholomew's exercises.

They have

passed the acid test with true leaction.

two parts, elementary and advanced.
pages, cloth, each part, 60 cents.

In

Genuine Touch Operation in the

The Very Best Meth-

quickest possible time.

ah
a prosaic subject in e
instant interest and enthusiasm.
Yet
it never
loses sight of its objective.

Adapted to seventh and eighth prades

and junior high schools. 320 pages, il-

Touch

Typewriting

Mr. Walsh takes a bone-dry subject

Harrv

Commercial Education tor the

Board for Vocational

the most progressive

teachers. Miss Hunter's book is no

mere collection of "material" it is an
educational force. IliS pag s. all shorthand, cloth, 75 cents. Ready now.

Studies in Person-

Development,

Collins Spillman, Specialist

terial

now recognized by

the best positions.

National Dictation
Takes up the work where the textbook leaves

9ii

Ready now.

off.

Applied
Business
Calculation,
by C. E. Birch, author of Lessons in Rapid Calculation.

features.

Drills and tests covering the fundamental principles of arithmetic. Adapted to classroom work
Eliminates unproductive mechanical work and leaves
the child's attention free for mental
processes. I'M pages, paptr covers, pad
form, stiff back. 35 cents. Ready now.

Up-to-date business letters.

Special

THE F.H. BLISS PUBLISHING COMPANY

SAGINAW, MICHIGAN

for Complete List of Publuatt,

Metropolitan System of Bookkeeping

By W. A. SHEAFFER

The following are a few reasons why

this

new

text is being

rapidly adopted:
The author is a teacher of elementary bookkeeping, also an expert accountant, and
teacher of advanced accounting.
It is emphatically a modern text educational, vocational, and disciplinary, and conveniently arranged for a combination of class and laboratory methods of instruction.
The emphasis is constantly on the thought side of the subject.
The complete text (402 pages) and divided units, adapt Metropolitan System of Bookkeeping for long or brief courses, and for use of special sets.
There is a careful grading of the work from the beginning, and new subjects are introduced one at a time. A full explanation and script illustrations accompany the introduction
of each new subject, book, transaction, or paper, followed by exercises to be worked out

'

by the pupil
Business papers are used extensively in only one unit of the system. In the other units
only the essential papers connected with the new features are introduced.
The text does not go to the extreme in the matter of accountancy, but is strictly in accordance with modern accounting practice.
The work, from the beginning, is teachable to pupils of high school age.
Quality of material and workmanship considered, the prices are surprisingly low.

METROPOLITAN TEXT BOOK COMPANY

Publishers of 'Metropolitan Series" of Commercial Texts.

37 South Wabash Ave., Chicago

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dtT

Bookkeeping

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of

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TWO

SECTION
General

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college course or third semester in high school.

DOUBLE ELASTIC PEN,

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E. F

SECTION THREE
Manufacturing

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elementary,

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Many

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other special sets.

ALFRED FIELD &

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COMPANY

93 Chambers

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& Sons

CO., Sole Agents

NEW YORK

St.

Books on Forgery
The works

listed below are the best

had by persons who wish to
prepare to give evidence in court on

to be

disputed handwriting.

'Forty Centuries of Ink for the

Handwriting Expert"
By David N. Corvalho.
The author

is

man

Price postpaid,

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of wide experience as a handwriting

expert.

'Hagan's Disputed Handwriting"

Price postpaid,
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'Courtney Method of Detecting

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The author today

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'Disputed Handwriting"
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TH

Terri
ENG.<2
DESIGNERS ILLVSTRHTORS
-

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handwriting expert can afford

to

ENGRHVERS
Ohio
(bLUMBUS,

Zaner

&

Bloser

Penmanship

Company

Specialists

Columbus, O.

IJI|.||l!,14)i.l,l.l.UiJ4J.II4Jtt'iJltl < .M.IiJ.ilMMl.JJ.llM.II.IJi4.IJ.IH>.a

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NOW READY, PART I

#>

OF

PITMAN'S

Grammar

Progressive French
By DR.

F.

A.

HEDGCOCK

Officier de I'instruction publique; Officier d'Academie, and the

only English docteur-es-lettres of the University of Paris.

The method adopted in this book is an entirely new one, combining the direct with
the indirect. Phonetic type is freely used to give a closely approximate idea of French
pronunciation, and the author has taken great care to keep in view the difficulties of
the self-taught student.
In the hands of a skillful teacher, it will prove to be a really lively instrument of
instruction. And for the student who intends to teach himself it provides so much in
the way of lucid explanation and apt illustration, that, beyond asking a Frenchman or a
friend with a good French accent to show him how to reproduce correctly the sounds
of the phonetic alphabet, he will have a very good chance of becoming a well instructed
learner.

CLOTH,

326

PAGES

Examination copy

$145.

ISAAC PITMAN

&

SONS,

Seventh Revised Edition.

to

Schools and Teachers $1.00 postpaid

2 West Forty-fifth Street,

Adopted by the New York Board

NEW YORK

of Education

STYL E BOOK of BUSINESS EN GLISH

INCLUDING DUTIES OF A PRIVATE SECRETARY,

CARD INDEXING AND RECORD FILING

Book of Business English' and wish to say that it

as being a very valuable publication and one which should be very helpful
Ediv. W. Stitt, District
matter of business correspondence."
Superintendent of Schools, New York City.
"I have received a copy of 'Style

impresses

me

to the schools in the

"Your 'Style Book of Business English' is the only text that I know of that contains
completely and in lesson form all the points on business correspondence needed by students of stenography, bookkeeping and typewriting." Leo P. Callan, St. John's College,
Brooklyn, N. Y.
"I have just completed a review and comparison of a number of books dealing with
business correspondence for secondary schools and I find not one of them equal to your
'Style Book of Business English' in respect to the amount of information given and the
thorough follow-up devices to test the pupils' mastery of the various topics discussed.
Other features, especially your treatment of Letters of Application, are entirely original
and very suggestive. It seems to me just the book we need to train competent office
assistants." Jos. B. Wadleigh, Teacher of English, Hackensack (N. J.) High School.

CLOTH, GILT

272

PAGES

Teachers' Examination Copy, 70c

ISAAC PITMAN

&

SONS,

PRICE,
.

$1.00

Mention School

2 West Forty-fifth Street,

NEW YORK

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Entered at Columbus, 0., Post Office as 2nd Class Matter

COLUMBUS, OHIO, FEBRUARY,

VOLUMI XXIV
3

C. P.

Zaner, Editor

E.

NUMBER

1919

THE TRUE TEACHER

who

As commercial teachers, the

same as teachers of any other subit
is well to pause now and
then amid a multitude of duties and
details to consider what comprises
true leaching and what constitutes

But the teachers of influence

were the ones I think of more frequently and are the ones I bless
with a feeling of kindness and love.
They were men and women who
had sympathy plus and sharpness

conviction are the ones

true teacher, and to further

pause and ask the questions: "Am
I
a true teacher?" and "Is my
teaching true?"

They requested, listened,

minus.
smiled a little, suggested, questionmaintained an even temper,
ed,
sympathized. They loved and you

What kind of teaching lasts

longest?
What sort of teacher
lives longest in the affections of
the pupil?

loved, and

well and good. If not, wheredo we fail? To the extent that

we can diagnose our own case properly can we remedy the deficiency.
Character is a matter of growth,
conviction is a matter of intensity,
and ability is a matter of application.
There is room in each of us
for greater growth, consequently
more character; for more concentration, consequently stronger con-

ject,

the

As

look backward and recall

the

teachers

life,

they

fall

who came

my

into

two main groups;

into

one of power and another of influence. A third and minor group can
be called weak teachers. They were
those who had missed their calling
and are to be pitied rather than
blamed.
They were influenced
rather than that they influenced.
Not infrequently they were learned

and sympathetic; schooled rather

than

skilled;

tiative

but they lacked

and vitalizing

But the ones

distinctly

and of

are

the

influence.

remember more
ones of power,

The former

al-

They
mag-

teachers of force, of
netism, of ability, of wit, of tireless
energy, who forced you to think
and to do things through sheer
fear, or who ridiculed ignorance so
that you got busy because too

proud

to lag

more

behind the crowd.

you are the better and

grateful for

it

all.

Not so much what but how we

Not so much
teach that counts.
what we know but what we are,
that
goes farthest and accomplishes most. Not the most learned
but the most interested and symis the one who acdeveloping
complishes most in
ability and character on the part
of his pupils, and, in the long run,
on the part of himself.

pathetic teacher

Not that I would disparage thoroughness in subject and breadth of

culture, nor enthusiasm and forcefulness; no, no; but I would place
character

qualities.

ternately feared and admired.

were

ini-

the

first,

special

fitness

sec-

ond, and professional thoroughness

last and least rather than first and

foremost.

commercial teacher, no matter

how thorough and

ence mankind and

As commercial

men

viction,

character.

Men

conviction,

special

and

for better application,

consequently greater ability.

The question resolves itself into
I strengththis nutshell query:
ening my character through right

Am

intensifying my conviction
through right thinking; and increasing my ability through right
application?
living;

Far be it from me to answer

these questions for you (I have my
own hands full trying to live up to
them), but do we stop frequently
enough in the quiet of the evening
hour, or the lull of the noonday
lunch hour, or the walk home in
the evening or the one down town
in the morning, to think, to reflect,
to resolve to live up to the limits
of our desires and our strength?

We

live

long only

in the

memory

men and women. We are remembered only as we have moved

men and women. We move only
to the extent that we are moved
by

in

outgrowth of
and women of

the

we

of con-

natural and acquired, third?

viction;

Real power
and conviction

lies

first;

If so,

of

is

influ-

the world.

in

practical in his

is

second;

move

teachers, are

men
and men of

of character,

ability,

a failure and rarely

stays long in a locality, if he is not
a teacher by nature and training,
or a man as concerns character.

subject,

VI

Zaner & Bloser. Publishers and Owners

W. Bloser, Business Manager

conviction,

and

character expressed

conviction
in action.

C. P. Zaner.

is

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The thought
style,

for

much

of

in

every-day
The writing represents what we might term Mr. Zaner's
its own story and needs no comment.
manuscript and other writing requiring speed was done

the above tells

his

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>J/i**5&tM/flM-<

Development Practice
By

T. C.

Rapid Movement Writing

in

SAWYIER, Columbus,

Ohio, R. F. D. No.

THE COUNTING AND SPEED ELEMENTS OF PRACTICE

Rhythmical counting stimulates uniformity of action and promotes ease and speed. Much time is wasted by
counting and practicing at a rate of speed at which it is impossible to write easily and well. The right rate of speed
important as the right form of letter. Writing needs to be done easily and quickly, in the same manner that
as
is
good speech is uttered. The mechanics of movement in writing may be effectively acquired by means of instructional or numerical counting rightly timed and intelligently used.
It is better not to count at all than to count too
slowly, or beyond the capacity of normal effort. Correct counting, either audible or silent, is an expression of
ability to think writing or to write mentally.

In the class room, counting stimulates interest and creates enthusiasm in developmental practice.
Counting of
the right kind acts as a stimulus to those habitually slow, and serves as a restraint upon the tendency of some
scribble,
and
thereby
aids
in
regulating
extremes
movement.
to
in

As a rule, it is best to count for either each down- or each up-stroke. The use of various directional and
instructional terms or phrases will be found effective and productive of good results, if the movement is correctlytimed, and a musical rhythm is maintained throughout the count.
In the principal movement drills for upper grades, high and commercial schools, there should be from 180-250
strokes in a minute. Movement drills are to establish a practical or controllable rate of speed. Correct speed is
vital to progress in writing.
The adult should be able to write freely and plainly on the average from fifteen to
twenty-five words a minute.
The counting phase is, therefore, a generative source in promoting muscular relaxation, freedom, ease, lightness of touch, uniformity in speed, confidence and power in execution.
of W.
Touch the pen lightly to the paper. Glide the third and fourth fingers freely. Keep the
hand from resting on the side.
1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8, swing.
Exercise 1. Use a quick in-and-out motion in the
exercise. Count: curve-1-2-3-4-5-6
Keep down strokes of similar slope; turns narrow at the base line; spacing regular and condensed. Pause gently
Practice many lines of this drill. Watch position carefully.
at the finishing movement.
Exercise 2. Count: loop-l-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-'.i-i0, swing. Keep lower turns narrow and on the base line. Retrace
should be made one-half the way downward. Begin the small loop rightward and downward.
Exercise 3. Retrace the elongated oval six times and pause at the top as in small o, then glide easily and
freely from one letter to the other. Make a momentary pause at the finish of each W.
Exercise 4. Make each tall, compact w-exercise with a rapid push-and-pull movement. Do not lift the pen.
Keep spacing, slant and size uniform. Count: 1-2-3, 1-2-3, etc. One and two for each down stroke and three for

Development

wrist raised and

finish.

Exercise 5. Connect each

with a graceful compound curve. Keep spacing wider between than in letters.
Count: curve-1-2-3 1-2-3 1-2-3 1-2-3.
Exercise 6. Gradually diminish the size of
to a small w in five steps.
Count: loop-1-2-3 1-2-3 1-2-3, etc.
Exercises 7 and 8. Alternate
and V, line after line. These styles of letters begin and end identically. They
are rapid, practical, consistent, easily learned and executed, and are similar to the small letter in lower turn and
finish.
Practice the
singly page after page at the rate of from 35 to 40 a minute. Keep both down strokes on
similar slant.
Graceful movements produce graceful letter-forms. Be graceful.
The signature combinations should be studied carefully and written many times. Practice the name faithfully.
R may be joined to E and W.

Development of 1. Exercise 1. Alternate the tall, narrow, retraced oval and the straight line exercise. Aim to
develop a light, elastic action of the pen to the paper. Keep slant uniform. Retrace each exercise six times.
Exercise 2 is similar to Drill 1 except both movements are joined.
Exercise 3. Begin with the straight line and gradually evolve the loop.
Keep up a lively rate of speed
throughout the entire exercise. Think control of down strokes and spacing between impulses.
Exercises 4 and 5. Count from 1-6 for the "push-and-pull" or the oval and one for each of the loops. Pause
gently near the base of each
to avoid a too rounding turn and a curving back.
Exercises 6 and 7. These drills are good to combine loop and short letter movements. Glide easily and freely
from the loop to the lower- and upper-turn principles. Finish gracefully.
Exercises 8 and 9. It is excellent practice to join
Count: 1-e-l-e-l-e or 1-1-2
to u, e or other small letters.
1-1-2
1-1-2.
Criticise your efforts. Keep slant, size and spacing uniform.
Exercise 10. Count at times for each up stroke and then for each down stroke. As a rule, emphasize the pulling movement in the count. Slant, size and spacing should be uniform. Practice the words "lull" and "parallel"
over and over again, page after page.
The sentence is especially good in content, and in the collection of words embodying loop letters. This sentence may be used in connection with practice of b, h and k which follow in the course.
1

Development of Y. Exercise 1. Retrace both the direct oval and the straight line exercise
the oval tall and narrow, and the straight line retrace one-half space below the base line.

six

times each.

Make

Exercise 2
Exercise 3
closely spaced.

is

similar to No.

is

the reverse loop.

1,

but starts with the initial loop attached to the retraced oval.
Use a free, semi-rolling motion in and out the sleeve. Make loops narrow and

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Exercises 4 and 5. Count: loop-1-2-3-4-5-6 1-2-3-4-5-Y for Xo. 4. Attend to slant and spacing. Do not pause
during the entire movement. For No. 5 count: loop-1-2-3-4-5-6 1-2-3-4-5-6-loop.
Exercise 6. Count: start- Y-l-2-3-4-5-loop. Both down strokes in V should slope the same. Make the loop
with an in and out motion of the arm.
Exercise 7. Attach a group of three j-like forms to the Y without pause or lift of pen.
Exercises 8 and 9. Alternate the Y and U across the line, line after line.
Practice to form the initial loop
correctly, and keep size, slant and spacing regular.
Criticise your efforts from time to time.
Count: 1-2-3 for the
Y made singly. Make at the rate of about 40-45 a minute.
Exercise 10. Join the three Y's with a slight pause at the point indicated by the arrow.
Do not lift pen
Think clearly. Lead the pen, don't follow it.
The sentence is a good one for review of the U, X W, and Y. Write a page or more of this for application.
\\ atch spacing between words and between letters.

Development of b. First get into position. Position is the first essential. Be sure that the arm rests in a
relaxed manner on the muscle near the elbow. Keep wrist and hand slightly raised. Glide little finger freely.
Exercise 1. Use a lively, push-and-pull action. Gradually emerge from the straight line movement into tall,
loop forms, finishing as in 1.
Exercises 2 and 3 start with a right curve as in 1. Count six for the straight line exercise and one for each loop.
Do not pause in the motion, or lift the pen. Exercise No. 3 ends like b. Pause slightly at the finish. Keep down
strokes as nearly straight as possible.
Exercise 4. Count: curve-l-2-3-4-5-6-b, swing.
Keep a good position of body, hand, pen and paper. Study
and compare your work with the copy.
Exercises 5 and 6. Count 1-6 for the retrace and 1-2 for each b.
Watch slant, spacing, height and width.
Keep the lower turn narrow and the back of b straight.
Exercise 7. Join
and v together. Make lower turns in 1 and b similar. Keep loop full and open. Finish v
carefully. Crossing of 1 and top of v should be level or even.
Exercise 8. The b is an
and v combination. Curve the up stroke as much as possible, and keep the down
stroke straight. Lower turn should be narrow. Finish should be high and not looped.
It must not resemble le
or li.
Exercise 9. Count: b-finish-l-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-b, swing. Practice to keep lower turns narrow and similar in curv1

ature.

Exercises 10 and
letters

and

11.

12.

Small

Connect b and o and and b in groups of six letters. Give attention to spacing between
and o.
w, v and o are similar in finish. Study forms carefully; practice intelligently.
Be free,
1

to finish of b

Exercise

b,

rapid and graceful.

In the words: ebb, bubble, bulb, bobbin, bomb, give attention
letters; to height of loops and size of short letters.
Write each
freely and end them freely, but carefully.

to

the

slant

to spacing between the

page of each. Begin words

of loops;

word many times

Development of J. Exercise 1. Alternate the reverse compact oval and the straight line exercise across the
page. Make at the rate of 200 strokes a minutes. Keep a healthful, efficient position for all writing.
Exercise 2. Attach the reverse retraced oval to the extended, straight line movement without checking the
motion. Study, then practice. Start like J with a forceful upward action.
Exercise 3. Count: curve-l-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-finish. Use a vigorous, vibrant, yet controllable action. Be free
and graceful. Start and end like J.
Exercise 4. Begin J with a strong upward curve, retrace the long back six times and produce the lower loop
in finishing.
Keep the upper portion larger than the lower loop. Keep your mind on the point of the pen. Count:
curve-l-2-3-4-5-6-loop.
Exercise 5. Alternate the J and Y line after line. Start J upward in a vertical left curve and begin the small
loop of Y rightward and downward
Exercise 6. Start J with a forceful, vertical, upward curve and end as capital Y. Keep down stroke straight
and slanting. Start the movement before touching pen to paper. Count: 1-2-3. Upper portion of J should be
larger than lower portion.
Exercises 7 and 8. Join o and u in groups as shown in copy to facilitate extension and continuity of movement. Pause slightly at top of each o. It is a little more difficult to connect J and u or e or i, therefore, guard
against careless movements.
In the abbreviation "Jan.," J joins readily with a.
See that a is closed and that both strokes of n slant the
same. Place the period carefully. Keep back of J straight and your's as well. The words June and Justice should
be given careful attention as concerns spacing between letters; slant of down strokes; height of small letters and
the finishing strokes. Do not lift the pen in writing.
The sentence gives practice in writing J with small letters as found in words. Practice this line carefully and
freely.
Try each of the combinations separately at first.

Development of h. Exercise 1. The straight line exercise is always good to practice in developing letters
with straight line elements. Watch position and movement.
Exercise 2 is excellent to develop freedom and control of the tall loop letters. Begin and end the exercise
freely, and aim to keep the back of loops as nearly straight as possible.
Exercise 3. Count: 1-2. Pause definitely on the base line.
Curve up stroke considerably and keep back
straight.
Make about 75-80 loops in a minute.
Exercise 4 is the same as Xo. 3 except each loop is connected without lifting pen. Pause at the base line for
each loop.
Exercises 5 and 6 are similar in general structure. Study each and plan an appropriate count for each.

12

dfa?&u&neU&fa<ca&r

combination of
and n. Start as
and end as
.1.J
?
\\
slant
Watch
the upper- and lower-turns in the second part of the letter.
oftentimes resembles k. Count: l.
tor each down stroke in the letter.

Keep both down strokes on same

n.

8,

9
'

"

^ " ^^

If

the

upper-turn

n ade

is

excelle,,t practice material alld

therefore, should be written

many

one fe^aratelv
Each of the words should be written or practiced individually a half
page or more of each
keep slant, size, spacing regular, and to watch turns, angles, loops",
beginnings and endings
'

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Contributions in

Business and Social Writing

G. D.
Evanston,

Illinois,

GRISET

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A Good Handwriting
Means a Well Trained
and that is
to Efficiency.

Hand,

Key

the

Township High School

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TRIBUTES TO
BIOGRAPHICAL
Charles Paxton Zaner was born on
a farm in Columbia County near

Bloomsburg,

Pa.,

on

February

15,

He received a good common

school education, which was supplemented by a course in the Orange-

C.

P.

be others who

pay tribute

memory.

pleased to receive

will wish to
so. we shall be

If

to his

whatever such persons think best to write.

These tributes, with the others already re'a ill
be placed in the C. P. Zaner
Memorial A

1864.

Academy. He early showed

in
a fondness for penmanship and
1882 went to Oberlin, Ohio, to take a
ville, Pa..

course

went

in this

His

branch.

From

Audubon, Iowa,

to

brother

who was engaged

there he

to assist a
in business.

-MiZaner has for years been my closest

and most helpful friend indeed, I esteem him
rother and I feel his loss as one irreas a
;

parable to me.

for

The work

F.

Fish,

Chicago,

111.

my

I
feel that
I have lost one of
best
friends.
Mr. Zaner lived and worked so faithfully and so well that he inspired us all to
ideals of service.

higher

E. G. Miller, Pittsburgh, Pa.

he did as editor of

where I see it every day there

10x12 water color painting sent
years ago at Christmas by my good
P. Zaner, whose tragic death has so
shocked the commercial teachers of the United
States and Canada and lovers of good penmanship everywhere.
It's a restful little painting
of a
landscape; a running stream, rolling
plain, wooded banks, and cloud fleeced sky
a
sketch from nature in the vicinity of Colura
acre he liked to ramble in leisure
hours sketching in pencil what he sometimes
finished in water color, for Zaner was skillful
with pencil and brush as he was masterly
with the i" n
Zaner was a quiet, modest man, yet he was
always listened to with attention and respect
anions, gatherings of teachers, and
by students, for he was a man who made no
t

office

lie

a small

me some

motions;

his ideas were practical and

were clear and simple.
1
of the best penmen of America
his pupils, and they all tell
the same story of faithful, painstaking work
on tli,- part of an able, conscientious teacher.
Such comment makes a rit monument to any
member of a profession which brings little
nd no great store of wealth.
knew Mr. Zaner as a friend in all kinds
of weather, when the wind bites bitterly from
tin Northeast, as well as when it blows softly
from the Sunny South.
Such friends I need
not say are not over-plentiful, and the loss of
this one sinks deep into my heart.
He was
a clean, honest, honorable man, and I don't
believe a whiter soul than Zaner's ever dwelt
clay.
of
the
Western prairies sigh a
requiem; rain and snow and dew of the West
drop tears; green grass and flowers he loved
so well, grow thick and bright
sun and moon
and si.l! > of night, each shed your kindly
light on the grave where our friend, called
upon so suddenly to answer the final roll call,
sleeps his long sleep, well.
false

to

BUSINESS EDUCATOR

In

hangs

penmanship,

however,
allow him to remain
in other work, and from Audubon he
went to Delaware, Ohio, to become
both teacher and student of p<
In 1888 he left Delaware and
ship.
went to Columbus, Ohio, as an instructor of penmanship in a business
Later the school was closed
college.
and in the same year he founded the
Zanerian College of Penmanship, Columbus. Ohio, in which institution he
remained at the head until the time
of his death.
No one ever possessed
a greater love for the art of penmanship, and being a systematic student
and indefatigable worker, he made
rapid progress, both as a teacher and
as a penman. The books he has prepared are being used very widely in
the schools of this country.
love

was too great

J.

ZANER

tnations

can scarcely

that

many

been

Charles T. Cragin, Holyoke, Mass.

THE

will long
conducting the
be remembered.
journal his guiding motive was helpfulness, which thought in reality dominated his whole life. He was a man
of rare skill, ability, versatility, and
originality, but his nobleness of charAt the time
acter easily stood first.
of his death he was fifty-four years of
age and was in the zenith of his mental and physical powers.
His life went out on Sunday evening, December 1st, 191S, seven miles
north of Columbus, where his automobile was struck by a train which
gave no warning of its approach in

seemed as

a father to me, a nd
his loss accordingly.
R. B. Moore, Louisville, Ky

II.

In

the darkness.

A MEMORIAL ALBUM OF
TRIBUTES
We regret that it is impossible to publish
each tribute in full. We have received many,
each one of which is worthy of a page of the
Business Educator.
The best we can do is
to present only brief extracts of some of them.
However, it is our intention to have all of
the complete tributes bound in book form so
that they may be read for many years to
come, we hope, by students of the Zanerian
College and by any other interested persons.
Since time would not permit us to notify all
..l
Mr Zaner's friends of his death, there may-

GONE. BUT NEVER TO BE

FORGOTTEN

Mj
..

Taken

of
Mr. Zaner's
at his desk by T.

latest
photographs
C. Sawyier.

iicn

almost

stunned me.

You have my sympathy

in the loss o
and the profession has suffe
irreparable loss.
A. N. Palmer, New York City, N.

able partner,
i

Personally, be was a friend to me, and alHe was deep thinking, deeply
a father.
sympathetic and genuinely sincere.
His great
ambitions, his thoroughness and plain rules
of living have inspired everyone who knew

him

well.

He was

doing more

two people

efficient

effective
I

and

J.

A.

of

Stryker,

Mr.

Kearney, Nebr.

Zaner's

me

writing

in

these

couldn't make myself believe

read the newspaper account
accident that caused the un-

mply had

Mi

to

'"What a
and the

belii

Bio

ofession."

^aner
-nee

gone?

Yes,

but

will live forever,

will be with Zaner as
icoln, his great goodnes
i

systematic,

work than almost any

know.

But when
the terrible
timrlv death

it-

of

l.i

most

tails

words about our dear Mr. Zaner.

On December sixth when I returned home from
work Mrs. Doner said, "I have bad news for
Mr.
you;
Zaner is gone."
The news fairly

the

more.

works and

in-

time goes on,

has been with
be felt more

ill

The

stand for something

penmanship profession, and

distinctive in

for an influence of inestimable value in the lives of many

hundreds of individuals whose good fortune it
was to come under Zaner's personal instruction.
1
I could express adequately in
l
uich dear Zaner did for me, but
words ho
my heart
too heavy, I am so shocked, and
until I ran collect my thought, all I can say
that I deeply mourn the loss of our
helpful and inspiring friend, Zaner.
true, nobl
e will all miss him!
C. E. Doner, Beverly. Mass.

^
The news

My

passing of my dear friend,

comes to me with a shock that
of the

Mr. Zaner,
have not had to sustain in the loss of any

friend since
back in 1890, when

school

go

to

mv Mother
I

was an obscure country

it
was my tor tune

Columbus

for

of his death brings me to tears.

father, brother, and chum to me.

Zaner's personal instruction.

Few influences
in my life have ultimately worked out more
helpfully than his.
,\o more sincere, unselfish, modest,
industrious man ever stood up in the classroom, and, undoubtedly, no penman in the
history of our country has directly and per-

will

be

felt

of
the leaders in
nercial education.

While you are now laying away that skillful

that wonderful brain, and that kind
I
am sure that C. P. Zaner still lives,
will continue to live on through the years
lives in the beautiful specimens of penmanship he has scattered all over the world; lives
the skillful hands of
in his books, and in
hand,

millions of school children, many of whom

never hear his name, but who will write
lives in
better because he lived and labored
his sane writings on many topics, and in the
thoughts planted through his writings in the
minds of thousands of readers; lives in the

work

Robert A. Grant,

to

of

thousands

of

A man of such high qualities, whose highest

purpose and efforts were to make the world
better and to enrich the profession to which
he devoted his life, deserved a kindlier fate.
I
have known Mr. Zaner intimately for
twenty -three years.
I
have ever valued his
friendship very highly, and, now that his virtues and worth to me and the profession have
left

by

a renewed and much

his untimely departure,

deeper
I

impression

rejoice in having

known him and being privileged to count him

among and call him mv true friend.

W.

C.

Henning, "Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

regarded him as the best friend

had.
In fact, he was my ideal.
A. P. Meuo, Pasadena,
I

eve

Calif.

his

they
penman, he was a philosopher, counsellor,
author, and, greatest of all, FRIEND.
And surely he will live in that great world
the grave; fur in the midst of all the
beautiful things there, he would be at home
he whose eye has delighted with beauty of
line and form and color, and who did so much
And
to create beautiful things in this world.
more beautiful than any of the works of his
pen or brush was his own life; just as the
his
beautiful
things
he
taught
students
most
:ii

e of rhe

h.m as
H. J.

Words

ma
,-i

hn knew him

nth

V ndlay

Mil, null

Oh

express the regret I feel for

the loss of Mr. Zaner.
G. A. Rockwood. Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
will not

I
know he was admired and loved by all
who knew him through his noble career. I
feel the loss of him more keenly than I can
express in words.
I send my profound sympathy to the staff of the Business Educator,
and to the faculty of the Zanerian College,
and mourn with you the loss of a great comrade and friend.
A. B. Cox, Washington, D. C.

He stood by me in time of need. He has

been a constant guide by my side, one whom
I could consult from time to time.
The profession has lost a valuable member, one who
was recognized as a leader and respected as
a man among men.
P. H. O'Hara, Brooklyn, N. Y.
I

can hardly believe that

C. P. Zaner,

ing

is

profession

dead.

has

my

beloved friend,

The commercial
lost

one

of

its

teach-

leading

Charles P. Zaner's tomb needs inscribed

thereon no inspiring and lofty epitaph, for
that shall remain written in the lives and
hearts of all present and future advocates of
the art of penmanship.
W. P. Steinhaeuser, Hightstown. N.

J.

We

regarded him as one of the highest type

manhood, a true friend, and it is terrible
think that his life was blotted out so suddenly.
Mr. and Mrs. D. L. M. Raker,

of
to

Arthur G. Skeeles, Pittsburgh, Pa

Harrisburg,

the loss of a dear cousin, whose

He was fourI
shall always cherish.
square with the world and the world is better
The
and richer for his having lived in it.
penmanship profession loses a leader, who by
In- wisdom and deeds for a quarter of a century has done more for the advancement and
betterment of the art of writing than any
other person in my judgment America has
L. M.' Kelchner, Seattle. Wash.
ever known.
I

over the entire Commercial Fraternity.

L. C. McCann, Reading, Pa.

Mo.

Louis,

but few people whom I e

highly as I did Mr. Zaner.
A. Baird, San Francisco, Calif.

own student.-,
be better men and women because
He was not only a great
knew him.

memorv
who will

and

friends,

may

so full of energy, so completely

educational duties of life, who
in his home, in society, educacircles, business circles and so willing
orker at all time, should meet such an
tnely death, certainly spreads a pall of
11

pertaining

St.

man

with
so good

met

and

my good

us

to

ove

Frank W. Martin, Boston, Mass.

counted him one of

a fountain of inspiration
to me in particular.

M. A. Albin, Portland, Or

around the world.

heart,

general,

k'ord

summer under Mr.

sonally inspired to successful efforts more

individual men and women than it was Mr.
Zaner's fortune to help.
1 should be a happy
man it
a my own call
could
comes I could count among those who would
regret my passing even a small fraction of the
personally
grieve
of
those
who
will
number
over the loss of a dear friend when they learn
of Mr. Zaner's death.
E. E. Gaylord, Beverly, Mass.

What

is

lat a

teacher in Illinois,
to

Awaj

died.

he
taught me

come and gone

best friend has

o more.
Unconsciously he
oi
help others not yourself.
:sson
Fred Berkman, St. Clair. Ohio.

other

&

y/u^uJ/^jj cW/ua/<7-

mourn

Pa.

memory

After dropping a sprig of evergreen in the

grave of my dear teacher, I returned
home feeling keenly the distinct and awful
loss of a courageous, kind-hearted friend, one
who was a prodigious toiler for the good of
Penmanship and Commercial Education.
Starting in the early dawn of December 4th

open

Columbus, I walked by the tall, gaunt

of
the
Immortal Lincoln and my
thoughts pictured how, a half century ago,
people had started at early daw n to
pay the last tribute to one whose life had
been cut off at high-tide.
I thought how he
was needed for reconstruction days and too
how C. P. Zaner will be greatly missed during the coming days of another a world
reconstruction.
On this day President Wilson
was starting on a Peace Pilgrimage. I silently
wished him a safe voyage, and then again
thought how much it "would comfort us to
have Mr. Zaner to direct, to modify, to en-

for

statue
I

cannot express

mv

sorrow on learning

of

the untimely death of 'my friend, C. P. Zaner.

Xo man in the work of commercial education held a firmer grip on the affections of the
commercial teachers of the country than C. P.
Zaner.
His influence was wonderful.
His
presence was magnetic.
He always had a
kind word for the younger members of the
profession.
I
am sure that I express the heartfelt opinion of all the members of the National Teachers' Federation, when
say that Mr. Zaner's
influence will be missed in the Federation
more than words can ever express.
J
wish to express through your publication
the sincere sorrow of the National Commer1

cial

Teachers'

Federation.
C. Reed, Whitewater, Wis.,
Nat'l. Com! Teachers' Federation.

James
Pres.

many

ZANER

P.

appeared in

1900

To me, Mr. Zaner was not simplv one to

be known as the premier of American penmen, but a man whose character, kindliness
and unselfishness towered above the
and whose life has been an example
spiration, for which I shall ever be
A. M. Wonnell, Cincinnati,

average

and

in-

grateful.

Ohio.

was

Specialist in Commercial Education,

of Education, Washington, D. C.

Bureau

Warier was one of my most intimate

friends whom I have always regarded in the
nature of a father, and I am sure there are
thousands of other Zanerians who share with
me in the same feeling. I am sure we cannot
do too much to honor him for what he has
done for the profession and for thousands of
men and women throughout the United States.
O. T. Johnston, New York City, N. Y.

lighten, to encourage and to commend while

are picking up the threads of Peace again.
It
is
futile to
say what he might have
achieved had he lived. And yet as one thinks
of his untimely death, it is hard to refrain
from dreaming of these impossibilities.
The death of C. P. Zaner takes from his
community an upright citizen, from the United
State- a forward-looking educator.
Thousands
who had met him loved him because of his
boyish frankness and zeal
they admired him
because of his straightforward purpose
they
heeded him because he spoke with the authority of the student and the scholar.
As an all-round penman, author, artist,
teacher, supervisor and lecturer he was the
brightest star in our profession.
He was a
Everything he touched
thinker and worker.
Like a
was artistic, poetic and inspiring.
strain of enchanting music his touch left a
lasting impress, and the silent influence of the
many values of life this talented man possessed caused hundreds of young men to strike
But
a truer balance in the ledger of life.
more than all he was the high-minded man
and gentleman, loyal to his friends and loved
them,
honest,
chivalrous
and
fearless
by

we

that I have suffered a personal loss.

one of his students in the early days of

feel

was

the Zanerian.
I
could not help but observe
the manner in which he met the difficulties
which then beset him, because of lack of both
capital and experience.
He met those difficulties bravely, hopefully, patiently
and the
present Zanerian, with its nation-wide fame
and prestige is the result a monument to an
earnest, friendly, talented man.
good man
has passed beyond
may his eternal rest be
as peaceful as those who loved him believe
he deserves. Wm. N. Smith, Raleigh, N. C.
;

my pleasure to learn to know him

intimately in the last two or three
years, and to know him so was to esteem him
se qualities which we always associate
Glen Levin Swiggett,
with a gentleman.
Tt
Fairly

In Mr. Zaner's death the cause of good

penmanship loses a valient champion, and
Columbus, an upright citizen.
F. J.

No

member

Duffy, Duluth, Minn.

our Federation woul

will C. P. Zaner.
H
could be relied upon to do just the right, fa
What a delightful legacy to conthing.
friends.
L.
Trenary,
down to his
O.
Sec'y Nat. Teachers' Federation,
other

of

be missed more than

Oshkosh,

Wi

true

American.

W.

C.

Brownfield. Bowling Green, Ky.

^
MENTAL
C.

MARSHALL

Battle Creek, Mich.

In
far sweet star of kindliness.
there was something near to
saintliness in him, the spirit of the
Christ that shines out of the fifth
And yet, this
chapter of Matthew.
was no soft, non-resistant milksop of
this,

He had abiding convictions

could and did contend for the
as he saw it; yet even in controversy, he was so brotherly that he
never left any adversary with a rankIt has been cynically
ling wound.
said that a man who has no enemies
never amounts to anything. The life
of Mr. Zaner shows that this is not

man.

and

Who Has

The Man

light

Gone

In all ages, poets have sung the

that ever-lurkterribleness of death,
ing tragedy that follows man as the
very shadow of his soul. Lord Byron

calls

it,

so.

"That desolating thought that

shadow

Death's

In

o'er

flings

brightest

the

"Marco Bozzaris,"

poem

the

that

Halleck, there is a
stanza depicting the
especial poignancy of
death when it comes

the

triumphant

warrior,

just

battle

won and

the
the
air is tilled with the
shouts of victory.
is

as

This terrible and forbidding aspect of

death

is

forced

home

to us

whenever

any good and useful man is struck

down right at the high noon of his
usefulness, and with his hand yet
grasping the lever of accomplishment.
There is something so illogical in it,
something almost to shake our faith
the wise constitution of things.
a death is that of Charles Paxton Zaner.
So warm and vivid and
recent has been his personality among
us, that it is fairly impossible for us
to sense the fact that he has passed
in

Such

from

world forever. Even as I

write, there is a subconscious feeling
that it is all a cruel dream and that I
shall wake up to find him with us
again.
Perhaps I may. Who shall
this

say?
I have known this bright and genand kindly soul for more than
twenty years.
Many times have I
broken bread in his simple home, and
spent precious and winged hours before his open grate fireside, exchanging thoughts with him and his charming wife regarding those higher things
of life in which we found a common
interest.
My relation to the Educator
during the last ten years, has also
brought with it a peculiar intellectual
intimacy with its editor.
These experiences enable me to aver at first
hand and in deepest truth, that this
rare and beautiful soul was not of the
common order of men. It is known
and conceded by those competent to
judge, that in his chosen specialty, he

ial

was

easily the greatest of his profesin this generation.

But what I
to put down here is, that he was
just as distinguished in those general
attributes that make for greatness and
nobility and
lovableness in human

sion

want

character. There was not an impulse

in his soul that was petty or insidious
or selfish.
Never have I known him
to utter a bitter or sneering word
about any professional adversary or
rival.

He must

Among

have come

things."

immortalized the name of Fitz Green

tu

But because man has been and

some

MEANDERINGS
CARL

&

<5^&uA/w^dtu*i&r

have been born under

all

who

thousands

the

contact with this busy

and forceful man during the quarter
century of his career, I do not believe
there is one who harbors an unkindly
There have
thought toward him.
in

been a few rare men in this world to

whom no man can be an enemy.
Charles P. Zaner was one of them.

my

enIt is not for me to amplify

tirely valueless opinion of Mr. Zaner's
position in the profession to which he
devoted his life. Worthier hands will
render to his memory this service.
humAll that I may do, is to offer
ble tribute to his greatness as a man;
and, after all, manhood is greater

my

than any achievement, however glorThe friend we have lost beious.

lieved this, and there is nothing of
truth he would rather have written
of him by any friend, than that he
fulfilled his mission as a man and as
a brother of men.

Are We Done
With War?

Since America
came

be-

Nation nearly
a century and a half
ago, we have fought out five wars and
That is
have just finished a sixth.
approximately one war for each generation.
Each of these wars was entered into by our people with enthusiasm and practical unanimity. It was
not our rulers, but the people, that
declared all these wars. Furthermore,
in every one of them, a principal of
human rights was at stake, and every
one of them was fought by us to a
a

From this revictorious conclusion.

cord, a plausible deduction might be
drawn that every new generation of
fighting young men in America demands a war, and, per consequentia,
that we shall have a war for every
generation that is to come. There are
those who believe this, and they argue
not only from historical analogy, but

from the

facts of

human

nature.

They

man has been a fighting animal from the times when he dwelt
in caves or swung from limb to limb
He has had
in the Pliocene forests.

say that

to fight for his food, for his mate,

and, as the late Kaiser would put it,
One can get
for his place in the sun.
a great picture of how pre-historic
man became a fighting animal by

reading

Jack

Adam."

There

London's
not

the

"Before
slightest

fighting animal, does

it

is

follow that he

must continue to be a fighting animal

when the need for fighting no longer
The answer to that question
exists?
depends on something more than historical analogy or even present bio-

The great foundation

logical fact.
truth to keep in mind is, that man
differs radically from all other animals in the changefulness and steadily
upward trend of his immaterial nature.
Tigers, wolves, hawks, and
weasels are fighters and killers also,
and there is nothing to show that
their natures have been changed in
the slightest degree during the thousands of years that man has lived with
them. Their mental natures are fixed
and they will go on being as they are
Not
so long as they are on earth.
so the man animal: he is not at all the
creature he was ten thousand, or even
one thousand years ago. He has produced saints and philanthropists and
poets and philosophers and beautiful
souls innumerable, and with few exceptions, the nations, in the mass all
over the world, have grown more
kindly and just and humane. All along
the centuries, we have been journeying away from the ape and toward the
saint.
Of course, there is Germany.
Through a perverted leadership, we
have seen this people make a temporary throw - back to savagery.
Things like that happen with nations
But against this
as with individuals.
German reversion to the brute, as
shown by acts which, after all, were
no worse than what happened in all
wars a few centuries ago, we may set
the universal horror and execration
that this latest German brutality has
evoked in all lands of the earth, even
to

Asia and the Orient islands.

It is therefore not too much to expect that men will rise to the height
of abolishing war, by universal and
merciful law, just as they have abolished murder, thievery, and slavery,
things that in early human society
were not even condemned. (Read the
Book of Kings or the History of
Horoditus.)
Of course, man will not cease to be
a combative animal, but we shall see
his combativeness given a less brutal
outlet than that afforded by war. Already we have this in games and athOther substitutes will
letic contests.
be found. There are still many big
victories to be won from Nature in
the air, the sea and the mountains as
well as in the shop and the factory.
may see other militant wars, but
they will be wars, like the one we
have just passed through, for the suppression of tyranny and wrong and
I
for the upbuilding of the world.
think we are at the end of war for
war's sake.

We

Salesmanship

Did

It

When Mr. Va'nderlip

launched his Thrift

maintain himself thru

to be a fighting
animal or perish. Thus far the Ger-

S a m p campaign in
December, L917, few people believed
that the whole issue of two billions of

mans

dollars could be sold in the single year

doubt that
the ages,

is

to

man has had

are right.

18

prescribed

by

mean twenty

the

dollars apiece for every

woman and

man,

That would

law.

child in the United

"The

encouraging to learn
Together that one result of the last
summer's conferences bewcrii representative school men and
the heads of the Government Vocational Board is the formation of a
Getting

It

flexible cords of Silvertowns

give a lightness in weight that cannot
he found in the stiff and unyielding

is

fabric casing.
The motor, therefore,,
has less resistance to overcome when

States.

At

this

writing,

it

does not

appear that the entire issue will be

taken, but just the same, the campaign
has been a tremendous success and
has been worth to the people hundreds of times its cost. For the first
time in the history of the American
people, they have been given an obThe
ject lesson in practical thrift.
children
of
Massachusetts
school
bought over four dollars worth of
stamps per child, and many states

have done even better.

goes without saying that this recould never have been achieved
but for the fact that the teachers took
over the job of selling the stamps and
urging the children as well as the parents to buy. This salesmanship work
was also carried on intensively in post
offices, banks, stores, etc.
Furthermore, the buying of the stamps was
everywhere urged as a patriotic duty.
Had the stamps simply been offered
by the Government, as an investment
and without the intensive sales campaign, probably not one percent of
them would have been taken.
It

sult

It

is

now announced by

the

new

Secretary of the Treasury, Mr. Glass,

that the thrift stamps will continue to
be offered for sale during the coming
year.
But the vital question is, will
the vigorous sales campaign continue?
So far as the schools are concerned,
I doubt if it will.
The teachers gave
their willing work mainly as a service
of patriotism, but with the war ended,
it will be harder to invoke
this motive.
The teachers feel that they have
done their share.

As

Government, it can concarry on the thrift campaign

for the

tinue to

only at a loss, unless it can continue

to find people who will do the work
for nothing, which is not probable.

The

truth

is,

common

are

to
thrifty,

ities

If

the schools

help in making our people

they must have time and facil-

for teaching thrift methodically,

as it has long been taught in several

of the countries of Europe.
Further-

more, thrift means much more than

buying thrift stamps or depositing
money in a savings bank. It involves
the whole question of earning and
spending money and the adjustment
of one's standard of living to his income.
It is a problem of personal
economics and the putting of business
sense and system into the affairs of
the money-spender and the wageearner.
The schools can teach very
much of this if they go about it right,
bu tto get them to do it will take a
lot of missionary work among the
impractical scholastics who direct the
affairs of many of our schools.

interests of the

members and

for the general cause of private commercial education.

There

no doubt that there has

need for such an organization among the private school men.
There has been too much of the
every - fellow - for - himself - andthe - devil - take - the - hindmost
spirit among the commercial school
men.
Man}' of them do not know
the power and benefit of co-operation.
is

long been

If
this
new association
right, does not have too

is

started

much ma-

chinery, does not get into the hands

of a click of self-seeking small men,
and keeps itself to its legitimate field,
it will do a lot of good and be a per-

manent

thing.

I
am advised that Mr. E. H. Norman, the energetic and brainy founder of the Baltimore Business College, has been chosen as the first

president of the

new

association.

If

Mr. Norman can be drawn

to the support of the organization,
there will be no doubt as to its success.
Strength to your elbow, Mr.

men

like

Norman.

THE BUSINESS LETTER

thrift

education and training.

tual

(Continued from page 21)

arouse the reader's desire to see a
Garage.
Silvertown at the Royal
Arousing desire is absolutely essento

tial

in

sales

letters

and the selling

points of our goods must be

empha-

Unless you state your selling

point definitely, no matter how good
the rest of your letter may be, it will
not succeed in creating a sale. In the
above, the writer should have described mie of the numerous features of
Silvertowns over other tires and
might have suggested briefly other
points of excellence. For example:
sized.

give complete satisfaction.

Good

Silvertown Cords have many

ilikil advantages, among them being
lie
additional speed and power they
rive a motor.

and

thes

welc

sit

uld

fr

Overloading the "Clincher"

Writers also make the easy mistake
of placing too many facts in the last
paragraph of the letter. The "Clincher," or last paragraph, should rarely
contain more than a mere statement
of assurance of satisfaction and a suggestion that the reader act at once.
Often if the writer will imagine that
the customer has already bought, and
will picture his satisfaction, it will
help him greatly. For example:

"When

you

have

your

equipped

car with Silvertowns and experienced

the joy of easy riding, and' increased
speed without the constant fear of
blowouts or punctures, only then will
you have joined the great army of

Be very careful to choose the right

thought and words for your closing
paragraph and do not crowd all your
sales facts into this paragraph.

This booklet has been given over

to the discussion of some of the
mon mistakes in sales letters.

comMost

of us can, after we get the right start,

write a fairly effective sales appeal
but our big problem is to start with
an argument that appeals to the reader.
The mistakes in sales letter-writing are almost numberless and you
will find many of them in the letters
that come to your attention daily.
Study all the sales letters you can
Look for mistakes and then let
find.

those mistakes guide you

in

avoiding

In
similar faults in your own letters.
judging sales letters be sure to put
yourself in the attitude of the person
who is really interested in the goods
or services the letter is trying to sell
try to imagine that you are really in
Then
the market for these goods.
judge the letter and the mistakes that
you notice are the ones you must

avoid when writing your letters.

As a final word it might be well to

keep

in

mind

the

fact

that the

real

value of the sales letter depends not

upon the absence of faults, but upon
A letter
the possession of virtues.
that has real selling ideas, that makes
the reader feel certain of receiving
service, that keys him up to a point
where he feels that the opportunity is
one he cannot afford to miss a letter
with these virtues may succeed in
On the
spite of technical defects.
other hand mistakes in handling will
certainly prove a handicap, and may

result
li.ii

ich

is

tests

15% more power

the right of any member to conduct

his business as he sees fit. There is to

be no attempt to form anything in

the way of a close corporation, or any
other feature of exclusiveness.
The
idea is merely to unite
reputable
school men in a free-for-all organization that will work efficiently for the

car

Silvertown equipped.
Acprove that Silvertowns give
to a motor.
"Silvertowns cut gasoline bills, ride
easier and pile up mileage records
that are amazing.
"The Royal Carage now carrie
a

general organization among private

school men. As I understand it, the
purpose of this organization is to
create a general unity of policy and
purpose among the members, but
without in any way inteferring with

that the inculcation of

demands something more than

the mere providing of a mechanical
means of saving. It is a matter of

.y/te*j(>uJ//iGl6t6iat&r

in

its

complete

failure.

The

writer should therefore first make

sure that he has a vital message to
deliver, and second see that no mistakes interfere with its delivery.

BOOKKEEPING VIEWPOINTS
The Sixth

of a Series of Articles on the Teaching of

Bookkeeping

By W. A. SHEAFFER,
Head

The

of

Commercial Deparment, West Division High School,

Milwaukee, Wis., and Practicing Accountant

Between Capital and

Revenue

Distinction

have

the last article a discussion of probably the most important subject, measured in the effect on
the results of the pupil's work, that
the teacher of bookkeeping must emphasize. It is a subject that must be
emphasized throughout the bookkeeping course.
I
do not believe that
there is anything that will so influence the work of the bookkeeper in
actual practice as the impressions
gained in school of this distinction between capital and revenue. If he does
not learn it in school he will have to
learn it in the bitter school of experience after he has made mistakes that
I

left for

have given false impressions to his

employers, and that have tended to
him little confidence in himself
and in his previous teaching.
Teachers must not think that pupils
must be in the advanced bookkeeping
course before they can understand the
fundamentals of the distinction between what is a capital charge repregive

senting something of value added to

the account and a revenue charge that
simply means the maintaining of the
asset.
This distinction should first be
emphasized in the study of the classification and analysis of accounts.
It
is such a common thing for teachers
to depend upon a definition and upon
rules to give the pupils an understanding of accounts instead of giving nu-

merous examples and

illustration to
fix the idea in mind.
In a previous
article reference was made to the use
of the six-column statement or working sheet to show the distinction between nominal and real accounts at
the end of the fiscal period.
This is
as important an exhibit to the learner

as the balance sheet and the trading

profit and loss statements are to
the business man.
But how many
pupils,
and bookkeepers in actual
business as well, are satisfied to take
the amounts on the books as shown
by the trial balance and the various
inventories and appraisals and feel
certain that the results must be correct because they have classified the
accounts correctly and the statements
prove.
And yet the results may be
very far from the truth. Why? Simply because the analysis of the items
that have been charged and credited
to the various asset accounts have
been overlooked, and as a result, the
values in the trial balance to start
with are incorrect. The question is.
"Do the values shown in these asset
accounts represent actual additions to
the value of the asset, or do they simply represent costs of maintaining the
asset?"
In
teaching this distinction the
teacher of beginning bookkeeping
should confine his teaching to those

and

^ie*5tfuj//ite(a4&u*ffa~

problems
there

is

and

transactions

where

a clear line of difference be-

tween the two kinds of items.

There

are

certain transactions that pupils

the beginning can readily understand as being a charge to the asset
account.
There are others just as
clearly marked as being an expense
or revenue charge.
Then, there are
a large number of transactions that
are on the dividing line between the
two. The study of these transactions
should not be undertaken until pupils
reach the advanced w'ork.
in

Begin this study in the beginning

work by a study of some kind of
equipment with which the class is familiar, such as, a typewriter or an
auto truck.
Although the study of
the typewriter is the easier, the study
of the auto truck furnishes a greater
variety.
Establish the principle that
it

is

necessary to keep

elements

all

that relate to the value of the truck

separate from all expenses that are
costs of running the truck.
This
should be done by means of illustrations from actual business transactions.
Place on the board two headings, one, "Cost of Truck," the other,
"Expenses of Truck." Take up the
study at first as a problem in arithmetic W'ithout any reference to the
names of the accounts to be kept. Let
the first transaction be the purchase
of the truck for cash, on account, or
part cash and part on account, or part
note.
Under the heading, "Cost of
Truck," enter the original cost and
the statement of the purchase. Then
study such transactions as, repairs to
truck, new tires bought, cost of gasoline, a speedometer or bumper bought,
or a top put on an open truck.
Analyze these as belonging to the
cost of the truck or the expense of
running it. After the nature of these
different transactions has been established, then, the necessity of a separate account to show cost of asset and
another for cost of running or maintaining the asset should be shown.
Let the name of each account give an
indication of the nature of the items
in it, as, delivery equipment for the
cost of the equipment and delivery
expense for the cost of running the
truck.

In the more advanced work

that
depreciation
of
the
is just as much an
of operating the truck as an
paid for, such as gasoline

equipment

tires,

should be made clear.

the idea
delivery

expense
expense

or new
The only

that this expense of

operating, called depreciatioin, is not
something paid out from day to day
but is an estimate at the end of each
month or each fiscal period of the
lessening of value of the asset due to
its use in operating the business.
real difference

is

Let us consider a little further this

question of depreciation as it relates
to the distinction between capital and
revenue.
Let us suppose that as expenses are incurred for the delivery
equipment they are all charged to the
equipment account, depending upon
the closing entries at the end of the
fiscal period to correct any mistakes
or any items that have been charged
into it belonging to expenses.
Suppose then that the bookkeeper decides
to charge off 20% of the whole amount
of the account on the books as depreciation and maintenance charge. The

fallacy of this lies in the fact that the

depreciation is taken off of an inflated
and the chances are that the
value left on the books will be far
in excess of the
fair value of the
equipment.
Let us suppose, on the
other hand, that the equipment is appraised at the end of each fiscal period and the difference between the
value on the books and the appraised
value charged to the operating expenses of the business. This will show
the true condition at the end of the

value,

fiscal period, but each month's trial

balance will mis-state the condition
of the accounts, and then there is always the chance that some one else
will have charge of the books at the
end of the fiscal period and the necessity of an appraisal overlooked.
Pupils will see from this that the charge
of each item to the proper account is
of vital importance to show the true
condition of the business, and also as
a correct basis for figuring deprecia-

tion.

there are other transactions

should be taken up in the ad-

lint

that

vanced work where the distinction

is

not as obvious as in the illustrations

already studied. Let us suppose that
a building is owned and used by a
business for manufacturing its product.
It
was constructed with a

wooden

This floor
decided to

floor.

out and it is
with a cement

floor.

the cost of the

is

wearing

replace

it

To what should

new cement

floor be

charged? The first thing to consider

in answering this question is, "What
the value of the floor so far as the
asset account is concerned?"
Let us
suppose that the floor cost originally
$1000, and that the building has been
depreciated 5% per year for ten years.
The carrying value of the floor now
as a part of the property account is,
therefore, $500.
If the old floor has
any salvage value, that would deduct
that much from the loss sustained in
the tearing out of the old floor. The
probabilities
are
that
the
salvage
value would little more than pay for
the cost of removing the old floor.
For practical purposes we may assume that if the new cement floor
costs $1500, $1000 of that value is an
addition to the value of the building
and the other $500 is a loss.
The
correct thing to do would be to
charge the value of the wooden floor
still on the books to the building expense, which would be transferred
finally to the losses of the business,
is

(Continued on page 23)

jf

COMMERCIAL LAW
By

J.

&

^/u>yJt<J//uJjC<6/{a/<r

H.

Such
he claims by prescription.
the case with corporation by preexist
in
scription, but which do not

it,"
is

country.

this

ROBINSON

A Charter

Pulaski Public Schools

is

a direct

documentary

issued under general laws

enacted by the legislative department
of a .-tate to certain persons to exer-

authority

Edinburg, Pa.

cise the rights of a corporation.

Classes

Introduction

Business enterprises as conducted

present time are very extensive
their
scope and
in

at the

character.

Thus the

capita] and experien( e

the individual, and
even of the individuals of partnerships,
collectively speaking,
is insufficient to cope
with the various and

lit

varying and changing

conditions.

and the

dividual

The

partnership

in-

agree-

ment present too many elements of

Such
uncertainty to be satisfactory.
matters as death, insanity, limited liability
and concentration of capital
must be provided for. The corporation as it exists and is organized today seems to be best fitted to meet

modern

demands
The corporation is the most recent
form of business organization. There
were but six corporations engaged in
of

the

business.

country at the time of

the adoption of the Federal Constitution.
Two of these were banking
houses, two insurance companies, one
a bridge company, and one engaged
There are
in the manufacture of iron.
now over five hundred thousand corporations in the United States engaged in every conceivable form of
business, and representing tremendous aggregations of capital.

business

in this

Definition

an

organization,
are called
stockholders, and are authorized by
law to act in certain respects as a
single person, under a corporation
name. Chief Justice Marshall defined
it as "an artificial being, invisible, intangible, and existing only in contemplation of law." and this definition
the

still

corporation

members

of

is

which

persists in judicial decisions.

Perpetuity

Unless specifically limited a corporation may exist forever, and this is

one of the chief reasons why the corporation is such a popular commercial
The
institution at the present time.
original members may die or transfer
their interests, and new members taking their places does not affect the
continuity of the enterprise. This is
a great advantage enjoyed by a corporation.

The

particular attribute of the cor-

poration is the franchise, which may

be simply the right to exist as a corporate business enterprise, or it may
be a privilege, such, for example, as a
right of way enjoyed by a railroad or
the right of eminent

other rights.

domain and many

The aggregate corpordivided into public and pri-

Aggregate.
ation

is

vate.

There

a class falling

is

between

these two known as quasi public corporations. This class is not distinctly
either of the former classes but is in
reality part of both classes.

Public Corporation

is

one formed

for political purposes as to carry on

It is
the operations of government.
an agency created by the state to enable its districts, towns and cities to
administer public or local administra-

A public corporation is
affairs.
The
called a municipal corporation.
state is a corporation of this class.
tive

Private
into

corporations

known
in

in

America

England.

are

divided

and business, alformer is hardly

ecclesiastical
while the

though

it

The

is

very

latter

is

in

held, according to the rule of conThe charter is a contract

struction.
between the state and corporation,

and cannot be withdrawn or amended

by the state unless a special reservation is included in the law or charter.
The state may. however, declare a
forfeiture of the charter for violation
of law by the corporation.

By Special Statute. Formerly corporations were usually created by a

special law enacted by the Legislature, but of recent years special incorporating acts are often forbidden under later constitutions in most states.
Many corporation, however, exist at
the present day which were created
in

manner.

this

corporation being an artificial

person is known by its corporate
name. The corporation creates an exclusive right to the name, and it cannot he changed by the officers without the consent of the authority creatSome states specify that a
ing it.
corporation must use a corporate
style of name: that is, the name must

with

common

begin

an asso-

"Company."

ciation of individuals for the purpose

of conducting some business enterprise for profit. Insurance, mercantile
and banking corporations are good
examples of private business corporations.

Their powers are limited to those

expressly granted by the state, and
such other implied and understood
powers as are necessary to their operation and existence. All other pow-

many

of this class.

Corporation are brought into existence by three ways, namely, by prescription,,

The

by charter under general

by special statute.

corporation

that

claims

its

by Prescription asserts that it

has enjoyed corporate privileges for
such a length of time that the law
rights

considers that the right to exist as a

corporation was given or should be
given "when a man can show no
other title to what he claims than that
he. and those under whom he claims

have immemorially used and enjoyed

witli

law

in

The shares are often Fifty or One

Hundred dollars face value.
A subscriber is one who signs for
one or a number of shares of the

Upon

Railroad, street car, and light and

water companies are good examples

the

Capital Stock. The capital stock of

a corporation consists of the amount
of share interests issued or to be issued to the share holders. It may be
paid for in money or other property.

capital stock.

certain public right or franchise to

the exclusion of other companies, the
law construes its rights and duties
more strictly and favorably to the
public as against the corporation.

end

and
not

is

states.

Quasi-Public Corporation is a pricorporation, but a distinction

may be pointed out: since it enjoys a

vate

"The"

however,

This,

ers are denied.

statute and

The

body are thereexplained, and all which is not expressly or impliedly granted is with-

right of the corporate

The great body of corporation is

divided into sole, that of one person,
and aggregate, the unification of a
number of persons. The best illustration of a sole corporation is that
of a bishop or other church dignitary
holding property or rights for a community as a church. There are few
of them in America.

His interest is a proportionate part of the capital stock.

the

payment

of the

amount

of

the subscriber bestockholder and is entitled

to a stock certificate as evidence of
the

subscription

comes

this fact.

(To be continued)

B. Mack, the skillful penman and

former editor of The National Penman published some years ago at
Concord. X. H., has severed his connection with the Military Vocational

J.

School,

Moose Jaw,

Can.,

where he

do his bit in the great struggle for right, and has returned to his
school, The Western Business ColAir. Mack's
lege, Swift Current, Sask.
son. Zaner H. Mack, also a penman
and former student of the Zanerian
ollege, has been in the service oversea- with the Canadians.
went

to

&

Jtfe>36uJS/l^ <&UXt/f7The

we

BUSINESS LETTER
The B.
By

F.

Goodrich Rubber Co.

Akron, Ohio

arrangement

great many sales letters that

talk about the Goodrich Company at
the very start in place of talking
about the reader and his interests.
Here are a few beginnings that show
this fault:
find a

the
above
we are privileged ro reprint a series
<>r
Copyrighted booklets the company is publishing for their correspondents.
consider
them exceptionally excellent and our readers
specially fortunate in having the opportunity
ii
study these monthly messages to correspondents. [Editor.]
special

with

"We

hav
the business of
manufacturing rubber goods for
ly fifty years and have the adv;

We

mark,

No. 12

The

sales letter
that is. the letter
strictly to sales
has proved
the wonder of the business

to

lie

world.
In large

cities we find great mercantile houses doing a million dollars'

worth of business every year, whose
success has been founded entirely on
postage stamps. Others owe a large
portion of their success to the campaigns they conduct by means of
sales letters.
The strength of the sales letter as
a medium for selling goods depends
upon several factors. First, the material that it contains must be carefully chosen.
In a conversation be-

tween

salesman and

his

customer,

the material can be more or less haphazardly selected, because the salesman can never prepare his talking
points so they will dovetail with the
questions the customer is likely to
ask.
But the letter may select from
an indefinite amount of material just
the points that are best for the given
situation.
Not only must the material
for a
sales letter be carefully
chosen, but it also must be carefully
arranged so as to lead from a good
beginning down through a carefully
selected line of arguments, to a tactful climax.
Is
good sales-letter writing a
science? Are there definite principles
underlying it which can be stated and
put into practice? Or, when a letter
fails, does it fail merely because of
the whim and caprice of the people
to whom it was sent?
And, if it succeeds, does it owe its success merely
to the same capricious motives, which
cannot be measured? Most authorities on sales letter-writing agree that
a letter succeeds because it is right.
A study of both successful and unsuccessful
letter
discloses
certain
glaring mistakes made by sales letterwriters that can be easily remedied.
Certain of these errors have been
picked out and are discussed briefly
in this booklet.

Getting Off to a

Good

Start

The successful

sales letter tries to

appreciate the point of view of the
reader.
This is not always easy, because it requires real imagination as
well as self-forgetfulness and not all

business writers have these qualities.

As a result, a great many sales letlet
begin wrong.
They fail at the
point of contact.
In going through
the files of our own correspondence,

tone of "injury" because certain past

sales letters have not brought a reply.
letter that implies that a prospect
is under obligation to answer
a letter
is dangerous.
For example:

of

offer this yea

perfectly
evet
put

''Tins is the third letter we have

addressed to you relative to the sale
of our advertising service and we feel
that you owe us the courtesy of a

all Dealers
factured pro-

ie

American

t."

reply."

wish to call your atter,

special service plan sho
l'age 5 of the enclosed folder.
"V\

The "Injured" Tone

Another glaring mistake made by
main sales writers is their abuse of
the following system. They assume
a

The

our

SOME SUGGESTIONS FOR CORRESPONDENTS

devoted

back

.ifactu

\\\
duct

Every

one

sentences

of

above

the

contains

opening

valuable

sales

But they are stated in the

wrong language and appear not as
sales
arguments but as mere announcements, reflecting only the technical
knowledge of the Goodrich
Company and what we have to offer.
Each of the above sentences is presented from the wrong point of view.
The rule that prohibits beginning a
ideas.

sales letter with

one

keep

to

2]

in

"We"

mind.

a fairly good
There are times,
is

of course, when a correspondent is

justified in talking first about himself
or his company, but the occasions are
that it requires exceptional
ability to pick them out.
In the vast
majority of cases it is best to begin
talking about the customer and his
interests.
In place of using the pro-

who

writer

tries

make

to

customer believe that a reply should

be made because he has taken the
liberty to send two or three of his
sales

letters

is

building

barrier

around all sales possibilities. Never

place anything in your sales letters
that will convey the idea that your
prospect is under obligation to act, especially when you take the initiative
and write him first.

The Disconnected Opening

A common
using

is

mistake

for

the

some current event

sales letters

in

opening sentence,
that

but not in any

other part of the
the following:

interesting
related to

is

in itself,

way

tlie

letter.

Notice

nouns "I" and "We," begin with

"You," or words that embody the

"You" point of view.

This "Von" attitude cannot be overdone. It is nothing more than getting
of view of the

point

the

approaching
"side

his

your

reader and
proposition from

of the fence."
Practice to
the
fault
of
beginning

overcome
wrong and you will be surprised at
the improvement your letters will
show.

Trying to be "Personal"
very annoying mistake made by
some writers is in attempting to deceive a customer by pretending that
a well matched form letter is one
composed and addressed to him per-

sonally.

Here are two examples:

"Because you have failed to answer the several letters sent you
lately, I am writing you personally
to learn why we cannot close this
matter at once."

"When

intc

Ca

the

that yc
I
.ir

should ge
products."

This "fake" personal appeal cuts

the effectiveness of sales letters more
than any other single mistake.
The
reader easily realizes that the "personal" letter he is reading is nothing
more than a processed form and probably is being read by thousands of
others like himself.
And then the
thought comes to him that the purpose of the personal tone is to trick
him into believing he is one of a
chosen few. A letter of this sort deceives no one of experience; hence,
never practice using it. Trickery and
business do not mix well.

111.

whole
want
which

Allies
are gaining
tront but the kind of
to talk to you about
is found in, etc."

Went

"Bang!

the

on

the

gain

is

that

starter's

gun

and then the runners shot down the

On

course.

now

a race,

This is a method that if used correctly can be made very valuable in

sales letters.
In their present form
the above examples are bad because
there is no relationship between the
idea and the articles to be sold.
But
you can strengthen the interest in
your letters and make your sales arguments much stronger if you can
weave certain everyday events into
your sales arguments. See how this
is done in the following letter:
"(Ins is the
as well as the

vear of the 'old boat'

new

car.

"More

tons are being carried by

motor cars than ever before
and
even the old cars that ordinarily
would be junked must be pressed into

"This

i.

nans

Lack

tire

demand,

etc."

Evidence
Another serious mistake
of

in

many

of our sales letters is the failure to

give evidence.
Bald assertions about
quality are not enough to convince a
prospect that he should buy. There
must be rock bottom evidence combined with your sales talk. Take the
following:

"You can now bin- automobile tires

will give complete satisfaction.
Goodrich Silvertowns have many
added advantages that will please you
and the Royal Garage of your city
that

explain all."

will

In

this letter the idea is, of course,

the reader to visit the Royal

to get

Garage,

but the bare assertion of

is not backed up by any evithat
Silvertowns are right.
the writer overlooked a chance

quality

dence

Here

<

nittinued on page 18)

22

<!ffie&u4/n&M'&&uMfcr

ENGLISH
By Mr.

D. D. Miller, Cincinnati
N. C. T. F., 1917

In working out a successful teaching plan in any subject, it is just as

important to consider the pupils to
be instructed, their present educational attainments in the particular
subject in question, their disposition
toward the subject, and their power
of comprehension, as it is the subject

regard to which knowledge is to

be imparted.
If it is found that a plan is successful in giving the weakest members of
a class of students a thorough knowledge of the subject, it may be called
a good and successful method.

for it must be remembered that it is

not a question of whether or not to
teach English teach it we must. The

ter of application must land the job.

letter offering goods for sale must

whole problem is how to do it.

Furthermore, as by far the greater
portion of work in English composition that most of our graduates will
be called upon to perform will be in
the nature of Business Correspond-

letters

ence, this then becomes the natural

vehicle for imparting a knowledge of
English composition to our students.
In beginning the study of business
letter

composition,

it

should be borne

mind that no one can write

a letter

in

in

weakness of much of our teaching.

and intelligence upon a

subject with which he is not familiar.
Therefore, ask your students to write
on .subjects of which they have some
knowledge, or in regard to which information can readily be obtained.
Later on in the study, when heavier
subjects must be handled by letter, it

We

is

It

is

feared

herein

that

lies

the

are too often satisfied with our

efforts when the brightest portion of
a class comprehends, whereas, we
should remember that bright and capable students need very little if any
instruction, and if that is all that we
are able to give, our teaching power

very limited.
Let us lay our plans for the benefit
of the dullest and most unpromising
members of our classes. Let us make
our teaching simple enough for them,
and then we shall be sure that the
entire class will be able to follow us
intelligently in our educational jouris

ney.

Now

what are the

facts with refer-

whom

we are
called upon to instruct in English?
For the purpose in hand, we shall
mention two outstanding facts as we

ence to the students

have found them.

First, the average student entering
a business school in a large city is
woefully lacking in a knowledge of
correct English composition, and second, the student not only has no taste
for the study of his mother tongue,
but in many cases brings with him a
It is
positive dislike for the subject.
probably true that the subject of
grammar is more generally disliked
by pupils (and teachers, too, I fear)
than any other in the public school

curriculum.

Combine with

this the tendency, all

too prevalent on the part of young

people, of governing their conduct by
their likes and dislikes, and it becomes
a very important problem of how to
offer the English dish so as to make
to the young
it sufficiently palatable
aspirant for business honors to induce him to eat it.
It is important, of course, not to
obtain a student's opposition in the
beginning of the study. On the other
hand, we should endeavor to secure
his interest in the study in advance
Therefore, we
of his taking it up.

be pardoned if we practice camouflage by telling him that he will

study Business Correspondence, for
experience has taught us that the
average business college student's interest is easily aroused in business
In this way we sugarletter writing.
coat the medicine and get it down

may

$>

with interest

well to give the student the necessary foundation for writing by suggesting and even by stating the substance of the message which the letter is to convey, leaving it for the
student to determine the form of
expression.
Frequently, the student's efforts
will seem very crude, but when such
is th.e case, no hint or sign of the
teacher's recognition of this must
reach the student's mind, but every
sincere effort should be duly recognized and the student encouraged to
write again and again for improvement.
It must be remembered that
proficiency in English composition is
to be acquired by most of us only by

practice

diligent

intelligently

direct-

writing and rewriting, by

eliminating a word here, substituting
this word for that, rearranging this
sentence, reducing that one to a mere
phrase, finally rewriting the letter

by

ed,

until it
from the very beginning
represents the best of which we are

capable at the time.

By collecting the best

work

of the

from day to day and culling

from it the most glaring errors,
grammatical and otherwise, illustrat-

class

ing

these

errors

before

class, without, of course,

the

entire

manner

lead his students to see

and appreciate the great value of the
ability to speak and write the English
language correctly and effectively.
By this plan the essential principles
of grammar may be gradually and indirectly introduced, and by actual
practice in the daily work the rules
of grammar will come to have a real
meaning and value to the student.

must be remembered that

are important only
enable one to write more
Our letters must
English.
not only be grammatically correct,
but they must be forceful and effecThey must accomplish
tive as well.
the end for which they are written.
For

it

rules of
as they
effective

Unless these
accomplish each its particular
as
worthless
purpose they will be
business letters, even though they be
grammatically perfect.
It is by working along these lines
of least resistance that we have been
able to accomplish the best results in
business English composition.
actually sell the goods.

M.

A.

Churchman

Poole,

Business

College, Easton, Penna., recently favored us with 106 subscriptions to the

This indicates
Business Educator.
that the Churchman Business College
is evidently keeping up the Penmanship interest in their classes.

Mrs. Mary Prince Webb, last year

with the Quincy, Mass., High School,
is now in charge of the commercial
work of the Warren, Mass., High
School.
F. H. Metzler, recently one of the
commercial teachers in the Dakota
Wesleyan Commercial School, at
Mitchell, S. D., has recently accepted

a position as head of the commercial

work of the Fifth District State Nor-

mal School, Maryville, Mo.

Miss Lida Nelson

cial

teacher

in

is

the

new commer-

Rawlins.

Wyo.,

High School.
Oliver B. Lane, of Lakewood, N. J.,
is a new commercial teacher in the
Junior High School, Trenton, N. J.

Wohlenberg, Carroll, Iowa, is a

teacher in the DaCollege, Fargo, N. D.
Business
kota

J.

C.

new commercial

Miss Alice G. Carr, recently head of

the commercial work in the Warren,

Mass., High School, has recently ac-j

cepted a similar position in the Chel-j
sea, Mass., High School.

Miss

Bertha

F.

Hayes,

for

many

years a very successful teacher in the

Belmont, Mass., High School, is now
with one of the Xewark. N. J., High
Schools.

making any

mention of the author of the errors,

the teacher can in the most convincing

grammar

A letter conveying a piece of information must give that information in

a clear and unmistakable manner and
A letin the fewest possible Words.

While Mr. C. E. Birch, Lawrence,

Kansas, was seated at his desk writing to us on December 12th regarding
the death of Mr. Zaner, he received a
letter from the captain of his oldesj
son, Lieut. Albert E. Birch, informing
him of his son's death. Lieut. Birch
was killed by a large shell, and death
came so suddenly that he never knew
The captain closed his letter as
it.
follows:
"We buried him the next day as
best we could with military honors
and marked his grave so that there!
It
will
be no trouble locating it.
seems unfortunate that he should
few
just
a
away
taken
been
have
hours before the armistice took effect,

but

it

must afford you some com-

fort to know that your son died like

a man and a true soldier, with his
face towards the enemy, under the

mosl trying circumstances I have ever

seen a company placed in."

^T

,j//u ,J6t4jS/itJ<

NEW ENGLAND FEDERATION

BOOKKEEPING VIEWPOINTS

OF HIGH SCHOOL COMMERCIAL TEACHERS MEET

(Continued from page 19)

The Sixteenth Annual Meeting of

the New England High School Commercial Teachers was held December
1918,

14,

at

the

Administration,
Boston, Mass.

School of Business
Boston University,

The program was made up of two

a morning section and an
afternoon session.
The former session was opened with an address of
welcome by Professor C. F. Rittenhouse, who took the place of Dean
sections,

Lord, both of Boston University.

Mr. Fred G. Nichols, Assistant Director of Commercial Education of the
Federal Board for Vocational Education, spoke very helpfully upon "The
Future of Commercial Education."
Following this was a strong paper on
"The Problem of Commercial Educathe Junior High School," by
Mr. J. A. Ewart, Assistant Superintendent of Schools, Somerville, Mass.
The morning session was concluded
tion in

by "A Tribute to C. P. Zaner," by

Mr. E. E. Gaylord, of Beverly. Many
in the audience were shocked to hear
of the untimely death of Mr. Zaner,

and they

all felt a great loss to the

profession as well as a deep personal

loss.

The afternoon session opened

witli

an energetic talk with blackboard

demonstrations, by Mr. S. O. Smith,
of the High School of Commerce,
Springfield,
Mass., on the subject
"From Movement Drills to Applied
Penmanship." Following this was an
address by Dr. Chas. \V. Elliott,
President-Emeritus Harvard College.
His subject was "The Proper Objects
and Subjects of Commercial Education."
As always, President Elliott's
address was helpful. Then Miss Ellen
A. Regan, of the Gloucester High
School, Gloucester, Mass., was introduced, and spoke charmingly upon
"The Young Teacher in Action." This
session closed with a very effective
talk by Miss Alice J. Thatcher, School
of Business Administration, Boston
University, on "Typewriting Troubles
of the Beginner."
At the business meeting, Mr. Fred
A. Ashley, Everett High School, Everett, Mass., was unanimously chosen
as the president of the next year.
The other officers and the usual committees were provided for.
The next annual meeting will be
held at the State Normal School,
Salem, Mass.
This meeting was well attended and
enjoyed.
Much praise is due Mr.
Raymond G. Laird, of Boston, and
his

officers

and committees for the

preparation and presentation of such

a valuable program.

T.

W.

Oates,

London

Collegiate In-

stitute, London, Ont., Canada, recently favored us with 172 subscriptions to

The Business Educator.

and then charge the entrie cost of the

cement floor to the building account.
This same principle ma}' be stated
in a different form as follows: "When
an asset wears out or is sold, the
carrying value of the asset, less any
scrap value received for it, must be
taken out of the account before the
asset is charged to it.
This can
well be illustrated by the sale of a

new

machine and its replacement by a new

machine or the trading in of an old
machine as a part of the cost of the
new. Bookkeepers should insist upon
the elimination of the old value and
the entering of the entire cost of the
new machine so as to show the true
of the account and so as
to have the right basis for the taking
of depreciation.

condition

Let us take another illustration that

more careful reasoning and analysis. A business owns a
building that has been leased for
store purposes. At the expiration of
the lease, the character of the neighborhood has changed and the building can no longer be leased to adwill require still

vantage to stores.
It is decided to
remodel the building into apartments.
Let us suppose, first, that by so doing
the annual rental is not increased but
is
simply maintained on the former

income

basis.
Clearly the cost of altering the building under these conditions is an expense of getting the
same income as before. No part of
this cost should be added
the
to
building account unless the building
as an investment has actually increased in value as a result of the alterations.
It would be best to be conservative in doing this. The best plan
would be to open up an alterations
account to which the cost of the alterations should be charged.
This
should be written off over a period
of five years or so against the income
from the property.

An example similar to the above

would be a case where in order to
economize time and labor or to facilitate production the machines of a
factory are re-arranged at considerable expense.
The cost of this rearrangement should be charged to

some

such

and written

account

as

Betterments

against profits over a

period of years.
The use of a term
such as this or that of Alterations on
the balance sheet clearly describes the
asset as a deferred asset and not a
real

$>

^dtuafir*

off

bankable asset.

Now let us go back to the illustration of the alteration of the store

building into an apartment and suppose that the alterations to the building cause the owner to receive a
larger rental permanently than before.
Then it would be fair to capitalize
part of the cost of the alterations and
add them to the cost of the building
account.
But suppose that several
years afterwards a prospective tenant
offers to lease one of the apartments
for a period of years providing certain
alterations are made?
Now, clearly

the cost of these alterations should

be charged against the income during
the time of the lease, for the next
tenant may want the property altered
in some other way or p,ut into the
condition it was before. This should
be done without regard to whether
the rental value is increased or not.
Illustrations of this kind could be
multiplied, but sufficient have been
given to show teachers the possibilities of the subject.
Every teacher
that gives
the
time necessary to
analyze transactions of this kind will
find himself repaid by the knowledge
that he has done more to aid future
bookkeepers to correctly state accounts as a basis for correct statements than anything else he could do.
If bookkeepers could but learn this,
business men would have a much better understanding of the condition of
their business, and leaks would be
eliminated before they had ruined the
business. There would be fewer bankruptcies due to poor accounts and
fewer businesses would be ruined because they could not meet competition.

In closing this series of articles the

writer hopes that the readers of this

magazine have secured something of
value from the articles written, as the
author found time between his teaching of classes and his practical work
as an accountant. He hopes, too, that
everj' teacher that has read these ar-

may have

ticles

the pleasure of hear-

ing from his former pupils after they

go out into business of the good results of his teaching.
Nothing can so
compensate us for the arduous labor
the pleasure we feel
knowledge that our pupils are
places of responsibility due at
least in part to our teaching them
correct principles.

teaching as

of
in

the

filling

G. T. Brice, for a great many years

penman for the Spencerian School.
Cleveland, is now with the Fisher
Business College, Roxbury (Boston),

Mass.
D. M. Callaghan is the new commerteacher in the Mesa, Ariz., High
School.
cial

Miss Ruth Craine, of Port Huron,

Mich., has just been engaged for the
commercial department of the Richmond, Ind., High School.

Amy Dorsett is teaching in the

For
Attleboro, Mass., High School.
two she has been with the
Gardner, Mass., High School.
Miss

a year or

Mrs.

J.

P. Peterson,

head of the short-

hand department of Humboldt ColMinneapolis, won second prize

in the fifth annual world contest conducted by the Gregg Publishing Co.
The first prize went to England.
More than 2,100 persons participated
Mrs. Peterson has
in the contest.
been for many years an enthusiastic
teacher and student of artistic shorthand.
lege,

'^fo'^ttJ/'/udJ <Z"du&i&r
From many

years

close

of

friendship

and

course of
his merits as
qualities as an
In the death

Busir.ess

of the death

my warmest

j.

of

I
can express
He
Mr. Zaner.

personal
Savage,

A.

I
regarded Mr.
Zaner as lite foremost
teaoher of writing of all the world.
His influence will remain for generations to come.
W. T. Turman. Terre Haute, Ind.

\<

friends,

Omaha, Nebr

D.

/.,

D.

Cincinnati, Ohio.

Miller.

vorld has lost its best all-round pend the profession an able and sklilful
that

feel

Irwin

have

a trustworthy
Hartford, Conn.

O.

lost

Light,

S.

lb'
profession lias lost a faithful ami loyal
champion of penmanship
a real educator;
t omnibus a respected, representative citizen,
and the penmanship world one of the greatest
pen artists of modern times.

missed

greatly

nature.

In his nature, h:t was a leader of high degree and commanded the esteem of all his asm
sociates; as a teacher of Commercial S
he was eminently successful as an author of
Penmanship, he occupied a high rank, and as
Business
Educator,
of
The
one of the editors
showed good judgment and achieved
he
As he marched along the
marked success.
thorny path of life, he followed the command
of the Great Teacher who said,
"Do unto others as you would have them
do unto you.'*
In all his life's work, he was kind and con-

more than

pained

an associate worker with

Prof. Zaner, in
learned
Education,
an educator, and his humane
honorable citizen.
of Prof. Zaner. a noble, generous, and humane soul has returned to our
Heavenly Father who gave it in trust for a
lime to serve mankind in the expansion of
knowledge, and in the development of humane
character in all the virtues that adorn human

as
the

<$>

ii

me my

lite.

W.

H. A. Roush, Charleston,
In the death of Mr. Zan
profession has sustained th
capable
exponent
of
ser
methods, as well t
g
skillful

Va.

We

the penmanship
oss of its most

Courtney,

progressive

le,

one of

heritage in coming years.

admired him
as the leader of his chosen profession, but
we loved him most of all as a man.
J. H. Carothers, B. F. Williams, Mary

Champion, Des Moines, Iowa.

most

its

Idaho

Pocatello,

he was fast acquiring national

liken

W'b, n

many

and left
works that in the days
le will keep bis name
as one of
his line, and one
irld's best students
l,

greatest of Columbus'

known
first

citizens.

I saw Mr. Zaner last at the New England

Penmanship Association in Boston last March.
We lunched together and I came to see
little clearer
the sweetness of his character,
his gentleness and poise, as well as his stead-

bition.

The penmanship world has virtually lost

A. N. Symmes, Mansfield! Ohio.

leader.

Words

we

We

pure

soul

of

spirits

cannot

in

life

words

just

positive uplift

Oberlin,

in

of

His life and ideals will be a constant

nration lo all of us.
S. C. Williams, Rochester, N. Y.

true
friend,
ntleman,
and .in nleal teacher.
O. S. Smith, Detroit, Michigan.
..

The shocking death

mi

stitution

the lives of

friends

No news
In his passing I have lost my best friend
and the world of penmanship has lost one of
its most potent figures.
Mr. Zaner was diresponsible for
engrossing profession.
rectly

P.

We who

life's

future

living

for

He

me

for

his

have lost a truly great man, tin

the profession.
C. E. Chamberlin. San Marcos, Te

It

yes,

with

is

of

can

our friend.
F. T.

S.

that
:i

realize

we

are

faint nU a
to us.
did.

means

C.

IV

oi

C.

shocked ami sad will

what the loss of Mr.

We loved him. as all

We admired 1ms sterling
We listened with pro

worth and manliness.

found interest to bis
F.

the great

Ashby, Bowling Green, Ky.

who knew him

work.

that

mastery

of

Weber, Los Angeles,

his

life

Calif.

Zaner.

Weaver. East Liverpool, Ohio.

as if I had lost a father, and yot

must indeed almost overwhelm you.

feel

S.

bm

Zaner

O. Smith, Springfield,. Mass.

followed Mr. Zaner's writings for

twenty-five years and he has been a
inspiration to me, as he has been to

have

I
at

>ss

great

scarcely

say

give

the deepest sorrow and griei

horrible death of our friend,

my

friend,

C.

P.

of darkness over my
think of him and the
has been connected

lie

leas'

great

thousands of others.
C. E.

and
the

we

sorrow

could have caused me gnain pail

than did the announcement o
Zaner.
wlil miss himI'.
1
him the world will miss him.
A. A. Kuhl, Douglas, Ga

death of
miss

will

Costello, Scranton, Pa.

his

W.
To

the

the

knew him

and

ane

We

learn

into

deal of honest, thorough

have always admired him, not
wonderful all-round skill, but
character and liberality.
W. E. Dennis, Brooklyn, N. Y.

did

:>rk,

Mr. Zaner was universally loved in his pre

fession and will be missed by all lovers c
penmanship.
H. C. Walker, St. Louis, Mo.

entry

well will miss him not

only as a wise counsellor, but as a man and
friend.
Lucy C. Ferris, Warren, Pa.

Zaner's ! a h
H. D. Harris, Vestal, N. Y.

in

W.

my

good

fee! the loss of one of the

bad on earth, and realize that

there is less in
bj reason of Mr.

which

I
so many years.
doubt if the death of
ny other school man would have touched so
ixpressive a cord of sympathy and regret
hroughout the land.
H. E. V. Porter. Jamestown, N. Y.

I
1

whenever
with

fo

all

ith
If
the
disposition, a better nature, a more critical
eye, a steadier hand, a bigger soul, in the prostranger
to our
fession of penmanship, he is a
shores.
He has been an inspiration to many
and a friend to all. Count me as one of the
host of his friends who with bowed heads
mourn deeply bis untimely death.
C. P.' Eberhart. White Plains. N. Y.

of

casts a pall

i.
-nil
flections,

Ohio.

knew him.
C. H. Fullerton.
Acting Supt. of Schools. Columbus, Ohio.

For myself

Dickey, Bowling Green, Ky.

S.

j.

dio

best

I said it unde
a prince of men.
roof of the living, shall I not repeat
the grave of the departed.

how muc

He knew more about penmanship and the

teaching of it than all the rest of us put
together.
In his passing, America loses one
of its few teachers and pen artists.
S. C. Bedinger, Stillwater. Okla.

He was

Karleri

ver

His death is a misfortune to the entire

country
There arc so few good teachers of
penmanship, especially men like Mr. Zaner,
whose talent and love for good writing enabled
him to hell) thousands of students throughout
country.
T. Henderson.

W.

He was
te

Frank H. Arnold. Spokane. Wash.

J.

convey my feelings of sorr

J. H. Smith, Atlanta, Ga

is

learn of the passing

greatly admired.

to

whom

where

you

tell

gretted

has

feci

kno
H. A. Reneau. A. J. Karlen, L.
Des Moines, Iowa

entered

that Celestial
eternal and
Farewell,
where God is the Supreme Ruler.
dear comrade, till we meet in the spirit world.
George Soule. New Orleans, La.

entire

to

keenly

the loss that is yours, as

well as the loss to the whole penmanship
profession, caused by the death of Prof. C. P.
Zaner, whom we considered the greatest allund penman and artist the world has ever

fall."

His

Kmpire

the

fail

sympathy.

rid

it.

deceased friend has given his last lesson, paid the debt we all owe to nature, and
bequeathed to mankind an example of life's
work worthy of our imitation.
"He has gone, and we are going all.
Like leaves we wither, and like leaves
>ur

r,

purpose, persistent energy and broad amF. S. Heath. Concord, N. H.

last

James W. Nitschke, Columbus, Ohio.

'

Dorney, Allentown, Pa.

raftsmen.
T.

siderate to all who came into his presence. No

discordant word ever disturbed the friendly
feelings of himself and associate workers.
In the beautiful language of Shakespeare:
"His life was gentle; and the elements
So mixed in him, that Nature might stand up
And say to all the world, 'This was a man !'
how uncertain is human life. Today
Alas
we live, love and labor in behalf of human
Toactivities and the interests of mankind.
morrow we die, and the great world rolls on
regardless of the passing of a soul to God

who gave

C.

lur friendship, extending over a long period of years, recalls no word or act of his to
mar its sweetness. His high ideais and well
poised life have been an inspiration to us in
the past, and his memory will be a precious
i

Birch,

Lawrence, Kansas.

Clay D. Slinker, head of the commercial work of the Des Moines. Iowa,
school system, recently, with the aid
of principals, teachers and j'anitors of
the city schools, took an inventory
of every article of equipment belongIt is the
ing in the city's schools.
biggest inventory ever planned in the
history of Des Moines, and was completed in one day.
Big men are naturally selected to
perform big jobs.
Some day they will, no doubt, take
inventories of everything of value not
townships]
municipalities.
only
in
counties and states, but of the nations
of the earth; and finally, an inventory
Hut my. who will
of the earth itself.
Accountant
Generalissimo
the
be
when they decide to take an inventory of the Solar system!

<

^
WISE AND
from Recent Real Life

By CHARLES

CRAGIN

T.

PEOPLE WORTH KNOWING

ABOUT
Dangerous

Man

always like to look at dangerous

should have enjoyed seeing
I
len.
Jesse James, or Billv
I

Wild

Kid.

the

Bill,

Johnny

Dynamite

O'Brien, or any other

of the dangerous men
of history, and so, one
Rochester,
night,
in

N. V., about fifteen

years
I
went
ago,
over on the West Side
to a church, to see a

man that a good many newspapers

and wealthy people said was one of
the most dangerous men in all AmerThis church was a sort of libica.
have forgotten the name
of it, but the minister was in the habit
of getting lecturers and speakers who
had something to say to come over
there and talk Sunday nights. He had
Jews and Gentiles, Socialists, Temeral affair, I

perance Reformers,
orators and various

Women's Rights
men and women

more or

with messages

less coherent.

Some of them were wild eyed cranks,

who thought if a man was only strong
enough he could lift himself by his
boot straps.
Others were idealists,

who could
close at

see

hand

rose

tinted

world

to take the place of the

rather drab colored sphere of existence, in which you and I have to

wander through
week he has as

life

now.

And

this

the speaker of the

evening, a man from the city of Toledo, rejoicing in the name of Jones.
A rather plebian name that of Jones,
not quite so common as Smith, but
even less distinguished to the world

and history.
went over there to hear this
man, and he didn't look
at all at first sight. He was
a large, loose jointed man of powerful
physique, with big hands and the
rather generous feet of a workman;
of sandy complexion, rather florid,

of art. literature

Well,

dangerous
dangerous

with

light

hair,

thickly

tinged

with

blue eyes, and a small gray

mustache covering his upper lip. He
gave a message that night that has
kept him fresh in my memory ever
since, though he is dead and buried
gray,

now

for fourteen years.

Samuel Milton Jones was the name

dangerous man from Toledo,
Ohio, where he was better known by
the name of Golden Rule Jones, for,
on a tin sign stuck up on the front
door of his factory, where he made
tools for boring oil wells, were these

of this

words:

THE RULE THAT GOVERNS

THIS FACTORY

That is the golden rule given by

Master as His message to
humanity, during the three short
years He spent on earth before they
made Him bear His cross up to Golgotha and crucified Him on the bare
rock of the place of skulls, while the
Roman soldiers cast lots for His raiment around the foot of the cross.
It is a
Let me add in comment:
significant fact that every man since
apply
that
that day who has tried to
rule has been crucified by the scribes
fickle
and Pharisees of today, and the
crowd has often forsaken him in his
hour of need as did the Jewish crowd
the Great

Holyoke, Mass.

Whatsoever Ye would
That Men Should Do Unto You, Do
Ye Even Unto Them."
"Therefore,

OTHERWISE
Stories

<5^&utineM(&ua&r

Lit

ancient Palestine.

The Message of the Man

Golden Rule Jones was not a flowThe man who most reery orator.
sembles him is our present Secretary
Baker is no
of War. Newton Baker.
orator. He doesn't wave our glorious
banner nor pull the tail of the Amertill that long suffering bird
screams, every time he goes on the
platform, but he is an awfully good

ican eagle

talker.

You know some of the most

men in the world are not
Mr. Parsons, who
all.
at

convincing
orators

wrote the commercial law book from

which most all of the authors of
small school law books borrow their
material, hardly ever lost a case beAn old juryman, speakfore a jury.
ing of him, said, "He ain't a smart
man, Parsons. He can't begin to talk
like some of these young lawyers that
make you cry and get you all excited
up, but he just gets right down side
of you and tells you just how it was
and of course you have to do as he
says, because his side of the case is
always right." That is the way with

Baker. That was the way with Golden Rule Jones. He told the simplest
kind of a story, told how he came
over from Wales as a little boy with
his parents who settled in a Pennsylvania town where they worked like
fury, for very small pay, lived on the
coarsest kind of food with barely
enough clothing to cover them, and
so the boy grew up with little education and no refinement except the
natural refinement of a born gentle-

man. You know some of the finest

gentlemen in creation wear overalls
and work in coal mines, and clean
But Jones
streets, and carry the hod.
had an overplus of hard, grinding
work. He was a sturdy lad, no weakling in boyhood any more than in
manhood, and by and by he found
himself working in the oil country
where somebody had discovered that
the greenish, ill-smelling fluid which
bubbled up out of the earth and that,
for a good many years, had been sold
by patent medicine fakers as Rock
Oil, good for Rheumatism and all
Kinds of Pains and Aches, could be
refined and used as a burning fluid in
place of whale oil. then the only substitute for the tallow candle and the
rush-lights of our ancestors.
Great
burning fluid, that whale oil.
I
re-

member we had two

little round wick

oil lamps in our house when I
Mother used to light
was a boy.
them up once in a while when we had
company, and you had to light a
candle to see the lamps, they were
Fortunes were made in this
so dim.

whale

oil,
and this boy, eighteen or
twenty, got good wages and he had a

coal

good

brain, too,

and by and by

in

the

course ot years of life among the oil

wells, he invented some machinery
for boring oil wells, and as he had his
process patented, it wasn't a great
while till Samuel M. Jones accumulated a good deal of money and married a wife much more accomplished
than he, for she was a fine musician,
and a lady of culture, who could see
the jewel that lay under the rough
exterior of this dangerous man from
the oil country.
That night, at the
West Side Chinch, Jones told us the
story of what he had been doing in
Toledo, and I could see why so
many newspapers and so many manufacturers and many others of those
who believe in supply and demand
and efficiency and making a machine
out of a human, considered "Golden
Rule Jones" a very dangerous man.

But the working men of Toledo

didn't think he was a dangerous man,
quite the contrary, and when he opened up a large recreation ground on a
piece of land he had bought adjacent
to his shop, put up a speaker's stand,
and had Saturday afternoon picnics
and Sunday lectures by famous men
who had messages to deliver the people of Toledo flocked there by thousThere were all sorts of men
ands.
speaking on the platform of "Golden
Rule Jones' " factory grounds Sundays. Some of the most famous men
of America and of Europe spoke there
and the Republican party, who were
in danger of losing their grip on the
political machine of Toledo, decided
that Jones would be a good man to
for mayor and they nominated
in 1SH7. when he had been only
four years in the city, and elected him
mayor of Toledo. And then there
was music in the air, for of course
they expected the mayor of the city
would do what the political machine

run

him

wanted him to do, and this dangerous

Jones wasn't that kind of a man at all.
not by any manner of means. He had
not the least notion of doing anything except what agreed with his
rule of, "Do to others as you would
have others do to you," and it was
only a brief period of time before he
had a regular hornet's nest about his
ears, and was in the midst of the hottest

kind of a fight with his

own

party.

At the end of the year by the most

bare faced fraud they cheated him
out of the Republican party nomination, and then his real career began.
Thousands of people urged Jones
run for mayor as an independent
candidate, and he did it, and I believe
the Democrats endorsed him, for they
to

thought perhaps their machine might

some favors. Anyway. Jones got
70% of the entire vote of Toledo, and
was elected mayor, for the second
time, by an overwhelming majority.

get

26

and then he began

He

to do queer things.
didn't recognize the big corporathe street railway ring got no

tions,

favors from him, the temperance peohim to do what they

wanted, he wouldn't interfere with a
whole lot of things that church people wished him to take up, he didn't
believe in prohibition though he was
absolutely temperate, he didn't believe
you could make a man or a woman
good by passing laws, and he didn't
bother much about laws for the suppression of vice, intemperance or
gambling, and so the church pitched
into him, and the temperance people
pitched into him, and yet he made the
gamblers and liquor dealers and those
ple couldn't get

who were worse conform

more
fore,

to the law
closely than they ever had beand the "Powers that Prey"

didn't like him, because it had been

their custom to contribute liberally to
the political party in power, and be
allowed to do about as they pleased.
But the worst thing that Jones did
was his conduct with the criminal
classes.
As mayor of Toledo, during
the absence of a police court judge,
the mayor had the right to go in
there and preside over the police
court, and he did it. and every single
criminal that was up before him for
any minor crime, such as drunkenness, street walking, gambling, petty
larcency, and things of that kind, he
discharged and let go with a kindly
word of advice to do better. And the
church people went crazy, and the
law and order elements said he was
encouraging vice and crime, and they
hustled up to Columbus and got a bill
before the legislature which took
away the rights of the mayor of Toledo to preside over the police force,
or to have the power of appointment

or removal.

best there was for its purpose, and

in matter of wages, he applied the
golden rule, he did to others as he
would have others do to him, and increased the wages of his help without solicitation on their part, until it
began to be known about Toledo that
Golden Rule Jones paid better wages
than any other shop in the place, and
then this dangerous man, who had already done a thing the other employers didn't like by dividing up his profits with his help, did still more to
demoralize the law of supply and deman which said, hire your help just
as cheap as j'ou can get them and
work them just as long as they will
work. He commenced an eight hour
day in the Jones factory. Eight hour
days are common enough now, but
this took place twenty-five years ago
when ten hours was about the shortThink of it;
est day work anywhere.
here was a man who didn't discharge
his help when they got drunk, who
employed all kinds of men, some of
them just out of jail, some of them
the wildest kind of labor agitators,
some of them infernally lazy and gen-

worthless, some of them too

old to be very efficient, and besides
erally

paying them more wages than any-

body

else.

He worked them

less

hours.
Is it any wonder capital and
the conservative newspapers and the

preachers eyed him askance and said

he was a dangerous man, whose principles carried out on a large scale
would bring about anarchy and make
laboring men think they were just as
good as any body.
The Final Battle

For six years, 1897, 1899, 1901,

Golden Rule Jones had been elected

Mayor
had

of

been

Toledo.
very

The

last

bitter.

contest

The

full

strength of the church; of the Repub-

Fight for a Principle

And then Jones showed what kind
He declared
of fighting man he was.
he would not submit to any such
rule, he did not believe it was right
and he would not stand for it, and
he went to Brand Whitlock, who has
been our Minister in Belgium through

lican political machine; of the Democratic machine and of the big busi-

ness interests had been exercised

against him, and his contest for control of the police

had made

all

the old-

fashioned law and order people more

than ever satisfied that this was a

Jones

dangerous man.
He had no desire
to keep any longer the troublesome
position of Mayor, for he was thoroughly disgusted with both the political parties, and more than that he was
tired of being accused of every crime
in the calendar by the church and law
The Democrats
and order people.
nominated a strong candidate, the Republicans a still stronger candidate,

of the court will be set aside." Whitlock did not believe it, but he took
the case, and on close investigation
decided that he thought the mayor
had a chance, and he got him to engage one of the ablest lawyers in the
state, and together they fought that
case and the decision of the court was
set aside.
And the mayor continued
to run the police force, and was reelected for a third term against a
most bitter opposition by a most enthusiastic support.
The business of Samual M. Jones
was profitable. He sold his machinery for a good price for it was the

seven thousand people

then
signed a petition to Mr. Jones asking
him to run again as an independent
candidate, and he said, "So many
people are disgusted with the old parties and wish me to continue, I can
not refuse them," and he entered on
the strangest political campaign ever
fought in that or in any other city.
The Union Labor people were against
him because he wouldn't make his factory a closed shop.
It was open to
union men and non-union men. The
church people were against him because he wouldn't attempt to close
the saloons or gambling houses. The
saloons and gambling houses were

all

&

<!ffle&u4/Med&yu&z&r*

these

frightful

Brand Whitlock, then

Belgium days.
a young man
was city solici-

of twenty-five or so,
tor, and Jones told him, "I am going
to resist that act of legislature." Whitlock said, "You haven't got a chance.

That question has been decided by

the Supreme Court at Cincinnati."
It
said, "I don't care if it has.
isn't right and I believe that decision

and

against him because he wouldn't take

graft and let them run the places regardless of law.
Both the political
parties were against him.
In every
contest up to this time he had had
the support of at least some of the
newspapers of Toledo.
This time
every newspaper in the city refused
to publish his letter accepting the
nomination of the people as an independent candidate. Most of them refused to publish it even as advertising
matter.
Every corporation in the
city was against him because he gave
shorter hours and higher pay than
any other establishment.
"But," says Brand Whitlock, our
splendid minister to Belgium, a man
with a big heart and a big brain, "I
had to support him, for I knew he was
absolutely sincere, and that he practiced what he preached, and did to
others as he would have them do to
him." There were no automobiles to

speak of in 1903, and Jones and

Whitlock went about the city behind
an old white mare, which shed hair
all over them, and spoke in all kinds
of places.

spoke

at

Whitlock tells how Jones

one meeting. He says he

came running like a boy up the stairway to the dim little hall in the Polish
quarter, where the crowd had
gathered.
The men set up a shout
when they saw him, and he leaped on
the stage without waiting to be introduced, he leaned over the platform
in front of the crowd and said, "What
is the Polish word for liberty?"
The
mob of Poles huddled about a stove
in
the middle of the hall, roughly
dressed, smoking fiercely at their
black pipes shouting in reply. "Wolnosc!" Jones paused, and listening
cocked his head, wrinkled his brow,
Say it
and said, "What was that?
again."
"Wolnosc!!" again they,
again,
once
more,"
shouted.
"Say it

and again "Wolnosc!!!" came thundering till it almost raised the roof.
"Well," said Golden Rule Jones, "I
can't pronounce it, but it sounds good,
and that is what we are after in this
campaign.
LIBERTY-WOLNOSC."
The Poles voted for Golden Rule
Jones to a man, and he was elected
for the fourth time in spite of all the

tremendous opposition.
Jones believed tremendously in the
good there was in all kinds of people.
Whitlock tells about going home one
night with him from the Mayor's office.
A negro tramp held him up and
begged him for the price of a night's
lodging.
It was a stormy night and
he was talking with Whitlock. Jones
reached into his pocket and found
only a $5 bill there. He pulled it out
and handed it to the negro. "I haven't
got any change, so get this changed,"
he said. The darky's eyes bulged out
as he vanished around the corner in
the direction of an open rum shop
while the Mayor and Whitlock re-

mained talking on the corner. In a

few minutes the darky came back,

much

to Whitlock's surprise, with a

handful of silver change. He had not

been able
the

to get bills.
into his

money

counting

it.

"Aain't

Jones tumbled
pocket without
you going to

^/i^&u&'neM'iSdtUa&r'

$fr

count it?" said the colored man. "Did

you count it?" said Jones. "Yes, sir."
"Well, then, there is no need for me
to count it." The negro stared at him
"Did 3 ou take out what
in surprise.
r

you wanted?"
I

"sir,

didn't

said the

take any."

Mayor.

"Xo,

The Mayor

gave him a half dollar for his night's

lodging and the two moved on.
Jones impressed me profoundly as
a lover of mankind, as I heard him
speak in Rochester two or three
months before his death, for he didn't
live long after his fourth election as
Mayor of Toledo. There isn't any
monument to "Golden Rule Jones," I
I
the city by the lakes.
don't know that any monument is
needed for that kind of man. Monuments are mostly lying things anyThey always give the person
way.
planted under them credit for all he
deserves, and generally a good deal
more. Sometimes they say, "We shall
meet again." when it is well known
that the sleeper is in a place where
nobody would want to go to meet him
what was coming to him.
if he got
This man preached a doctrine that is

believe, in

now than it was in

going to be a good
more popular yet when the great
question of labor and capital and
commerce and education are settled
after this terrible cyclone of war dies
away and peace once more rules over
far more popular
1903, and that is

deal

distracted world.
Possibly Golden Rule Jones was a dangerous man.
He certainly stirred up a lot of opposition, but to me he was strangely attractive as I heard him speak fifteen
years ago. And now fifteen years later
the

A. Lupfer's appropriate tribute in script to his departed co-worker, by whose

worked with pen and student for more than a decade.

of a sudden in the midst of the world's

tumult, there comes a great silence,
and the "Prince of Peace once more
his reign upon the earth begins." Remember this Prince of Peace was considered a dangerous man in His time,
almost two thousand years ago, because He taught the same doctrine of
Golden Rule Jones, Mayor of Toledo.
of cannon, the rattle of machine guns, the crack of rifles has died
away. The smoke of battle is being
dispelled by the free winds of heaven,
from the blood soaked fields of Belgium, France, and Italy. But the war
is by no means over, for great questions are waiting for solution, and it
will require the steadfast application
of "Do to others as you would have
others do unto you" to bring about a
peaceful settlement of these questions.

The roar

The young men and the young women who may read this article, many
thousands of them now in the Commercial schools of the United States

and Canada,

will

have much

do
ques-

to

settlement of these
that, if rightly setinsure the prosperity of this
country and of the world, and give

with

tions.

the

Questions

you young people

may

get

a magnificent field
settled, and we

Wrongly

for effort.

taste

of

what distracted

Russia is suffering today.

If every
employer of labor will
make the Golden Rule his guide of
action, as did this dead and gone
Mayor of Toledo, there will be no
trouble on that side of the question,
for instead of trying to make a machine out of a human being, he will
regard him as a brother in God's
great family, of which we are all
children, and if every man and every

woman who works for a living who

depends for existence upon the brains
of employers, will remember that the
Golden Rule applies to the worker as
much as to the employer, then labor
and capital, employer and employe
will work side by side for the Nation
and for the great human family.
needless to sing his praises to you
so intimately, to speak of the
success he made of his chosen profession, or to mention the sincere and lasting
friendships he formed wherever he went.
It

is

who knew him

great

C.

C.

Brooklyn, N. Y.

Lister,

tled, will

Mr. Zaner was always so helpful at every

opportunity and in so many ways showed himself such a friend that his passing away comes
to us as a distinct professional loss.
P. A. Fullen, Geo. F. Sawyer,
Glendale, Calif.

education and the teaching profession are deeply indebted to Mr. Zaner.
His
loss will be feit throughout the entire Ui lited
States.
When one reflects on the great i
he accomplished, it seems impossible for
man to have done so much. It certainly
be said of him with all sincerity that he
the world richer than he found it.
R. J. Maclean, Detroit, Michiga

Business

profession this is indeed a sad los

S. M. Blue, Portland, Oregon.

He was a friend

to all

who knew him and

to those who understood him.

My
has been made richer through his friendR. B. Stewart, Madison, Wis.

ideal
:

p.

was America's finest and greatest

M. Lesher, Carbondale, Pa.

pe

C.

am

very sure that many men and women,

parts of our country feel with me that
influence of the big, kindly, tolerant man
learned to know at "The Zanerian," has
teen a great force for good in our lives.
11

.h

We

narveled at

han that

We

and admired his skill, but more

loved and respected 'the man.
Vera A. Albin, Portland, Ore.

we

regret that Mr. Zaner was called

earthly life long before the educaprofession could afford to lose him.
Vet he has left with us accomplishments that

from

all

this

tional

will

forever.
C. N.

live

that I

feel

rare kind
of

Engraved from a water color painting by C. P. Zaner.

painting these pictures, and happiness in presenting them to

He found
his friends.

one

life,

Harer, Wilmington, Del.

have

one of the
for the petty things
profession has lost

lost a friend,

who was too big

I know the

and

of its greatest leaders in the nation.

F.

A.

Keefover, Berryton, Kans.

<S0fe&u4//teA&(&dtumfcr

28

Mr. Zaner surely endeared himself in the

hearts of all his students, and I am confident
that there will be many hearts as sad and
heavy as mine today.
Laura Jane Breckenridge, Lafayette, Ind.

lost

His death is a tragedy that will be a grief

and inestimable loss to hundreds of teachers
Personally, I shall
throughout the country.
miss him very much.
Detroit, Mich.
J. L. Holtsclaw,
Self was
do good.

forgotten
J-

in

his

willingness

to

H. Bachtenkircher,
Lafayette,

Indiana.

Mr. Zaner as a

by his

his
skill and influenced for good by
genial personality and supreme helpful character will feel that they have lost a personal

friend.

man

of great strengi.li of
as a penman and
He will
highest order.
'o down in per manship history as one of the
His death is a
Neatest penme a of his day.
istinct loss to the profession.

and his

haracter,

P.

Lee

Behrensmeyer, Quincy,

have enjoyed

A.

111.

acquaint

itli

Mr

number of years, and have been

ulated and greatly helped many times by
nspiring instruction and counsel.
J. W. Jones, McKeesport, Pa.

Written by Mr. Zaner with no thought of

specimens of his writing.

it

Correll",

Pittsburgh, N. Y.

It

umiig
I

F.

ability

the

H.

<fe
The many hundreds who have been helped

the best, most powerful fr

ver had in the educational spheri
R. L. Reed, Barberton, Ohi

pupils join with us in

grief over the loss of so great a friend and
Mildred Moffett, Middletown, O.
benefactor.

The teachers and

being engraved.

He

delighted in

B.

ZuTavern, Portland, Ore.

lamentable loss to th
skillful and ambitiot

lade a name for himself which will be

ihed with honor and respect in time to
I
owe a great deal of my success to
E. L. Brown, Rockland, M;
Z aner.

ii

raging others by handing them

ROUNDHAND OR ENGROSSERS' SCRIPT

By

E. A. Lupfer, Zanerian College of

Penmanship, Columbus, Ohio

LESSON

No. 13
of the engrossing today is done in Old English lettering and Roundhand. The accompanying illustration
is a good example of this class of work, and represents an actual resolution.
In preparing pen work the first thing to consider is arrangement. Unless your headings, etc.. are properly centered, the work will not look pleasing to the public no matter how exact the w-ork may be otherwise.
It takes
The safe way is to indicate the spacing first with a pencil.
careful planning and judgment.
Be careful with the shading and ruling. If they are carefully done they improve the design as a whole, and if
not done carefully they detract. Retouch the lettering, and in the shading be sure to get the shades the same shape
as the letters.
Try to secure orders for resolutions and prepare them similarly to the one in ihis lesson.

Much

Columbus. (Ohio
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<!!M^^utfn^M[Kafir'
Mr. and Mrs. George F. Steube announce the marriage of their daughter
Flossie Fay to Mr. Lawrence F. McDonough on Thursday, the :26th of
Dec, 1918, at York. Nebraska.

IF IT IS
int.

ENGROSSING

-=!

can take care of you. Write for samples

G. H. ZIMPFER, 471 Gates St.,

d prices.

tlumbus, Ohio.

TEACHERS

WANTED- MANAGERS
teachers Bookkeeping and Pitinic Shorthand combination.
Also, business
liege managers who are "Hustlers," possess
hip ability, and who would not be
tisfied with a net income of less than $3,000
le

Wanted

Engrosser

For permanent position. All-round man with experience preferred, or young man with ability,
capabable of developing.
Apply with samples,
giving experience, age, salary expected.

ROUNDS-TRUMAN

64 West Randolph St.

ACT QUICKLY!

DRAUGHON,

Nashville, Tenn.

WANTED

ILL.

COMMERCIAL TEACHERS
DON'T WAIT!

are interested in fine penmanship you

*-*
must try to see my written cards. A selected specimen for your scrap book FREE.
Send
me 25 cents RIGHT
in order to be sure of
your grasping this opportunity.

NOW

ind

Women

private schools.

all

branches

Best salaries.

for public

Contracts

ting.

National Teachers' Agency, Philadelphia, Pa.

OTERO COLMENEBO.
SAN JUAN. PORTO RICO

Box 486

Address,

a year.

F.

CO.,

CHICAGO.

TX^ you

M.

$6,000

JNO.

ENGROSSING AND
CARD WRITING
my

specialties.
Were you
satisfied with your last year'f

are

olfi Splendid small business

"Pf-jf
1 "*- vjCUC co l] e e i n lj ve southern
g
Paying a profit of over two hundcity.
red dollars per month. Reason for selling, physical condition forbids continuance in work. Address
-

MONEY MAKER,

care Business Educator, Columbus, Ohio

Adjustable Ink Fountain

YOU do any kind of broad pen lettering you
IFneed
this fountain. It is easily attached to any
kind of pen.
A whole page of business writing
may

be produced with one dip of the pen. Attached to the oblique holder it gives wonderful
results. Price 20 cents, or 3 for 50 cents. Agents
wanted. Circulars free.

A.

604 W. Colvin

W. DAKIN,

St.

Syracuse, N. Y.

MIMIIIlUiaill.BJ.iyiiilUIIIUlU.litiJ.illMl.lUJlUIIUJBaBIIWIHW

diplomas, and
paid to have

the price you

them

filled

in?

Write for samples and prices.

12 cards, plain or fancy,
25 cents.

&

<52^&uJS/teJy&&Ma&?~
l|j^(iili
i |

tqcnls uianlcd in cuoru

citt|

%^^anMoiun in thcllnitcd States

~J,A/-;;g

Hi?

to sell the

13.000.000 IN THE LAST DRAFT

crq dome uiith a scri'icc flaa in its
urindctu a prospectus buyer
,

#ddHI^ ^LT5cranton5Ai
LARGER SALARIES

In

LARGEST AND LEADING AGENCY

WEST

the

write

IN

THE

year emergency vacancies and for 1919-1920.

immediately for Free Circular.

most beautiful

Silum -WJFWi cMGostelto,

For

NORTHWESTERN TEACHERS'
AGENCY
WEST

ALBERT

BOISE, IDAHO

Teachers' Agency
25

E.

Jackson

CHICAGO

Blvd.,

34th Year.
Our Booklet contains interesting chapters on Peace salaries, Prospects, especially for teachers of Bookkeeping, Shorthand, Writing, etc. Sent FREE.
New York, 437 Fifth Ave.
Denver, Symes Building
Spakane, Peyton Building

HAZARDTEACHERS'AGENCY
27th Year.

The Demand

$1 registers in three offices.

Globe Bldg.
MINNEAPOLIS. MINN.
Old Nat'l Bank Bldg

for

Commercial Teachers
Commence your

urgent and continuous.

is

training for

these fine positions at once. Normal and college graduates are preferred. The salaries are attractive, the

211 15th Street

conditions most congenial and

us for the facts.

the prospects excellent.

ROCHESTER BUSINESS INSTITUTE,

The Pratt Teachers' Agency

Write

to

Rochester, N. Y.

NEW YORK

TO Fifth Avenue.

Recommends
specialists,
schools.

college and normal graduates,

and other teachers to colleges and

The agency receives many calls

for commerteachers from public and private schools

cial

and business

WM.

colleges.

O.

PRATT. MANAGER

POSITIONS for TEACHERS and BUSINESS COLLEGES (or Sale

We need beginning and experienced teachers to recommend. Write
for our FREE literature; state qualifications briefly. If you would buy
a money-making business college, write for particulars no charge.

OMEN

WANTED IN
BANKS

CO-OPERATIVE INSTRUCTORS' ASSOCIATION, 41 Cole

Send for free book.

Banker," by Edgar G.

June and September Opportunities Numerous

State normals, high schools and business colleges are demanding
teachers of every caliber.
Fine opportunities which must be
filled now some in June and others as far in advance as Septemberare filling our files. We need teachers who can handle
commercial subjects enthusiastically.
Salaries range from
$900 to $2,500.

'TEACHERS now

get anything they ask.

Unprecedented demand in the Northwest.

Register now!

O.

MARION, IND

ail.

SALARIES
-*-

Bldg.,

North Star Teachers' Agency,

HANSON. Mgr.
FARGO. N. DAK.

J.

"Let's get in touch!"

Help Bring the Boys

Home With W.

S. S.

CONTINENTAL TEACHERS' AGENCY

BOWLING GREEN

KENTUCKY

(INC.)

Playing

Santa

MONG

the Christmas presents we were permitted to help distribute

these good positions: Oliver B. Lane. Junior Hisrh School, TrenH. Metzler. State Normal School. Marvville, Mo.. $1 800Ruth Craine. Richmond. Ind., High School. $112 a month; and only sudden
serious illness prevented another of our men from accepting an offer of $1800.
These straws show the direction of the professional breezes. May we not
serve you, too?

** were

ton. N. J.. $1200; F.

Claus

The NATIONAL COMMERCIAL TEACHERS* AGENCY

E.

E.

GAYL0R0. Manager

(A Specially by a Specialist)

Prospect

Hill,

Beverly, Mass.

np

Byrne Practical Touch Typewriting

Fourteen years' test in some of
America's largest schools.

Contains

new features making possible more

By the use of a

accuracy and speed.

Key Board

Practice Chart less type-

Keep a record of your training and experience on file

witn the "Bureau for Specialists". This month our advertisements appear in thirty-eight educational magazines.
We are sweeping the country for good vacancies, and may have the
opportunity of a lifetime for you
Now is the time to register for September
positions.
Write for details.

m.

GcLCnCrS
vuviivi
j

writer equipment is required.

The
text is positively a time saver and
result getter. Examination copy post
paid thirty cents.
Byrne Practical Dictation Book. Twenty-five
thousand

in use.

Examination copv thirty-five cents.

The Byrne Simplified Shorthand.

thousand

in use.

Over

thirty

Examination copy, post paid,

fifty

Byrne Combination Shorthand. Written on any

typewriter or with pencil.

Examination copy,

fifty

BYRNE PUBLISHING COMPANY

57 East Jackson

Blvd., Chicago, in.

THE SPECIALISTS' EDUCATIONAL BUREAU

ROBERT A. GRANT.
516-18 Nicholas

msEEmMmm

Pres.

.will

than* you for mentioning The Business Educate

Bldg., ST.

LOUT8, HO.

j^

The Spencer Pedagogy

of Rythmical Penmanship
A NORMAL COURSE BY LOUISA MARIA SPENCER

Earl X. Aikin, of Columbus, Ohio,

one of the best commercial and camera
artists in the country, died

A Scientific Course in Rhythmical Penmanship and Spelling through Mental and

Development.
Successfully used in public and private schools.
Adapted to all systems of muscular penmanship. Outlined for students of all ages.
Used in all grades from Kindergarten through High School.
Special features of the Spencer Pedagogy
Spencer Rhythmical Penmanship Pedagogy
Script Word Building Demonstrator.
Rhythmical Posture Drills and
Penmanship and Spelling Correlated,

December

Physical

5th of influenza, at the age of 34

years. He attended the Zanerian College in 1902, and in 1908 influenced his
T
brother, I\ J. Aikin, who is now supervisor of writing in the public
schools of St. Louis, to also attend.
.

He contributed comic drawings to

Life. Judge, and other papers, while
his flower studies and landscapes revealed that he was a close student of
In 1912 he won the prize in
nature.
a contest for the best poster to be
used in advertising the Columbus
Centenial.
His work on cover pages
was especially fine.

Mr.

Letter-Stroke Songs.
Trains for Superrisorships.
Correspondence Courses.

Student's Edition.
Script Word Building Cards.

Address:

SUPERVISORS' AND TEACHERS' SCHOOL OF RYTHMICAL PENMANSHIP,

204-205-218 Blanchard Hall. Los Angeles, Cal.

Professional Engraver for Professional and

Only one doing

Amateur Penmen

work

in U. S.
Your signature lOO^ perfect HAND-ENGRAVEDNo process. Endorsed by Palmer, Bartow. Behrensmeyer,

this

& Bloser, Meub, Faretra and others.

for my circular "De Luxe" a postal will
bring it.
Mr. A. N. Palmer says: "Every penman in
this country should know of your work and what itwilldo
for him."
No process can do what I do.
The circular is of special interest to every PENMAN.
Courtney, Zaner

Write Today

was a member of the

Columbus Artists and the

Aikin

League of
Pen and Pencil

f^fe&ud/fuM&au&i&r

REMEMBER:

Chili.

Address:

Script by C.

P.

Za

M.

MONTAGUE, 4227

ords are very appropriate at this time

Ellis

Ave., Chicago,

III.

&

3te&utin<M&6uxt&r
new penmanship star burst on the wor
It was C.
eclipsed his predecessors.
He has crossed the bourne whem
raveler returns, but his name will go dow
li story
as one of the greatest all-rout
nen that ever lived.
A. H. Ross, New York City, N. Y.
.

er.

From

the

seemed

of mv own
my Daddv.

time

like

Nina

P."

always recall
and rejoice that

will

'e

ting

ile

father's

death,

Hudson, Hartford, C=nn.

and he
permittt

Musrush, Lakewood, Ohio.

out

Tli,

the

ild,
hose to
ind
Singing a song almost divine
And with a tear in every line."
Friend Zaner's voice is forever stilled
That voice of love, of tenderness and feeling.
An influence in life is missing, an influence

scntmients of u\anluut>

for happiness,

As
life,

and

has scrtcl> as the basic motive

mtev eloping the art of

service.

back over our dear brother's

impressed by the thought that it
our profession a profession notable

look

I
I

anyone

for nobility

am
in

ideals had always lived each hour

and each day ready for the final summons,
thai person was Charles Paxton Zaner.
"jod's finger tuoched him and he slept."
for

lofty

As I review briefly his long career as teachauthor and leader, I am led to believe that
there was a sub-conscious influence in his
beautiful and helpful life which he realized,
but never confided, and that he might well

(the

V.

same

forces

thataaocarcmV

er,

v1

must not stay

see a hand you cannot see
Which beckons me awa> "

as

beauty

the human eye appreciates the

beautiful in art, or the mind admires the
alted in character, or the hear reacts to th
sympathetic word or deed, so long will th
memory of this noble man live. By his pupils
numbered by the thousand, he has ever bee:
idolized
almost deified
to the profession h
has been an inspiration, and to his family nd
business associates a loving brother, a \

As long

"h

to th,c art of

u>t)ict),m elaborate

sculp-

penmanship,

(5racc,'oaivitiucss,

L \

*~

call

symmetry,

strcnart), beauty, contrast.

*
\

color, iiaJitauosfyaoc,

>

>

ornament, etc., are

tljc

essentials.

'!j
)

A BANKER

tunities for both

men and women. S

for free book, "How to Become

Edgar G. Alcorn, President.

to

form, we

counselor and thoughtful comforter.

"There is nothing terrible in death,
'Tis but to cast our robes away
And sleep at night, without a breath,
To break repost at dawn of day."
Horace G. Healey, New York City, N.

BE

form

ture, ai\i> color to jiamtina,. jjarc

have said
"I hear a voice you cannot hear

Which says

cut to architecture,

School

off

Banking,

aB

29 McLene BJdg.

YOUR SIGNATURE ON A
RUBBER
STAMP
me

Engrossing by

C.

P.

Za

Bargain Offer: Send

your "sip" and 31.25 and
no matter how you write, plain or fancy, you will
receive an exact (.'opv on a stamp, handsomely mount
ed with cushion and handle.
This is a wonderful
offer. Dealers charge double the amount I ask. Stamp
pad, 25c extra. Furnished in colors, black, red. blue
and purple.

A. P.

MEUB,

2040 Garfield

Ave.

PASADENA, GAL.

CAN YOU WRITE CARDS?

Card Writers are "cleaning up" selling Our Flag Cards.
Send (c for samples of Card Writers Supplies.
We will
write your name on one dozen Flag Cards for 25c.
AGENTS WANTED. Address all orders to McBEE &

BASHOR. 3 Hawthorne

Ave.,

West View Borough,

Pittsburgh. Pa.

a
Write for free sample lesson
SHARWELL SHORTHAND SCHOOL. 15 John

St.,

Nutley, N

rfor
This is exemplified every year in the case of those who have "the professional spirit," and year by year
improve their standing and raise their standards by attending training schools and thus raising their earningpower and securing more desirable and congenial positions as commercial teachers. Get the literature of a
school that receives six times as many calls for teachers as
Training School for Commercial Teachers.

it

can supply.

BOWLING GREEN BUSINESS UNIVERSITY,

IMIlMJ.l.UJ.UUJjmj.l!iJlllU.ll!MWfl^^

Inc.,

It

is

the only National Official

Bowling Green, Ky.

J.

*f <^&u4/n*M&foaifa

34

BROAD-PEN LETTERING, by
LESSON

&

E. A. Lupfer, with Zanerian

No.

Engrossers use the Old English more than any other alphabet. It is necessary, therefore, that you become
executing it. One of the best ways of getting a correct mental picture is to carefully pencil the letters
enough to see the details clearly. We have, therefore, presented a carefully penciled alphabet for this lesTake a sheet of good tough cardboard about llJ^xlTJX in. and put it on a drawing board; then with a sharp,
hard pencil and T square rule head and base lines 1 inch apart for the small letters and iyi inch apart for the capitals.
Outline the letters very carefully erasing and repenciling until you get the shapes of the letters just right.
Watch the spacing between and in letters. It should appear the same. Rely on the eyes mainly to get uniform
widths of strokes, etc., for you need eye training. To make sure that your letters are vertical use a triangle and T
square. See that all the end strokes are on the same slant, the same as when made with a broad pen.
It takes a
lot of study to produce a good alphabet, but it is not particular whether you make this a nice alphabet or not so
long as you increase your ideals and skill. After you have the entire alphabet correctly made in pencil, proceed
to ink it in with a coarse or worn 303 or similar pen, using a T square and triangle.
The success of this alphabet
depends upon getting the letters shaped correctly and arranged and spaced well. It is also important to give it a
smooth, careful finish by retouching and making corrections where necessary.
skillful in

large
son.

Study carefully the tinting of the heading and letters on the last line. They are presented to suggest a few
many ways of treating or finishing letters. Uniformity of tinting is desired rather than fineness of lines.
Unless the tinting and shading are carefully done you will spoil the entire alphabet.

of the

nhrttfijltiiklmnopqitstumtp

^mmj<$$3m
ia5456T890
One

of

the

noblest

fellows,

as

everybod

agreed, that ever lived.

Daniel

W.

Hoff, Meadville, Pa.

I am unable to frame a sentence that would

adequately express my sorrow, the deep sense
of a great loss, personally and professionally,
that has befallen us.
J. Albert Kirby, New York City, N. Y.

was liked by
ryone who knew him, an
:ill
of 'i- h ho are interest*
incss education and the
commercial people in th<
A.

B.

Curtis,

will be missed
in penmanship,
neral uplift of

Chippewa

Falls,

Wis

feel

that

An

that a great
The wor
iks.
tend, C. P. Za

ts

greatest

has fallen
better be-

Knowing him as I have these raany_ years

(having been a student at the Zanerian in
1898-99), I have always held him in the highesteem and regarded him second to none
His kindly advice,
his chosen profession.
wonderful skill, and the ability to impart to
others this knowledge have been the means
of instilling in thousands a desire to better
equip themselves tor life's work, and enabled
them
remunerative positions that
ould not have been capable
they otherwise

est
in

of

filling.

W.

F.

Christman

Ml

apoli:

Mi:

.y/u^uj/ntjj&dcuxz&r

By

C.

P.

Zaner

&

>^&&uJ/sij5yua&r'

6&

DESIGNING &
ENGROSSING
BROWN

E. L.
Rockland, Me.
Send self-addressed postal

fo
of specimens.

The death of Mr. Zaner has cast a

shadow of sorrow about us, and we
can

hardly

that

his

ever
burs

still

realize
for-

voice

here

is

and
on

his

la-

e?rth

We shaM

finished.
miss his kindly greetings and his warm-

hearted friendship.
His honest, openhearted character and
his genial and
kind
disposition will ever endure in cherished memories.

Unassuming,

and

skillful

honest,

the name ZANER will always be honored and respected by a wide circle

of friends and admirers.

His death is a lamentable loss to his
associates and the profession.
I owe a great deal of my success to
E. L. Brown.
C. P. Zaner.
1

Suggestions
This

was

design

carefully
outlined in
ink is first
class I.
Devote considerable time to
form and character of decoration
around initial "C," and balance of design.
Erase all pencil lines before
adding the washes.
Use lampblack
for tinting. Aim for free, transparent
washes.
Studv color values.

drawn

in

pencil

waterproof ink

first

*f

mind.

then

(Zanerian

mcjtl'. ItiV ijtrVuciiee j*>r fcetter-vrif-nw

an K'ik-j*-

2*Cw C-vMJJiiV aCxtnantaSCt loss hf itsfaS^ClOkt

and io Ike j"wsi&.
^ltrut&.-umim) as Jw w.t5 Jkilliiil,hmb
genial od Inmost, i) was a distinct honor to b<i
navl>esv<S avtwna msfrutixte.
^CiV ~vm.v is ftil'l: his labors Jiojvon
at'f.

W.

A. Schmidt, Rocky Mount Business College, Rocky Mount, S. C, fav-

eartii aro.fmislxoi> .jQ^ i*

ored us with a flourished bird showing

Mr.
splendid command of the pen.
Schmidt executes practical business
writing just as well as he executes ornamental work.
I do not know of any man who has bee
engaged in the private school work of the
country during; the past twent) five yi
was held in higher regard, or who was in ire
dearly loved as a man, than Mr. Zaner, and I
am sure the news of his passing will be a
shock to his thousands of friends
distinct
everywhere and
nd that thev
they will feel a very gre
T. B. Bridges, Oakland. Calif.
loss.

cnc#6 nwuwrsc.* ca.me2tusafn\ lite;

moiiwrii^ ol*a it*4*ri f( Qveat -fixM xa<> verr
satllitt; : <x jitt.ol i7no qualiiwj<lr heart atifr

It

H. H. Mowery, Te

tltiftll.

Ha

one

is

Ind.

ever I had a warm, friendly feeling for

man it was for -Mr. Zaner. He has helped
work which I have tried to
and
cannot el vou in these few weak
words how
shall miss him.

of

been

to

E.

the

my

,i

lias

One

finds but a very few staunch and true

friends like C. P. Zaner in a life time, and
his passing is a personal loss to me.
J. C. Walker. Detroit, Mich.

;%WJ^^l?ttP.ECF

sa.l lest
life.

many
S.

years

Mr.

my

events

Zaner

lat

id

ideal.

Lawyer, Los Angeles, Caht

Hi s place will remain vacant but h is wc rk

and inspira ion kindled in the heart i ot so
will li ve and go o
G. E. Spohn, Madison, Wis

If

any
I shall miss Mr. Zaner more than I can te
and the gap which his passing has made
lli,

ranks
Lloyd Smith.

[..Lin

iii-lii].

will

New

never

York

lie

filled.

me

do,

City, N. Y.

greatly in the
I

R.

W.

Carr,

Parkersburg.

W.

Va.

M
both

Zane

was

mar

yfe^
,^nr/f/'fMdf/ft/%&lans.
By

C.

P.

Za

whom

kn

and professionally, and a

had learnec
G. T. Bri ce. Roxbury, Mass

personally

whom

S(L

ell

so

&

'3^r3@UJlMd&/lUXl?*?"

BOOK REVIEWS

matizing and organizing literature of

foreign trade with reference to the
best methods for instruction on the
technique and character of our foreign commerce from the point of view

Our readers are interested in books of merit,

but especially in books of interest and value
to commercial teachers, including books of
special educational value and books on busiAll such books will be hriefly
ness subjects.
reviewed in these columns, the object being to
give

sufficient description of each

to determine its value.

to

of foreign

The bulletin contains outlines of

short unit courses in foreign trade
technique on commerce selling methods and practices, the mechanism of
foreign trade exchange, credit and
banking, ocean transportation, marine
insurance, trade routes, foreign tariffs

enable

our readers

Fabulasy Cueutos, by Clifford G. Allen, of Leland Stanford Junior Uni

World
versity.
Cloth, ISO pages.
Book Co., Yonkers-on-Hudson, N.
Y. Price SS cents.

and commercial

The book

is

into

illustrated

and provided with a complete equipment of notes and vocabulary.

Every
have a
library.

Education for Foreign

Trade and Shipping, Bulletin Xo.
:l\.
Commercial Education Series
Xo. Two.
By Federal Board for
Vocational Education. Washington.

Vocational

D. C.

Copies

policies.

of this work brings

play, experience covering a decade of practical business activity in
European countries of American Business
Houses, together with many
years' teaching experience in economics and foreign trade.

The preparation

This book is an elementary reader

beginning classes in Spanish.
Aesops Fables are retold and a selecof
tales from modern authors is
tion
for

presented.

trade vocations.

commercial teacher should

copy of this bulletin in his

free.

Education, Washington, D. C. Copies

L'p

free.

until

very

recently

Salesman-

ship courses were unheard of in the

most of the schools of our country.
Especially true is this in regard to
"Retail Selling" training courses such
as are given by corporations and large
firms today for the improvement of

This bulletin is prepared to meet

the needs of the teachers rather than
the producers of assembling, syste-

their

merchant to special study of

and improvement of
These merchants, in order
get the most out of their resources,
the

organization

methods.
to

realizing
that
some scientific
are
analysis of the business of selling is
quite as important as is the scientific
analysis of the problems of produc-

and manufacture.
This bulletin is prepared especially
School Boards, teachers, and merchants; to give them information
which will help them to establish
courses ol study for training young
people for the retail selling vocation.
It
describes the great necessity for
training, sets forth a
this kind of
tion

for

plan for its development in recenters and provides for special

necessary to
training of teachers
carry on this work.
The bulletin contains an elaborate
outline for a course in Retail Selling
and an extensive Bibliography on the
tail

subject.

Retail Selling. Bulletin No. 22, Commercial Education Series Xo. One.
By Federal Board for Vocational

With the recent developments in

the field of foreign commerce and the
practical certainty of the continued
increase in our foreign trade, comes
the increased demand for intensive
specialization in order that American
merchants may successfully compete
with foreign merchants.

led

employees.

Keen competition

of late years has

Commercial teachers will profit by

giving this bulletin a careful reading.

C. N. Harer, Goldey College. Wilmington, Del., is putting forth his

very best efforts to have the students
of Goldey College well qualified in
penmanship as well as in other commercial subjects. We just received a
"i
160 subscriptions from this
lisl
The Business
well-known school.
Educator wishes the school continued
and increasing prosperity, to which
it

is

entitled.

THE VICTORY OF IDEAS

If, as
Paxton said. "Ideas go booming through the world louder than cannon," and
"Thoughts are mightier than armies." it behooves the publishers of text-books to make sure that

Garfield's dictum, "Ideas are the

the ideas they send forth are constructive, not destructive.
great warriors of the world," coupled with Bishop Vincent's declaration. "Ideas are the factors
that lift civilization," puts still further responsibility upon the leaders in the field of practical
education.

The Practical Text Book Company offers to you its Practical Books for Practical Schools,
with a full realization of the necessity that the books shall be true to their name PRACTICAL.
The idea therein expressed implies not only Practical Information for use in Business Life, but
also, that that information he classified and set forth according to the principles of practical

pedagogy.
Here, then,

an idea within an idea;

is

viz..

practical information rendered in practical

form

for use in the classroom.

Examine some
tail

to

of our
ks in the light of these practical ideas about books.
recognize their merit from any standpoint.
1

You

cannot

They will appeal to you because you will see at once how they will appeal to the student.
Also, you will see how they will appeal to the teacher, because they relieve him of the drudgery
of individual instruction.
Catalogue

free.

Ask

for

it

today.

THE PRACTICAL TEXT BOOK COMPANY

1739 Euclid Avenue

CLEVELAND, OHIO

i-jii.iiM,i4^.u.iJ.w.iJiU4tNjiiii.ii.imij.iiM,.,i..iJ.ui.i.n,iJid.ij.mii.miii.iii,..iJM

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NAMF

IS cards for 25 cents.

YflllR
IUUH HMIYIC on
Written plain or fancy. Improve your signature.

Send today. Agents wantH. EARLES, 436 Engineers Bldg.,

Cleveland, Ohio.

W.

ed.

WRITE A BETTER
SIGNATURE
show yours written

12 styles.

(On cards,

too.)

Send quarter.
A. P.

MEUB, Expert Penman,

HIGH SCHOOL

PASADENA. CAL.

BARGAIN PRICES
First

Book 108 Pages, others 32

each.

Business Writing 538 Lessons

50c worth
Madams-/. Artistic Gems
50c value
Alphabets of Lettering
12c worth
Lessons in Engrossing Script .. 12c value
95 Lessons in Artistic Writing12c worth
Madarasz Engrossing Script .. 12c value
30 Written Cards
50c 60 Written Cards

C.

J50.0C
$25.00
1 3.00

$2.00
$ 6.00
$ 3.00

90c

W. JONES, 224 Main Street, Brockton, Mass.

F.

TAMBLYN, 406 Meyer

Bldg..

Kansas

City,

This handsome flourish was made by Mr. Zaner two days before
not prepared with any thought of engraving, but fortunately the
Jgh to engrave. Of late years he did very litle flourishing, devoti:
to other work.
However, this flourish shows that he retained his \

Mo.

death.

nost

HIGGIN8'
WRITES EVERLASTINGLY BLACK

Just out of Gov. Serand wish to buy

Business College.
No small city considered.
Will pay cash for good proposition.
P. O. Box
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SCHOOL WANTED

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ETERNALINK-ENGROSSING INK

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WANTFT)
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Experienced Business School

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man and teac her wants to
buy all or part interest in a ^ood business school.
Address "PURCHASER", care of Business
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The Eternal Ink

is for general writing in plain orfountain

pens (,2oz. bottle by mail 20c.)

The Engrossing Ink

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special
writing-,
engrossing,
etc., (2oz. bottle by mail 30c.)
These inks write black from the pen
point ariri stay black forever; proof
to age, air, sunshine, chemicals and

I/your dealer

does not supply

these inks, send to

GHAS. M. HIGGINS
271 NINTH ST.

&

GO., MFR.

BROOKLYN,

N. Y.

HONOR ROLLS

SPECIAL OFFER!

Pla

With every one dollar order for my inks I will

send free one set of ornamental capitals or one
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gold ink on blue paper Satin Gloss, the world's
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the ink with the brown line and black shade,
same price. Sample cards executed with these
inks free for a two cent stamp.

604 W.

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s.

filled in

for

with Beautiful

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and Terms. E. L. Blystone. Pitcairn, Pa.

NAME CARDS FOR 25c

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12

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10

for SI. 50, 20 for $2.26, 25

for S2.50. 100 for S8.10.

DAKIN,

Write today.

Syracuse, N. Y.

VALUABLE BOOK ON COMMERCIAL PEN LETTERING

"Practical Compendium of Commercial Pen Lettering and Designs." (1918 edition, revised and enlarged
especially graded and arranged for School use.) A complete instructor in the use ol he Marking, Shading, Plain.
Special, Border and Shadow Lettering Pens. Contains
100 pages ?l, \ l(i!*, illustrating 14s plites of Commercial
Pen Alphabets, Designs, Show Card Layouts. Corners.
orders, Scroll Designs, etc., with complete instructions
This book has a beautiful front cover page
for each.
printed in three colors and Gold.
We guarantee this
book to be exactly as represented or money back.
t

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Catalog and full-sized samples
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ART ENGROSSING
Instruction in Designing, Engrossing
and Illuminating, Drawing
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& BROWN

Complete catalog of Lettering Supplies

Esterbrook Pens
The biggest business unit

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BOOKS BY
One of

ZANEB

C. P.

the World's Greatest

Penmen and Authors

The books he

Mr. Zaner wielded a very prolific pen, both as an author and as a penman.
has prepared on penmanship are aiding thousands of persons.

Fortunate indeed it is that his great work will live through his books from which we can
years to come. Through the use of books he advanced himself and in turn he has
many books for the advancement of others.

profit for
left

Zaner Method Writing Books

in Ornamental Penmanship
5x8 /i, 92 pages, takes the learner step by step from
the simplest to the most complex.
It covers thoroughwords, sentences, verses, pages,
capitals, combinations, card writing, etc.
No other
book on ornamental penmanship has been so carefully
graded or so thoroughly plr.nned for the home learner.

Lessons

For each of the grades in the public schools, for high

schools, colleges, etc.
This system is the result of
years of labor, study, obseivation and experiment, and
represents the supreme effort of Mr. Zaner.
They are
issued in the form of Practice Books and Compendium?
for the pupils and Manuals for the teachers.
These
books are used in cities all over the United States an
Canada. The states of California. New Mexico and the
Island of Porto Rico are using these books exclusively
and they are getting worth-while results. Write for
information and price list.

ly principles, exercises,

Price $1.00, postpaid.

Manual 144

of Flourishing
5^x8;^, 88 pages,

a work devoted to the fascinating

flourishing.
It shows and tells how to make
of flourishes, beginning with the simplest
The instruction and most of the work is from
the pen of Zaner, who has long been lecognized as the
prince of flourishers.
This book will fill you with a
desire to do pen work and afford you manv pleasant
hours.
Price 75c, postpaid.
art

of

all

kinds

strokes.

6x8, 112 pages, is Mr. Zaner's latest work on practical

handwriting. It is undoubtedly the most valuable, upto-the-minute guide for teachers and students published.
The copies were written freely and photoengraved, and
The
are therefore full of life, grace and beauty.
author's skill as a business writer and his ability as
a teacher are recognized by the leading penmen evervwhere.
The instructions which go with each copy are
clear and to the point, and so written as to make the
work interesting. This book is being used by a large
number of high schools, business colleges, normals,
etc.,
with excellent results.
Price of book, cloth
cover, 50c, postpaid; paper cover, 25c.
Special prices
to schools in quantities.

Blackboard Manual
5x7, 32 pages, gives instructions how to write on the
blackboard.
The illustrations of position, chalk holding, etc., aid the teacher wonderfully in improving her
blackboard work.
Blackboard writing is easy to learn
if you know how to stand, turn the chalk, etc., all of
which is explained fully in this little book.
Board
work will help to improve your pen and ink work, and
render the highest service to your pupils.
Price, 25c,

postpaid.

Plain Useful Lettering

5 ; x8, 32 pages, contains plain, simple and practical
alphabets, etc., for teachers and students interested
in easy, profitable lettering, such as filling diplomas,
etc.
Especially suited for class use.
Price, 25c, postr

paid.

Zanerian Penmanship

Gems

Handwriting Scales and Standards

For grading handwriting

public,

in

high schools and

and movement.

colleges, according to form

tensively.
No 1, for grades

Used

ex-

1 and 2, postpaid, 25 cents;

grades 3 and 4, postpaid, 25 cents; No. 5,
The
for Grammar grades and High School, 25 cents.
three, postpaid, 50 cents.

Xo.

for

3,

Pen Art

Portfolio
8^x11*^, comprising pen and pencil studies, nature
sketches, portraiture, sketches from life, figure drawing, animal pictures, headings, initial letters, title pa^e
designs, and ideas for engrossers. It should be in every
penman's library.
Price $1.00, postpaid.

The Road

to Sketching

from Nature

6x9, 82 pages, is a book for those who desire to learn

The instructions are
to sketch direct from nature.
plain and interesting, while the illustrations, which
were made direct from nature, are full of life and inWith this book you can soon learn to sketch
terest.
and enjoy nature.
Price $1.00, postpaid.

Progress of Penmanship

large design 22x28 inches, presenting the history of

shows the various styles used at
It

penmanship.

different periods all

harmoniously and

blended

skillfully

together with two beautiful female figu

Anatomy

lette

6x8, 16 pages, is a small, meaty book on some of the

important subjects relating to penmanship, such as
psychology, physiology, anatomy, analysis, etc.
For
teachers, supervisors and penmen who wish to go below the surface and discover the true facts about these
subjects.
Price 25c, postpaid.

rig,

flourishing and pen

the design together in

is
truly a wonderful piece
mailed 'in tube for 50c.

work a
a most pleasing
of

pen work.

\\:.y.

It

Securely

Progress
Mr. Zaner's famous eagle design, 22x28 inches, and
Well
considered his masterpiece in flourishing.
Teachers use it as a
of a place on your wall.
It
prize in their penmanship classes very effectively.
Securely
inspires and arouses interest in pen work.
Is

is

Short Cut to Plain Writing

worthy

4 ixS, 32 pages, contains a wealth of material for those

to improve their writing in the least possible
time without following an extended course of practice.
It shows how to improve those things Which make for
legibility and better writing.
Business and professional
men find this book especially valuable to them. Every
up-to-date teacher of writing should have a copy.
Price 25c, postpaid.
r

who wish

The Zanerian Manual of Alphabets and Engrossing

A work on modern engrossing, 8^x11^, 136 pages,
containing complete courses ot instruction in Roundhand, Broad-pen, Penciled and Freehand Lettering, and
Wash and Pen Drawing. It also presents a large
number of beautiful full-page etchings and halftones of
Resolutions, Diplomas, Certificates, Title Pages and
examples of pen and brush work from the engrossing
masters.
It probably contains more information, ideas
and inspiration than any book ever published on the
subject.
Price $2.00, postpaid.

mailed in tube, 50c.

Zanerian Script Alphabets

9x12, 116 pages, contain; a great variety of styles of
writing and alphabets,
or skillfulness in execution,
originality and variety, it
to refer to for inspiratior
cannot afford to
tively bound in cloth,

It is a book
has no equal.
and resourcefulness a book

Durably and
thout.
$2.50, postpaid.

itrac-

Character and Caricature

This book will throw ne
6x8j4 inches, 32 pages.
on the subject of character, which is a very ii
To be successful or.
[cresting and important subject.
should be a good judge of people, and this book wi
It will provoke new thought, and point oi
help you.
many interesting things. Young people starting life
work will find it a great help. Price 50c, postpaid.
light

The value and quality of these books are attested to by the large demand for them. Every student of penmanship, every penman, and everyone interested in pen work will find a
wealth of information, inspiration and pleasure in these books. You owe it to yourselves to
take advantage of Mr. Zaner's many years of iat>or. Send orders to

ZANER & BLOSER

CO., Penmanship Publishers, Columbus, Ohio

flm-WJMWJHWHM^

^
Some

*5#^&u4/ne<&&&/iua/fr'

*&

Which Rowe CommerTexts are Different from Others

of the

cial

Ways

in

All ambiguous, unnecessary, and misleading

words and phrases were carefully elimSimple facts that the student can easily understand are expressed in simple language. For this reason students in any subject covered by
the Rowe texts proceed in their work rapidly and successfully.
i.

inated in the preparation of the text matter.

The Rowe

2.

list

and worth while in formumeet every requirement 'of commercial training.

of texts includes only those that are useful

lating courses of study that are intended to

Non-essentials are cut out.

Being simple and easily understood by the student makes Rowe texts easy to infrom by the teacher. In some subjects we have reduced the hard grind of teachers'
labor by as much as one-half.
3.

struct

The simple and direct methods of treating

made it possible to introduce work far

4.

the

various

subjects

covered

in

Rowe

any that was formerly

instance, ten years ago was thought to be

texts have

advance

in

of

thought to be possible. Cost accountancy, for

Now it is considpossible only for advanced students in the higher schools of accounting.
ered the easiest of the series of sets that make up the course of "Rowe's Bookkeeping and
Accountancy" for those who have taken the preceding sets leading up to it.

Where can other texts be found that will compare in this particular with either one of
our three commercial law texts, Dengler's Lessons and Exercises in English, New Essentials
of Business Arithmetic, Rowe Shorthand, Ross' Lessons in Touch Typewriting, Reigner's
Dictation Course in Business Literature, Walters' One Hundred Lessons in Spelling, and the
other texts

we

publish

TEACHERS NOW DEMAND ROWE TEXTS

in

many

any

instances because of their conviction

that they cannot secure as

good

results using

ither.

They are found in the best

books arc most appreciated by the best teachers.
They produce the best results. They have standardized commercial and stenographic instruction.
They have revolutionized teaching methods. The H. M. Rowe Company is the one publisher of commercial texts that struck out on original lines when it began
business and which has continued that practice up to the present time.
1

>ur

schools.

Now that the war is over and the "clans are gathering," look for some new books of
unusual importance as fast as they can be produced, and in the meantime, look at those already published which you have not seen.

143 Second Street

San Francisco,

L^III| |-lftMJ,!'l ;-lillMlf, )IIIJ

l

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/fr-/ r~i.

Cal.

llil

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lll

-l^l-lilll*^ll-l'HI'^lil'H1fl/

Harlem Square

Baltimore, Md.

1
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IPliiif

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sSssSSs^

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X,

TEACHERS' PROFESSIONAL EDITION,

lIS^Jl

$1.00

A YEAR

March, 1919

^r

EDUCATION
For SERVICE
./r^

is

II M,

<^

the

Educational

Keynote
of

Our Time

V-

'

fl-'

i.

&u

I'M

5*S 5^S25^S iS^5E5^E5

25^55^ t^^SSS^d ^^SJS^S iS^SSS^ii 25^ S*5

INSTRUCTION
PLUS!

I
m

That

is

what every student

who

is

taught the skilled

gets

use of the

i
i

1
m

SELF-STARTING

Remington Typewriter

Such

that the student

It

can learn on any typewriter.

the operation of the Self- Starter keys

that exclusive Remington feature which adds

15 to

25 per

cent, to the letter writing

speed

of the typist.

I
i
a

The
writer

Self- Starting

Remington

which enables the school

completely the instruction

gives

its

is

to

in typing

1
1
I

the type-

round out

which

it

pupils.

Remington Typewriter Company

i

I
1

also includes the great present-day

essential

instruction includes every essential

(Incorporated)

374 Broadway

New York

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CHALLENGE
SHORTHAND

COST

ACCOUNTING

Pitman- Graphic

Splendid Opportunities

Men

for

Women

and

The demands for expert cost accountants were never so great as at this
it is the progressive man or
for advancement.
Exceptional opportunities for
men and women, due to war conditions.

time, and

woman who makes ready

Our course in cost accounting is thorough and

specially adapted to prepare for government
appointments or for Factory Cost Work.
Other courses include Accountancy. Auditing.
Practical Accounting. Business Law and Book-

The fingers above point the attempted directions

of shorthand straight lines and curves; but the
actual directions, under stress, always vary to the
full sweep of the respective triangles.
The

keeping.

when used

at speed, always
jumbles with the obliques, as indicated by the central spasm of each wild three just below:
fifth direction,

Ch

Ml/ ////

Prompt, personal attention of R.

R.

WW

BENNETT,

J.

Ch.

81S Land

Title Bide.

J.

Bennett

C. P. A.

Philadelphia, Pa.

N\\\// \ni//

MAI//
P

Ch.

Bliss
F

Bookkeeping

Special Short Course arranged for use with

Ch

or without offices.

The above directions are transferred from

"Reporting Notes of Well Known Writers."

the pupil.

The two downward directions of Challenge

Shorthand secure all the brevity of the Pitmans,
with perfect freedom from these jumbles.

Scientific

Extremely interesting

to

Touch

Typewriting

To doubt the existence of these jumbles of the

verticals would be impossible, after transferring
the actual downward directions of any page of
practice or working notes, to blank paper.

Produces

Genuine Touch Operation in the

The Very Best Meth-

quickest possible time.

od published.

And

then to ignore the handicap of the jumbles,

and the vast gain of the unjumbled shorthand,
would be stupid, and, on the part of a teacher
charged with the destiny of youths, it would be
brutal beyond expression.

This

tells

students

is

Only Ten Short Lessons. Easy to teach, easy

to learn, and easy to read.
Graduates hold
the best positions.

so.

And when
hand

Simplis Shorthand

they ask about it, Challenge Shortthe only refuge of truth.

National Dictation
Takes up the work where the textbook leaves

The Pitmans have been the best, even with the

jumbles; and Challenge, without the jumbles, is
immeasurably the best of the Pitmans.

off.

Up-to-date business letters.

Special

features.

Challenge Shorthand Manual,

$1.25; to teachers, 90 cents.

M.

SCOUGALE,

THE
Weatherford, Tex

F. H.

BLISS PUBLISHING COMPANY

SAGINAW. MICHIGAN

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&

>y/u'*.~j@uj/fu.jJ-&/tuw/sr

JUST PUBLISHED

HIGH SPEED IN TYPEWRITING

By A. M.

KENNEDY

and

to enable

be used for developing a degree of expei-tness above the ordinary standards. It has been said that the training of the typist
may be divided into three stages. (1) Mastery of the keyboard
and the machine generally by the touch method, after which
the student is merely capable of doing ordinary typewriting.
Training in the adaptation of. the work to the many
(2)
different uses to which the typewriter may be put in business
practice, at which stage the typist is qualified to enter a busi(3) Training which shall secure a high degree of
ness office.
exp?rtness.
Up to the present there has been no work published to meet the demand for this last stage of work.

colleges.

The compilers are A. M. Kennedy and Fred Jarrett, the

latter having been known for some years as the Canadian
champion typist. He also holds an official record for 114 net
words a minute for one hour's writing. Mr. Kennedy has also
had a wide and varied experience as a teacher of touch type-

Mr. Jarrett has collected much

in business colleges.
valuable information and material which form the basis of the
series of exercises which comprise the book, and which are well
calculated to increase a typist's speed from a moderate to a
The fifty -lessons cover every phase of typewriter
high rate.
operation, while the exercises are arranged in such a way as to
enable the ambitious typist to work up to a high rate of speed
The book is brimful of pracin a comparatively short time.
writing

to provide
ambitious young man or
to fairly claim the title of
;e of the word a textbook,
"expert."
This work
of advanced lessons for the development
but consists of
the operation of the standard keyboard typeof expertness
writer. These lessons have been arranged after long experience
in teaching the subject, and as the result of an extended acquaintance with the methods of the most expert typists in the

Typewriting"

ary to enable
ase his speed so

FRED JARRETT

them to enter some of the typ3writing contests which

are held from time to time. Many stenographers can write on
the typewriter at a fair rate of speed who. if they had a greater
rate of speed, would b3 able to command a much larger salary.
It is for these classes of operators that this book has b2en designed.
It can bs used with profit by all schools and business

For a number of years there has been a very general demand

among ambitious typists for a work of typewriting which could

well calculated

rapid finger work, helpful hints and suggesAs a matter of fact the rate of speed which can be
reached by users of the typewriter manuals now on the market
After a student has completed one of these, and has
is limited.
attained a degree of speed in an office or through general practice, he is in a position to profit by the use of a textbook which
will enable him to go far beyond any of his previous records.
tical exercises for

tions.

world.

There are doubtless a great number of operators who would

b^ glad of an opportunity to increase their speed on the typewriter, either for the sake of earning more money, or in order

Cloth, $1.00, postpaid

Price. 85c.

&

ISAAC PITMAN
2 West 45th

SONS, Publishers

Street,

New York

NOW READY
PITMAN'S

Progressive French
By DR.

F.

A.

Grammar

HEDGCOCK

Officier de V instruction publique; Officier

d'Academie, and the

only English docteur-es-lettres of the University of Paris.

The method adopted in this book is an entirely new one, combining the direct with the
Phonetic type is freely used to give a closely approximate idea of French pronunindirect.
ciation, and the author has taken great care to keep in view the difficulties of the selftaught student.

"This is a practical, accurate French grammar for beginners, constructed on an exThemethods followed consist of competent use of questions and
tremely sensible basis.
answers, of sentences to be completed, and of Short French compositions to be written.
The three main operations of language to make statements, to ask questions, and to give
commands are never lost sight of. The work also has certain excellent features of detail;
the past definite and imperfect subjunctive are not taken up until quite late; the learning of
irregular verbs is done gradually but thoroughly; and the vocabularies contain good, common,
The book is unusually rich in exercises. "Journal of Education,
practical French words.
Boston, Mass.

CLOTH,

326

PAGES

Examination copy

$145.

ISAAC PITMAN

&

SONS,

to

Schools and Teachers $1.00 postpaid

2 West Forty-fifth Street,

MaEaEBrnmBSMmaMBSBEamBmamsm

NEW YORK

^T

&

./u,3Ct<j//itjJcWtua/<r

STANDARDIZE ON
GREGG SHORTHAND

Ellis

Bookkeeping

JTLLIS INDUSTRIAL

BOOKKEEPING

is

exceptionally elastic bookkeeping course.

may be
With

an
It

adapted to any condition in any school.

office practise

or without.

SECTION ONE
Jobbing, Produce and Provision Business.

ness college course or

first

Short busi-

year in high school.

SECTION TWO
General
The dark areas of the map show the percentage of cities and
towns in each state whose hitfh schools teach Gregg Shorthand exclusively; white

all

all

all

EASY TO LEARN
EASY TO READ
EASY TO WRITE
SUPERIOR IN SPEED
TEACHABLE

Manufacturing

Chicago

including

elementary,

Advanced business

cost

and

college course or

fourth semester in high school.

in high school or for short course in

night school, use the

GREGG PUBLISHING COMPANY,

Boston

set,

corporation work.

For one semester

Gregg writers have been awarded speed certificates by the National

Shorthand Reporters' Association for speeds up to 2' ^ words a minute. Not
more than half a dozen writers of all other systems have ever equalled this
speed in the National or Internationa] Contests -and these have had from
two to seven times the experience of the Gregg writers.
Send for "Commercial Educational Stat sties" compiled hv the Librarian
' al
Kilu.-ati.
Sectii
Na onal Educatk

The

SECTION THREE

other systems.

other systems in one year, 20'c

Gregg Shorthand has been indorsed by exclusive adoption by

more than 79$ of the Boards of Education whose high schools teach
shorthand because experience shows that it is

Advanced business

Business.

college course or third semester in high school.

other systems combined.

79.85', Gregg Shorthand. 20.15',

Gain of Gregg Shorthand over

York

Merchandise

San Fran

Modern Banking
Many

Elementary Tablet Method.

for

your work

in

banking.

other special sets.

ELLIS PUBLISHING

COMPANY

BATTLE CREEK. MICHIGAN

The Zanerian Summer School of Penmanship will begin on July 7, 1919, and ends on
August 29. However, students may enroll at any time.
Plan to spend as much of the
summer in the Zanerian as possible, and secure the latest and best in the way of instruction
in penmanship, methods of teaching, etc., thus preparing yourself for more efficient work.

ZANERIAN COLLEGE,
Columbus, Ohio

MMfimESMBsmsmmEsnm

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Metropolitan System of Bookkeeping

By W. A. SHEAFFER

The following are a few reasons

rapidly adopted:

why

this

new

text is being

The author is a teacher of elementary bookkeeping, also an expert accountant, and

teacher of advanced accounting.
It is emphatically a modern text educational, vocational, and disciplinary, and conveniently arranged for a combination of class and laboratory methods of instruction.
The emphasis is constantly on the thought side of the subject.
The complete text (402 pages) and divided units, adapt Metropolitan System of Bookkeeping for long or brief courses, and for use of special sets.
There is a careful grading of the work from the beginning, and new subjects are introduced one at a time. A full explanation and script illustrations accompany the introduction
of each new subject, book, transaction, or paper, followed by exercises to be worked out
by the pupil.
Business papers are used extensively in only one unit of the system. In the other units
only the essential papers connected with the new features are introduced.
The text does not go to the extreme in the matter of accountancy, but is strictly in accordance with modern accounting practice.
The work, from the beginning, is teachable to pupils of high school age.
Quality of material and workmanship considered, the prices are surprisingly low.

METROPOLITAN TEXT BOOK COMPANY

Publishers of "Metropolitan Series" of Commercial Texts.

37 South Wabash Ave., Chicago

Better Books that Bring Better Results

Burgess' Commercial
By

The language

is

KENNETH

clear, the

F.

BURGESS and

J.

A.

Law

LYONS. Authors

paragraphs are short, while

teachability distinguishes

its

it.

Smith's Arithmetic of Business

The most up-to-date arithmetic on the market.

Miller's

New

It

presents business as business

done.

Business Speller

taught spelling through effective aids, as

sociation, interesting reviews, and through illustrations.

The student

is

is

classification,

various rules, as-

Read's Salesmanship
A complete textbook on an important subject. It is in six parts and is the most thorough
and teachable presentation of this subject ever comprised in a single textbook.
623S

cmc AGo

Ave
-

LYONS & CARNAHAN

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ii

GREGG NORMAL TRAINING

MAKES TEACHING RESULTFUL
The

conservation of time and

energy

is

of the greatest impor-

Gregg School

tance today.

furnishes a practical demonstration of efficiency principles applied

to the successful solution of prob-

lems recurring in the school. Our

graduates say that six weeks at

Gregg Normal is the equal, in

three months where less
effective methods prevail.
The
Normal sessicn is of indispensable
the

results, of

JOHN ROBERT GREGG

Mr. Gregg '$

lectures on methods oj
teaching are always a feature cf the

Summer Normal

Session

makes teaching

easier,

more

value to the beginning teacher. To

the teacher of experience it gives
new ideas, renews enthusiasm,

and

resultful

last

but not least

increases salaries.

GREAT NEED FOR MORE TEACHERS

The demand

for teachers of Gregg Shorthand is conitantly

For several years past, the annual increase in
the number of schools adopting Gregg Shorthand has been
between four and five hundred. The school authorities
of the country are now recognizing the great value of commercial education. This development in the line of progress
naturally creates a demand for more commercial teachers,
and especially for those who have received the technical
The gradtraining offered in our Summer Normal course.
uates of our Normal session are assisted in securing
desirable appointments.

increasing.

Plan now on coming to Chicago

session begins June 30 and closes August 8.
a most delightful and profitable period of study it will prove to be the best vacation that
you can possibly take. Write today for illustrated catalogue and Normal announcement

The Normal

for

GREGG SCHOOL
MICHIGAN

6 N.

l!ll|||!i<|:i<!!i |[l!lllllll!:1

!l]i:T>!'! lil'l'l'll'll! I"

'

CHICAGO,

AVE.,

I'

'

ILL.

'

'"

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ANOTHER WORLD'S RECORD

For

SPEED and ACCURACY

in

Isaac Pitman Shorthand

A new World's Record for Speed and Accuracy in shorthand
writing was made on January 18, 1919 by Herman J. Stich, an
Isaac Pitman writer, at an official competition of the Isaac Pitman Shorthand Writers' Association. Mr. Stich took court testimony dictated at the rate of 300 words a minute for five consecutive minutes and transcribed the same with only two immaThis establishes a new World's Record for Acterial errors.
curacy of99.9/c.
In the Stenographers' Class, for writers under 21 years of
Van Gelder, in the 160 words a minute dictatation,
made a Record for Accuracy of 100 c/c, thus establishing a new
age, Joseph

World's Record for a writer of his experience.

The examining committee was composed of Robert A. Kells, President
Meyer E. Zinman, Bay Ridge High School; A. J. Fancell,
Director, Institute of Advanced Shorthand; J. L. Salet, Superintendent, Pratt
School L. Frank, Official Reporter, Children's Court for the County of NewYork; Alexander Morris, Official Stenographer, New York Supreme Court.

of the Association;

These records again establish the unquestionable

superiority of the Isaac Pitman Shorthand.

Send

for a copy of

"WHY"

ISAAC PITMAN

&

and Particulars of a Free Correspondence Course

SONS,

2 West Forty-fifth Street,

for Teachers.

NEW YORK

Publishers of "Course in Isaac Pitman Shorthand." $1.50; "Practical Course in Touch Typewriting." H5c; "Style Book of Business English", $1.00; adopted by the New York Board of Education.

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suHuy
COLUMBUS, OHIO, MARCH,

VOLUME XXIV

The BUSINESS

EDUCATOR

Entered at Columbus. O.. Post Office as 2nd Class Matter

C. P. Zaner,
E. W. Bloser,

Zaner &

Editor
Business Manager
Bloser, Publishers and Owners
-

Published monthly (except Tuly and August)

118 X. High St., Columbus. O., as follows:
Teachers* Professional Edition. $1.00 a year.
Students* Penmanship Edition, 75 cents a year
(Foreign subscriptions 20 cents extra; Canadian

subscriptions

10

cents

extra).

Remittances should be made by Money Order

or Bank Draft, or by currency at sender's risk.

SERVICE

THE

particular held
BUSIdesires to be of
NESS
the greatest possible service. In order
that this may be accomplished we invite suggestions, criticisms, articles,
and we also solicit patronage from all
who believe in the cause of commer\Ye hope to hear from
cial education.
many persons stating how they beIn

its

EDUCATOR

lieve

THE BUSINESS EDUCATOR

can be made of
greater service.

more

value

of

Stamps accepted.

Two Editions. The Teachers' Professional

Edition contains 40 pages, 8 pages of which
are devoted to Accounting, Finance, Mathematics, English, Law, Typewriting, Advertisinventions, etc., and Departments spec
ited to the needs of teachers, principals
_

and" proprietors.

The Students' Penmanship Edition contains

32 pages and is the same as the Professional
dition, less the 8 pages devoted to commeri

subjects.
to students in

cial

This edition

is

specially suited

Commercial, Public and Private

schools, and contains all of the Penmanship,
Engrossing, Pen Art. and Lesson features of
the

Professional

Edition.

The Business Educator

is

devoted to the pro-

and practical interests of Business

It purposes to
tion and Penmanship.
inspire and instruct both pupil and teacher,
and to further the interests of those engaged
gressive

the work, in private as well as in

institutions of commercial education.

in

public

Change of Address If you change your address, be sure to notify us promptly (in ad
vance, if possible), and be careful to give the
lose many
old as well as the new address.
journals each issue through negligence on the
part of subscribers.
Postmasters are not al-

We

lowed

to

forward journals unless postage

is

The war has given the word SerThe full measvice a new meaning.
ure of service even one individual can

Our
render can not be estimated.
brave boys who have given their lives
for the cause of their country, probably we should say the cause of the
world liberty who can calculate the

value of their service?

From this time forward it is quite
likely that individuals, institutions and
nations will be judged more by the
service they render mankind than by
other standards.
Can a man lose his life and yet gain

more than he has lost?

Can a nation sacrifice

the flower of
upon the
it
its
alter of Liberty and by so doing befor the
better
and
stronger
come

manhood by

sacrifice?

Before the war men might have

doubted or answered these questions
in

Subscribers.
If we do not acknowledge reyour subscription, kindly consider first
the journal you receive as sufficient
evidence that we received your subscription all
right.
If vou do not receive your journal by
the 10th of each month, please notify us.

manity today seems

Advertising Rates furnished upon applica

The Business Educator is purchased and
tion.
read by the most intelligent and well-to-do
among those interesred in business education

and penmanship in the United States, Canada.

England, and nearly every country on the
It circulates, not alone among business
globe.
college proprietors, teachers and pupils, but
also among principals of commercial departments of High and Normal Schools and Colleges, as well as among office workers, home
students, etc.

Rates to Teachers, Agents, and Club Raisers

sent upon application. Write for them whether
you are in a position to send few or many
subscriptions.
Sample copies furnished to assist

in

securing subscriptions.

the negative, but the voice of hu-

answer both
these questions clearly and emphatito

cally in the affirmative.

To be of the most service

world

is

in the
the highest possible good.

MUCH TO BE DONE
Xow

since the war is probably over

and the influenza is disappearing, it
seems that before long we ought to be
able to get down to the serious work
And what a lot
of reconstruction.
of work needs to be done! To think
of it almost staggers the imagination.
in most places have been
able to accomplish but little compared
with other years, and now, with more
than half the year gone, it is not

The schools

likely that they will be able to make

up much of the lost time. In many
respects the world has been standing
still or probably going backward for
Think
nearly the duration of the war.
of the need of new school buildings.
urn equipment, new teachers, new
courses of study, etc.
But once the machinery of war is
fully
reversed from destruction to
construction, mark our word, matters
are going to hum. Unprecedented development will probably be the result.
The commercial schools will be
taxed to their utmost to furnish better

men and women

trained

demand.

to meet the
Both quantity and quality

will be needed.
will be called into

sitions

or

The inexperienced
very important po-

and must be ready

to

fill

them

fail.

Intensive training is now necessary

to meet the exigencies of the times.
In penmanship work, rapid, legible
writers should be turned out in the
shortest possible time, consistent with
health and the laws of development.
So it seems to us that every one of
us who is really in earnest has a
man's size job on his hands the biggest he ever tackled.

laying

sent to them for that purpose.

ceipt of
copy of

NUMBER MI

1919

SMALL WRITING FOR

CHILDREN?
Usage, experiment, and observation
have shown that small writing in the
first and second grades either forces
finger movement or delays written expression from one to three years.
On the other hand, these same factors show that large writing neither
forces finger movement nor delays
written expression but instead makes
arm movement and written expres-

sion possible and even practicable almost from the beginning of school
life.

Another most vitalizing thing is that

writing makes exercises unnecessary in the beginning except to eslarge

few fundamentals of position.

Large writing makes it possible :o
learn to write by writing rather than
by practicing exercises.
tablish a

Small writing for children means

retardation of written language or excessive finger action or both.

&i*38ud*n^-&6u*t&r

Developmental Practice

&

Rapid Movement Writing

in

By Tom SAWYIER, Columbus, Ohio,

R. F. D. No.

A STUDY OF CAPITAL LETTERS

Letter forms should be plain, simple, consistent, practical, graceful, pleasing and easily produced. They should
combine the essentials of legibility and rapidity. The letters of the alphabet embody similarities and dissimilarities,
like and unlike qualities or elements of construction.
Similar features in the various letter forms facilitate execution and acquisition.
Unlikenesses or contrasts in letter form make reading easier or recognition possible and
intelligible.

The
to

capital letters should be uniform in slant and proportion or general width and height.
letters with narrow, angular ones.
General relative proportions should

mix wide, rounding

It

is

be

not pleasing
in

attractive

agreement.
importance. Many of the capitals here illustrated are but practical modifications of the Roman print characters, while others are adaptations of the small script letters.
Consistency of
general formation is desirable and necessary. Many of the capitals begin alike, as with the loop or the upward
under curve. Many of the letters end similarly as with fie drop curve, the "boat" or crescent finish, or like the
small letters.
Plainness and simplicity are of

first

Capitals P, B and R begin the same way. The initial characteristics are identical in H, K, X and M, as are
and V. V and
those in U, V,
begin and finish alike, and V, W, X and Y are fundamentally similar to the
corresponding small letters. X and Z start alike. O and D end alike. C, E and L begin with the same kind of
loop. T and F start alike and are based on the same stem principle. S and G start and end alike: the "boat" finish
could likewise be used in finishing these letters. I and J start similarly. A. X, R and U terminate with the drop
curve, or with the right curve or upward swing.
Capitals A, K, M, N, R, U, X and others may be likewise finished
with the right or connective curve to facilitate joining with other letters as in the formation of words.

These styles of letters are given as standard models for study and imitation. To arbitrarily insist that they
should be used in preference to other modifications would be a sheer pedantic emphasis of non-essentials. It does
not matter whether
or X finishes upward or with the d op curve; or whether they begin with a dot, hook or loop.
The thing of importance, however, is that fundamental characteristims be maintained for the sake of legibility. It
is well to adopt one form or type of letter and not mix styles in general practice.

If the initial loop feature facilitates freedom of movement, which it certainly does, then the loop should be
If the dot, hook or blind loop will make possible greater control and promote legibility and at the same time
allow freedom, then this type of construction may be best.

used.

In practicing penmanship, the letters need

and not merely "glanced at" or "guessed at" in

to be studied or scrutinized carefully, critically, and even analyzed,

a hit or miss fashion. Determine the direction of the initial and final
strokes of each letter. Does the initial stroke begin downward, upward, leftward, rightward, with a straight line,
or with a simple or compound curve? These and similar questions should be answered by careful observation.
Intelligent study by comparison and analysis conserves effort, prevents much discouragement, . and therefore promotes rapid progress. Let the eye "order" the form through the mind and then see that the hand and pen
"deliver" it.
Co-ordination and co-operation of head, hand and heart are essential to achievement in handwriting

efficiency.

Development of I. Exercise 1. Keep your eye on position, form and movement at all times. Start with
strong upward curve and retrace reverse oval six times. Follow with the straight line exercise same count.
Exercise 2. Count: curve-1-2-3-4-5-6-7 8-9-10-etc.
before touching pen to paper.
Exercise

3.

Exercise

4.

finish as in drill

Exercise

5.

Exercise

6.

above the base

Count: 1-2-3-4-5-6-curve, swing.

Make

Keep down strokes uniform

the

in

slant.

Start

the

motion

bottom part boat or crescent shaped.

Begin with a forceful upward vertical curve and retrace straight line movement four times and
Pause slightly at the reversal of movement.
Xo.
Count: start-l-2-3-4-curve-swing.
::.

Count: curve-l-2-3-4-5-6-swing.

Make

the retrace oval horizontal in positicm.

Begin the I similar to J, Keep the down stroke as nearly straight as possible.
Count: 1-:.', 3 or 1-2-3.

line.

Keep

the crossing

Exercises 7, 8, 9 and 10 are excellent to develop applied movement, as they combine capital and small letter
motion. Study size, slant and spacing and keep them uniform. Devise a suitable count for these basic drills.

There must he desire or intent

The words are excellent ones to practice. Interest is vital to progress.

and one must initiate his desires and wishes in order to improve.
Development
arm.

Glide the

of k.
little

Exercise
finger

1.

Count: curve-l-2-3-4-5-6-swing.

Use

Exercise 3.
by the arrows.

Retrace the straight

base

line drill

down

elastic,

in-and-out motion of the

strokes straight, slanting and parallel.

Pause momentarily

six times.

at the

base of each loop as indicated

Use arm motion.

4.
Study drill carefully before practicing.
Do not lift pen.
for each section of drill.

Exercise

Count four

light,

freely.

Exercise 2. Count six for the retrace and one for each loop. Keep
not pause in the motion, except gently near the base of each loop.

Do

to do,

It

is

designed to develop the top of second part of

Exercises 5 and 6 are intended to develop the loop and the second attachment of
line.
Small k is made up of three impulses.

Pause definitely

k.

at

k.

the

Exercise 7. See that the loop is full and open and both down strokes straight, slanting and parallel. The small
horizontal closed or partly closed oval in the second part of k should be made quickly yet carefully.
If made
1. 2.
at first, then 1, 2-3 or
too large the k looks deformed and if too small, the letter will resemble h. Count:
1-2-3.
Comma indicates a slight detention in the movement for control.
:'.

Exercises 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 should each be practiced carefully and faithfully, at least a page of each. It is
not necessary to count during all practice. The kckc exercise is a good combination, as both letters have similar
mechanics of motion.

Give special study and practice to each of the application words.

resolve to effect a cure for the weak spots in your writing.

Frequently pause to

C-^^j<^*~l &L&---o^-g^

criticise,

compare and

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Development of X. Exercise 1 groups the reverse oval, the straight-line retrace, and the "direct" oval. Keep
both ovals similar in appearance, and one same as the "push-and-pull." Retrace each six times.
Exercise 2. Begin at top of both ovals and end at bottom.
Make a side contact at middle of sides. Count:
loop-1-2-3-4-5-6,

Both ovals slant

1-2-3-4-5-6-loop.

alike.

Exercise 3. Alternate the "direct" and reverse compact ovals. Count rapidly 250 revolutions a minute.
Exercise 4. Study the plan of >the drill before practice.
Count: 1-2-3-4-5-6, 1-2-3-4-5-6.
Retrace ovals five
times. Bring first part to a sudden stop on the base line.
Exercise 5. Count for X: loop-I, 2-loop. Make about 35 in one minute. Make central contact one-half the
height. X begins the same as H in both first and second elements.
Exercises 6 and 7. Alternate X with H and N. In No. 6 the count for both letters is 1-2, 3-4, or loop-1, 2-loop.
In Xo. 7 X and N finish with a simple upward curve. Both begin and end the same.
Exercise 8. Gradually reduce the capital to a small letter in six acts.
Exercise 9. Alternate capital and small letter. They are similar in fundamental construction, central contact

and finishing stroke.

Exercises 10 and

11.
It is good practice to connect capita] with small letter movement.
Write a page or more
of these drills.
In the abbreviation Xmas, the capital ends with a loop. While in Xerxes the finish of X is joined to the e.
Where e follows X as in "Xenia" it is well to finish as in Xerxes. Never join the looped finish to an e.

Development

of

Exercise

j.

Space each regularly.

Exercise 2. Be sure
is executed first with the
Exercise 3. Count:
Exercise 4. Retrace
Exercise 5. Retrace
stroke on base line.
Exercise 6. Begin

1.

Alternate straight line and narrow reverse oval.

Keep both on same

slant.

study this drill carefully before practice upon it. Note that the straight-line movement
reverse oval attached to the left. Finish at top of oval like j.
1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8.
al-2-3-4
Persevere and gain control. Start and end like j.
narrow oval four times. Count on up strokes: 1-2-3-4-5-6. Emphasize pushing action.
back of j five times. Count: start-l-2-3-4-5-loop.
Emphasize down strokes. Cross up
to

Keep the back straight, your's, too. Form a full open loop, and cross on the base
as
Dot carefully, same as i. Make 60 to the minute.
Exercises 7, 8, 9, 10. Study each carefully in order to know what to do. Each should be written many times.
Exercise 11 is a group of j-like forms. Count on down strokes: a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Count in such manner as
to allow time for the up or connective stroke as indicated by commas.
Each of the words are good application material. Small o and a join more easily with j than do u and e. The
compound curve connection should be given much attention, as the common tendency is to produce the crossing
Close o, d, a, p and s. Be careful of finish of w and hook of c.
in j far too much below the base line.
j

i.

line.

Development of y. Exercise 1. Each of the four compound curve principles are the same when inverted.
Count on up strokes or on each stroke as 1-2 or 1-2-3. Repeat in groups of four across the page.
Exercise 2 starts like y and is attached to the push-and-pull motion. Finish upward.
Exercise 3 is similar to No. 2 at the start. Attach eight inverted loops without pause in the movement. Compare your work with the copy.
Exercise 4 starts with the m- or upper-turn drill and ends as y. Keep upper turns on the head line. Fill in
remaining space below with inverted loops as shown in copy.
Exercises 5 and 6 should be p racticed by alternating a line of each on the page. Make a turn and not an
angle at the first part of y. Keep crossing of loop at the base line.
Exercise 7. Invert a good h and observe a good y. Start like v and finish as j, minus dot. Keep both down
strokes on same slant. Cross loop on the base line. Keep loop relatively narrow, not wide. Write y at the rate
of 60 a minute.
Exercises 8 and 9. Join y in groups of four letters, line after line. Make all downward strokes parallel. Count:
1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8.
Alternate emphasis upon first and second down strokes. The hy combination is a good one and
should also be practiced faithfully. Criticise by inverting your practice. Keep both loops same in slant and size,

"hymn"

is

good word

to practice here.

Exercise 10. Study and practice each word separately as well as each word in the sentence.
The sentence contains some timely advice and good application material. Write a page or more of the entire
Spacing, slant and size should be uniform. Be careful of turns, angles, the loops, beginnings and endings.
line.

Development
loop-1-2-3-4-5-6.

Exercise
the reverse,

2.

of Z. Exercise 1. Study copy to note direction of motion as indicated by the arrows.

Count:
Lift the pen at the base line on the count of 6.
Count: loop-1-2-3-4-5-0-7-8-9-10. The remaining space above may be filled in by practice upon

compact

oval.

Exercises 3 and 4. Retrace straight line

motion. Emphasize the down strokes in No.

six times, and go quickly to inverted loop without pause in the

and the up strokes in No. 4. Keep loops narrow and compact. Write

drill
3

freely.

Exercise 5. Count: 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8. The loop

count of 2, and the lower loop of Z on count of 3,

All

who have been

is

following these lessons in the Business

Educator Penmanship Certificate of Proficiency.

mation.

made on count

of

1,

the

downward curve

to the base line

on

etc.

Write

Educator should try

to

win The Business

to the publishers for circular containing full infor-

0y?

Ao

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A#

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Supplementary Practice
By

E. A.

^ZllJl>

^oc^-c^^t^^y.

LUPFER, Zanerian

College,

Work

Columbus, O.

Supplementary Practice

fe/^C^-/ C^ezsL*c*-4^C'

Work Continued

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When the lirst sentence above appeared, consisting of 48 letters, it was regarded the shortest possible to produce In the English language containing all of the letters of the alphabet. But this was improved upon by the second
sentence containing ?A letters. And the second was improved upon by the third and fourth containing 33 letters
each. These in turn have been improved upon by the fifth sentence containing
letters.
Who can reduce the last but one letter and give us a sentence of but 31 letters that contains the alphabet? Even
then there will remain the opportunity of supplying sentences containing 30, 29, 38, 27 and 26 letters respectively.
The person who gives us a sentence that contains each of the '6 letters of the alphabet but once, will deserve having his or her name perpetuated therewith. Let us have it and we will add it in script to the above five sentences
'.',2

and give the author's name.

These sentences are good for practice,
the alphabet.
in diction or

for each tint" jrou write one you get practice in making each letter in
Their peculiar construction also adds interest to them, even though they may not be the most elegant
thought.

Supplementary Practice

Work Continued

(7),

Or

Taz,

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^
MENTAL

MEANDERINGS
CARL

C.

MARSHALL

Battle Creek, Mich.

Roosevelt

Reminiscence

I
was sojournWashington, being engaged in

In the spring of 1907

ing

in

the

preparation

of

work on commercial
arithmetic. I was living as a guest

the

in

home

of Hon. Chester
Long, a former pupil
and
life - long
I.

friend, who
that
time a

States

was

at

United

senator

from

Kansas.
Now, the
ordinary
undecorated citizen
who
goes to Washington "on his own," to
use a current anglicism, is about as
important figure as a mouse in a
menagerie, and has about the same
chance of meeting the great men of

Government personally,
mouse would have of holding
the

as

said

a tete-a-

with the royal Bengal tiger or

hobnobbing with the hippopotomus.
But when one is on chummy terms
with a United States senator, it is
different.
One may be favored with a
"close up" of almost anybody, not
even excepting the President himself.
So it was in those halcyon days
with me.
Through the kindly good
offices of my friend, the Senator, I
was enabled, almost daily, to meet
cabinet secretaries, generals, admjrals.
and other senators, to say nothing of
mere ordinary fry like congressmen,
bureau chiefs, etc. So in due course
came the day when the Senator took
tete

me

to see

velt

On one or
had heard Mr. Roose-

the President.

two occasions

make

political

speech, but

at

I was an inconsequential
crowd numbering thousands.
was actually to shake hands

these times
unit in a

Now

with him, being introduced by a

United States Senator, the same as if
I were a governor or a great railway
president or something, instead of a

humble little maker of school books.

It was fairly flabergasting, and as the
ordeal approached, I was conscious
of that collapsing of the abdominal
muscles which a man feels when he is
about to be married or electrocuted
or called on to make the leading address at a banquet.

We

entered the corridor of the Ex-

were
ushered
room by a
uniformed official.
Grouped about
the room laughing and conversing,
were perhaps a dozen or so of the
Nation's big men. mostly senators,
with two or three cabinet officers.
I

ecutive

Office
Building,
into the cabinet

&

,J/i<:>X>/j//ujj&fa<xi6T*

and

among them Senators Nelson,

Knox, of Pennsylvania.
and Depew. of New York, and the
noticed

of Minnesota,

Secretary of State, Elihu Root. The

President, it transpired, was in his
private office adjoining the cabinet
room, in conference with his Secretary of the Interior, Mr. Garfield. The

other statesmen present were waiting

their chance to see him when he
After perhaps ten
should appear.
minutes, the door of the private office
swung open and the President came
I
shall
walking briskly toward us.
never forget this, my first close up
view of Theodore Roosevelt. At that
time, he was forty-nine years old, but
His closely
he hardly looked forty.
cropped reddish brown hair showed

not a tinge of grey, and his face was

smooth and rosy as a boy's. In
his step, was the quick sureness of a
thoroughbred. He waved and grinned
comprehensively at us all as he came
in, and catching the eye of the Minnesota senator called out in crisp keen
I'll see you
tones, "Helloa, Nelson!
Senator Long and
in just a minute."
I were nearest him, and as he grasped
the Senator's hand the latter said:
"Mr. President. I want to present to
you my old schoolmaster, Mr. MarMr. Marshall is a
shall, of Iowa.
maker of books." The grin widened.
"Is that so?" as he gripped my hand.
"Well, I have to plead guilty to
doing something along that line myas

sprite
little
who
into our heads to
the right thing happened to be
on the job that time, so I came back
promptly with, "Yes, Mr. President,
am very pleasantly aware of your
I
books, and maybe it is not just the
right thing for me to say here, but I
am more interested in your accomplishments as a naturalist than as a
politician."
He gave a merry laugh just like a
"That's a good one!
big jolly boy.

The good
self."
sometimes puts it
say

Shake again." giving me another

Then, without a pause,
hearty grip.
he flashed back:
"O, by the way,
have you seen the new Goss book of
(Col. Goss was a famous
Kansas ornithologist and bird collector, who some forty years ago gave
to the state one of the finest collections of mounted birds ever prepared
The state had rein this country.

birds?"

published the Goss manuscripts in a finely illustrated volume.)

cently

"Ves, Mr. President," I answered,

have the book, and it is the more
interesting to me from the fact that I
knew Col. Goss personally, and took
some lessons in bird mounting from
"I

him."
"Indeed!

Now,

tell

Well

that's

interesting.

me, just what are the im-

portant features of this collection?"

"It is notable in two particulars,"

"First,
for
the artistic
answered.
character of the mounting, and, sec-

number of rare
southwestern and Mexican species."

ond,

for

the

large

"Wait a minute, I w ant

down," and whipping out a
:

to put that
little

much

worn note-book, he made

a memorandum of the points given. "I shall certainly make it a point to see that collection when I go to Kansas again."
It

is

to be

observed that while

this

talk was going on, a half dozen of the

most prominent political leaders in
the Nation were waiting to get a
word with the President on matters
that they deemed of national import-

ance.

have

related

this

incident

fully,
because
think it throws a
light upon the mental methods of this
remarkable man methods that made
I

him not only

the greatest constructive

his age, but one of the
greatest historians and naturalists as
And the charming thing about
well.
was that he was never for one
it
minute in the least proud or dogmatic
or puffed up over his great accom-

statesman of

plishments or abilities. He was ever

the same modest, unassuming, offhand, democratic man, ready to meet
on a common basis of manhood,
everybody from kings and ambassadors down to the humblest man in
overalls.

and

No wonder

philosophers

loved no other
Lincoln.

that

revered

that the people loved

scholars
him, and

as they have
since Abraham

him

man

Know Your A book

on

pedagogy

which I read some forty

years ago, divided the
whole educational problem into three
parts: first, the being to be taught;
second, the subject to be taught; and,
It was not very
third, the teacher.
long before I learned that there is a
fourth element in the problem, and a
most important one, namely, the
parents of the being to be taught.
Of course, when everything was running along smoothly, the pupil liking
his work and doing it well, and with a
fairly good opinion of his teacher, the
parental element of the problem was
But things
not much in evidence.
were not always thus serene. There
were pupils who did not take kindly
to their books, did not do their work
well, and did not seem to care greatly
whether "school kept or not." Pretty
soon I found out that in these cases,
i1
was greatly to my advantage to
If a
have the parents on my side.
boy or a girl knows that the teacher is
solid with father and mother, that
boy or girl will mighty rarely give
trouble.
On the other hand, if the
teacher and parents are strangers or
know each other but slightly, the
pupil who is a "bad actor" counts on
being backed up at home if he gets
at loggerheads with the teacher, and
Of
usually he is not disappointed.
course, the teacher and the parents
have the same purpose in view, they
both want the boy or girl to get on
Patrons

well at school. In the undertaking of

education, they are partners. Therefore they ought to work together.
But flow can they work tofether if

they do not even know each other?

In my early teaching experience, I
recall a family named Brown.
They
were farmers, and sent several rather
unruly children to my school. They
were English of the well-to-do peasant class, but not very pleasant people
for one to know.
I
found out that
nearly all my predecessors had had
more or less trouble with those
Brown boys, also, that the boys were
invariably backed up in their deviltry
by the parents. I also learned two
other things:
First, that the boys

were under
second,

strict discipline at

that

former

teachers

home;
never

y/di'^tit<j//uJj6Wsua/<r
made any

friendly calls at the Brown

home, although these teachers were
enough
social
with the American families of the neighborhood.
Of course,
there were a plenty of busy folk to
tell me that I "was sure to have a lot
of trouble with those Brown young
.me?."
So,
resolved to head this
trouble off.
When school was out
the first Friday afternoon, instead of
going directly to my boarding place, I
turned up the lane that led to the
Brown farm. Catching up with the
boys, f asked the oldest one, "Where
1

you

live.

"Over

to

Jimmie?"

white house on the

hill." he answered.
"Why, that looks like a pretty nice
farm; would it he all right for me to
go over with you and take a look
at

that

it?"

course

"i >f

would be glad

you

can,

sir;

father

have you," and the

pleased grins on his face and those
of his brothers showed that such an
attention on the part of a teacher was
an unusual honor.
Before reaching the house, we came
to

feed-lots where the senior

distributing fodder to a
fine bunch of durhams.
He looked
at me rather truculently, I thought,
as I approached, evidently surmising
that his boys had got into some of
their usual scrapes at school, and resolving to stand firmly by his progeny
of the Brown clan.
"Mr. Brown," 1 began, "I am the
new teacher, and they tell me you are
to

the

Brown was

an Englishman.

Now,

have always
heard about the fine farms you have
in the old country, and I thought I
would come over this arternoon to see
what a real English farm looks like."
It was a delight to see his harsh old
I

face dissolve into pleased grins.

"Willi Zur, yer veera wulcome, I'm
sure, although thur beaut mooch to
see I'm feared, weuns doant varm ut
in this coontra as close as we does

'Ere boys!
Joomp up
an' feenish throwin' th' stalks to th'
beasts viles I shows th' taycher roond

hack 'ome.

a bit."

The next hour I spent very interestingly in being enlightened as to agriculture from the Yorkshire point of
view, after which I was taken to the
house, introduced to "th' Missus," and
made welcome to a bountiful supper
of fried chicken, cream biscuit, plum
pudding, and seed cakes, the whole
being washed down with some real
old English ale of Mrs. Brown's own
brew.
You may be sure that Mrs.
Brown's supper won quite as much
praise as I had accorded her hus-

band's farm, and when I went away

there were hearty invitations from
both to "coom an' see tins again."
It
hardly needs adding that there
was no trouble with "those Brown
young ones." A month or two later

on one of them tried

to

start

some-

he wilted quickly when 1

hinted to him that it might be necessary for me i,, go up home with him
and talk things over with his parents.
He knew well and good that there
would be no backing up at home this
thing,

time.

but

if

would be a good thing

school people would get a bit

believe

all

it

nearer to the parents than they usually do.

Fake them into the partnership, and make them feel that they
are

in.

Alliance, the I. W. \Y., etc., but none

of them lasted long. The soil in this

country

is

not sour enough, at

least,

not yet.

Xow,

Government botanist

that

have mentioned, has

finally

succeeded

yetting blueberries to grow in a

garden, but the only way he could do
in

Blueberries and
Bolshiviks

Some

mal industries

Washington. While

there,

knows

ran

all

time

ago,

visited the Bureau

of Plant and Ani-

at

across

about

not suppose there

whq

scientist

blueberries.

did

anything of importance to know about blueberries,

beyond knowing where they grow
and how to convert them into pies,
but it seems I was wrong.
The blueberry is one of the most
coy and elusive and temperamental of
is

plants.
For instance, like the cottontail
rabbit,
the bobwhite. and the
prairie hen. it has hitherto resisted
all efforts at domestication.
Strawberries, blackberries, gooseberries, in
fact, about all the rest of the berry
tribe can be made to grow in gardens and discard their wild ways and
take an education.
Not so the blueberry.
Transplant it to the garden,
and it promptly dies: and the richer
and more mellow the soil, and the
tenderer the cultivation, the sooner it
dies just goes on a hunger strike
from the start.
In short, the blueberrj simply refuses to be fooled with
or petted in any way.
At least this
was the case until this patient scientist started in to find out just what
was the matter with the blueberry, a
task, I may remark, in which he is

making considerable progress.

The
thing of importance that he found
out was that the blueberry had to
have a soil with an. acid reaction; no
lime or phosphates or nitrates or potash for it. It absolutely refuses practically everything that the ordinary
plant likes.
It insists upon the thin
sour soil that is formed by the decaying leaves that fall upon the sand or
the granite rocks of the eastern hills
and mountains. Agriculturally speaking, it flourishes with poverty and
perishes with prosperity.
first

would seem that something very

It

like this is true of that human wild

thing called socialism.
It flourishes
luxuriantly in various sour social soils
of Europe, but try to transplant it to

the

was to surround them with the thin

suor soil of their native heath. Probably we can get socialism going in
this country in the same way, if we
only let the soil get thin and sour
enough. We have already come near
doing this in the East Side in
to
New York, and in some of the slums
of Chicago and a few other cities.
This is perfectly understood by the
thrifty socialistic gardeners, the Emma Goldmans, Scott Nearings, Haywards, Debbses, and Bergers, who always set up their soap boxes where
there is the most poverty and vice
a id crime and discontent.
If we want
it

to arrest the
this country,

growth of Bolshevism in
we must clean up these

muck patches

of our cities, drain off

the cesspools of vice, provide good
housing, and decent living conditions,
generally, and finally, cultivate the
soil clear to the bottom, with the best
schools that money can buy. Do this,
and bolshevism will die off like blueberries in a truck patch.

This is the Centennary of Christopher Latham Sholes, principal inventor of the first practical writing machine,
Model 1 Remington, which
appeared on the market in ls?4. The

National Shorthand Reporters' Association have started a movement to

erect_ a suitable monument over his

grave in Forest Home Cemetery,

Milwaukee, in honor of the inventor

who

died in 1890.

The January Remington Notes contains an article by Charles E. Weller,

Sec.-Treas. of the Sholes Monument

Commission, who is the only survivfriend and intimate of Shole's.

ing

The monument is to be erected solely

from popular subscriptions as a memorial from the great army of typists
and other workers who have been
be lefitted by his labors. Subscriptions
are solicited only in sums of a dollar
or less, and may be addressed to
Charles K. Weller, :.'06 Masonic Temple, La Porte. Ind.

warm generous loams

and

of America,
out.
the past seventy years or so,

promptly peters

it

\\ ithin

various

attempts have been

made to get socialism going in this
country, and in a most readable article in a recent issue of the Saturday
Evening Post. Uncle Joe Cannon
gives some account of them.
There
have been a dozen or so of these embryo I'topias, running all the way
from the adventure of George Rapp
and Robert Owen at Xew Harmony,
Ind., in 1815-26, down to George M.
Pullman's attempt to socialize the employees of the Pullman Car Co., .i!
Pullman in South Chicago.
Besides
these
there

futile

localized

socialistic

ventures,

have been from time to time,

such fervid country-wide outbreaks as
the Knights of Labor, the Farmers

Miss Marjorie Murphy, of Danbury,

Conn., Business Institute, is a new
teacher in Drake Business College,
Union Hill, N. J.

Miss Florence Ordway, of the WaterHigh School, was recentchosen to teach stenography in the
New Haven, Conn., High School.
D. A. O'Connell, penman, R. I). X,..
4, Le Sueur Center.
Minn., and who
has just begun advertising his pen
bury, Conn.,
ly

work

in our journal, has favored us

with a number of his written cards.
Mr. O'Connell is endeavoring to build
up a card writing business, and we

hope that he may he successful. We

believe him to he a very deserving
ni in. and we also believe that

young

he will do his best to please

tomers.

all

cus-

&

<Me&u4*nM&&u&r
FEDERAL AID FOR COMMERCIAL EDUCATION
EDITOR'S NOTE

The Federal Board

for

Vocational
the

Education was organized under

Smith-Hughes Act which was passed bj

for the purpose of stimulating vocaeducation through the United States

us organization the Federal Board has
included commercial education and has appointed F. C. Nichols as Assistant Director
tor this
field of vocational training.
By an
arrangement with Mr. Nichols notices regarding the Board's work will be published from
tune to tunc in this paper. The following an
mcement has to do with retail selling
ication, which is one of the most important
Branches of commercial education yet to be
established on a satisfactory basis
Department stores and other retail establishments

salaries of instructors in trade,

1.

in

are awakening to the necessity for better

brained sales people, and facilities for giving
the kind of training that will meet this need
mast be established under the direction of
commercial educators in large retail centers.
School authorities will be glad to know that
Federal aid is available for sue'
they have been provided for by sta
mal educ ition plans which ha\
bj
the Fi deral Board for V.
I

Many

are being received

by the Federal Board for Vocational
Education regarding the policy of the
Board in the matter of part-time
commercial classes. The recent Retail
Selling bulletin issued by this Board
outlines several types of courses in
inquiries

preparation for better service

in

the

field.
Merchants and school
are
interested
in
such
courses and want an authoritative
statement concerning their organization.
This brief explanatory state-

retail

authorities

ment is offered in the hope that it will

answer some of the many questions
that have been difficult to answer at
an earlier date.
In the organization of commercial
courses in high schools there should
be provision for contact with business through a part-time arrangement.
Commercial teachers generally will
be
interested to know that
such
courses may receive federal aid if
they are provided for in the state plan
of the State Board for Vocational

Education which
Federal

Board

is

for

approved by the
Vocational Edu-

cation.

The federal vocational education

known as the Smith-Hughes Act,

law,

was designed

to stimulate the development of this type of training in all

the states. The four general divisions
of vocational education provided for

Commercial courses, for the most

have been so intermingled with
academic courses as to make parttime office work impracticable.
The
entire emancipation of business training by means of an entirely separate
class organization in a cosmopolitan
high school may increase slightly the
cost of such training. Therefore, the

need for federal aid

cial aid are explained herein for the

benefit of educational authorities in

general

and

commercial teachers

in

particular.

"Federal money may be used in

part-time schools and classes for the

quite as defi-

it is in the case of other types

vocational
training.
Approved
onirses which provide instruction for
employed persons for a minimum of
144 hours are entitled to federal aid,
if
all
other requirements are met.
Such instruction must be given on
school time. The alternate week plan
for at least one year is suggested for
commercial students.
In any full provision for continuation school work, commercial courses
must be offered. In one city out of
2750 employed young people between
the ages of 14 and 1
years. 2450 of
them are classified as commercial
workers. Part-time courses for such
persons may receive federal aid if all
the requirements set forth herein are

used for the salary of the instructor of such a class."

the assumption that part-time
students are to be given special instruction in the light of their proven
needs, such students may not be
mingled in already established classes.
Special
teachers
for
special
classes are the only kind that can be
subsidized out of federal funds.

On

"Part-time schools or classes

be operated for persons
over 14 years of age, without
upper age limit, provided that
the instruction given is designed
for and suitable to enlarge the
civic or vocational intelligence
of workers over 14 and less than
18 years of age."
Pupils must be at least 14 years of
age. but pupils of any age above this
5.

may

minimum may be included. The subjects of instruction must, however, be

such as can be taken profitably by pupils between 14 and IS years of age.
In other words, the subjects included
in such a school or class must
be of
less than college grade.
"In the plans set up by the
States two general groups of
teachers shall be recognized and
qualifications shall be indicated
for each under part-time schools
or classes: Teachers of subjects
designed to enlarge the civic intelligence; teachers of subjects
designed to enlarge the voca-

6.

fi

complied with. Local surveys will indicate the need for this kind of continuation school training.
.'.

"The subjects taught must be

such as are designed to 'increase
the civic or vocational intelligence' of the pupil."

All technical commercial subjects

serve to increase the vocational intelligence of pupils and therefore, such
subjects meet this requirement.
It
must be emphasized, however, that
the subject matter must be closely related to the employment and really

supplementary thereto.

i.

sion

commercial cj.irses may receive finan-

is

nite as

of

Agricultural,

is made for each of these four

departments.
Aid in the form of subsidies was
not thought necessary for the further
development of the usual types of
secondary commercial training, but
financial stimulus was made available
to encourage part-time courses. Such
courses may be given in continuation
or all day schools so long as the requirements of the law are met. The
Federal Board rulings under which

"Such part-time classes must be

classes which divide the working
day or school time between instruction and practical work in
shop, factory, home, office, etc."

part,

Commercial, Home
Economics, and Industrial. Adequate,
though not exactly the same, provi-

arc

home

economics, industrial, commercial, and

general education subjects, as provided hereunder."

"Federal

money may

be used for
reimbursement for part of the
salary of an instructor only in
cases where it is shown that the
cost of such an instructor represents an addition l&jthe expenditures of the school system incurred because of the operation
of such part-time classes over
and above expenditures for reg-

tional

high school work may be acceptable

for part-time classes in the general
specially trained teachers
who have had business experience are
required for the technical commercial
classes.
States desiring to include in
their plans provision for part-time
commercial classes must, therefore,
distinguish between these two types
of teachers in setting up their qualisubjects,

fications of teachers.
7.
The following interpretation of
the expression "who have entered upon employment" should be carefully

noted:
(

4.

"Where such part-time pupils

are taught in a regular day class
already established so that the
class does not represent an additional cost to the school system, Federal money may not be

definitely

them for advantageous entrance to such trade

or industrial occupation, such
class may be considered as a
a class fitting

Such part-time class instruction

must be given by a teacher especially
employed for this purpose. Such a

the school.

"Where persons

schedule for employment in a

trade or industrial occupation,
by a written agreement with
the employer are given before
being employed instructions in

ular classes."

teacher may not teach regular fulltime classes, but may devote some
time to necessary co-ordinating work
between employers, employees, and

intelligence."

While teachers possessing the usuprescribed training and experience for grammar school or academic

ally

part-time

class

and

Federal

moneys may be used for its

support, under the provisions
of section 11 of the vocational
education act."
(b)

"Such classes may also be

open to those already employed,

who may

receive

better

preparation in the occupation

they are already following, or

promotional training for a new

occupation."

(Continued on page 24)

&

<^^&u<i/n^&6u&&r
COMMERCIAL COURSES IN
SECONDARY SCHOOLS
F.

H. Hosmer, Central High School,

Minneapolis, Minn.

The expressions

liberal

education,

and professional
education have come to convey a
somewhat definite meaning. Can the
same be said of commercial education?
What has it meant in the past,
what does it mean now, what should
it
mean in the future? These are
industrial education,

questions

difficult to

answer.

There has been in the past and

there is now an indefiniteness and uncertainty of aim and purpose in connection with commercial education.
There have been great diversity and
uniformity, paradoxical as that may
seem, of opinion and practice in regard to commercial education. This
discovered at once by studying and
comparing commercial curriculutns
The
put out by different schools.
diversity consists in the number and
kind of non-vocational and related
is

vocational subjects included in the

courses; and the uniformity consists
in the number and kind of vocational
subjects included in the courses. The
commercial
uniformity found
in
courses would indicate the subjects
considered essential for a commercial
These essential subjects
curriculum.
upon which there has been general
agreement are bookkeeping, stenography,
commercial arithmetic, and

penmanship. These technical subjects,

supplemented with more or less of
language, history, natural and social
science, and mathematics give the subject matter of commercial education
as we find it in the commercial courses of the past and present.
What can the study of such subjects
prepare for in the business world?
Only for positions as clerks, bookClerical
keepers, and stenographers.
work has been the vocational objective of commercial education of the
In the main the
past and present.
training for this kind of work has
been good, but the clerical conception
of the business world is too narrow
and limited. It recognizes only 15%
of the demand for commercial em-

ployees.

Commercial courses

for the future

should take cognizance of the entire
field of commercial activities and provide a larger number of vocational
objectives. The vocational idea should
dominate the entire course, for com-

mercial education

is

vocational educa-

eign.

commercial design, retail selling, and

the application of the sciences to the
industries can and should be given
more attention as vocational objectives.

Those

activities
that
cannot be
trained for directly in the Secondary
Schools are provided for in the Higher Schools of Commerce. The attention of the students should be called
to the larger and better possibilities
to be reached through these courses,
and the Secondary Schools should articulate with the Higher Schools of
Commerce by
proper
e a n s
of

courses.

The needs and opportunities

of the

business world are not the only considerations in framing a commercial

course.
Tendencies and characteristics of students and educational theory
should also govern.

In

knowledge

either case it
of wholesale

buying and
portation,

involves

and

retail

recording, transmarkets, mediums of exselling,

change, financing, labor, capital, busi

ness organization and management,

communication,
conditions
and

social and industrial

investinfluences,

Twenty-first Annual Convention

Time

nitely

and

Those students who

will

continue

and make the High

"finishing
school" need
courses made up of (1) required subjects that will train for the following
"Health, Worthy Home
objectives:
Membership, Citizenship, and Fundamental Processes." (:.') Electives that
will provide a choice of vocational
objectives for boys and girls as their
aptitudes, and opportunities
tastes,
require.
(3) Special subjects that will
for

years

four

School

"Ethical Character and a

Worthy Use of Leisure."
Those students who will continue
for four years and make the high
school a "fitting school" for the
Higher Schools of Commerce need
university preparatory courses containing vocational subjects that relate
to those given in the Higher Schools
of Commerce and other subjects necessary for entrance to the universi-

develop

ties.

Mr. Walter O. Siler, who last year

had charge of the commercial work in
the Grove City, Pa., College, left
Grove City late in December for his
California, Beach Land & Improvement Company. He finds his new

Is,

17,

1919.

19,

Mass.,

High

Opening session.
Address of welcome, response, and three other short
addresses.

Thursday Evening
Grand Ball Room

Reception in
of the Hotel
Headquarters).
General topic,
"The New Era of Commercial Education," in charge of Frederick G. Nichols, of the Federal Board for Vocational Education.
Friday Noon Luncheon served in
the High School Building.
Friday Afternoon
Round Tables.
There are small conventions in themthe

Kimball (Convention
Friday Morning

selves.

W. W.

rregg Shorthand,

Lewis, of

Providence.

Pitman Shorthand, J. E. Fuller, of

Wilmington.
Penmanship. S. O. Smith, of Spring-

provided for by specialization

concentration upon vocational

All other work should be

subjects.
related to the vocational objectives,
and to health and citizenship in order
that the time spent in school may
result in the most specific values
possible.

April
Springfield,

Place

School of Commerce Building.

Thursday Afternoon (April 17) 2:00

Those students who will remain for

only one or two years must he defi-

present position with the Atascadera,

tion.

The demands of the business world

should determine the kind and extent
of vocational training to be provided
Commerce
in commercial programs.
has to do with the exchange of commodities. It may be domestic or for-

EASTERN COMMERCIAL
TEACHERS ASSOCIATION

ments, advertising, salesmanship, insurance, and business law.

Some of these activities cannot be
trained for directly in the secondary
schools.
Salesmanship, advertising,

field.

Bookkeeping, R. G. Laird, of Boston.

Private School Managers and Principals, F. L.

Mark, Brooklyn, and

Norman, Baltimore.

E. H.

The Typewriting
gram will be taken
the
the

part of the procare of later in

meeting of
Shorthand and Typewriting teach-

afternoon

at

joint

ers.

Friday Evening

public meeting

the auditorium of the new City Hall

of Springfield, to which the citizens of
The speaker
the town are invited.
will be a man of national reputation.
in

Saturday Morning A joint meeting

of the teachers at which several inspiring addresses will be made, followed by a short business meeting,

and adjournment.
Officers

H.

G.
158th

dubon

Healey,
St.,

609

W.

Tel.,

Au-

President,

New York

City.

5698.

Rittenhouse, Vice-President,
College, Boston, Mass.
McMillin, Secretary, Central
High School, Newark, N. J.
High
Treasurer,
B.
Matthias,
L.
School, Bridgeport, Conn.
F.

C.

Simmons

D.

A.

Secretary,
J. Arnao, Jr., Asst.
Central High School, Newark, N. J.
Mrs. L. B. Matthias, Asst. Treasurer,
Bridgeport, Conn.

John

Executive Board
McMillin, Secretary,

business position very pleasant.

D.

Mr. C. E. Bowman, formerly of the

High School, Newark, X. I.

M. II. Bigelow, High School, Atlantic

V.,
High School,
X.
then of the Chelsea, Mass., High
School, and recently with the White
Plains, N. Y., High School, has been
chosen as commercial teacher in Girard College, where the well-known
leader in education circles. Dr. Cheesnian A. Herrick, is the President.

Watertown,

Doctor Herrick and Mr. Bow-

man

are to be congratulated.

A.

City, X.

W.

C.

J.

Stowell,

The Marquand School,

Brooklyn, X. Y.
E. H. Xorman, Baltimore
College, Baltimore. Md.
F. L. Mark. Hefflev
lyn, X. Y.

W.

Central

A. Barber,

New York

New York

City.

Business

Institute,

Brook-

University,

$>

>y/u^3&uj/;i&ti (Stfotafcr
AUDITING
By

Theodore

D.

Krum,

Principal

Coml. Dept., McKeesport,

High School
In this,

my

first

article,

Pa.,

shall en-

deavor to point out why every business should have its books audited
periodically by a Certified Public Accountant, or at least by an auditor

whose ability is unquestionable.

It
has been estimated that only about
ten per cent of businesses today are
having their books audited by professional auditors.
Truly, it is amazing
how the average business man loves
to fool himself year after year, overvaluing his assets, capitalizing his expenses and under-estimating his liabilities, until he is brought to a realization of his true financial condition
by an auditor or by bankruptcy.
Banks and investors are demanding
that the borrower submit a statement
showing the condition of his finances,
certified to by a professional auditor.
They have found that statements not
so certified have in many cases not

shown

the true state of affairs.

The

extension of credit by a bank depends

on the judgment of its officers, and
these officers have learned in the
school of bitter experience that they
cannot depend on a statement not
approved by a professional auditor.
The auditor, by reason of his independence, is peculiarly fitted to obtain
the facts needed by the bank officers
in forming their judgment.
The chief object in anv audit should
be:
(1) To determine the financial condition and net earnings of a business.
(.') To detect, or at least prevent,
errors and frauds.

The pioneer auditor

chiefly for errors

who looked

and frauds served

good purpose in his day, but the auditor of today must do more than detect
errors and expose frauds.
He is the
business man's financial adviser. Who
is in a better position
to pilot and
direct the business man from the
shoals of bankruptcy and despair? He
must be in a position to submit to
the stockholders (the true owners of
any business) or to the bondholders
at regular periods, a condensed, comprehensive statement showing the
financial and net results of the business in which they are so vitally interested, and to certify that such
statements show true results.
In a partnership, the books should
be audited at stated periods.
Many
firms overlook this very important
detail, for no partnership (even the
marriage partnership) has been entirely free of quarrels and petty differences.
These differences may be,
and usually are, adjusted as between
the partners.
But in the case of the
death or bankruptcy of one of the
partners, which will in most of the
states cause a dissolution of the partnership, the adjustment may not be
entirely satisfactory to the heirs or
the receiver of the deceased or bankrupt partner's estate.
Unless these
differences can be amicably adjusted
to the satisfaction of complainants,

the necessary litigation with it-- aclegal expenses may easily

exceed the amount in dispute.
The
auditor, looking through eyes unpre-

companying

(for those of the parties to

1,
the suit are sure to be) will submit a
statement showing the basis for a fair
distribution of the deceased or bankrupt partner's portion of the net resources of the firm.
Then, too, when the business is
about to be sold the auditor should be
The prospective buyer is
consulted.
naturally anxious to protect himself.
In order to so protect himself he de-

have an unbiased statement

results of the undertaka period of, say. five
years. Such a statement can only be
supplied by a professional auditor.
The president of a large corporation in which he owned a controlling
sires

to

showing the

ing

covering

interest was offered a large sum of

for control, subject to examination of the books and records by a
professional accountant. He accepted
the offer. When the auditor attempted to ascertain the earnings for a period of years he found that no accurThe
ate records had ever been kept.
profits had been large, but the only
proof of these profits was the money
Physical inventories had
in the bank.
never been taken and book inventories
had not beep kept. The plant was
operating on an extensive scale, but
as no records were kept to show how
the profits were realized, the deal was
called off.
The president complained
He had paid large dividends,
bitterly.
he had the money in the bank to
show that he was making money, but
he was unable to --how how and where
Most business
In- derived the profits.
men look forward to the time when
Surely they are dothey can retire.
ing themselves and their families an
injustice in neglecting to have their
books audited regularly.
Again, mercantile agencies are depending more and more on the statements of professional auditors. Credit
men are loath to grant the highest
credit to those businesses that do not
or will not submit statements certiAs every busified to by an auditor.
ness man, deserving the name, is anxious i'i preserve the good credit rating
of his company, he should see to it
that the books of the concern are
audited regularly.
The detection of frauds is still an
important part of an auditor's duties
because thousands of dollars are lost
annually through the dishonesty of
Most men are
trusted employees.
honest, and the courts hold that a
man is honest until it is proved that
he is not. Sad to relate, it is always
the trusted emplo3 ee who is guilty of
fraud or embezzlement, for an employee who does not have the management's trust would not be in a
where he could embezzle
position

money

There is a distinction which

funds.
should be noted here, between embezzlements, larceny, fraud, misappropriations, and defalcation.
Embezzlement is the fraudulent
taking of another's money or goods
entrusted to his care for his own

'fluauditor must distinguish

between embezzlement and larcency.
If
the warehouseman were to take
cash from the general office safe, he
would be guilty of larceny.
If the
bookkeeper, whose business it is to
account of cash received, cash paid,
and on hand, were to misappropriate
tor his own use, money belonging to
his employer, he would be guilty of
embezzlement.
Quite recently in one of the larger

use.

Eastern cities, the cashier of a leading

suicide under suspicion, circumstances.
An investigation
was begun and an accountant called

bank committed

who discovered

in.

the

cashier's

discrepancies

books

of

Forty Thousand Dollars.

in

upwards
This

is

of

an

example of embezzlement.
I
might
add that if the bank examiner
had audited the books of the bank as
he should have done and had performed the work for which he was
paid, such condition would never had
Bank examiners are paid a
arisen.
certain stated sum to examine the
accounts of banks, which amount in
most cases is deplorably inadequate.
The amount paid the bank examiners
also

smaller than that paid to men doing similar work in other fields. From
the sum paid them they are supposed
to paj their hotel bills and the salaries
of any assistants that may be
necessary.
As can be readily seen,
few bank examiners ever employ asis

which simply means that the

cannot be very comprehensive.
Below 1 am giving another case of
embezzlement.
A small concern in
Pennsylvania employed a
Central
bookkeeper, who was also cashier,
sistants,
.audit

time-clerk, bill-clerk,
fact he constituted in
For
office force.

office

boy

in

himself the enfive years this

bookkeeper padded the pay-rolls of
The practice was only
his employer.
discovered when an auditor was called
in to audit the books.
In the course
of the audit, the auditor asked for
the pay-rolls.
Taking these he went
out into the plant and asked for each
man whose name appeared thereon.
Of course, the foreman knew nothing
tire

about the men whose names appeared

on the pay-roll but wdio were never
employed by the company. The bookkei pi
received a free ride, is receiving free board and lodging, works for
nothing, lives in a building surrounded by a high stone wall, and has his
present domicile rented or leased for
twenty-four years.
Of course, he is
learning a useful trade now.
i

Larcency. as I have mentioned

above, is taking that which does not
belong to the thief. He has not had
the thing taken entrusted to his care.
An office boy was in the habit of extracting stamps and small amounts

money from

the cashier's drawer

cashier was temporarily
his desk.
These thefts
continued over a period of several
Although the amounts exmonths.
tracted were small, this constitutes
larceny and the court so rendered its
decision.
of

while

the

away from

Fraud has been defined as a misstatement of a fact with knowledge of

&

t^^&ud/n^^&faa&r
falseness ur with an utter disregard as to its truth or falseness, with
the intent that it he acted upon by
the injured party and who did actually
it-,

upon it to his detriment. Fraud

embraces all dishonest or deceitful
whereby one is deprived of some
valuable thing without his knowledge
While deceit is a charconsent.
or
act

acts

acteristic of fraud, yet deceit does not

Usually
reach the gravity of fraud.
misappropriating
of
consists
fraud
for
account
failure
to
cash, either by
all

the

cash received or by entering on

cash paid side of the cash book

amounts in all or in part.

Sometimes the manager or other offiwho receives a commission on
ial
fictitious

sales

will

amount

endeavor

increase

to

the

of the sales account.

have in mind a company that is

paying its salesmen two per cent on
all sales orders filled by the house and
on which the salesman's name appears. For years one of the salesmen
1

made

it

part of his

daily task to
at the close

go over the sales orders

of each day and write

his

name

in

place provided for this purpose.

on several orders not bearing any
As many orders came over
names.
the phone, this salesman was reaping
rich harvest at the expense of the
other employees of the concern.
Misappropriations of funds and defalcations are newspaper terms and
not technical terms of law. The correct term for misappropriations of
funds is embezzlement. The correct
term for defalcation is embezzlement.
We are prone to wrap up and hide
an evil deed in the folds of a fine
Let's call a lie, a
sounding word.
lie, not a prevarication.
The business man is coming to understand that the disclosure of frauds
is only one of the advantages of having his books audited periodically.
the

,i

As mentioned before, the detection

and. conversely the prevention of
frauds, is still an important part of
an auditor's work. If an auditor, after using all his skill and professional
ability in his search for fraud, overlooks or fails to discover a well-concealed case of embezzlement is legally
immune from liability, still he should
Care
be professionally responsible.
must be taken in every audit to see
that every avenue in the direction of
fraud is closed to a clerk who is dishonestly inclined. In a small business
the manager or owner can personally
keep in touch with all phases of the
concern's activities. As the business
grows, the manager must of necessity
lose this personal touch and relegate
a portion of the work, which he formerly performed, to subordinates.

The chances

for

embezzlement, how-

in either a large or small concern are certainly fraught with perils

For the crooked one, especially in the
business whose books are examined
regularly by competent auditors.
Many business men are uncertain
whether to engage an auditor monthly
A monthly audit is enor annually.
feasible, although not always
tirely
In the case where books
desirable.
are audited monthly a closer check

ever,

be kept upon the work of indiother words, the

vidual clerks,
in
auditor is able to have a more or less
intimate knowledge of anything going
on in the office of his client. There
also a good moral effect on the
is
office force, for they, not knowing
when the auditor may drop in. are
extremely vigilant lest an error arise
which might appear to be questionable.
If errors of principle or omission exist they will be brought out by
the monthly audit, whereas without
the monthly audit they would remain
undetected for a much longer time.
However, there is a serious disadvantage in having the books audited
monthly and that is the expense,
which, in most cases, would make the
monthly audit undesirable if not entirely impracticable.
A yearly audit in most cases is
sufficient, and in nearly all cases an
auditor is seldom called in more freThe advantage of a yearly
quently.
audit is in the small expense incurred
and the practical results achieved.
The disadvantage of a yearly audit
lies in the fact that a serious error
or a bad case of embezzlement might
remain undetected for upward of a
year, allowing sufficient time for the
culprit to resign and leave the counwithout any suspicions being
try
aroused.
Ordinarily when the bookkeeper's
balance is "out," he checks from the
books of original entry to the ledger
or book of final entry. This is called
"checking forward." The auditor in
auditing a set of books, where embezzlement is suspected, should check
"backward." That is, he should check
from the ledgers to the books or origThis is a favorite method
inal entry.
of checking where there is suspected
embezzlement or fraud. By checking
from the ledger to the books of original entry there is no chance of fictitious amounts appearing in the ledger
without the same amount also appearing in the books of original entry.

can

In concluding this article I wish to

some detail an audit conI
ducted by an auditor (for
acted as assistant) for a large wholeThe
sale and retail hardware store.

explain in

whom

in question was carrying two

bank accounts, one as an active checking account and the other as a time
deposit to be used in case of emer-

company

gencies.

The time came when

the

desired to withdraw its defrom the bank in which the time

deposit was maintained. The balance
at that time was around One Thousand Dollars, which amount also usufor the
ally made up the pay-roll
week. The bookkeeper drew a check
on the bank in which the time deposit
was kept for the amount of the payroll.
When the check was presented
to the bank it was protested because
no money was on deposit, or at least
not nearly enough to pay the amount

company

posit

represented

'by the

the

bookkeeper

was

sufficient

that surely the

a

Of course
that there
deposit and

bank must have made

grievous mistake.

not

check.

insisted

money on

know whom

to

The manager
believe, the

did

hank

or his bookkeeper.
The bookkeper,
alter weeks of checking and re-checking, finally confessed 'that he was not
big enough for the undertaking.
A
certified public accountant was called
in, and a careful audit was made of
the books covering a period of five
years.
All cancelled checks were carefully
cheeked against the cash paid side of
the cash book (all payments were
made by voucher check). All cancelled checks were checked against
the "vouchers returned slip" as issued
by the hank and which accompanied
the cancelled checks returned by the
hank. As a separate column was used
for the dealings with each bank, this
part of the audit was comparatively
easy. All receipts were carefully audited and the amounts traced in to

the

bank.

As

all

old

deposit

slips

available, this, too, was coraeasy.

All cash sales for the
day were entered on the cash register
slip and turned in to the office at the
close of each day's business. All cash
taken in by the office was entered in a
petty cash hook, and from this book,
at the close of the day, entries were

were

tively

Both
in the general cash book.
sides of the cash hook was then added
on an adding machine, the totals
proved and the balances verified. Everything up to this point was absolutely correct.

made

Then an

audit

Xotes Receivable.
tice of the concern

was made of the

It was the prac-

to have all notes

discounted at the hank as soon as
All notes were
they were received.
traced in to the bank and proceeds
The notes
credited to the concern.
were then carefully scrutinized and
here the discrepancy was brought to
Several notes aggregatthe surface.
ing about One Thousand Dollars had
been received, taken to the bank and
discounted, the proceeds being credited to the concern by the bank. When
these notes fell due they were dishonored by the makers and protested
by the bank. The concern was called
upon to pay the notes, which they did
in due time, and the checks for the
notes entered on the cash paid side of
The amounts were
the cash hook.
debited to "Notes Receivable" account
instead of being charged back to the
customer, and strange to relate the
bookkeper never thought it necessary
to adjust his cash account in the least.
The firm that had given the notes had
at the time of the audit gone into
bankruptcy several years prior to the
An attempt was
day of the audit.

made

bankrupt firm.
nothing could be re-

to collect of the

course

but of
ceived.

auditor two weeks to

It took the
locate this error; the company lost
the Thousand Dollars which could
have been collected at the time the
notes were protested but for the incompetency of the bookkeeper; it
cost several hundred dollars for the
auditor by way of fees and other expenses; besides the worry both on the
part of the manager and the bookl

Continued on page

:24)

>y/u-*jti/*j/jitjJC'dhea/sr

THE VALUE OF SHORTHAND

TO THE COMMERCIAL
STUDENT
By

Wm.

F.

Bennyhoff,

Principal,

Gregg Shorthand Dept., Heald's

Colleges, San Francisco, Calif.
1
have often been asked by tin
mercial student, "Is it worth while for
me to take up shorthand?" To answer
intelligently
permit me to review
briefly
the
conditions
confronting

young men and young women nowaIn

days.
the multifarious ramification* of mercantile life today we are
told that there is demand only for the
trained specialist only those who are
equipped to excel in one particular
line are successful in attaining the
highest rank; that to spend too much

time in preparing oneself to do more

than one thing is unnecessary, and an
added expense that the future will not

compensate

for.

emphatically disagree with

such hypothesis for it stands to
reas m
anil events in the experience
of too many young men and women
have confirmed my contention that
training oneself for one thing only is
in many cases apt to result in pushing
one into a rut, and nothing could be
more undesirable.
I

m:>st

a.i\

admit that the student should

urate on one study to the exmaking himself master of this
s ibject.
By having properly prepared
himself to enter commercial life as a
bookkeeper or stenographer does not
necessarily mean that with average
ability he cannot and should not likewise so train himself in other branches that when the emergency arises he
is not prepared to step into the niche
with credit to himself and the satis1

will

tent of

faction of his employer.

Let us take for instance the average
bookkeeper. To my mind there is no
more satisfying calling than is to be
found here, and I know- of no occupation that calls for a greater display of
initiative as well as the firmer attributes of patience, neatness and thor-

oughness.
The bookkeeper, better
perhaps than almost any other empi lyee, acquires a keener insight into
the financial situation of the concern
if he is a close observer.
If. in other
words, he makes proper use of his
eyes and ears, he soon discover* thai
commercial business is wider in its
scope than at first glance appears;
that no matter how carefully any
branch of it has been planned and is
being conducted, there is always room
for
improvement or accomplishing
said results in a more economical or
efficient manner.
He discovers, too,
that more preparatory training would
have fitted him to take advantage of
opportunities that are closed now to
Time and again I have heard
him.
statement made by bookkeepers;
"Not long ago I could have stepped
into a position paying a considerable
advance over my present salary if I
had been aide to do shorthand and
typing."
Vou never can tell when you will
feel the desire to get out of what may
tiiis

be to you a rut; but lack of preparation may prove a stumbling block that
shall
prevent
your
breaking
the
shackles that bind you to the mill
wheel of mediocre routine.
I
would not be misunderstood as
contending that bookkeeping does not
offer possibilities of satisfactory improvement to the young man or woman; for here the field is wide and
profitable
here are opportunities that
spell success to just the extent you
are qualified by nature, ability and

temperament

grow up

to

to.

am referring to the average student who must of necessity meet the

average conditions of life. To these
say: "Prepare yourself in as many
I

branches as your time and finances

Let us take

glance into the future

and perhaps we'll see wherein my

premises are justified.
John Smith
graduated as a bookkeeper. Xot all
the positions open to him give definite
promise of his becoming head bookkeeper or chief accountant for a good
if

ever.

himself

established
is
fortunate
an employee.
If he is wise he will not entertain the
idea of changing, for he is firm in the
belief that a rolling stone gathers no
moss. (And let me say here that few

with

find

concern

question the advisability

lengthening the time you are to
in

pense

enough seldom

which

to

lose

young men have made satisfactory

progress in life who have flitted from
one position to another, never giving
to any one the concentration necessary to make a success of it or mastering its details.) So our young man
some day awakens to the fact that

But if conditions are such that you

cannot pursue the course in stenography, then by all means resolve that
as soon as you get into a position you
will take up stenography in the night
sacrifice
call

would,

he has been closely observant

has acquired more knowledge of

business than should be derived
from his books. He has seen
many times where an extra stenographer was required, and if he had
been qualified his work would have
permitted his filling the gap.
With
an intimate knowledge of the financial
details of the concern his value as a
substitute stenographer would be limited only by his capacity to handle
greater responsibilities.
he

the

only

A young man
has

or

woman,

therefore,

shorthand an asset somewhat

in

personal popularity a
man counts on when undertaking a
new venture in business, and even
though the work as stenographer
proves temporary in character, he
will be adding to the sum total of his
knowledge of the business through
channels not heretofore open, for no
employee ever gets nearer to the very
heart center of the pulsating life energy than this very same stenographer.
When one realizes that a vast majorsimilar

ity of

to

the

prominent men

walks of
the stenographic
in

all

today trod first

steps in their upward course,

life

you will
to what extent stenography will enlarge the possibilities
of advancement for you.
understand better

recommend

it

course,

If

therefore,

will enable you to make notes

and in such measure faciliyour daily work.
This work
would not greatly lengthen your

for

To make a change entails risks

few men have the courage to

forts.

to

stenographic course to all who can

remain long enough to acquire it.
Even the mastery of the principles of
shorthand will prove of great value,
quickly

face.

Of

course, it will mean some

of time and effort; but can
mind a single instance of
men of prominence in life who did not
make sacrifices to attain their present
station?
A young man or woman
who thinks only of pleasure and ease
never rises very high.
The aviator
does not keep close to the ground,
but rises high wdiere free space is bis,
and the one who is content to fill in
the days with indifferent work and
the evenings with selfish pleasure
grow* into conditions wdiere, when
the cares of life press down upon him,
he finds himself without the power to
rise above the obstacles, and such persons will not accept defeat cheerfully.
It is from the ranks of such that our
pessimists are drawn.
school.

he is in a rut.
By this time he masbe established in a home of hi* own
with a family dependent upon his efwdiich

school; but this additional exis

negligible if you will take

into consideration the increase of the

earning capacity that results. I affirm
without any fear of criticism or successful contradiction, that for every
additional dollar spent you will receive extra interest ten to twenty-five
fold during the first ten years of your
business career.

you

will permit."

many years,
He may

You may
of
be

tates

at least the extra time consumed would be more than compensated for when you take up active
business life.
If you orrly mastered
the theory of shorthand" while in
school and finished it in night school
when you get into a position, you
would then find that it would offer
better opportunities for advancement
than you could possibly expect other-

wise.

Then,

too, there is the mental disciincident to the study of shortthat is obtained in very fewstudies.
In
the mastery of
bookkeeping certain w-ell-defined rules
are worked out, numbers of them require no particular alertness in mental application.
Quite the contrary is
found when you undertake to acquire
the master}- of shorthand.
The character of concentrated application necessary in this study might be likened
somewhat to the drilling in mental
calculation, although the latter study
is not necessarily so continuous.

pline

hand,
other

Educators who have come into intimate contact with various studies
have been impressed with the value
of shorthand as an aid in other lines
of work, some of them going so far
as to master the art for no other reason than the mental alertness that
would be acquired.

FEDERAL AID FOR COML.

EDUCATION

The student who has spent several

months in the bookkeeping department finds when he enter-, the shorthand department that it requires sevsometimes weeks, before he

eral days,

is able to adjust himself to the different eharacter of application necessary

to what he had become accustomed

There is no
doubt that if the commercial student
n.i,
shorthand for no other reasons
than those outlined above the time
would not have "been wasted, but
would "ii the contrary prove a distinct asset in the future, as it would
constitute a development of mind, an
i,i

liis

previous

work.

alertness of thought, a quickness of

perception and eye. that he could not
have obtained otherwise.
Taking all these points into consideration, I can not see where a student
of

the

commercial department would

shorthand

a mistake in studying

make

If the
n In- time and means permit.
stud) of shorthand is undertaken for
a short time every day. before the
bookkeeping course is completed, the
student will find himself in the line of
application that will prove most profitable, when he enters the shorthand
department for the full day.

Bangor, Wis
J. Potter, formerly of
Porrecently engaged with Mr. H. \
Jamestown, New York,
of" the
ter,
have every
Business College.
reason to believe that Mr. Porter wi
make a valuable addition to the faculty of the well known Jamestown
School.

C.

(Continued from page

time plan for a year at least, preferably the senior year of the usual comPrior to the beginning
plete course.
of the year designated for this work
the pupils must be placed in positions
under a definite contractual arrange-

ment with co-operating employers

providing for alternate school and ofThe organization
fice or store work.
of commercial courses so as to afford
pupils an opportunity to get this contact with business is discussed in a
bulletin dealing with the organization and administration of commercial
education soon to be published by
Board.
The initiative for the establishment
of such part-time commercial courses
as are referred to herein, must be
taken by local school authorities. The
first step will be to ask the state vocational board to include special provision for part-time commercial work
in its state plans.

AUDITING

recent

death

to
of

Mr.

George W. Leonard, the commercial

teaching profession has lost another
very successful teacher. The following information regarding Mr. Leonard has been kindly sent us by Mr.
\Y. W. Paterson, of the Colton, Calif.,
Schools, and who has taken the position made vacant by the death of Air.

Leonard:
in

"Mr. George W. Leonard was born

Michigan twenty-six years ago on

the 22nd of January. He was a graduBeate of Albion College, Michigan.

fore coming to California he taught
In
Col.
Morgan,
Fort
cars
at
two
addition to having charge of the commercial work there he had charge of
\

and was very successful

This would have been
m both
At
his fourth year in Colton Schools.
he had been offered
times
different
positions of more importance and larger salaries, but he was interested in
business here and remained with the
the athletics,

lines.

schools until the time of his

huh occurred mi the 24th of
from influenza-pneulast
r
He was a very successful
monia.
commercial teacher, and a man greatbeloved bj all with whom he came
in contact."
i', .It.,

ii

death,

.,

keeper because of the extreme careless, less on the part of the bookkeeper
who never made an effort to reconcile
The
his cash with that in the bank.
fact cannot be too strongly impressed
upon all bookkeepers that if they wish
be entirely free of suspicion and
save themselves needless worry and

OBITUARY
the

Mr. E. O. Folsom, for several years in

charge of the commercial work of the
Utica, X. V., Free Academy, and more
recently with the Yonkers, X. Y.,
High School, was chosen to follow
Mr. Bowman at White Plains, at a
very excellent salary, representing a
substantial increase over his good salary at Utica.
Mr. T. D. Krum, who has been teaching commercial branches for Goldey
Business College, Wilmington, Del.,
Principal of the commercial
is nowdepartment of the McKeesport, Pa.,

High School.
Miss Grace Herculson, of Medford.
Mass., is a new commercial teacher in
the Methuen, Mass., High Scholo.
Miss Mary A. Harrison

imprisonment, even though innocent, they must always use the ntvigilance
and care.
ni st
fear of

Tri-State Business University, Toledo,

Ohio, conducted by C. H. Melcher

and two sons, B. O. and R. L. They
have been patronizing The Business
Educator for many years, and the
father and one of bis sons paid us a

some time ago.

We

new com-

Miss Lucy A. Wightman, of Melrose,

became

Mass.,

new member

of the

School faculty at Stamford,

January. She is an assistant
the commercial department.

High

Conn.,
in

in

Isaac Pitman & Sons recently received an order for 3000 copies of their

the largest single order for a shorthand text book ever received by any
shorthand publisher.
Herman J. Stich, a court reporter in
the Brooklyn Children's Court, and
teacher of advanced Isaac Pitman
Shorthand in the College of the City
of Xew York, made a new World's

Record on January 18 for speed and

accuracy in shorthand of 00.9%, writing and transcribing 300 words a minute for five consecutive minutes at an
official competition of the Isaac Pit-

man Shorthand
of our largest clubbers, and, we
have every reason to believe one of
the largest and most successful commercial schools in the country, is the

One

visit

is

mercial teacher in the Linden, X. ].,

High School.
Miss Esther K. Dieterle is a new
shorthand teacher in Coleman's Business College, Xewark, X. J.

"Shorthand Instructor" from the

Overseas Department of the National
War Work Council of the Y. M. C. A.
This order, it is stated, is probably

(Continued from page 22)

We

19)

opens the way for giving high

school commercial students a partThis

Through

&

<5^&ute?uM(6u&&r

years

Five

ago

Writers' Association.
Mr. Stich took up

to help pay his way thru

In a year he could write 120
college.
words a minute, and won a contest
In
for writers under 21 years of age.
the Stenographers' Class, for those
under 21 years of age, Joseph Van
Gelder made a record of 160 words a

shorthand

minute for

five

minutes' writing with

Both the above conKi

accuracy.
shorthand
learned
testants
Pitman Shorthand."
Isaac
in
"Course
'

',

from

learned recently of the expan-

sion of the institution, the growth of

which necessitated new quarters. A
fine building has been remodeled to
accommodate the school, the MereBoth the second and
dith Building.
third doors are occupied by the instibeen expended
having
tution, $15,000

remodeling. It is stated that their

quarters are as fine as thr.se of any
other institution in the country. The
ince is very good, and their
ass oi pupils is the very best.
rhus far this school year they have
favored our journal with exactly 375
in

We
ers to

invite the attention of our readthe article entitled "Commer-

Courses in Secondary Schools."

by F. H. Hosmer, Central High
In a letSchool. Minneapolis, Minn.
ter accompanying the article Mr. Hoscial

mer writes: "I am offering this article

as a suggestion and with the hope that
may lead to further discussion of
it
There is certainly a
the subject.
great need for professional thought
and discussion in the field of com-

the) consider The Business Educator

real necessity in their penmanship

education."
We agree with Mr. Hosmer that
there is a great deal that ought to be
cleared up on the subject, and we
hope that some profitable discussion

work.

mav

subscriptions,
a

which

indicates

that

mercial

result

from

his article.

&

<^^&utin^&&unr
WISE AND
OTHERWISE
Stories from Recent Real Life

By CHARLES

T.

CRAGIN

Hotyoke. Mass.

Part

IN

TIME OF PEACE
Vera bada boy!

"He bada boy!

He

steala

He
de peanut!
chestnut!
da bannan!

steala da
steala
steala
not naila

He
He

everything
down! Oh, bad! bad!
very dam bad boy!"
said Tonio. who kept
a little fruit store on
corner, and he
the
shook his curly head
violently and waved
his hands excitedly in

the direction of a slim boy who slid

around the corner with the speed of a
jack-rabbit.
"Phwy don't you catch
the young divil and give him a good
walloping. 'Twill do him good," said
policeman Bill Cleary, to whom Tony

had
been
telling
his
grievance.
"Catena him!
He lika da flash of
lightning!
He cannot be catched!
Bada boy, vera bada boy!" "Deed
and he is as slippery as a greased eel
and a regular flash of lightning for
speed," said officer Cleary as a broad
grin lit up his round red face, for officer Cleary knew Arthur Monroe as a
good deal of a nuisance all along the
beat which he traversed during the
afternoon and early part of the night,
and himself had enjoyed many a short
sprint in fruitless effort to catch the
predatory and elusive lad well known
to grocers, fruit dealers and others
who left their wares exposed in baskets or barrels or on benches in easy
reach from the sidewalk.

The Advantage

of

Good Parents

a fine thing for a boy or girl

to have a clean, manly, well educated,
It

is

industrious

father

and

sible, neat, affectionate

a good, senmother, but a

boy can get along pretty well with-

one that isn't good for

is a pretty hard outlook
if
the
father
especially
doesn't amount to much, and that was
the trouble with Arthur Monroe. Mr.
William Monroe, the father, was an
easy going, fairly industrious man of
He
very moderate mental capacity.
could read and write after a fashion,
and that was about all. He earned
$12 or $14 a week in a mill and carried
most of his wages home where his
wife kept house in a slovenly, haphazard manner. Sometimes there was
food on the table when Mr. Monroe
came home at night and sometimes
there wasn't, for the mother of the
mother, or

anything,
for

it

him,,

Monroe boy was an English girl who

had spent "her early life in the great
cotton town of Manchester, where
drinking among women is woefully
prevalent; where the man of the
house, earning good wages, when
Sunday comes, often has to go and
get his clothes out of the pawn-shop
where they had been shoved up during the week to provide his wife with
drink money, and where the sitting
rooms of the public houses are filled
with women drunk on gin, beer, and
porter.. I suppose that Sarah Martin.
the mother's name before she was
married, had drunk liquor in her
mother's milk, for she was born with
a thirst and she had cultivated that
thirst until she was now, at 30, that
most woeful thing, a female drunk-

woman

for as
finer grain and

ard,

and

was

it

have

known boys who had

that might better have been

omitted altogether; fathers who were
lazy, shiftless, drunken, brutal and
criminal, and yet the boys came up
In
to be good, clean young fellows.
these cases there was almost always
a good mother back of the boy. You
know lots of good women marry men
who are entirely worthless, "and then
some." All this goes to show that a
boy can get along pretty well if he
has one good parent and that one is
his mother, but if a boy hasn't any

fathers

of

this

woman who

gave

to

much of a father. I have even

known in the course of my IJ-fe two or

father.

is

Flash Monroe, whose story

The boy came into
I am telling you.
the world handicapped, with a shiftless father and a drinking mother,
and it is no wonder that he came to
be a child of the streets. He earned
his name of "Flash" because he could
run like a deer, as he frequently did
when storekeepers detected the hungry urchin helping himself to an apple, peach, a banana or anything eatable around the open doors of the
grocery stores; and so he grew up
under the name of Flash Monroe.
birth

out

three boys wdio didn't have any fathers; at least they never knew who
At first this lack
their fathers were.
of a father interfered some with getting into good society, but when they
proved their worth and got money
the world forgot about the missing

normally

higher spiritual nature

than man, when she falls under the
influence of drink and drugs she becomes a sadder and more repulsive
specimen of humanity than a man;

Boyhood Days

When the lad got to be eight or

nine years old, truant officer McCoy
and took him to
not an earnest stuparents were by no
means particular about his education,
and Flash was absent a good deal

him

gathered
dent

in

He was

school.

and

his

warm
in
especially
mother
h s
but
him.
for
excuse
would write an
when he got old enough he didn't
trouble her to write one but wrote
the excuse himself, which saved time,
for his mother was frequently in no
condition to write. When the teacher.
Miss Davis, visited the Monroe famShe
ily, she found the mother in bed.
said she was ill and the room reeked
with the odor of whiskey. It was indeed an illness of the worst kind that
from

school,

weather.

Sometimes

was taking Mrs. Monroe slowly but

25

surely towards the gutter. Of course.

the boy got little attention at home.
His clothing was of fragmentary nature,
trousers and coats cut down
from cast off garments of his father,
and the father was by no means a
Beau Brummel in the matter of dress.

The boy was not abused

at home. His
father was an easy going man and the
mother was by no means vicious, but
the meals she put on the table were

of

decidedly

scrappy

nature

and

sometimes very scanty in quantity, as

well as lacking in quality, for a large
part of the rather meager wages of
Bill Monroe went to pay a score at
the corner drug store which made a
specialtj
oi "Beer, Wines and Liquors for Medicinal Use."

The Monroe boy was not

tough;

was not a member of any

gangs that are to be
found in the slum sections of every
There was nothing vicious in
city.
thai

of

his

he

i-.

the

street

nature.

His shiftless father and

vicious mother had given him

ugly traits of character, so he
grew up at fifteen to be an irresponsible lad who had little education and
still less desire for it.
He had learned
to play pool in the cheap pool rooms
where he often acted as marker and
set up the nine-pins in the bowling
alleys, and sometimes washed out behind the bar and swept up in the corner saloon where his mother was a
valued customer, and where he sometimes stayed his active stomach with
scraps from the free lunch counter,
for he was an artist at abstracting
fruits and eatables of all kinds ex-

no

posed around the front doors of

groceries and such places of business.
You can readily see that Flash Monroe's youthful life was not likely to
produce a good man who would be of
value to the community in which he

somehow
who had charge
of the Boys' Club down on the flats,
got hold of the Monroe boy and
brought him into the gymnasium and
the reading room of the Boys' Club.
He took to the gymnasuim work very
well indeed, but the reading room did
But about

lived.

this time,

or other. Mr. Kean,

not appeal to him much. In one department of athletics he showed up

with great brilliancy. He could run
a 50 yard dash, 100 yard dash, or any
distance up to one-half mile in less
time than any other boy that belonged
to the Boys' Club could make it. You
see

his

spent

in

whole

early

life

had

been

dodging, chasing shop keep-

ers
and policemen, and he could
leave a jack-rabbit, a coyote, a rifle
bullet or a streak of lightning for a
short distance. You may think I exaggerate, but Flash was certainly very
speedy. He did some work about the
gymnasium and Kean saw that he had
something to eat at regular periods,
and when the young people of the city
from the Boys' Club gymnasium and
Y. M. C. A. gymnasium had a ten

mile marathon race which began at

the Y. M. C. A. in the city where these
boys lived and ended at another Y.
M. C. A. ten miles up the river, going
up hill and down dale, that marathon

&

<^ffie&u4*n^&&uMfcr

race was won by Flash Monroe; and

it
wasn't a race at all. just a procession with the slim lad out of sight of
all the rest of the contenders.

The Beginning

Business Life
About this time Mr. Kean got
young Monroe a job in a florist's
It was his business to open up
store.
the store mornings, move about the
heavy plants and help generally, esof

pecially in the delivery of pieces for

funerals, weddings, and the like. Flash
didn't like the job very well.
There

wasn't much excitement in it and

there was no chance to pick up money
as he had been doing in small amounts
around the pool rooms, and the barroom and the bowling alleys. I don't

suppose the hoy would have stolen

money from a safe or the cash drawer,
but it wasn't long before the florist
who employed him. found that several
small amounts that had been paid to
Flash when flowers had been delivered had not been turned in by him,
and there was a shortage in his accounts amounting to several dollars;
and the florist dispensed with his services saying he was proving too costly
an ornament to keep in his garden.
Flash protested that he didn't steal
the money. The florist made no fuss
albout it. and he went to work for a
grocer, where he helped on the delivery team and put up packages for customers in the store. He had come
to be quite a nice looking boy. tall,
rather

with

slender,

and quick and supple

good
in

all

features,
his mo-

panther; but it
people began to
complain to the grocer that they had
paid to Flash Monroe small amounts
the grocer had charged up to them
on his books, and the grocer, like
the florist, decided that Flash was too
expensive a luxury for his place,
though he did not prosecute, and then
Flash Monroe found a chum who was
his salvation, a sort of big brother,
though he wasn't much older than
graceful

tions,

long

wasn't

as

until

F'lash himself.

The Big Brother

Tug MacKenzei was a rather pugnacious Scotty of the Clan Mackenzie.

His father,

sturdy blacksmith

a woman of good
sense, had brought the boy
up as a boy ought to be brought up.
to work a reasonable amount, to play

and

his

mother

common

reasonable

amount, and above

all

am

things not to lie, or steal, or do

of the foolish things that poor F'lash
Monroe had learned only too well.

The

came

boys

playing on

ball

together through
team, organized by

Kean of the Boys' Club. Tug

Mackenzie was a stock lad of six
teen, and since he was fourteen he
Mr.

had

been

the receiving end of the

battery of the South End Meteors, a
sand lot aggregation of ball players,
loud of mouth and vigorous of action,
the dread of umpires of a timid nature.

With

this

strenous band F'lash

Monroe opened up

a new phase of
for he took to baseball as a duck
takes to water, and his fleetness of
toot made him cover a wide area of
the outfield.
Indeed, with F'lash in
life,

middle

garden

almost anybody
could fill in right and left field out
near the foul lines, and Flash would
do the rest. He was no slugger, being rather light of weight and sleni'j
but he had a good eye for the ball
the

d his swiftness of foot made him

o.ten beat out an infield throw headed
to the initial bag. and once on first
Flash kept the rest of the field on
a

even as does Ty Cobb,

Georgia peach.
In due time he
a full member of the South
End Meteors, and his idol before
whom he bowed down and worshipped was Tug MacKenzie, the slugging
catcher on whom few base runners
ever purloined a bag.
The boys became almost inseparable, and under
the scornful admonition of Tug, the
Monroe boy learned to have at least
some elementary notions about the
ownership of property, and his light
fingers became less adept in the transfer of things not nailed down.
their tip-toes,

the

became

About

Budding Soldiers
time the Meteors went

this

down to the State camp at South

Framingham during the week of the
annual muster of the state militia. The
Meteors were a pretty swift aggregation of ball players, and they went
down to play a picked team from one
of the Boston militia companies. They
came back after a triumphant walloping of the Bostonians, very much fired
with war-like spirit, for it had been a
week
was fine and

great

camp.
The weathe:'
the boys had been there

in

a couple of days, guests of the home

company. They had seen the Governor and his gorgeous staff review sevThe
eral thousand state militiamen.
Salem Cadets had been there in their
scarlet coats and white trousers with

Jean Missaud's splendid military band

and many more bands were there, and
some fine companies of infantry and
cavalry. The big guns had thundered
a salute and all the bands together
played the Star Spangled Banner

when the flag came fluttering down as

The home
the sunset gun was fired.
city had one of the best and largest
of the independent companies of state
militia.
Captain Fleet in command of
the company was a big, handsome
young fellow. He had been a soldier
in the Spanish-American War and had
done excellent work in Cuba, where
he climbed San Juan Hill and heard
He came back and
bullets whistle.
organized a company of state militia
which he had drilled into very good
shape, and he was only too glad to
get two young fellows like Tug MacKenzie and Flash Monroe to sign the
roster and put on the army blue of
L'ncle Sam, for the old gentleman
had not yet adopted the khaki exIt was
cepting in the regular army.
great fun at first and the boys attended drill with commendable regularity,
but it got to be rather an old thing
after a while, especially when the two
1.
iys went to work for the big F'iske
Rubber Co., five miles away from
home, and came back pretty tired at
the close of the day's work.
It was about this time that the

two

boys entered our Business School

evening sessions, for they both saw
that lack of education stood in the

way

of

advancement

in

their

work

with the big Fiske Co.

Both were likeable lads and Tug,

like most Scotchmen, showed marked
ability in the study of accounts, but
Flash's heredity was against him, and
while he made some progress he went
to school because Tug did. rather
than because of any unquenchable

thirst

for

knowdedge.

Well, they went to the state muster

and had a good

time down there and drew their few
dollars pay, and flirted with the girls
until the summer of 1916, and then
for a couple of years

Europe, already blazing high with

war,
Pancho Villa, the Chihuahua
Tiger, came over the border and shol
up Columbus, X. Mex.
Mr. Pancho Villa was a most interesting person.
He had kept things
going at a lively pace for several years
in Mexico before he ventured to cross
the border and shoot up Columbus.
Mexico is a country where a man
doesn't have to work in order to live
after a fashion, and such a country is
always good ground for trouble, on
the principle that "Satan always finds
something for idle hands to do."
Anyway, there had been a very good
imitation of Hell in that country for
several years, ever since old man Diaz

we it to Europe taking the treasury

with him and left several scrappy individuals to try to fill his place; and
one of the scrappiest of all was this

Some people
same Pancho Villa.
liked him. but even his best friends
admitted that he had a hasty temper.
In fact, he was a very good man to
let alone unless you were hunting for
trouble, and if you were. Trouble was
One valiant Scotchhis middle name.
man, an English subject, had some
He
cattle stolen by Pancho's men.
decided to go over and tell Villa
what he thought of him and his way
of doing business. His friends advised
him not to do it. but he was a man
of more courage than brains, and he
It is probable
insisted upon going.
that he told Villa what he thought of
him. but nobody knows for certain,
because at the close of his interviewhe was the deadest man there was in
that Dart of Mexico, and there were
already a good many quite dead
corpses around in the wake of the
A great many
Chihuahua Tiger.
people wondered what brought Pancho over the border to shoot up
Columbus, for up to that date he had
been pretty careful not to bump up
But there
against the United States.

now little doubt that this exploit

was a part of the brainy diplomacy
which has so endeared Germany to
The specus of the United States.
tacular performance which on March
in. 1916, killed seventeen of the Thirteenth Cavalry and about one hundred
of Pancho's surprise party, came pretty near plunging the United States
into war with Mexico, and would have
done so if the President had not been
well advised of what was going on
down there, and if Black Jack Pershis

>y/u-*3@ttj//t-jj
who was
show Mexico
ing.

sent over the border to

that it wasn't a safe

operation to have outlaws come over

on our side, had not. been a very coolheaded man who could obey orders
under
very
trying
circumstances.
Well. Pancho came over, and there
was a great blaze of wrath all over
the country, fifteen hundred miles of
border guarded by not more than
twenty-five
thousand
troops,
and
more raids threatened.
Then, the
bugle rang The Assembly, and from
East and West, and North and South,
came militiamen.
In the town of Flash Monroe, Co.
X got word from Washington to mobilize in full strength and take the
train to San Antonio where, down in

the

Lone Star

State, just across

the

Rio Grande, they were to be under

General Pershing, who was entrusted
with the expedition made up to go
into Mexico, and if possible capture
the elusive and troublesome outlaw.
Villa.

They

didn't

&

64faai&r

catch

Villa,

but

they had a nice eight months' summer

and winter campaign down there, hot
enough in mid-day to fry eggs in the
sunshine, and chilly enough at night
to need a blanket. They all remarked
on their return that it was a lovely
country down there if you didn't care
what you said, with its cactus, and
sage brish, and sand, and rattlesnakes,
and gila monsters, and tarantulas, and
centipedes, and scorpions, and Mexicans to take a pot shot at you or jab

knife into you when they got a

chance for a rear approach. Tug MacKenzie and Flash Monroe were part
of this expedition, and they grumbled
as loudly and grouched as hard as any
of the boys and did their duty just as
well, and that is saying a good deal,
a

expedition of
Pershing's
that
for
over the waste country of Northern

Mexico was a fine exhibition of good

military work under trying circumstances,' and if Carranza had any notion of going into war against the
United States he changed his mind
after he saw the infantry, cavalry, and
artillery of

So

Time
him

much

Black Jack "Pershing.

Flash Monroe
for

of Peace.
in Time of

Xext month
War.

I'll

^^^
-^r^r

Elizabeth Lando
satisfactory

results

which we selected
high

in

execution

i,

n
1

supervisor of writing in the public schools of Bingha

the grades, as is shown by the reproduction above o!

om among
id

reading

package submitted

for

Certificates.

The

by

Dorothy

Si'

qualities.

/-^^-<~?:^>-t^S^~S-&z-&S

/ K^-l^C^-t^T^L^SS

C_-^5cC<-<--C>cX-^t^->-

in

show

&

*5fc'&uJS/iGl&6iai6-r
1

What pen

should be used in an
oblique holder for executing business
writing? J. M. B.

An

Is it permissable in ornamental penmanship to cross a shade with a hair

line? J. A. B.

Crossings which are right-angle

crossings and which are not smeared
look good whether the shade crosses
the light line or the light line crosses
the shade, but on account of the danger of blotting or spoiling a shade by
pulling the ink out along the hair line
it is best when possible to avoid running a light line through a shade.

oblique holder is a fine, delicate

instrument,
therefore,
fine
pen
a
should be used in it. For professional
business writing pens such as the
Zanerian Fine Writing or Gillott No.
1 are too fine and flexible.
Such pens
are intended for shaded writing. The
Zanerian Ideal or Gillott No. f>(>4 is
used by most penmen. Business pens,
coarser than the above, should be
used in a straight penholder. E. A. L.

HANDWRITING
(Answer questions in your formal
teaching hand, the kind you would
place before your pupils for reading
and imitation.)
should every teacher be
1.
able to write plainly and freely?
What can you say of the importance of neatness in general written

Why

:.'.

work

of pupils.

Discuss the value of "incidental"

teaching of writing in the schoolroom.
-t.
Plan a primary grade lesson.
Give the lesson aim, show size of
writing, present letter or word development with brief instructions.
'">.

5.

"Never

in

human

history

was

there so great need for legible writing

as now."
is this truer

Why

li.
Write one line each of five of
favorite movement drills, and
state the purpose of any one of them.

your
7.

five

Write
times

the

in

following

sentence

paragraph arrangement,

illustrate your knowledge of all

the small letters: "A quick brown fox
to

jumps over

the iazy dog."

8.
What would you do with the
leffhanded
pupil
in
the
primary
grades? In the grammar grades?

Uniform Question in Handwriting

County Teachers of the State of
Ohio prepared by Tom Sawyier, Co-

for

lumbus, Ohio.

<5$^&u4/n4&<a4&u*fcr'

&

W \v\\V\>x.
#/

//

^,

v y,

The above masterful letter was written by A. D. Taylor. It shows a wonderful command of the pen. and a high ideal of form. There
that something about Taylor's work which compels one to study and admire it until he becomes lost, as it were.
You look at it with
admiration one minute, and despair the next. Who can examine this page without having a desire creep over him to get his oblique busy?
We have more of Taylor's work to present.
is

^T

&

'y/W'j@uJ//MJj &t&i4a6-r

WIN A PROFESSIONAL

name written in OrnamenYOURstyle

nn doz. canls.UOc. Agts.

CERTIFICATE
It

is

Valuable

tal

outfit free with order.

Shorthand and Penmanship

Worth

Certificate

J.

Winning
Fine specimens of ornamental writing are being received from persons
from various parts of the country.
The indications are that many Professional

Certificates

won

be

will

Lupfer.

this

Certificate

Professional

is

do any kind of broad pen lettering you

need this fountain. It is easily attached to any
A whole page of business writing
kind of pen.
may be produced with one dip of the pen. Attached to the oblique holder it gives wonderful

wanted.

Price 20 cents, or 3 for 50 cents.

Circulars free.

604 W.

A. W.
Colvin St.

Agents

DAKIN,
Syracuse, N.

WO

knowledge of form and technical exactness in execution.

\
Professional Certificate means
much to those who are able to reach
it means that
the required standard
they rank high in the execution of

cashier. Clean, pleasant work v

You can learn by mail. Send for free book.
"How to Become a Banker," by Edgar G.
Alcorn, Pres. American School of Banking

Write

mail.

IF YOU

results.

granted either on business writing or

ornamental penmanship. The standard is high in that it exacts a high

penmanship.

teach

BYERS, Neodesha, Kans.

D.

Adjustable Ink Fountain

Let us have the names oi penmen not p
lished in these columns who have done tr
"bit" to autocracy.
Names written by E.

year.

The

ly

Circular for stamp.

IBS East State Street, Columbus, O.

Dept. 13

for circular.

BUSINESS COLLEGE
LONG

established, elegantly equipped, PROShigh grade, must sell or lease, account owner's recent, sudden, permanent disability.
Offered away below bare inventory. City
400,000. rapidly growing metropolis Pacific North-

PEROUS,

W. Henry,

National Business College. Roanoke, Ya., recently favored

us with a list of 26 subscriptions.

H.

west. Ideal quarters. $26,000.00 capacity annually.

Long favorable [ease; No liabilities; Cleared $1,500
in two months. A fortune for right party.
EMERGENCY, care Business Educator, Columbus, Ohio.

D. M. Bryant, the well-known commercial teacher and penman of the

South Bend. Ind.. Business College,
is

heavy B. E.

clu'bber.

received from him numbers

states that another

good

list

75,

list

just

Prepare You for Better Salaried Positions

Bookkeeping and Shorthand
Write
efficiently through the mail.

Will

and he

PENMANSHIP.

will 'be

taught

Many of Mr. Bryant's

soon.
pupils are also winners of our Certicate of Proficiency, which means that
he is an enthusiastic teacher and result-getter in the good work.

for booklet to

sent

BUFFALO.

152 Norwalk A

tificates. etc..

want.

ticulars.

you

WRITTEN NAME CARDS

can take care of you. Write for parG. H. ZIMPFER, 471 Gates St.,

My

Columbus, Ohio.

LEARN TO DO AUTO PEN WORK

cards

expert and successful teacher of Rowe

bookkeeping and business penmanship. 1 his
is a high-grade permanent position requiring a
high-grade man: northern city: old established
Box
Give full particulars in reply.
school.

full service particulars.

JOHN BURNS. 509K. West 174th

Street.

New

York.

Le Sueur Center. Minn.

capable shorthand

man with splendid

business

college experience, now teaching in a large city

high school, wishes to associate with a first-class
commercial teacher in opening a school that will
appeal particularly to mature students with a good
educational foundation. Correspondence confiden-

193, care Business Educator, Columbus,

Ohio.

to-day now. for

O'CONNELL, Penman

Associate Wanted

TEACHER WANTED
An

Nearly 2000 keen, ambitious men have raised

theirearnings through this remarkable system. If
you are a misfit in your present position or if you
are not earning the salary you are worth, you can
Write me
quickly find the job you are fitted for.

will enclose

D. A.
R. D. No. 4

"Forceful Application Letters"

in gold.

Great demand for name

I will teach you bv mail.
and show cards, that are executed with the Auto Pens.
Send .lime for particulars a".! >ami-k-suf wi.rk. You w
be surprised. C. F. GARRETT. Greensboro, N. C.

Better Positions, Bigger Salaries through

is but 25c per dozen, and with every

one card beautifully shaded
Order now!

price

order

N. Y.

Address,

tial.

PARTNER, care

Business Ed-

ucator, Columbus, Ohio.

An

excellent list of subscriptions has

been received from D. L. M. Raker,
of the School of Commerce, Harrisburg. Pa.
Mr. Raker is a fine penman himself and appreciates the value
of fine penmanship, and for that reason is seeing to it that his pupils receive the proper instruction in this
line

of work.

Two

Brothers,

practical school men, desire to purchase

a live school in good territory before

June

1.

&

M.

M.

Address
,

care Business Educator, Columbus, 0.

Have you examined the 1918 edition of the '20th Century Bookkeeping and Accounting"? Now is a good time.
'

SOUTH-WESTERN PUBLISHING COMPANY,

Cincinnati, Ohio

fBssmamESsmBEBSMmx^BMam^aaBsma^Bm

&

3^&uA/n^&ua&r
Thousands of successful r
their success to shorthand
Beginne
are paid $20 to S25 a week. It is easy to learn e
pert shorthand by the new way taught
nonths. Write for free sample lesson
SHARWELL SHORTHAND SCHOOL. 15 John St., Kutley, N. J.

women owe

&

WANTED

BOISE, IDAHO

ediately for Free Circula

The Spencer Pedagogy of Rythmical Penmanship

COMMERCIAL TEACHERS
Men and Women

NORTHWESTERN TEACHERS' AGENCY

A

Scientific

NORMAL COURSE BY LOUISA MARIA SPENCER

Cou

Successfully used in
for students of all ages. Used
Special features of Spencer

r private schools,

raiting.

grades from Kindergarden through High School.

Spencer Rythmical Penmanship Pedagogy: Penmanship and Spelling Correlated. Student's Edit
Building Cards; Script Word Building Demonstrator; Rythmycal Postur.- Drills ami Letts] Stroke SongsTrains for Sopervisorships; Correspondence Courses.

Word

National Teachers' Agency, Philadelphia, Pa.

Address: Supervisors' and Teachers' School of Rhythmical Penmanship,

204-205-218 Blanchard

For

LARGER SALARIES

In

the

WEST

HAZARDTEACHERS'AGENCY
27th Year.

$1 registers in three offices.

Globe Bldg.
MINNEAPOLIS, MINN.
Old Nafl Bank Bldg.
SPOKANE, WN.
211 ISth Street

Hall.

Los Angeles, Cal.

write

DENVER. COLO.

Teachers' Agency

ALBERT

25

E.

Jackson

CHICAGO

Blvd.,

34th Year.
Our Booklet contains interesting chapters on Peace salaries, Prospects, especially for teachers of Bookkeeping, Shorthand, Writing, etc. Sent FREE.
New York, 437 Fifth Ave.
Denver, Symes Building
Spokane, Peyton Building

SALARIES
'TEACHERS now

get anything they ask.

Unprecedented demand in the Northweat.
Register now!
*-

O.

North Star Teachers' Agency,

FARGO. N. OAK.
J. HANSON. Men.

TEACHERS

WANTED- MANAGERS

POSITIONS for TEAGHERS and BUSINESS COLLEGES for Sale

We need beginning and experienced teachers to recommend. Write
for our FREE literature; state qualifications briefly. If you would buy
a

money-making business

college, write for particulars no charge.

CO-OPERATIVE INSTRUCTORS' ASSOCIATION, 41 Cole

Bldg.,

MARION, IND

Two

male teachers Bookkeeping and Pitlanic Shorthand combination.

Also, business
ollege managers who are "Hustlers," possess
alesmanship ability, and who would not be
with
atisfied
a net income of less than $3,000
d
Address,
$6,000 a year.
JNO. F. DRAUGHON, Nashville, Tenn.

TEN

Positions in
Salaries,

NINE

States!

$12,130 in One Week!

This
9

The Pratt Teachers Agency

70 FIFTH Avenue. NEW YORK
Recommends college and norma) graduates.
specialists, and other teachers to colleges and
sehools.

The agency receives many calls

cial

for

commer-

teachers from public and private schools

and business

WM.

is our record for the last week of January.

One position in
a fine Eastern business college is paying our candidate $2160; the
Y. M. C. A. in a large Northern city is paying $1800.
Two $1600

positions, as well as several smaller openings, paying from $80 to

$100 per month, were filled during the same week.
Let us make
you one of our beneficiaries!

colleges.

O. PRATT.

MANAGER

CONTINENTAL TEACHERS' AGENCY

BOWLING GREEN

For
Fall
Byrne Practical Touch Typewriting
Fourteen years' test in some of
America's largest schools.

Contains

new features making possible more

accuracy and speed. By the use of a
Key Board Practice Chart less type-

KENTUCKY

(INC.)

A LREADY many excellent

^- September engagement.

positions
Salaries?

listed with us for summer an

very substantially above pre-wi
.

levels. Early planting means early harvesting.

Plant your enrollment
in our position garden now, and have your plans for next year settled by the
time your less wide-awake neighbor begins to worry. Full information free.

The NATIONAL COMMERCIAL TEACHERS' AGENCY

E. E.

GAYLORO. Manager

(A Specialty by a Specialist

Prospect

Hill,

Baverty, Mass.

This Bureau the largest of its kind is placing Commercial Teachers in all parts of the
country.
Keep your record up-to-date in our
files and you won't miss the choice openings.
Register now for September positions.
Let the "Specialists" help you.

Going Strong!

writer equipment is required.

The
text is positively a time saver and
result getter. Examination copy post
paid thirty cents.
Byrne Practical Dictation Book.
Twentv-five

thousand

in use.

Examination copv

thirty-five cents.

The Byrne Simplified Shorthand.

thousand

in use.

Over thirty
Examination copy, post paid, fifty

BYRNE PUBLISHING COMPANY

57 East Jackson

Blvd.. Chicago,

111.

THE SPECIALISTS' EDUCATIONAL BUREAU

ROBERT
GRANT,
516-18 Nicholas
A.

Pres.

JI|.||||,M,l^'-lJl'iJ.III4JMillMM.limU.'IM .lI,.lJ.IIM.II.IAJ.lJl.lllll.lJlJIJ.IIIJ..lJM
l

Bid*., ST.

LOUIS, MO.

^
LEGIBILITY
By

C. P.

ZANER

TURNS AND ANGLES

Their Relation to Legibility

legibility
The Roman letters are generally
recognized as the most legible because of the contrast in straight and
curved forms, light and heavy lines,
square and round endings.

Italic

is

less

pronounced

in light and heavy lines has disappeared as well as the double pointed
endings or spurs.
In their stead. Turns, Angles, Re-

not wholly, to facilitate change of

direction of motion without stopping,
and Angles have been likewise evolved to familitate reversing motion

traces, and Loops are retained or

The Turn and the Angle,
evolved.
the
Loop and the Retrace, the
Straight Line and the Oval are the
four fundamentals of legibility.
But
it is
the Turn and the Angle which
predominate, as will be readily seen
by a glance at the alphabet, for without them there would be no distinction between u and n.
It is therefore
important
that
turns
and angles
should be distinct or unalike in order

without pausing.
Thus it is that the average turn and
angle require little time and effort to
produce, and yet because of their contrast they also serve as a basis of
legibility or ready reading.
As a rule, turns and angles alternate; only occasionally do they repeat
as the upper- and lower-turns of n,
m, etc., but even here they reverse
rather than repeat.
Angles serve, not only as conveniences to reverse motion, but they
also serve as expedients to pause and
to regain "balance of power" or con-

to safeguard legibility and

easy and rapid reading.

legibility
The

promote

Their Relation to Speed

The development

of

Speed

in

writ-

ing has depenred upon and parallelled

the disuse of shaded down strokes,
the evolution of the connective slant
lines, and the refinement of turns and
angles.

The Roundhand is less distinct or

legible because the endings are more
similar, the slant greater, and the lines
more numerous and confusing.

The pen moves by impulses, both

regular and seemingly eratic, dependent upon mental conditions, letter
construction, and manual skill.

The writing movement

is

made up

of units or impulses suited to the execution of letter forms, which differ in

their details as well as in their generalities.

than

the

Script

is

Turns and angles have been evolv-

less legible

foregoing because contrast

G. E. Spohn, Capital City Commercial

College, Madison, Wis., keeps up interest in penmanship throughout the
entire year, as evidenced by the good
relists of subscriptions which we
ceive from him from time to time.
just received a list of 4(1 subscriptions from Mr. Spohn. which
makes a total of 16:2 so far this school
The pupils of the C. C. C. C.
year.
are receiving the right kind of instruction in penmanship, and we feel
sure that a large number of Business
Educator Certificates will be won by
the pupils of that school this year.

We

if

trol.

TURNS AND ANGLES

in

plainness because the endings are less

distinct and the down strokes slanted,
thus more evasive.

The Light-line

>y/u ^uj//ujj (zdutafir*

and time.
(To be continued)

effort

unconsciously to a large degree.

ed,

fine New Year's Resolution was received from A. M. Pole, Churchman

Business College, Easton, Pa., in the
form of 106 subscriptions to The

Business Educator. This means that

of
the
faculty
students and
Churchman Business College expect
to secure somethnig more than ordinary results in penmanship this
year.
We have no doubt but that a
the

"large

their

number
way to

very beautiful and well arranged

oval exercise design has been received

Professional Engraver for Professional and

Amateur Penmen

work and what itwilldo

process can do what I do.
of special interest to every PENMAN.

know

of your

REMEMBER:

for him."
The circular

is

No

M. MONTAGUE, 4227

Publishers n7*A<ftr<srtu%n W01

Falls,

ftiatTR

Michigan,

in

the center of

which appears her photograph. The

design is quite large and very skillful,
showing natural ability with the pen.
Miss McGibbons took work under
Mrs. Hansen, who was the supervisor
of writing in the public schools of her
city.

WANTED
Copies of the January and February, 1919, numBUSINESS EDUCATOR, both
bers of THE
editions. Unfortunately, we ran out of journals
for these two months long: before the usual time
that journals for these two months are exhausted.
The publishers will greatly appreciate any copies
of these numbers that subscribers may care to
return.

THE BUSINESS EDUCATOR,

Columbus. Ohio

Only one doing this work in world. Your signature 100% perfect HAND-ENGRAVEDNo process. Endorsed by Palmer, Bartow. Behrensmeyer.
Courtney, Zaner & Bloser, Meub, Faretra and others.
Write Today for my circular "De Luxe" a postal will
bring it. Mr. A. N. Palmer says: "Every penman in
this country should

from Miss Emerald McGibbons, Crystal

of Certificates will find

this institution.

Address:

Distinctness in their formation is

necessary, as well as the ability to
make turns fairly uniform in width
or rotundity and angles fairly uniform
in sharpness or retracing.
A turn between two angles, comprising an up and down stroke as in
n, or a down and up stroke as in u,
usually comprises an impulse, unit, or
element of movement, and should be
made as with a single effort.
Turns are inconvenient places to
halt or stop the motion, whereas angles are the result of stoppings or
haltnigs in movement and therefore
serve alike to facilitate, to halt, to
stop, and to control movmeent. Turns,
in turn, are for the purpose of changing direction with the minimum of

you

Ellis

fo

Ave., Chicago.

III.

A BANKER

in spare tim e for this attraetive profession in which ther e are great opportunities for both men and woe nen. Sendatonce
for free book,
to Beeo me a Banker," by

Prepare by mail

"How

Edgar G. Alcorn, President,

School of Ba nklng, 29 McLene

ramanmEfflEBai

Bide., Columbui. 0.

&

^&ttfi>is&4'd?fa&!&r
The Art

of

ENGROS SING
P.

W. COSTELLO
Scranton, Pa.

HONOR ROLL DESIGN

of honor rolls for organizations, clubs,
going to
corporations, societies and business concerns is
be a factor in the earning capacity ot
come.
to
the engrosser for some time
The wide awake member of the profes-

The designing

from this new

is going to profit
branch of the business if he hustles and
There are a great
reaches out for it.
number of stock designs on the market
which may be completed by any penman
by the filling in of the name of the organization or club and the names of their
sion

members

in

country's

the

service.

'

BonwftEil

proper
fixed charge of so much per name would be the
method of charging for this class of work, making the
Many
blank.
the
of
cost
the
cover
to
enough
rate high
and may
of these stock designs are beautifully gotten up
color.
or
white
and
be had in black

Accompanying

hand made de-

this little article is a

executed entirely in color on a sheet of bristol

board 22x28 inches in size. This same design may be
made to fit anv organization by changing the emblem
The student will
in the cartouche beneath the eagle.
helpful
find many suggestions in this design that will be
Right
to him in piecing together a design of his own.
the
upon
well
as
him
as
upon
impress
wish
to
I
here
professional engrosser the necessity of keeping a scrap
enof
specimens
the
all
of
therein
filing
book for the
grossing that may come to him through the various
good
A
character.
of
this
work
to
devoted
publications
scrap book is an invaluable help to any one interested.

sign,

Another very good idea is to separate the different

kinds of work, using instead of a scrap book a series of
envelopes of proper size for the safe keeping of clippings.
One may be used for illuminated specimens, another for
wash resolutions, one for letter heads, another for book
on
plates, and still another for cover designs, and so
without limit. By this method you can readily find what
time
of
you are looking for without spending a lot

HONOR ROLLS

ly kept.
It has

25c

for our free circular con*

taining a specimen showing how
to write, and informhave
well you
ing you how to secure a Business

Special to Penmen
Blank Honor Rolls, H

Educator Penmanship Certificate. It

which
is also a model specimen from

for $1.50, 20 for S2.26. 2E

for $2.50, 100 for SS.00.

to

NAME CARDS FOR

great mass of specimens indiscriminate,

,-

fortune to receive orders tor a

made throughout,
K reat number of honor rolls, all hand
them all different so that my
make
and I have tried to
individual piece ot
clients receive for their investment an
boys, and 1
work. Give some study to the honor rolls,
assure you it will repay you for your trouble.

been

my good

ENGROSSING AND
CARD WRITING

TXTRITE

one in service. Place for Photo, Printed

Agents
In Colo s, filled in with Beautiful Writing.
Big Com. Quick Sellers. 3c Stamp for
Wantec
and Terms. E. L. Blystone. Pitcairn, Pa.
ie

12

thumbing over

Were you
specialties.
satisfied with your last year's

are

my

diplomas, and
paid to have

the price you

them

filled

G. D.

work.

GRISET,

2909 Central

EVANST0N.

have "the professional spirit," and year by year

This is exemplified every year in the case of those who
.training sc hoc. Is and thus raising
improve their unding and Use their standards by attending commercial te h ' rs
Get th
power and securing more desirable and congenial positions as
uma
It is the only -National 'official

"

many

school that receives six times as

calls for teachers

as

it

-.

can supply.

^1

Training School for Commercial Teachers.

BOWLING GREEN BUSINESS UNIVERSITY,

Inc.,

Bowling Green, Ky.

jiui t Jiai. B . .w -iJJHJi*iuim.u.imu.iiu.u..iJ.ui.i..iJiJja.mi.mMJ.iiiJ.m

i

i .

in?

Write for samples and pricee.

12 cards, plain or fancy,
25 cents.
ILL.

>y/u'36ujs/i^j<5'duai6r

BROAD-PEN LETTERING,

by E. A. Lupfer, with Zanerian

LESSON

No.

DIPLOMA FILLING STYLES

Herewith are given a number of styles suitable for filling in diplomas. The style should be suited to the diploma and to the amount the purchaser desires or can afford to pay. It the price is rather low (from twenty-five

down

to ten cents each), then the plain lettering with little or no flourshaded writing can be given.
To do good, careful, artistic,
well-spaced work requires time, skill and patience, and deserves liberal
reward. The American and Old English styles look well without flourishing.
We rarely ever use flourishes (unless called for) from the fact
:
'".-
(r,l V: nihi
t.iat most diplomas do not have sufficient room for proper embellish:t
ment. The common fault is too many lines and too many fillings and
Light-line
filigree to enhance the symmetry of the letters themselves.
(i
(J
shading as in the last line is good. Diluted ink with a broad pen is frequently used.
OG- os starry/?
If one will do enough lettering and study spacing, he can in time
become fairly accurate in judging how much space a name or word will
cupy.
Beginners will find it a good plan to rule a light, sharp pencil head
line, then indicate lightly with pencil, between the head and base lines.
In time the head lines should be
..here the letters are to be placed.
omitted in the cheaper class of work.
her plan is to put the pencil marks suggesting the spacing on the blotter and not on the paper. The name
on the blotter can be centered and placed up close to the line upon which you intend to work. In this way you can
see how much space will be required and avoid getting pencil marks on the paper. This saves erasing and insures
good spacing. The pencil marks do not have to be put in carefully, except for space values. As soon as you can.
do away with all head lines, except on parchment.
It will be well to rub with a piece of sponge rubber, powdered pumice stone, or stale bread over the space to be
lettered or written to remove the oil on parchment which prevents the ink from flowing freely.
The style and size of lettering and roundhand used in filling the name and date should be in harmony with the
the diploma. When the name is short, make your httering wide and low. as in the second line; and where
the name is real long, make the lettering high and comjact.
Speed snould be developed after you have thoroughly memorized the styles of letters, but not before. Engrossers are able to fill from 100 to 300 or more diplomas a day, according to the amount of work on each one and

ishing, or

in

"HHiUm^

the quality of

work

desired.

T3cDJammUJran^cD6cr^
1$. 1R.JVankimb era,

rankmtwa

Bmtmrttfff
LLJ

F= F"

EZR

>j//u <jtittj//ujj

By

A photograph

of

C.

P.

&

Cs/tua/tr

Zaner

an exhibit of pen work and engrossing by Dennis

&

Baird,

Brooklyn

&

<5#&38uA/n^Miuwr

DESIGNING &
ENGROSSING
BROWN

E. L.
Rockland, Me.
Send self-addressed postal

fo

Pen Drawing
li

we present quite an
technique,
of pen
pleasing in color values and general effect.

lesson
ing style

this

The

ram-

shield, lion

pant, and other decorations must be drawn

pencil,

giving

form and balance

ical

crit-

Color

attention.

values should also be

indicated. Study form
and spacing of letter-

in
words "Artistic Diplomas."
The smaller lettering was very rapidly
written
with
broad-pens,
numbers

ing

and 4. L'se jet black India ink for

drawings for photo engraving. Use a
Gillott Xo. 170 for all color values
a id a Xo. 5 broad pen for heavy outlines.
Vary thickness and spacing of
lines to produce the different coIdt
values.

Aim

for directness but avoid

haphazard effect. A drawing board

and T-square are indispensable in the
a

outfit of a practical designer, as

they
are needed constantly for laying off
designs, ruling parallel lines, edges of
letters, etc.
As the expense of a complete outfit is small we would advise
the student to invest in a board,
square and dividers at least, that he
may be prepared to accomplish the
very best results in his practice work.

BACK VOLUMES OF
THE BUSINESS EDUCATOR
We

still

have on hand

plete sets of

few com-

THE BUSINESS EDU-

CATOR for each year, both Students'

and Professional Editions, beginning
with September. 11)14. These journals
contain some very valuable material,
aid it will be but a short time until
no more copies can be had. As long
as they last we are willing to supply
them for the regular subscription
price of Toe per year for the Students'
Penmanship Edition and $1.00 per
year for the Teachers' Professional
Edition. Each volume of ten numbers

begins with September and ends with

June.

THE BUSIXESS EDUCATOR,

Columbus, Ohio.

pjlmwmm

race' JTzczrAi/zi? J7>7fc Xbi^mczny rtzsjfeos&f

ATTRACTIVE LETTER
HEADS
Let us prepare a letter head
you which will be neat and attractive to prospective pupils
one
which will enhance the value of
your letters. The cut could also
be used for newspaper and other
advertising.
Write for sketches
and quotations.
for

ZANER & BLOSER COMPANY,

Columbus, Ohio

package of ornamental specimens

and cards has been received from W.
P. Jones, Memphis, Tenn.
The work
very skillfully done and shows
is
more than ordinary talent. Mr. Jones
acquired his skill, he states, mainly by
working from The Business Educator.

ty^

^riSM

SCHOOL WANTED

'

School

and teacher wants to

buy all or part interest in a good business school.
Address "PURCHASER", care of Business
Educator, Columbus, O.

pnmmAttrotion!
Rqents wanted in cueru cihj
in the Wited States

anStown

Chattanooga, Tenn.,
great

many good

is

producing

to sell the

writers in the public

schools under the supervision of Miss

Sammie Cleveland.
H. Wider,
C.
Superintendent, sent us a roll of
specimens which averaged better than
anv we have received for some time.

mast beautiful

fcSERVICERECORD
;

-cm the market at the present

'3.000.000 IN

-Tvem

time.

THE LAST DR^Fr

a szrmaz

<(a<i m its

fiomc uiith
u'indoa' a prespcctiue buqcr

mam assfe
"

{zmmlwia
wwmm<*mmmmm<vmM\mmi\Yn\mAmkm

&

i^^fe&tt&n^fSdiu&fir

BOOK REVIEWS
Our readers are interested in books of merit.
but especially in books of interest and value
to commercial teachers, including books of
special educati anal value and books on busiAll such books will be briefly
ness subjects.
reviewed in the se columns, the object being to
give sufficient description of each to enable
nm readers to determine its i*alue.

The Bureau of Publicity, Omaha

Chamber of Commerce. Omaha, Neb.,
is

bi

preparing for publication a series

pamphlets relating to the indus-

tries of Nebraska for use

mercial Geography classes.

The

first

of the

series,

Com-

in

''The

Live

Industry in Nebraska." by Miss

Knight, teacher of Commercial
Ereography, Saunders School, Omaha,
Nebr., is ready for free distribution.
The second pamphlet will be on "The
Potash Industry in Nebraska." the
third on "The Grain Industry in Nebraska," the fourth on "The Sugar
Other
Beet Industry in Nebraska."
titles will be announced later.

Shuk
Ella

Teachers of Commercial Geography

no doubt find in these pamphlets

will

much

valuable

material

for

use

in

their classes.

Our Liberty Boys of 1917, Charleroi,

PubPa., by C. Edward Presho.
lished by C. Edward Presho Company, Charleroi, Pa.
This volume, prepared by this well-

known

commercial

teacher,

remain

that will no doubt

one
is
keepsake

many

in
Charleroi and vicinity for
years to come. Time will of course
'make it more valuable, for it contains

the

photographs and names of the

young men from

that

district

who

served their country during the war.

Much ther interesting material appears hi the book, and Mr. Presho is
to be congratulated on issuing a work
i

that

will

real

aid

undoubtedly prove
patriotism and
to

to

be, a

Ameri-

canism.

Rhythmical Penmanship, by Louisa

Maria Spencer, published by the
304-218
Blanchard Hall
Author.
Studio, Los Angeles, Calif. 75 pages,

Many

8x11.

forms

letter

illustrations with script

set to

rhythmical music.

Trice $3.00.

Premium System of Forcing

Sales, by Henry S. Bunting, Novelty
News Co.. Chicago, 111. Cloth, IT::

The

pages.

Price $2.00.

The author of this book has made

an exhaustive study of the premium
system of merchandising and has
placed the results therein. The principles, laws and uses of the premium
system arc set forth in a clear, concise
It
will be well worth your
form.
while to make a careful perusal of
this book.
Beginners' French Reader. By Peter
Scherer, Director of Modern Language Instruction in the IndianaCloth.
Illustrated.
polis Schools.
Price SS cents.

pages.

192

Bonk
son.

Company,

New

World

Yonkers-on-Hud-

York.

penmanship investigator and student

for many years, and this book contains the result of her efforts and ex-

Here is a simple, practical, French

Reader intended for use as soon as the
been
elements of grammar have
possesses ample
It
also
learned.
reading material and grammar review
for the work of the second semester.

For mx years she has exleading children to

in
concert to dictation given in
The
measured rhythmical tones.
author hopes to have her work put on
the Victor Records so as to bring it
before a large number of people.
She is also the author of a series of
Correlated Penmanship and Spelling
Series for use in the third grade to the
The price of
high school, inclusive.
the cards is $2.50.

The language is that of every-day

and the selections give much information about the history, customs,
of
geography, cities, and people
In addition, the work conFrance.
French
of
14
tains a well-chosen list
songs with music.
Pupils who use the reader will not
only learn much of the French language but will also learn a great deal
about the French people and their
customs.

The author

of this

work has been

periences.

perimented
write

in

life

THE LESSONS OF WAR

To the
"When The Boys Come Home" is fraught with many and varied meanings.
family it means a glorious reunion. To society, the acquisition of new members rich in the
To the church it means one thing; to the state it means another;
larger experiences of life.
but to all these and to the public in general, the broader vision, the deeper insight, the higher
aspirations instilled as fundamental elements of character, make the return of a million men
a matter of serious importance, from whatever angle it may be viewed.
it is certain that the "boys" will be out for an educaAfter what they have seen and suffered, they cannot be content to plod
through life aimlessly. They will set up high standards for future achievement, and they
will seek that form of practical instruction which will enable them to accomplish the desired
result, in other words, hit the mark.

From

the standpoint of learning

tion that educates.

The

PRACTICAL TEXT BOOK COMPANY'S

Books, for Practical Schools will give

your institution just the character these returning soldiers will appreciate.

NOW

We have
for examination, with a view to adoption.
Get one or more of our books
prepared them for you. It is your move next. Catalogue free, describing each book.

THE PRACTICAL TEXT BOOK COMPANY

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TWO BOOKS

THAT SHOULD BE READ BY EVERY PRIVATE BUSINESS SCHOOL PRORIETOR, SOLICITOR AND TEACHER

The Art of Business College Soliciting

By Wm.
page,

G.

Haupt

cloth-bound

is

pocket-size, eighty-nine

volume which,

in

unusually

clear and terse terms, instructs the reader how to

become a successful business college solicitor

The author has devoted more than twenty years

commercial school soliciting and presents in
this volume the result of his successful exper-

to

ience.

In one chapter he states that there is no more

honorable calling.
He is ready to cite many
cases where he has induced young persons to
qualify in commercial subjects to their great betterment financially and socially.
The author believes that the business college
teacher who knows thoroughly the work of the
school and the value of a commercial education,
and of what it consists, is especially qualified to
solicit

effectively.

matters not whether you are a proprietor,

teacher or solicitor, you will find this book full
of sane and stimulating suggestions.
Slip the
book into your pocket, read a chapter when you
find the time, and before you have finished you
will enthusiastically thank us for bringing it to
It

your attention.

Price, postpaid, $2.00.

If you order both at one time, the

Scienific Business College Soliciting

By Martin D. Zimmerman is a book of one hundred and thirty-eight pages, well-printed, bound
in cloth, the purpose of which is to make the
soliciting of students for private business schools
more profitable and successful.
One chapter entitled "Seventy-five Things to be
Thought of in Preparing a Selling Talk" is alone
worth more than the price of the book to any
one soliciting for or writing advertising matter
for a business school.

Truth is Power. Today, salesmen are picked

Every point is taken into
consideration.
So, too, Business College presidents are demanding alert, well-appearing, progressive solicitors.
Solicitors with truthful, interesting stories to tell, and who know how to
tell them.
Such men, and a still larger class hoping to become such, are finding many helpful suggestions in the above book.
The book is the result of considerable experience,
both as a teacher and solicitor, combined with a
with the utmost care.

thorough and comprehensive study of Business

Psychology and Salesmanship.
This may be your last opportunity to secure a
copy of the book, as the supply is limited. Price,
postpaid, $2.00.

two books

will be sent

postpaid for but S3. 00.

These two books will teach you how to apply the most advanced ideas of modern salesmanship to commercial college soliciting.
Commercial teachers who wish to devote part time to healthful outdoor soliciting, either during the summer months or during the
entire year, will find these books of great value.

THE BUSINESS COLLEGE PU3LISHING

CO., 118 North High Street, Columbus, Ohio

IJIk!lll,WW.IllJ.lljaiUliiliilllllllLIlJ.i)|UlliyilMJLl.J.J.l B. 1

lU, l llJ.HU.IJ.

JM

>y/u <36uj//icJJ &6uxi6r*

Are You Teaching

it is

**

the Kind of Bookkeeping

necessary for the business

man

to

have

in his

establishment in order

To Prepare a Correct Annual Income Statement ?

This means correct classification of accounts, principal and subsidiary, in such detail
shown by his accounts in the preparation of
his statement.
There can then be no question as to the correctness of the statement, and
should any inquiry arise, there is a statement in the ledger to turn to as the basis for the
statement in the income report.
as will permit the bookkeeper to use the results

There

is

Only One Text That Teaches This Kind of Bookkeeping

At the same time

it is

recognized as the leading standard text in the United States.

Rowe's Bookkeeping & Accountancy

its kind when it was published eight years ago.
does not require a lot of changes every year with a new copyright annually to keep it an
up-to-the-minute book.
Neither are changes made in "Bookkeeping and Accountancy"
We go back to headquarters, to the men we have
just to catch the favor of a teacher.
to please when we turn out our students to take positions in offices, to the professional
accountants who are responsible for the organization of systems of bookkeeping in nearly
When they say "change" we change, not
all important concerns for our suggestions.
otherwise.

was ten years ahead of any other text of

It

Parts

One and Two

of

Junior Arithmetic-Bookkeeping
are both pioneer publications presenting the subjects indicated in their title by new but
very simple methods. This work has gone into a larger number of schools in less time than
any new work we have ever published. It is used in advanced grammar grades, in the first

year of high schools, and very extensively

fully explained in booklets we have which

143 Second Street

San Francisco,

Cal.

/ft&

/
/"/.

business colleges.
be sent upon request.

in the private

will

/T'Z/./T^ouszy&o.

The reason

is

Harlem Square

Baltimore,

Jii.uBiiJim.iii.BJiiujJiwiumi.iiiiiiiuiLwiJMUiiiiuiiiiiuiiiiiMiiiBiuiiiimBjamiuiiM.M

Md.

Doubly Trained
for Business
are the

students who

are

trained in the skilled

operation of the

SELF-STARTING

REMINGTON
This training includes every item of typing
proficiency that can be taught on any other
typewriter.

also includes something that the pupil

can obtain on no other typewriter.
mean
It

We

the training in the use of the Self- Starter

great,

exclusive Remington

15 to 25

feature

that

which adds

per cent, to the letter-writing speed

of

the typist.

I
=
|

Remington Typewriter company

INCORPORATED
374

BROADWAY

NEW YORK

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i

=5

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COST
Specimens Free

ACCOUNTING
Splendid

VARIOSCOPE FORM

it is the progressive man or

ready for advanceExceptional opportunities for
ment.
men and women, due to war conditions.

Varioscope. (1). Scope of variations of

lines attempted to be written in one direcRepresentations of such variation.
(2).

drawn

lines

toward

Opportunities
and Women

The demands for expert cost accountants were never so great as at this

(For Pitmanic Shorthand)

tions by
center.

Men

for

time, and

woman who makes

common

Our course in cost accounting is thorough and

specially adapted to prepare for government
appointments or for Factory Cost Work.
Other courses include Accountancy, Auditing.
Practical Accounting. Business Law and Book-

form, the purpose

in view is to check up and thereafter minand
avoid
conflicts between
imize
finally
downward vertical and oblique characters.
Each shorthand writer has mentally established a standard slope for downward

Using the varioscope

keeping.

Prompt, personal attention of R.

J.

Bennett

obliques.

Half way between

vertical

is

this

standard and the

the danger space, wdiere conflicts

R.

occur.

The danger space

ally

is as wide as y
should be.
marking varioscopes, test only

think

In

J.

BENNETT,

815 Land

Title Bldg.

C. P. A.

Philadelphia, Pa.

it

the

downward

straight lines, upon and' past the

danger space;
e., attempted vertica
oblique, and obliques too nearly vertical.
Use any convenient straight-edgi
example, an edge of one of these cards.
Keeping the upper edge cf the other suri.

face of this card parallel with a ruled line

of the shorthand page under exam
slide this card along the ruled line until
the straight-edge shows a character
I)
in line with tne center of X: with
.1
pencil mark the direction of such charac-

Bliss

the pupil.

ter in its proper place in the blank

D,
P B,
as the case may be; and follow
J
this course throughout 300 words, the basis

CH

Bookkeeping

Special Short Course arranged for use with

Extremely interesting to
or without offices.

Scientific

of each varioscope test.

Count as an error each character found
upon or past the danger space.
If conflicts persist, after due care and
endeavor, shift the standard of your obliques farther away from the vertical.
"Eternal vigilance is the price of" legi-

Touch

Typewriting
Produces

Genuine Touch Operation in the

The Very Best Meth-

quickest possible time.

od published.

bility.

Varioscope Blanks, ICO for

Simplis Shorthand

$1.00.

Only Ten Short Lessons. Easy to teach, easy

Graduates hold
to learn, and easy to read.

Copyright, 1919, by

M.

SCOUGALE,

Weatherford, Texas

the best positions.

National Dictation
Takes up the work where the textbook leaves
off.

Specimens Free
THE

Publisher* aril IddMUfflftti

Up-to-date business letters.

Special

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ViU thank you

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F. H.

BLISS PUBLISHING COMPANY

SAGINAW, MICHIGAN

si^BSsa

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66

BUILD UPON THE ROCK

"What system

of

shorthand shall

And what systems

tor of the Ladies' Home Journal, Edward Hyde. President of the Equitable
Life Insurance Company, and Judges
Pryor and Goff, of Supreme Court.
Give yourself the same opportunities
"I owe
that George Cortelyou took.
all

am

to

shorthand" says Mr. Cor-

tion.

for a

copy of

"WHY"

&

ISAAC PITMAN

Whether like these, you intend to

use shorthand as a stepping-stone, or
whether your ambitions lie in professional shorthand writing
Court Reporting choose the best. Build upon
the rock. Don't build upon a marsh.
Shorthand systems come and shorthand systems go. But Isaac Pitman
through its inherent
shorthand.
strength, through its superior legibility
and natural sturdiness and flexibility
has gathered momentum as the years
have passed, and as in the past, so today, it continues to be the choice of the
men and women who are making this
country
and incidentally making
themselves. For they have built upon
Herman J. Stich, Official
the rock."
Court Stenographer. Champion Shorthand Writer of the World.

HERMAN

MR.
^

1-

STICH

Champion Shor thai d Writer of the World)

Record:
minute for
w
minutes
terial

300

rds per
consecutive

five
ith

error

rt

testi-

monv: 200 word

for

with

five co
five e

on straight

matter.

telvou.

Send

shorthand have

these men written?

If you will take
the trouble to find out, you will discover that they all learned Isaac Pitman shorthand or a minor modifica-

study?"

That is the pressing question of every

ambitious young man or woman, with
sense enough to realize that the person
who takes dictation, if he has the right
stuff in his makeup, soon gives it.
And after all, there is but one answer. "The best one is none too good"
applies particularly to shorthand.
Be with the winners! Don't take a
losing chance with an inferior shorthand system when a superior one is at
hand.
Get into the same boat with
President Wilson, Senator Chandler.
Whitelaw Reid, Proprietor of the New
York Tribune. Edward W. Bok, Edi-

of

39

and Particulars of a Free Correspondence Course

SONS,

2 West Forty-fifth Street,

for Teachers.

NEW YORK

Publishers of "Course in Isaac Pitman Shorthand," $1 .50; " Practical Course in Touch Typewriting." 85c; "Style Book of Business English", $1.U0; adopted by the New York Board of Education.

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Notwithstanding the decided need for such

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High Speed contains 50 lessons, covering

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one-tenth of a stroke per second faster than

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other text books leave off. It deals with every factor of speed and accuracy.
In the minimum time the typist reaches the higher speeds.

High Speed

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&

ISAAC PITMAN
ij ijiM,uji.i
i

SONS,

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Why

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Pupils Excel

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EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHERS
New York
:

Studies

in

Development,
b y
Collins Spillman,
re"
Specialist ir
cial Education for the Fed
Board for Vocational Edi
Personal

Harry

cently

BUSINESS ARITHMETIC, by John H.

WALSH'S

Arithmetic
The world

passing through an educational crisis, too. The human equation looms bigger than ever before.
"Personality" opens up an old field in
a newer and broader way. It rescues the
subject from the experimental field

Walsh

Series.

is

Mr. Walsh takes a bone-dry subject

and transforms it from a desert into an
oasis.

He

application of principals makes quite

clear the road to the objective. Reducing these principles to a readable,
understandable textbook adapted for
school use ha- been admirably accomplished by Mr. Spillman.
202 pages,

connects the important acthe lives of

and girls

boys
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Buch a way as to compel interest,
tivities of

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the

teacher expresses

skill.

at first

480 Dages, bound in

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lstratn

iversity

cational force instead of a mere collecmaterial without

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flotation

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The book teaches

cloth, illustrated.?!. 00.

Send

for

Ready

way

is

taught one

way

later on.

beginning in the second lesson.

These are only three of the many practical features.
Send postal for additional details. Paperbound copy of either Benn Pitman or Graham
free to shorthand teachers, for examination with
a view to adoption.
"We are having great success in holding the
interest of our pupils with your text on shorthand." Dakota Business College, Fargo, N. D.
Our stu"Results are extremely gratifying.
dents were never so sure of their notes." Binghampton School of Business, Binghampton, N. Y.

child psychology.

DICTA- BARTHOLOMEW'S BOOKEdward

KEEPING EXERCISES, by

Every teacher of shorthand is aware of

the tremendous influence dictation has
upon the English of the student. Mr.
Gardner has made his book an edu-

Nothing

who understands

structive imagination

TION,

Wis-

it.

a different

Transition from theory to practice is entirely

eliminated by means of a graded dictation course

CONSTRUCTIVE

of

and

"Walsh's Business Arithmetic" has

been boldly eoi.ceived and worked out
by a practical craftsman with a con-

in cloth, illustrated, $1.50.

by
Hall
Gardner,
A.
M.,
Associate
Professor of Business Admin-

Walsh, Associate Superintendent of Schools,

City;
author of

Written for the real pupil not for an imaginthe explanations are so simple and
clear that they are easily understood.
principle is not exhausted when first introduced, but is unfolded gradually, being developed
as the pupil's study and progress prepare him to
readily comprehend its more advanced elements
and to recognize their importance.
Wordsings. joined ticks, and phrasing in the
first lesson, lay the foundation for speed at the
very start "Saws wood from the first," as one

Sao Francisco

Chicago

Boston

ary ideal

PERSONALITY

.Me.i&uj/'/u-jj <5<6u*i&-r

Wallace

E. Bartholomew,
Specialist in Commercial Education, the University of the
State of New York.

education specialist for

the State of New York, Mr. Bartholohas had an unusual opportunity to
discover the needs of teachers of bookkeeping. He has brought together in
his book a collection of bookkeeping
problems that will enable the teacher
to obtain better results. They are the
product of actual test in the classroom.
Adapted to any textbeok. In two parts
---elementary and advanced.
96 pages
each, bound in cloth, each part 60 cents.
.1

mew

Complete List of

New

S^lrKM**
502

Publicatu

HOWARD BLOC.

ST. LOUIS

will begin July 7, 1919, and end August

However, students may enroll at any time. A good place to spend your vacation and
Write for illustrated
increase your efficiency as a teacher, supervisor, penman or engrosser.

The Zanerian Summer School of Penmanship

20.

catalog.

Zanerian College of Penmanship,

118 North High

St.,

Columbus, Ohio

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&

'j//u?*J&uJt'/i&M6'dlui*i/fr%

Metropolitan System of Bookkeeping

By W. A. SHEAFFER

The following are a few reasons

rapidly adopted:

why

this

new

text is being

The author is a teacher of elementary bookkeeping, also an expert accountant, and

teacher of advanced accounting.
It is emphatically a modern text educational, vocational, and disciplinary, and conveniently arranged for a combination of class and laboratory methods of instruction
The emphasis is constantly on the thought side of the subject.
The complete text (402 pages) and divided units, adapt Metropolitan System of Bookkeeping for long or brief courses, and for use of special sets.
There is a careful grading of the work from the beginning, and new subjects are introduced one at a time. A full explanation and script illustrations accompany the introduction
of each new subject, book, transaction, or paper, followed by exercises to be worked out
by the pupil.
Business papers are used extensively in only one unit of the system. In the other units
only the essential papers connected with the new features are introduced.
The text does not go to the extreme in the matter of accountancy, but is strictly in accordance with modern accounting practice.
The work, from the beginning, is teachable to pupils of high school age.
Quality of material and workmanship considered, the prices are surprisingly low.

METROPOLITAN TEXT BOOK COMPANY

Publishers of "Metropolitan Series" of Commercial Texts.

37 South Wabash Ave., Chicago

Better Books that Bring Better Results

Burgess' Commercial
By

The language

is

KENNETH

clear, the

F.

BURGESS and

J.

A.

Law

LYONS, Authors

paragraphs are short, while

its

teachability distinguishes

it.

Smith's Arithmetic of Business

The most up-to-date arithmetic on the market.

Miller's
The student

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New

It

presents business as business

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Business Speller

taught spelling through effective aids, as

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various rules, as-

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Read's Salesmanship
A

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and teachable presentation of this subject ever comprised in a single textbook.

623S

cmc AGo

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-

LYONS & CARNAHAN

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,y/u >3Ctj//uJj Ct/uea/sr

jiiinimiinitiiNiiiinin:mi!mi[iranmmiiiniimiiiiii!iiiiiiiinini!iiii:imi:iiii!mnniiiiiiiminji!"

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tl

"f

GREGG NORMAL TRAINING

MAKES TEACHING RESULTFUL
The
energy

conservation of time and

is of the greatest impor-

Gregg School

tance today.

furnishes a practical demonstration of efficiency principles applied

to the successful solution of prob-

lems recurring in the school. Our

graduates say that six weeks at

Gregg Normal is the equal, in

three months where less
effective methods prevail.
The
Normal session is of indispensable
the

results, of

JOHN ROBERT GREGG

lectures on methods of
teaching are always a feature of the

M'- Gregg's

Summer Normal

makes teaching

Session

easier,

value to the beginning teacher. To

the teacher of experience it gives

new
more

ideas,

resulrful

and

renews

last

enthusiasm,

but not least

increases salaries.

GREAT NEED FOR MORE TEACHERS

The demand

for teachers of Gregg Shorthand is const

For several years past, the annual increase in
the number of schools adopting Gregg Shorthand has been
between four and five hundred. The school authorities
of the country are now recognizing the great value of commercial education. This development in the line of p-ogress
naturally creates a demand for more commercial teachers,
and especially for those who have received the technical
training offered in our Summer Normal course.
The graduates of our Normal session are assisted in securing
desirable appointments.

increasing.

session begins June 30 and closes August 8.

Plan now on coming to Chicago
moct delightful end profitable period cf study it will prove to be the best vacation that
you can possibly take. Write today fcr illustrated catalogue and Normal announcement.

The Normcl

for a

GREGG SCHOOL
6 N.

MICHIGAN

AVE.,

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CHICAGO,

ILL.

://tt

>3&uM/i&ti (5~dutar*

The Big Order

for Overseas
PURCHASE ORDER
OVERSEAS PURCHASING DEPARTMENT
NATIONAL WAR WORK COUNCIL OF
YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATIONS
OF THE UNITED STATES
NEW YORK
Order No

CIT

X 1155

n r

Jan. 17,

Tn

flr'fiP!

1919

'Tll1'

lil ' i

"f rinyipnny,
i. ""' Yrvl- Pi ty.
.

P/ajf

Furrir/l

the Following Ma'r'iol

M Oof

Acutonl

_Khan ready for Ehi-pmaat

Address
T Dn

Gregg's Speed studies

^Gregg's Manual of Shorthand

?,l

iqnq

6,000
10,000

To be strongly boxed and str pped for export

ept that
per printed instructions on
ill be p.
a gross weight of 15Qyjr per c

Cases to be marked on tops

Y.

M.

C.

z
INSTRUCTIONS

Marks to be as lar^e as siz

Send eight copies of invoice
as soon as books are ready f

of case
i

T.

'.V.

v/il

shipment

Conteols

This Purchase Order

is

subject

ro

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must br narked o
shipment will be

ol cases

ends, otherwise

as^d above

Previous orders for 2,000 Gregg Manuals and 500 Speed Studies have been shipped
overseas.

THE GRECG PUBLISHING COMPANY

NEW YORK BOSTON
:

jw.wiJiE.i.

i.

CHICAGO

SAN FRANCISCO

i j .ujjJiujiaiJiiiii.i-.ii!*iJ.iiiui..ij.iii.i.iiii.j,j.fj:tiuuiii.[ii^.igM

VOLUME XXIV

COLUMBUS, OHIO, APRIL,

The BUSINESS

EDUCATOR

Entered at Columbus. O.. Post Office as 2nd Class Matter

C. P. Zaner,
E. W. Bloser,

Zaner &

Editor
Business Manager
Bloser, Publishers and Owners
-

Published monthly (except July and August)

118 N. High St., Columbus, O., as follows:
Teachers' Professional Edition, $1.00 a year.
Students' Penmanship Edition, 75 cents a year
(Foreign subscriptions 20 cents extra; Canadian subscriptions 10 cents extra).

Remittances should be made by

Bank Draft, or by currency

Stamps accepted.
or

Money Order

at sender's risk.

Two Editions. The Teachers' Professional

Edition contains 40 pages, 8 pages of which
are devoted to Accounting, Finance, Mathmatics, English, Law, Typewriting, Advertis
ing. Conventions, etc., and Departments specially suited to the needs of teachers, principals
and proprietors.

The Students' Penmanship Edition contains

32 pages and is the same as the Professional
Edition, less the 8 pages devoted to commer
subjects.
This edition is specially suited
to students in Commercial, Public and Private
schools, and contains all of the Penmanship,
Engrossing, Pen Art, and Lesson features of
the Professional Edition.
cial

The Business Educator is devoted to the proand practical interests of Business

ducation and Penmanship.
It purposes to
inspire and instruct both pupil and teacher,
and to further the interests of those engaged
in the work, in private as well as in public
institutions of commercial education.

FIRST IN PENMANSHIP

colleges. Today there is so much interest and enthusiasm manifested in

penmanship in the public schools, and
especially in the commercial departments of high schools and colleges,
that we have been wondering whether
the public schools will not in time
wrest from the business colleges the
credit of 'being first in penmanship.

But undoubtedly the best business

writers are still being turned out by
the private commercial schools.
Today of course most teachers are engaged in teaching only the intensely
practical.
The teaching of ornamental penmanship remains for the special schools of penmanship which train
persons as skilled penmen and engrossers.
And there is really more
demand today for both the practical
and the beautiful in penmanship than
ever before.

Change

of Address.
If you change your adbe sure to notify us promptly (in ad
vance, if possible), and be careful to give the

old as well as the new address.

We lose many
journals each issue through negligence on the
part of subscribers.
Postmasters are not allowed to forward journals unless postage is
sent to them for that purpose.

Subscribers.
If we do not acknowledge reyour subscription, kindly consider first
the journal you receive as sufficient
evidence that we received your subscription all
right.
If you do not receive your journal by
the 10th of each month, please notify us.
ceipt of
copy of

Advertising Rates furnished upon applica

The Business Educator is purchased and

tion.

by

the most intelligent and well-to-do

among those interested in business education
and penmanship in the United States, Canada,
England, and nearly every country on the
globe. It circulates, not alone among business
college proprietors, teachers and pupils, but
also among principals of commercial departments of High and Normal Schools and Colleges, as well as among office workers, home
students, etc.

read

Rates to Teachers. Agents, and Club Raisers

sent upon application. Write for them whether
you are in a position to send few or manv
subscriptions.
Sample copies furnished to assist

in

securing subscriptions.

MRS.
Since

the

Docember

C. P.

ZANER

automobile

1st,

1918,

accident on
resulting in the

death of C. P. Zaner and his wife's

sister, many persons have written inquiring about Mrs. Zaner, who was
seriously injured. We are pleased to
be able to state that her condition is
now favorable for a complete recovery.
Her one arm was broken, her
hip crushed, both ankles were broken,
and she sustained a severe scalp

wound,

as

woman

frail

most

well

as
at

internal
best,

it

injuries.

seems

al-

a miracle that she should be

today.
Her bones are knitting
she is now learning to walk.
Spells of gloominess and depression
seize her occasionally, and especially
about five o'clock in the evening,
when Mr. Zaner used to return home
to her, but it is believed that since
she has stood so much in the way of
physical injuries, she will be able to
overcome the severe mental strain,
also.
hope soon to be able to
inform all friends of her complete
recovery.

alive

and

We

VIII

ARE YOU

For many years the best penmanand the best teachers of penmanship have been found in business
ship

fressive

dress,

NUMBER

1919

Interested in learning what the

1.

Government

doing for commercial

is

education?
Interested

in
learning of the
wonderful changes going on in the
business world?
Changes that must
be recognized and understood if commercial schools meet the requirements of the employing public?
3.
Interested in commercial education from the viewpoint of the private business school?
4.
Interested in commercial education from the viewpoint of the
-'

High School?

Interested

in commercial edufrom the viewpoint of the Y

and V. W. C. A.?
6.
Interested in commercial education from the viewpoint of the col5.

cation

M.

C. A.

lege or university?

THEN
You should plan to attend the 21st
annual meeting of the Eastern Commercial Teachers' Association to be
held in the High School of Commerce. Springfield, Mass., the week
preceding Easter, April 17, IS and IS).

ROUND TABLE DISCUSSIONS

The

entire day of the 18th will be

devoted to specific problems arising
in commercial training.
If you are
a specialist in any one line, you will
meet the leaders in your work, and
have an opportunity to discuss with
them content of courses and methods
of instruction.

THE GOLDEN ERA OF COMMERCIAL EDUCATION

A new era of commercial education

dawning, and only those who see
and recognize it and prepare for it
will march in the procession.
Improvements and changes are being
made over night. Courses of study
and methods of teaching which met
the needs of the students five years
ago are now behind the times.
is

WRITE TO

CAMPBELL

C. A.
Of the High School of Commerce,
Springfield. Mass., for list of hotels
and tentative program, and let nothing interfere with your being present
at what promises to be the most important gathering of commercial educators in recent vears.

&6u*&r

ffie*3BuSM*U'

Developmental Practice

in

Rapid Movement Writing

By Tom SAWYIER, Columbus, Ohio,

Development

of Z.
Exercise 1. Study copy to note direction of
the pen at the base line on the count of 6.

Exercise

R. F. D. No.

motion as indicated by the arrows.

Count:

Lift

Ioop-1-2-3-4-5-6.

Count: loop-1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10.

2.

compact

the reverse,

$>

The remaining space above may be

filled

by practice upon

in

oval.

Exercises 3 and 4. Retrace straight line

motion. Emphasize the down strokes in No.

drill six
3

times, and go quickly to inverted loop without pause in the

and the up strokes

in

No.

4.

Keep loops narrow and compact. Write

freely.

Exercise 5. Count: 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8. The loop is made on count of 1, the downward curve to the base line on
count of 2, and the lower loop of Z on count of 3, etc.
Exercise 6. Z begins like X. The initial loop is made with a rolling motion, not a pulling motion. Do not
pause in making Z. Think chiefly of the upper part and the lower loop and the little central resultant loop will
take care of itself. Count: 1-2-3. Make from 50-60 a minute.
Exercises 7 and 8. Alternate X and Z, or join Z in groups of three. Count for X is l-'J, 3-4, and for Z is l-:2-.">.
For the combined letters count: loop-1-2-3-1-2-3-1-2-3.
Exercise 9. This short sentence contains X, Y and Z, a review of these letters. The same letters may be
written at the end of the sentence to complete the line across the page. Practice each word many times.

on

Get into a healthful and efficient position, and see that the hand glides freely
Count: a l-:2-3-4-5-6-swing. Slant should be uniform, spacing regular, height

Development of p. Exercise 1.
Keep arm relaxed.
finger.

little

similar.

Exercise

a 1-2^3-4-5-6

Count:

2.

1-2-3-4-5-6.

Keep

the inverted loops narrow,

down

strokes as nearly straight

as possible.
3.
Count: a l-2-3-4-etc, by tens to fifty. Make reverse oval compact, and free from blotted or blurred
Keep moving gradually rightward. Be free, quick and graceful.
Exercise 4. Note the arrows. Start like No. 3, but stop at the arrow on base line, reverse motion and finish
with under- or right-curve. Count: a 1-2-3-4-5-6, swing. This momentum inertia drill aids in developing control of

Exercise

places.

the reverse oval in

Exercise
3-4, 5-6,

p.

Retrace stem of p four times and join three letters without pen

5.

Study exercise carefully.

Connect p's in groups of

curve.

lift.

Count: a 1-2-3-4-loop-p,

1-2,

Pause slightly at the under part of oval in each letter. Count:

Make 75 letters a minute. Emphasize the downward strokes, as 1, and 5 in the count.
a 1-:.', 3-4, 5-6, swing.
made as tall as t. Second part is looped like j, y. g. Make the crossings
Exercise 7. The small p begins as a
on the base line. Close the oval at the crossing. Make from 50-60 single letters in a minute.
Exercise 8. Alternate p and j, line after line. Keep slant and spacing regular and the lower loops as near
Exercise

6.

three.

''>

alike as possible.

Practice each

word

Development

of Q.

Exercise 2.
Exercise 3
base

Exercise

Go from
is

Make

line.

carefully.

Make your

writing legible.

Make

lines free,

smooth and

firm.

Count: loop-1-2-3-4-5-6. Lift pen, at the base line, while

left, four complete retraces and finish with an under swing

1.

it

is

yet in motion.

like Q.
right to
as found on the
a curious looking action, but it will aid in controlling the horizontal loop in
Terminate the drill with a graceful compound curve
thi- motion perpendicular to the forearm.

to the right.

Make the loop horizontal or parallel to the base line.

Exercise 4. Count: loop-l-2-3-4-5-6-swing.
Exercise 5. Alternate each of the Q-oval tracers or write each separately line after line. Think quickly.
Exercise 6. Count: l-'2, loop-swing, or loop-down, at the rate of SO or more a minute. Keep ample space
between loop and downward curve.
Exercise 7. Count: loop-l-:2 or 1-2-3 at the rate of 60 Q's in a minute. Employ a rolling movement for upper
portion and a horizontal motion for the lower part and finish. Make the Q freely, gracefully, rapidly.
Exercises 8 and 9 afford practice on the capital and small letter movement combined. The Q may be joined
to u or made with the "horizontal" drop curve.
Study each carefully, and practice intelligently, inExercise 10. Drill upon each of the words individually.
dustriously.

The sentence embodies

legibly

and pleasingly,

in

the three Q's, namely, Quality, Quantity and

Hence the
great quantity and with despatch.

Quickness.
three

Q's.

Writing should be done

Try to equal or excel the

op

Development of Final t. Exercise 1. Begin on base lino: retrace straight line drill six times; finish with a
graceful over-curve. Pause gently before finishing.
Exercise 2. Start like t, retrace both straight-line and reverse oval six times each. Pause at the transition.
Exercise 3. Count: 1-2-3-4-5-6-t, swing. Make finish one-half height of letter.
Beginning and
at first; then 1-2-3.
Count: 1-:.',
Exercise 4. Study and practice should go hand in hand.
ending strokes curve in opposite direction.
material
for
practice.
Study
excellent
are
Exercises 5 and 6. The little word "it" and the abbreviation "pt"
each carefully and make frequent comparisons of your work with the copy.
spacing.
curving.
Watch
and
Exercise 7. Final t is useful and convenient. Keep the final stroke rather short
::

slant

and

size of letters.

The sentence
"I

is

Practice each word individually.

excellent suggestive material for practice in this connection.
effort to get the be>t results" or "Intelligent thought and effort result in achievement"

must exert intelligent

good thoughts.

are also

<^38u4/n*M&&u*etir

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f^y/o-^-a-

'J^JtJZJl '00939
'0.6^

'

^>60?--^^ ^'^<
/

All who have been following the lessons in the Business Educator
should try to win The Business
Educator Penmanship Certificate of Proficiency. Write to the publishers for circular
containing full information, model and passing specimens, etc.

^A^^uJs/i&ASdata&r'

12

&

^&?-^

Supplementary Practice
By

E. A.

LUPFER, Zanerian

Work

College, Columbus, O.

Supplementary Practice

Work

Continued

^44S^S-V4S-1>t/-Z4S^</--M/-^S-Z4S-Z^-~

^
^<2&<2*iZ^2^Z=icZ^Z^Z^Zi<2^Z^Z^2^'

lesson in turns and angles for beginners.

letter writing will show in uniformity, etc.

Master the

letters

above and you

will be surprised at the general

improve

Supplementary Practice

Work Continued

Mr. Griset knows the road that must be traveled by those who become penmen, and very generously gives beginners the benefit
The above body writing, therefore, serves not only as supplementary practice but also contains instruction well
Keep your eye on Mr. Griset's work.

of his experience.

worth heeding.

15

Supplementary Practice

By

R. Viergever,

New Ulm.

Work

Continued

Minn., head of the commercial department and supervisor of writing

\=(by^iJL
-~JQ-*^^fa?*-<L^C^ y eZZ^^i-^f ^-sz^^z^/ -^zS-27-2-^

By

O. L. Rogers, Fort Wayne, Ind.

/O,. '<C

x y
These attractive cards were written by A.
W. Dakin, Syracuse, N. Y.. who has been
recognized for many years as one of America's
finest

penmen.

Supplementary Practice

Work Continued

Code of Morals
Men and Young Women

For Young

By Professor William

J.

Hutchins, Oberlin, O.

Script by E. A. Lupfer

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2.

^?{^^C7t^/^C&-^<?L^^

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id^r^&iT^^Z^Ct^z^^^
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By James

D. Todd, Salt

Lake

City.

Utah

^
MENTAL

MEANDERINGS
CARL

C.

MARSHALL

Battle Creek, Mich.

The

Springfield Meeting

There should be a generous attending at the meeting of the E. C. T.A.

to

be

held

Easter

during

week

It
Springheld, Mass.
be remembered
will

that last year's meeting was called off on

account of the war.
Within the past year
of vitally
a number
important issues have
arisen w h c h affect
i

the welfare of commercial education,

both as to our public and private
Tbe co-operation between
Schools.
(iovernment Vocational Board
the

and the leading business schools

in

matter of training our returned

crippled soldiers, is a subject in which
the

every commercial teacher should be

Mr. Fred G. Nichols, of
interested.
tbe Vocational Board, is actively interested in the program of the meeting, and will no doubt see to it that
this important movement will be illuminatingly discussed.

Then
tbe

there

tendency

is

in

the issue involved in

certain states to pass

laws invidiously discriminating

against private business schools, reRight or
gardless of their merit.
wrong, there is a feeling in some
quarters that these laws have been instigated by the public high schools,
and indicate a growing hostility between these two great and necessary
agencies of business education. The
E. C. T. A. has always been composed
in fairly equal proportions, of both
And
public and private school men.
they are big- broad-visioned men, too.
If there is really a tendency to divide
our business schools into two rival

and hostile camps, such men as Norman, of Baltimore, Laird and Lakey,
of Boston, More and Gill, of New
Jersey, Healey. Estey and Miller, of
New York, Williams, of Rochester,
Gaylord, Ellis, Lord and the Burdetts,
of Massachusetts, and many others of
same calibre, in both groups,
the
should be able to heal the breach if
there

is

one.

The question

Get Together
Boys

of har-

monious co-operation
between the public
and the private business school men,
is supplemented by the hardly less important matter of unity among the
private school men themselves.
This is a rather ticklish topic just
now, for there are certain deposits of
high explosives, which a very small
misunderstanding might
spark
of
But presuming upon my
touch off.
years and record as a constant friend
of business education, and long-standing friendships, also, growing out of
a twenty-five year association with

At

pear to me.
that in what
credited with
It

all

was around

am

say

least,

may

assured
be

shall

good
a

intent.
half dozen

years

ago, I think, that a number of leading

business school men, headed by my
good friend Ben Williams, of the Capital City Commercial College, of Des
Moines. Iowa, organized a more or
less close co-operative association of
private school men known as the
"Accredited Schools." The plan was
to take into this association such reand representative business
liable
schools as would meet the requirements as to courses, methods, policy,
and mutual co-operation that might
be established by the rules of the association.

The annual dues were not to exceed

modest sum of twenty-five dollars, and the members were expected
the

to profit,
cident to

destructive, disintegrating
the men upon whose

among

big job.
The men at Springfield should be able
to further this productive and cooperative peace. Let everybody within reasonable reach of this meeting
turn out and put a shoulder to the
wheel.
this

school in a given city

no matter how clean a record it

might have. All this, it hardly needs
ship,

saying, was not exactly conducive to

that "harmony" among school men
which it was one of the avowed pur-

by the business benefits,

'collective bargaining"

inin

Now,

to

have no doubt that Mr. Williams and his confreres have been
actuated all along by the best motives.
They had few, if any, selfish advantages to gain for themselves, and conI

limited facilities, they

have no doubt carried forward their
plan as well as they could. The question is, whether their plan, everything

sidering their

Unconsidered, was the best one.

questionably it had several inherent
weaknesses, which they are now able
Probably it was a mistake to
to see.
permit their members to use their
membership, and the fact that they
were "accredited," as advertising capital.
Then it was not possible, in all
cases, to ascertain that an applicant
for membership was entirely worthy
to be endowed with the accredited
Often,
privileges, and endorsement.
the directors had to be guided by
what tbe applicant had to say about
bis own worthiness, rather than by a
rigid and possibly expensive investi-

gation.

tbe matter of books and supplies, the

further benefit of standard courses,
methods, and text-books, to be provided by tbe combined wisdom of the
organization, also by the advantage
to the members of being able to advertise themselves to the public, as
It was
duly "Accredited" schools.
argued by tbe founders of the organization that the plan would be conducive of harmony, would raise the
standard of business education generally, and guarantee the service of

Perhaps it was a mistake to try to

organize the business schools of the
country on the basis of a close and
more or less exclusive corporation.
The "Bryant and Stratton Chain"
tried that many years ago, but it did
not work. There were too many big
seceders like S. S. Packard, Roht.
Spencer and others, and the mutually
governing body soon dissolved, although many of the schools retain the

reliable and "duly accredited" schools

to a public that had too often been
fleeced by the irresponsible fakirs and
sharks that infested the business col-

zation,

lege profession.
On its face, the plan looked like a
good one, and a considerable number
of good schools went into it, not to
mention a number wdiich were not so

There

is

slip in.

no doubt that the "Ac-

credited Schools," generally speaking,

the public and to its membership. But
several difficulties have appeared, that

not

when

foster.

have rendered a good service, both to

work,

that

was duly enrolled with the elect, it

was rather difficult for any other
school in that city to gain member-

poses of the Accredited Schools

of its leaders, "may I not," to

the Wilsonian form, venture to
set forth frankly some of the aspects
of tbe present situation, as they ap-

est

bands and brains rests

credited their rivals, and how, when

and for what reason.
Pretty soon it began to be charged

use

training

America to become the greatcommercial nation on the earth,

we want constructive, co-operative

only duly accredited school in this

city."
Then the schools that did not
belong, began to ask the rather embarrassing question as to who had ac-

most

good, but managed to

now, let us hope, that we are

In
entering upon an era of peace.
It is

fighting

&

<!Me<38u4*n&U/*&u&&r

were probably not contemplated by

the founders.

In the

first place,

there

were hundreds of entirely good and

reliable schools that declined to go
into the organization, and naturally,
resentment was aroused among these
schools when some rival, often a relatively obscure school, came out with
the announcement that it was "the

name

to this day.

purpose of the new organithe "Association of Private

Schools of the United States," headed
by E. H. Norman, of Baltimore, P. S.
It is the

Spangler, of Pittsburgh, C. M. Miller,

of \"e\v York, and others, and which
present numbers over one hundred
members, to find out if a more open
and less restrictive organization will
not be better as a means of bringing
all good school men together, than
the plan followed by the more excluIn any
sive "Accredited Schools."
at

event, however, I see no reason why

there should be any bitterness or rivalry between the two bodies. Indeed,
there is nothing to prevent a school
man from belonging to both bodies,
if

he chooses.

Evidently, a broader and less exclusive organization than the Accrediated

Schools is needed, if anywhere near a
majority of the two thousand busi-

ness schools of this country are to be

organized for their common interests.

&

&J&atfn&M&&u&&r
too much to hope that the Accredited Schools themselves will become members of the new organization?
They are needed and they
would be welcome.
May all good
business school men sink their differences and get together for the comIs

it

mon

good.

New York Grows Long

ago

learn-

ed that New York

is the most entireprovincial place in this country.
If provincialism implies an ignorance of other regions, and a narrow
disregard of and contempt for what
other communities think and do, New
York is more provincial than Arkansas or Arizona.
An evidence of this is found in the
present wild outcry of New York, (I
am speaking of the city and its immedia'te environs, of course), against the
country's decision for prohibition.
As I write, the press of the city,
and a considerable proportion of the
population are simply seeing red over
this thing, and so incoherent is their
rage as to be positively funny. One
cause for this state of mind, if New
York can be said to have a mind, is
the fact that they do not seem to have

Hysterical

ly

sensed what has been going on

in this

big land during the last five years.

This, of course, is another evidence of
their confirmed provincialism.
They
had been completely unaware of the
fact that more than nine-tenths of the
country had gone dry before Congress
had submitted the dry amendment to
the states. The average New Yorker
knows no sense of proportion when
it

comes

to

comparing

New York

opinion with that of the rest of the

country.
The self-centered narrowness of the local press, and the silly
gibes of the Broadway theatres had

him into the complacent belief

that what happens beyond the Hudled

son River is of not much importance.

Now he has suddenly wakened up to
the fact that "N' York," as he loves to
clip it, instead of being the hub of
public opinion in 'the United States,
is only a knot-hole in the rim.
He
cannot understand it, and accordingly
he raves and tears his hair like a
Bolshevik.
One curious phase of the present
hysteria is the constant assumption

New York papers, that prohione of them frantically puts

"has been foisted upon the majority of the well-meaning and orderly
people of this country by a ruthless,
tyrannical, unscrupulous and bigoted
minority." New Yorkers seem to believe
that stuff, but think how it

come a lot of sniveling hypocrites.

One would think that before publishing such stuff, the editors would send

they do disaffirm to the injury of innocent third parties, they may be-

representative out into Kansas, or

Iowa, or Colorado, or to some of the
other states where prohibition has
been tried to see if things have gone
that way out there. But of course the

of

New York dailies don't want the facts.

They want to sell papers to the silly
folk who just now want to read lurid
abuse of people who are opposed to
booze.
there

Still

The wets staged a big meeting

week, in the hope of lining up
really important
Yorkers against
the
dry program,
even
but
the
"World" had to admit that most of
the speakers and sponsors of the
meeting were either owners or employees of the breweries, or officials
of the liquor dealers' or hotel keepers'
last

New

associations, or persons interested in

cabarets.
The attendance Was also
disappointing, even if the speeches

were

vitriolic.

The latest move of the liquor interests is the pretty business of trying
to stir up the labor unions, to threaten
strikes if their booze is shut off, and
to get large numbers of them to wear
buttons bearing the legend, "No Beer,
No Work." I have seen a few fellows wearing these buttons, and they
looked quite worthy of them.
Of
course, the papers are now trying to
scare the rest of the country by predicting "industrial revolution" if the
amendment is enforced. Of course
this is the sheerest nonsense.

The other morning,

car,

sat

happen when prohibition comes.

Lawlessness will be rampant, we are
told, and the hospitals and asylums
will soon be crowded with drug victims, and the people generally will be-

subway

his job.

called his

attention to the headline, announcing

the "Industrial Revolution." He grinned. "Well, I hit the booze some myself, but. they must think we're a nice
to go on strike for it.
Maybe it
would be a good thing if we do have
to cut it out. For me, I wouldn't raise
no row about it."
Probably this will lie the prevailing
viewpoint among the workers here as
elsewhere.
New York will have to
lot,

take her medicine like the rest of the

country, and also, like the rest of the
country, she will be the better for it.

PARTNERSHIP

bition, as

will

in

next to a sturdy looking

his dinner pail, who

mechanic with
was en route to

By

it,

sounds to one who knows that there

hardly a dry area in the whole land
that has not been made so by a clear
and usually overwhelming vote of the
best citizens.
Another funny thing is the dire
foreboding of the awful things that

some encouraging

signs.

by the

is

arc

New

Jesse H. Robinson,
Castle High School,
New Castle, Pa.

When two

or

nership.

The general law applies that any

one who is under no legal disability
to make contracts may be a partner.
This excludes infants, lunatics, and
others under general or special dissuch as alien enemies, spendhabitual drunkards and the
like.
Infants, if they become partners, may affirm or disaffirm the con-

ability,
thrifts,

after

becoming

of

age, but

liable to third parties for

some

Nominal partners are those

they ostensibly appear to
be Mich, they have no real interest in
the business partnership.
In such
cases they have all the disadvantages
and few of the advantages of a partlation.

who though

ner.

Partners are dormant when they

conceal their names and take no part
the partnership affairs, and are
secret when they conceal their names,
but are active in the business.
Like
dormant partners, secret partners are
liable as partners when they are discovered.
In some states there are
statutory laws permitting persons to
become limited partners. These laws
usually prescribe the conditions, and
state the proportion of the capital
that persons becoming limited partners shall pay in cash. Furthermore!
that they always make use of the
words Limited or Special in connection with
their names,
and these
names must not appear in the firm
in

name,
with

and
these

that

having

conditions

they

complied
do not

Income liable for

yond the amount
capital.
Without

the firm debts beof their invested

the protection of
such limitation, a statutory provision,
each partner is liable jointly and
severally for the debts of the firm of

which he

is a member.
The partnership is not

necessarily,

formed by any special form or manner.

It may be by oral agreement
or by a written agreement, which
may have a seal or it may not. The
actual liability and authority of the
partners begin with the formation of
the' partnership and do not wait for
the execution of any articles.
The
fact that there be an agreement to
enter business or into some particular transaction together and to share
the profits and losses constitutes a
partnership, which is just as extensive
as the business proposed to be done.
The members may agree to share the
profits
in
what proportion they
choose, but in the absence of any
agreement the law presumes equal
shares.

more persons com-

their property, labor and skill

for the transaction of business for
comimon profit, they enter into part-

bine

tract

come

the consequences of the relation

on the ground of fraud.
Partners are of several classes:
ostensible, nominal, dormant and secret, and in some states limited partners.
Ostensible partners are those
who appear openly before the world
as partners and acknowledge the re-

if

They may agree

as to

any way of

dividing the losses or even that one

or more partners alone shall sustain

them
this

all

without loss to the rest and

agreement

is

themselves; but it
those partners who

valid

as

will

not

were

between
proted

sustain
to third
parties unless the third parties knew
of this agreement between the partners and gave credit accordingly.
The principal test of membership
in a mercantile firm is said to be the
sharing of the profits. Thus, if one
to

no loss from responsibility

(Continued on page 23)

&

3%e&u4/mM&&u&6rTHE OFFICE DESK AND

SURROUNDINGS
The

Goodrich Rubber Co.,

Akron, Ohio
Have you ever caught yourself unconsciously taking the measure of a
business man from the degree of progressiveness he shows in his working
habits?
At one extreme is the man
who covers up his important papers,
forgets his engagements, runs his own
errands, sharpens his pencils, and
fight down his interruptions by sheer
B. F.

force.

For another, these things seem to

take care of themselves. He sits free
and easy, working carefully, watching,
deciding and doing things of importance.
No where is it more truer
"Know the workman by his tools."
Efficient business men today endeavor
to
produce
the
greatest
amount of work with the least ex-

regularly needed in the day's work

should be in the desk. Whether it is
the crude "cracker box" of the shipping clerk or the highly polished mahogany of the executive, the appearance of the desk typifies and reflects
the man.

Careful study and discussion along

with time and motion tests suggest
that the arrangement of the material
in the desk somewhat after the following would help us in the execution of our work.
In the front of the center drawer, a
small compartment should be layed
off by a division board.
Here pens,
clips, bands, etc., should be placed,
preferably in the small glass containPenholders,
ers that are furnished.
pencils, erasers and a ruler can be
placed loose in this compartment.

With

this

arrangement

it

is

possible

Nothing lias a place and the owner of

the desk can find nothing lie wants.
In place of every crevice and corner
being occupied by things needed in a
day's routine, these desks are loaded
with material that should be filed, sent
to where it could be put into use, or

to keep the center desk drawer open

about two inches all the time, and
without reaching or shifting the chair
or your position you can have the
necessary supplies ready for use. It
is not recommended that you keep
personal matter in your desk, but in
case you do it should be placed towards the back of this middle drawer.
Large, flat record books, should be
kept in the back of this drawer also
if they must be kept in the desk.
The right-hand top drawer is perhaps the most used. Therefore, the
things most needed in the day's work
should be kept there.
These things
used especially by the right hand,
such as rubber stamps, ink pads, paste,

destroyed.

etc.

penditure of effort. They realize that

in order to be efficient they must have
their office desks and working tools
arranged in such a manner that they
can be utilized to the best advantage.
The desks of many business men
resemble junk heaps of remnant counters.

for

They

are the

dumping grounds

every kind of commercial material.

The

result

is

confusion,

and con-

fusion about a desk short-circuits effective, decisive thinking and often

causes misjudgment and costly mistakes.

.Men

who keep

their

desks

free

from

unnecessary or unused forms,

or supplies, that is, keep the dead
wood cleared away, are able to handle
their tasks with greater precision and
accuracy. Men who systematize their
desk material soon get so they can
find
certain
material automatically
and with little or no expenditure of
brain energy. A man writing a letter
with pen and ink makes little effort
in finding his ink well and dipping his
pen. Keeping things where the hands
will find them automatically results in
correct and unconscious habits of
work. This is not possible among accumulations of plunder, in, on top, or
about the desk.
No long ago, \!50 successful business men were questioned by a leading business magazine regarding their
personal habits at their desks.
The
investigation showed that these men
concentrated on one thing at a time
and finished that task before going
to the next one.
Their desks were
neatly arranged and free from accumulations of odds and ends.
Their
desk drawers were arranged for convenience in handling papers, supplies
files

and necessary equipment.

Only papers, folders and
terial regularly needed at
should be on the working
the desk. Only papers and

other mathe time

surface of
appliances

Of course,

if

these

things

are

used constantly all day, they should

be put on the top of the desk.
In
other words, the tools in constant use
should be arranged for the greatest
convenience, consistent with the highest desk efficiency.
The upper left-hand drawer is preferably for blanks, forms and supplies
that are in daily use.
If a small
"Tickler" file or daily reminder is
used, it should be placed in this
drawer.
The lower right-hand drawer is usually a file drawer and contains only
material pending completion or pertaining to the department.
This file
space should not be a storage place
for general file folders but rather for
reference information, reports, correspondence, follow-up data, work in
process, etc.
Four folders

pockets may be
made up for this file and used to advantage if properly filed in labeled
manila folders or paperoid pockets,
either correspondence or cap size, any
of which may be secured from stock.
For example:
1.
Material to be dictated.
Questions to be taken up with
2.
Dept. Heads.
Cases needing immediate conor

::.

sideration.
4.

Follow-up material.

Be sure that in all cases this

rangement is just as simple as

arre-

quirements will permit.

In the back of this drawer, cleaning
and dusting cloths, oil cans, typewriter tools and towels can be stored.

They are then never buried and easily

available when wanted.
The two lower left-hand drawers
are most convenient for keeping those
things that are not used constantly
but often needed in the day's routine.
Text and reference books, sales manuals, telephone directory, in fact, all
things that are not used often but
really needed for the execution of certain duties, should be placed in these
two drawers.

On the top of most business desks

two highly important pieces of
equipment; the telephone and mail
trays.
A pad should be always near
at hand so that notations regarding
messages received over the telephone
can be made. It is usually unnecessary to have more than two trays on
any desk. More than two hampers
efficient messenger service. Route incoming and outgoing material in the
standardized directions from left to
right
the "in" tray should be to your
left and the "out" tray to your right.
Push buttons should be placed so
that they can be reached without moving any part of the body except the
arm.
are

On

leaving the office at night the

top of all desks should be cleared of

everything except the telephone and
desk trays.
Effective janitor service
is necessary in an office building as
large as ours, and the clerical force
must co-operate by placing articles
where they will not accumulate dust
If desks
are
or create confusion.
cleared of papers, correspondence,
stationery forms, price of bulletin
books, etc., before leaving at night,
janitors are going to be able to work
in
a
office

more

efficient

Your

manner.

is
going to greet you more
pleasantly the next morning too, because there is nothing so distressing
the first thing each day as a desk surface piled high with dusty confusion.

The manner
office

in which you keep your

surroundings reflects your

methods of working. You may arrange your desk so that it will be

most serviceable to you, but if you
allow an accumulation of forms, stationery, index cards, library magazines,

etc.,

to

lie

around

in

and on

cabinets, you are pulling against the

power that makes for better office

work.

An office is not a place for an accumulation of everything; where papers are lost, data mislaid, records
buried and every nook and corner is
crammed with plunder; where it does
not matter whether you hit or miss
the waste-paper basket; where, when
the plunder in the corners is disturbed, a cloud of dust arises to meet the
investigator and pollutes the air other
workers must breathe. Where a part
of each day is wasted in weary search
for needed matter.
Where confusion
prevails not only in appearances but
as well in plans and methods.
Such
a place does not deserve the name
"Office," and those who persist in
contributing to such conditions do not
deserve a place in a real office.
(Continued on page

:.'::)

^
Of the National Society for Vocational Education, which was held
in St. Louis, Mo., February
20,

21,

22,

By James
The

C.

1919

Reed

Commercial

Section of the
National Society for Vocational Education held two meetings. The meeting on Thursday afternoon was presided over by John C. Brodhead,
Assistant Superintendent of Sc'hools,
Boston, Massachusetts.
The first topic discussed was "Federal Aid for Commercial Education."

Mr. Layton \V. Hawkins, of the FedBoard for Vocational Education,

discussed the question of granting
federal aid to Commercial Education
under the present Smith-Hughes Act.
The only aid that can be granted un-

eral

is for research work and

commercial work done in partMr. Hawkins stated
classes.
that no aid could be given where a

der this act

for

time

was made up of regular students

In such a
and part-time students.
case it would be necessary to put the
class

part-time in a class by themselves in

order to secure federal aid.
Dean J. M. Watters, of the Georgia

School of Technology, was unable to

be present, 'but his paper on "Aid
Needed under New Legislation" was
read by James C. Reed, of the WhiteDean
water State Normal School.
Watters asked for federal aid for

Commercial

Education under five

For supervision of com-

1.
heads.
mercial teaching in the high schools.
2.
For the training of commercial
3.
Aid for secondary
teachers.
schools. 4. Aid for colleges. 5. Aid

research work. This paper evoked

The discusa very lively discussion.
sion was led by Mr. Reed, who emmust
something
that
phasized the fact
be done to make commercial teaching
more attractive so that it will be on
an equal plane with business positions
requiring the same amount of trainin

ing.

The next topic was "Recent Developments an Commercial Education."

F.

G.

Nichols,

Assistant

&

<!M*&uA/n^&&un&r

REPORT OF THE TWELFTH

ANNUAL CONVENTION

Director

Commercial Education, Washington,

D. C, discussed the "Organization of
High School Commercial Education
on the Articulated One-year Unit
This provided for a five-year
course beginning with the eighth
grade and ending with the twelfth.
The course was so arranged that the
student could take the studies best
suited to his age and which would
prepare him for the best position he
could command no matter when he
Basis."

Another feature of the

school.
plan was that each year some work
was left unfinished so that there
would be an inducement to the student to remain in school. The course
was also co-ordinated with the work
in the evening schools and the continuation schools so that if a student
left

dropped out he could finish his work

This
in one of the other schools.

plan met with the hearty approval of

the teachers present.

pointed out the necessity of co-opera-

W. E. Bartholomew, Specialist in
Commercial Education in New York
State, discussed the problem of "Parttime Commercial Courses." He dis-

schools.

cussed the relative merits of the Alternating Day-plan, and the Alternating Week-plan. He favored the latter
plan and produced evidence to show
that it was meeting with success
Business
where it had been tried.
men seem to be willing to undertake
part-time work and to assist the
schools in affording the students opportunities to do actual work. Parttime work in business houses for high
school commercial students is a live
issue, and according to Mr. Bartholomew, is absolutely essential if the
business training of the high schools
is to be effective.

"Continuation

Commercial

Cours-

es" was discussed by William Bachrach, Supervisor Commercial Work,

Chicago High Schools. Mr. Bachrach

described the work that was being
done by the Chicago Board of Education in conjunction with the packing
Part-time schools have
companies.
been opened at Swift & Company and
the Armour & Company's Packing
The Board of Education
Houses.
furnishes a teacher and the Packing
Companies furnish the room and the
necessary equipment. These schools
have been very successful.
The subject of "Evening School
Courses" was discussed by Robert
A. Grant, of the
School, St. Louis,

Yeatman

High

Mr.
Missouri.
Grant argued that the evening school
short
deconsist
of
courses should
finite units and that credit should be
work.
given in terms of day school

Cheesman A. Herrick, President

of
College, Philadelphia, Pennmeetof
the
chairman
sylvania, was
ing of the Commercial Section on
Friday afternoon. This meeting was
devoted to a discussion of the problems of retail selling. Mr. M. L. Wilkinson, President o'f the Associated
Retailers, St. Louis, Missouri, discussed the need of training in retail
Dr. J. B. Miner, of the Carselling.
negie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, described the
Pittsburgh plan of training for retail

Girard

selling.

Through
tute

the

co-operation of the
the Carnegie Insti-

men and

business
of

Technology

Graduate

offered to train experts in

Course

is

Retail

Store

Management.

The

Course is open only to those wtio

Sixteen
hold a Bachelor's degree.
Dr.
students are taking the course.
Lee Galloway gave an account of the

New York method

of training

retail

He prefaced his paper

salesmen.
with a very able discussion of the
nature of the science of salesmanship.

Mrs. Lucinda Prince, of the Prince

Boston,
Salesmanship,
o f
School
Mass., described the Boston plan.
Mrs. Prince is a pioneer in this kind
of work and explained how she had
She
started this work in Boston.

tion

between the merchants and the

It is absolutely necessary in
carrying out a vocational course with

practice work in retail selling that

there should be co-operation and supThe
port of both store and school.
question, whether all of the stores in
which practice work is done should
pay the same wages, invoked considerable discussion. The one side claiming that if some stores offer more
than others all the pupils will desire
In In- sent In the store where the
higher wages are paid, and the students who are compelled to accept
work in stores where lower wages are
paid will he dissatisfied. It was the
consensus of opinion, however, that
a uniform wage was not essential to
the success of the part-time employ-

The course in retail selldivided into two parts. 1. Class

conpracMrs. Prince outlined the course
tice.
of study as given in the Prince School
Teachers who are
of Salesmanship.
interested in this subject should send
for bulletin No. 22, issued by the Federal Board for Vocational Education,
The questions
Washington, D. C.
raised in the foregoing paper were
discussed by Professor W. F. Gep-

ment
ing

plan.

is

room work. 2. Outside work,

sislring of home study and store

hart. Department of Commerce,

Washington University, St. Louis,
Missouri and Clay D. Slinker, Director of Commercial Education, Des

j
j
.

Moines, Iowa.

On Friday evening the Commercial

Section held a banquet at the AmeriThere were fifty Comcan Hotel.
in
attendance.
mercial
Educators
Cheesman A. Herrick officiated as
The discussion of the
toastmaster.
evening centered around the training
Professor
ofcommercial
teachers.
Weston, Head of the Department of
Commerce, University of Illinois, and
Professor Brisco, Director of School
of Commerce, University of Iowa,
presented the matter from the standpoint of the universities, and took the
position that it was impossible for
them

to interest

young men

in

com-

',

mercial teaching when so much better

opportunities were presented tograduates of courses of commerce in the
University in business careers. The
function of the school of commerce
in the University is to prepare young
men to be leaders of business, and
according to the University view this I
work is just as truly vocational as any
Mr.
other kind of vocational work.
Nichols discussed the work that was I
being done in the training of commercial teachers by Normal Schools,
and brought out the fact that while
Schoolsabout twenty-six Normal
have some kind of commercial work v
only about half a dozen are actually
accomplishing anything in the way of 1
teacher training. The rest are merely
offering a few courses in commercial
work and would be more accurately
described as Normal Schools with a
Robert
Business College attached.
A. (irant, of St. Louis, argued fori

(Continued on page 24)

^
HOW TO

BEGIN AN AUDIT

Tneodore D. Krum, Technical High

School, McKeesport, Pa.

my

In

first

article

discussed the

possible litigation. While the discussion here is necessarily abridged hecause of lack of time and space for a
fuller
discussion, the writer trusts
that the following points will be helpful and suggestive:
The first thing an auditor
1
must decide when he has a set of
books submitted to him to be audited,
is whether or not he can do the work
conscientiously and without affecting
his reputation among his clientele.
He must also settle to his own satisfaction just who his client is and to
whom he is to submit the completed
statements and various exhibits, and
also to whom he is to look for comIt
pensation for services rendered.
sometimes happens that after an auditor has finished an audit, he is undecided just who is going to pay for
)

Sometimes his client is

his services.
a dissatisfied stockholder or possibly
a large bondholder who has requested
that the books be audited and who
will pay for the necessary audit as
long as it may be favorable, but who
will refuse to pay when the final unfavorable results are submitted to
him.
Possibly a member of the City
Council may wish the books of the
municipality audited. In this connection I wish to say, one can scarcely
think of any councilman public-spirited enough to even think of having
the city's books scrutinized by an
auditor for fear that the unsavory
unearthed during the audit
might make it very unhealthy for said
councilman and his colleagues. Our
city fathers usually are very reluctant
to
bring anything regarding their
things

dealings with the city finances to

and ordinarily shun public
scrutiny of any dealings so long as
they have a finger in the pie.
So I
repeat an auditor must determine the
legal status of. his client before the
commencement of the audit.
light,

-'

The auditor should aim

cure the

to se-

co-operation of his client's

Nothing should be more

gratifying, especially to the young auditor,

than to have the client's staff friendly
and willing to make the work as light
This is a point
as possible for him.
very often ignored by the beginner.
In all cases an auditor should not
staff.

a domineering or overbearing
mien; but be frank, cordial and busi-

assume

ness-like.

An

easily offset

antagonistic office force

the

good an audi-

charge a day rate or

a fixed

tor may do and thus neutralize the

effects of his work.
In some cases,

the entire audit.

because of misunderstanding on the

until after the audit is

tonus from an

advantages and purposes of an audit

by Certified Public Accountants, or
at least by professional auditors.
In
this article I will attempt to point out
the
just how the auditor should begin
audit after he has once decided to accept the work. He must have a well
The
defined course of procedtire.
following preliminary program has
been suggested as one that if followed will have the auditor many pitfalls and future embarrassment, if not

may

part of auditor or

Article No. 2

&

*jffls&UJ//l^C4&U&&7~

staff,

audit.

actual harm
readily

As can

be seen, the auditor will be very unlikely

to
secure
an
appointment
again.
An auditor must remember
that the office force, having the ear
constantly of their employer and who
enjoy his confidence can very easily
offset

the

good done by

the auditor.

he has incurred the illwill of the

staff he should expect nothing but censure from them.
On the other hand, the auditor
must not take his client's staff into
his confidence.
He must guard himself from giving away any information that may be injurious either to
his client or to himself.
I have in mind a young auditor engaged by a large firm to audit their
books.
He formed the acquaintance
If

client's

young stenographer and one

day took her to dinner. During the
of

the

course of conversation he outlined

in

detail the work done and the results

of his investigation.
Of course, the
young woman took the first opportunity to unburden herself and so
shared
her
knowledge
with
her
friend, who was assistant bookkeeper

for a large wholesale house who sold

heavily to the firm having its books
audited. The assistant was a zealous
and ambitious young woman so she
promptly carried her information to
her General Manager.
The wholesale house was carrying notes of the
firm aggregating tens of thousands of
dollars.
Of course the wholesale
house refused to sell the firm any
more good on credit and absolutely
refused to renew the maturing obligations to the firm. The firm being
unable to secure the necessary cash
to

tide

them over

difficult

period

were forced into bankruptcy.

If it
had not been for the indiscreet auditor,
the firm would probably have been
able to renew at least a portion of its
maturing obligations and thus been
able to weather the storm.
The auditor must know how(3)
to get started.
He must have the
end of the audit in mind at the beginning.
He should go over the
ground to be covered carefully and
thoughtfully with his client and outline a plan of procedure.
No doubt
the client will ask as to the probable
length of time necessary to complete
the work.
It is far better to overstate
rather
than
understate
the
probable length of time required. In
all cases, the auditor should have a
well thought-out plan marked out before attempting any actual work.
A
few hours spent at the very beginning
of the work in this way may save
days in the subsequent audit.

Next

comes the matter of

The beginning pracespecially anxious that he
make no mistake in fixing his compensation for services rendered. This,
however, is a matter that he must
decide for himself.
He may either
(4)

compensation.
titioner

is

allow

he

this

In no

matter

to

sum

for

case should

"hang

fire"

completed. If
should do so he may experience
in securing the money due

he

difficulty

him. The writer thinks that the fixed

rate is preferable to the day rate, especially for the beginner.
If a day
rate is to be paid, that is a tendency,
perfectly natural, on the part of the
young and inexperienced auditor, to
charge the same fixed rate as the
more experienced auditors.
Surely
the more professional ability a man
has, the higher should be his charge
for his services.
This is true in all
professions, else what would be the
incentive to excel?
If no
fee has
been arranged before the audit or
has not been reduced to writing prior
to the audit, and a dispute arises, the
courts will render a decision on as
equitable a basis as is possible.

The

(5)

auditor

where the work

is

must

decide

That

to be done.

either in his own office or in the

In cases where
office of his client.
embezzlement or dishonesty is suspected, it seems to be the concensus
of opinion among auditors that the
audit should be conducted in the office of the auditor, or at least conducted in such a manner as not to
arouse the suspicions of the guilty
one.
In cases where the audit is a
natural one, then it seems that the
ideal place is right in the office of
the client.
The reasons for this are
very manifest, even to the layman.
is,

I
have in mind an auditor auditing
a set of books where the bookkeeper
was suspected of being dishonest. An
office was rented by the auditor in
the same building.
The guilty bookkeeper remained ignorant of the audit

being carried on right over his head

until the auditor confronted him with
the proof of his dishonesty.
The

books and records were removed

from the office after the bookkeeper
had gone home for the day.' Nearly
the entire audit was conducted after
five

o'clock.

mentioned above, when there

no question as to the honesty and

As
is

integrity
client's

of

staff,

the

members

duct the audit undoubtedly

own

of

the

then the place to conis

in

the

But if carried
on here, the auditor must be very
careful not to incur the illwill nor to
client's

office.

antagonize the client's staff of office

workers. Many large and successful
engagements have resulted directly
because of the fact that some bookkeeper had a pleasant relation with a
professional auditor. A man is honest until he has proved to the world
Nearly all men
that he is dishonest.
are very "touchy" about their honesty, and if an auditor should by suggestion or attitude show that he
doubts the honesty of some member
of the client's office force, he can rest
assured that he has formed in that
Rut if a case of
person an enemy.
attempted or actual fraud is unearthed during the course of the audit,

(Continued on page 24)

board)

E.

$.50,

paid out

and

!.;.">,

(write)

and I have
and .35. Tell

.90,

Article No.

which

will

Accounting

Write on board

show

can

be

(1) the capital at the

time,

(2)

the

details

of

crease or decrease, that

tion

and

which
from which
into

capital's inthe direc-

is,

expenditures went
income came, and

(3) the 'property, or assets owned by

owed to the concern, along with
the encumbrances or liabilities; the
difference between these assets and
liabilities is the Capital or Deficit.
This Accounting is shown in the
form (if statements, schedules, and

or

1.

reifer

to

If the last statement is correct, the

underlying principles of Bookkeeping
and Accounting must be the same.
Terms should be used in one which
can be applied to the other.
In the following lesson plans, the
purpose is to teach terms and methods which always can be used by the
student; he need never unlearn or

discard any.
These lessons are planned for a
forty or forty-five minute recitation
period.
Usually an outside assignment is given. If the custom of the
school is to have double periods, then
that part of the period following the
recitation ought to be long enough
for the usual assignment.
The answers here printed are the
ones which are correct in meaning.
Ordinarily these answers will come
from pupils in different words, but a
usable, clear answer in all that is
desired.
Sometimes the instructor
will be unable to get a usable answer
at all, and will. have to furnish one.
Pedagogically speaking, nothing
s'hould 'be told the class, but rather
than waste valuable time, telling is
occasionally advisable.

$1.23
.35

Two

from now. if we
what will it mean

years

to this record,

Each item should have a date.

Add a date to each item on the
board.
I.
Alight we like to have any other
information about these records?
A.
How we got the money and
what we paid

Add

18
18'
.'(>

I.

$ .50
1.75

record shall we

!I0

1.25

35
this?

call

Cash Record.
I.
How shall we show that
i-h Record?
A.
Write Cash Record at the
A.

it

is

1.
How shall I separate
items from the name?
A.
Draw a horizontal line

top.

these

I.

How
of

shall

the

show

receipts

the separathe pay-

from

ments?
A.
Draw a vertical line between.
I.
shall I know which are
receipts and which are payments?
A.
Head the left side Receipts and
he right side payments.
Pass out ledger paper.
I.
This paper is ruled up similarly
to the form which you have suggested to me and which I 'have made on
the iboard.
On which side of this
paper shall we keep our receipts?
A.
The left.
I.
The reason that receipts are
put on the left hand side of the
record is simply one of custom.
all want to follow the same general
methods in keeping books or a concern could not hire a new bookkeeper
without having a school to teach the

How

We

of information does

right.

contain?
Answer.
Information of cash received and cash paid.
I.
How was each kind of information kept separate?
V Receipts were put in one column or on fine page, and payments
"ii .ir in another.
I.
Let us suppose I have received
during the past week
(write
on
it

I.

cord

Suppose'you make
on

Cash Re-

that has been

Tell me first what
are all the columns for?
A.
First two for the month and
day, wide one for the explanations,
and beyond the next narrow one, the
last two for the amount, a place for
doll. us and a place for cenls.

handed

(Same

as

summary

of

Lesson

1.)

Have

yesterday's assignment papers read in class for correction.

I.
Yesterday we started to record
some transactions of mine in a Cash
Record. Find the paper.
Finish recording the entries by
having a pupil put one entry on the
board, the others criticising or suggesting until it is correct. Class make
same entry on paper.

Do you know

another name for

the Cash Record?

A.
Cash Account.
I.
Yes, and Cash Account is the
term commonly used by bookkeepand accountants, so let us use it
when we speak of a record like this.
If this account had no heading would

ers

Cash Account Developed from what

the Student Already Knows
Instructor.
Who of you have
ever seen a Cash Account, or Cash
Book, or Cash Record? Describe it
as well as you can.
What two kinds

Cash Record.

I.

under

the name.
tion

LESSON

Cash Account (continued)

Tell me what you can of the

A.

Holt paid debt

Sold book
Pair rubbers
Writing paper

What

the wide column, and

column.

in

last

A number of cash received and

rash paid transactions for the student to enter into a Cash Record.
Have students summarize the lesson by describing Cash Record:
What does it show? On which
side is each shown?

I.

now appear

J.

lii

the

in

an explanation to each item.

newcomer how to keep books their

way. As it is now, a bookkeeper can
go from school to work, or Irom one
job to another.
The new books he
finds
are different from what he
knows, only in unimportant ways;
these little differences are soon familiar to him, 'because bookkeeping
everywhere is based upon the same
general principles. So in order to be
uniform we put our cash receipt on
the left and the payments on tin-

LESSON

Sold apples
50

for.

The board entries will

similar to:
Sept. 18 Sold app'les

next?

Assignment:

Us?
A.

adjustment and closing entries.

When we teach Bookkeeping we

teach clerical routine, the making of
records, and when we teach Accounting we teach the science of interpreting these records.

..",()

1.75

What

I.

.90

made

present time, the amount of difference

from what it was at some previous

mak-

in

A.
On the left hand side write
September 16 in the first two columns, abbreviating September; write

of Bookkeeping is to
record financial transactions.
The
aim of Bookkeeping is to keep these
records in such manner that at any

an

first

A.
Write
in
one
column
the
amounts received and in another column the amounts paid.

out a record of

The purpose

time

we do

shall

ing our Cash Record?

A. Write Cash Record at the top.

$1.:25

make

to

cash receipts and payments.

Cowan, Arlington, Mass.,

High School

What

I.

my

me how

ING
By H.

&

''y/u-*i0uJ/'/ujj-6<//4u6r

THE TEACHING OF BOOKKEEPING AND ACCOUNT-

the

to

paper

you.

we know

that

A.

No.

I.

Then

is

it

a record of cash?

is

word Cash

the

at

the

top necessary?
A. Yes.
the word account necessary?
No, because one can easily see

Is

I.

A.
that

is

it

an account.

Then what heading do we need?

I.

A.

lust

Cash. (Cross off Record.)

Who

I.

will

define

Account

for

A.
It
is
record of business
a
transactions.
Write the definition on the board.
I.
What kind of transactions are
recorded in the Cash Account? What
one thing is involved in each?
A.
Each is a cash transaction.
If
I.
a transaction
involved no
cash would it be recorded in the

(ash Account?
A.
No.
I.
Add to your definition.
A. An account is a record of business transactions which involve the

same
1.

thing.

What about

an account

is

the form
arranged?

in

which

A. The Cash Account is arranged

into receipts and payments.
I.

tin-

A.
1.

Do you know another name

left

for

band side?

Debit.

Do you know another name

for

the right hand side?

V Credit.
I.

Then

ranged?

how

is

an

account

ar-

&

'3fe'ZJ&t*//i4'<U<fW/*<w/f
debit and credit.
complete the definition.
is a record of busitransactions which involve the
same thing, and is arranged into
debt and credit.
I.
Give a definition for the Cash
Account.
A. A Cash Account is a record of
cash transactions arranged into debit
and credit.

A.
I.

Into

I.

Now

you

An account

A.
ness

How

I.

we

shall

how much

find

cash we have on hand?

Count

A.

How

I.

hand or debit side and all

payments on the right ha'nd, or credit
side.

Let us use the terms debit and

they are the terms used by
business men, so they are the terms
we should use. On which side do
we record cash receipts?
I.

credit;

the debit side.

In

When we

record an item on the

debit side w-e say we debit the item.
On which side do we record our payI.

ment.-

A.
1.

How

We
How

cash?

We

debit

name

the

A.

Xame some more assets.

A desk, a book, Liberty

1.

If

no

thing has

Bonds.

value

is

it

an asset?
A. No.
I.

Then what

An

A.
I.

asset

When we

we record
I.

happens
A.
I.

debit Cash.
receive more

we

If

an asset?
anything of value.
how do

receive cash

it?

We

A.

is
is

to

cash what
our cash supply?

increases.
side do

It

On which

we record

the

increase?

On

A.
I.

-i

aii

A.
I.

the

cash
account

If

debit side.
i-

an

is

cash?

asset,

what kind

An

asset account.
When do we debit an asset ac-

count?

When

A.
I.

\\

the asset

is

increased.

hen do we credit an asset ac-

count?
A.
I.

When

an asset
given

You have

is

me

assignment.

Summary by the Class

What is an account?
What kind of an account is Cash?
What are the rules for such an aciun1

On which
there

is

BIG

side

is

the balance

when

balance?

Y. M. C. A.

ORDER FOR

OVERSEAS

decreased.
in two parts

an important rule in Bookkeeping.

Give it to me in one sentence.
A. A Debit, etc.

and

The Gregg Publishing Company

(Continued from page 18)

had money to be used in the business
for which he is to receive a share of
profits, this would make him a
if he is to receive lawinterest and in addition thereto a
share of the profits, this would generally make him liable as a partner
to a creditor of the firm.
Sometimes a clerk or salesman, or
a person otherwise employed for the
firm, receives a share of the profits
instead of wages.
Formerly it was
held that if such a person received
any certain share (such as one-tenth)
this made him liable as a partner, but
if he
received a salary equal to onetenth the net profits, this did not
make hint liable as a partner.

the

partner; and
ful

The court

in-

at

present looks more at

forms us that they recently made

shipment of 16,000 shorthand books
to the V. M. C. A. in Paris, in addition to a previous shipment of -',500

the actual intention of the parties and

their actual ownership of interest in
the funds of the partnership.
If in

in

these wages are measured by the prolit-, he is not liable as a partner for
the debts of the firm.

ii

iles.

This, they state, is probably the

largest order for shorthand "books
ever received, and is evidence of the
popularity of shorthand in the Y. M.
C. A. overseas courses.

THE OFFICE DESK

AH weaknesses
oi

office

that retard the How

routine should be overcome.

and departmental detail

must be done automatically and with
Inter-office
le

is

system.

Effective

thinking

smothered and efficient execution of

are
hampered by confused

duties
office

Cash.

Does anyone know

given to cash and other property?

A. They are asset-.
I.

ni the

Desk

PARTNERSHIP

Assignment

ci

Desk efficiency disciplines.

inefficiency undermines ability
success.

this

(Continued from page 19)

item on Phe

credit side we
saj
we credit the
item.
dr. we record a payment
of cash?
A.
credit Cash.
I.
do we record a receipt of

I.

Xo

Dictate a number of transactions

involving cash receipts and payments,
for pupils to record in a Cash Account. The account is to be balanced
and ruled.
To learn the rule for
debiting and crediting assets is also

On the credit side.

When we record an

A.

will

work easy.
ever be made to
future

any other.

rule or

part

left

A.

exception

how much

find

A.
Find the difference between
cash debits and credits.
Show how the cash balance is recorded, the account ruled, and the
balance 'brought down. This is done
on the board, each student doing likewise on his own Cash Account.
I.
Do we need these headings.
Receipts and Payments?
A.
Xo, because all receipts are on
the

This is one of a very few rules

have to learn. Learn it. it

will

make your

it.

shall we
to have?

we ought

will

23

surroundings.

Visitors often gain their impressions of you and our Company by the
appearance of your desk and our offices.
None of us would wear a soiled
collar to work; why live in an office
that impresses the visitor as needing
a thorough renovating?

he

fact,

works

for

wages,

although

(To be continued)

DUFF'S COLLEGE BURNS

The business college fraternity will
regret to learn of the destruction by
lire of Duff's College of Pittsburgh on
February 34th.
About 150 students
were in the building when the fire
was discovered. Cool headed officials
and teachers of the college prevented
-ler among the students.
One
girl
student was seriously injured
when -he fell from the arms of a rescuing fireman. Seven other girls were
overcome by smoke.

The institution
which occupied the second and third
floors of a three story building was
put out of commission completely. A
letter from Mr. Spangler, principal of
the school, states that they began

It is difficult to make any set of

rules for placing desk material properly. The man at his particular desk
should know better than anyone else
what things he needs the most and
where they are obtained quickly and
easily.
Desk efficiency is not a fad,
it is a living factor for success for all

holding sessions on Monday, March

and that the school is again running along smoothly.
Duff's College has been famous for
many years, and especially for fine
penmanship. Wm. H. Duff, who retired from the school some years ago,
was long known as one of the fewvery fine penmen and engrossers in

business men.

this

The man who achieves the greatest

success is the man who uses to the
best advantage each sixty minutes of
every hour.
Time-economizing is more important than money economizing.
The
right use of time is the price of every
earthly accomplishment.
Business men can borrow a million
in money but they cannot beg, borrow, steal or create a minute.
Everything possible should be done
by the business man to do the most
in the least time. Arrange your desk
materials.
Have all things near at
hand and in a place where they are
easily available.

3rd,

country.

The Xew York Normal School at

Cortland, N. Y., was destroyed by fire
on February 37th. The Cortland institution was one of the ten state
normal schools located in various
parts of the state.
J.

M. Moose, formerly

of

Warner.

is now Assistant Manager and

Principal of the New South College,

Ohio,

Beaumont, Texas. Mr. Moose is a

penman and commercial teacher of
ability, and we have every reason to
believe that he will make a splendid
success in the institution with which
he is connected.

HOW TO

BEGIN AN AUDIT

The

foggy

old

using

scratch

paper

making valuable memoranda will

same day awake to find his place
tilled by a wide-awake and more comfor

(Continued from page 21)

then the auditor is bound to disclose
facts as he finds them.

the

said that a workman is

known by the tools he uses. If this
is so then the auditor is known by
ir.)

his

It

is

working papers.

These working

papers will be sheets of paper on

which are written all information
brought to light during the course of

Each separate class of erthe audit.

rors or information should he listed
He must
n separate sheets of paper.
decide before beginning an audit just
Some
uiiai papers will be required.
important data on
auditors place
of paper or on the backs of old
envelopes, never taking the time at
the beginning of the audit to arrange
a systematic manner, papers with
headings covering the questions liketo arise during the course of the
ly
audit.
On these sheets should be

in

listed

in

neat,

careful

manner,

all

questionable entries unduring the course of the

audit.
He should never think of attempting an audit without some well
defined course of procedure, and he
should be able to anticipate all classes
of errors and provide himself with
separate s'heets for such data. Before
beginning the audit he should purchase a complete outfit of papers and
all other stationery needed during the
course of the audit.
A
First impressions are lasting.
borrowing auditor is very liable to
He should
give a poor impression.
have foresight enough to purchase all
supplies required.
He should
the
have a carefully selected set of forms
to he used, and only one -class of errors or information should be put
on each form.
He should use a
single sheet whenever he has any notations to
make concerning some
phase of work not noted previously.
The accountant must lie the very personification of order and system. The
accountant's business is to criticise
careless methods in others. How can
he instruct others to be orderly and
or

errors

earthed

he
orderly himself?
sj

stetnatic

if

is

careless and dis-

many

In

the

is

it

backs

scraips

anda of

of
all

offices

the

still

of

of wealthy conpractice to use

envelopes

paper

for

sorts.

In

and

other

making memorsome cases such

supply is all that is required for the

super-annuated
kkeeper who does
not think it necessary to use ruled
form. He is so blissfully ignorant of
the many uses to which a few wellruled forms could be put to use for
I

and financial benefit of

employer, and it would almost
M

his

petent successor.

The auditor should have a full

stock of all kinds of paper that lie
thinks will tie necessary, and he
should see that his stock is replenished by new purchases from time
A' few dollars invested in a
to time.
full supply of stationery will be of
the greatest help to him. Then after
he has the paper he should use it,
not even attempting to economize by
putting two distinct classes of errors
on one sheet even though the sheet
Every mebe only partially filled.
morandum is important. It may be
that that memorandum thought to be
but of slight importance, may later
prove to be the all important docu-

ment

subsequent

in

ation

surely result in an increase of salary.

litigation.

After the auditor has written up his

working papers they should be carefully filed away where they are easily
No auditor
located and accessible.
should think of destroying his working papers after they are once written up, as they are of inestimable
value

case

in

o<f

future

litigation.

Probably the reason for a lawyer's

carelessness in writing up his memoranda lies in the fact that he is rarely
called upon to use the data written
This is not true, however,
thereon.
of the auditor.
7
If an auditor is asked to audit
set of 'books with which he is not
familiar (and he is not a super-man)
he should not refuse the work, but in
his talk with the client ask for all the
details necessary.
If he professes to
know all about the 'business and subsequent events prove that he actually
knows very little, he certainly will be
placed in a very embarrassing position and by no means an enviable
one.
No auditor, not even the most
experienced, is familiar with all systems under the peculiar conditions of
Every company
individual concerns.
has a system all its own and different
)

in

way from other concerns

some

dealing
cally the

in

or

manufacturing identiSo to be

same commodity.

various systems in use would be a physical as

acquainted with

Doctors and lawyers and other professional men are in the habit of writing important memoranda on scraps
of paper or on the backs of old envelopes.
They frequently lose more
time in attempting to decipher this
jumble than it originally took to
write it.
cerns

&

y/u^J/uS/iuj Ct6ua/<r

dT

all

the

as mental impossibility.
However, the more experience an auditor
has. the greater will be his knowledge
of the many systems in use.
special knowledge of the set of books to

comes,

expenses, etc., are shown.

Single entry books do not lend themsleves to checks and proofs as do
double-entry books, but the process
of auditing is the same.
In other words, an auditor should
not refuse to audit a certain set of
books because they happen to be a
little different than those with which
he happens to be familiar. He must
expect to meet peculiar conditions
and be ever ready and alert to anticipate such conditions when they arise.
test of the unusual man is not in
doing the routine and easy things but
the man who can rise to an emergency and do the thing with which he

The

not familiar.
In his first talk with his client, the
auditor should cover the ground thoroughly.
The client may tell the entire history of the establishment and
probably his personal history as well.
The auditor should make copious
notes, for it is unlikely that he .will

is

find his client in

the same mood
again.
He should at this point take
note of every particle of information
given, as it may probably be of great
value in the subsequent audit.

An auditor before beginning

(8)
an audit should make a complete list
of all books and records in use containing the transactions of the business to be audited. Books of account
contain the history of the business.
As a history is not complete unless
all
important events are recorded
chronologically, so a history of business is not complete unless it shows
an unbroken record of business transThe auditor must not postactions.
pone this listing of the records until
after the audit has been started, but
right at the very beginning.
Finally, the auditor must de(9)
cide whether an audit using the balance sheet as a basis will be sufficient
or that a more extended and detailed
audit will be required and all entries
will be subject to the "scrutiny and
test"

test.

As

this is a big topic in itself I will

this phase of the auditor's
next article to appear in
in

discuss

work

my

the May
ucator.

number

of the Business

Ed-

well

is not necessary.
The fundamentals of all bookkeeping, accountancy and auditing are the same,
and if an auditor knows how to use
and apply these fundamentals he
should have no difficulty in auditing
the most complex system in use.

REPORT OF TWELFTH ANNUAL CONVENTION

(Continued from page 20)

be audited

An auditor is frequently asked

whether a satisfactoiy audit can be
made of a set of books kept by single
entry.
There is no difference so far
.inditing is
concerned, between
single and double entry bookkeeping.

.1

The

auditor, as in auditing a set of

double entry, should see that all assets are accounted for and that all in-

University credit in shorthand and

typewriting.
The success of this meeting is due
to Robert A. Grant, who made all the
arrangements.
The general session of the Society
passed a resolution to put Commercial

Education on the same basis as

Agricultural
Education,
Education, and Hume Economics as
far as Federal Aid was concerned.
Industrial

On

the whole this meeting of

Com-

mercial Educators was one of exceptional interest and also one in which
a great deal of enthusiasm prevailed.

$b

>^fe<3tiu**n&U&///<Y*/sr

WISE AND

OTHERWISE
Stories from Recent Real Life
T. CRAGIN
HoKoke. Mass.

By CHARLES

Part

The Star
The boys of
Mexico

as

Monroe
came home from

of Flash

Co.

brown

berries and as
hard as nails. There
was a spring in the
step that had not been
there when they went
a w a y eight months
before, their eyes had
a

as

new

glint,

and they

carried their muskets

like real soldiers; and
all the girls and most
of the old women and
lots of

men turned out and gave them

when they detrained

a royal greeting
amid the blare

of the brass band

which headed the reception committee.
They had a banquet at the armory and then they shed their uniforms and went back to their jobs, for
jobs were very plenty. Pretty nearly
everybody in the United States was
making something to sell to France,
England, or Germany through the
neutral nations. Flash got a job over
at the Westinghouse Company, where
they were making rifles for the Russians, but not for long were these
young fellows of the national guard to

be heroes of the hour; for the relations between Uncle Sam and the
Kaiser, the Supreme High War Lord,
were getting mighty Strained, and

Sam is some War Lord himself

the old man gets waked up.
Finally in April. 1917, our Uncle declined to get off the face of the ocean,
except in one painted ship a month,
took off his coat, got down the Sword
of Bunker Hill, had the rifle of 1861
brought up to date, pulled off his long
swallow tailed coat, rolled up his
sleeves, threw his hat into the ring,
and called for two million fighting
men. The first thing mobilized was
the national guard and the national
guard came pouring into the cantonments from east and west, mirth and
The Rainbow Division from
south.
all creation, the Cactus Division from
tin tar Southwest, and the New England Division numbered 26. which
included Co. X, and the
th regiUncle

when

and Flash Monroe and Tug

MacKenzie, bunkies of the Mexican

ment,

expedition, again put on their uniforms, answered the assembly call of

the bugle, and went into training in a
camp at Westford Plains to get ready
to go across the water; for Papa
Joffre. and Mr. Balfour, and others

from England and France had been

here and told us how the long strain
of war had worn almost to the breaking point the strength of heroic
France and bull-dog England, and
they begged the United States to send
not only money and food but fighting

men.

The answer came

like a

thunder

peal by the conscription of ten mil-

men between the ages of 21 and

and these men as fast as they were
inspected came shambling into the
encampments to be whipped into

the

thrilling

lion

to

35,

great band and

doughboys,
cavalrymen,
shape
as
cannoneers, machine-gun men. aviators, and goodness knows what.
The Gathering of the Clans
It was a husky looking crowd that
came pouring into Westford Plains
parts of Xew England: the
youth of the New England
husky lumbermen from the
Maine forests, and Governor Millikin's regiment of heavy artillery, gi-

from

all

picked

States;

gantic

fellows,

some

of

those

long,

powerful men from Maine; big.

Green Mountain boys from the wooded hills and fertile farms of Vermont;
Xew Hampshire boys right out of the
mountain tops as well as from the
manufacturing cities along the Merrimac; the gay Salem Cadets no longer
lank,

coats, but in the brown

the NutState and "Little Rhody," all of
them there and the finest of the whole
bunch, because they w ere fresh from
six months of real military work in
Mexico, was the company of Flash
Monroe and Tug MacKenzie, the latIt was a beautiful
ter now a corporal.
camp ground, well drained, sandy,
and with plenty of pine trees that furnished shade.
They had a very good time there
More than twenty
that summer.
in

scarlet

army khaki; and men from

meg

thousand men were gathered and kept

actively employed in all kinds of drill,
and the ladies from three neighboring
cities went over and sewed on their
buttons and looked after their general
welfare.
A good many of the boys
were invited into the homes of the
neighboring town of Westford. and
occasionally a bunch of them got over
to Flash's own city and lit up the
town, for that city was by no means
an arid desert to a man with a thirst.
Of course, nobody dared sell any joywater to soldiers in uniforms, but it
was not at all difficult to get some-

body

to

purchase

a bottle,

and some-

times the late cars to the camp were

pretty noisy, and the guard house
next day contained rookies with achThere were games of all
ing heads.
kinds, and Flash Monroe won the silver cup in a long distance race in
which he left all competitors far in
the rear.

Then, one day, over in the town of

Springfield, the
th Regiment gave a
farewell parade, for word had come
from Washington that the stay of the

26th Division at Westford would be

short.
It
was a brilliant military
spectacle
regiment,
as
the
three

seven hundred strong,

marched down the streets of Springfield
where one hundred and fifty
thousand people gathered from all the
country around about. They marched
by the reviewing stand where the
Governor and the Mayors of all the
surrounding cities had met to review

thousand

them, and how proudly they carried

the gleaming banner of the Nation
and the battle flag of the regiment and
the State flag, as with swinging step
and gleaming muskets they marched

war music of

drum corps

in

their
swift

and perfect alignment down the main

street of the city.
And soon there
a time when troop trains bore
men of that division by night in silence with no news of their going to
several Atlantic Ports.
Some of the
men were loaded on transports at
Portland, or Halifax, or Boston or
New York, nobody knew just where,
and in the shadow of night those
great transport ships, without a light
burning, with no sound or music, and
no cry of farewell from mother, wife,
or sweetheart, headed out into the
gloom and vanished from the shores
of their native land into the great
welter of war, from which many were
never to come back. It was a strange
voyage, that of the 26th, packed like
sardines in a box that September of
There were several ships in
1917.
the convoy and the bounding destroyers circled around them like sheep
dogs around a flock, spreading a wave
of smoke to hide them from the
watchful eyes of the sea snakes, the
submarines, who were waiting to
launch torpedoes at the American Expedition, when thej- reached the danger zone. Giant battleships lumbered
along with them, their monster guns
guarding the convoy, and overhead
hovered hj'droplanes like great birds
of prey watching for the "tin fish" of
\"un Tirpitz if they dared poke their
On their
slimy heads above water.
decks, around a circle, the keen eyes
of watchful men through binoculars
scanned every inch of the surface of

came

the deep, watching for periscopes.

If

there were any submarines they didn't

venture to attack the convoy, and after a couple of weeks of zigzagging
over the ocean pathway with all lights
out at night, not even a cigarette alto burn, there came one morning a gray blur on the horizon, and
soon the distant shores of France
rose in the east, and the 26th gave a
long hoarse cheer at the sight of foreign land.
October that they
It was late in
were landed on the soil of France
headed towards the sound of the great
guns, which were very plainly in earshot before they had marched long
through the mud of Flanders. Flash
Monroe was a pretty good letterwriter in spite of his lack of education. He had a gift of expression, and
before he had left his native city he
had joined the church of the Rev. Mr.
Hale, a man of stentorian voice, who
prayed so loud that there was no
chance of his not being heard in
heaven.
An awfully good man was
the Rev. Mr. Hale. The boys all liked
him, and he gathered in a great number of young people in his church
fold.
Flash had no special religious
leanings, but Tug MacKenzie was a

lowed

Tug had
been attracted to Mr. Hale's church
and Flash had joined because Tug did.
just as he had joined the army for the
same reason. Rev. Mr. Hale and Air.
Kean, of the Boys' Club, used to get
letters from Flash, and they were
good letters, too. Now over in France

good Scotch church goer.

&

,y/u,^&uj//icJj(5Wu6a/*?"
and up near the

an occasional letter came describing the enchanting life in the trenches, where
water and mud made a sticky slime
firing line,

sometimes extended halt way

man's knees, and where it rained
once every day and on Sundays
twice; where Boche snipers took a
snapshot at you whenever you showed so 'much as a finger's breadth of
your body upon the sandbags at the
top of the trenches; where cooties
came and camped upon you and
brought their relations, and friends,
and big trench rats galloped over you
and kept you wide awake so there
was no danger of your being surprised in your sleep by "Fritzie, the
Hun," just across the way. He wrote
about midnight excursions out thru
the wire entanglements into Nn Man's
-and, where an occasional German
star-flare
made the crawler sneak
that

they didn't have to urge us very much

after we got going.
I wasn't much
afraid of being hit, for I knew I was
running faster than a rifle ball."

The Value

down
of

into the very earth lest a rain

machine gun bullets perforate him

He

told about hustling

int.i a shell hole up to bis neck in
water one night when the star flare
had made a search party visible to the
enemy and sent the snap of machinegun bullets echoing all around them.
They stayed in that shell pit, made by
one of the great Jack Johnsons of
the Germans, all that night and all the
next day in water up to their arma sieve.

like

dead men floating around and smelling anything but

lovely, before, under cover of darkness, they got back into their own
dugout. He told of their first going
over the top at 5:30 in the early grey
of the morning at Seicheprey after
the batteries had roared at the Germans for several hours and distributed high xeplosives, shrapnel, and all
kinds
of
marks of affection on
pits with four or five

trenches.
Said Flash, "I
never was so scared in all my life as
was when the fellow behind me

Heinie's
I

boosted me up over the sandbags and

went out into the open with a hundred fellows of Co. X and heard tin1

scores of German mahammering away at us as

rat, tat, tat of

chine guns

of Early Training

regret to say that not every man

two million landed in France
about a year 'by our departments
of war and the navy was so honest
I

of the
in

that you could leave things lying

around loose where they were and
feele certain that you would find your
property just where you left it.
Especially was this true of articles of
food, clothing, tobacco, cigarettes and
everything of that kind. Everywhere,
outside of the company's own quar-

was considered enemy country,

ters,

it was fair game to get what one

could.
Officers declaimed virtuously
against stealing provisions, reading
matter, smokes and the like, from

and

other companies, but no officer, not

even the chaplain, refused to take his
full share of any plunder that might
be brought in. and the early training
of Flash Monroe made him the most
valued purveyor of Co. X.
Its officers
lived on the fat of the land, and were
damned vigorously by the officers
of neighboring companies who called

them commanders

of a band of outworse than the followers of the

law-.,

late Jesse James. Flash's letters home

to the Rev. Mr. Hale didn't say much
about his activities in this direction,
in one of them he did say just at'-.
"I tell
ter the battle of Seicheprey:
you, Mr. Hale, over here the boys

but

don't care much about what a man

believes.
Whenever there is any talk
back in the rest camps, we fellows go.
listen to a Catholic Priest, a regiment Chaplain, a V. M. C. A. speiler,
or a Yid Rabbi, one just the same as
the other; and I don't think we care
much about their doctrine, but I guess
we all believe there is a God. Anyway, I know I do, and I ain't one bit
afraid of being killed after we once
Cpon the firing line last
get into it.
week they got to giving us all kinds
of things from over in Deutschland.

We

walk first, and then at

a slow trot and then at a swift run
over that open space. A fellow right
next to me stopped and put his hand
on his stomach and went down in a
heap, and another fellow, just a little
n,i,
up ahead, jumped three feet up
in
the air and threw his gun away
over his shoulder and went down or
rather he seemed to float right p'as1
me. I felt as if I was standing still,
but my legs were going right along,
and then we came into those trei hi
and found a feu fellows the;'.', who
shot at us first and then threw up
their hands and said 'Kamerad'!"
"Bui most of them had gone before
we got there. We held that trench a
while and pretty soon went forward
again to another trench, and then tin

Jack John on's,

big Bertha's, poison gas, and every
other nice little thing they had bottled
up to make us pass a pleasant evening.
I saw a Jack Johnson burst not
fifty feet from me and it wiped out
a whole machine gun squad that was
standing there, and I saw a seventysev ntake a man's head right off and
pop it up in the air like a kernel of
popcorn on a stove top; but I just
went on firing and Tug did also, and
he asked me if I had a match s
he
could light a fag that a British D
my had given him."

Germans came at us like a great big

wave of water, such as we saw coming
over across the Atlantic. Those great

up the

mass

Paris

it

at

uniforms
against us and we

green
back

to

the dirty, grey,

came rolling up
the
word to tall
got
line trenches, and

of soldiers in

the

first

144's.

77's,

H.

E.'s,

rrt

Busy Summer

hard summer
regiment, and Co. X got

th

man that mops up all the

beers" and who, with almost painful
modesty, concluded their chant with
neck's the

the assertion that:

"The Infantry,
the Cavalry, and the dirty Engineers
couldn't lick the Leathernecks in a
hundred thousand years."
Quite a
lapse of time, that.
Swarming down
from the north and east like a great

grey-green wave tinged with blood

and lit up with flaming fires came the
avalanche of German shock troops
bearing back the hard beaten hosts
of France retiring by the command of
the master, Foch, who was following
pap Joffre's old tactics of falling back
and letting the German wave wear
itself out.
And then, after they had
crossed the Marne the second time,

when

the flames of the northern sky

be seen from Paris and the
roar of the guns reverberated through the streets of the silent
city,
where the people still went
about their business regardless of the
long distance shells that dropped
every half hour in the streets, there

could

distant

came a change.
Over the Marne again at Chateau
Thierry the German trumpets rang
and the German host sang "Deutschland Ueber Alles," and the shock
troops and the officers again shouted
"Xach Paris!
as they had in 1 1 4
'.

Xach

Then,

Paris!"

Yankee

the

bands made some music, too. They

played the "Star Spangled Banner"
and "There'll Be a Hot Time in the
Old Town Tonight," and "Yankee
Doodle," and "Dixie." and the Marines
went into action at Chateau
Thierry, just to give a

little

demon-

stration of the fact that the despised

Americans could
pleasant fiction
that,

the

in

had been a
through Germany

fight.
all

It

place,

first

America

an army, and, in the

if
they did raise one,*
second
they couldn't get it across because ai
the U-boats, and, in the third place,
they did get it across, it wouldn't
if
couldn't

raise
place,

fight in

German machine

the face of

w^as a pleasant
didn't work out.
said
afterwards to
As General Foch
Pershing:
"Your men have got the
And they had.
devil's own punch."

guns and

artillery.
flight of fancy, but

It

it

Those Marines showed they were

shock absorbers and some
shockers themselves. They tore into
the German wave and not only stopped the onward rush, but turned it
For many days
back in confusion.
the Leathernecks fought with scanty
rations and little rest through a hell
of machine gun and shrapnel fire, and
then with the line far up in front beyond the Marne. there came
up to relieve them hundreds of great
motor trucks crowded to the guards
great

with

the

the

th

left

of

men

of

the

26t*h

Division,

just outside 6l
reserve to the

and Co. X. what there was

and Flash Monroe and Tug
They went in as the
Mackenzie.
Marines came out and took their
places below the wheat fields, where
over their heads the Yankee guns
were sending greetings to Kaiser Bill.

Marine, those "Leathernecks with

dirt behind their ear-.," whose boastful
song said that "The Leather-

Pretty much everything they sent the

Kaiser, shrapnel from the 7.Vs, high
explosives from the heavy artillery

It

was

plenty.

of

the

for the

good and
Of the '2.50 men who made
company, not more than 100
originals were left when tin

regiment found
acting

as

itself

it

it.

*f
and monstrous shells from the great
naval
guns mounted on railroad
trucks.
Behind t'his terrific barrage
that was tearing all the earth to flinders slowly marched the men of the
26th, and back and behind them a
mile or so was the reserve in which
were Flash and Tug.
barrage of
Steadily behind
the
bursting shells advanced the men of
the

26th

.-.lowly to

shell

Division.
They were going
avoid getting into their own

fire,

and

cleaning

up

German

machine

gun nests as they went

along.
Overhead the Tairbes chattered above the German line till they
got the range and then "Fritz" began
to send back his barrage fire between
the advancing Americans and their
second line of reserves.
The shell
fire from Americans and Germans in
the 'two barrages, one overlapping the
other, tore the telephone service all
to pieces, and in order to get intelligence through from the front advancing line to the reserve and from
-

the

reserve

to

t'he

had to go through
and the captain of
volunteer from his
sorely diminished

somebody

fron't,

that barrage fire,

Co. X asked for a
hard battered and

band

of

fighters.

Flash Monroe, fleet of foot, and with

no fear of death in his heart, the
swiftest man in the regiment, and one
of the swiftest in the army, stepped
forward and took a dispatch to carry
up to the front Hue where the machine guns were playing their devilish
tattoo and strewing the wheat fields
with dead men bearing the Yankee

number

26.

He went through

like

&

<5^&u&nM&&UMfor
young Mercury and seemed to bear
charmed life. In an hour he was

back again through the rain of s'hrapnel, 144's, high explosives, and great
shells that tore immense hollows in
the quaking blood-stained earth.
He
laughed as he came back with the
dispatch from the front and said to
the

"They haven't made

officer,

German

the

me.
I
dodged right through between them."
The officer said, "Don't be too sure,
my,son. Will you take another dispatch?" "You bet I will," said the
boy, and it was given him and again
the swift runner vanished into the
cloud of smoke and fire and destruction
that was raging between the
she'll

that

will

get

front and the first reserve.

It was
hour before he came 'back, still
gay and in 'high spirits and bearing
an order from the front to bring up

an

the reserves, for the German barrage

fire was slacking, the artillery being
beaten back by the perfect rain of
all kinds of fire from the American
artillery.
shrill

formed

as
to

time
advance.
ble

The bugles blew sharp and

the

men

of

the

reserve

go into action and at dourushed up to support the

Winning

his Star

Tug MacKenzie

tells the
rest of
the story:
"We just got out well
into the front up among the wheat
that was growing close up to our
shoulders.
could see the machine
gun men of the Germans getting out
of their nests and heading for Berlin,
and Flash said to me 'We've got them

Miss Nelle Leedy, Superviso

graceful hand in her corresponde
during part of 1915 and 1916.

We

on the run,' when all of a sudden he

stopped short and gave a little cough
and went down on his hands and
knees, and when I got hold of him
and turned him over he had "gone
West," and he never even spoke. A
machine gun bullet had taken him
square in the heart and he dropped
right there in his tracks.
I
had to
go on and leave him till we routed
those machine gun nests out, and
then I went back with some more of
the boys and we took him back of
the

lines,

dead,

he
all

was
felt

dead,

stone

mighty sorry

Thierry."

Mrs. Monroe
D.

S.

is very proud of the

medal that was sent to her, and

the family live quite comfortably on

the $50 a month insurance money thai
they will get for the next 20 years.
The Red Cross home division got
hold of Mrs. Monroe when Flash
went to war.
Her pride had been

considerably stimulated when she saw

how well her son looked in the army
khaki after he came 'back from the
Mexican border, and there was a
greatly diminished use o'f the cup that
cheers
and also inebriates.
S'he
speaks with great pride of her son

who sleeps his last sleep under the

of France, and the school which
had Flash tor a brief period on its
muster roll has given him a gold star
on its service flag.
lilies

public schools of Struthers. Ohii

testify.
She received her tra

vill

but

and we

that night for everybody liked Flash,

and he sure was the greatest runner
over, and he did his "bit and more too
in
that
last
scrap
at
Chateau

&

>y/u< 36uj//i*jj 6~</ut#6r

Miss Katherine
the
ton,

the

Kepner, recently

in

work at Washingnew shorthand teacher in

New Castle, Pa., High School.
Civil

Service

Mr. R. E. Wiatt, supervisor of writing

in

is

the public schools of

geles, Calif., will again

Los An-

have charge of

penmanship work during the

coming summer in the University of
California,
Berkeley.
He accomthe

Charles J. Rowland, recently musout of the Service, has taken

charge of the commercial work of the
V. M. C. A., at Baltimore.

tered

Miss Florence Gowan, Franklin, N. J.,

has been chosen Supervisor of Penmanship in the Irvington, N. }.,

HANDWRITING
(

Exliibit

your formal teaching style

of writing.)
1.
How would you create interest
and enthusiasm for improvement in

applied handwriting?
2.
Can a teacher present a lesson
writing without preparation? What
must a teacher know in order to present the lesson effectively?
3.
What should the teacher do
during the writing lesson?
in

4.

What

essential elements should

enter into the valuation of the handwriting product of pupils?

Should the writing lesson pre5.
cede or follow the spelling, language
or arithmetic period on the daily pro-

gram?

Why?

6.
How may the subject of handwriting serve to promote integrity,
industry or other of life's ideals?
7.
Give the essentials of a healthful and efficient writing posture.
8.
Write each capital and small
letter three times in consecutive order, as
aaa, etc., in order to'

AAA

show

skill
in letter formation and
freedom of movement.
Uniform Examination Questions
for County Teachers of the State of
Ohio by Tom Sawyier.

How can I secure good spacing?

Q. R. B.
Poor spacing shows lack of perception, or too much or jerky movement. Study good writing until you
have trained the eye to see correct
spacing,

movement

and
is

practice
free

and

until

your

controlled.

cause of poor spacing

Discover
and the writing will improve.
the

schools.

The following are new teachers in the

Des Moines High Schools beginning
the February term: Mr. A. Roark,
Hiatt Jr. High; Mrs. Dorothea
Dunagan, West High School; Lieut.
L. E. Keese, West High School; Miss
Ada Rundell, West High School; Mr.
O. V. White, North High School;
Miss Jean Woodruff, North High
School;
Miss Grace Creekpaum,
Wash. Irving Tr. High; Mrs. Janet
in

Amos

West High

Biller,

School.

plished such results there last year

that his services were desired again.
The University of California also has

an Extension Course in Los Angeles,

and Mr. Wiatt has charge of the penmanship in this Extension Course.
It seems that the people of California are looking more and more each
year to Mr. Wiatt for instruction,
enthusiasm and inspiration on all
matters pertaining to penmanship.
This is a recognition justly deserved
by Mr. Wiatt, for there are few men,
if
any, more capable of giving the
right kind of instruction and guidance
in this work.
The teachers who have
an opportunity of coming under Mr.
Wiatt's instruction are fortunate indeed.

Miss Mabel E. Rice, for some years

a very successful teacher in a Pennsylvania

High School,
now with
High School, New

Amidon, formerly with the New

Bedford, Mass., High School, more
recently in the Military Service, has
just accepted appointment to the staff
L. C.

School of Commerce, Accounts

and Finance of New York University.
of the

Annie

Miss
Conn.,

is

G.

England,

Chaulin,

new commercial teacher

J., High School.

the Linden, N.

in

Miss Sadie Marion Becker, for several years with one of the Minneapolis

the

High Schools,
Evanston,

111.,

is

this

year with

Township

High

School.
J.

P. Bach, an

experienced commer-

teacher and penmen, is connected

'the Educational Service Dept. of
the U. S. General Hospital No. 3,
Rahway, N. J. This department is
doing a wonderful work for our returned disabled bovs.
cial

with

WRITE

i's

the lulia Richman

York City.

IT "CALIF."

About

years ago we adopted

in
The Business Educator "Calif." as the abbreviation of
California,
instead of "Cal."
We
made the change because some of our
mail had been confused with that intended for Colorado, the two abbreviations being no much alike.
Now
we learn that the postoffice department has changed the official abbreviation to Calif.
We should like to
fifteen
the office of

see

many more changes made

would

assist

in

the

elimination

that
of

mistakes and troublesome delays. For

instance, who can calculate the number of mistakes that are made annually in addressing mail to Philadelphia, N. Y., Grand Rapids, Wis., Columbus, Ind., etc. Probably the time
will come when there will be but one
Philadelphia in the United States, one
Grand Rapids, one Columbus, and so
on throughout the entire list.

good move

in the right direction,

gentlemen, and we are with you.

-y/u>j6*j//it^c</u4*t&r

&

This letter was executed by E. A. Lupfer, of the Zanerian College, Columbus, Ohio

29

&

'JujS/wJJ CVi/ua/sr*

By

E. A. Lupfi

Columbus. Ohio

tS^M^
;6!'. the

<

Dffiats. efrnplogecs anb Hvicnbs

OF

mill

XnrotparatrO. offiriu JTorli

to

express ouv appreciation to our

tcttrinq

Hssislaut BuprrintruDnit.

wish

jmnk IBhhi
who has been amongst us for a number oftiitaw-. anb ea
employees anbHricnbs of the
TTfltlWIC *3hc Officers.Corporation
realUinc; that more

III II

tU, above namcb

for his untitiuci

Vl/ than orbmary. testimony: is Sue htm
interests bo which he

cal aub encrcw.lus

bevotion to our
in the hearts of all th ose nubcr Ins

strict

has become etibcarcb

supemv

u'ctcubcrlumtlus'CirSiinimiUl
rtitillttrfl "Phat

IJUUUl U. as attften of our Gratitubc.hop'mc, itmao.

know of the
be me source of some satisfaction t o him to
hifih esteem hi which he ishclb.
JBCor his future welfare we wish lum

HMM^***

"

^ss.ss

Offucrfi:

OcmccIi.IiKMiwiu:
O.uiics OIlcU.*,..
B.uiuk6.U.ou'lan>.

M. Montague, Chicago, the hand-engraver, kindly consented to

engrave the signatures this month for our "Pen: nan Serv ing Hu
Mr
column.
The above beautiful signatures re the result.
e do.ng this
Montague is the only one we know of at the pr
kind of work. His work is of a very high gra e and v ye hope the

ity"

THE BUSINESS EDUCATOR

readers of
time to time.
hair-lines

will

of

it

By this method of producing penm inship u liformly

and beautiful contrast can be secured.

fine

Ginmmrtci"

Ut.\lUi<S.UuW'C
Patrick ffJBgwwit
Clurlre 111. Crane.

The above beautiful engrossing was done in the Dennis & Ba

Students of engrossing will do well to study
Studio. Brooklyn. N. Y.
of work closely, for it was done very carefully
Note the exactness of detail.
a masterpiece.
The work is indeed a good recommendation for the Dennis & Baird
Studio.

and imitate this piece

and accurately and is

k/dazwwimtma

^T

>y/it *j6ujS/ijj

WANTED
A-l male commercial teacher and penman to
take charge of strong commercial department.
Must be good disciplinarian.
Also
wish to hear from teachers of Gregg shorthand and typewriting. Will pay good salaries
to the right teachers. Send photo and state
when available. Fargo School of Busi-

TEACHERS' AGENCY
NORTHWESTERN
and
and BEST Agency
Alasbc
For Entire West
nmediately for free circular.

"M^EVER

TEACHER WANTED
193, care Business Educator, Columbus,
Ohio.

Brothers,

practical school men, desire to purchase

a live school in good territory before
1.

&

M.

M.

BOISE, IDAHO

in

Very Great Demand

before in this country were bo

many

forces joined in the

^ promotion of commercial education. Never before has the demand for commercial teachers so far exceeded the supply. Never
before have the indications pointed so strongly to the need of commercial
teachers trained to meet the new problems in commercial education.
We give special Summer Courr-es for Ttachers in July. Write to us for
particulars. Get our eachers' Bulletin.

An expert and successful teacher of Rowe

bookkeeping and business penmanship, lhis
is a high-grade permanent position requiring a
high-grade man: northern city; old established
school.
Give full particulars in reply.
Box

June

The Largest

Commercial Teachers

ness, Fargo, N. Dak.

Two

&

Cdua/6r

ROCHESTER BUSINESS INSTITUTE,

DEBT
C II
MLD

Rochester, N. Y.

Teachers' Agency

II

25

E.

Jackson

CHICAGO

Blvd.,

34th Year. Our Booklet contains interesting chapters on Peace salaries, Prospects, especially for teachers of Bookkeeping, Shorthand, Writing, etc. Sent FREE.
New York, 437 Fifth Ave.
Denver, Symes Building
Spokane, Peyton Building

Address
care Business

Educator, Columbus, 0.

The Pratt Teachers' Agency

70 Fifth Avenue. NEW YORK
college and normal graduates,
and other teachers to colleges and

Recommends
specialists,

POSITIONS for TEACHERS and BUSINESS COLLEGES for Sale

We need beginning and experienced teachers to recommend. Write
for our FREE literature; state qualifications briefly. If you would buy
a

money-making business

college, write for particulars

no charge.

schools

The agency receives many calls

for commerteachers from public and private schools

and business colleges.
cial

WM.

O.

CO-OPERATIVE INSTRUCTORS' ASSOCIATION, 41 Cole

Bldg.,

MARION, IND

PRATT, MANAGER

Wanted A

First Class

Man

TEN

Positions in
Salaries,

We

are looking for a live wire, hustling man between 28 and 40 years of
age for position as supervisor of
small commercial department in a
business college and assistant in
auditing and selling work.
If you are well qualified and want something
a little better than you now have, write us.
Educator,

NINE

States!

$12,130 in One Week!

is our record for the last week of January.

One position in
a fine Eastern business college is paying our candidate $2160; the
Y. M. C. A. in a large Northern city is paying $1800.
Two $1500
positions, as well as several smaller openings, paying from $80 to
$100 per month, were rilled during the same week.
Let us make
you one of our beneficiaries!

This

CONTINENTAL TEACHERS' AGENCY

BOWLING
GREEN

137
137
Byrne Practical Touch Typewriting
some of

Fourteen years' test in

America's largest schools.

Contains

new features making possible more

By the use of a
Key Board Practice Chart less typewriter equipment is required.
The

accuracy and speed.

text is positively a time saver and

result getter. Examination copy post
paid thirty cents.
Byrne Practical Dictation Book.
Twenty-five
thousand

in use.

Examinal ion copv

thirty-five cents.
Over thirty
copy, post paid, fifty

(INC.

KENTUCKY

Tkis is March 3. There are 137 vacancies for commercial and shorthand
teachers recorded in our card index, and more coming by every mail. They
are in both public and private schools, normal schools and universities; some
to begin soon; some in September. Salaries run to $150 a month for women;
to S2.000 for men. "Nine-tenths of wisdom lies in being wise in time."
Write us today.

The NATIONAL COMMERCIAL TEACHERS' AGENCY

E. E.

GATLORD, Manager

Prospect

(A Special), r a Specialist)

Positions Open!

in use.

Examination

BYRNE PUBLISHING COMPANY

57 East Jackson

lvd..

Chicago,

Beverly, Mass.

Head of Commercial
Department, State Nor-

mal. $2,500-3,000: Business Colleges, $1,200. $1,500, $1,800, $2,000; Head of Shorthand
Department, $1,800; Specialists in Commercial Education, $3, 500.
Fine openings in High Schools and Colleges,
$1,000 to $2,000. Let the "Bureau for Special"
ists" help you.
Write for details.
t !{/>' FOR GOOD

dL

IS commercial!

The Byrne Simplified Shorthand,

thousand

Hill,

ROBT.

VECMISTS'
EDUCATIONAL BUREAU

A.

GRANT,

516-518 Nicholas

Bldg.

ST. LOUIS, M0.

111.

JI|.|IW,Url1.|J.U'J.i.JIUJl'.lllll4.l.liJ.ilM..II..| l.llM.II.IJi..lJi.<liU.li;i*'.llU.IM
i

Pres.

TEACh

y/it >-jfii*J//uJj

LEGIBILITY
By

C. P.

ZANER

CONNECTIVE SLANT
The

printing press displaced handprinted books, for until about 1500

books were made -by hand by scribes
who devoted their lives to such work,
many of whom were the most skillful
the world has ever known.
The invention of the printing press displaced
hand-printing by creating a demand
for handwriting instead.
As a consequence a speedier mode of recording thought than by detached letters

was evolved by connecting the shaded

down

strokes by light-line, upward

or connective strokes.
These connecting, light-line strokes increased
speed of execution but diminished
slightly the legibility of speed of reading, but not seriously so.

About

centuries

three

or

later,

about 1S00, handwriting began to be

employed more and more generally in
commerce, in correspondence, in education, etc., and as a consequnece a
less exacting and a more facile hand
evolved in the form of a semi-angular
called Spencerian.
This was in many particulars the outgrowth of an angular style used extensively from 1800 to 1850, by many

hand,

writing to do.

But

it

and

as a consequence it was merged into a compromise stvle as above stated.

legibility,

modern

all

down

The

strokes

were

first

Roundhand

for greater facility in exeLater on connective slant

made greater speed

possible by diminishing the long retraced angle and

very rounding turn. Enough contrast
between turn and angle has been retained to
safeguard legibility and

enough

to

speed
too

promote execution.

much

Too

at the

much

Would sell outright or would consider

leasing on percentage basis to responsible party.
Have other business. Address M, care

money.

Business Educator, Columbus, Ohio.

angularity

promotes

legibility, and
promotes legibil-

expense of

rotundity

HOPE OF HUMANITY
The

star of hope that is now faintly

and rising over war-ridden
humanity is the LEAGUE OF NATIONS. If its light flickers and dies,
humanity will again be plunged into
visible

the dark night of despair, for preparations for another war will no doubt

immediately follow.

in-

vented for legibility and then the up

strokes were
invented as in the
cution.

FOR SALE
Good small school in city of 12.000 with an excellent farming country and many small towns
nearby. No other private school nearer than 70
miles. Big territory to draw from. School well
established.
lady teacher with some business
ability could take this school and make bie

practical writing.

The invention of this type of handwriting cannot be traced to the inventive genius of any one mind or to the
cunning of any particular hand, but
it
was the result of necessity discovering through impulse "the line of
least resistance" and of greatest control consistent with a high rate of
speed.

later

still

who had much

lacked

In
this
transition
and evolution
speed was considerably increased by
the
elimination
shaded
down
of
strokes and by the creation of connective-slant strokes.
This development of two slants, one for up strokes
and another for down strokes, is fundamental to facility and is to be found
in

&

C</ata6r

That was
ity at the expense of speed.
one of the defects of the vertical hand
which was promoted by those who
cared more for reading than for writing qualities.

'"THERE

is a position open in one of

the High-Grade Business Colleges

in the U.S. for a first class instructor

in Typewriting. Must be thoroughly

competent to train in speed drills.

Good salary to the right party.

The COSTELLO COURSE

In

Engrossing by Correspondence

la no longer an experiment.
but an unqualified success.
Send postal card for particulars

P. W. COSTELLO
Engrosser and Illuminator
Odd Fellows

Practical Law
By Burritt Hamilton

For

The

Model Arithmetic Effective English and

Home

Correspondence

Modern
Rapid

Lei
Thrift Tra

Ellis InBanking
Calculation Tablet
dustrial Bookkeeping Ellis Rational Speller
Method of Teaching Bookkeeping Special Bookkeeping Seta Office
Equipment Stationery and Supplies.

ing

Accounting

ELLIS PUBLISHING

COMPANY

BATTLE CREEK. MICHIGAN

By M. Otero Col
i

J'lilfl,Hllll |f.!^^lllltirillll,M lli ; li-ll Nil)H lhli^lfWfflTTf?

l

ll

Hall Bldg..

SCRANTON,

PA.

<!%^&u&n&M/&d(u*i&?~
The Art

33

of

ENGR O S S ING
P.

W. COSTELLO
Scranton, Pa.

ILLUMINATING
engrossing

the

from any

ent

to tlie citi?cns-

Ktitfei

executed in illuminated style, very differ-

u'KkK si'ilt"
of oar manic:
qifrof flic

spl'cuOio fcncfils

:i

accmc

student
will find a testimonial of appreciation

Herewith

throuqft

trie

ininiinitijCpiiirr

speci-

offered by me in
columns.
This particular design follows very

men

jtaniioit-piirk,

these

himscfi oecply

rcacftiitc iriflucr.ee'..

decorations

qiocsto -Seranton

in by hand
and was made from

painted
in this

in

initial

"C"

<5^V1

'

SReamse

of Ihiscicucrosita u'hich.

its first araif recreational center; tite^SButcaa

'ofSecreatiorc, u'iff

fe

enameo

fo

enter

upon a prpqratR
,

commensurate miffi trie opportunities' onott(!c6s-o( ourcihi

'-"U'c woulo reeoro. therefore ourcVvprcelinac+oBffqatjor.
to^arfes^i)csfon,<%ainrc.rorsucr! a contriSutfoK to trio
cihis ivcfiais ano ttius formally rccoonix tfie tJreaotflofuisiort.
uifucrt at

fmsparficylar'timc cjaoc^

Sli'iston'JJccreaHonSurfth) Htc ijihi

rfrt^

burnished gold.
the

"

of (lie CttroF.&rar.tonxA'nnsyloania. personally desire to

assure the cVnorot Ifidrpwlww^ approa'ation'of fiisachon
ano to acftnouifeoqc un/fi qrarituve a qift cf'such Kir

All of the initial letters in the dis-

in

ani an upfuilocrof
-

play lines are in vermillion mixed

with Chinese white. The little circles
throughout the design are filled with
portrait

iithcresteo fit

,
c kcmcm!vT.--oKHK^uri aui^(ica cah'cR.

on the light portion of the border are

Chinese white and the few leaf
in
decorations are in green mixed with
the former color.

The

memory of hisfaHierr

each instance.
line

affectionate

cfcranton's-eariy eommurtitufirc.->

in

The dots and other

bit

Kdm^rdW.Wkston,

vermillion and French blue,

mixing the colors with Chinese white

in

prcsath^

jnrlps ^ltJprhin.<^squifP.

the color scheme used in its execution will no doubt be of interest to

students of engrossing.
The dark portion o<f the border is
burnished gold and the lighter
in

parts

jjl

closely the work of

of
illuminators
the
the nth century, and
a brief description of

is

v.

water colors,
engraving

.., '

<5i.

i'J

@cranteic=

...

/.;.

,,

....

J*Lu

a steel

instance.

In all cases where colors are mixed

with Chinese white it is well to lay
in the gold first and burnish it before
applying the colors.
The gold is

edged with

a black line throughout.

This should be done after the gold is
laid in, and not before.
The color portions of the border
are also lined with black, ruled or
drawn in after the color has been
painted in.
Sable brushes are best
Either red or brown
for illuminating.
will do very well.
A smooth surfaced bristol board is

SHORTHAND
GREGG SHORTHAND.

SOMETHING DIFFERENT

preferred to the kid finish or slightly

Write for free lesson.

rough surface.

SHARWELL EXPERT SCHOOL.

FANCY Name Cards. Birthday and Holiday Post Cards,

revi*

A rapid and
course for advanced pupils
Taught by mail.
thorough course for beginners.
tion

Show Cards, Mottoes and all kinds of fancy pen work

made to order. Samples that will surprise for 3c stamp.
Lessons by mail.

15 John

C. F.

GARRETT,

Greensboro. N. C.

St.. Nutley. N. J.

jfoy
This is exemplified every year in the case of thos? who have "the professional spirit," and year by year
improve their standing and raise their standards by attending training schools and thus raising their earmngpower and securing more desirable and congenial positions as commercial teachers. Get the literature of a
school that receives six times as many calls for teachers as
Training School for Commercial Teachers.

it

can supply.

BOWLING GREEN BUSINESS UNIVERSITY,

Inc.,

It

is

the only National Official

Bowling Green, Ky.

JIKHB.imUlJ.lUJJlUJIl^lllUU.*UJ.IMMl..lJ^M.ll.lJi<ffil;HWBlrf.lBBa

LESSONS IN LETTERING
By

E. A. Lupfer, Zanerian College of

L;sson No.

Penmanship, Columbus, Ohio

9

15 used so extensively that lmst

people prefer it to any other style of broad-pen
are not acquainted with the names of other styles and. therefore, usually call for the Old English,
which is the engrosser's "Old Stand-by."
It is safe to say that the average engrosser can use Old English more than any other style.
It is, therefore,
mt that you become expert in all styles of Old E iglish lettering if you would succeed,
alphabet herewith was developed to meet the demand for a rapid, effective, double line Old English.
It ;- about the same in form as the retouched alphabet.
Double line lettering is very pretty and practical. It can be tinted effectively in many ways as suggested by
the heading.
On work not for engraving we use diluted ik or inky water in place of the line tinting. The ink or
wash should be put on with a broad pen. The wash which can be anv color gives it a soft, artistic tone.
If you will study the word "Unretouched," you will be able to see how to proceed.
No. 10 double pointed pen
was used for the body or foundation. Retouch and close the ends with a 30:s Gillott's pen. Be careful to get the main
down strokes vertical and straight. Spacing, proportion, etc., are the same as in the "Retouched Old English."
Your ink can be diluted some for ordinary work.
You can become skillful only by careful study and a lot of practice.

Old English lettering

They

lettering.

wmtinjiijtaiiitiiMf

M39N

BCD*

112511
ii545 -llnwhmii
Help Bring the Boys

Home wit h w.

s.s

it -

Professional Engraver for Professional and

Only one doing

You should be thinking

about getting
your Diplomas and Certificates engrossed for
June graduates. Get in touch with me now
so that you will be ready to place your order
early
Satisfaction guaranteed.
Write for

H.

ZIMPFER,

471 Gates

St..

Columbus,

0.

this

Amateur Penmen

work

in

world.

Your

sig-

nature WOfc perfect HAND-ENGRAVEDNo process. Endorsed by Palmer. Bartow. Behrensmeyer,

Diploma Engrossing

particulars.

m$$0

& Bloser, Meub. Faretra and others.

for my circular "De Luxe" a postal will
brine it.
Mr. A. N. Palmer says: "Every penman in
this country should know of your work and what itwilldo
No process can do what I do.
for him."
The circular is of special interest to every PENMAN.
Courtney. Zaner

Write Today

\^&^5&S&

REMEMBER:

Address:

JMffiWW!ElJ.roWmil^iJJIMllJJ

M.

MONTAGUE, 4227

Ellis

Ave., Chicago,

III.

MAGIC INK
Penmen and Card Writers,
sales by using
)

my Magic

your customers. Peopl

11

your Written Card

Ink;

so a

good

profit

from

its

imagine you're possessed

II
be surprised with rewith Magic Ink, only 20c.
Mystify your friends, A
bottle for 15c, or a demonstration for a Three

Agents
Cent stamp.
wanted. Write today.
Box 873,

Pitcairn, Pa.

established

CAN YOU WRITE CARDS?

Card Writers are "cleaning up" selling Our Flag Cards.
We will
Send 4c for samples of Card Writers Supplies.
write rour name on one dozen Flag Cards for 25c.
AGENTS WANTED. Address all orders to McBEE &
Ave..

Business

FOR SALE:
in a thriving town in
Western Pennsylvania, situated in a prosperous
agricultural and mining section. Address M. M. S.,
care of Business Educator. Columbus, 0.

Adjustable Ink Fountain

you

YOU do any kind of broad pen lettering

IFneed
It is easily attached to any
this fountain.
A whole page of business writing
kind of pen.

be produced with one dip of the pen. Attached to the oblique holder it gives wonderful
results. Price 20 cents, or 3 for 50 cents. Agents
wanted. Circulars free.

may

WRITE A BETTER
SIGNATURE

A.

604 W. Colvin

Wet View Borough,

MervkeRecohd
This oblique penholder

is

made

of red cedar that

SKUSSJ

-on the market

came

from Abraham Lincoln's old home in Ky. It is perfectly

and scientifically adjusted, has the long stem and small
round grasp. Length. inches. Sample by mail 35c. For
one month onlv, t will send 4 holders and 4 scrap book
specimens of flourishing. 1 eagle, 1 swan, 1 bird and

ACT QUICKLY! DON'T WAIT!

must try to see mv written carls. A selected specif
Send me 25 cents right
for your scrap book FREE

r.

'

apitals for $1.00.

OTERO COLMENERO,
F.

RICHARDSON

srl
'

...

u.mdou' a prospective Jjuuer

MiW

Buffalo, Kentu

jiBw.yifti. j. tiiij.iHJiiiuiiiui.iu.iaMi..iJ.i.i.ii.Ui<.ij.iiui.i.iin.iiiww
i

at the present time.

IN THE LAST DRAFT

home with a scroicc ffaq.n its

;000000

'

order to be sure of your grasping this opportunity.

M.

Syracuse. N. Y.

Pittsburgh. Pa.

in

W. DAKIN.

St.

show yours written 12 styles. On cards, too.)

Send quarter.
A. P. MEUB, Expert Penman,
PASADENA. CAL.
HIGH SCHOOL

BASHOR. 3 Hawthorne

&

&J&ud/n^&uafir

^T

-U

llP'Ja

ePWlloshcljo.

36

<Sffii?38utin6U'&6ea&r

DESIGNING &
ENGROSSING
E. L.

$>

Dear Friends:
Just a few words to let you know
that I weathered the awful storm. We
were on the front in the Meuse when
on the 11th hour of the 11th day of
the 11th month of 1918 the wicked

BROWN

Rockland, Me.

quinze

sioxaiite

belched

out

their

fire into the

German lines. It
a great day.
Only the few could
realize for a moment what it meant
to the world
to those living and to

last

was

PEN DRAWING

Sprays of roses and leaves are very

decorative and can be used with
pleasing effect on me-

morial

future generations.

seemed almost impossible that

the day had come
the day the whole
woild was praying for.
It seemed
like a dream.
One minute of 11 A. M.
the battle was still raging.
ThousIt

resolutions,

and also on many

commercial designs.

Make

pencil

ands of shells were whistling over our

heads and then suddenly all was still.
The Great War was over. Not a
sound could be heard from the million guns of the Great Western Front
from Switzerland to the sea all was
still where before, for over four long
weary years, all was nothing but destruction, desolation and death.
The
whole world surely sighed with relief.
For days I could not realize that
it was possible to walk around without fear of the terrible shrapnel that
many times during the drive made
my blood run cold.
X'ow we are back awaiting another
great day the day we bid war-torn
France goodbye, and then when
Uncle Samuel hands us our discharge
we will be glad to say 'We were over
there,' but not many will have the
temerity to say. T want to go through

drawing very roughly

at

first,

giving

special

attention

balance

and arrange-

ment

to

of masses, these

being

two

important

features of any design.

Follow with
detail suggesting the color values.
Criticise your pencil drawing before
adding the ink. Use Zanerian India
ink. which is easy flowing and waterproof. A Gillott Xo. 170 pen should
be used for the very fine lines and a
stub pen for the coarse
strokes.

Study the arrangement and thickness,

of lines used to produce the various
color values, and note that the deepest shadows occur near the roses.
Work carefully and avoid carelessness, which is a sure road to failure.
Use Chinese white in a clean pen in
stippling and lining the solid black.
The lettering was executed free
hand, excepting the words "Commercial
Designing," which were ruled
and pointed up with a common pen,
as
previously explained.
Uniform
size

and spacing must be observed

in

styles of lettering.
Pen technique
must be mastered by every ambitious
all

designer or engrosser.

PLEASURE AND SATISFACTION

Haverhill. Mass.
B. E. Certificates
the students of
the Haverhill High School arrived in
perfect
condition
and gave much
pleasure and satisfaction to those who
received them.
They are indeed very attractive and
seem to have inspired other members
of the class to greater effort, and we
hope to earn many more before the
close of the school year.
Very truly yours,

Gentlemen: The
which you sent to

LETTER FROM RENE GUILLARD

Every penman knows of Rene GuilMadarasz used to write in his
marvelous script, "Guillard is a coming penman." That was a good many
years ago, before Mr. Guillard "ar-

it

rived."

Many

persons will recall Mr. Guillard's lessons in ornamental writing

that appeared in
BUSINESS
EDUCATOR some years ago. These
lessons contained some of the finest
ornamental writing that we have ever

THE

published.

Now, Mr. Guillard is a Sergeant in

the American Army with the American Expeditionary Force in France.
Hi, interesting letter of February 9,

again.'

Sherman's words are nearly

lard.

only
the
ited.

I don't have any idea when we are

going to sail I hope it will be soon.
But I think we will be here a few

months

yet.

everything is going well

you and your institution, and
I
may hear from you in the
future at your convenience.
Yours very sincerely,
I

trust

with

hope

Sgt.

Rene

1919, follows:

Elizabeth Hartford.

is

sufficient.
(

#Z~c^c~^n^t--c-c^t^/ (-^i-^tt^-^?^

/f/f

WRITTEN NAME CARDS

My

price is but
I willenelos
in gold.
Order n<

order

D. A.
R. D. No. 4

rd beautifully shaded

OCONNELL. Penman
Le Sueur Center, Minn.

By R

B.

Stewart.

Guillard,

Headquarters Co., 315th Inf.,

Amer. Expeditionary Force.

The above should be read by all

who wish to secure the best possible
results in penmanship. A word to the
wise

right,

I maintain that his command of

English language was very lim-

Madison, Wi;

^ST

BOOK REVIEWS
readers are interested in books of merit,
but especially in books of interest and value
to commercial teachers, including books of
special educational value and books on busiAll such books will be briefly
ness subjects.
reviewed in these columns, the object being to
give- sufficient description of each to enable
our readers to determine its value.

Our

The Elementary Laws of Advertising, by Henry S. Bunting, Novelty

News
pages.

Co., Chicago,
Price, $2.00.

Cloth, 177

111.

The author presents the elementary

laws, bearing on the art of advertisThe book coning, and their uses.
tains five graphic charts illustrating
Students of
the principles set forth.
advertising will find
helpful

work very

this

and interesting.

Man and

the Job.
The
A hand book for Instructors of InSubjects.
dustrial and Vocational
By Charles R. Allen. Federal Board
Cloth,
of Vocational Education.
::;::
Published
pages.
Net, $1.50.
by J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
Instructor, the

This work is intended as a practical

guide to the efficient handling of new
men taken on in any industrial plant.
therefore, a book for managers
and instructors who are interested in
cutting overhead cost and the labor
turnover.
It is based upon the author's experience in training thousands of men with conspicuous sucIt

&

>y/u >yjitj//itjj C t/tua/tr

is.

C. A. Prosser, Director of the Federal Board of Vocational Education,

says of the book: "I am of the opinion that this book is the most import-

ant contribution yet made to indusThe plan of

trial and trade training.
training is not a dream or a guess
demonstrated
success."
but a
There is no industry in which the

knowledge of how

men

for
cost of
time and money, will not give large
returns in lessened cost production,
increased output and good feeling beeffective

work,

at

to

the

train
least

tween management and men.

book is intended to impart

Wanted

Knowles,

E.

formerly

of

Unfortunately, we ran out of

journals for these two months long
before the usual time that journals
tor these two months are exhausted.
The publishers will greatly appreciate
any copies of these numbers that subscribers

may

care to return.

THE BUSINESS EDUCATOR

Columbus, Ohio

This
that

the

no longer connected with school

For some time past he has
work.
been doing accountancy work for the
United States government, but recently he took a position as cost accountaint with Major J. Lee NicholMr. Knowles did
son, of Chicago.
much good work during the war
which came to the attention of

Major Nicholson.
being maintained in
the penmanship classes of Williamsinterest

THE

of

both edi-

tions.

Hughes High School, Cincinnati. O..

and, as our readers know, one of the
very finest penmen in the country, is

Much

January

the

of

numbers

1919,

BUSINESS "EDUCATOR,

knowledge.
D.

Copies

and Februarv,

summer, America
LAST
expected a long war.
She prepared for it,
and prepared so tremendously that
the knowledge of what America
was doing broke the spirit of the
German resistance.
The war collapsed.
But those preparations must be
is expensive in money, but a slower
rir!.<r>i would have cost the trees of

thousands more of America's boys,

and even more treasure.

Americans

show

will

their grati-

tude by helping to pay for those

preparations.

The money for the Victory Liberty

Loan will pay the bills.

How much

will

Subs

is

port, Pa., Commercial College, under

R. E. Pepperman, Principal Business
Department.
list of 24 subscriptions has recently been sent in to

Such a sudden victory

paid for.

you subscribe?
ibe to the

Victory

Liberty Loan

The Business Educator.

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF BOOKS

Just as everv object
the materialization of

The student

in

Nature

human

is

the materialization of Divine Thought,

every book

><>

is

ideas.

Nature becomes inspired with the All-Wise plan of creation; and so. too,
becomes thoroughly possessed with the principles of apviews every theory in the light of its adaptability to the accomplishment

of

the student of practical text-books

plied science.
of

some

He

useful purpose.

Get some of our books for examination with a view to adoption.

(pen any book anyin the reading of one page you will realize the quality that grips the mind, compels
attention, and holds the interest of the student.
<

where, and

The most

difficult

subject, properly explained,

not easy and interesting to the normal student,

Many books
h.H.ks up-to-date

it is

easy of comprehension.

is

If

any book

is

the author's fault.

were "good enough" a generation ago are obsolete today. We keep our
by constant revision. You can no more afford to continue to use obsolete

that

books today than to use tallow candles

in this electric age.

Catalogue

free.

Ask

for

it

NOW.

THE PRACTICAL TEXT BOOK COMPANY

CLEVELAND, OHIO

1739 Euclid Avenue

."v"^!.!'!!.'^^'''^.]^-'''*'.^ lrl^- M:iiJ*^H^"M?'li;'^MJ

l

>y/w>jtiz*j//ijjC'<//sta/sr
YOUR

*&

ENGROSSING AND
CARD WRITING

name

written n Ornamental style on doz. .mi". Is. 21V A*tF.

1
teach
outfit free with order.
Shonhanilantl Penmanship hy mail.
Circular for st*mp.
J.

D.

my

specialties.
Were you
satisfied with your last year's

are

BYERS, Neodesha, Kans.

diplomas, and
paid to have

G. D.

BUFFALO.

Gold; (that has tie lister.

White; ('hat won't rub or peel

C. A.

shaded

off.)

John Burn., 509S.W. 174th

letters.
<i<?t

pen. flows freely )

fine for 'ountain pen, penmanship pra tice or book work.
Prices for sing! bo'tle or quantities given
upon request. Address

N.

St.,

NewYork

black, does not corrode

MADARASZ SPECIMENS
We still have a very few handsome

Blue Black;

FAUST, 1024

Robey

St.,

Chicago,

III.

HIGGINS'
ETERNALINK- ENGROSSING IKK
WRITES EVERLASTINGLY BLACK

By A

Ka rlen.
Co

Life In
jtud; nt ot the

.-..in.

poll cy en
,

nan

r*r

M
di

rl

Dsser
es,

ig

Equ tebk
nd a

1903

25c specimens for sale

of the master penman,

these are gone you will find

very difficult to secure any of his

it

work

Buy

for your scrapbook.

Order before it is too late!

Victory Bonds

Zaner & Bloser Company,

Penmanship Publishers, Columbus, O.

is for general writing in plain orfountain

pens (2oz. bottle by mail 2uc.)

SPECIAL OFFER

The Engrossing Ink

is for
special
writing,
engrossing,
etc.. (2oz. bottle by mail 30c.)
These inks write black from the pen

point and stay black forever; proi f

to age, air, sunshine, chemicals and
does

uttb

With every one dollar order for my inks I will

send free one set of ornamental capitals or one
beautiful flourished bird executed with white and
gold ink on blue pap-r Satin Gloss, the world's
best glossy ink 4 oz bottle. 50 cts. NONESUCH,
the ink with the brown line and black shade,
same price. Sample cards executed with these
inks free for a two cent stamp.

fire.

If jour dealer

from the pen

L. Madarasz.

When

The Eternal Ink

CHAS M. lilGDINS & C0..MFR.

271 NIMH SI.
BROOKLYN, N.Y.

A.
F.

TAMBLYN. 406 Meyer

Bldg..

Kansas

City,

604 W. Colvin

Mo

W. DAKIN,
Syracuse. N. Y.

St.

PEN
m VALUABLE BOOK ON COMMERCIAL
~\
Compendium

LETTERING

"Practical
of Commercial Pen Lettering and Designs." (1918 edition, revised and en'arned
es pec a v
aded and arranged for School i
plete instructor
the Marking, Shading. Plain
Special, Border
id Shadow Lettering Pene.
Coi taiiu
"'
100 pages
10V> illustrating 14$ pi tes of Commercia
Pen Alph
Alphabets. D signs. Show Card Layouts. Corners
borders. Scroll Designs, etc
This book has a beautiful front cover page
for eeh
We guarantee this
prin'ed in three eokrs and Guld.
book to be exactlv as represented or monev back.
Pr paid, $1.00. Corap ete catalog of Lettering Supplies
i

^fcoitmj Ikl

1 1

fer

free

Best Quality at Lowest Prices

Special diplomas designed and litho-

graphed.

Send for Catalog showing our complete line of stock designs.

samples mailed free.

Full

sized

Resolutions Engrossed

Diplomas

iLL.

forceful, systematic letter application gervice

bles the right man and the right employer to
get together. If you are a misfit in your present
position, if you are out of a position, or if you are
not earning what you are really worth, write me
today now for full service particulars.

Japa-i; [the beautiful jjlo^s 'or c;.rd writing.)

Engrossing; if. r ridini> ,n diplomas.)
Auto Shading ei ; (all COKtrB for so id or

School Anting:

EVANSTON.

My

N
K
S

in?

2000 Men Bettered Their Positions

Advanced Their Earnings
$400 to $3.000 a year.

N. Y.

THE BEST MADE

filled

GRISET,

2909 Central

112 Norwalk Ave

the price you

them

Write for samples and prices.

12 cards, plain or fancy,
25 cents.

Prepare You for Better Salaried Positions

PENMANSHIP. Bookkeeping and Shorthand
Write
tarnrht efficiently through the mail.
Will

Filled

Estimates Furnished

*55 HOWARD & BROWN

Rockland, Maine

Esterbrook Pens
The biggest business

unit in America, the

U. S. .Government, uses them; also the
majority of schools and business colleges.
Designed with a knowledge of what is needed in a pen.
Send

as

10c for

samples of the

12

most popular Esterbrook Pens.

ESTERBROOK PEN MFG. COMPANY

50-70 Cooper

Street

Ji|.ii,iJ,i.ii.p.i.uj4JiH4Ji'.jiiM<..i!tu.iii .ii,,iJ.iii.i.ii.ij,..ij.m.mi J iiimi.i>

l

Camden, N.

<%fe&uJ/ne4<24&uxffir'

Zaner Method Writing Papre

No. 10
A Good

package

School Paper

PRICES
2Hb

45c
42 1c
40c

(250 sheets)

more package lots

100 or more package lots
10 or

80c

package (500 sheets) 5 lbs

more package lots
more package lots

77;c

10 or

75c

100 or

(Purchaser pays carriage charges'.

This paper is used largely in the public

It
schools, high and commercial schools.
has been thoroughly tested for school use
and is giving the very best of satisfaction.
Setid for

Zaner

&

reproduced from
PENMATSISHIPvnd

a sample sheet.

Bloser

m
DESIGNERS - ILLVSTRHTORS

ENGRZWERSI
(OLUMBUS.
QrllO

Company

Penmanship Supplies
Columbus. O.

Gillott's
The Most

Pens

Perfect' of

Pens

The State University

OF NEW JERSEY

SUMMER SESSION
June 30

FSINCIPALITY PEN, No,

to

August

8,

1919

offers a complete

program

of courses in

Commerce, Accounting and Finance

Three hours daily

in

some

intensive

DOUBLE ELASTIC PEN,

Gil'ott s

No. 604

E. F

Pens have for seventy-five years stood the

most exacting tests at the hands of Professional and

Business Penmen. Extensively imitated but never
equalled.
c.s

Gillrtt's Pens still stand in the front rank,

regards Temper, Elasticity and Durability.

SOLD BY ALL DEALERS

Joseph Gillott
ALFRED FIELD &
93 Chambers

St.

&

Sons

CO., Sole Agents

NEW YORK

subjects;

work

two hours,

in

many:

in all.

Subjects offered: Elementary Stenography, Advanced Stenography, Elementary Typewriting, Advanced Typewriting, Preparatory Accounting, PrinAccounting,
ciples
of
Corporation Accounting,
Banking and Finance, Office Appliances, Secretarial
Duties, Commercial Arithmetic, Commercial Law,
Commercial Literature, Foreign Trade, Commercial
Spanish, Filing and Clerical Services, Methods of
Teaching Bookkeeping. Accounting and Business
Practice, Methods of Teaching Stenography and
Typewriting.
Teachers License credit granted by the
State Board.
For further information address

Director,

New

Summer

Session

Brunswick, N.

mmMw^mw.*.m-mtwMkimv!mmMtm?.fu,**MU<muMmmm

J.

&

i3fiJt3&u4&$ete> C~rfu<ra6r

Rowe's Bookkeeping and

Accountancy for 1920
new

Will be printed from

latest

plates with snch changes in subject-matter as will reflect the very

advancements that can be found

in the practice of

accountancy.

During the last few years some changes in terminology touching various features of accounting work have been brought about largely by an attempt to conform as nearly as
possible with the requirements of the Income Tax and other Revenue laws, and some slight
and unimportant changes in the classification of accounts have also been made for the
same purpose. These will all be incorporated in the new edition.

When

the text of Rowe's Bookkeeping and Accountancy

was published

in

1910,

it

was

then about ten years ahead of any other text on the same subject. As a pioneer house in the
publication of up-to-the-minute commercial texts, it is our policy always to keep about this
distance ahead of other texts, and it is for this purpose mainly that the proposed changes

The same teaching methods, and the same budget method of presenting the
done by the student will be continued. The presentation of the practical bookkeeping and accounting work in budget form has never been equalled, and can never be
equalled by any other plan, although many efforts have been made to approach it as nearly
will

be made.

work

as

i"

to be

'

- s i 1j

A NEW ARITHMETIC
(

Title

Not Yet Selected)

'

Will be another contribution from this house for 1920.

The subject-matter and teaching
of this new book will be entirely different, indeed, something entirely new and par-

method

ticularly attractive.

Its definitions

and processes, and the problems presented,

will

be a

revelation of simplicity and direct application to the purposes of practical calculating in

subjects relating to

commerce and

all

industry.

It may be interesting to note that the manuscript of this book was begun in 1907. While
has been reviewed and worked over frequently, the delay in its publication has been
caused by the lack of time at the disposal of the author, who is H. M. Rowe.
it

The

part of the manuscript completed has been presented for the consideration of

and the above expression of

upon the opinions expressed by them, rather than on our own opinion.

of the very best teachers of arithmetic in the country,

i-

lia^ed

143 Second Street

San Francisco,

Cal.

//?&

/
/~t.

who

Ha'lem Square

sTZ/./x^aoiszS&o.

some

quality

worth while to wait for the publication of these texts on the part of anyone
be contemplating a change from the text they are now using.

It is

may

its

Baltimore, Md.

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in

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demand

EC);

today than ever before

because commercially
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in
s:>-

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ttl

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Doubly Trained
/or Business
are the

students who

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trained in the skilled

operation of the

SELF-STARTING

REMINGTON
This training includes every item of typing
proficiency that can be taught on any other
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It

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can obtain on

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We

the training in the use of the Self- Starter

great,
15

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to 25

feature

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|
=
|

REMINGTON TYPEWRITER COMPANY

INCORPORATED

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NEW YORK j

BROADWAY

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COST

Results The
Best Evidence

ACCOUNTING

CLASS ROOM

Splendid

Men

for

World Record

Opportunities
and Women

The demands for expert cost accountants were never so great as at this
time, and

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ready for advancement.

Exceptional opportunities for
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accuracy

Our course in cost accounting is thorough and

specially adapted to prepare for government
appointments or for Factory Cost Work.
Other courses include Accountancy. Auditing.
Practical Accounting. Business Law and Book-

regular
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students in regular continin

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Prompt, personal attention of R.

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R.

12 students average over

1500 words each within
30 minutes No Errors

Cote Method Touch Typewriting

J.

BENNETT,

815 Land

Bliss

Title Bid?.

J.

Bennett

C. P. A.

Philadelphia. Pa.

Bookkeeping

Special Short Course arranged for use with

or without offices.
Extremely interesting to

and Cote Method Practice

the pupil.

Dictation Did

It

Scientific

Touch

Typewriting
Produces

These texts are both arranged

on

unit

absolutely

credit

basis

coordinate

and

Short-

hand and Typewriting Instruction

in

High

Genuine Touch Operation in the

The Very Best Meth-

quickest possible time.

od published.

Schools

Simplis Shorthand
Only Ten Short Lessons. Easy to teach, easy
to learn, and easy to read.
Graduates hold

and

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the best positions.

National Dictation
Takes up the work where the textbook leaves

Sample Copies are but 75c each

State for what Shorthand System

off.

Up-to-date business letters.

Special

features.

Albert J. Cote, Detroit, Michigan

THE F.H. BLISS PUBLISHING COMPANY

SAGINAW, MICHIGAN

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l

&

^^&u4/n<Md*faa&r

Bookkeeping

Ellis

IN

Clinch the Principles

FOUR UNITS
TABLET METHOD OF

7THE ELEMENTARY
^
TEACHINING BOOKKEEPING,

Bartholomew's Bookkeeping Exercises

1919 edition

A one semester course for high or denomiread'j.

national schools, short course for business colleges, Y. M.
schools.
vocational
or
A.
C.

now

INTERMEDIATE TABLET METHOD,

ready

By Wallace
in

E. Bartholomew. Specialist
Commercial Education, the /ni-

of

versity

in

the

of

State

New

York.

* Jul]}, 1919.

For second semester in high or denominational schools, or to follow anv elementary bookkeeping
colleges or other schools.
business
course in

No matter what system

how much

SECTION 2. ELLIS INDUSTRIAL BOOKKEEP-

CECTION
ING.

3,

schools, or for advanced

work

in high or denominational
in business colleges.

LET METHOC
uET

METHOC

High schools that desire the first two semesters' work

combined, or business schools that wish a thorough foundation bookkeeping, should use the Complete Tablet Method or
Section 1. Ellis Industrial Bookkeeping.

ELLIS PUBLISHING

of bookkeeping you use,

ial you need, these

varied the matei

The

books contain exercises on all topics regarded as essentially fundamental in the teaching of bookkeeping,
all within the range of the high school pupil's ability.
Exercises are grouped under topic-*heads, arranged in
the order in which the subjects are usually taught.
The acEspecially well adapted to drill and review.
cepted terminology of accounting applied throughout.
96 pages
In two parts, elementary and advanced.
each, bound in cloth, each part BO cents list price.

ELLIS INDUSTRIAL BOOKKEEP-

For fourth semester

how

exercises can be used to practical advantage.

ING. For third semester in high or d^nomintional

schools, or for advanced work in business colleges.
*-'

*-'

or

Said

our nearest

to

office

for sample copies.

THE GREGG PUBLISHING COMPANY

COMPANY

BATTLE CREEK. MICHIGAN

The
/^nerian Manual

AWork on Modern Engrossing

A

OF

Revised. Enlarged, and Greatly Improved Edition of

New

Zanerian Alphabets

book for engrossing artists and students, 8J x 11' inches,

bound in boards, treating on the following subjects:

LPHABEfS
AND

Roundhand

Wash Drawing

Broad-pen Lettering
Standard Letterig
Freehand Lettering
Display Headings
Title Pages

Pen Drawing
Diplomas
Certifcates

Resolutions
Designing

Besides the numerous examples of modern engross ng, it concmplete instructions how to execute the above various
It shows how to execute the
lines of the engrossers' art.
kind of pen work which commands high prices.
;

tains

An

Jttsfrttrto r in

HOURS OF ECSTACV
Dumont. Iowa. Nov.

TRountihanfc.irtforinq,l:mtro$$utij>

&

Dear Friends. Zaner

know

this

must

be a

gem

indeed.

Thankfully and joyously y-urs.

E. P.

i^nuuj.JIpitttttfo

Bnu<h~Art.fhT

1'. 1918.

Bloser:

Find enclosed two dollars for The Zanerian Manual of

Alphabets and Engrossing. If you could know how glad I am
have spent too many
I
that you have brought out this book.
hours of wrapt ecstecy with your older book of Alphabets not to

POPEJOY.

Price $8.00, Postpaid

ZANER & BLOSER COMPANY

Penmanship Publishers

IJIMJJJl.U.lJ.liJJJIUJliJJUli.MJ!*U.!li.ll,,IJ,IJ|.l4l,l-*J,ll

fflfflBl^WW>!W

Columbus, Ohio

Catch Step With the Forward Movement

Supplement your own ability with books which eliminate the waste, and convert every
ounce of effort and energy into positive mentality and manual dexterity.

Barnes' Typewriting Instructor

Barnes Brief Course

'

furnishes the most intensive training.

No "singrepitition.
Every stroke requires concen-

No retracing of
meets the Shorthand situation.
steps, for nothing is taught to be unlearned.
No

transition

from theory

to practice, for a

song"

tration.

graded

tinues without interruption until the pupil

is

Each practice

viously learned.

dictation course begins in the second lesson and con-

line

reviews every letter pre-

Special finger gymnastic exercises.

The World Champion Typist learned from the

Barnes lessons. The same is true of twelve out of
the thirteen Novice or School Champions since 1913.

ready

for any dictation.

A. M. Wolford, Stuttgart Business College, says: "We
much pleased with your course, and are getting good reIt eliminates so much
I like the way the work is presented.
work that most books require."

are very

The Spencer School, Paterson. N. J., says: "It was after

the adoption of that [Barnes] text that our pupils began winning
the Eastern, American, and National Contests."

sults.

of the unnecessary

A. E. Morris, Official Reporter, New Castle, Pa.-"Am

recommending your system to one of my attorney friends. I like
your arrangement of the outlines and the new way of getting at

The Jewett Shorth

emphasizing of mental act;
ber of words constructed f

the business taking it in its proper order and not having to take
15 or 18 lessons before you get what is so much needed."

the possibility of

Mr. Chas. B. Compton.Mt. Airy, N. C.-"Fine, brief, conHave a class

cise, comprehensible, and interesting from the start.
of High School graduates, with three teachers graduates of the
State Normal."

cm]

School, Norwich, Conn. "The

by giving greater variety and numthe same letters, thereby eliminating

vriting, appeals to us."

Hilgert,
Prof. J. V. R.

Iowa State Teachers' College,

Cedar

Falls, Iowa. "1 have today given an order for your Typewriting manual. After very careful examination. I concluded that
your book was the very best Instructor that came to my notice."

Make your selection before the June

is the day to send for examination copies.
Paper-bound Brief Course, either Benn Pitman or Graham, free to Shorthand
Teachers or Superintendents; Typewriting Instructor on approval. $1.50, $1.00, and 50c
This

rush.

editions.

;filrlJI4J
502

HOWARD

BLDG.

ST. LOUIS

Great Opportunities
satisfied with your ability to teach penmanship, or do you have
a desire to improve your talent, to do full justice to yourself and your
pupils, to increase your earning capacity, and enlarge your opportunities
for success? The Zanerian College of Penmanship will train you during
your summer vacation and assist you free of charge to secure a position.

Are you

Never before has there been as great a scarcity of penmen and penmanship teachers, and never before have the opportunities for those with
Write
Zanerian training been greater. The time to prepare is NOW.
for illustrated circular.

Summer Term, July

7tli to

118 North High

ill

St.,

thankyou

August 20th, 1919

Columbus, Ohio

for mejitioning

The Business Educate

&

<5^&u4/nM&6ua&r

Metropolitan System of Bookkeeping

By W. A. SHEAFFER

The following are a few reasons

rapidly adopted:

why

this

new

text

being

is

The author is a teacher of elementary bookkeeping, also an expert accountant, and

teacher of advanced accounting.
It is emphatically a modern text educational, vocational, and disciplinary, and conveniently arranged for a combination of class and laboratory methods of instruction
The emphasis is constantly on the thought side of the subject.
The complete text (402 pages) and divided units, adapt Metropolitan System of Bookkeeping for long or brief courses, and for use of special sets.
There is a careful grading of the work from the beginning, and new subjects are introduced one at a time. A full explanation and script illustrations accompany the introduction
of each new subject, book, transaction, or paper, followed by exercises to be worked out
by the pupil.
Business papers are used extensively in only one unit of the system. In the other units
only the essential papers connected with the new features are introduced.
The text does not go to the extreme in the matter of accountancy, but is strictly in accordance with modern accounting practice.
The work, from the beginning, is teachable to pupils of high school age.
Quality of material and workmanship considered, the prices are surprisingly low.

METROPOLITAN TEXT BOOK COMPANY

37 South Wabash Ave., Chicago

Publishers of "Metropolitan Series" of Commercial Texts.

Better Books that Bring Better Results

Burgess' Commercial
By

The language

is

KENNETH

clear, the

F.

BURGESS and

J.

A.

Law

LYONS, Authors

paragraphs are short, while

its

teachability distinguishes

it.

Smith's Arithmetic of Business

The most up-to-date arithmetic on the market.

Miller's
The student

New

It

presents business as business

is

done.

Business Speller

taught spelling through effective aids, as

sociation, interesting reviews, and through illustrations.
is

classification,

various rules, as-

Read's Salesmanship
A

complete textbook on an important subject. It is in six parts and is the most thorough
and teachable presentation of this subject ever comprised in a single textbook.

623S

Ave

cmc A oo

LYONS & CARNAHAN

131

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J

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^^38u<UvuM&&ua&r

&

Gregg Normal Training Increases

Efficiency and Salary
Gregg Normal training
to the

is

indispensable

one about to enter the teaching pro-

equally beneficial to the exteacher because it gives new

ideas, renews enthusiasm, makes teaching
easier, and
last but not least adds dollars

fession.

It is

perienced

to your pay check.

Here
one of

is

last

typical of

a paragraph from a letter from

summer's graduates, which is

many

we

similar expressions

re-

ceive testifying to the increased earnings

obtained from attending the Gregg

Summer

Normal.
JOHN ROBERT GREGG
Mr. Gregg's

lectures on methods of
teaching are always a feature cf the

Summer Normal

Session

"I cannot tell you how much your Normal Course

has done for me. In the first place, it gave me a
$400 increase in salary and due to it and the assistance of your Teacher's Bureau I now have this
excellent position.
'

More Shorthand Teachers Needed

There is a constantly increasing demand for teachers of Gregg Shorthand and correlated subjects those who have had the advantage of our
highlv specialized Normal training.
Wonderful opportunities are ahead
for all who have the foresight to secure our Normal training this summer.
The demand for shorthand teachers is greater than ever. Our Normal
graduates are assisted

made

in

securing desirable appointments.

No

charge

is

for this service.

The Normal Session begins June 30 and closes August 8. Plan now
on coming to Chicago for a most delightful and profitable six weeks of
study.
It will prove to be the best vacation that you can possibly take.
Write today for Normal announcement and illustrated general catalogue.

GREGG SCHOOL
6 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago,

111.

WJ^ffl?i'ffip.f.ujjji>ijjaiijiii].M.iiMij.^,.iJ.>Jiiii.ui.i.AJ.iji.mii.iim/)u.u,i

&

&te&uJ/ji^-C! 4&uafir
66

BUILD UPON THE ROCK M

"What system

shorthand shall

of

And what systems

That

the pressing question of every

ambitious young man or woman, with
sense enough to realize that the person
who takes dictation, if he has the right
is

stuff in his

And
best

after

is

makeup, soon gives

there

all.

is

none too good"

tion.

it.

but one answer.

"The

applies particularly to

shorthand for a poor shorthand system will easily

break a man while a good system frequently makes

Be with the winners!

hand system when

tor of the Ladies' Home Journal, Edward Hyde, President of the Equitable
Life Insurance Company, and Judges
Pryor and Goff, of Supreme Court.
Give yourself the same opportunities
that George Cortelyou took.
"I owe
all

am

shorthand" says Mr. Cor-

to

MR.

HERMAN

J.

(Champion Shortha
er

of

the

300

minute for five

with
two
minutes
terial errors on court testimony; 200 words per minute
for five consecutive minutes
with five errors on straight
matter.

"WHY"

ISAAC PITMAN

&

For they
Herman

the

rock."

and Particulars of a Free Correspondence Course

SONS,

built upon
Stich, Official

have

themselves.

J.

Court Stenographer, Champion Shorthand Writer of the World.

telvou.

Send for a copy of

Whether like these, you intend to

use shorthand as a stepping-stone, or
whether your ambitions lie in professional shorthand writing
Court Reporting choose the best. Build upon
the rock.
Don't build upon a marsh.
Shorthand systems come and shorthand systems go.
But Isaac Pitman
shorthand,
through its inherent
strength, through its superior legibility
and natural sturdiness and flexibility
has gathered momentum as the years
have passed, and as in the past, so today, it continues to be the choice of the
men and women who are making this
country
and incidentally making

Don't take a

losing chance with an inferior shorta superior one is at

hand.
Get into the same boat with
President Wilson, Senator Chandler,
Whitelaw Reid, Proprietor of the New
York Tribune, Edward W. Bok, Edi-

of shorthand have

these men written?

If you will take
the trouble to find out, you will discover that they all learned Isaac Pitman shorthand or a minor modifica-

study?"

2 West Forty-fifth Street,

for Teachers.

NEW YORK

Publishers of "Course in Isaac Pitman Shorthand." $1.50; "Practical Course in Touch Typewriting," 85c; "Style Book of Business English", $1.00; adopted by the Neiv York Board of Education.

HIGH SPEED IN TYPEWRITING

A

text for all typists

beginners,

and takes

who

aspire to unusual skill in their art.

the place of no text books.

It

It is

ALL

supplements

NOT for

good

texts.

Consists of a series of advanced lessons

in typewriting which train the touch typist
to a high standard of expertness.

machine, rhythm in operation, economy in

movemenit, speed in operating attachments,

supplements any method, and may be

applied with equally satisfactory results on
any standard keyboard machine.

Each lesson calls for a definite amount of

practice and ends with an exercise graded
one-tenth of a stroke per second faster than
the preceding lesson.

<]|

<I

It

It

will

be found invaluable in the class-

as a finishing course, and to the

ployed typist who wishes to increase

room

enher

efficiency.
<J

Contains

weaker

drills

for

strengthening

the

fingers, fixing correct habits at the

concentration, etc
<I

This exhaustive work deals thoroughly

with every factor entering into speedy and
accurate tppewriting, and places a speed of
100 words per minute within the reach of all
touch typists.
<I

in Typewriting continues the training of the typist from the point

other text books leave off. It deals with every factor of speed and accuracy.
In the minimum time the typist reaches the higher speeds.

High Speed

where

all

Price, 85c.

ISAAC PITMAN

&

SONS,

Cloth, $1.00 postpaid

2 West Forty-fifth Street,

NEW YORK

MJI.HW.UJl.l.f.PJ .WJJWJlWJIiyU.ll'BMflBBrWtMJI.IJiJ.IJ.IIIIIJtililJffma

COLUMBUS, OHIO, MAY,

VOLUME xxrv

The BUSINESS

EDUCATOR

Zaner,

Editor

W. Bloser,
Business Manager
Zaner & Bloser, Publishers and Owners

E.

Published monthly (except July and August)

118 N. High St., Columbus, O., as follows:
Teachers' Professional Edition, $1.00 a year.
Students' Penmanship Edition, 75 cents a year
(Foreign subscriptions 20 cents extra; Canadian

or

subscriptions

10

cents

STRAWS
A short time ago Mr. Chadsay was
elected Superintendent of the Public
Schools of Chicago at the largest salary ever paid in this country to such

'AdA

extra).

Two Editions. The Teachers' Professional

Edition contains 40 pages, 8 pages of which
are devoted to Accounting, Finance, Mathematics, English, Law, Typewriting, Advertis-

of the school, will continue the business.

m*l

Remittances should be made by Money Order

Bank Draft, or by currency at sender's risk.

Stamps accepted.

Hr?

an

are

'

in

Professional

Edition.

devoted to the proand practical interests of Business

Education and Penmanship.
It purposes to
inspire and instruct both pupil and teacher,
is

and

to further the interests of those engaged

the work, in private as well as in public
institutions of commercial education.

in

Change of Address
If you change your address, be sure to notify us promptly (in ad
vance, if possible), and be careful to give the
old as well as the new address.
lose many
journals each issue through negligence on the
part of subscribers.
Postmasters are not al
lowed to forward journals unless postage is
sent to them for that purpose.

We

Subscribers.
If we do not acknowledge receipt of your subscription, kindly consider first
copy of the journal you receive as sufficient
evidence that we received your subscription all
right.
If you do not receive your journal bv
the 10th of each month, please notify us.

Advertising Rates furnished upon applica

The Business Educator is purchased and

tion.

by the most

read

intelligent

and

well-to-do

among

those interested in business education

and penmanship in the United States, Canada,
England, and nearly every country on the
globe.
It circulates, not alone among business
college proprietors, teachers and pupils, but
also among principals of commercial depart

ments

of

more money.

time.

RISINGER
penman and commercial

T.

Every

J.

teacher, as well as thousands of othwith deep regret of the

death of Thomas J. Risinger, pioneer

ers, will learn

commercial educator and penman, and

head of the Utica School of Commerce, I'tica. Xew York, which occurred on April
1919.
When a young man, Mr. Risinger
entered the Spencerian Art School at
Geneva, Ohio, and while there was
under the personal instruction of
Piatt R. Spencer, father of the Spencer Brothers, who were the authors of
the Spencerian System of Penman<>,

ship.

Mr. Risinger was not quite 77 years

of age, but had been active until
quite recently, if we may judge from
mail received at our office from him
as late as

He

March

succeeded
institution, no

selves

Louis (see B. E. for April, page 20),

that schools of commerce were not
training teachers, as their graduates
could earn more in business. But this
can only mean that there are not

enough trained men for business

which means that there are not
enough teachers qualified to train
men for business
which promises
higher salaries for competent com-

mercial teachers.
All these and many other facts are
straws which show that the wind of
public opinion
blowing toward
is
higher salaries for teachers, and par-

commercial teachers.
ticularly
for
for the teaching profession was never before so good as it is
today.

The outlook

20th.

building up a large
less than 500 pupils
in

of Philadelphia
Pittsburgh have placed themupon record as favoring higher
salaries for teachers, as soon as they
have power to levy more taxes.
Professors Weston. U. of Illinois,
and Brisco, U. of Iowa, said at St.

and

W//V-

High and Xormal Schools and Col

as well as
students, etc.
leges,

among

office

workers,

home

Rates to Teachers, Agents, and Club Raisers

sent upon application. Write for them whether
you are in a position to send few or many

Sample copies furnished to assecuring subscriptions.

subscriptions.
sist

in

They

The school boards

subjects.
to students in

cial

The Business Educator

to

not get it this year legislators

have been paying teachers in promises for years; but sentiment among the
people of the state is undoubtedly in
favor of an increase, and it will come

The Students' Penmanship Edition contains

32 pages and is the same as the Professional
Edition, less the 8 pages devoted to commer

gressive

entitled

may

^L--~)-':

and proprietors.

the

official.

The legislators of Pennsylvania are

agreed that the teachers of the state

ing, Conventions, etc., and Departments specially suited to the needs of teachers, principals

This edition is specially suited

Commercial, Public and Private
schools, and contains all of the Penmanship,
Engrossing, Pen Art, and Lesson features of

IX

having received instruction in the

Utica School of Commerce during the
school year of 1917-18. A son, W. S.
Risinger, who has long been associated with his father in management

Entered at Columbus, O., Post Office aa 2nd Class Matter

C. P.

NUMBER

1919

Executed by E. A. Lupfer. Zanerian College,

Columbus. Ohio

yAt 'JtitAU/it^j 6V/ss<*i/*r

i^T

#>

Developmental Practice
IN

Rapid Movement Writing

By

Columbus, Ohio, R. D. No. 8

SOME SUCCESS SOURCES AND

STUDY SUGGESTIONS

study" habit.

couragement.

Banish worry and disCreate a sunny opto-

the eyes.
Givecareful attention to the teeth.
Learn

mistic mood.
Throw energy, decision, continuity, and reason into your
efforts.
Systematically and consiststrengthen the
ently determine
to
frail spots.
Keep the goal-idea ever
clear in the foreground of conscious-

how

ness.

Keep in good physical trim. Take

some systematic daily exercise for
and endurance. Exercise evcell
by deep, rhythmical

vitality

ery lung
breathing.

Protect

select,

to

combine and propor-

tion food values according to age, occupation and season. Appreciate the

importance of thorough mastication,

proper digestion, assimulation, elimination. Form the health habit. Drink
abundance of pure water. Take sufficient recreation, and "sleep the sleep
of the just."

'

Don't fluctuate; keep your balance wheel from wobbling. Form the
ini-itinn habit.
Form the movement
habit.
Form the good writing habit.
.

perception

Clear

Form

and

"place-study"

Development of W.
downward. Begin with

"time-

beginnings,
retraces,
loops,
endings, etc. ,as found in the various
script characters, both singly and in
Pleasing uniformity is
combination.
angles,

living, a

careful comparison with the copy at

Observe quality of movement
hand.

days of service, and service

tions.

aimlessly.
Inject a worthy motive into your
work.
If
possible, secure a quiet
place for your study and practice.

more. Resolve to make early application of any newly acquired power

and confidence. Will power produces
skill power.
Be a student of little
things.
Legibility is dependent upon
proper location of characteristic turns,

to master the instrucfully how as well as

Make freclearly what to practice.
quent criticism of your results by

Never

practice

resultant

firm, smooth graceful lines instead.

Every little bit of skill added to
what you've got makes a little bit

essentially dependent upon slant, size

and space relationships.

Co-ordinated,

or

the

by either smooth or wob-

Interpret a wobble as an
obstructed movement, and therefore
increase rate of speed to produce free,
bly lines.

muscular
controlled
motivity is the key secret to skill in
rapid execution of a practical hand-

Cuhivate the attitude of attention,

and the power of concentration. Be
painstaking, patient and persevering.
Have a definite aim, and aim high.
study

is

;>i>\\rr that comes by careful, sharpera seeing of things as they actually

Visualization is the key secret to
are.
knowledge of legible letter formation.

as indicated

Study

writing.

Know

Obtainment is the outcome of right

wholesome spirit, an earnest

concentrated attention, detersystematic

well-directed.
mination,
and intelligent effort. These are the
desire,

is

com-

posite of spirit and efficiency.

begins with the initial loop, starting rightward rather than straight
Retrace oval six times. Pause on the base line as shown by the arrow.
Stop on count of "6," and then raise the pen.

Exercise

1.

Capital

a rolling motion.

Count: loop-round-1-2-3-4-5-6.

Exercise 2. Start
similar to capitals N and M, H ?.nd K.
Pause gently at the base line after making the
loop and the first downward stroke. Go easily and gracefully from the base line to the straight line movement, and finish with an outward left curve or over-motion. Keep the first and second parts separated as shown
in the copy.
Count: loop-down, 1-2-3-4-5-6-curve (or swing).
initial

Exercise
slant,

size

3.
Count: loop-l-2-3-4-5-(i-7-8-curve.
and spacing uniform.

1-2-3.

W
W

The second

part of the

drill

is

similar to "final"

t.

Keep

Exercise 4. Xote the dotted lines across the

Spacing should be equal between the lines of
at the middle.
the \Y at this point.
Curve all the strokes of the
gently.
It is well to pause in the motion at both points on
the base line, especially the first.
about
This is for control of spacing and to reverse the movement. Finish
half its height.
Count: loop-down, 1-2-3, or 1-'.', :s-4; loop on "1," first and second down strokes on '"-" and "3,"
finish nn "4."
Make about
letters in a minute.
The names are good ones for application. Be careful of spacing. Watch slant and size. Place all dots and
periods in their proper places. Watch position. Keep movement free. Practice intelligently.

:!.">

Developmental Review. Line 1. Loop letters govern or prescribe slant. Keepspacing and size regular as well
as slant uniform.
Make lower turns as narrow as possible and the down strokes of the loops as nearly straight
as possible. Grace and legibility, not accuracy, is the real charm. Count: curve-l-2-3-4-5-fi-loop-loop-loop-loop.

<5^&u4/tuM&&u*tr

&

Line 2. Make the loop in b full and open, the lower turn narrow and the finish distinct. Pause momentarily at
the "blind" loop or reverse morion which characterizes the b. v. w and o.
Finish and crossing should be same
height. Count: 1-2-3-4-3-6-b. loop-b. loop-b, loop-b, glide.
Line 3. Keep the long and short down strokes of h sloping similarly. Begin the same
Be thoughtful and systematic in your practice work. Count: start-l-2-3-4-5-6-stop, finish
1-2 for the h's.
Crossing and upper turn should be same height.

1-2

Line

as
1-2

and

finish

5-6

4.

Both downward strokes

cither closed or slightly open.

in

k should slant the same.

Make

3-4

or

like n.
1-2

the small oval attachment horizontal,

Lower

been completed: think motion parallel

Count: curve-l-2-3-4-5-6-k, finish-1-2,

and

turn should be narrow.

Pause gently after the little horizontal loop has
to back of k, and then finish with a free, graceful under-swing to the right.
3-1-2, 3, 1-2, finish.

Development of L. Exercise 1. Position, first. Keep pen held loosely.

retrace oval six times. Finish as capital C. Be critical, observant, persistent.

Begin with

loop

movement and

^-3e^;

^4^-

'JU/^ JM^ ^UU-^UM- JJJ^^^^A^^^^f?^^^^ sjf7^2^^^^^^^^^^sfc ^1^7 ^?y

^CC-Z^CJl

12

<!MJ38u4/n*Mrtu*t&r

&

Exercise 2. Graceful movements produce graceful lines and letters. Begin at the top of the S-like drill and
Count: 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8. Be careful to keep the right direction oi curvature in botn dawn and
retrace four times.
up compound strokes. Downward curve is like the down stroke of L.
Exercises 3 and 4. Begin at right side, swing leftward and return in a horizontal hinge-like motion.
Finish
toward the right. Xo. 4 is good to develop action for the elongated base loop of L and the final "drop" curve.
Count: 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8.
Exercise

5.

Count: 1-2-3-4-5-6-1'oop-swing.

6.

Think

Keep

horizontal loop on the base

line.

Cultivate gracefulness of

action.

Exercise

clearly before acting

is

one of the fundamental laws of progress and success.

Count: loop-

al---M-4-swing.

Exercise 7. L begins as C and ends as Q. Think of C and then of Q in making the letter. Clear perception
of form is necessary improvement. Trace the letter with dry pen several times and visualize the form.
Count:
1-2-3, 1-2-3. etc., about 45-50 letters in a minute.
Exercise 8. Practice L. C and Q one after the other. After writing the three letters pause to adjust paper, or
the arm. then proceed.
Exercise 9. This style of L begins with a dot and is somewhat easier to master than the loop start. Capital E
may also be controlled easier by the dot or blind loop initiation. Adopt either style, but don't mix styles in your
general writing.
The sentence is a good one in this connection. Practice each word separately and carefully. Write a page or
more of the line as a whole. Watch size, slant, spacing, initial and terminal strokes, turns, angles, closings, finishes
and general appearance.

Development of z. Exercise 1. Begin with a forceful left curve or over motion, and follow with the gradually
Keep down strokes uniformly on the line of vision.
diminishing, compact, straight line drill.
Exercise 2 is the diminishing upper- or over-turn movement. This drill serves to develop control of the large
and small over action in z. Count on the down strokes only. Pause definitely on last stroke.
Exercise 3. Make the inverted loops with a rapid in-and-out action. Keep spacing narrow or compact, loops
on same slant and of equal length. Glide the hand freely on the little finger. Count: a l-2-.i-4-j-(>. Use much
push-and-pu'll movement.
Exercises 4 and 5. Keep upper turns distinctly curving, and the angles sharp in the m-like motion.
Glide
End Xo. 5 with an in-out motion. Count for the down strokes.
freely from left to right in both drills.
Exercise 6. Xote that z begins like n. Pause in the motion at the contact with base line before making lower
loop attachment. Count: al. 2-3-4-5-6.
Exercise 7. Study the plan of alternation. Count for the drill is "al-2-3-4-5, a loop." Cross loop on base line.
Follow with two z's s made singly. Keep the first down stroke straight, not curving. Pause gently at the point or
angle before making loop. Cross loop at the base line. Count: al-'.' or 1-2 for z. The z may also be practiced
singly line after line.
Emphasize the 1.
and 5 count, but do not shade the strokes. Pause to
Exercise 8.
Count: al-2-3-4-5-6.
:i

criticise.

joining the
or lower turn drill to z. that the crossing may not be made below the
base line or that the first upper angle may not be made blunt. The connection is a slight compound curve.
Exercise 10. Keep the n and z the same height above base line; down strokes on same slant, and *pacing wide

Exercise

between

9.

Be careful

in

letters.

necessary to vitalize, scrutinize, visualize, "motorize," emphasize in order to realize the possession of a
good handwriting. Practice the sentence carefully and freely, a page or more. Make e'ach line better.
It is

Development

The

smaller oval

each oval.
Exercise

of L.

may

Exercise 1
reversed

lie

is

in

a group of horizontal "ovals" or ellipses linked to form a chain. Xote

Count from 1 to
the alternation or all may be made reverse ovals.

am .w.
(i

for

Arrows indicate the direction of motion. Study, then practice. Do not lift pen. Think your way
through clearly. Count from 1-6 for each horizontal oval. Emphasize count of "1" in each.
Study and practice
Exercises 3 and 4. For the "bow-loop" drill count 1-23-4-5-6 or left-right-left-right-etc.
Balance both parts.
carefully these horizontal movements.
2.

Exercise 5. Count: 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8. Exercise should slope considerably as the downward compound curve follows the contour of the L.
Pause to compare
Count: 1-2-3-4-5-6-finish-L.
Exercise 6. Begin on under side of horizontal retraced oval.
your worlt with the copy.

^'
Exercises

and

8.

Count

&

<^M*&u4/n4?M&6u&&r

l-2-3-4-5-6-loop-loop-l-2-3-4 5-6 tor

Xo.

am

t-4-5-6-finish-L.

Trace the copies

with dry pen from time to time.

arm and hand

Think the
Exercise 9. Count:
motion.
and
between
small
letters in
Exercise 10 is a signature like application. Watch spacing between the capitals
"Lister." Close the s and make a distinct shoulder on r.
mix
styles
in general
The sentence suggests that either style be mastered. Learn one type and use it: don't
composition. Practice each word separately.
1-2-3 for each L.

Development

of g.

Create a forefjl,

controlled action

of

the

Occasionally check yourself up on your manner of sittng, position of arms, hands, pen.

paper, etc.

Exercise 1. Retrace oval and straight line parts six times each without raising the pen. Slant and spacing and
size should be uniform.
Exercise 2. Start like a; attach the push-pull and rep;at, joining without pen lifting. Pause slightly at top of
Retrace the straignt line six times.
a before making oval part.
Exercise 3. Retrace the drill first with dry pen to the count: curve, oval-l-:-'-:i-4-5-6-]oop-'loop-loop-loop. PracKeep loops and straight li e movement parallel or on same slant.
tice drill freely and forcefully.
Exercise 4. Since g starts much the same as the direct oval and finishes like j. this drill should also receive
much practice. Count: 1-2-3-4-5-6 1-loop 2-loop 3-loop 4-loop.
racing.
See how freely, gracefully and plainly
Exercise 5. Alternate a and j and think of height, s'.o
The j's need not be dotted.
this letter combination can be made.
Exercises 6 and 7. Begin the same as a or d. and finis.i nke j or y. The initial strokes on all similar letters may
me omitted at the discretion of the writer. Count on up strokes: curve-ovallloop. or on down strokes: al--> at the
Close g at top, keep down s.roke straight and loop cross'ng on the base line. Join
rate of from 50-60 a minute.
g in groups of three to the count: al-2-3-4r5-6.
Exercise 8. Alternate g and y. line after line. If g is closed and y retains its initial turn and is kept open,
Make loops
these letters will never resemble each other. Count: 1-2-3 for each, emphasizing the up strokes.
similar in size and slope.
Observe space relations in letters
Exercise 9. Devote much practice to the words gay swing and engage.
and between letters. Maintain uniformity in slant, and regularity in alignment. Do likewise with each word in the
sentence containing g's. It is by persistent effort that o le acquires skill and ability to write well.

-7

'

>?

fr

Supplementary Practice Work Continued

Code of Morals
Men and Young Women

For Young

By Professor William

Hutchins, Oberlin, O.

J.

Script by E. A. Lupfer

^t*s /7z*^,

JI^Ml

/.

-<?L^:t^L*?~d~e^i-^Cizt>CLc^t3^

i^t^J^c^Le^JC^^^^^^

y^&e^^2-^^y%^i^^L^x?-c^i^--^

',^JU^I&
U W--^^-^^>^^^

S" T-^-Z-'Z

?^c >^& *-e^. i-7- T^L- &xJL/cyi

O^-C
'

(T

tinned

fl

SENTENCE CONTAINING THE ALPHABET

In 01

April

itence

present

numbe
ic

it

in

hut on ce.

?fi

Millstoi

().

each of the

the jotirna
e,

Kv

'.(,

se
Il

of

c*/

one

nee.

ontaining

We

first

lis

sti

sending

tl

it.

It

..

known, since
came n \xa 111.
former days have bee n laboring w ill.
something to do. We su ppose o ir lie XI t ask
i.-rallv

" ch

all the letters o

the alphabet
Ho weve we knew of no
ul.l
.ould send us such a sentence we
con tains each oi the
Here it is. You will see that
Messrs.
was
tO
next sent is by
W.
s allard and S. 1).
Siai dusky, Ohio.
nte
it vis by Mr. Theo.
U Krur n, McKeesport, Pa. W E therefore judg e tha the sentence
Mr. Philli is stated that he received it from his faths r, so thai evidently persons
e dilTerent states.
for
this subject.
No w the e are n more "worlds to conqt er" h ere, so we must go elsewhe

era 1 se itences in scr

of the alphabet 'but
il. nl ion
the name of

iter S

in scr pt a id
S. J.
Phil

to write lb

sent* nee a

erfectly as

it

is

arranged

^v^^?-<?--z-^sz^^_-^^^>c-^i^S<^'

by E. A. Lupfe

College,

Columbus, Ohio

'i

&

S/te&u&rt&ik&Wnar&r'
MENTAL

MEANDERINGS
CARL

MARSHALL

C.

Battle Creek, Mich.

America

Safe
years ago, Mr.
William Allen White got himself on

Sonic

is

odd

twenty

the

literary

writing

map by
magazine

entitled,

article

"What's t h e Matter
with Kansas?" It was
time when, to the

at a

outside observer, pretty

much

seemed

everything
matter

h e

The

with Kansas.
Populists had sent the
political machinery of both the old
parties to the .-.crap-heap; "socksless"
Jerry Simpson was cavorting in Congress, and Mary Lease, the "woman
with the iron jaw." a sort of feminist
prophesy of modern bolshivism. was
rushing all over the short grass country
raucously
screaming for still
further political devastation.
Uso,
Carrie Nation was rampant with her
bar-smashing hatchet. Altogether, it

getting eats over in France that are

Aside
interfering with his digestion.
from the improbability of Bolshivistic
anarchy on the part of conservative
Britain, thrifty France and law-abiding Italy, how can Mr. White see Bolshivist possibilities among the intelligent and self-controlled millions of
America? Cross this great enlight-

ened country on any line you please;

mingle with the communities you
come to, see the streets of every little
city crowded with busy happy goodnatured people, note the crowds of
prosperous, well-dressed farmers coming to town in their autos, observe
the churches, schools and colleges that
decorate every American skyline, and
imagine, if you can, all this turned
into a blear-eyed mob hunting down
and murdering everybody who wears
a clean collar!
I hope the author of "Boyville" and
"A Certain Rich Man" will soon get
back to his familiar Kansas prairies,
where be can hearten his inside with
fat
corn cakes and sorghum and
stewed rabbit and fried 'hominy and
sour milk biscuit and other soul-settling provender that has for so long
fortified the Kansas spirit and kept
it
sane and cheerful.
Come back home, Bill, and forget

it.

looked

as
though Kansas was a
mighty good place to stay away from.
But Bill White, of Emporia, with his
saving humor and sunny optimism.

made
after

it

all.

plain

to

the

Kansas was

doubters that,
all

right.

The

noise and tumult were only incident

to
the
way the Jaynawkers went
doing things when they were
really in earnest.
There was not the
least need to fear that the sons of
the sturdy anti-slavery unionists who
bad saved Kansas to freedom in the
days of Buchanan, would repudiate
their debts, confiscate property, or
do any other of the insane things that
people feared. Events proved that he
was right. Kansas quietly listened to
the calamity howlers, did a few of
the things they wanted done and that
should have been done, dismissed the
others with a laugh, and then went on
in her safe and sane way, just as Bill
White said she would, being ever
since as orderly and as well-governed
a state as there is in the Union.
Now, it happens that this same op-

about

timistic Bill White is in Europee tryto size up the parlous situation

there, and find out how things are.
likely to come out.
And the other

ing

day he sent

to

Philadelphia paper

most pessimistic
European situation
from any over-seas
the

about the
has come
correspondent.

letter

that

He gravely fears that all Europe is

Bols'hivist, that Germany neither can nor will pay a war indemnity,
and this will force the other countries
to repudiate their war debts, including the seven billions they owe us;
that this will force us in turn to repudiate our liberty bonds and that is
likely to make America go Bolshigoing

vist.
I seriously fear that the erstwhile
Cheerful Kansas optimist has been

The Blessedness

Work

of

As Drummond says,
Love is the great-

world.

est t 'h n g in the

But the next greatest thing is

Work

Somebody

else said that

it

is

Love that makes the world go round.

Our hearts tell us that this is true;
but at the same time, our brains tell
us that it takes work to provide the
machinery.
I
don't think I should
care to settle in a world that was all
lo.i
and no work. That is the main
objection I should have to the orthoHeaven, as conventionally described.
About all that seems to be
going on there is twanging a harp
and singing hozannas. Can you imr
ilson or Edison
agine Roosevelt or
or Charley Schwab enjoying themAnd so
selves in a heaven like that?
with this world; no man can make a
bigger mistake than trying to get
through life without work, or with
The
less work than is good for him.
world belt of 'highest human excellence and accomplishment lies between latntude thirty and sixty, north,
where Nature has provided the greatest quantity of raw materials for
work, and has also provided a climate
that keeps man hustling in order to
keep himself from starving and freezing. In the tropics, where most everybody belongs to the leisure class, and
Where a living may be had by the
simple process of lying under a banana tree and allowing the fruit to
drop in one's mouth, the humans are
not much ahead of the four-foted folk
in the race for life.
The same is true
up in the Arctic regions where the
ladies and gentlemen of society spend
one-fourth of the year acquiring seal
blubber, and the rest of the time
housed up in their igloos while they
<1

'

eat

it.

These biologic truths are as trite,

of course, as they are indisputable, yet
the masses of men do not seem to
realize their truth.
At least, in this
year of grace, 1919, we find a very
considerable part of the world making
a frantic fight against work, or at
least, to reduce the hotirs so they
will not need to work more than a
quarter or a third of their time.
These people, mostly voicing their demands in the name of "Labor," seem
to regard labor as a curse
a thing to
be avoided as far as it is physically
possible.
It is. of course, true that
the working hours may be too long,
and that there are other beneficial activities besides work.
But it is also
true that the work hours may be too
short, and that many of the "activities" of people during their non-work
hours are worse for them than the
hardest kind of work.
man would

be better off laying brick or running

a power drill for another hour or so
a day, than in poisoning his blood and
impairing his decency in a booze
joint.
These are matters that are
open to argument and to remedy. But
the thing most needed is to change
the attitude of people toward work.
need to learn to like good work
for its own sake.
Instead of trying
to avoid work and getting along with
as little as possible of it, let us all
pull to make work more attractive.
Let us have more light and air and

We

and beauty in our workshops and offices. Let us give every

worker a just wage, not only the big
muscled laborers who can enforce
their rights by going on strike and
throwing bricks, but the office workcleanliness

and salaried men who have no

unions and who, just now, are being
treated more unjustly than any other
class of workers.
A man's work is
not worth much, either to himself or
anybody else, when he is discontented
and works under a sense of wrong.
But when a man is cheered by the
knowledge that he is doing a good
job that is being well paid for. the
more work he does the better it is,
both for himself and the world he
ers

lives in.

my

Cut Out

In

the Sarcasm

sat in the

student days

class-room of

teacher who was, intellecually speaking, one of the most

inspiring and illuminating men I have
ever known. He could make the dula

lest

topic

fairly

glow with

interest.

He was a past master in the art of

questioning.
He knew his subjects
with a thoroughness and accuracy
And yet all of
that was marvelous.
If I
us thoroughly detested him.
were to come across him, even at this
late date, I should find it hard to be
decent to him. The weak spot in this
man was that he could not resist the
temptation to be sarcastic. He seemed ever on the lookout for chances to
say cutting things. I remember that
on one occasion we were discussing
One
the works of Thomas Carlyle.
boy was frank enough to remark unbeen
able
wittingly, that he had not
(Continued on page IS)

18

>y/u >yjtj//itjj

THE PRESENT OUTLOOK FOR

COMMERCIAL TEACHERS
NOTE

EDITOR'S

In these days of unchange, undoubtedly many persons are

whether matters are adjusting
themselves in a way that is favorable or unWe have
favorable to commercial teachers.
our own opinions on the subject, but we deThe desired others to express their views.
mands of the war have greatly emphasized
the value of commercial education, and no
persons are better aware of this fact than are
the heads of two of the leading commercial
training schools of this country, and whose
usual

wondering

These two
well-known commercial educators are Mr. S.

discussion of the subject follows.

C. Williams, President of the
ness Institute, Rochester, N.
S.
Dickey, President of the
Business University, Bowling
is

Rochester BusiY., and Mr. J.

Bowling Green
Green, Ky.

It

to know what
affect commerEach has an ear to the
Both we found so busy that they

to the interests of these

men

changes are taking place that

education.

cial

ground.
could consent to give only hasty, brief stateBut the large number
ments of the matter.
of persons who are at this moment asking
questions regarding this work are entitled to
answers from experienced, capable men like
The indications could hardly be more
r.il.:.

aching.

Persons

vho

make

ed to the work, clearly will

If we mistake
in preparing themselves in it.
not, the commercial training schools will be
taxed to their utmost for some years to come
to supply the demand for commercial teachers.

Before

the

war,

the

commercial teachers was

than

all

fact well

demand

for
far greater

the schools could supply

known

to

Now

everybody.

war has ended, there are no

more teachers than there were before.
Of course, the return of soldiers from
service must be taken into account
when making an estimate as to future
demands, but it must also be remembered that they were here before the
that the

war. when the demand could not be

Of course there will be
supplied.

some re-adjustment and some

fraction until

all

find their places

settle down again to normal

this is to be expected, but it

little

and

work

may

be

depended upon that there will be

work enough for all who are ready
There are at
for places worth while.
least as many positions now as before
the war, but there are fewer teachers.
It must also be remembered that
war conditions have created a new respect for commercial education and
commercial educators. In fact, commercial education has received an impetus heretofore unheard of and unexpected. The stern realities of war
conditions and war demands have put
commercial education in the limelight.
This, of course, is going to accentuate and emphasize the demand
for commercial education in all the
schools and this, in turn, will necessitate a corresponding increase of commercial teachers. The far-seeing student of the times will "take time by
the forelock" and get ready for the
demand that is sure to come.
J.

S.

Dickey.

While the time at my disposal will

not suffice for a full discussion of the
topic, the conditions today and the infor the immediate future
would seem to justify a brief forecast
of the certain outcome of the present
trend in commercial education.

dications

notable and worthy educational

has resulted from the

achievement

work

of

the

commercial schools of

this country during the last half cenPrejudice has been overcome,
tury.

educational ideals have been changed

and distinctly stimulated, and the
courage and zeal of the pioneers in
commercial education fully justified
and appreciated.
After
the
individual
commercial
school proprietors there came the superintendents of schools and the principals of high schools as the next interested group of observers of commercial educational values. Next and
very naturally came State Normal
Schools and the great universities and
colleges, by reason of the necessity
for
well educated and adequately
trained commercial teachers.

Last of
and perhaps most important, we
have the Federal Government actively
interested and joining hands cordially
m tin' promotion of the cause of

all,

commercial education.
The broadening of the horizon of
commercial education and the sweep
of the nation-wide movement, under
the impelling power of all the forces
behind it, almost take the strongest
of us off our feet, and one of the most
vital questions to be answered
promptly and effectively is, the train-

ing of a sufficient number of commercial teachers, if the movement is

not to experience a serious set-back.
Those in touch with the regular
channels of inquiry for commercial
teachers know that there is a very
decided need for such teachers, and
therefore an unusual opportunity for
those who prepare for this special
field.
These sources of inquiry indicate a healthy growth in commercial
departments, which of itself creates
the necessity for additional teachers.
Meantime the establishment of commercial departments in educational
institutions, not heretofore providing
such education, brings the usual crop
of inquiries from that source.

Now as to present developments.

A recent statement by the officers
National Society for VocaTraining announces the reorganization of the society so as to
include commercial education, as one
of three new branches to be added to
of the
tional

"This announcement," the

its work.
statement says, "is of special interest
to commercial educators, who will be
quick to realize that such an association backed by prominent business
men and educators in about equal
numbers, will be an important factor
in focusing attention on the universal
need for commercial education of a
character more in accord with modern business development. The tradisecondary course, desirable
tional
though it may be, can never meet all
the demands that are being brought
forward by the rapid expansion of
facilities for giving vocational training."

The announcement

calls

the atten-

commercial educators to these

"Continuation School
problems:
Commercial Training;" "Training for
Foreign Trade and Shipping OccupaSelling
Education;"
tions;" "Retail
"The Unit Plan of Organization as
tion of

&

&6ua&r

Applied to Commercial Education;"

"Part-Time or Co-operative Commercial Courses;" "Evening School Unit
Courses for Business People;" "Federal Aid for Commercial Education;"

"New

Legislation Needed;" and asks

them what they expect to do about
them, what part they expect to take
solving them, what preparation
in
they are making to cope With these

new conditions.
The Executive Board
Commercial

ern

EastAssocia-

of the

Teachers'

indicates the significance it attaches to these inquiries by giving the

entire Friday morning of the Convention, to be held in Springfield, Mass..
Thursday, Friday and Saturday, April
17, 18 and 19, to the consideration of
the topic, "The New Era of CommerThe discussion of
cial Education."
the topic will be in charge of Frederick G. Nichols, of the Federal Board
tion

Vocational Education.
Definite action of far-reaching consequence may result from this discussion, and doubtless other Commercial Teachers' Associations will avail
themselves of an early opportunity to
discuss similar problems. These new
developments and the
educational
renewed activity in
prospects
of

for

American

Industrial

soon to make

Organizations,

itself felt

if

America

is

render the service the world expects of her in the rehabilitation of

stricken Europe, are bound to produce a corresponding demand for
teachers
equipped
to
commercial
train the army of office executives and
workers the business world will require.
S. C. Williams.
to

MENTAL MEANDERINGS
(Continued from page

IT)

get much sense out of "Sartor

Resartus." "No?" responded the professor, "Well, that is really too bad.
Quite unfortunate for the reputation
of the great Scotchman; but then,
Mr. Jones," he continued, "you will
no doubt he willing to allow that Mr.
Carlyle could hardly be expected to
supply to his readers both matter and
A few thoughtless
understanding."
ones giggled and the professor beamHe had scored. The
ed joyously.
reaction on poor Jones may be imagined.
to

Looking back at this man now, I

do not think he was deliberately cruel
It was probably,
or even unkind.
more in the way of a disagreeable
That, and a sort of self-conhabit.
scious smartness.
But we who were
his victims, neither sought nor found
any charitable excuses. To us, he was
simply hateful, and no teacher, however -Willful or brilliant, can get the
best out of pupils who hate him.
recall one occasion, though, in
1
which our sharp-tongued professor
got tliv worst of it. and from a quarter that he little expected.
It
was in the arithmetic class, and

was "Stocks and Bonds."

had entered the class the
a demure little schoolma'am from the country, and her face
(Continued on page 81)
the
\

topic

new

day

girl

before,

<
>

THE NEED OF FEDERAL AID

FOR COMMERCIAL
EDUCATION
By

M. Watters, Dean, School of

Commerce, Georgia School of
Technology, Atlanta
J.

[EDITOR'S

NOTE

Every commercial

teacher will hud it to his interests to carefully

Undoubtedly, what
re.nl tin- following paper.
commercial education will be in the future
depends largely on what commercial educators ,1m .it present to promote the interests of
ili,
cause in all honorable ways possible.
Flu, paper was read before the recent St.
,,iii a
.Meeting of the National Society for
Vocational Education.]
I

For a number of years the public

come more and more to realize
that the matter of education is not
only a local but a national problem.
has

The federal government has for a

number of years been aiding agricultural education
act.

through the land grant

bill extended

The Smith-Hughes

education,
home economics, and gave additional
However, no subaid to agriculture.
stantial provision has been made for
the maintenance of commercial eduaid

Federal

to

industrial

cation.
At the time the Vocational Educational bill was passed, the writer ap-

proached the United States Commissioner of Education in behalf of commercial education. The Commissioner expressed belief that aid should be
extended to commercial education, but
that he thought it would be better to

extend aid through another bill. To

this end the chairman of the educational committee of the senate has requested that two bills be prepared and
submitted to him for introduction;
one placing the administration of the
bill under the direction of the Federal
Board of Vocational Education; the
other to place the administration under the direction of a Secretary of
Education, to be created under a bill
now pending. Both bills will be introduced in order to test their relative
merits. The chairman of the committee will then promote the bill which
gives the greatest promise of passing.
It is, therefore, imperative at this
time that a full and free discussion
had. I shall, therefore, present an
outline, which I trust will be discussed
pro and con bearing in mind that
the matter has not been thought out
to a conclusion and that suggestions
and criticisms are solicited.
The need for Federal Aid may be
classified under four headings:
lie

1.

Supervision for public and pri-

vate institutions.
(a) Federal,

(b)

State.

2.

Secondard Schools.

:;.

a
\11 day, (b) Part time,
Evening.
Teacher's Training.
i

I.

(c)

(a)

(b) Evening, (c)

(d) Research, (e)
of commercial or-

Full time,

Extension,

Promotion
ganizations.

At the present time funds are being

used by the Federal Board of Vocational Education and the U. S. Bureau
of Education for research work in
commercial education.
The amount

set aside is entirely

inadequate to

se-

cure needed results.

Approximately 600.000 boys and
girls in the United States at the present time are enrolled in the public and
private secondary commercial schools,
yet under the present system and with
the inadequate funds at its disposal,
the government can do practically

nothing

towards looking after their

Only one state in the Union

needs.
has a supervisor of commercial education.
As a result of this condition
the private schools are offering to
graduate students in from six weeks
There is absolutely no
to two years.
uniformity of standards or efficiency.
In the public high schools the courses
in shorthand and bookkeeping vary
from one semester to four years. The
business world is being filled with
"half-baked" bookkeepers and stenographers. Although necessity has created greater demands for commercial
education than any other form of

vocational education, each individual

teacher has been permitted to work
out his own course of study and
methods of teaching without the benefit and guidance of the experience of
others. A strenuous effort should be
put forth to make provision for federal fields agents and to encourage
the states to appoint supervisors tor
commercial education.
In the high schools, where commercial departments have been provided,
from twenty-five to fifty per cent of
the students apply for commercial
training.
The class rooms are overas a result of an insufficient
of teachers as compared with
the other departments. The shortage
-it
teachers is due to three principal

crowded

number

causes
First, lack of appreciation on the
part of the administration for commercial education.
Second, inadequacy of funds set
aside by the school board for the benefit of the high school.
Third, teachers who are prepared
teach commercial subjects proto
perly, can secure equally as much or
greater remuneration with better opportunities for promotion from priIt should also
vate business firms.
be noted that the opportunities afforded for high social standing are
equally as good for persons holding
commercial positions as in the profession of teaching. Competent teachers cannot afford to accept a smaller
salary in the class room than they
can secure in a commercial position.
It is,
therefore, necessary for commercial teachers to be paid higher salaries than it requires to secure competent teachers in many other lines.

writer Iras within the past few

years been called upon to employ or
I"he

recommend

number

of

commercial

He

has found it almost imsecure applicants with

more than an ordinary business college training.
Teachers with college
degree in commerce, or graduates of
a normal teachers' training school,
and especially teachers with business
experience, are almost unheard of.
During the past year, he has written
hundreds of letters searching the
country from one end to the other, in
an effort to find competent teachers
of marketing, finance and management.
This experience has practically led him to the Conclusion that
men who can teach these subjects
from the practical viewpoint are not
to be found.
teachers.

to

ili

The class of commercial schools

today suffering most from the want
of nourishment, are the schools of
college grade.
These schools, born
out of necessity for men of executive
training, men who can promote foreign and domestic commerce, are yet
in their infancy.
Less than a dozen
state institutions of full college rank,
can claim to offer more than a course
general economics.
of education at the present
time offers greater promise of upbuilding the economic welfare of the
country.
We are now entering into
a new era of trade expansion, calling
for men with a different and better
type < education from what they
have been receiving.
We must anin

No form

swer that call.

According to the Federal Trade
Commission, only ten per cent of the
manufacturing plants of the United

Very few cities have made provifor continuation work in commercial education, yet about eightynine per cent of all the boys and girls
included within the usual continuation
school ages will want commercial
training because they are employed in
commercial occupations.
While the
federal government is not extending
aid to this large number of prospective students, it is spending millions
on the eleven per cent remaining.
sion

Colleges.

&

?^&uj/M&l&&&/&z&r

know the exact cost of producing the commodities they manttThe Internal Revenue Department is calling for a greater number of public accountants than there
are in the United States, at the present time.
A very small per cent of
the trading or manufacturing enterprises have attempted any form of
welfare work.
There are very few
scientifically trained salesmen or executives to be found in the country.
Thirty-eight per cent of the business
failures in 1918 were due to incompetency, according to Bradstreet. Yet,
States

with

this

condition,

we

face

new-

epoch and period of expansion of foreign and domestic commerce; a period where our trade is going to be
international instead of national.

We

have solved the problem of credits

and of ships, so our future must rest
upon the brains of trained men.
The United States Commissioners

Education has estimated that the

government should set aside
annually for our
$3,000,000
present needs. This amount seems to
be conservative. It should be apportioned among the states on the ratios
of

federal

about

the population of the state bears to

the population of the entire United
States.
The division between the
classes of schools should be as follows:
(

Con tinned on

pagi

'y/u'36e*j//iatii

AUDITING
By

THEODORE

D.

KRUM,

Technical

High School, McKeesport, Pa.

Article No. 3

THE BALANCE SHEET AUDIT

the auditor has decided to
the work offered, and after lie
has settled all the points discussed in

After

take

my

previous article to his satisfaction,

still remains the question as to
a detailed or a balance sheet

there

whether
audit

is

desirable.

balance sheet audit, as the term

is an audit using the balsheet prepared from the last
balance prepared by the client's

indicates,

ance
trial

Where this is a
as a basis.
satisfactory system of internal check,
the auditor need not attempt, and it
a
is usually not necessary, to make
detailed audit unless embezzlement is
suspected. He must be positive, however, that there is a satisfactory system of internal check and that it is
Many
being successfully operated.
offices in which an internal check is
supposed to be in use has been found
to be wholly inadequate.
Just what do we mean by internal
check?
In such a system all the
books and records are so arranged
that no one operation will be under
the absolute and complete control of
one individual; instead the work of
one employee will merge into and
overlap the work of another so that
in reality a continuous audit is being
made of all details of the business.
Suppose we take a wholesale and
retail hardware store and see how an
internal check can be successfully operated.
As the office boy brings the
mail from the post office he takes it
immediately to the mailing table. The
opening of the mail should be done,
or at least supervised by some restaff,

sponsible person, preferably an officer

of the company. Separate piles should
be made of the different kinds of mail
received, the orders for goods being
placed on one pile, cash received on
another, and so forth.
A list of all
cash received should be made. These
cash received reports should be carefully preserved and filed away. Later,
if
it is necessary to do so, they can
be compared with the cash received
as recorded in the cash book.

The correspondence containing the

cash received should be placed on the
cashier's
desk.
The other correspondence will be placed on the desks
The cashier
of the proper persons.
will count the cash to ascertain if it
agrees with the amount stated in the
correspondence. He then makes the
entries in the cash book. The posting
from the cash book to the sales and
general ledger should, if possible, be
done by some clerk other than the
In a very large concern the
cashier.
cashier's duties would only consist of
counting the cash, filling out a casli
received slip and giving this slip to
the general bookkeeper, who would
make the entry in the cash book.

The ledger keepers would then post

from the cash book as kept by the
bookkeeper.
The cash taken in over the counter
will be sent to the office by the various systems in use, such as the overhead carrier system, where it is counted by the cashier, a cash slip made
out and passed on to the head bookkeeper, and the total cash received
for tfhe day is entered in the cash
book and posted to the ledger at Unclose of the day or month. The total
cash sales for the day must equal the
total
cash taken in by individual
ral

clerks.
In all well-regulated stores.
sales clerks are provided with
sales slips.
The sales slips are usually bound together in a flexible covered book.
On the back of these
books are forms where all sales made

the

by that clerk should be recorded. A

separate column should be provided
for sales for cash and on time.
At
the close of the day each clerk should
total the sales, both time and cash,
and send this report to the bookkeeper. In this way all cash taken in
is handled and recorded by not one,
but

several,

thus

serving as a

safe-

guard against the clerk who is tempted to embezzle some of the firm's
cash.
All

money received, whether in the

form of checks or cash, should be deposited
posited

daily.
in

If

all

money

the bank and

the

is
dedeposit

very simple process to trace the cash received into

the bank.
All cash payments should be made
by check. All cancelled checks should
be accounted for and a reconciliation
made between the cash in bank and
the balance shown in the cash book
and the check book.
Small payments that must be made
in currency should be made from the
petty cash drawer and receipts taken
slips retained,

it

is

for all money thus paid out.

In a large business the writing of
the checks should be done by some
clerk other than the one making the
entry in the cash book. The postings
from the cash paid side of the cash
book will be done by the purchase

ledger keepers.
The sales orders, the shipping of
the goods, the billing, the verification
of incoming invoices for the goods
all should be handled by
two clerks. This proceedure
reduces the opportunity to embezzle
funds of the firm to a minimum.
In a balance sheet audit, the principles upon wihich all such audits arebased are as follows:

purchased,
at least

Are all assets as shown in the

balance to be on hand, actually
All
the possession of the client?
assets should be shown at their original value less any deductions of whatever nature. Therefore .any liens or
hypothecations against the stock in
trade, the accounts receivable, the
(1)

trial

tions.
Although an auditor cannot be
legallj bound for failing to discover
such items, he should he held profesj

sionally liable.
If there are existing
liens on the current assets of a busine-s he is bound to disclose these
liens.
In many instances these deductions from the current assets are
larger than the mortgages against the
lived

Xo

a-.>et-..

auditor

would be

not looking for mortgages

real estate.
Banks and credit men
are learning to depend more and more
on the certified statements of profesguilty of

on

Many banks are

to a would-be
cannot secure such
certificate.
It can be readily seen just
how important it is that the auditor
discover ail cases where accounts receivable have been transferred to
companies who make it a business to
advance money on such accounts and
sional
loathe

auditors.

to

loan

money

who

borrower

other

current assets.
frequently happens that a company's credit rating is very low, and
being unable to borrow any money it
may become absolutely imperative
that the money be secured so it assigns its accounts receivable to some
company making a practice of lending
money, taking the accounts of trade
debtors as security.
Of coui>e the
rate of interest paid to such companies is very high.
The practice of such companies
turning over to such loaning companies a portion, or even all, of their accounts receivable cannot always be
censured by the auditor.
Instances
have been known where the assets so
converted into cash have proved a
boon to companies, who for the time
being were pressed for ready cash
but were unable to secure it in any
other way and who subsequently
prospered.
Many loaning companies carry on
the business of loaning money on
current assets in secret. Some officer
or clerk in the office of the borrowing company will be in charge of the
collections and reports thereon to the
loaning company all cash received.
The name of a "discount" company
among the liabilities should be complete notice to the auditor that the
.is-ets have been assigned.
The name
may be unfamiliar to the auditor, consequently he should trace all purchases and other liability items from
All liabilities not thus
the vouchers.
accounted for should be carefully inIt

vestigated.
The auditor
detect and
cases where
siders against
Manx- devices
to

needs to be wide awake

bring to light all such
are held by outthe accounts receivable.
and expedients will lie
in order to mislead the
liens

in

resorted

machinery and other items should be

As mentioned before, insurauditor.

ance policies will often be found valuable guides, and should there be an
account other than a bank or trade
creditor, such account is prima lacie
evidence that the account set up is tor
the purpose of deceiving the auditor.
The auditor should scrutinize all
trade liabilities carefully and request
of all creditors a statement showing
condition of the creditor's ac-

clearly set forth. The auditor who i;.

really desirous of preserving his reputation cannot afford to certify to a
statement which does not show deductions for all liens and hypotheca-

to

^
If
count.
suspicious nature and accounts with
those other than bona fide creditors,
a request For statements will usually
disclose any irregularities.

AH

cash not needed in carrying on

the regular business should be invested in merchandise having a ready
market. This merchandise should be
sold and converted into more cash at
the earliest possible moment, a substantial profit being realized thereon.
The profits should be fairly uniform,
comparing one year with another.

The wide-awake management

will see

every dollar invested is earning

necessary to
If
it
is
to pay discount bills,
the money should be borrowed.
thai

more money.
borrow money

If the members of the client's staff

are unaware of the impending visit of
the auditor, an audit of the cash in
the bank or banks and on hand should
be made at once; all cash transactions since the date of the balance
slieet receiving careful attention for
many cases of embezzlement have
been found after the date of closing
the impending
in a last effort before
visit of the auditor to "cover up."
Certificates from the banks should
be secured when the audit occurs any
considerable time after the closing of
the books showing the balance on
hand, the date of the closing and the
present time.
Hank pass books should not be accepted as conclusive proof of the
money in the bank. In one case a
pass book purporting to
fictitious
show the cash balance on hand at the
bank was really not the balance at all
but a carefully thought-out scheme to
fool the auditor into certifying to the
balance shown. Several instances are
known where the pass books had been
cleverly altered. The auditor or some
member of his own staff should take
the pass book to the bank and have
the balance shown therein or else
have the book mailed direct to the
auditor's office.
Where a larger cash balance is being carried in the bank than the auditor thinks is necessary for the carrying on of the legitimate business of
the concern, he should suggest a way
whereby the cash could be used to
Banks almost unibetter advantage.
versally pay interest on inactive account-..
Even though the rate is low,
have the unused
it is much better to
cash drawing this low rate of interest

than none at
All

all.

bookkeepers

their cash as

should

shown hy

reconcile
the cash and

check book with the cash balance at

While an auditor
least once a month.
may sympathize with the over-worked
bookkeeper, this is too important a
The
remain
undone.
matter
to
amount of cash on hand in the bank,
or cashier's drawer must equal
times the difference between the
in the bank pass book,
less any checks outstanding.
Where petty cash is a small item,
in many cases the auditor would not
be justified in making a complete
thereof.
However he should
audil
safe

at all

amount shown

(Continued on page S3)

&

S/u?>36uJ*/iJi6'4fa&ifcr

MENTAL MEANDERINGS

there are any accounts of a

(I

'>n

tinned from page

liiisint'ss of

18)

under the professor's eye. "Miss

M.," he asked abruptly, 'what is a
bond;"
The girl, confused by the
suddenness of the attack, could only
answer, "It is a a written agreement
fell

"Ah,

indeed!"

responded the pro"Well, then, suppos-

ing I were to write you a nice little

note 'agreeing' to call on you next
Sunday night, that would be a bond,

would

it?"
\\ e all fairly ached with sympathy
for the poor girl, and wished we had
the courage to kick her tormenter out
But neither our symof the room.

pathy nor our chivalry were needed.

The young lady coolly looked the
questioner in the eye and calmly an-

would be a bond
and" she added slowly and significantly, "it would be quoted at a heavy
"Ves.

sir,

it

discount."
The professor contributed a rather
sickly grin to the hilarity that ensued.

was

and

known

many moons

for

.is
"Old Heavy Discount."
always bad pedagogy to be
unkind or disagreeable in any way to

thereafter
is

It

being we are trying to teach, but

know

of nothing else that i= quite

so destructive of all teaching effort
as the sneer or the sarcastic remark.
\ ^u
an be rough or irritable or even
unjust on occasion, and still hold your
pupils' regard, but unless you want to
be permanently hated, don't be habitually sarcastic.
.

In so far as the months

have a personality, it is
matter of the outa
Inside the walls of the office,
doors.
the simp, the factory, or even of the
home, they move along about the
same; it is just a matter of watching
the calendar to see that the checks
and bills are correctly dated or that

Introducing
Miss May

we make no mistake in our appointment with the dentist, or do not forMrs. Flip's party comes
that

get

loth.
fields

the
the

But once we glance across

or

wooded

hills

or feel the

wind on our cheeks, there is distinctiveness.

Nobody then mistakes April
for May or September for October.
And now, here is the Queen of the
Month-, with us again.
Her royal
will be disputed by no one who
has been a boy when crab-apples began to bloom and the bass began to
bite, or who has been a girl when the

sway

spring picnic of "our class" was

haven't
held up at Fern Rocks.
that
these
joys
forgotten
always
first

We

came in May. And it was also in May

when we were allowed to go for a
walk in the woods after dinner on a
Sunday afternoon, and came back
with our arms lull of wild geraniums,
sweet williams and the odorous wax-

blii-soiiis of the May-apple

quite
odoTOUS and more delicately beau-

en
as

than the most costly camelias.

But it was not my purpose to offer
sketch of May. either in ink. or in

tiful

the
find

"U

pigments of memory. You will

that done so much better in the

thr.se

What

ii.

who make
wanted was

a
t"

Is
out to the w
again to
renew for yourself your joy in May
and her coquetries. It is easy. She
ti '11

can

hardly

escape you

anywhere

a!

this time. Just the same, I would not

try to meet her in the parks if I were

you.

believe."

Fessor sweetly.

books by

poetry

ng

And

too public.

It is

man}

too

loungers

there are

sprawling about

off the effects of last night's

boozing.
And there are too many
gabbling young kikes parading around
in their cheap toggery.
It is better
to take the flivver, or else a suburban
trolley car, and go miles out in the
country till you find some quiet byway "far from the madding crowd's
ignoble strife."

Take some kindred

you can

if

find

one.

spirit

with you

Your wife

will

provided she is not silly about

beetles and crickets and garter-snakes
and the other harmless little brothers
of the woods.
If she is, let her stay
home and read the Sunday magaat
zine; she will enjoy it more.
Should
you happen not to be married, don't
take your girl along. She will expect
\ our
undivided attention, and this
are going to call on Miss
May.
Hut you can take all the kiddies with you that you can manage.
do,

ii

They
i

are the best

woods companions

know.
1

does not need to be a

John Burroughs or the

'ii.'

like

scientist
late

Col.

wit
,\

Is.

order to enjoy the

in
although a little nature lore

I found
to one's zest.
friend of mine the other day, a professor 'if psychology he is, busilj

adds greatly
a

poring

over

native trees.

a
"I

book describing our

am

going

to

spend

time in the woods this

spring," he explained, "and I think 1
shall enjoy it more if I have at least
speaking acquaintance with the
a

good

bit

of

That is the idea! We get a

more pleasure from looking at
we know something about.
Up in the woods of Maine last" year
saw an evening grossbeak. What a
trees."

lot

things that

thrill of

gave me to recogI had never berare bird!

pleasure

nize this
fore seen

it

it

east of the

Rocky Moun

and many persistent bird-lovers

have never had a chance to see it in
I almost let out a
their whole lives.
tains,

But
in the joy of my discovery.
I
had not known it from a
marsh robin or a shrike? Talk about
meeting princes in disguise!
Mr. School Man. it will pay you to
yell

suppose

get a

little

of this sort of thing into

your system if you have not already

been wise enough to do so. A three
hours' observant ramble in the Maytime woods will give you tone thru
the whole perplexing week. For some
people it is better than going to
church, for at least, it brings you very
near to the great Soul of things.
College, New York, built by
Baptists twenty-eight years ago,
reopen after being closed for two
years. An endowment of one million
dollars is being raised, and Prof. Arthur H. Norotn. of Elmira, has been
elected President.

Keuka

the

will

22

THE TEACHING OF BOOKKEEPING AND ACCOUNTING

By H.

Cowan, Arlington, Mass.,

High School

E.

Article No. 2

LESSON

To draw the student's mind from

other interests on to the subject:

What

Instructor.

account

have

you learned about?

Answer. The Cash Account.
1.
Tell what you can of the Cash
\c count.
is an asset account, the balon the debit side. Debit Cash
when the asset cash increases and
credit Cash when the asset cash de-

A.

It

ance

i>

creases.
1.
We want to study today anIt is similar to cash,
other account.
but keeps a record of something else.
In order to do business, to protect
our goods and our money, what must

Is just a bare store sufficient:

need counters and a cash

I.

We

A.

increased.
the entry on board, or have
the class doing

is

Make

What

shall be

A.
Cash, because
furniture for cash.

we use $100 of our

show cases and counters.
we record the cash pay-

Suppose

I.

Where
ment

shall

Cash Account.
Where shall we keep track oi
I.
the counters and showcases we buy?
A.

In the

In an account called Counters,

A.

and Showcases.
all right, but
things like
desk, weighing mathese things similar to

Yes, that will be

Bhere might be other
I.

chairs,

tables,

Are

chine.

counters and showcases?

A.
Yes, they are all
make business possible.

needed

to

Then let us group them into one

I.
account. What shall we call it?
(or
EquipFurniture
A. Store
ment).
L Let us see what kind of an acWhat kind of an
count it will be.
account is Cash?

An

A.
I.

asset account.

Why

do you

call

it

an asset ac-

count?
A.
Because
an asset.
I.

having value,

cash,

What kind

account

an

of

is

is

Furniture?
A.
An asset account, because store
furniture lias value and is therefore
an asset.
Then when shall we debit Store
I.
Furniture ?
Store

A.

When

store furniture

the asset

increased.
I.

When

we

credit

Store

A.
When the asset -tore furniture
decreased.
Start an account on the board with
Store Furniture, and have class do
the same on paper.

is

I.

We

purchased

showcases; how

shall

$100

worth

purchase?
\.

Debit

Move

of

we record the

Furniture, $100.

get the store

Summary of Lesson
recited and repeated the simibetween Cash and Store Furboth assets, debited
niture accounts
when asset is increased, etc., and the
only difference they keep record of
Will either account
different things.
have a debit or credit balance, and

w hy

Assignment

A number
dents
Si

of

purchases and

furniture

store
to

cash,

for

for

sales
stu-

make out both Cash and

Furniture accounts.

ore

LESSON

Expense Accounts Developed from

Knowledge of Asset Accounts

Have previous assignment read

over so that all may check their work,
or some one else's work.
I.
Today we want to plan a method of recording some business transactions which do not involve only
cash and furniture for the store. We
need a supply of advertising cards
to inform the public that we are opening a store for their accommodation.
We order from the printer 1000 cards,
What does the printer
to cost $15.
get for his work?
A. $15.00
What do we get for our $15?
I.
Advertising cards.
A.
What is the value of these
I.
cards?
A. $15.
I.
How do you compare the value
of the cash with the value of the
cards?
A. They are of equal value.
I.
What do we and the printer do
with these values?
Exchange them.
A.
I.
An exchange of equal values is
What is a
transaction.
a business
business transaction?
I.
We buy, then, for cash, $15

worth of the card. What entry shall

we make for the cash involved?
A. Credit cash because the asset
cash

decreased.

is

Where

shall

we

record

our

cards?

Furniture?

METHOD OR INDIVIDUAL METHOD OF TEACHING BOOKKEEPING,

WHICH?

CLASS

Clark, New Castle

School, New Castle, Pa.

By H. M.

an account called Advertising Cards, or Advertising.

That would do nicely, but there
I.
are other little items like paper and
string, that we buy, or help that we
These items are all incidental
hire.
in running our business, and if they
sin.
ill
they can be conveniently reare
What kind
corded in one account.

Open

ontiimed on page 24)

XOTE

[EDITOR'S

The author

High
of

this

raises a question that lias

troubled
teachers of bookkeeping, and especially
teachers in the private commercial schools
where pupils an admitted at nearly all times
...
ilu
Mr. Clark has reached a conyear.
clusion in the matter, ami for the benefit of
others sent us the article lor publication.
It
may be that some other teachers have reached
different conclusion from that reached by
We should be pleased to hear
Mr. (lark.
from others whether the conclusion reached
agrees or disagrees with that presented in
The object is to call forth int..
this article.
in. ill. .n
that may be Mrry helpful to many
Editor.]
teachers.
article

many

;i

Have

larity

1.

shall

we

Give some more entries involving

items like cash register, desk, weigher
Then make the cash records for these items, pupils first reOne or two
citing what the entry is.
sales of store furniture may well be
included, but it prices the same as
the purchase price of these articles.

register.

rash to buy

our explanation?

and chairs.

of

store.

Fun

do we debit St or

Because the asset store furni-

some student make it,

the same on paper.

we haver
A.

Win

I.

A.
ture

I.

::

Store Furniture, or Equipment, Developed from the Cash Account

is

^/urj(J/tjS/tcJj(5Wuia/cr

The two

principal elements

in

any

bookkeeping are the studentthat class and the teacher.

textbooks
and equipment are
Good

class in
body of

to be desired, but are valuable only

to the extent of the teacher's knowledge of their application, his ability to
pass that knowledge on to his class,
and the ability of his class to grasp
and hold that knowledge until it can
be cas'hed in, later on, when the mem-

bers of the class are out on the job.

Granting, then, that this desired
combination is to he found in a class,
Is this ideally reis
success sure?
ceptive class going to receive the
maximum amount of productive instruction with a minimum amount of

minimum amount of time?

the instructor is a convert
if
the truth that there is always an
easiest and quickest way of doing the
most, and lie is able to send this
truth home to his student-body, and
in such a way that the students will
effectively apply it in class.
Now if the teacher is to instill into
his pupils this truth he himself must
be a living example. He must be efficient to the fullest extent of the term.
He must practive efficiency in class.
It is not the purpose of this article
to outline a programme for the efficient conduct of a class in bookkeeping, but to call attention to one phase
management
in
class
of
efficiency
which, though not alway s possible, is
too often neglected where entirely
class
the
refer
I
to
practicable.
method as against the individual
bookkeeping.
method of teaching
say it is not always possible for
instance in the case of business colleges, where students are admitted at
any tune, but in the public commercial schools and others where the personnel of the class remains the same
throughout the term, it is not only
possible, but I believe the only effiBy the class method more,
cient way.
quicker, and better results can be acbelieve,
thoroughly
complished,
I
than by the individual method. The
work is easier for both class and
teacher and is more inspiring.
Adherents to the individual method
may lake issue with me in saying the
effort in a
It shall,

to

class

method

is

faster, arguing,

sup-

pose, that the bright students are kept

back by the slower members. True,
they are. but to the same extent the
slow pupils are inspired by the faster

&

<Me&u&tuM&&ua&r
keener understanding of the
subject, and are therefore spurred on
to greater effort and faster and better
work. The mission "f the bookkeeping class, especially' in this democratic
students

not to cater to a few especially

pupils at the expense of the
that is sure
to result to a greater or less extent
under it'he individual plan, because a
teacher, no matter how fair minded,
will gravitate to the bright spots in
age.

is

bright

more backward ones, and

his

from them comes most

questions and comments. The

class,

of the

for

mission of the class is to prepare

every member in the class to do his
share in his chosen field of activity.
This can be done best by seeing that
every member participates effectively
in

all

the activities of

'the

The

class.

students will take this part

much stumulus, and the wiise
will use this super-interest to
inspire the less active element.
The class method requires less nervous energy on the part of the teacher and, as a result, a better natured,
more enthusiastic atmosphere radibright

without
teacher

ates

from

the front of the class

room.

Cheerfulness and enthusiasm are contagion's and will take possession of

the student-body to the advantage of
all.
But a gloomy, bad tempered,
nervous,
over-worked teacher will

dampen

the spirits of any class to the

detriment of all concerned.

Winking under

the individual plan,

as with the class
plan, all working on the same work,
former,
the class is
under
the
but
soon spread out over a large portion
The brighter members
of the text.
are far ahead of the slower members.
John, over in the corner of the room.
cumes up against a transaction that is
imt clear to him, so up goes John's

the class starts

off,

recognizes him
and John states his difficulty (no one
else in the class pays any attention as
al tore busy, for the time being, wBth

The

hand.

problems

of their

own. and of

dif-

time.

Ihis

his

nerves?

Under the class plan, where all arc

working on the same transaction at
the same time, a difficulty immediately becomes evident and can be cleared

An explanation to a
is bound to be more successful
than one to an individual student because the variety of questions that
will come from the class will be quite
sure to cover every phase of the difficulty and will prompt a many sided
discussion.
Instead of going over
this
question twenty-live or thirty
times, as is often the case working
under the individual plan, the question is cleared up and done with in
one operation.
Instruction by the class method in
up on the spot.
class

easier,

kkeeping
and the

desired

difficulty, taking, possibly,

seven

In the

minutes

of

the

meantime some one

class
else

has encountered a difficulty and is

trying to get the instructor's attenThe chances being that the lattion.
est interrogator is located in the opposite corner from where the instructor now is, necessitating another trip,
so the teacher goes over to him, and,
as I have seen happen a great many
times, finds himself confronted with
the very same difficulty that he has
just so faithfully straightened out for
the first student over in the corner
opposite. The latter student has been
idle for some time awaiting the instructor's attention. Not having been
addressed either in particular or as a
member of the class, he has paid no
attention to the instructor's explanation just preceding his, not knowing,
of course, that it was in any way related to his' own problem. So teacher
patiently wades in to explain a second

'class

results,

the

is

quicker.

more productive of
the two methods

of

under consideration.

It save the instructor considerable useless duplication. Imt. over all. its superiority lies
in
its
tendency to fuse the whole
student-body of the class into an ef-

working

ectivi

unit,

of

Which

all

parts are functioning to the advantage

of
the
All
difficulties
whole.
are

brought to light and thoroughly aired,

student gets a broader knowledge of bookkeeping, but more imeac'h

portant,

is the effect of this

establishing in the
student a sense of responsibility for
the harmonious co-ordinating of bis
efforts with those of bis associates
a
known in life as
responsibility

class

believe,

method

Community

in

Spirit.

AUDITING

teacher

The teacher goes

ferent nature).
back to John's desk a short trip, but
added to many of its kind during the
course of the day makes a long one
and explains fully to John, straightening out
live or

time.
Vnd, as
have observed many
time, that same question may come
up for explanation as many times as
there
are
members in the class.
Would not that put any instructor on

((on tinned from page

:.'

scrutinize, say, every fifth or sixth

page as well as the last page of the
fiscal period.
If there has been any

systematic stealing
fined to a single

it

will not be

month or page.

con-

The

however, have always

in mind the fact that no active asset
offers
such large inducements for

auditor

must,

small thefts as the petty cash fund.

If there are any memoranda of cash
given and "I. O. U.'s" of officers and
others, the auditor should insist that
these be converted into cash at once.
These items must not under any circumstances be accepted in place of
the actual cashier.
A cas'hier who has advance notice
of an impending audit may borrow
sufficient

money

to

make up any

dis-

crepancies between the amount that

should be on hand and that actually
in the drawer.
After the audit, the
cashier may take out of the petty cash
fund the amount borrowed.
To be
on the safe side, the auditor should
audit the petty cash the second time.
A good time to begin the audit of the
petty cash is in the early morning
before items begin to accumulate for
the day.
In this way the auditor may
frequently catch the embezzler off his
guard.
In auditing accounts receivable the

must be on the lookout for

fictitious accounts placed in the sales
ledgers for the purpose of deceiving
the bank, a credit man, or to conceal
embezzlement.
To detect this class
of dishonest and unscrupulous entries
it is necessary for the auditor to send
out to all trade debtors a statement
showing the condition of their accounts according to the records in the
client's office.
The statements will be
auditor

for the purpose of comparison.

The
envelopes in which the statements artsent out should bear the auditor's
card and not the firm's whose books
are being audited.
If one fictitious
account in whole or in part appears
among the accounts receivable, this
should serve notice on the auditor
that there has been crooked work
done. In other words, the auditor is
put on his guard and in most cases he
will unearth other suspicious entries.
The following points will be valuable in auditing accounts receivable
over-due and the ascertaining of their
present worth:
(1)
Have the terms of credit been
frequently ignored?
If so, this does
not necessarily mean that the debtor
will not pay.
The mat lor. however,
should be called to the attention of

the

client.

If
payments are being made
on account, is the balance increasing
or decreasing?
If the balance is increasing the time will surely come
(

'-'

when

the

payments

will

cease

alto-

gether.

no

payments

have

been
for some time ascertain if the
proper steps have been taken to com
pel the debtor to pay.
The attorney
in whose hands the accounl is placed
should be proded now and then so
('!)

If

made

that collection may be hurried.

It
has been demonstrated that the debtor
pays those that follow up the delinquent cases consistently quicker than
those who are lax in the collect]
f
accounts.
(4)
If
a debtor begins to give
notes instead of cash, ascertain the
cause.
Consignments
be included
among the sales if put there in good
faith and if it has been the custom to
so place these with the sales in previous years.
However, this practice
is to be condemned.
To so place such
consignments is surely anticipating
profits.
Usually the amount with
which a consignment account has
been charged is never realized by the
commission house. All goods still in
the hands of consignees remaining unsold should be added to the inventory
if
the consignment has not been
treated as an ordinary sale.
In figuring the value of unsold merchandise on consignment, the market or
cost price, whichever is lower, should
lie used.
It these outstandings cannot
be determined for the fiscal period,
the auditor will have to use his judgment and the results of previous years
to determine the amount to be used
in the inventory.
In my next article I shall complete
the discussion of auditing the assets
and liabilities in a balance sheet audit.

may

&

Mfr^//Js/u^(5~t6ua/<?r
PITTSBURGH MEETING
There are no more wide-awake
commercial teachers than those living
and teaching in and around Pitts
Their meetings are
burgh, Penna.
al ways well attended, and the di
lively ami instructive.
he meeting held March 29 was no
The Chairman ol the
ion.
ommercial Si ction ol the Education
Association of Western Pennsylvania,
Mr. J. Walter Ross, of South Hills
High Scln.nl. Pittsburgh, and his ashad arranged for section
sistants
meetings for the discussion of various
The
phases of commercial work.
Shorthand section discussed tests for
stages
in
certain
pupils
at
shorthand
their study, the aim being to make
unishorthand
the work in teaching
W.
form throughout the city. Mr,
i

.1

which prepared the

tee

The teachers

of

tests.

Commercial Geog

raphy and Law, under the leadership

Mr. E. E. Spanabel. South Hills
ol
High School, planned to form a perCommercial
organization.
manent
Geography, while one of the newest
studies in the Commercial Department, is one of the most important;
and its latest developments wdl be
closely followed in Pittsburgh.
I:i
the Bookkeeping Section Mr.
Gustafson, Fifth Avenue High
G
School, said the boy should have life
problems, rather than book problems.
The reasons for insurance are more
important than the mathematics of insurance, because few pupils will be
called upon to figure insurance pre
iiiniiM.while most of them will have
to di cide how much insurance thej
will carry on their lives or their proaUo Mr. G, P.
ih:
s tcton
perty.
Pittsburgh, disI'.ckels. University oi
the question of fitting the boy
for the job he will be called upon to
I

.1

fill.

address to the whole section

by -Mr. William Skillen, oi

The

ide

Salesmanship

Bureau of
search. Carnegie
the

ReTech-

of
He made a plea for finding
;y,
.ill
just what is required of workers
ious positions, and then fitting
tin
girl to fill the posit
tin
bo
"One of the
which he aspires.
to
hardest sights is to see a pei -on w ho
failed fi uti oni to a do :en times,
ha
and w ho, \\ hile feeling himself qualified for something, hasn't found the
has not
thing which he can do well
tind his place."

"Jol
:i icipate
he times in this reemployers in every
gard, and gel
field those s pecifications as they hecome realities, or even it thi
only tenta tive
tudii s
ind out just
w li.il a bill clerk has to do- w hi thei

Institute

it

'

'

'

must multiply, for example;

whether she must be almost a mind

she
1

pointed out one of the ways in which

commercial education must step forward, if it is to meet the needs of
today and tomorrow.

THE TEACHING OF BOOKhelp, etc.?

oi

ipli

"Some

items.
are expense

between this asset of advertising cards and an asset like office furniture?
\.
The cards are soon used up but
the office furniture lasts for a number
of vears.
1.
Apply the terms short lifi a
and long fife asset to office furniture
and advertising cards.
Office furniture is a long lite
A.
a
asset ami advertising cards are
short life asset.
1.
A short life asset is valuable foi
so short a time that we do not consider it as an asset at all. but as an
These expenses
expense, or a loss.
are necessary in the conduct of our
When we sell a parcel of
business.
goods, we wrap the goods in paper,
make
and lie a string around.
the price of the goods one thai the
If we give Ihim no
buyer wall pay.
paper or string, he pays the same
and
If we put on extra papei
price.
Of course,
string, he pays no more.
our
sidling
are
succeed,
il
going
we
price must be sufficient to include the
But we do
these expenses.
oi
stop each time to figure how
noil

We

and how
our sale is g
Is
paper and string, or clerk

is

We assume that we get paid

only fi it iur goods and that hi
and string we give away, calling them
hire.

'

a
is

What

loss.

kind

General Sxpensi
loss account.
do w e debil a n aci ounl
the loss is increased.
Whi n do w e credit a
\

\.

When
When

1.

A.

When

the loss decreases.

kinds of accounts do

What two

I.

li

A
I.

now

\-sri

(Continued from page l!i)

mm
Administration
$
250,000
Teachers' Training ....
700,000
Higher Education
2,000,000
Secondary Education
As stated in the beginning, the
to invoke
paper
is
of
this
purpose
succeeds on this
If
it
discussion.
Some
in
vain.
been
point, it has not
of the points which should be thoris
bill
the
before
oughly discussed
."ill,

a difference

of

fi--

accounts.

prepared, are as follows:

What federal organization should
administer the bill?
should ad\\ hat
state authority
minister the bill?
How can the federal government
bes! encourage the states to appoint
sons ?

What proof can we sustain that we

need federal aid?
How should the funds be apporbetween the states?

tioned

Under what headings

funds be divided?

How much money

is

should

the

needed under

each heading?

What

aid will the National Society

of Vocational Edu-

Promotion

for the

cation lend
of the bill?

How may

in

securing the

passage

the active co-operation ol

other organizations be secured?

low is the best method to proceed
to secure a speedy passage?
While it is true that we have never
secured the proper recognition, the
We have
fault has been in ourselves.
never asked for it. In the history ot
been
a lime
never
mankind there has
when commercial education was so
has
never
there
And
badly needed.
been a time when we had such an Opjust
recogninv to secure a
tion.
Why procrastinate longer? We
should init our best though! and some
We are
ol our money into the fight.
Success
nd\ asking for our needs.
is ours if we will only stand together
1.
ami put forth the proper effort.
hi, lore, ask that each commercial
take it upon himself to do
I

and

is

Expense?

ieneral

THE NEED OF FEDERAL AID

FOR COML. EDUCATION

Yes, they are an asset and we

1.
But can you see
debit the account.

much
much

new

do we debit or credit such

an account?
This account wdll have wdiat kind
Why?
of a balance?

and assets arc debited.

no

When

items, in
I.
If they
what kind of an account slha'll we record them?
A.
An expense account.
Let us call it General Expense
I.
because it may contain a number of
under the general
item's
different
head of expense. Shall we debit ot
credit General Expense for the $13
worth of cards:
A. Debit General Expense because
the cards have a value; they are an
asset

drill

Summary of Loss
What kind of an account

Expense

A.

von

oi

Similar to the above

feature.

:-':.'>

day, 1 believe, we shall see

commercial and industrial
everj
school exhaustive records of detailed

iel

pi

in

Assignment

KEEPING, ETC.

((Continued from page

of items are these, of paper, string,

I.

adei

der o interpret the varthings she cits from sales

I.

.t;u\

the implement for

have
cultivating this thing which
called for convenience, Interest."
Mr. Skillen's talk was listened to
with closest attention by all. and the
sentiment was expressed that he had

personnel work

Avenue High
Fifth
of
Martindill,
School, was chairman of the commit

What are the rules (or debiting

crediting them?
A.
Debit an asset or loss account
when the asset or loss increases and
credit an asset or loss account when
the ,is,et or the loss decreases.
Give a number of items involving
the purchase for cash of paper, string,
advertising, help, light, boxes, bags,
stationery, and postage stamps, and
Give
lew sold for cash at cost price.
no item of rent.
Have pupils give
entries orally for both the CaS'h and
tlie
General Expense accounts, and
also write the entries on paper.

is of jobs, and specifications for

think
I
individuals to lill t'hem.
such data in educators' hands the best
material for the development of real

the

his part.

^
PEOPLE WORTH

Firth,

KNOWING ABOUT
Stories from Recent Real Life

By CHARLES

T. CRAGIN
Holyoke. Mass.

THE FATHER OF THE AMERICAN NAVY

The other night
show, where

at a

moving picture

go sometimes to improve my intellect b}seeing

artists

the

throw custard

pie in
each other's faces, fall
down flights of stairs,

and

the

like,

some magnificent
tures

the

of

saw
pic-

Super-

Dreadnoughts, "Xew
York," the "South
Dakota," and the
"Florida."
They were going "full
steam ahead" in mid-ocean, and I
couldn't help thinking, as I saw those
tremendous floating batteries, of the
beginning of the American Navy, and
of
that
most brilliant man. the
"Father of the American Navy." The
American Army has not always been
all that could be desired.
talk
about the "Old Continentals in their
ragged regimentals" as if the Revolutionary soldiers were all heroes.

We

Some

of them were a long way from

that, for there was a woeful lack of
discipline, and it was only the superb
generalship of the "Old Gray Fox,"
as the British called George Washington, and the brilliant dash of a
few of his generals, like "Mad Anthony Wayne." "Arnold, the Traitor"
and "Xathaniel Greene." that ever en-

abled us to win
Great Britain.

independence from

In the war of 1812 the military exploits of our army were pitiful.
But
the American Navy, from the very
beginning down to the present day,

has

always been

Its history has

brilliant exploits,

"Jack-on-the-spot."

been

one

series

and

the

names

of
of

heroes shine brightly on the pages

of American history.
Hull with his
dying words, "Don't give up the
ship!"
Perry on Lake Erie; Decatur
in the pirate harbor of Algiers, Farragut, lashed in the main chains of
the Hartford and commanding his
ship through the rain of shot and
shell from the Rebel Forts of Mobile
Bay. but brighter than any of these
heroes shines the name of the "father
its

American Navy."
The other day I asked a boy who
Paul Jones was, and he said that he
thought he was a distiller because he

of the

had seen his name no a bottle of

whiskey in a liquor store window. A
few years ago there was a rather
fiery grade of liquor which bore the
name of Paul Jones on its label.
Well Paul was fiery enough, and I
am going to tell you this month the
story of John Paul Jones. "Father of
the American Navy."
A Child of the Mist and Gale
The wind was blowing a half gale

from

the

north

down

the

<^38uJ/n*M&&u*i&r

Solwav

the Scottish Coast, whipping the sea into whitecaps that sent
the hardy fishermen back to shore to
.-eek shelter from the blast.
half
mile off the shore a cat-boat with a
leg of mutton sail, pitched and tossed
madly among the yeasty waves. The
little boat was navigated by a speck
of a boy, who sat calmly in the stern
of the small craft.
"My God! Man!" said Mr. Young,
a ship owner of White Haven, clutching the arm of Mr. Paul, the gardener
of a Scottish laird, "The laddie will
off

drown. He will never reach shore!"

But Mr. Paul, the Scotch gardener,
shrugged his shoulders, and said.
"Oh, no. That's my boy, Johnny, and
he don't mind, for he knows the wind,
and he knows the sea, and he'll soon
make the shore." And he did. and
came striding up the beach, a sturdy
lad of twelve, at home in gale or mist
of the stormy, foggy Xorth Sea.
The ship-master of White Haven
was so impressed by the seamanship
of this lad that he at once engaged
him as an apprentice on one of his
trading vessels, bound for the Chesapeake, in far America.
The boy was only twelve years old.
That was about the age of Lord Xelson, greatest of English sea fighters,

just

when

he

navy as

made
a

his

entrance into the

"Middy," on

his

uncle's

warship.

For several years John Paul followed the sea, and, at sixteen, by the
death of the captain, and the mate,
from cholera, he found himself in full
command of a merchant ship, which
he brought safely into port.
An elder brother, William Paul, had
been adopted by a distant relative

named Jones, who lived in Virginia.

This elder brother inherited the property of the Jones family, and. himself, dying a few years later, at the
age of twenty-seven, John Paul came
to America, became a landed proprietor, and adopted the name of Jones,
and is known to history as John Paul
Jones.

He was tired of the

many cargoes

tion to

sea, for, in addi-

of

merchantmen

he had brought over two or three ship

loads of "Black Ivory;" that is, he had
been "Mate" on a slave ship. Slave
ships had not yet been ruled off the
sea by England, the mistress of the
seas, an dtheir cargo of negro men
and women were known as black
ivory.

Clouds of War
But not for long was Paul Jones
to

enjoy the

life

of landed proprietor;

storm clouds were gathering on the

political

horizon.

A mad

king was

on the throne of Great Britain, and

the colonies were rebellious.
Patrick
Henry, that fire-brand of Virginia,
was talking war, and in Boston harbor the rebels had given a Tea-party,
and thrown a whole cargo of the
taxed tea overboard.
Jones was an ardent supporter of
colonies.
At a military ball at
X'orfolk,
which was attended by
some officers of the English Navy,

the

an event occurred which

very popular in Virginia.

made John

Excitement ran high. The officers

rad been drinkng, and, I presume, the
colonists had taken a drop as well.
There was a heated discussion in
which a young lieutenant of the navy
by the name of Parker, said that a
revolt would be easily suppressed if
the courage of the men of the colonies was not greater than the virtue
of
t.-.e women.
Young Jones immediately knocked the lieutenant down, and
waited a challenge to a duel, which
did not come, for the English ship
set sail, and very soon afterwards war
was declared, and John Paul Jones,
being an expert seaman, at once" went
to Philadelphia and offered his services to the new American Navy,
which was made up of several wooden ships, belonging to merchantmen.
and commissioned as "privateers" to
attack the powerful English navy, for
England was then, as she is now, "the
mistress of the seas."
It
was some time before the newAmerican navy was ready for business, and Jones didn't get commissioned as captain, and the reason was

rather funny.

Expensive Wit
Old John Adams, of Massachusetts,
was one of the big men of the Revolution, and it was he w^ho gave out
the commissions to command these
new >hips. Xow, the Adams family
of Massachusetts has always been one
that has a mighty good opinion of
itself,

of

it.

came
first

and it was not safe to make fun

Old John, who afterwards bethe second President, and the
Vice-President,

was

stiff

old

ram-rod of a man, but he liked to

off his education.
At an evening party he recited a poem in French

show
to

company

of

young

ladies

who

thoroughly understood that language.

It
is
certainly safe to say that no
Frenchman would have understood
Mr. Adams, for,
I
presume, his
French was much like mine, and no
Frenchman ever understands that.
The girls had hard work to keep from
snickering.
My French girls do
sniciker when I speak French. Young
Jones was at the party, and, after
Mr. Adams had gone home, the
young ladies turned to Jones, who
spoke French perfectly, and asked
him what he thought of Mr. Adams'
French.
Jones, like the girls, was
somewhat lacking in reverence for
the high and mighty, and he said:
"It is fortunate that Mr. Adams' politics are not as English as his French."
This witty remark cost Jones a cap-

somebody

taincy, for, of conrse,

told

Adams, and Old John didn't forgive

anything of that kind, so Jones went
into the service as a lieutenant.
But
it

didn't take this "eagle of

the sea"

long to show- that he was far superior

to any of the captains appointed to
the new ships, and it was John Paul
Jones, Captain of the "Ranger," who
first

hoisted the "Stars and Stripes"

over the crack frigate of the times.

Jones and the Stars and Stripes

Speaking of the new

flag that float-

ed over his ship, Jones said, "The flag

and I are twins; born the same hour,

from the same

womb

of destiny.

We

&

<^M#3&u&/uM&6uxifir
cannot be parted
long as we can

in life

or death.

So

we

shall float
sink, we shall
with
man
a spirit
go down as one."
like that was pretty sure to be heard
into
action.
from when he got
Paul Jones, the Eagle of the Sea
October 7th, 1777, was a great day
in American history, for on that day

together.

If

float,

we must

Burgoyne and seven thousand

Jack

"English and Hessian soldiers surrendered to General Gates, at Saratoga.

Seven thousand doesn't sound big

now-a-days when we rushed

of million

but

it

was

couple

men

into action in a year,

quite an army then, and it

had come from Canada, in all its gold

and scarlet, with bands playing, and
banners flying, to cut the Colonies in
two, and shut off New England supfrom Washington, who was
plies
grimly fighting over in Jersey. Burgoyne was out-generaled from the
start, and John Stark gave his Hessians and Indians a terrible thrashing
Arnold, at Stillwater,
at Bennington.
completed the work. Burgoyne surrendered, and the colonists made
haste to get the news to "Old Ben
Franklin" who, at the court of France,
was doing valient service for AmerThey were in a hurry and they
ica.
gave the mission to the swiftest man
in the new American Navy, and Paul
Jones sailed from Portsmouth, New
Hampshire, on the "Ranger," NovemThe girls of Portsmouth
ber. 1777.

wove

make new

the cloth to

the "Ranger."
To the congress
said:

that

sails for

him he
news thru

sent

will spread the

It
in thirty days!"

"I

took anyFrance
where from two months upward
i

cross

the

Atlantic

in

The young

at the

Court of France

sea captain

was

just a

over thirty years of age. This

description is taken from a French

little

"He was five

writer of that period:
seven inches tall; slender in
feet
features delicately molded

build; his
of classic

and when in repose

almost melancholy in expression, but
cast,

lighted up wonderfully; his hair black, and his eyes

large and brilliant, and of a peculiar
dark gray that at once under excitement, turned to lustrous black; his
complexion, swarthy, almost like that
He was a master in the
of a Moor.
art of dress and personal adornment.
When he went into battle, it was with
gold laced coat, gold epaulets, cocked
hat, trimmed with gold, and full powdered wig. At the court it was com-

when animated, they

monly remarked

that,

a comparatively poor
failed to be the best

Paul Jones
Dr. Franklin

Jones

1777.

in

begged

to give him an opportunity to show England that she was

not the undisputed "mistress of the
But he had a lot of trouble besea."
fore hi- got the chance he was looking
lor.

He went
a
ship
there,

Whe

to

Amsterdam

to

inspect

process of cor.structi in
he hoped to obtain.
he came back he found that his
in

which

command. Simpson, had

in
up some troubble with the
crew, and himself had assumed command of the "Ranger." It didn't take
long to settle the affair. Jones said,
"I am the Captain of this ship by
authority of Congress, and because I
am your senior in rank, but we will
put that to one side. I am captain of
this ship because I am the best man
on it, and if you have any doubt on
second
stirred

that point,

we

will settle

it

right here

Simpson was a brave

and now."
man, but he didn't have any doubt,
and Jones resumed command, and

made ready

to

sail

early in April of

though he was
man, he never

dressed man at
any dinner or party he might attend.
and his bearing wa> that of complete
ease, and also military, to the highest
degree." Says the same writer; "Next
to the magic of his eyes is the charm
of his voice.
Surely the most musical
and perfectly modulated voice ever
heard, whether speaking any of the

hard battle of a
close range.

little

over an hour, at

The "Drake" was the stronger ship

with more men and more guns than
"Ranger."

the

but

she

didn't

'nave

Paul Jones, and so he brought back

his prize to

the

of

Brest, to the

Frenchmen, who

amazement
think

didn't

such a thing possible.

A long period of delay followed this
brilliant exploit, but Jones finally succeeded through the aid of Dr. Erankin and the French King in getting an
1

known

merchantman,

old

as

"Le

Duras," with permission to get such

recruits as he needed

from the French

Navy, and with money to complete

her armament. He was greatly elated
with this success, and the Duchess de
Chartres sent for him and presented
him with a purse of nearly fifty thousdollars.
In honor of Dr. Frankwhose Poor Richard Almanac
was well known in America. Jones
changed the name of the ship from
"Le
Duras" to
the
"Bonhomme
Richard," and with three other small
vessels he set sail to ravage the En-

and
lin,

glish Coast.

The
circled

cruise lasted fifty

the British Isles.

days,
It

and

was a

dazzling series of exploits, culminating in the bloodiest and most savage

sea duel ever fought between two

war

ships.

The Greatest of Sea Duels

The world famous fight between

"Bonhomme

Richard"

and

the

177s.

the

The Gift of the Duchess

The day before the expedition started, the Duchess De Chartres gave a

"Serapis" was fought under the moonlight of a September evening, in 177(1,

and it lasted four hours and a little

>

those days of
thirty-two days

But in
sailing ships.
the "Ranger" cast anchor in a harbor
of France, and three days later Jones
placed the welcome despatch in the
hands of Dr. Franklin.

Paul Jones

three languages, English, French, or

Spanish."
It
rather difficult to
is
believe that this fine "chevalier" of the
French court, fluent talker with the
ladies of gay Paris, could be the same
person as the ruthless and deadly seafighter, hero of the most desperate
sea duel ever fought on the ocean;
the same man who sent terror to the
hearts of all the inhabitants of the
coast of England.
Such a man was

luncheon to Captain Jones at her villa

just outside of Brest, where her husband, the Duke, was in naval authority.
The Duchess greatly admired the
American, and she was one of the
most brilliant 'ladies of France, great
granddaughter of Louis XV, the
"Grand Monarch." At this luncheon
the Duchess gave to Jones a superb

which her grandfather,

a famous French admiral, had once
owned. Jones was greatly surprised
gold

watch,

this magnificent gift, but he sa.'d:

it please your
Royal Highness,
fortune favors me. I shall one day
lay an English Frigate at your feet."
He came as near keeping his word
as it was possible to do so.

at

"May

if

The Yankee Falcon

Flutters the

English Dovecote
Captain John Paul Jones put to sea
in
the
Yankee Frigate, "Ranger,"
with the Stars and Stripes flying at
her peak, amidst the first firing of
French guns, in salute of that starry
emblem, and, during the next few

weeks
the

his

coast

name became
town

of

the

a terror to
British Isles.

How

they hated and feared the '"Yankee Falcon," as they called him. That
wasn't the only thing they called him,
either.
I would hate to repeat to you
young readers all the names bestowed
on Captain Jones. The latter part of
the month he encountered, and captured, the sloop of war, "Drake,"
twenty guns, and one hundred and
fifty-seven

men and

officers,,

after

more.

The scene was just off Flamboro'

Head, a promontory which juts out
from the English Coast into the
North Sea. The "Serapis" was a new
ship of the English Navy, entirely up
to date, and carrying guns that threw
three hundred pounds and more of
metal to the broadside. Pretty small
The "Richard"
change, that, now!
was an old tub, fixed over into a war
ship, and her guns wouldn't throw
much over two hundred and fifty
pounds when the whole broadside was
banging away. The "Serapis" had a
crew of about three hundred and
twenty-five picked seamen of the English Navy, commanded by one of the
bravest of officers. Captain, afterThe
wards Sir, Richard Pearson.
"Richard" had a mixed crew of
French and Americans, and other foreigners picked up any old place Jones
could get them, and there were three
hundred and ten fighting men, but the
"Richard" had Jones, and John Paul
Jones more than made up all the difference in armament, crew and equipment. The Serapis was convoying a
long line of supply boats going to the
Forty of these small
British Navy.
craft on a bowline were headed south

when

Scarborough

bailiffs

rowing

hurriedly from shore warned the captain of the Serapis that just around
Flamboro' Head was a strange, black
craft, flying

"We

no colors,

but, said they,

it
is Paul Jones," and the
Yankee Falcon's beak and talons were

fear

<!%fc&u4/i^4(2diuMfc?"
already

with

red

English blood;

so

Serapis, trimmed for battle, and

powder monkeys hurried from the
magazines with ammunition for the
the
the

long-gleaming guns.
Slowly around the Head the

two

ships drifted together in ominous silence; the yellow-sided Serapis. and

The
the "Richard," black as jet.
Union Jack floated from the Mizze.i
peak of the Serapis, but no flag fluttered above the rigging of the "Richard."
Under the moonlight the ships
came within pistol shot of one another, before the hail of "What ship
is
that?" from the Serapis, brought
the
answer, "The American Ship,
'Bonhomme Richard.' Captain John
Paul Jones," and a roar of cannon followed the bursting of the Stars and
Stripes from the peak of the Richard,
and the duel was on.

Wild Night's Work

And a grim duel it was! Jones
knew his only chance was in closing
with the more powerful English ship,
and taking her by fierce fighting. That
was why he had displayed no colors,
and waited until the ships were at
But at the first
point blank range.
discharge several of the old guns with
which he had been obliged to equip
the Richard burst, because the Master
Gunner had overcharged them. The
cannoneers were blown to pieces by
their own guns, or came tumbling to
the upper decks in terror, in more
danger from their own guns than
from the guns of the Englishmen. To
add to the confusion as the ships

together, the gunner's rammers

touching and the shot blowing holes
fairly through the rotten hull of the
Richard, two hundred English prisoners who were in the hold of the Richard, set up a cry that they were
drowning, for the water was pouring
in on them through the riddled sides

came

of the sinking ship, and the officer in

charge opened the doors, and let them
loose on the deck, among the fiercely
fighting crew, who, led by Jones himself, were putting up a savage battle.
With his own hands the Captain
chained together the head gear of the
Serapis and the Mizzen Mast of the
Richard, thus holding the two ships
together, for his own ship was sinking.
Seeing the French commandant
of Marines quit his post on the quarter deck of the "Richard." which covered the point of the English deck
where chains held the ships together,
Jones leaped like a tiger among the

panic-stricken

Marines, and himself

laughing and swearing
in English and French, as he rapidly
fired and loaded muskets that we r e
handed to him by his assistants. His
cocked hat was shot off, and. with it,
went his powdered wig. A midshipman handed it back to him, and he
led

seid.

the

fight,

"Never mind

the cabin.
scalp."

the hat, put it

will fight this out in

in

my

In the frightful conflict the Mizzen

top of the Richard had been sh
away, carrying with it the flag, and
Captain Pearson, seeing the flag gone,
shouted, "Have you surrendered?"
t

Jones' immortal answer, "I haven't

yet begun to fight" came ringing back,
and the fierce duel went on. a duel to
the death, but it was soon over.
There came a frightful explosion on
the English ship, and men came pouring in panic from her gun decks.
Jones had put rifle men in the fighting
tops of the Richard to pick off the
officers and gunners on the Serapis.
Some of these rifle men were armed
with hand grenades, and one of them
tossed a hand grenade through an

open hatchway of the Serapis, down

on to the gun deck below. The powder monkeys, boys of fifteen or sixteen, had piled up great quantities of
gun powder in bags beside the guns.
This hand grenade exploded the bags
of powder, killing nearly all the gun
crews, and, with her deck piled high
with dead, her guns disabled, most of
her officers slain, and the crew of the
Richard, black and crimson, with
smoke and blood, coming over the
bulwarks cutlas in hand. Captain
Pearson surrendered.
After the Battle
Richard for some time had
been kept from sinking only because

The

was lashed to the British ship.

Her deck was piled high with dead.
Of the three 'hundred and more who

she

gone into the tight less than a

hundred able bodied men were left to
take care of the prisoners, and Jones

'had

decided to give the old ship as a coffin

to those who had given their lives in
this greatest of all historic sea duels.
Here are his own words: "No one

was now

left abroard the Richard but

To them I gave the good
old ship for their coffin, and in her
they found a sublime sepulcher. She
rolled heavily in the long sweep, and
The ensettled slowly by the head.
sign gaff shot away in the action had
been fished out of the water, and put
in its place, and our torn and tattered

our dead.

flag

was

left flying

when we abandon-

ed her. So the very last vestige mortal eyes ever saw of the "Bonhomme
Richard," was the defiant waving of
her unconquered flag as she went
down, and, as I had given them the
good old ship for their sepulcher. I

my

immortal dead
now bequeathed to
the flag for their winding sheet."
Jones came back to France to such
a reception as was never given before
in

that

enthusiastic

The

country.

4>
surrender to the loveliest of women
the ^word surrendered to me by the
bravest of men the sword of Capthe Honorable, Richard Peartain,
son, of His Brittanic Majesty's late

oattleship. the Serapis."

nice speeches

Some maker of
John Paul Jones,
..ghter as

lie

wa>
and savage

fierce

was.

The future life of Paul Jones is

somewhat shrouded. He never came
back to America, but for fourteen
years spent Ji'is time between France
and Russia.
Catherine, the Czarina
of Russia, called him to take charge
of the navy.
The Revolution was
over,

and

there

was

no

American

He went

Navy.

to Russia, but was

disgusted with conditions there, and
returned to France, which was already seething with rebellion, the

shadow of the blood}' French Revolution was over all the land.
Its outbreak was imminent, when in 1
the landlady of the modest lodgings
?;>'.!,

of

Paul Jones,

going to

room,

his

found him partly kneeling, and partly

lying across the bed. He was almost
fully dressed, his boots on his feet.
but his magnificent heart had ceased
He had been in poor health
to beat.
for some time, and his death was not
unexpected.
The French Revolutionary Assembly at once adjourned, out of respect
But the wild wave of
to his memory.
blood and terror swept over Paris.
Marie Antoinette and Louis Sixteenth
Most of the
died on the scaffold.
nobility of France lost their heads under the guillotine, and nobody knew,
or, if they did, forgot where was buried the body of John Paul Jones.
Mure than a hundred years later
General Horace Porter, our minister
to France, instituted a search for the
body, and found it in an obscure cemetery, in old Paris.
General Porter

had the body exhumed, and a French

warship brought it to this country,
where it was received with high honors, and it now lies in the crypt of the
United States Naval Academy at Annapolis.
Is it any wonder that with such an
heroic father the navy of today con"ains
such brilliant, dashing, and
heroic sailors and marines?

L. B. Edgar and W. L. Jarvis are instructors in the Y. M. C. A. Schools

Camp Sherman, O. Both rnen are
fine penmen and experienced teach-

Duchess de Chartres gave him a magnificent reception, and at it he presented her with the sword of Captain

at

Pearson, of the Serapis.

It will be remembered that before
Jones had told the Duchess
that, in return for the watch she had
given him, he would lay at her feet
an English Frigate. He said; "May
it
please your Royal Highness, it
would be inconvenient, if not embarrassing, to undertake the literal fulfillment of my promise. The English
Frigate, however, lies in the harbor
of L' Orient, with French colors flying from her masthead.
The best
that I can do to keep my word is to

A. M. Wonnell, Hughes High School.

Cincinnati, Ohio, recently favored us
with a number of specimens of writing in his exquisite ornamental style.
Mr. Wonnell is not only retaining his
skill, but seems to be improving it as
His work is of the
time goes by.
highest order and very pleasing. We
regret that the lines are too fine for
engraving.
Were this not the case,
we should be pleased to reproduce
them in The Business Educator* Mr.
Wonnell undoubtedly executes business writing and ornamental writing

sailing

lay

at

your

feet

the

sword

of

the

noble officer who commanded that

English Frigate. I have the honor to

in

way

with the
country.

that

very

entitles

best

him

penmen

to
in

rank
this

^T
LEGIBILITY

28

By

C. P.

'y/U'^'/Aj//ujJC~suua6r

LESSONS IN LETTERING

ZANER

By

Penmanship, Columbus, Ohio

E. A. Lupfer, Zanerian College of

UNIFORMITY
The Law

and Speed

of Sightliness

Lesson No.

Unlikeness of letters or distinction

of details is the basis of legibility.
Letters must have unlike qualities to
But for the sake
be distinguishable.
of sightliness as well as of facility
there needs to be a certain amount or
degree of uniformity or similarity.
Thus half of the small letters are one
height and the other half are another
Most up strokes are on one
height.
slant and most down strokes are on

another

slant.

These things are thus planned because lines running in a similar direction are more easily and quickly made
than when running in crisscross ways.
In good writing lines and letters are
more orderly than in poor writing.
It is therefore essential to emphasize uniformity in size and slant and
spacing in order to promote facility
in both writing and reading.
This does not mean that there is
some one slant or size or spacing that
is
best for all, but that each who
would write with facility and sightliness must conform to some one size
or slant or spacing^ depending upon'
circumstance,
inclination,
or
taste
space, purpose, time, and necessity.
Uniformity is a law of order that
pertains to writing just as much as
the law of order which pertains to
For the convensociety in general.
tions or customs of a people are but

RESOLUTIONS
The

by

ornament and elaborateresolution depends to a

great extent upon the price a customer desires to pay.
Always give
full value, but when the amount paid
is small it would be foolish to give an
elaborate piece of work
Prices vary greatly in different localities and with different engrossers.
The great majority of resolutions are
gotten out for from $10.00 to $30.00,
using lettering for headings and script
Where higher prices
for the body.
are paid, more ornament is used, such
as initial letters, borders, etc., as well
as illumination.
Some find a cheap
class of resolutions nets them a good
income, for a $5.00 to $10.00 resolution can be gotten out in a few hours
in :ss

style,

ot

10

unretouched lettering and

which is not so exact in detail

using

script,

but good

in

general appearance.

Planning a Resolution
After deciding upon the size of
paper you wish to use, get the center
and outside margin lines or limit border for the pen work. Xext write or
letter a line of the body' on scrap
paper the same size and length as you
intend to make the work on the resolution.
By so doing you can deter-

mine how many

lines of script or^let-

tering the material you intend to engross will make. The heading should
come next.
It
compound curved
heading is desired proceed as illustrated in 'the rotig'h lay-out below.

ifltemis^:

that conform to certain estabrecognized principles which

law abiding citizens choose to obey.
Poor writers are poor conformers
they are the anarchists who disbelieve
Bolshevism
in order for themselves
Let us
so to speak in penmanship.
have as little of such disordered penrules

lished,

manship and

politics

in

this

Afe;).-/

&=
17

country

as possible.

(To be continued)

The Gregg Publishing

Company

an-

nounce the opening of their Boston

office at 80 Boylston Street, corner of
Tremont, under the management of
Mr. Ralph R. McMasters, formerly
Assistant

Manager

of the

iM-cuny,!}*.'

:
iH^csuQjc^l,

Xew York

office.

Of/v^fvf Po/at,

W.

Jones, formerly with the Columbia Business College, of Chicago,

is now connected with Duff's College,
He entered upon
McKeesport, Pa.
his duties in Duff's College last September and on February 11th favored
the Business Educator with a list of
subscriptions.
He is a
sixty-five
strong believer in good, practical penmanship, as is the Superintendent of
the institution, Mr. H. B. Hamill, and
for that reason he makes a liberal use
Duff's
of our journal in his classes.
Colleges have long been known to
maintain high penmanship standards,
and surely it is in no way being lowMr. Jones reports
ered at present.
that matters are moving along nicely

J.

<li

in that institution, which is

of the Accredited Schools.

now one

frorCL//?v~

*&*-

_Std

^T
With

gether or wider as desired to make

lettering on curves as shown by dotLetted vertical lines in the lay-out.

tering on curves in resolutions should
never be slanted toward the center of
the design, as printers are compelled
Sometimes lettering on simple
to do.
curves is slanted forward to advantage.
After getting the heading outlined.
and knowing how many lines and sub-

headings

will

last

you

needed,

be

work

for

leaves

it

the

surface

so

is
dangerous to work
it
The rough places can be
smoothed somewhat by scraping off

rough that

can

The

over

lines in the
put closer to-

paragraph can be

The

space.

the

fill

space left for signatures and subheadings can be widened or narrowed

Sub-headings can be put
as desired.
in the center on a line by themselvei
or to the left, followed by body material.
In this way space can be
saved or covered as desired.
After you have lettered in headings
and written or lettered the body, retouch and add shading, flourishing,
underscores, and ornament to help
\
out the design where needed.
$10.00 piece of work can frequently
be made to look like a $:20.00 one, by
adding a little embellishment.
Unless you learn to be resourceful,
you will have to do many pieces of
work over. Where a word is misspelled it can easily be corrected by
erasing with an ordinary pencil eraser.
Seldom use a sand eraser on good

rule vertical guide lines for

easily plan the body.

resolution

the

curve.

Always

&

<!Me&ud*'M4M<2dtuxi&r

(which will not

stretch) or a compass, make the center curve of the heading (in which
General Assembly is lettered), then
draw the two long horizontal straight
line.-- just helow the center curve, letting the top straight line touch the
bottom curved line. These straight
lines (which are the same distance
apart as the curved lines) serve as
guide lines for sketching in free hand
the short ending curves of the arched
string

it.

the fuzz with a sharp k.iife and rubbing the surface of the paper with the
handle. L'se a sponge eraser in cleaning off lines and finger print.-.
The resolution used in illustrating

lesson was executed by

Zaner.
It appears in the book.
this

Mr.

The

Zanerian Manual ol Alphabet- and

Engrossing, published by Zaner &
Bloser Company.
F. Juchhoff,' a former Znrierian student, is now an Associate Professor
of Accountancy in the Toledo University, the Municipal University of
that city.
During the summer Mr.
Juchhoff will again have charge of the
commercial work in the Universitj
Virginia.
He has plans laid for the
work during the summer that will
keep him a very busy man. He statethat a week's conference of commercial teachers of Virginia and other
states in the South is to be held in
connection with the summer session
of the University of Virginia.
All of
the courses he gives are of the college
grade and command credit
the B. A. degree.
t

PWO WOMEN

the one a successful

-1
commercial teacher, the other an
experienced office woman
want to
rent a Business College befote August
1.
We will pay cash, rent, or rent on
profit sharing plan.
Middle West preferred.
"Wanted" care Business Educator,

Columbus, Ohio.

Your Last Chance to Secure

Madarasz Specimens
We still have a very few handsome

%$$%,, iD>c .Senate l>as learneb anth; profound regret

of

rh;c

protvactco Ulncs*

'///////,!

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yy/yy

Vyy/y/yy/yy

yyy/J

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f
.

/yy //y

//yy/y

ea!

yy/y/yy/yy yY

Syy/y-yys/

yYy//y//y

of thc-_

fectti^

///y.j

25c specimens for sale from the pen

of the master penman, L. Madarasz.
When these are gone you will find
it
very difficult to secure any of his
work for your scrap book.

/yy/y/

Order before
/j.J? ;//////

s??lf

Zaner

w; /yy/ yS/5j.

&

it

is

too late!

Bloser Company,

Penmanship Publishers, Columbus, O.

(llxevtikcrvcfic it -&$&&&,

iy^

yyyyy/y/

///yJyy/y/

y/yy yy/yy/

recent

<.uiJ>

/yYYY/Yy/yyt-Y
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YY

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.ry/s>

Jienttce y> y/y/yy/yy/

// <%fA

yy./y/yy/yyyy

J/>// y/y/Y

/Y.JYYYy/

/YYYYYYY

J/

y Yy/yy? ///yz?zyA'

//y/yy/y

S/fyyty,'

y/yyyy7Jyy/ y/y ///////

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'y-

//yy'

jYt

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(//yYY

//;.Jf y/y///'Jl

/yV/Yy/y, //yYJ

__/ S9YC

producer with

ten years experience. Capable of handling all field work. Salary

Address "Solicitor" care of
or commission.

Business Educator, Columbus, O.

Desires to Purchase
Business School
An experienced school man desires to purchase for cash, a fairly large Business School
Adin a city of 3 ',000 population or larger.
M. G., care Business Educator.
Columbus, Ohio.

Learn to Write Your Name

Send me 40 cents and I wilt write your name on
one dozen cards, each card a different style or
combination. If you can get a handsomer lot of
any penmen now living I will return your money.
Isn't that fair?

THE BLU BIRD. This beautiful specimen of

off-hand flourishing is executed on dark blue
paper, size 8x10 inches, in black, white and gold
ink and I will promise that you have never seen
anything of the kind so handsome before. Price 50c.

(7

jjZcofit

^g^

SCHOOL SOLICITOR

dress,

yy /yy,J s/rs/c'Wy

yy/y/y. /sy/ys/s. '//,,/,/,///,,/,

Y/y/y///yy/ /y/ YY

//Yj //Y/?Y> SZ?/Ql^)

j/yyA', y7siy//yyJ

/yyyyyYyy//y yy77yy / yZJ yy/y y//yyy / ' /<

y/j /yyy/A:y^-

y./AY

'/yi>^y>--

MY

INK FOUNTAIN

does broad-pen lettering

should be used bv ever e who

It regulates the flow of ink

and prevents blots, giving smooth, clean- t lines. Once

used, always used. Price 20c each. AH the above tor
$1.00. Circular Free.
A. W. DAKIN, 604 West Colvin Street, Syracuse. N. Y.

IJI!IW!fa^B.Bmj)IUlMWIIlU.ll*UJIMUlJi.lll.l.ll.lJi^.lJiHiHllrflWWa

<^&&uJ/'nM&da&r'

Engraved by M. Montague, Chicago

WANT TO BUY

a Business College in city of from thirty to one

hundred thousand population. State price and

terms

in first letter.

P. O.

Address

Box 518,

Louisville, Ky.

Buy Victory Loan Bonds

to the Limit

Signatures by E. A. Lupfe

\
W \

Commercial Teachers

V
*^
f-

in

Very Great Demand

XTEVER

before in this country were so many forces joined in the

-^ promotion of commercial education. Never before has the demand for commercial teachers so far exceeded the supply. Never
before havt' tin- imlu-attuns j.nmteil so strongly to the need of commercial
teachers traine.l to meet the new problems in commercial education.
We five special Summer Cour.es for Teachers in July. Write to us for
particulars. Get our eachers' Bulletin.
i

ROCHESTER BUSINESS INSTITUTE,

MEmBmmMmsMiEsmBEMmnBBBMMXMm

Rochester, N. Y.

^
Associate Wanted
A

capable shorthand

man with splendid business

college experience, now teaching in a large city

high school, wishes to associate with a first-class
commercial teacher in opening a school that will
appeal particularly to mature students with a good
educational foundation. Correspondence confiden-

PARTNER, care

Address,

tial.

college graduate: commercial-Gregg teacher: 12 years' experience

(business college and high school' including
desires position. Will
manager,
two years as
consider teaching or managerial position, or
Address Teacher,
partnership, or will buy.

OLD:

The Largest

BOISE.

IDAHO

Teachers" Agency

ALBERT

A MAN
^^

AGENCY
NORTHWESTERN TEACHERS'
and BEST Agency

For Entire West and Alaska.

Write immediately for free circular.

Business Ed-

ucator, Columbus, Ohio.

OK YEARS

&

<!Me&ud*n<M&/tu&&r

25

E.

Jackson

Blvd.,

CHICAGO

34th Year. Our Booklet contains interesting chapters on Peace salaries. Prospects, especially for teachers of Bookkeeping, Shorthand, Writing, etc. Sent FREE.
Spokane. Peyton Building
Denver, Symes Building
New York, 437 Fifth Ave.

care Business Educator, Columbus, O.

TEACHERS WANTED
Young men
If

POSITIONS for TEACHERS and BUSINESS COLLEGES for Sale

We need beginning .and experienced teachers to recommend. Write
for our FREE literature; state qualifications briefly. If you would buy

you are experienced

field, write me.

a money-making business college, write for particulars

just breaking

no charge.

the

CO-OPERATIVE INSTRUCTORS' ASSOCIATION,

BROWN'S BUSINESS COLLEGE,

Peoria,

III.

TEACHER WANTED
An

expert and successful teacher of Rowe

bookkeeping and business penmanship. This
is a high-grade permanent position requiring a
high-grade man: northern city; old established
Give full particulars in reply.
Box
school.

If

First Class

Man

for a live wire, hustling man between 28 and 40 years of

age for position as supervisor of
small commercial department in a
business college and assistant in

auditing and selling work.

If you are well qualified and want something
little better than you now have, write us.
s Educator,

You Want a Change of Location and an

Increase in Salary

surely several of our four or five hundred commercial openings

throughout the United States will interest you. Our positions

193, care Business Educator, Columbus,

Ohio.

Wanted
A
We are looking

MARION, IND

41 Cole Bldg.,

this year excel in both quantity and quality, and must be filled
between now and September 1. Salaries vary from $75 to $200
per month. Write to us without further delay!

CONTINENTAL TEACHERS' AGENCY

BOWLING GREEN

KENTUCKY

(INC.)

At the Chicago meeting of the N.

$2,000

E. A.,

Department

of Superintendence, Pres. D. B. Waldo, State

Normal

School, Kalamazoo, Mich., argued convincingly for an

$2,000

initial

$2,000

Byrne Practical Touch

Typewriting
Fourteen years' success in some of AmerContains new features

ica's largest schools.

making possible more accuracy and speed.

By the use of our Key Board Practice Chart
less typewriters are required.
The text is
positively a time saver and result getter.
Examination copy, post paid, thirty cents.
Byrne Practical Dictation Book. Twenty-five

Application blanks free.

COMMERCIAL TEACHERS' AGENCY

GAYLORD, Manage

alty

by a Specialist)

Some people

guess, others
Scores of calls
are coming to us for comand we
mercial teachers from the East, West, North, South
may have the opportunity of a lifetime for you.

Don't Guess! Know! KNOW.

If

on our

help you.

list,

you

KNOW

will

DON'T GUESS!

whether

this

Write us today.

Examination copy thirty-five cents.

The Byrne Simplified Shorthand, Over thirty
thousand in use. Examination copy, post paid, fifty

thousand

Let us show you!

mercial and shorthand teachers.

The NATIONAL
E. E.

salary of $100 for grade teachers, with $2,000 as

maximum. Grade teachers have a long way to go,

but we now have scores of such opportunities for coma

in use.

nd. Wril
copy, fifty

BYRNE PUBLISHING COMPANY

57 East Jackson

Blvd., Chicago, ID.

R0BT. A GRANT. Pres.

mauisTS'
EDUCATIONAL BUREAU

WJI|JlllJJ,MJll.lUJ4.UlUJlNJIIiaU'ILU..IMKll,.U.IimU.J,J.M

516-518 Nicholas

Bldg.

ST. LOUIS, MO.

WWWl^ffWBM

bureau can

*f <^&u&/uM&6uwfcr
ARM MOVEMENT

IS

CAL?

IS

IT

PRACTI-

WORTH

always be

EDITOR'S NOTEint

There are

num!

vouch

ra

supervisor of writing in the public schools of

Spokane, Washington, is one of them.
In
some way he is constantly creating interest in
the work and enthusing his teachers, for he
knows that the best results are secured only
through their hearty co-operation.
Mr. Arnold is one of the ablest advocates of Zaner

Method Arm Movement Writing and

enough

to

of

they

Arm

invite

criticism

he wrote to a

broad

of

number

Spokane who employ

explanation and the interesting

ence that follows.
Editor.]

probable that there

honest critics of arm

It is

be

is

his work.
Acof business
his pupils after
leave school, asking for their opinion of
Movement Writing. Read his note of

men

correspond-

will

always

movement

writing. There are many good people

who really believe that much time is

wasted in teaching arm movement

writing; that it is not practical and
therefore not worth the effort it takes
to acquire it.
In order to get the
opinion of a representative group of
business men I wrote a letter relating

worth of arm movement writa number of bankers of the

letter and their answers
be found below:

to the

ing

to

city.

will

The Old National Bank

My

Spokane, Wash., Feb.

21, 1919.

W. D. Vincent,
Vice Pres., Old National Bank,

Mr.

Spokane, Wash., Feb.

Mr. Frank H. Arnold,
Spokane. Washington.

of February 20th has

It is rather a strange
coincidence, but I can answer your
question as to arm movement writing
by telling of this incident: Just a few
minutes ago a Umatilla Indian came
into the bank to open an account. He
endorsed his drafts and signed the two
signature cards with a free, easy,
beautiful style of writing.
I
asked
him if, when he had been taught writing he had been taught what is called

in

business today

As you probably know, we teach

arm movement system

of

writing

the public schools of this city.

We

do so because we think that there is

no other method of writing that will
give smoothness, lightness of line,
good spacing and speed. We contend
that the best writers are

and young

in

young men

women who

have been
trained to write with the arm.
We
know that many people who have
been trained to use arm movement in
the schools do not use it in business,
but we contend that where there is a
great deal of writing to be done the
best and easiest way to do it is with
the arm and not with the fingers.
We further contend that if a child
never uses arm movement a single
day after he leaves the public schools
that the form of his writing will be
better on account of his arm movement training.
Do you not agree

with me?
I am enclosing some pages of writing done by some of our public school
children. Note the age of the writers
of these pages.
This is the kind of
writing we are trying to teach in
Spokane, and we believe then- will

Spokane who can

write as well as this intelligent Umatilla Indian.

There is no question or argument
as to arm method, and if practiced
and used it will bring satisfactory results.
I
am glad that the days of
freak writing have gone.
One good
thing in this method is that it in no
way interferes with the character that
is shown in every individual's writing.
I am returning the two letters.
To
me they are wonderful and show the
possibilities that are for all who will
practice under your supervision.

W.

for help.

&

wrote a practical business

hand. In many cases the writing was
plain enough, but the writer could not
use a free enough movement to become rapid.

plicants

l.i
unr experience those persons
who use arm movement attain the
greatest speed and efficiency.
Their
writing is usually legible and at the
same time they are rapid enough to
perform their duties with ease to
themselves and with satisfaction to
the bank.
Most business institutions
are now looking for that class of

work.

The sample of writing which you

sent is remarkable considering the
age of the child. It shows a style of
writing that we would like all of our
employees

to have.
Both you and
she are to be congratulated on the
splendid start she has made.

the arm movement.

He smiled and
said that was the method taught and
that was the way he had learned to
write. There are very few white men

Yours

dear Mr. Vincent:

You helped me materially once by
answering one of my questions relative to the need of arm movement
writing in the banks and business offices of the city.
I come to you again

1919.

Dear Sir:
Your letter

My

in

Spokane

25,

been received.

Spokane, Washington.

an

of

tor,
"i

cordingly,

for such writing.

er of

Method A

teachers of Zaner

the Pacific Coasl

judging from the specimens
pan
the country that reach our
office from lime to time.
They have not on v
maile a careful study of Arm Movement Writut they have taught it long enough to
ing,
convince thtm of its superior merits in qualifying pupils to meet the demands of the business and social worlds.
Frank A. Arnold,
1

demand

Respectfully yours,
(Signed) FRANK H. ARNOLD.

WHILE?
Movement Writing on

The

D. VINCENT,
Vice President.
*

arm movement

in writing, believing
that one not only can write better in
that way, but also can attain considerably more speed, which is an object

best writers in our employ are

use free arm movement.

who

Yours
(Signed)

THOS.

truly,

H.'

RUTTER,
President.

THE BUSINESS EDUCATOR

several years and

truly grateful

for

find that there

no other journal equal to

it.

is

am

contributors of
your journal for the things that have
been placed before me. By their help
I
have climbed a little higher on the
ladder of success."
the

to

The above is a sample of the many

we receive from time to time

letters

expressing

appreciation

THE

of

BUSINESS EDUCATOR.

If

your

not on our subscription list

as a regular subscriber, send us $1.00
without delay so that you will not
miss the many valuable articles the
journal contains.
is

Something New

BREWER,

Beautiful Card Carving

for Sample

Send 10c

ADOLPH

O.

Manager and Teacher

J^jk

iness collegres will be open for position

June 1.
Address Position, care of

ults.

now-a-days.

The

L.

Bank

Spokane. Wash., Feb. 24, 1919.

Frank H. Arnold, Esq.,
Spokane, Washington.
My dear Mr. Arnold:
Answering your letter of the 21st
inst.. I have always favored the free

those

R.

C. L. Simpson, Oakman, Ala., writes:

"I have been watdhing the work in

name

trulv,

Fidelity National

Sincerely,

(Signed)

CAN YOU WRITE CARDS?

Card Writers are "cleaning up" selling Our Flag Card*.
Send 4c for samples of Card Writers Supplies.
We will
write vour name on one dozen Flag Cards for 26c.
AGENTS WANTED. Address all orders to McBEE *

BASHOR. 3 Hawthorne

Ave., Weal View Borough,

Pittsburgh. P.

President.
*

The Spokane and Eastern Trust Co.

Spokane, Wash., March 4, 1019.
Mr. Frank H. Arnold,
Spokane, Washington.
Dear Mr. Arnold:
Your letter of February 21st is particularly interesting to me because it
covers a subject which is pertinent to
every line of business.

During the past two years, owing to

war conditions, more than two hundred applications for positions were
filed with us. These applications gave
us an opportunity to investigate styles
and kinds of writing. I am sorry to
say that comparatively few of tin- ap-

'CVaf Qctlck A

omc

business

school

in

a ui
the Middle West Good
equipment, but not large. A bargain if
taken by June 1. Address
J.

E.

care Business Educator, Columbus, 0.

AN ABSOLUTE FACT
That better results

in teaching penmanship
can be obtained in one half less time, cost and
labor by using my Special Ruled Practice

Paper and Guide Sheets.

Samples

to

teachers for the asking.

My new invention

THE ADJUSTOGRAPH
C. A.

FAUST, 1024

MmsmmBBSBBmamx^mmMmmmsmm

N.

Robey

St.,

Chicago,

III.

^
The Art

^M^&Uii/tt^^&diuxifir

oi

ENGR O S SING
P. \V.

COSTELLO

Scranton, Pa.

We

present this month for the consideration of the student of Engrossing a piece of work,
one of three sets, executed for the Ameri-

-$tttaul,}fliiuicsda

Federation
n
Labor, upon the retiremen from office of
Vice
of
its
three
Presidents. This piece

c a

of

.....

Bum

tttlm?

preTTCflfjSramslnirii

w wwfrc in hW-

<-

work was executed

firftiM i'ttniK* rf his Inyillu "* coiispiniuus alnlih>
Iffifl
jjl IIIHM.!
*'
he 1M5 dwn toi u,-aif lt."jf> i o lanp ^T,ki!,K
|> rjjvuitu t,n the wriicrs.'Ui; Uate mi rciivinirtHul ,Vu ,+ ^fa -iPreSiVl-f

a 3-p'ly sheet of
board 22x28
bristol

on

The design was

.Vrmc-fltMiair^JftVrutlOHOf itifor

first

out in pencil, reading

Especial care
border.
must be given to the pencil lay out
of a piece of work of this character

11'",
-

Jushial

lw

.li-4

"i"*

;*i

harmonious
ftwaquesj or,.

hi:.-thj|l, ; r.,<:n

mm ma masmUiiws mi

ition

,-V-'-'

>-!

.n,i',,-'.v.\.

,.:\J,,,

.,,,,:

rj ,. L

*lliu m wluWi mpccihi hi.' kiwlAVp of Ihc Ijhor men

a r,yr,.vrli.i n.rl.,-,,- .,, ,vll.\liiioruii)nminfl.lmll,
o5?W in c-iiectmj. Ihcint'CsliQdhctverifi,' @nrimisa
ttffl Is

r-.v! ir.i b,5 .-vp-n.-K.

because the work is noit cheap and

accuracy is much desired. Aside from

tbvuli umVrtic trfntijushctu'ccn einploueR? Arxi employes ,m0 rhu.fc

to aiociinpclu';
Ik crwiiirt tabor mpilcmahiiir; effort.' to matt huraci |nsr,'e

mca^tf

the principal line of the lettering in

the name "James O'Connell" the balance of the lettering is very ordinary,
the great bulk of trie work being put
into the border and portrait, which

uJtare

ctii
:

MtWinii iScaL'

Mil

lo'prepare

resolutions

Mucni mai

fltpnsmq

-fiilu. s

and

^licil

appieeullMn of

0nrj1 immtup,hL.nrl !rin.-nl',ipu*aaf3ataih

l

.esotlfi, 'Jlut Ik i-vMitiK

uWafttsitad

in by hand from a photoand painted in water color.

of the work aside from the
rendered in various
lettering was
shades of green obtained by mixing
Hooker's green No. ... and Payne's
gray, producing a dark, olive green

was drawn

IlllMlul

H'i:.M u-r^jl,

!"..'.

.-.

',,;,,.;.,,,

ini

Mull

t!

Ac

Fttneno p

Hk

Ihctel,

uvr!,,-ts of

Fj

hWi

"

->ns,,l,,d.VvJ

graph,

I,

mi

in relation*

.,)

.,|

ill
|

trtnirfnxWcjmkfe

The whole

free in

nwniorrflmkl
swil oni

Mb*

sophiXWotlinc
WiHWltfllWi
j'lU'ohfisdtcr

FumUtW

Beeffect quite pleasing to the eye.

fore applying the brush shading to
the leaves and portrait, the pencil outline was carefully gone over with a
303 Gillott's pen, using a light wash
All pencil
nf the color instead of ink.
lines are then removed, using art gum
effect
The
cloud
instead of rubber.
background was brushed in before
general
finishing up the leaves and

Xote particularly the

border effect.
handling of the shading on the leaves
to relieve

them

of flatness.

Miss Estella G. Ricket^on, Principal

the Shorthand and Typewriting
Department of Benton's Business
School, Xew Bedford, Mass., died on
March 21st of influenza. She was in
her 33rd year and had been teaching
up to one week before her death. She

attended high school in Xew Bedford,

graduated from the Business School
at which she taught, and also received
training at the Rochester, N. Y., Business

Institute.

The

B.

terest in

Buy

E.

Certificate maintains

penmanship.

Victory Bonds

of

RURAL TEACHERS
GREAT SHORTAGE WESTERN
Write immediately for Free Circular.
Needed as Never Before.

NORTHWESTERN TEACHERS' AGENCY

Rural Dept.

Boise, Idaho

r
J) 6>7
This is exemr lined every year by those who
standing and raise their standards by attending
and securing more desirable positions. Get the
teachers as it can supply. It is the only National

have "the professional spirit," and year by year improve their

teachers' training schools and thus raising their earning-power
literature of a school that receives six times as
Official

many

calls for

Training School for Commercial Teachers.

BOWLING GREEN BUSINESS UNIVERSITY,

Inc.,

Bowling Green, Ky.

m-J!ISI.VJIH.U,l.T.LyjJWJJl'JJIiai.M,i'4iJ-'IMi.ll,,IJ,ilU,l!,|.A^ll.|IUl,im^.HI4.U.lW

&

<5^&u4//uM&unr

fr

s; /ss/s?/.

A
A

HELP BRING THE BOYS HOME WITH W.

CARD WRITING
CEND
me V

send you <

you ever had
Just try me.

enty-five cents in stamps and

le dozen of the best written
Address added free if you

G. T.
207 MAIN ST.

ards
i>ish.

TAYLOR, Penman
NORFOLK. VA

S. S,

TEACHERS WANTED
All teachers of commercial subjects who
desire to locate in New England should file
their names, educational history, photographs,
etc.. with the Teachers Committee of the New
England Business College Association.
This association includes thirty thoroughly
reliable business colleges, of high educational

p.Of

VferisHf KtavA*^

line $1,001:
b;

/^>

and

financial standing. Information supplied

committee is treated in strict confidence.
only becomes available to members of this
association who need teachers. By registering
with us you incur no obligation, and if we
secure a position for you there is no charge of
any kind to either employer or teacher.
For further particulars address

W.

A.

Penand

Ink IVr

CommiTcial Art nnd \ir

Your For
I

fur advertising.

and Cartoon of your busine

BOTTS, Penman -ArUat-CartOMlat

this

Diploma Engrossing
Delays are dangerous.
Don't wait until you are
ready to have your diplomas for your June
graduates engrossed before giving the matter
attention. Write mi today for particulars, so you
can place your order early and have your work
finished when you need it. Satisfaction guaranteed.
G. H.

ZIMPFER,

471 Gates

St.,

Columbus, 0.

It

New England

Business College Association Teachers Committee

GEO. P. LORD, Chairman, Salem, Mass.

:ifically

bird

E. F.

and

adjusted,

set of artis

RICHARDSON

'J

inches long.

Sample by

apitals for ?1.00.

Buffalo,

Kentucky

^3^^^M^^^^iW^^^
ia.iw.ll]li.FJJW)j)MJli,llilll.li.il'..iiii.ii;.ii.iii.ni.mjj:iwm.mai

<!^&u<rit<M&&uxt&r~

Help Bring the Boys HomeWith W. S.S.

Summer

Session

UNIVERSITY

&

well established Business

School in a thriving town in
Western Pennsylvania, situated in a prosperous
agricultural and mining section. Address M. M. S-,
care of Business Educator. Columbus, 0.

pQR SALE

FOR INFORMATION
WILL PAY $25 concerning
a good locaopen a school
MANAGER, care of

tion for a business school, provided

in that location. Address
i

of

WRITTEN NAME CARDS

PITTSBURGH

My

in gold

FOR

June 30

to

Commercial Teachers
writing.

Business

Aug. 23, 1919

large offering of Collegiate Cou

in

for

Stenography, Type
Accounting,

English,

Commercial Spanish, Industrial Geography,

Economics. Sociology. Psychology. Vocational Psychology, Vocational Guidance,
Methods of Teaching Penmanship and the
5 commercial subjects.
Education, Economics,
Music. Domestic Science, Fine and Industrial Arts, Childhood Education, Physical
Education, Clinical Psychology, and all
Collegiate subjects.

Free Public Lectures and Conferences daily

on current National and International Topics
by well-known Authorities.

For further information address

TAMBLYN, 406 Meyer

Bide..

Kansas

City,

MAGIC INK
increase your Written Card
sales by using my Magic Ink; also a good profit from its
sale to your customers. People imagine you're possessed
atura! power. You'll be surprised with rewith Magic Ink, only 20c.
Mystify your frienjp, A
bottle for loc. or a demonstration for a Three

Agents
Cent stamp.
wanted. Write today.
Box 873.

Pitcairn, Pa.

The Pratt Teachers' Agency

70 Fifth Avenue. NEW YORK
college and normal graduates,
and other teachers to colleges and

Recommends
specialists,
hoots.

WM.

O.

PRATT, MANAGER

IJSW!BffiP.>!m.lllJ,M'.JMi,I.Ua'J.llM

Le Sueur Center, Minn.

ENGROSSING AND
CARD WRITING

my

Were you
specialties.
satisfied with your last year's

are

diplomas, and
paid to have

the price you

them

filled

in?

Write for samples and prices.

12 cards, plain or fancy,
25 cents.

G. D.
2909 Central

GRISET.
EVANST0N. ILL

WRITE A BETTER
SIGNATURE
show yours written 12 styles. (On cards, too.
Send quarter.
A. P. MEUB, Expert Penman.
PASADENA. CAL.
HIGH SCHOOL

for commerteachers from public and private Bchools

and business colleges.

The agency receives many call 3

O'CONNELL, Penman

Mo.

Penmen and Card Writers,

cial

THE REGISTRAR

Order now!

D. A.
No. 4

Commercial Teachers
A

Educator, Columbus. O.

.II.,U,lJI.I,IUJ ll l,ll.mi|,Utl^

ll4.ll.|

86

*f

&

.7/u;jGuJ//ieJJC~</Ma&r

CTRV/fU /A* AMA /JU ^^\7^\73^X7^XTA.\/A\7JtvijyiU/

DESIGNING &
ENGROSSING
BROWN

E. L.
Rockland, Me.

Send self-addressed postal for criticism, and stamps

CKTKKO<WE CdtfEfe,

U>im 5Y^BO:5 OF
JlXtT WHICH OIVE^
THE DE^KiK aPBCIJQi

COVER DESIGN
Lay
pecial

off

design

attention

17y2 x9]/i, giving

to

es-

balance and pro-

The base'

portions.

should be nearly five

inches deep and the
female figure eleven
]

inches high. Arrange

balance of design in
keeping with the di-

mensions given. Make

pencil drawing in

detail,

suggesting col-

or values.
The drapery will require special attention.
Make a thorough study of the color
tones in the design before you pro-'
ceed to add the ink. Artistic effects
are sometimes acquired by accident,
but not as a rule.

Nearly all the stipple and some of

the fine lines on drapery were made
with a Gilllott No. 170 pen. A coarser
pen should be used for the hair and
deepest tones in drapery. Remember
to use as few lines as possible to proStudy the
duce the desired effect.
gradation of tones, and aim for
strength, softness and harmony in the
color values.

Be a patient, critical and ambitious

worker and you will be rewarded.
Nothing of value is acquired without
labor.
Labor is the price of great
Natural ability in the rough is
skill.

worthless.

When Charles F. Zulauf, of the

Detroit Commercial College, Detroit,
Mich., does anything, he doesn't do it
That accounts
in a half-hearted way.
for his success as a commercial teacher.
Since January 1st, 1919, he has
sent us 61 subscriptions for the ProBUSIEdition of
fessional
and three for
NESS
Mr. Zulauf
the Students' Edition.
deserves much credit for the good
work he is doing. He is a record
breaker in sending clubs for our
Professional Edition.

EDUCATOR

THE

THE AUTO -WRITER

;

Send

R. B.
2104 W. KEN

which prevents turning

without hindering the
Address

for sample.

MOORE,

d^

BOOK REVIEWS
crested in books of merit,
ally
ks of interest and value
but
of
ers, including books
special educational value and books on busiAll such books will be briefly
ness subjects.
reviewed in these columns, the object being to
give sufficient description of each to enable
our readers to determine its value.

The Reconstructed School, by Francis

B.

Public Instruction for Ohio. Kraft

Price 90 cents.
binding, 120 pages.

World

Book

on-Hudson,
This book
teachers.

It

Company,

New
is
is

of

Yonkers-

York.
interest for
with vision

first

written

and authority. Its purpose is to point

the way in which larger and better
results can be secured in education.
In school processes there are many
elements which are recognized as
constants by thoughtful people.
At
the same time there are many variable-- which should be
subjected to
close scrutiny to the end that they

may
sible

be made to yield the largest posreturns upon the investment of

time and effort.

sch. ml procedure

problem

in

the

of
Responsibility; AppreciaAspiration; Initiative; ImaginaReverence; Loyalty; Democracy; Serenity; Life.
Aims and purposes are constantly
considered, for these very largely determine the quality of any work.
Teachers will find the book stimulating and helpful, and all who are interested in schools can read it with

Sense

tion:
tion;

profit.

These

phases

of

constitute the real

of reconstruc-

work

tion.
It is
with the variables that Mr.
Pearson deals, as is indicated by the
subject matter of the different chapters:
A Preliminary Survey of the
Task Before the School; The Past as
Related to the Present; The Future
as Related to the Present: Integrity;

Commercial Tests and How They Use

The
By Sherwin Cody.
Them.
ninth volume in the School Effi216
pages.
ciency Monographs.
Kraft

The Winston

Simplified

binding,

Company.

World Book-

09c.

Yonkers

on

Hudson.

N'ew York.

Dictionary,

by William Dodge Lewis,

Prin. William Penn High School.
Philadelphia, and Edgar A. Singer,

edited

the University of Pennsylvania.

K'-'O
Pubpages.
sun illustrations.
lished bv the John C. Winston ComCloth.
Pa.
Philadelphia.
pany,
Price 96c, postpaid.

of

This book has been

Superintendent of

Pearson,

&

^MJ&uJt'si^&Ju&i&r'

in

preparation

by a corps of
under the supervision of the editors. The object was
for the past three years

experts

working

to bring out the best compact dictionary of the English language ever
It includes all of the new
published.

words which have been brought into

World War.
Americans are realizing now as

use by the

This book presents the history and

technic of the Xational Business AbilTests, which were used as the basis
for the Efficiency Employment Register of high school gradautes now being offered by the United States Employment Service in Xew York City.
ity

Commercial Employment is here

made to include office boys, general
clerks, and sales people, as well as the
relatively small number of stenographers and bookkeepers on which socalled commercial courses have hitherto concentrated. It is an attempt to

deal with the whole mental or executive side of business, comprising about
one-third of all workers, instead of
the one-tenth which industrial education adherents have assigned to the
mental or executive side of industry:

PUBLICITY

never before that they have one counThis dictry, one flag, one language.
tionary, it is believed, will greatly
help in the work of Americanization,
since the book is compact, can be

understood by all and used without

waste of time and effort. It list- over
forty thousand words, each set out in
bold type, and each defined in terms

The book is into understand.

tended not only for use in the eleof the country but it is believed to be of particular value for use in vocational and
continuation schools, and in Americanization classes, where persons are
endeavoring to get a command of the
language to fit them for intelligent

easj

mentary and high schools

citizenship.

CRITICISM

vs.

Bancroft savs, "The public is wiser than the wisest critic." Judging from this standpoint, the popularity of the text-books issued by the PRACTICAL TEXT BOOK COMPANY
rests upon a solid foundation.
The large number of leading commercial schools using our
books is equivalent to a positive public sentiment in their favor. No private or personal criticism can have anv weight against such evidence that our PRACTICAL BOOKS FOR
PRACTICAL SCHOOLS are up-to-date and eminently suited to the purposes of practical education by modern methods.
Take, for instance, our

New

Practical Letter Writing.

It is

not merely highbrow litera-

ideas, including Punctuation, Capitalization, the Right Word,

The Latest Postal Regulations, Hints to Stenographers, etc., and superbly illustrated with
lithographed models of the finest penmanship, and engraved typewritten specimens under
beautiful letter-heads.
Also, exercises for the student to work out according to specific
directions growing out of series of modern business transactions, and so developed that the
student never loses interest because it all seems so real.
ture, but replete with

modern

As much might be said for our "Letter Writing Lessons", a series of Twenty-five graded
exercises, in tablet form, with special inclosures, published as an auxiliary to the text-book,
but can be used separately.
Ask for it today, and
Our books are all described in our catalogue and price list free.
then select for examination and satisfy yourself. Our books are all prepared especially for
vour needs. It is vour next move.

THE PRACTICAL TEXT BOOK COMPANY

CLEVELAND, OHIO

1739 Euclid Avenue

i

:i.)ifMtiiiif,iA ;-i Hi^f, Jiii^M

l

iit i- 'Bi'ii,
l

i-)

iii-i l ii l

t*ii^inMin^i'mfi

^
X

tai style

on

<!^^&utf/tcM&&u&&r-

cards,20e. Agis

doss.

SPECIAL OFFER!
With every one dollar order f. r my inks I will
send free one set of ornamental capitate or one
beautiful flourished bird executed with white and
gold ink on blue paper Satin Gloss, the world's
best glossy ink 4 oz bottle. 50 cts. NONESUCH,
the ink with the brown line and black shad-,
same price. Sample cards executed with these
inks free for a two cent stamp.

W. DAKIN,

A.

604 W. Colvin

Syracuse, N. Y.

St.

3y C

;>*v ii

Iqents wanted in eueru cihi

mlnc'llti'ited States
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15.000.000 IN THE LAST DRAFr

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Abb

HIGGINS'
ETERNALINK- ENGROSSING INK
WRITES EVERLASTINGLY BLACK
The Eternal Ink

for gen-

is

eral writing in plain orfountain

pens (2 oz. bottle by mail 2(Jc.)
The Engrossing Ink is for
special writing, engrossing,
etc.. (2 oz. bottle by mail 30c.)
These inks write black from the pen
point and stay black forever; proof
to age, air, sunshine, chemicals and

H. P. Henry has sold the Corinth,

Miss., Business College to W. D. Anthony, of Keyser, W. Va. Mr. Henry
has had good success with the. school
since he opened last September, but
was obliged to sell on account of his
health. Mr. Anthony has had considerable experience in school work.
E. B. Moore, who some years ago was
well known as a penman and teacher,
but who has for some time past been
connected with the Missouri Pacific
Railway System as auditor, has returned to the commercial teaching
profession.
He intends opening in
the near future a school of Penmanship, Bookkeeping and
the city of St. Louis.

Shorthand

in

doit not supply

Miss Frances M. Keleghan

thill inks, stnd 10

GHAS. M. HIGGINS
271 NINTH ST.

of

&

CO., MFR.
BROOKLYN. N. Y.

the

Grove

is

Commercial

the

BUSINESS EDUCATOR,

For the goad that it contains.

in the foremost ranks,
There it forever remains.

Early

An

edition for the youngster.

Another for the professional.

Both chock full of the good things,
For every known mortal.
Theo. D. Krum, McKeesport,

Pa.,

Technical High School.

ACT QUICKLY! DON'T WAIT!

p book

is

now

in

FREE

order to be

A select* d aped
Send me 25 cent" right
grasping this opportunity

OTERO COLMENERO,

M.

new

shorthand teachers in Merrill

ness College, Stamford, Conn.

Mr. R. G. Walters

Read

in

Busi-

QH0RTHAND

fire.

If jour dialer

Miss May Beard is a new teacher in

charge of the Typewriting Departmeut of the Cloverland Commercial
College, Escanaba, Mich.

ISYOUR OPPORTUNITY

charge

Department

of

City, Pa., College.

thorough course for beginnei

Writ? for free leeson.

SHARWELL EXPERT SCHOOL.

15 John

St., Huttcy. N. J.

VALUABLE BOOK ON COMMERCIAL PEN LETTERING

of Comn
al Pen Letter(191S edition, revised and enlarged,
and arranged for School use.) A comn the use ot the Marking. Shading. Plain.
Special. Border and Shadow Lettering Tenp. Contains
100 pages TV. x lim, illustrating Us pl-tes of Comm

"Practical (
g and Desi(

HIGH GRADE

peeially gia

Diplomas^

CERTiriCATES.
atalog of Lettering Supplit

Best

Quality Lowest

Prices

Esterbrook Pens

A great variety of beautiful stock

diplomas suitable for all kinds of schools.
Catalogue free.
Send for full-sized
samples.

The biggest business

unit in America, the

U. S. '.Government, uses them; also the
majority of schools and business colleges.
Designed with a knowledge of what is needed in a pen.

Made-to-Order Diplomas a Specialty

Sketches and estimates furnished

Resolutions Engrossed

Diplomas Filled
Send

Designing for All Purposes

Ee=> HOWARD & BROWNE

50-70 Cooper

Rockland, Maine

^~

v_^^

10c for

samples of the

12

most popular Esterbrook Pens.

ESTERBROOK PEN MFG. COMPANY

MI-II.WJIHIl.Ml'WMIIIIMIiHIU^^

Camden, N.

Street

..

J.

,y/u ,j{juj//ieij (^dtua/fr*

*h

Zaner Method Writing Paper

No. 10
A Good

The Most Perfect

package

10 or

of

Pens

School Paper

PRICES
1

Pens

Gillott's

(250 sheets) 2J lb.,

PRINCIPALITY PEN, No.

45c

8xlOJ

42 Jc

more package lots

more package lots

100 or

40c

package (500 sheets) 5 lbs., 8x10 J

more package lots
100 or more package lots

80c

10 or

77lc

VICTORIA PEN, NO. 303

.V-Vn'

DOUBLE ELASTIC PEN,

No. 604 E.

F.

75c

(Purchaser pays carriage charges'.

This paper is used largely in the public

It
schools, high and commercial schools.
has long been used by such schools and
of
satisfaction.
the
very
best
is giving

Send for a sample

Zaner

&

Bloser

Gillott s

Pens have for seventy-five years stood the

most exacting tests at the hands of Professional and

Business Penmen. Extensively imitated but never
Gillott's Pens still stand in the front rank,
as regards Temper, Elasticity and Durability.

equalled,

SOLD BY ALL DEALERS

sheet.

& Sons

Joseph Gillott

Company

ALFRED FIELD &

Penmanship Supplies

93 Chambers

Columbus. O.

BIND YOUR

CO., Sole Agents

NEW YORK

St.

Simmons

BUSINESS

College

BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS

EDUCATOR
WITH A

Normal Courses

BINDER

B. E.

JULY

"Can't you furnish me a binder for The Business Educator?

Your journal is too good to be disposed of after reading, and
if
bound the volumes would become very valuable as the

like the above have been coming to us from subscribgood many years, and while we have been alert in our
endeavors to find a good binder, we have never before offered

1919

Accounts, Advertising, Bookkeeping, Business MethBusiness Principles, Commercial Arithmetic,

Commercial English, Commercial Geography, Commercial Law, Economics, Efficiency, French Conversation, Penmanship, Salesmanship, Shorthand, Spanish, Typewriting.
in methods of Teaching the various commersubjects will also be given.

Courses
cial

record of work done will be issued to those who

complete courses, and credit toward the college degree
be secured in certain courses by properly quali-

may

fied students.

Tuition fees from

For circular giving

now

while you think of it and begin saving

Address
Price, $1.00 prepaid.

full

$2

to

$24.

information write to

SECRETARY,

THE BUSINESS EDUCATOR,

Simmons College, Boston, Massachusetts

COLUMBUS. OHIO

15,

Men and Women

ods,

furnish anything of the kind to our subscribers, for the

reason that heretofore we have never found a binder that was
satisfactory to us.
Now we think we have it. It is a new one
and is giving entire satisfaction. The B. E. Binder is simple
in construction and operation, requiring but a few seconds to
insert or extract magazines.
No punching of holes is necessary.
Just a slight slit with a knife where the journal is
folded, the insertion of a metal clip, and the magazine is ready
to be dropped into place over the binding rods, which are
swung back and, with a slight movement of the fingers, securely locked in the solid wood back. There is no chance for
the magazine to work loose or uneven.
This binder holds
more than a dozen journals and enables subscribers to bind
each copy as issued. It is bound in cloth with the name of
the journal stamped in gold on the front cover and on the
Lack.
It will last indefinitely and will adorn a library shelf.
to

ij'i-tiihi-iiii

to

Courses planned especially for teachers will be given

during the summer session in the following subjects:

Words

ers for a

your journals.

Commercial Subjects

TO AUGUST

Open

years go by."

Better order one

in

|.i.!.w4i)ii^i ,ytiii,M iiiy> iii.ii H,iiihiiii-jHim'niii4Hii'i-m^

l

ll

j*

*!MJ3Bu<i/nMg*Jiuxi&r

Mr. Chas. G. Reigner,

a*

A New Addition to

Our

Staff

Mr. Reigner has a country-wide acquaintance among the leaders in stenographic work.
can write five leading systems of shorthand so perfectly that his notes are accepted and
used for reproduction purposes in all of them. He is the author of Reigner's "Dictation
Course in Business Literature", which we publish.

He

Mr. Reigner comes with us July 1 to take an important position on our shorthand staff.
espousing Rowe Shorthand because he believes in it as the most practical, the most
complete, the most legible, and the best all-round system of which he has any knowledge.
Mr. Reigner is an experienced court and convention reporter, and is familiar with all
kinds of stenographic work.

He

is

Part Two of Reigner's "Dictation Course in Business Literature" is progressing rapidly

towards completion. The delay in the publishing of this text, as is generally well known,
was caused by war conditions. But new ideas have been developed during the interval by
both Mr. Reigner and Mr. H. M. Rowe, Jr., who is doing the editorial work on the text,
and a better book than was first contemplated will be produced.

THE NEW ARITHMETIC

(

Title

Not Yet Selected)

the last issue of the Business Educator has brought many inquiries. We
cannot reply definitely to these inquiries at this time, but we do request suggestions from
everyone who is interested in the kind of arithmetic described in that announcement.
Every good point suggested will be utilized as far as possible. It must be remembered
that the plan of the book is different.
Practical problems of all kinds will be thankfully

announced

in

received in

all

all

those

ers,

who

but they must not be crab problems, that

want only those problems that would actually be met
be glad to acknowledge in the book itself the names of

lines of arithmetical computation,

problems that gc backwards.

with in the business office. We

We

is,

will

make a book that is of the teachers, for the teachstudents to their best advantage.

contribute to our effort to

and can be used by

all

C)me right along and give us the best you have. You are not limited to problems
alone.
If you have a particularly effective teaching method, or a particularly valuable
series of exercises to produce a given result, it will be welcome.

We should also like to have the opinion of every interested teacher as to what subjects
should be covered in the text. Just write out the table of contents you would like to have
in the text you want to use.
They will all be considered and worked into the text as far
as possible.
But remember, we do not want any theoretical problems or processes.
Everything must stand the test of practical application. Series of problems in calculating
by aliquot parts, calculating interest and discount, and practical problems of the counting
rcnmofall kinds and descriptions will be considered as valuable contributions. We are
working for the young people of the land to provide for them a really useful training in
commercial arithmetic in all its applications.
A statement of the number of problems
desired under earn topic would be helpful.
In making this request we are doing exactly what we did with the accountants when
we prepared Rowe's "Bookkeeping and Accountancy", and we intend that our new book
on arithmetic shall be a counterpart of this standard publication in this respect.
143 Second Street

San Francisco,

Cal.

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This training includes every item of typing
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also includes something that the pupil

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the training in the use of the Self- Starter

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exclusive Remington

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The demands for expert cost accountants were never so great as at this

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ready for advanceExceptional opportunities for

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men and women, due to war conditions.
in cost accounting is thorough and
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Other courses include Accountancy. Auditing.
Practical Accounting. Business Law and Book-

Our course
specially

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Prompt, personal attention of R.

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typewriting by regular

full-course stenographic
students copying regular

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815 Land

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continuous strange matter.

A student wrote 1980

words within 30 minutes

No Errors.

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12 students average over

1500 words each within
30 minutes No Errors.

Cote' Method Practice Dictation

and Cote Method Touch

Typewriting Did It
These texts are both arranged
on a unit credit basis and
absolutely

Short-

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hand and Typewriting InstrucSchools and

tion in High
Colleges.

Bookkeeping

Special Short Course arranged for use with

Extremely interesting to
or without offices.

the pupil.

Scientific

Touch

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Produces

Genuine Touch Operation in the

The Very Best Meth-

quickest possible time.

od published.

Simplis Shorthand
Only Ten Short Lessons. Easy to teach, eaay
Graduates hold
to learn, and easy to read.
the best positions.

National Dictation
Takes up the work where the textbook leaves
off.

Sample Copies are but 75c each

State for what Shorthand System

Albert J. Cote

Company

SAGINAW, MICHIGAN

> .L j

Special

THE F.H. BLISS PUBLISHING COMPANY

DETROIT, MICHIGAN

iji.tin,ii.i.

Up-to-date business letters.

features.

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l

Me&KUnei<k<&uatir

Practical Law

Here's Something
in Dictation

New

By Burritt Hamilton
If you approve the idea of using the shorthand dictation class as a means of improving the
student's knowledge of business correspondence;
If you prefer constructive dictation mater(2)
ial to the ordinary dry and meaningless business
i

letters;

For

Next

The

Glass

(.'!)
If you like a dictation book that contains
not only interesting and instructive material, but
hundreds of practical suggestions and comments
on the subject of business letter writing;
(4)
If you believe that every letter and every
article in a dictation book should serve the two-

purpose of developing shorthand speed and

knowledge of business correspond-

fold

the student's
ence;

you are convinced that students get

progress by dealing with real, live subwhich they are most interested:
(fi)
If you are an advocate of closer correlation
the instruction in business English and advanced
If

(5)

greater

jects in
in

shorthand;

Home Accounting Modern Banking

Bookkeeping
Rapid

Method
Teaching Bookkeeping
Bookkeeping
Equipment
and
New Model

ing

Ellis

dustrial

Ellis

of

Stationery

Rational Speller
Special
Supplies.

ELLIS PUBLISHING

in

you
the

really want something new and

of a dictation book, send for a

wav

GARDNER'S CONSTRUCTIVE

DIC-

by Edward Hall Gardner. Professor of

Business Administration, University of Wisconsin.

In-

:;7ii

Tablet

Cal. illation
Sets

If

TATION,

Arithmetic
Effective English and Letter
Thrift TrainBusiness Correspondence

Ellis

These Too:

17)

unique

copy of

Office

List price. $1.00.

pages.

Send

to

our nearest

office

for sample copies.

THE GREGG PUBLISHING COMPANY

COMPANY

New York

BATTLE CREEK, MICHIGAN

Boston

s^
>r^^y5^^\
"^^
X
X\ X^
"

"""^X

San Francisco

Chicago

^v

X\y^^/7^^///7/^x^
cX^X^/LiytStX//&

X
X \/
xx XX3^&^3x>
x
^^mm^gf^

\.Xs

The Zanerian Summer School

students

ten

1]CT,

may

enroll at

supervisor,

specialis t.

instruct in

who

for

methods

any time.

"Xit.

f^~~~

of

However,
will begin July 7. 1919, and end August
0.
place to spend your vacation and increase your e Sciency as a
Mr. R. B. Moore, the well known public schoo handwriting

Penmanship

A good

:.

penman or engrosser.
some years past has been supervising penmanship
of teaching during the

summer

term.

in

the Louisville. Ky., schools, will

Write for illustrated catalog.

Zanerian College of Penmanship,

118 North High

St.,

Columbus, Ohio

'Miii.wiiii,rwmtiiimffli!BiaiE^

&

<!%fo*36uj//u?& &/bu-a&/~

Seventh Revised Edition. Adopted by the

New York Board of Education

Official Figures
Prove the Efficiency of

ISAAC PITMAN

SHORTHAND

Style Book

Business English
Including Duties of a Private Secretary,

Card Indexing and Record

Claims are one thing

proof is another.
facts, that prove to any one that
the greatest percentage of successful shorthand writers use the system of proven

Here are

success.

77.3 per cent, write Pitmanic Phonography

22.7 per cent, other systems of shorthand.

(See Report of the Commissioner of Educa1913 the most recent official sta-

tion for
tistics

on this subject.)

Of the

official

shorthand court reporters

of the United States,

91.2 per cent, write Pitmanic Phonography,
8.8 per cent, other systems of shorthand.

(See the latest roster of the National Shorthand Reporters' Association as publisht in

"Proceedings" for 1917.)

its

There

is no need of drawing a diagram

designing a map to show what this
means.

or

It

means that

if

you are going

to teach

REAL SHORTHAND
you

will adopt Isaac

Pitman Phonography.

Book of Business English'

'Style

is the
of that contains completely
the points on business correspondence needed by students of stenography,
bookkeeping and typewriting." Leo P. Calkin. St.
John's College, Brooklyn, N. Y.

only text that

GOVERNMENT SHORTHAND CLERKS

Filing

"I have received a copy of 'Style Book of Business English' and wish to say that it impresses me
as being a very valuable publication and one which
should be very helpful to the schools in the matter
of business correspondence."
Edw. W. Stitt. District Superintendent of Schools, New York City.

"Your

OF THE UNITED STATES

of

and

in lesson

know

form

all

"I have just completed a review and comparison

of a number of books dealing with business correspondence for secondary schools and I find not one
of them equal to your 'Style Book of Business
English' in respect to the amount of information
given and the thorough follow-up devices to test
the pupils' mastery of the various topics discussed.
Other features, especially your treatment of Letters
of Application, are entirely original and very suggestive.
It seems to me just the book we need to
train competent office assistants." Jos. B. Wadleigh, Teacher of English. Hackensack
(N. J.)
High School.

"The 'Style Book of Business English' is a splendid book of its kind, and will prove a help to anyone who has to write a business letter. This work
contains a good deal of information valuable to any
person, for nearly every one has at some time or
other to write on matters of business. The many
model forms are carefully planned and well placed;
the review questions are an excellent and stimulating feature; and the fund of general information
on systems and methods is extremely valuable. I
heartily and sincerely commend the book, believing
it to be a real aid to the attainment of correct form
in business correspondence."
Prof. Arthur J. Weston, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, N. J.
Cloth, gilt lettering, 272 pages, $1.00.
Teachers' Examination Copy, postpaid, 70c.

Send for a copy of "Analytical Comparison" and

Mention School.

Particulars of a Free Correspondence

Course for Teachers

ISAAC PITMAN & SONS

2 West Forty-Fifth Street,

New York

Publishers of "Course in Isaac Pitman Shorthand," $1.50;

"Practical Course in Touch Typewriting," 85c; "Style Book
of Business English." $1.00; adopted by the New York Board
of Education.

ISAAC PITMAN & SONS

2 West Forty-Fifth Street,

New York

Publishers of "Isaac Pitman's Spanish Shorthand," $1.30;

"Isaac Pitman's French Shorthand," 50c; "Isaac Pitman's
German Shorthand," 60c. "Isaac Pitman's Latin Shorthand,"
;

SI 00.

'

I'/iw.i^ffif.r'^i^i'riiiwv^'iirrf^i'i^iffli^^Ti'ffii.f'tii^w

Ta

j//u >3$u4//teJJ

Cdt/fa/sr

*&

Metropolitan System of Bookkeeping

By W. A. SHEAFFER

The following are a few reasons

rapidly adopted:

why

this

new

text is being

The author is a teacher of elementary bookkeeping, also an expert accountant, and

teacher of advanced accounting.
educational, vocational, and disciplinary, and conIt is emphatically a modern text
veniently arranged for a combination of class and laboratory methods of instruction.
The emphasis is constantly on the thought side of the subject.
The complete text (402 pages) and divided units, adapt Metropolitan System of Bookkeeping for long or brief courses, and for use of special sets.
There is a careful grading of the work from the beginning, and new subjects are introduced one at a time. A full explanation and script illustrations accompany the introduction
of each new subject, book, transaction, or paper, followed by exercises to be worked out
by the pupil.
Business papers are used extensively in only one unit of the system. In the other units
only the essential papers connected with the new features are introduced.
The text does not go to the extreme in the matter of accountancy, but is strictly in accordance with modern accounting practice.
The work, from the beginning, is teachable to pupils of high school age.
Quality of material and workmanship considered, the prices are surprisingly low.

METROPOLITAN TEXT BOOK COMPANY

37 South Wabash Ave., Chicago

Publishers of "Metropolitan Series" of Commercial Texts.

Better Books that bring Better Results

Burgess' Commercial
By

The language

is clear,

KENNETH F. BURGESS

and

J.

A.

Law

LYONS, Authors

the paragraphs are short, while

its

teachability distinguishes

it.

Smith's Arithmetic of Business

The most up-to-date arithmetic on the market.

Miller's
The student

is

New

It

presents business as business

is

done.

Business Speller

taught spelling through effective aids, as

and through illustrations.

classification,

various rules, as-

sociation, interesting reviews,

Read's Salesmanship
A

complete textbook on an important subject. It is in six parts and is the most thorough
and teachable presentation of this subject ever comprised in a single textbook.

623S

cmc AGo

Ave
-

LYONS & CARNAHAN "^SS?-

&

<M*3&u4/n&M&&u*i&r

Gregg Normal Training Increases

Efficiency and Salary
Gregg Normal training

is

indispensable to the

one about to enter the teaching profession.

It is

equally beneficial to the experienced teacher because

it

gives

new

ideas,

ing easier, and

renews enthusiasm, makes teach-

last

but not least

adds

dollars to

your pay check.

Here

a paragraph from a letter from one of

is

summer's graduates, which

last

similar

expressions

is

receive

typical of

testifying

many

to

the

from attending the

obtained

earnings

increased

we

Gregg Summer Normal.

tell

yon how much your Xormal

Course' has done for me. In the first place, it gave

me a $400 increase in salary, and due to it and the

on methods 0/
teaching are always a feature of the
lectures

Summer Normal

cannot

"I

JOHN ROBERT GREGG

Mr. Gregg's

assistance of your Teacher*s Bureau

this excellent position."

Session

now have

More Shorthand Teachers Needed

There

is

a constantly increasing

correlated subjects

mal

Wonderful opportunities
Normal training this summer.

training.

secure our

Our Normal graduates

made for this service.

than ever.
charge

is

demand

those who have had the

teachers of Gregg

are ahead for

The demand

Shorthand and

who have

all

for

the foresight to

shorthand teachers

The Normal Session begins June

30 and closes
six

the best vacation that you can possibly take.

August

weeks

8.

Plan

of study.

greater

Write today

for

now on coming

It will

GREGG SCHOOL
6 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago,

No

to

prove to be

Normal announcement

illustrated general catalogue.

111.

WJf ^.^^W.^l,.JIUJtyiU),l,ll'JL^ffgM1H!Wffll,^J.mil,lill J|.liaiJ,lJW

t

is

are assisted in securing desirable appointments.

Chicago for a most delightful and profitable

and

for

advantage of our highly specialized Nor-

RESULTS
E. J.

Forney

&

vt/^/y/^j 6^/*^/'

//;^

vs.

CLAIMS

Clara Booth Bird

Commercial Department
Rejerences:

Banks aud Law Firms

oj Greensboro

THE STATE NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE

GREENSBORO,

N. C.
April 17th, 1919.

The Gregg Publishing Company

New York
Gentlemen

have your very pertinent letter of the 15th.

)ften in the past as I have
read your letters and literature, I have asked myself the question, how long,
long
before
making
change
to
the
Gregg
system.
how
yet
a
But still I hesitate. Because
If you had the best and largest school in the state;
If you had the best school in the South Atlantic States:
If you had the entire confidence of the business men;
If the court officials praised you for the excellence of your product
If every competent shorthand writer sent out was eagerly sought after;
If the number admitted to your classroom was limited only by the capacI

ity of the

building

you had a waiting list

If you were making $10,000 a year fur your principal;
If you knew you were a success and everybody told you that you were:
yes, my good sirs, would you not also hesitate to make a change?
There are about 325 high schools in the State. Eighty or more of these
are represented in my classroom today. Among my students are some from
the fourteen high schools who you say are teaching the Gregg system. We
are working over these students, trying to make Isaac Pitman successes out
of Gregg failures.
Hardly a year passes that we do not have Greggites in our dictation room
writing the Gregg system. We have observed their going-up ability with
peculiar interest.
Our observation of their efforts makes us hesitate still
If

more.

We have seen your system working at first hand in our classroom.

We know that in the Isaac Pitman system we have an instrument
will stand;

we

are not sure that your system in our hand.-

would do

that

so.

Respectfully,

(Signed)

Send

for a copy of

"WHY"

and

E. J.

F(

IRNEY.

Particulars of a Free Correspondence Course for Teachers.

ISAAC PITMAN & SONS,

2 West Forty-fifth Street,

NEW YORK

Publishers of "Course in Isaac Pitman Shorthand." $1.50; "Practical Course in Touch Typewriting," 85c; "Style Book of Business English", $1.00; adopted by the New York Board of Education.

iU.llll,UIM.Ul.^iJJJlHJJi:'iHH.M.lMmi..lJ.I.,J.II.Hiy,>JJ!UI,IJHi|.|IUmM

COLUMBUS, OHIO, JUNE,

volume xxrv

The BUSINESS

EDUCATOR ARTHUR GLENWOOD

SKEELES

------

The new editor of THE BUSIC. P. Zaner,

Editor
E. W. Bloser,
Business Manager NESS EDUCATOR is a big man in
Zaner & Bloser. Publishers and Owners more ways than one. In height he is
Published monthly (except July and August)
118 N. High St., Columbus, O., as follows:
Teachers' Professional Edition, $1.00 a ye.ir.
Students' Penmanship Edition, 75 cents a year
(Foreign subscriptions 20 cents extra; Canadian

subscriptions

10 cents

Stamps accepted.

Two

Editions.
The Teachers' Professional
Edition contains 40 pages, 8 oages of which
are devoted to Accounting, Finance, Mathematics, English, Law, Typewriting, Advertising, Conventions, etc., and Departments specially suited to the needs of teachers, principals
and proprietors.
The Students' Penmanship Edition contains
32 pages and is the same as the Professional
Edition, less the 8 pages devoted to commercial subjects.
This edition is specially suited
to students in Commercial, Public and Private
schools, and contains all of the Penmanship,
Engrossing, Pen Art, and Lesson features of
the Professional Edition.

The Business Educator is devoted to the proand practical interests of Business

Education and Penmanship.
It purposes to
inspire and instruct both pupil and teacher,
and to further the interests of those engaged
in the work, in private as well as in public
institutions of commercial education.
gressive

Change of Address. If you change your adbe sure to notify us promptly (in adif possible), and be careful to give the
old as well as the new address.
lose many
journals each issue through negligence on the
part of subscribers.
Postmasters are not alforward
lowed to
journals unless postage is
sent to them for that purpose.
dress,

We

Subscribers.
If we do not acknowledge receipt of your subscription, kindly consider first
copy of the journal you receive as sufficient
evidence that we received your subscription all
right.
If you do not receive your journal by
the 10th of each month, please notify us.

Advertising Rates furnished upon applicaThe Business Educator is purchased and

tion.

read

intelligent and well-to-do

those interested in business education

by the most

among

and penmanship in the United States, Canada,

England, and nearly every country on the
globe.
It circulates, not alone among business
college proprietors, teachers and pupils, but
also among principals of commercial departments of High and Normal Schools and Colleges, as well as among office workers, home
students, etc.

Rates to Teachers, Agents, and Club Raisers

upon application. Write for them whether
you are in a position to send few or many
sent

subscriptions.
sist

in

Sample copies furnished

securing subscriptions.

ways, such

man

things,
he
his height.

and as

who

accomplishes

more than measures up to

He was born on a farm

in

Carroll

Ohio, in 1881.
His educaequipment has been acquired

County,

extra).

Remittances should be made by Money Order

or Bank Draft, or by currency at sender's risk.

vance,

six feet two, and in other

intellectually, morally,

as

to as-

tional

by

attending the country schools,

Massillon, Ohio, Actual Business College, Scio College, Oberlin College.
Dtiquesne University, and the University of Pittsburgh.
He has also twice
attended the Zanerian College.
His business experience was gained
in
Cleveland, Massillon, Columbus,
Ohio, and Ellwood City, Pa., and includes work as bookkeeper, stenographer, salesman, and manager of a
store.

He

has

taught

in

country

schools, business college. Y. M. C. A.,

For four years
city high schools.
he was supervisor of writing in the
Ellwood, City, Pa., schools, and until
recently has been teaching commer-

and

cial

branches

in

Peabody

High

School, Pittsburgh, Pa.

During the past ten years he has
BUSfrequentlv contributed to
on such topics
INESS
as Commercial Uaw, Letter Writing
and Bookkeeping. Contributions from

EDUCATOR

ship of the

much

Editor of the Business Educator

Entered at Columbus, O., Post Office a3 2nd Class Matter

NUMBER X

1919

THE

pen have also appeared in The

Writer, Youth's Companion,
Business Philosopher, Modern Methods, Remington Notes, and Journal of
Education.
By nature and training Mr. Skeeles

new

editor, we predict that

will
be accom-

work

good

plished.

L. L.

WILLIAMS
'

IS

CALLED BY

DEATH

Friends have sent us newspaper

clippings announcing the passing of
another veteran commercial educator.
L. L. Williams.
He died at his home
in Rochester. N. Y., on May 13th, at
the age of 78.
For forty years Mr. Williams was
one of the leading business educators
of this country, and has long been
known as one of the pioneers in this
calling.
He began his career as a
teacher of penmanship, was one of the
founders of the institution that is
now known as the Rochester Business Institute, and was one of the
authors of the Williams and Rogers
series of commercial text-books.
After severing his business connections and being inactive for several
years, he again became active and

founded the L. L. Williams Commercial

School in Rochester in 1912,
which, in the short space of three
years, became a very flourishing institution.
For several years past he has
lived a retired life, due to failing
health.

Commercial education is greatly

debted to Mr. Williams.

in-

his

Gregg

well qualified to assume the editorBUSINESS EDUCAship of

TOR. His schooling, business experwork
as an author have
and
ience
made of him a man who may be
In addispecialist.
broad
termed a
tion, he is deeply in love with peneducation.
commercial
manship and
know that the family of BUSIreaders and conNESS
tributors will extend to the new editor the same co-operation, encouragement and support that has been their
custom in the past. Under the leaderis

THE

We

EDUCATOR

Good writing not only has

a pracbut indicates that its posother

sessor has
desirable character-

tical value,

istics.
To learn to write well you
must cultivate patience, perseverance,
and industry; you must observe closely, studv carefully, and practice faith-

fully.

In learning to write you learn habindustry, honesty, and exact-

of
ness.
its

If

you write well you advertise

to

who see your writing that you

have the determination necessary to
master a difficult subject.
Is it any wonder that prospective
employers ask to see your writing,
and that a beautiful pen-written letter
all

is

a splendid

recommendation?

&K<38u4/n#&44&0i&r

Developmental Practice

in

$>

Rapid Movement Writing

By Tom SAWYIER, Columbus, Ohio, R.

F. D. No.

A study of practical styles of small letters and figures. It is well to adopt one type of letter formation for genand not embody several styles in the same or different compositions. Many of the small letters always
begin on the base line. It is a definite place to start, and there is no sensible objection to be raised in adopting
This matter, however, is largely one of temperament as well as other individualithis rule with each of the letters.
In general practice, the tendency is to simplify form as far as possible, eliminate unnecessary
ties of the writer.
strokes, etc., and, therefore, the initial impulse may be omitted in a, c, d, g, o, q, at the writer's discretion. These
If a student has sufficient skill and ability in controlling
are problems of individuality and must be so recognized.
the movements of the pen, any of the accompanying types of letters should not be condemned, if well made. To
promote plainness and quickness is the essential aim; but to condemn the omitted initial stroke in teaching or
acquiring small a, for instance, would again be a pedantic emphasis upon non-essential features. Any of the letters
may be poorly made by a careless or excessive writer. It requires intelligent practice to master form and movement in modern hand-writing. Eowever, some types of letters consume more time to master than others, and thus
present the most difficulties when high speed is applied. Limited space here forbids extended discussion of letter
forms, but suffice it to say that individuality intelligently guided enlivens interest, encourages continuity, promotes
efficiency, makes for substantial progress and power in written expression.
eral usage,

^g&s.

/ 2.3

s^kds>>^

~ZS.^. c6>

'-^<^<

a^.

/^

^^c 7

f-^^f

:%::;#:&:.

.'JcfiZo.

Retrace each six times.

of S. Exercise 1. Start each of the ovals like an 1.
Start at top as shown by the arrow. Pause definitely at the little dot marked by a cross.
and a horizontal, retraced oval. Pause at the little cross before swinging rightward
Count: a loop-1-2-3-4-5-6, swing.
in the finish.
Exercise 4. Count: 1-2-3-4-5-6-S, swing. I'se a free, rolling and gliding motion. This drill may also be practiced by finish S with a dot.
Exercise 5. Count: 1-2-3-4tS, swing. Count on the up strokes for the loops.
The down stroke curves more than the up
Exercises 6 and 7. Study formation carefully before practice.
and i-:j for simplified
stroke. Pause at the reverse motion shown by the little cross and count: 1-2-swing for No.
Both are practical letters. Keep the crossing at half the height of S.
style.
1-:.',
7-8.
swing.
capital
3-4,
5-6,
Pause
at the angle in S
S.
Count:
Exercise 8. Join small s in groups to the
and it the closing of each small s.
in
connecting
the
capital
to the small u.
Be careful
Exercise 9. Practice the word "Success" many times.
Hook the c, loop e, close s.
separately
before
writing
the senThe three script S's are similar Slant, Size and Spacing. Practice each word
tence in its entirety.

Development
Exercise
Exercise

2.

combines an

Keep slant uniform; spacing regular. Count: curveof f. Exercise 1., Use push-pull movement.
curve-1-2-3-4-5-6, curve-1-2-3-4-5-6, finish.
2.
Start at top and retrace straight line six times. Pause at the top, and connect four narrow o-like
forms. Pause slightly at the closing of each form. Control the pause at the top.
Exercise 3. Always study the exercise carefully before practicing. Count: start-l-2-3-4-loop, glide-l-2-3-4-loop,
glide-l-M-o-4-loop, swing.
Exercise 4 begins with the push-pull and finishes with an f. Count: al-2-3-4-f, finish. These exercises may be
joined in groups of 2 or 3.
Exercise 5. Form three 1-lops and finish as an f. Create a lively movement. Pause before finish of f. Make
loops similar.
Exercise 6 offers drill on the lower reverse loop. Begin with an f and connect a group of three narrow ovals
suspended' from the base line.
Exercise 7. Alternate 1 and f in groups of four letters. See that slant and spacing elements are pleasingly
uniform. Keep all loops similar in length and breadth.
The
Exercise 8. The f begins as an
and ends as a q. Keep both yours and the back of the f straight.
crossing should be at the height of an i, and the lower part should close on the base line. Count: 1-2, 3 on the up
Development

1-2-3-4-5-6,

Exercise

strokes or impulses; or al, 2.

Exercise 9. Write three f's joined. Count on up strokes, 1-2, 1-2, 1-2, swing.
The sentence affords excellent application material. Practice each word separately, then
whole. Watch punctuation as well as slant of loops, spacing of letters and finishing strokes.

the

sentence as a

>y/i<?-36u*xii&>

Qdtuxt&r*

&

Development

Exercise 1. Trace the form of exercise lightly with dry pen after studv of combination
and
Do not life the pen. Retrace each oval six times.
Exercise 2. Glide freely and easily on the fingers. Roll the arm on the muscle near the elbow. Count: glide1-2-3-4-5, glide-1-2-3-4-5, etc.
Keep the loops narrow and uniform in slant.
Exercise 3. Count: start-loop-l-:?-:;-4-.i-6. Keep the loop of G long and the crossing near the center of the
of G.
direction of ovals.

oval.

Exercise 4. Curve the up stroke considerably.

Start like small 1.
Retrace the horizontal oval six times,
pausing gently before reserving motion to make the final rightward swing. Count: curve-loop-1-2-3-4-5-6, swing!

'QJQJ QJ smJ^rnj

VWVV7

ww- y/AW ^ww

USLQ0U0 ^^^^i^^^

-jJz^U^^/
<f)

&

^A/?*3&u^/i&M<?y<twa&r

Exercises 5 and 6. Start G like

or S. Be sure to make the crossing at half the slant height of the letter. The
lower downward curve of G should he parallel to the first upward curve. Make the upper angle or point half the
height of the loop. Compare your work with the copy. Practice intelligently.
Count: l-:2-:i. swing for single G,
and 1-2-3, 1-2-3, 1-2-3, swing for the joined capitals.
Exercise 7. Connect three loops or l's to G, preceding and following the capital in alternation. Center attention on formation, slant, height and spacing as well as on freedom and ease.
Exercise 8. Practice each of the words separately over and over many times. Study the copy closely and aim
to equal it in freedom and plainness. Join the G gracefully to the small letters.
The signature combinations should be studied carefully and practiced faithfully and intelligently. In the initials
'"E. G. -M." note that G does not readily connect with M, and therefore is made separately.
Use common sense and
good judgment when joining capitals. Keep spacing even between letters.
The simplified G at the end of the hue is frequently used. It is intimated that this style, if used, would better
harmonize with capitals having straight line strokes as P. B. G.
1

THREE STYLES OF T AND

Development of T.
reverse the motion and

(First style). Exercise 1. Begin with the "direct" oval at the arrow, retrace six times,
"indirect" oval without lifting the pen.
Give care to the transition line between

make an

ovals.

Exercise

Retrace each double compound curve

2.

drill

Count on down and up

four times.

strokes.

Watch

slant.

Exercise 3. Careful study before practice.

Study form of T in exercise 4.
Count: dot, over-1-2-3-4-5-6,
swing. Start like number 7.
Exercise 4. Count: dot-right-down-swing or 1-2-3-4. Begin as a number 7 and end with a crescent or boat
form. Make one a second.
Exercise 5. Write the words carefully many times. Note the joining of capital to small letters. Watch slant,
size and spacing.
Development of F. (First style.) Exercise 1. Finish the compound curve drill with a swing to the left as in
the finish of T.

Exercise

Retrace the "boat"

2.

finish three

times and end with a

little

Count: dot-1-2-3-4-5-6-

dot or "tick."

7-dot.

Exercise 3

may

be used instead of No.

2.

.Keep the retraced oval horizontal and divide

it

in

crossing to produce

the finish.

Exercise 4.
the boat upset.
Exercise 5.

Start with a dot as in

number

and end with a similar

detail.

Count:

dot-l-2-3-dot.

Don't

let

Practice each word 100 times. Compare first word with the last to make improvement.
It is always best to practice difficult words and letter combinations in the sentence before writing it as a whole.
Development of T and F. (Second style.) Exercise 1. After completing the retraced oval swing out to the
left with confidence and power and end as shown in copy.
Study, practice, compare.
Exercise 2. See how gracefully you can make the lateral compound curve after retracing the oval.
Think
ahead of the pen.
Exercise 3. Go right and left in a horizontal double compound curve motion. End with a swing to the right.
Exercise 4. Count: loop-swing for each cap, or the three in vertical arrangement: 1-2, 3-4, 5-6. Start on the
base line.
Watch spacing between each fur control in placing cap on the stem on completed letter.
Exercise 5. Note slant and finish.
Count: 1-2 for each.

Exercise
Exercise

6.

Count:

7.

The stem

1-2,

.1-4.

of

Be free and graceful.

finishes like first style.

This

is

practical,

time

and energy conserving

finish.,

('mint: 1-2-3 or 1-2-dot.

Exercises 8 and 9. Count: 1-2-dot, loop-swing. Alternate capital T and F in later practice. Do not let the top
or cap rest upon the stem. Watch position, distance and direction.
Follow with much study and practice on each of the signature combinations. Keep uniform and sufficient spacing between each capital.
Frequent comparison and self-criticism is necessary to rapid progress and success. Keep
a good position of body. Keep arm relaxed.
Development of T and F. (Third style.) Exercise 1. Count: curve-1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8. Stop definitely on the base
lini

.n

last

count.

Exercise
Exercise

cap

in

2.
3.

horizontal

Retrace horizontal oval six times and make an i-like movement to right same height.
Alternate the stem principle and the top elements to the count: 1-2, 3-4, 5-6, and repeat.

compound

Swing

curve.

a simple, rapid, convenient letter.

Watch slant and spacing elements. Count: 1-2, 3-4.
5 is same as number 4, with the addition of the central horizontal straight line or cross.
Alternate
the
and F, page after page.
(rive special attention to the signature combinations which illustrate the practical use of this particular style
of letter. Persevere and win. It is well to keep styles of letters consistent in the signature.
Sentence and paragraph writing should receive very careful attention, both on the part of the student and the
skilled writer.
Facility in reading or attractive legibility, pleasing uniformity in slope, size and spacing, neatness,
proper punctuation and other essential details of mechanical construction are the chief points of consideration with

Exercise
Exercise

4.

This

is

the trained penman.

This sentence embodies epitomized directions for guidance to success on the

dentally, this sentence contains all the small letters of the alphabet.

highway

of

good writing.

Inci-

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'(Of)

OO OO
*=^L^^

4=^^/*^^^

<=F <&

<^ ^

^^^^^^^7 K^lc^?^^L-^/ ^C^L2>

^^Z^L^Z^C^Cc^C^CZ^C^.

iJD^/l^sO

*JL
'J'

^^ <^^<2 ^2^ <^^

JJ JJ J <2V O/ O/ O/

GsQJ^^A^^a^^i^^^
Now

is

the time to

a Business Educator Certificate.

win

Write

for Circular.

&

&Ae*^&uJ//iatt tduta/tr

_^^Lts ^z~e^o^y

By

A. M. Wonnell. the

skillful

penman

in

the

vz~^cz^L^'\^^i^~z^c^&(

Hughes High

School,

Cincinnati

^
S

^^e-^>7^4^ <=^L^&^<^<L^^

^e-^-j2^z>2^/--<x--<i^i-<>--?--t^

^JUj?>7^^^<-^JI^^

^>i^Zi^^^--^^

Lsj^7<>^*^^^Z^t^^L^

Written by E. A. Lupfer. Zanerian College, Columbus, O.

i^Me&u&ntM&JiMa&r

$>

/fc^Le^-i^C

Keep your eye on the work

of G.

D. Griset, Evanston,

111.

We

consider the above a very fine specimen, one of his best.

Code of Morals
Men and Young Women

For Young

By Professor William

J.

Hutchins, Oberlin, O.

Script by E. A. Lupfer

(Continued from May)

*/

^/y
^//^^f^-C^^L^a^L-^T-^-^

cT

(To be continued)

&

^J&<^S**Hru^ dWu<Y/ftr
Twenty-First Annual Meeting

Eastern Commercial Teachers' Association

April 18, 19, 20,

1919

PROCEEDINGS, PERSONS AND IMPRESSIONS

By CARL MARSHALL
It
just twenty years,
is
since this Association held

its

believe,

second

annual meeting. This

was also at Springfield.
A lot of water
has gone under the
bridge since then. In
those far-away days,
if we got fifty or sixty teachers to attend
our conventions, we

thought we were putting over something

get three or four hundred without thinking anything of it.
And these meetings have steadily improved in quality as well as in numbers.
It has been my privilege to report a dozen or more of them, and
have always been able to say with
both truth and consistency, "It is
agreed on all hands, that this meeting
is
the best that has been held."
I
can say that again without much fear
of contradiction.
There were 500 members in atteudance.

Now, we

big.

Our

Million Dollar The progress of

Meeting Place.
ideas
is
nearly
always explained by physical facts.
The year the E. C. T. A. was organized,
commercial education, as
represented in the public schools of
Springfield, consisted of a one-room
department of thirty-seven pupils in
charge of two teachers, Carlos B. El-

and
Miss
Emma Thrasher.
Today, Springfield has a thousand or
lis

more young people who are being

for commercial vocations in
a speeial building that cost the city
more than a million dollars, and by
faculty of fifty teachers, at the
a
head of whom, is the same Carlos B.

trained

them

stands

for

man

notable

of

Here is| the

accomplishment.
Check them over and see if I
Prosser,

A.

list.

am

G.
Nichols, and Harry C. Spillman representing the Federal Board of Vocational Training. John F. Forbes of
Rochester; Wallace E. Bartholomew,
New York Inspector of Commercial
William
R.
Hayward,
Education;
Principal of the new Roosevelt Commercial High School, New York;
Dr. E. W. Lord, Dean of the College

right.

<>i"

Dr.

Business

C.

Administration,

F.

Univer-

of Boston; Gilbert J. Raynor,

Principal Commercial High School,
Brooklyn; Dr. Lee Galloway, Professor of Commerce and Industry, New
sity

York University; W.

C.

Crommett,

leading manufacturer of Worcester,

Mass.; Carlos B. Ellis, and finally, a
member of President Roosevelt's
Cabinet; Hon. W. C. Redfield, Secretary of Commerce. I do not know
of any previous educational convention with an array of names like that.
want you inert people who are staying away from these modern conventions of business educators, to know
what you are missing.
1

Some

of the

would take

at least
pages of the
to give even a
synoptic report of the ringing, inspiring and illuminating addresses delivered by this brilliantl galaxy of

Big Ideas

EDUCATOR

It

twenty
for

me

speakers. I can only cull from them

Some of these adhere and there.
dresses, like those of Dr. Galloway
.iid
llarry Spillman, were fascinatingly and brilliantly eloquent; others,

ing,
in

and

equipment

creating

A Program

of

useful learn-

to the part Dr. Ellis has

had

it.

am safe in saying
that the mental bill
notable meeting did
not include the name of one smallcalibre man.
As the theatre people
would say, it was an all-star cast.
of

Star Numbers.
of

fare

of

this

Excluding the round table talks and

addresses, there were a dozen names
on the program, and every one of

informing.
Still
others, especially,
the thoughtful paper by Mr. Hayward, were deeply philosophic and
To give the reader some
altruistic.
idea of what men like these are thinking about today, perhaps I cannot do
better than to quote the titles of some
of the principal papers and addresses.
Among the more notable were the
following: "Vocational, Commercial
and
Future."
Education
Present
(Nichols) A lucid exposition of how
the Government proposes to help the
commercial schools. "Education, An
Re-adjustment
Factor."
Essential
lay ward)
A convincing plea that
education must serve social and polit"The Comical and altruistic needs.
mercial
Department In the Small
High School." (Bartholomew) Showing that in the smaller high schools,
where the work is under the direction
of one or two earnest teachers, instruction is usually better co-ordinated and more resultful than in the
larger schools wdiere each teacher is
a specialist wdio concerns himself
Current
with his own work only."
Redfield).
Conditions,"
(Secretary
Commerce is becoming recognized
as a profession, and like other promust
fessions, has its ideals.
teach ideals, not merely love of dollars.
Try to make the pupils intelliEveryone who is admitted into
gent.

We

in the Department of Comknow at least one language besides his own and know it
well enough to write a 500-word
thesis on some subject and discuss
that subject fluently with a native of

service

merce, must

the country.

think that Secretary

Kedfifield's address should be printed

for
distribution among commercial

schools.

President Healey's

Address

Those of us who
know Horace G.
Healey

well,

did

not need to hear his thoughtful and

illuminating presidential address to
make us know that he is a man of

broad and mature intelligence. Without being either tedious, prolix, or

statistical, he passed in review the
progress of the last twenty years of
business education, as it only could
be done by a man who has lived
thoughtfully and observantly through

Ellis, who taught bookkeeping, penmanship, etc., to those thirty-seven

youngsters twenty-one years ago. Do
you get that? It was indeed appropriate that the meeting that has just
closed, was housed in that magnificent structure, and welcomed to its
halls by Dr. Ellis, to whom mainly
belongs the credit for this record of
progress in the grand old Massachuwish I had more space
-ttt> town.

to give to the plan and

this splendid temple of

like those delivered by Mr. Nichols

and Inspector Bartholomew and Secretary Redfield, were convincingly

SPANGLER
College,

Pittsburgh,
al

1920

Pa.
Teachers'

these years. He showed us that during this period, the business world
lias been revolutionized.
It saw the
rise and growth of the great corporations, trusts, and other combinations
of big business; it brought into action
the ideas of business system and the
thousand devices of industrial and
commercial efficiency; it saw the invention of office machinery in protean forms. These things of progress
wrought corresponding reactions upon the work of the business schools;
where they once limited their efforts
to the mere training of clerks, stenographers, and bookkeepers, they are
now turning out accomplished secsalesmen.
retaries, accountants and
New classes of schools have appeared,

<5^^u^n^^yiu*rtb>r
such as schools of higher accountancy,
business administration, and
schools of special training established
by scores of great business corporations. Finally, the United States Government is itself, into the game with
a Board of Vocational Education,
backed with an appropriation of five
Mr.
millions of dollars as a starter.
Healey called our attention to the
fact that representatives of all these
classes of schools were here present
"Formerly," said
at this convention.
he, "these meetings of ours were attended by teachers only; today, we
have with us managers of great colleges,
heads of university depart-

and

ments,

high

Government

otft-

cials."

Mr.

Healey closed his address by

recommendations
several

making

looking to the deepening and broadening of the work and purposes of

the Association. These recommendations are now under consideration by
the proper committees.
Mr. Healey
won the appreciative thanks of everybody for the vigorous way in which
he started his programs off on schedule time, and carried them through
without any sort of hitch or mix-up.
His administration also deserves unstinted praise for the enterprise it
discovered in securing the services of
the "big time" men whose names appear on the program.

breath,

meaning

started out to find the real

of the term, "Accountancy."

Nobody could

me whether

tell

they

reached

an agreement with Prof.

of New York, who is
reported to have said that he had been
vainly trying most of his life to find
out the difference between accountancy and bookkeeping.
This labor
completed,
the
found
Managers
needed relaxation by disporting themselves in the troubled pool of "School
Advertising."
In the
Bookkeeping show, Ray-

Montgomery,

mond
ton

G. Laird, Principal of the BosClerical High School, was the

Ringmaster.
Six interesting stunts
were on the bills, including such wellknown school-room performers as R.
L. Long, of the Evander Childs High
School of New York; C. E. Bowman,
the new man in charge of the Commercial Department of Girard College; E. P. Jennison, of the Bryant
and Stratton Business College of
Providence; J. F. Robinson, of Burdett College, Boston; G. J. Raynor,
Principal,

Brooklyn,

Roxbury

Commercial High School,

and Chester M. Grover,
High School, Boston.
A
mine said that he heard

friend of
somebody say that Charley Coffin
said that this show was the best show
of the lot. "Did you see the others?"

someone

asked.
"No,"
answered
Charley, "I didn't need to."

The
'it manic
Shorthand
circus
was bossed by James E. Fuller, of
Goldey College.
There was a talk
"The Inherent Strength and
on
\\ eakness of Pitmanic Shorthand" by
Capt. Godfrey Dewey, of Lake Placid,
\. Y.. and my ubiquitous friend,
James N. Kimball revealed his views
as to the "Best Text-book Presentation of the Principals of Pitmanic
I

Lively
the

Work

Divers

of

Round Tables

times in
my humble career
T have envied the

amoeba, which, as all good naturalists know, has the power to separate
itself into two or more parts, each
part being able to carry on without
regard

to

others.

The afternoon devoted

the

operations

the
of
to the

round tables found me again longing

for this amoebic quality.
There were
live
thrilling round
table performances going on at once, viz: 1. Private School Owners and Managers;
Bookkeeping;
3.
2.
Penmanship;
4.
Pitmanic Shorthand; 5.
Gregg
Shorthand. Can you imagine a small
boy trying to absorb a five ring circus, each show going on under a different tent?
Well, that was me (or
I, if you are grammatically insistent.
It simply can't be done.
All I could
learn coherently about these several
merry-go-rounds, was from hear-say,
and from the printed programs.
From these, it appears that the Managers, led by Charles M. Miller, of

Xew York, and doubtless armed with

search-warrants, set out to answer
query, "Where is the Quackery
mI'
Systhe Short-time Shorthand
the

hunting down
three distinct kinds of said quackery;
first, the shorthand that is taught in

tems?"

They

were

days; second, the kind that is

taught in seven days; (Sunday included); third, the interesting variety
that is learned in fine hours. Whethei
the raiders succeeded in running any
or all of these to cover, I could not
thirty

hunt was over, the Managers, without stopping to get their

this

whose book James

The Gregg Shorthand show drew

crowd, as it always does. The
animals were kept in motion by W.
Lewis,
of the Bryant and Stratton
W.
Harry SpillSchool, of Providence.
man talked on "Problems of the Reconstruction Board," and Mark I.
Markett, of the College of the City of
New York, discussed "The Greatest
Weil of Present Day Shorthand
Teaching." John R. Gregg, who curiously enough, happened to be presa big

told how to make "Advanced

If
Shorthand Teaching Effective."
sometime, when John has an hour off,
he will hire a hall and tell how he

ent,

the

publishing business pay,

will agree to

occupy two front

seats.

The Greggites then resolved themselves into a Symposium, whatever

that is. and led by Mr. R. R. McMasters, of the Gregg Boston Office,

talked

Have

learn.

When

failed to learn

picked out, but I'll bet the puzzle

keys Jimmy Baker gave me, that the
After these stunts,
publisher knows.
the Pitmanickers indulged in a quesThe casualties were
tion-box orgy.
not reported.

made

seriousness, I may add that I heard

glowing reports from all these round
tables to the effect that they were
spirited and inspiring from start to
finish, and well worth while in every
feature.
I
mention the penmanship round
table last, not only because of its
special
interest
to
readers, but because its program was

EDUCATOR

concluded

with
touching
memorial exercises devoted to the
life and work and personality of our
late friend and comrade, the founder
of Zanerian writing.
Arrangements
will be made to cover the proceedings
fittingly

of the

penmanship round

adequately

in

about "The
Been Able

Best Results I
Obtain Under

to

Intensive Training."
Relapsing again into

my wonted

table,
a separate article.

The School

Toward

Owners'
Free Banquet

the
sion,

first

the close of
day's ses-

E.

H. Norman,

Baltimore,

of

more

arose,

and in that preternaturally solemn

and sacerdotal way of his, announced
that a free banquet was to be tendered
to all members of the Private School
Owners' .Association.
Said banquet
was to be an extremely de lux affair,
ami was to be served in one of the
elegant private dining-rooms of the
Evidently, the treasury of
Gilman.
the School Owners was to be raided
for the good of the cause, and you
should have seen how they beamed
and licked their chops.
Also, you
should have seen the pensive and regretful expressions on the faces of
those unhappy school owners who
bad not yet secured their memberships.
Then Bro. Norman added in
a sort of I-forgot-to-mention-it way,
that inasmuch as the glad eats were
to be served by a group of deserving
and highly refined waiters who were
contributing

Shorthand."
I

$>

services

their

for

the

occasion, it was thought only just and

proper that the guests should show

appreciation
by contributing
two dollars apiece to the head waiter
There was a
in the way of a tip.

their

slight

falling

chop-licking,

off

the

in

when

this

anticipatory
suggestion

was made, although, of course, everybody recognized its propriety, and the
banquet, a very excellent one by the
way, was duly served to some fifty
guests.
When the good cheer had
been disposed of, Bro. Norman, as
assumed the role of toasthost,
master, and called on several of the
The
guests fin" impromptu remarks.
important contributions under this
head, came from Charles M. Miller,
P. S. Spangler, and John E. Gill, the
year,
went to
able trio who last
Washington and succeeded in getting
Government to put business
the
schools on the list of preferred industhereby relieving commercial
teachers from the draft obligation.
Mr. Miller gave a very interesting

tries,

account of how
achieved success

the
in

committee had

this

undertaking.

the work of the business

and the employment necescl
Is
Mr.
Government.
sities
the
of
Spangler followed with a forcible
so

vital

to

(Continued on page

:.'

Vu'*3&u-}//ieJi (Sdfcu/tr*
THE BENEFIT OF THE PRIVATE TEACHERS' AGENCY
TO THE DISCRIMINATING EMPLOYER
An Address

Delivered

at

NOTEOur

readers

may

that [here has been a movement on

establish free Federal teachers' agencies :n all parts of the country, which everybody must help to support through taxation,
although only a few are to get the benefit of
the service.
At first glance, such a service
public benefit, but,
i"

other tliii
tiler
to
the question, and
Dr.
Richards in the
following address given before the National
tion of Teachers' Agencies, at Chicago,
in February, sets forth this matter in such a
that should interest every school man,
r-mployer or teacher.]
.\

i.\

The
was

first private teachers' agency

^tablished seventy-two years ago

Boston, Massachusetts, by Samuel

YVIiitcomb, Jr.
From that beginning
has grown up the great system of
Teachers' agencies which now covers
our Country. The Teachers' Agency
has become quite an important factor
in the educational world.
in

Time was when the teachers'

agency was looked upon as a refuge
for the lazy and incompetent, jobhunting teacher, from which he might
spring upon the unwary employer and
by deceit and subterfuge land a job
for the ensuing year. The agency was
looked upon as a sort of illicit business enterprise, where sharp practice
was the rule in lauding teachers in
jobs just to secure fees with not much
thought of fitting men and positions
to the idea of rendering
real service.
am not so old, but I
I

indifferent

can remember when I looked askance

at agencies, and regarded with doubt
teachers whom I knew to be registered in them.
I
have changed my
mind about agencies, partly because
of the change that has come about
within the agencies themselves with
the resultant changes in sentiment toward them, and partly because of my
experience in securing teachers thru
tluir aid.
I have come to look upon
teachers' agencies as fulfilling a real
educational need. During the past two
years when conditions in securing
teachers were most difficult owing to
the

war

situation,

and peculiarly

diffi-

me as Headmaster of a boys'
private academy, where not only must
teachers be men but in most cases
unmarried, the private agency was almost indispensable. I do not know
how I could have located acceptable
cult for
all

men

to

fill

up

my

staff

without agency

help.

During the past few years I have

employed quite a number of men
through appointment bureaus
s ime
of colleges
some through knowledge
conveyed by friends and acquaintances, and some
the largest number
through the teachers' agency. I have
had good, bad and indifferent men.
I have checked up on the matter and
find that I have engaged thirty-two

men

in

the past six years.

Of these

twenty were secured through agency

help and twelve outside of agencies.

were what might be term

cii

men and

factory

factory

Of

good.

not so
good..

son

in

five unsatis-

that is, 75 per cent made

the twelve secured othersatisfactory and six
that is, 50 per cent made

were

There you have the comparione school. It should be into hear a summary of remade up from a considerable
g

not

know

all

the twenty secured through agen-

Chicago,

February 25, 1919, by John Wayne

Richards, Head Master Lake Forest
Academy, Lake Forest, Illinois.
[EDITOR'S

Of

sub,

number

of .schools.

When one stops to consider, it is

not surprising that the discriminating
employer can be greatly benefitted by
the private agency. In the first place,
the time should be past for Superintendents, Principals and Facilty Committees of Boards of Education to select their teachers from the restricted
field that is available through personal
visits
from applicants or through
written applications from candidates.
There should be a clearing house for
the distribution of teachers, and the
agencies certainly serve that purpose
in a large degree.
The field open
through personal effort on the part of
or employers is much smals
ler and the quality of teacher, as a
rule, is lower, since the teacher who
is not
succeeding in one position is
more

likely to try to secure another

through personal canvas:
perhaps local influence and "pull"
than to submit his record to the fair
and unbiased methods of the reputable agency. The agency is the place
where real merit counts for more than
in any other method by which teachers and employers are brought into
touch with each other.
In other
words, it is now coming to be the
accepted tinny For good candidates to
rest their cases largely with agencies
and the poor sticks to strive by dint
of personal campaign and effort to
secure places with the careless and
uninformed employers who wait to
choose from what happens along.
The situation is reversed from the
more or less general impression of

place

some

ago.
Fortunately, we
the definite opinion,
that the agency is
quite as valuable to the employer as
to the teacher.
A mutual service is

years

have come
backed by

to

facts,

rendered which has become relatively

of n, ire and more importance to the
employer, especially in these later
years when good teachers are increasingly difficult to find.
The reputable agency is unbiased
regarding its candidates. They have
no special candidates to support for
this or that position for reason of
political preference, social position or
family ties.
They play no religious
They are interested in furtes.
nishing the employer with the best
candidates on their lists commensurate with the kind of position and
salary offered. Service is and should
be their watchword, and they are
specialists in rendering

it.

If

for

no

good business for

permanent agency
good teachers. That is
the best capital stock of a permanent
agency, namely, the good will of employers and teachers.
If an agency
other reason,
'elfish ends,
to provide

it

is

for a

tries to foist off

on an employer any

sort of teacher just to secure an imfee. that agency loses

the
future good will both of the employer
and teacher, for the teacher is inclined to blame the agency for having
been a party to placing him where he
did not make good.

mediate

When

an employer enters the vastly

field offered by an agency be
on file the names of a larger
number of candidates whose papers
and photographs may be gone over
more or less rapidly. Let me say here
that every agency should have fairly
good photographs of its candidates
em file with the other information.
From these papers it will be deter-

widened

will find

mined
dates

definitely that certain candiwill not qualify.

Then those

remaining can be

discussed frankly
with the officials of the agency. It is
astonishing how much information
can be assembled by a live agency
about its candidates. Quite generally,
not all the information available at
the agency, is found in the written
record.
In a majority of cases some
one or more of the agency managers
will have information to give which
has been obtained by personal interview with the candidate or his employer or through other sources.
Generally, this special information is
most valuable and also accurate. It
has been my experience that the
agency men, as a rule, are very candid
and honest in giving their persona!
opinion.
More than once I have
sensed the warning "caveat emptor."
Further, references are much more
inclined to be frank and honest when
writing confidential reports to an
than when writing a personal

recommendation "To

whom

it

may

concern." for the candidate's possession or to a prospective employer of

the candidate.
I
have seen letters
from references about certain men on
file at an agency and then later have
seen letters from the same references
in possession of the candidates themselves who were making personal applications outside the agency, and be
assured that frequently they did not
read the same at all. A valuable sidelight may be offered by reading the
letters of a candidate to the agency.
His real character and personality
may be more fully revealed by the
letters he writes to the agency than
by those he writes to the employer.
can remember a man I was once
I
seriously considering employing, and
while I was weighing his merits with
those of other candidates a letter arrived at the agency

was

from him which

When

next I was in this

to look over his papers again
before finally deciding on him, I saw
this letter.
It was very poorly written, had a misspelled word, and worst
of all he was nastily upbraiding the
agency for not having found a position for him.
I decided not to offer
him the place. Later I found that he
was an unsatisfactory man and a sort
filed.

agency

of academic

not seem to

I. W. W.
Candidates do
know that their letters to

an agency are filed with the other

papers, and thus a source of infor-

^
mation

opened

up which is not
carefully groomed by the candidate
for making an impression.
The very
fact that agencies do file such letters,
so that they are available to the employer, is an indisputable piece of evidence showing their honest intentions
to put the employer in possession of
all
possible information concerning
is

their candidates.

Another time

looking over the

papers of a candidate I came upon a
blank filled out by a member of the
Board of Education of a rural school
where the young man had taught in
his early experience.
Among other
things he said the young man was
in

"stout and hearty, a good singer and

dressed stylish." In addition to this,
there was a good amount of infor-

mation conveyed by this David Harum's estimate of the man. A candiin

filing his
papers with an
agency is not likely to claim to be
date
able
his

to teach subjects that are

specialties.
Otherwise he

claim to be a Latin teacher

if

not

may
that

subject is required, or a mathematics

teacher if such position is open when
he is making a personal application
to an employer.
When the employer
asks an agency for a mathematics
teacher they recommend only such
candidates as they know have special
qualifications in this field.

Thus

the

employer is more certain of getting

what he needs. Again it is often necessary by the working out of a schedule that an unusual combination of
subjects is wanted.
The employer
may want a man to teach Latin and
handle a musical organization in the
school; he may want a man who can
teach mathematics and coach athletics.
These combinations are difficult
to find by the individual efforts of the
school official.
Because the agency
has a large number of candidates with
various abilities it is likely that some
one can be found who has the combination desired.
The discriminating employer comes
from schools of the better class; those
which have a high standing.
Such
schools have a personality. There are
certain ideals, certain aims and certain
traditions that attach themselves to
these institutions.
They become recognized as standing for these or for
those
features
especially.
These
school policies must be maintained
and thus must be done largely by the
class of instructors whom they employ.
These teachers must have certain special preparation and certain
personalities to fit into the system and
to further all the interests of the
school without friction. The head of
the system, whether he be Superintendent or Principal, has certain qualifications that he desires in the teachers of his corps. The good agency is
on the alert to get this information
concerning each school; and also to
locate such candidates as fit the situation.
This feature of their work
is appreciated by
the school official,

and he becomes accustomed to dealing every year with those agencies

that has sensed the spirit of his
school, and can furnish such candi-

<5fa <J6u*kisujj
dates as will be

in

tune with

its

life

and work.

The school business means just

what these terms imply. There is a
certain amount of business affairs attached to every system. The more important of the two terms, however, is
the word school.
Its problems cannot be solved by one on the outside.
More and more school efficiency is
approaching a science, and teaching

becoming a profession.

The soul
the men and women
of the actual instruction.
The success of the school
cannot be greater than the success
achieved by the teaching staff. The
most important task, therefore, that
confronts a school official is the selection of his teaching corps.
When
he turns to the teachers' agencies he
is

of the school

is

who have charge

wants real help. This can only come

from a school man; one who has been
a part of an educational system and
has mastered the problems of the
teacher.
He must know the subjects
taught and their scope; he must know
the training necessary for the proper
preparation of the teacher in each of
these subjects; he must be able to
judge the personality that will inspire
and lead. It is necessary, therefore,
that teachers' agencies have as managers and assistants, men and women
who have had long and successful
experience as educators.
When this
is more
nearly universally true the
service which reliable agencies render will be more highly valuable. The
agency should have a trained representative as an outside man. His business will be to visit schools, to see
instructors at work, and from his
personal observation to select good
teachers for the lists of the agency.
His training, of course, should be
thorough to the end that he may know
good teaching when he sees it; and
his
knowledge of
nature
should be so keen that he can recognize and analyze personal traits. His
judgment of teachers should be so
good that when a school official requests a teacher of such and such
qualifications that he can name the
candidate that will meet the requirement.
The plan of having Government
agencies replace the private agencies
does not promise to be beneficial to
educational interests. The promoters
of this plan claim an economic saving
can be effected. Even admitting this
claim, that which could be gained is
not worth much as compared with
what will be lost in the efficiency of
service as performed by private agencies through the striving of competitive
effort.
Fortunately, for this
splendid country of individualism and

human

initiative,

there are

many Americans

who

still believe that work and effort

on the part of private individuals constitute the best way to succeed and

to

make

progress.

&dtua6r

In addition there

are many who will question whether

an economic saving will be effected
Our experience with Government control as concerned with efficiency and
economy in about one thousand different fields of endeavor in the last

two years does not tend

surance as to either
ciency.

At any

to create as-

economy

or

effi-

the gentle taxpayer should realize that the cost,

whatever it may be, will come out of
rate,

pocket sooner or later, whatever

is employed.
Is it not better
have the initial expense borne by
the ones who profit directly by the
efforts of the agencies?
his

scheme
to

Private versus

Government Agencies

there is any field where the efof government paternalism in

such respects are as likely to go
amiss as another, it is right in the
educational field.
are still living
on the earth, and not in the pearly
realm which exists only in the perfervid and foolish imagination of the
Bolsheviki whose creed seems to be
expressed by the asinine formula
"something for nothing for everybody." There is too much tendency
on the part of some to hope for the
consummation of the Bolshevik idea
of heaven before we cross the river
Styx.
Miracles of this kind cannot
be wrought by legislative legerdeIf

forts

We

main.

Some

of the

more

optimistic

may

be taken in by the "blue sky" vision

and think that Government control
of agencies will prove an educational
boon. The chances are that those in
whose minds the scheme was fathered

not

are

so

much

interested

in

that

phase as they are in contemplation of

an additional opportunity to afford
more political jobs and thus to extend
the party machine and to make politics more powerful.
There is a great
opportunity to do just that thing by
placing teachers in positions through
the party agency.
It
might prove
quite as valuable in politics as the
control of postmasters.
Let us do
our best to keep rotten politics out
of our educational field.
Already it
has permeated our public school system far too generally.
Irrespective of trie source of the

idea,

whether conceived

in

sincerity

or hatched in the spirit of graft, it will

not work out.
have seen how
Government control has failed where
the dealing was almost entirely with
physical commodities. The foregoing
statements needs no citation of cases

We

to

verify

it.

Furthermore,

Govern-

ment agencies for the handling of laborers and artisans have proven unsatisfactory.
Right here in Chicago in
Madison Street the private labor
agencies are running again after having been closed by request in order
that the Government agencies might
have a try at the game. If Government control in the foregoing respects
has not worked out well, how can it
succeed in the intangible and indefinite phases concerned
in
securing
teachers where the qualities of mentality, personality, morality, honesty,
leadership, energy and ability enter
in?
Further, there would not be the
powerful incentive as in private agencies to get the right man in the right

The Government agency offiwould feel that his position was

(Continued on page 24)

place.
cial

^
THE ORGANIZATION AND

AD-

MINISTRATION OF COMMERCIAL EDUCATION

L.
Dept.,

Chas.

Lewis, Head Commercial

High School, Pasadena,
California.

We

ourselves with
answering the questions, (l) what is
Commercial Education? and (2) what
shall

concern

arc the agencies that make for a successful acquisition of a Commercial

Education? An answer to these questions will involve a discussion of (1)
the organization and administration
of the content of Commercial Education and (2) the organization and
administration of agencies of Com-

mercial

What

Education.

Commercial

is

Education?

What must a man know to be educated commercially? "Business," says

another.
says
one:
"Everything."
They are both wrong, and they are
both right, for he should "know
something about everything and evetything about something." The educated business man must know more
than business, just as the educated
musician

must

know

more

than

music, or the educated lawyer know

more than law. Life is many sided
and business is only one side of life.
Commercial education selects business out of the picture and "plays it
up" against the background of a
broad general education.
The subject matter of Commercial
education is capable of almost infinite
sub-division, and may be organized in a variety of ways, but arranges
itself more or less arbitrarily, into

groups of subjects, viz: (1)

Stenography and Typewriting; (2)
Bookkeeping and Accounting; '(3)
Advertising and Selling; (4) Business

four

Administration.
The subjects the would-be stenographers should study are Shorthand.
Typewriting, Business English, Penmanship, Business Arithmetic, Bookkeeping, Commercial Law, Commercial

Geography, and Office Practice.

If the student is preparing in a socalled "business college," of course

he may select from the above list the
studies in which he deems himself
deficient and concentrate
on them.
but for our purpose we shall confine ourselves for the present to the
organization and administration of
public commercial education as offered b}' the modern high school.
The curriculum of most High
Schools is so arranged as to give the
Followpupil four subjects a year.
ing this general scheme, I suggest
for the pupil preparing himself for a
stenographic career, the following
urse of study:

1st

Year

Typewriting
Business English

3d Year
Shorthand
English
Science

Penmanship

Any

Business Arithmetic
2d Year

Commercial
4th Year

Shorthand
Typewriting

Commercial Geog-

English

Economics

Office

Law

Practice

raphy

&

,^/u*3&uM/&^(f'du&i/fr

REPORT OF THE

American History
and Government

Bookkeeping

The student who

E. C. T. A.

ontinued from page

18)

preparing himshould take

self for an accountant
practically the -ante subjects, omitting shorthand if he chooses, and
putting more emphasis upon bookHis prokeeping and accounting.
gramme should be arranged some-

speech setting forth the imperative

widely
representative
need
of
a
organization of school men to protect
the hostile
interests against
their
state legislation that is cropping out
here and there through the country,
and to work together generally for

what as follows:

the

3d Year
Bookkeeping

1st Year
Penmanship

Business Arithmetic
Business English
Business Practice
2d Year

Bookkeeping
Typewriting
English

Any Science
\

mrse of

should

English

Commercial Law
Finance
4th Year
Accounting
Commercial Geography
Economics
Salesmanship

study

for preparation as

man

is

recommended

merchant or

read

salessomewhat as

follows:

Year
Penmanship
1st

Business Arithmetic
Business English
Business Practice
2d Year
Bi .kkeeping
Typewriting
English
Any Science
>i

It

3d Year
Public Speaking
English

Commercial

Law

finance
4th Year

cially

in

enables

that

Owners'
and what

Association

is

necessary,

proposes to accomplish.

is

Ever
of

Thus they are not forced to

specialize at too early an age.

The first three courses are not college preparatory courses, but are designed to meet the requirements of
the business world for thoroughly
office
and store
trained help for
A very small percentage of
room.
pupils of secondary grade who enter
for the Commercial course stay to
complete it. As a rule they do not
high school and have no

intention of going on to college. The

course of study for the commercial
student, therefore, should not be encumbered with college preparatory
subjects, but give him ample time to
devote to the subjects that best prepare him for his life work.

When we realize that "Commercial

pupil ~ c institute at least one-fourth
of all high school pupils, ten times
pupils,
agricultural
the number of
and five times the number of students
of domestic arts, and nearly twice
the number found in all higher educational institutions," we are willing
to concede that the commercial pupil
i- entitled to special recognition, and
should he given a program of his

own.

since the
the
Stone

fro

emerged

man
Age

his

human beings have been

learning the value of personal association.

for one. 1 think I have learned more
from a face-to-face contact with the
earnest and clever men and women
who come to our conventions, than
have learned from their speeches
There is something in
and papers.
cave,

the shining eye and warm hand-clasp

of a man that drives home to you the
And in
truth of what he stands for.
these gatherings of ours, there are
many folk who are both interesting
and Worth while. In this particular.
i,
seemed to me that the Springfield
meeting was more than usually rich.
n wandered about the lobbies,
I

Let me
a lot of them I found!
pick out just a few, taking them hit
There was courtly John
or nii-s.
with his urbane smile, a prince

what

am mg real gentlemen, his glossy

auburn locks beginning to be touched
with

little

ver

Can
old?

grovt

was

with

insinuating streaks of silbe that John will really

it

And
him.

this

time

-bowing

Mrs.

G.

somewhat.

the illne-s and mishaps that have afflicted her since I last saw her, but
nerve and youthful
full of
ijusl
And keen-eyed
humor as ever.
Knox, the salesmanship man, a mental dynamo wdio is as genial as he is
And who is that sprightlyelectric.
fellow over there, surrounded by a
is
It
laughing friends?
of
proup
Harry Stillman. a thinker and orator,
fifty
of
wisdom
the
hn camouflages
If you
the jolity of eighteen.
it!
don't think he' is a deep-water vessel,
n ad hi- new book, "Personality."
T'-en. turning a corner suddenly, I
bump into a real white-haired youngrnuiii. "the Sage of Holeyoke,"
ter,
Continued on page 23)
i

be continued)

is

narrow-

If every business school man in the

country could have heard this eloiiuent and convincing appeal by Mr.
Gill, it would not be a month till the
Private School Owners' Association
would have at least a thousand memEvery private school owner in
bers.
the land should get in touch with
these leaders and find out why the

Personalities

selves.

To

legislation
certain

Some

be seen that the three

but little espeThis
the first two years.
the commercial
student to

by

zealots, who seem to "have it

in" for the private commercial school.

Economics
Commercial Geography

above vary

finish

hostile

ihis

minded

Advertising

change his mind, and switch from

one to another without loss of credit
Pupils enter High
for work done.
School with no very well defined
notion of just what they want to
prepare for, and should be given
ample opportunity to "find" them-

even

ii

being proposed

Salesmanship

will

courses

common welfare. John E. Gill

then wrought up the company to a
high pitch of enthusiasm by a stirring and vigorous appeal to all school
nun to get together in an influential
organization large enough and strong
to head off, wherever it ap-

The Teaching

class scheme abolishes this

of repetition.

of

Bookkeeping
and Accounting
H. E.
Arliniit in.

COWAN

Mass, High School

Article 3

LESSON
A

Expense

lesson for the General

account has just been outlined.

This present lesson, number five,
may well be given over to the custom
of setting apart u nder different headings different kinds of expenses. Such
classifications as manufacturing, sales,
or administrative expense are too advanced for the student, but we can
teach that the "more important expenses should be kept in separate accounts, so that the proprietor

may

see

where his heaviest outlays are going

and thereby know where he must try
to cut down."
The item of rent was purposely left
out

of

the

last

lesson

that

so

the

grade it at all. Give the student credit

if he brings in to class the assignment

wrong. The incencopy is largely removed. Home

work is done under a variety of conditions at home, an incorrect paper
done in a crowded home may represent more actual thought and work
than a correct one done in a quiet
home. Furthermore, assignments are
given for the purpose of affording
finished, right or

tive to

not

practice,

different kinds of expense, while

and

the

Expense account records only

account name should be Rent ExRent

pense and not simply Rent.
does not signify whether the account
is a loss account or a profit account,
whether the rent is paid or received.
Kent Paid, of course, would be a good
heading, also.

their

Regarding the rating of the home

work, my suggestion would be to not

knowledge.

Rent

in

work, all papers can be checked over

in a few minutes.
One pupil reads his
work, the others check their own or
others' papers, and raise the question
if
the reader seems to be wrong at
any point.
When the papers are
handed in, correcting a pile of trial
balances or statements which are all
based upon the same transactions is
easier than checking a pile of equal
size, wherein each unit is different
than the others.

Kent Expense account can be taught

This account is similar
this time.
to General Expense except that the
latter is an account recording various
the rent expense. The same rule apThe
plies to both accounts, however.

drudgery

By keeping pupils together

home work
ness,

to

test

the

student's

The

fair

way

grade

on the

is

to
basis of

neat-

at all.

if

When
is

an assignment has been given

brought in and has been gone

over

in class so that the writer

his faults if there are any, the

knows
paper

should

be collected then or at the

end of the period unless it is to be
used to do further work. Failure by
the instructor to collect the home
work will develop failure by the
young people to bring in the work.
The fair basis for rating of what
the student knows is the written les-

This account will take but a short

time to teach, so enough time will be
left in which to give a short written
lesson on the four accounts so far
covered.
The Ambitious Pupil
Some pupils, alert, ambitious, will
break up the General Expense account
into two or three others, such as the
Postage, Clerk Hire, and Advertising
accounts. They ought not to be discouraged if they can do this correctly; it will not make the teacher's work

son.
Give them often, unannounced,
and make them short. After each new
account is taught and outside work
and class drill of sufficient amount
have been given, a written lesson or
even an oral test will show how much

any harder.

work furnishes

Correcting

Work

the
will

class
also

knows of the
show whether

subject.

the

good

basis for rat-

ing.

Material for all of these early exercises can be found in most elementary

individual method.
od there is more
mechanical labor
In business schools privately managed, where students are admitted
any day or any week, and in evening
schools wdiere pupils vary so in preparation, the class plan can be ad-

texts.

hered to on

modified scale, by

di-

classes,
viding all pupils into
each individual to be promoted to the

Sometimes you

next group when

work i> completed.

amount

of

When pupils work independently of

each other from a text, the teacher
has to go over all the difficult points
.mil some of tin' easier ones with each
Each trial balance, each
individual.
lull,
eaeli book must be gone over
The
once at least for each pupil.

will

have to

few transactions from an exerorder to get transactions which

do not involve anything more than

drop

a
cise in

the principles

which have been or are

Merchandise is an asset because

has value, therefore we should debit

A.
it

increases
decreases.

LESSON
Merchandise,

Purchases,

and

in

When

I.

merchandise and credit

does the merchandise

in-

crease?
A.
When the dealer buys merchandise.
I.
When does the merchandise decrease?
A.
When the dealer sells it.
When shall we debit MerchanI.

dise?
A.

When is bought, or increased.

When shall we credit Merchanit

I.

dise?
A.

When it is sold, or decreased.

Record three or four each of purchases and sales of goods, the class
doing the same on paper. Some pupil
gives directions each time whether to
debit or credit, and why, and all other
information, the date, and explanation.
Each explanation of course will
be cash.
I.
Now let us think about another
feature of this account.
What is the
main difference in the uses of the asmerchandise and the asset store

set

furniture?
A. The

is

sell,

is

merchandise
and the furniture

bought to
bought to

keep and use.

Why

is the merchandise sold?

So the dealer can make money.
does he make his money?

I.

A.

How

I.

He sells
What is

A.
I.

for more than he pays.

the difference between
and selling price called?

his cost

Gain.
Either

A.
I.

which

is

Profit.

word

correct.

is

But

commonly used

the one

in

business?
A.

Profit.

What

1.

is

kind of an account then

Merchandise?
Profit

A.

our

cost?
A."
I.

account.

What happens
selling

price

The profit

is

is

On which

to

our profit if
than the

larger

increased.

side

do

we record

our sales?
A.
I.

On

the credit side.

Then give me a rule for credit-

ing profit accounts.

Credit increases in profits.
A.
Good; now give me a complete
I.

being taught.
Sales

Accounts

little

a certain

count?

I.

The plan of these lessons is

class method of teaching, not

for the
for the
In the class methteaching and less
for the instructor.

A. Merchandise account.
I.
Can you form the rule for debiting and crediting the Merchandise ac-

It

and promptness of the home

start an account
What
to call it.

docs the merchant call the goods that

In- buys and sells?
A.
Merchandise.
I.
What shall we call our new account?

subject

has been properly taught and whether

misconceptions must be remedied beThe grade of these
fore going on.
little tests considered with the regularity

I.
Before we can
we must know what

rule for profits.

"
A.
Credit increases

and debit de-

previous assignment is
checked up in class, review the rules
for debiting and crediting assets and

creases

losses.
Will the accounts that
Instructor.
we have so far studied keep track of
everything we handle in our business"'

The greater the cost is the

A.
smaller the profit will be.
Is that consistent with our rule
I.
fur debiting decreases in profit?
\.
Yes.
What kind of transactions are
I.

After

the

Answer. No, we have no account

keep track of the goods we buy
and sell.
to

I.

in

What

profits.
effect

does the cost price

have upon the profit?

(Continued on page 24)

^
BOOKKEEPING

George W. Anderson, Commercial

Department, Butte, Mont., Public

High School
Bookkeeping has for its object the
classifying and the recording of business transactions systematically. Before taking up the subject of bookkeeping, a student should have some
special work in arithmetic, penman-

and spelling, and should know

something of the business usages in
capitalization and simple punctuation.
As to relative importance the subject next to arithmetic is penmanship.
The student should have been taught
to write lines that are uniform in
slant, uniform in height and spacing.
He should have been taught to be
neat in his writing and to be especially particular as to form in figure
practice, for perhaps there is nothing
ship,

will hamper the progress of a

in bookkeeping so much as a
lack of neatness in writing or the inability to make legible figures.
Often
have asked a student: "Is this figure
"Is this one, four
three or eight?"
or seven?" "And what is this figure?"
The teacher of penmanship should not
accept a student's work handed in for
correction, if it contains blots, finger
prints, or any of the seemingly violations of instructions as to form.
It is
obvious that if such results are not
opposed, his written work is likely to
exhibit similar characteristics later
on.
I
do not wish to be understood
t<i
say that because a student's work

that

student

in

bookkeeping contains

blots, finger-

such is due to a lack of

attention during a course in penmanship, for it is a very exceptional case
wherein work of this kind does not
contain some defects in quality; howprints,

etc..

my

When
the

questions

first

ask

is,

"Did you

verify the balance on the check-stub

after you deducted the amount of the

check?" So particular are we in the

elementary courses of bookkeeping to
guard against the common errors of
arithmetic, that after every five checks
are issued, the student must have his
check-book "ok'd."
In common fractions there should
also be plenty of work given, especially in the multiplication of mixed
numbers, for billing in bookkeeping
involves this feature of arithmetic.

And lastly some emphasis should be

placed upon the importance of working correctly simple interest and bank

There are elementary

bookkeping that use simple
in the more advanced
courses, problems in bank discount

discount.

courses

interest,

in

while

If such parts of
arithmetic could be specialized upon
until the student becomes expert, it
would lessen some of the causes that
often lead to discouragement during
a course in bookkeeping.
Bookkeeping, arithmetic, and penmanship may be considered as correlative subjects, and the teacher of
arithmetic as well as the teacher of
penmanship, aiming to make the
course preparatory to bookkeeping as
efficient as the subject necessitates,
should have full credit for whatever
degree of success is attributed to the

are not infrequent.

bookkeeping department.
In the main, bookkeeping is applied
writing and applied arithmetic: it is
a subject which trains the student to
appreciate certain mechanical forms:
record business transactions with
regard to fixed positions for words
to

and numbers; and incidentally teaches

hmi some of the facts of commercial

vious instruction, while frank criticism

of the student's work as to common
carelessness will have a bearing on
the mechanical part of his bookkeeping course.
During the special course in arithmetic, preparatory to taking up the
subject of bookkeeping, if one-third
of the time could be given to addition,
it would not be amiss.
A pupil in addition is not efficient until he can go
up a column of figures, reading the
combinations as easily as he can the
words in an English sentence.
He
should practice columns in addition,

law.
And let me say in passing that
one cannot teach bookkeeping in its
entirety without a knowledge of com-

defects

in

the

and figures might

forms of

composed

of numbers, say, from 1 to

100. until correct results can be obtained, the first time trying, in nine
problems out of every ten.

Frequent drills in subtraction and

multiplication are also necessary, and
some work in division is equally important.
And during the work in
these fundamentals of arithmetic, it
would be a good plan to have the
class verify their results: in addition,
add from top to bottom; in subtraction, add the result to the subtrahend
to tret the minuend; likewise, in multiplication and division, use the converse processes.
am frequently reminding my stuI
dents in bookkeeping to verify their

mercial law; the different kinds of endorsements, which appear on business

papers, the reviving of outlawed accounts; articles of agreement and copartnership; the right that one person
may have to affix the signature of another to a check
all of these and
many other legal points arise during
the study of bookkeeping, the explanation of which would not be convincing without recourse to commercial law.
A pupil, then, who has made
the necessary preparation for bookkeeping, wdio is of good habits, is diligent and reliable, will finish his bookkeeping course so as to meet the ordinary requirements of a business office.
Such preparation is expected and
should be obtained.

REPORT OF THE

E. C. T. A.

(Continued from page 21)

EDUCATOR

beloved of all
readers.
By the way. in an article some time
ago
erroneously figured Cragin as
being deficient in the matter of a
1

hirsute

topknot.

You

see,

w.as

going by that misleading picture at

the head of his page in the EDU-

23

CATOR. I hasten to correct the record by observing that our Sage has
grey matter above as well as beneath
his cranium.
Brother Cragin also
wants it to be understood that he
ncit the kind of "sage" that they
is

results,
especially
in
subtraction.
a student comes to
desk to
have his check-book "ok'd" one of

letters
be traceable to pre-

ever,

&

Jtit^uu/i^cSdtua/sr

put into turkey.

In his
case,
the
turkey goes into the Sage.
Do you see that slender youngish
looking man with the dreamy eyes
and the quisical smile, who looks as
though he were reading the crowd
and making marginal notes as he
goes along?
It
is
Will Hayward,
who has just been made principal of
the new Roosevelt Commercial High

School in New York. He is an Iowa

farm boy who has come to the top in
the great metropolis through
hard
work ami efficient common sense.
Hayward wins because he is not too
wise to be human.
And then there
is Gaylord of Beverly,
lie also broke
into our ranks by graduating from
an Iowa farm a quarter of a century
ago, as tine a type of self-made man
as I know.
But there is not an inbred intellectual aristocrat in all the

sacred shades of Cambridge

who have

anything

on this self-taught westerner, when it comes to brains and

culture, and real accomplishment.
And so the list runs on strong.
brainy, virile,
big-hearted men of

thought and

on every hand.
My brother, you have missed a lot
ii
you have not come to our gatherings and learned to rub mental elbows with these men. They will help
build you up.

For Those

action

Who

think that this is

the place to
the report of the
committee to whom was assigned the
task of calling the roll of those members of the Association who have
issed into the Great Shadow within
the last two years.
The committee
appointed by President Healey for
this sad duty consisted of Carl' Marshall,^ Chairman, and
E. E. Gaylord
and S. E. Bartow. Following is their
report:
I

Have Passed On

The shafts of Death have found

many shining marks among our member-hip during the past two years.
At the Baltimore meeting, many of
us will
recall an
interesting and
torching address, mostly reminiscent
of the old time penmen and their
doings, by that sterling and lovable
business school man, W. H. Patrick,
of York, Pa. Within a week, he, himself, was called
away to join the

goodly company whose worth and

works be had so fittingly described.
A little later on, G. C. Cannon, of
Cannon's
Business
College,
Lawrence, Mass., and Le Doit Kimball,
of the Lowell
Commercial School,
Lowell. Mass., were also called. Both
oi these men were landmarks in the
hi-tory of commercial education in
Northern Massachusetts, both were
clean and successful school men. and
both were genial and gentle souls

who

are fondly
of friends.

Another

remembered by hosts

who

will

be

deeply

&

'y/ic^u&nd^&duta&r
mourned, is A. K. Merrill, of ThornIn him our
tun Academy, Saco, Me.
penmen lose not only a tried and true
friend, hut a famous and brilliant exponent of their art. Mr. Merrill had
long associated with penmanship teaching in New England, and
not long before his death, had been
President of the New England Penman-hip Supervisors Association.
F. B. Hess, for many years, teacher
of bookkeeping in the Heffley School
of Brooklyn, N. Y., is another genial
friend who will meet with us no more.
\
modest quiet worker he was, who
was best loved and most deeply
mourned by those who best knew

been

him.

The older ones among

call

for

that

us will re-

many, many years, no

commercial school men's convention

was complete,

unless

divers

black-

boards of the assembly rooms were

decorated with the marvelously beautiful and chastely elegant scroll-work
lovingly put there by the cunning
band of A. H. Hinman of Worcester,
The hand of this artist and
Mass.
idealist
of the

is

still

forever, and

how we

generation miss him!

There was something almost mystical
older

in Hinman's love of the beautiful in

penmanship. He was a true follower
of the elder Spencer, and one of the
last of the exponents of that school.
\ innng
the familiar spirits who
have foregathered with us for a gen-

latest to be taken away

is our dear old friend, T. J. Risinger,
His loss comes with
of Utica, N. Y.
a sudden shock, as he passed away,
He early won
hardly a week ago.
his spurs as a successful commercial
teacher, then, just twenty-five years

eration, the

ago, established the Utica School of

Commerce, which he developed into
one of the best and most elegantly
equipped small schools in the counLike most of the old time school
try.
men, he was devoted to penmanship
as an ornamental as well as a useful
art, and was himself, a no mean exponent of its beauties. It is indeed
sad to know that dear smiling, sunnyhearted Mr. Risinger shall be with us

no mure.

And now we come to name a loss

that for many reason-., seems most
It is sad enough for us
tragic of all.
to part with men who are called from
us in the fulness of years and with
accomplished.
their
life-tasks
well
But what are we to feel when a
friend, a comrade, a fellow worker is
suddenly struck down at the very
What one
zenith of a splendid life.
of us who did not feel pain to our
i\ heart's core when the swift news
came only the other day, it seems,
that Charles Paxton Zaner had suddenly dropped out of life as a star
that falls from the sky?
In this tribute, necessarily brief and
Formal, it were better not to essay
any poor attempt to put into words
what emotions we must all share at
the sudden passing of this rare soul,
lie is gone, and it is for us to endure, and to profit as we may through
his noble and beautiful and fruitful
\

tragedy

its

"The

law:

the great compensating

good that men do lives

alter them."
For the rest,
offer our poor

left to us only to
heartthe grief-stricken
families of these, our friends who are
gone, and to voice our hope that they
may draw from the bosom of Divine
L ove a consolation that no human
it

sympathy,

felt

sympathy can

Work

is

but deep and

yield.

The

of the

election

for
officers
E. C. T. A.

of

the

has

always been effected through the

agency of a nominating committee.
The report of this committee, which

unanimously

adopted,

is

as

follows:
President, P. S. Spangler, Proprietor of Duff's College, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Vice President, Carlos B. Ellis,
Principal of the High School of Commerce, Springfield, Mass.
Treasurer, L. B. Mathias, Bridgeport, Conn. High School.
Secretary, D. A. McMillan, Central
High School, Newark, N. J.
President-elect Spangler 'was escorted to the platform and made a
happy little speech in his usual vig-

orous

style.

The

next

meeting

place

will

be

Philadelphia.

Committee

headed

by

Mr.

Rochester. X. Y.,

on
S.

made

was adopted without

And

C.

Resolutions,
Williams, of
a report that

division.

most

so passed into history this

successful and inspiring meet-

ing.

Its

are

worthy

important accomplishments
of a better report than is

comprised in this hasty sketch. Possibly, one will be forthcoming in accordance with the wise suggestion of
President Healey.
find I have overlooked mention
of the very attractive and complete
I

afforded the book men for

These indisplaying their wares.
cluded ample space in three large and
facilities

ground
the
well-lighted rooms on
Poor.
Some fifteen or twenty linns
had displays and these made a popular feature of the meeting.
Also, on Thursday evening, there
was a delightful dancing party for all
members at the Hotel Kimball.
Being neither limber nor graceful
enough at my time of life for such
frivolity, I did not go.
But L. A.
Wilson and Jimmy Baker who are
1" th experts at this form of dissipation, tell me that I missed the time
of my life. Maybe I did.

life,

and

to find

some assuagement

of

THE TEACHING OF BOOKKEEPING, ETC.

(Continued from page 22)

recorded on the debit side?
A.
Purchases.
What kind are recorded on the
I.
credit?
A. Sales.

On

the debit side.

I.
Suppose we keep the account
according to your rule for profit accounts, on which side will purchases
be entered?

A.

to

Business Meeting

was

A.

in

On

the debit side.

In recording merchandise does

matter whether we use the rule for
assets or the one for profits?
A.
It does not.
I.
Perhaps you wonder why we
bother with the profit account rule.
Later we shall need it because we
shall meet with some profit accounts
which cannot be handled according to
I.

it

the asset rule.

Assignment
Three short sets of cash purchases
a very few of each, to be
in three
Merchandise accounts. Number them 1, 2, and
or
give them names of different supposed
and sales,
recorded

li,

proprietors.

Summary
What

kind of account is Merchanprofit account.)

(A

dise?

What

How
How

is the rule?
are purchases recorded?
are sales recorded?

Say nothing about the balance of

the account; this involves the subject
of merchandise or gross profit or loss,
which in turn brings in the subject of
inventory.
These can be attacked
later.

The student has had enough

this lesson for

The next

in

one day's digestion.

lesson

separate the
Merchandise account into the Purchases and Sales accounts.
will

THE BENEFIT OF THE PRIVATE TEACHERS' AGENCY.

(Continued from page 20)

some sort of civil seror else depended

his party's success and his efforts to help achieve that success. In
either case, there would be danger of
his rendering service more or less
secure through
vice

arrangement

upon

perfunctory.
There
not be in this system
up results of the
work. Also, it would

probably would
any one to check
agency official's
be hard to check

his results because of the diversity of

distribution of teachers placed by

him and the very intangible phases

of the matter before mentioned would
make it difficult. The teacher would
not report that he had failed to make
good and the employer would likely
just decide to have nothing more to

do with the agency, and thus inefficiency and useless expense' would
continue to exist. It is hard enough
to get efficient oversight of Government officials where the results of
their work are tangible and easy to
Let us hope that the good
check.

work

that

private

agencies are

now

doing may not be interrupted. They

have made a place for themselves by
hard work; the men who have built
them up by private enterprise deserve
the fruits of their labors; further, it
is a pretty safe assumption that any
institution of this kind which has

Suppose we keep the MerchanI.

dise account according to your rule,
for assets, on which side shall we re-

grown through competition

cord purchases?

in

its

existence.

is

justified

^
PEOPLE WORTH

this

Stories from Recent Real Life

T.

CRAGIN

item of recent date:

"The Gushing came tearing in out of
the ocean mist, black

A newspaper

pouring from
and a
funnels,

smoke

bone in her teeth, in

advance of the great
fleet of dreadnoughts,
s u p e r-dreadnoughts,

and

destroyers

com-

ing

home from

over-

seas."
The Cushing is a
of
destroyer
the United States Navy,
1 (isr.
tons burden, built in the year
1913 at a cost of $854,500, and her

speed rating is 29 knots an hour, a

You see the
little over thirty miles.
is

is

rather a fast boat, but

nothing but a lobster

in

-lit-

compar-

whom

she was
named, William Barker Lushing, the
most reckless dare-devil that ever
wore a lieutenants shoulder straps in
the service of Uncle Sam's Navy.
Cushing was a Wisconsin boy, bum
in 1842, and he was twenty years old
when the war broke out. When he
was eleven years old he got a posiison with the

man

for

page in the House of Repreapsentatives and at fifteen was

pointed a cadet at the United States
Naval Academy at Annapolis. He resigned when the war broke out and
volunteered in the navy where he
was made a master's mate and for
tion as

years

four

Department

the
at

records of the

Washington

Navy
were

with a record of the dazzling

of this D'Artagnan of the
culminating in the most
service,
startling exploit ever carried off by
an officer of the American Xavy.
filled

exploits

Homme

Paul Jones on the "Bon

Richard," with his own hand grappling the ships together and fighting
with the marines, Decateur, going in
a row-boat into the pirate harbor of
captured
the
Algiers, and burning
Philadelphia under her captors: Hob-.iii
-teering the Merrimac into the
narrow harbor of Santiago, under gun
fire, and blowing her up, were heroes
of the reckless type, but the torpedoing of the Rebel Ram, Albemarle at
Plymouth dock on the Roanoake
river by this Wisconsin boy lieutenant >f twenty-three, is the most reckless performance I have ever heard
of, and I have heard of quite a good
i

many.

am going to tell you about it

month, for the navy is very much
limelight just now, and we
bear stories of heroic actions on land
and sea. and under the sea, and in
the air, all of which go to show that
heroic blood flows in the men of all
the races of the whole world, but
I

this
in

the

the

most

War

In-

Wisconsin
from
Admiral Farra-

youth

at

jawed,

top.
brilliant

of

the

naval officer
Rebellion, told

that he deemed this exploit the most

dauntless naval deed ever performed
by any officer of the American Xavy.

A D'ARTAGNAN OF THE NAVY

Cushing

stands

gut, the
of the

lantern

General Grant Wilson, the historian,

Hohoke, Mass.

her

long

haired,

dian-like

KNOWING ABOUT
By CHARLES

,y/u *y3t*J//i&iJ C'dtua6r

Albemarle" was the most

powerful of the Rebel ironclads and
she had successfully encountered a
strong fleet of Federal gun-boats and
fought them for several hours withThere was noout being damaged.
thing in the Northern Squadron capable of meeting her successfully, and
Cushing volunteered to destroy the
Ubemarle.

"The

"The Albemarle." as I have already

was an ironclad of great
She had already defeated
strength.
-aid.

the wdiole Federal fleet, sunk the

"Southfield," exploded the boiler of
the "Sassacus," and fought nine gunboat- at once without damage to herShe had farced the surrender
self.
of a brigade of infantry because they
couldn't get supplies from the sea.
and the abandonment of the whole
region of the Roanoke by the Federal
forces, for the government had no
ironclad- capable of crossing the Hatand encountering her.
Bar,
teras

The Albemarle's presence

all

military

operations

and Admiral Lee

fleet

was

in

helpless.

there,

made

impossible

command of the
And then, one

morning, up bobbed this lean, long

Wisconsin lieutenant with a request
Admiral, and he said,
see the
"Admiral, I have got a plan to destroy the Albemarle, and if you aprove of it, and give me a couple of
launches to do it with, I will put

to

>

her out of business, or I will get out

..I
business myself, probably both."
An ordinary boy of twenty-two or

going up to an Admiral would

have received scant attention, if he

three,

didn't get sent to the "brig" for impertinence, but this young dare-devil

had already made people sit up and

take notice, both in the fleet and in
the Navy Department at Washington,
and so Admiral Lee gave careful consideration to the two plans he had
prepared for carrying out his enterand ended by approving one
prise
them and sending Cushing to
of

Washington

to lay it before the Secthe

Xavy.
Mr. Wells'
bushy white hair stood up straight
when he heard what this boy proposed to do: he said, "Why my boy,
you cannot do it, and you will be
"Well." said Cushkilled, anyway!"
ing, "I have got to die but once, and
I can do it. and
hunch
that
have a
But that don't
come out whole.
matter."
Mr. Wells finally told him
to go ahead and he took the first
train to Xew York where he bought
two open naptha launches, each about
thirtv feet long, each fitted with a
small powerful engine with a screw
propeller and each carrying a howitzer or small cannon, and each provided at the bow with a long boom
that swung on a hinge which could

retary

of

be

or lowered at will, and

which was to have a torpedo hitched
to the end of it.
These boats he
took down to the Chesapeake Bay,
one of them being lost on the way
and the other reached
Roanoke
Sound at last, through cuts and
creeks and overland with great toil
.ii"l

raised

trouble.

Planning for the Attack.

At la-t he reached the fleet with
his queer little craft, and on the deck
of his ship he told the men of the
enterprise he had in mind, and asked
for
h\e volunteers, assuring them
that they must not expect, nor even
hope, to return, for death was almost
certain.
Every mother's son of the
sailors volunteered to go, for that
young fellow had such a reputation
in the navy and especially on his own
ship, that the ship's crew would have
volunteered to follow him "into the
jaws of death, into the mouth of
Hell." if he had called them, and so
tne launch with six men on board
set out on
her reckless adventure
headed up the Roanoke where eight
mile- away the Albemarle lay moored
at the Plymouth Dock.
Both banks
of the river were lined with batteries,
and held by several thousand soldiers,

while at some distance up the

river a fragment of the wreck of the

"Southfield," sunk by the Albemarle,
stuck up out of the water and was
.ruined by a picket guard whose
first duty it was to throw up a rocket
at any sign of attack, for rumors of
the intended endeavor had already
reached the
Plymouth authorities,
and they were all ready to give a
warm reception to any surprise party
that undertook to make an evening
call.
Rut they didn't know Cushing.
cyclone, a rifle bullet, or chain-

lightning was slow compared

that long haired Wisconsin hoy.
he got into action.

with

when

The Attempt.
The attempt on the Albemarle had
been carefully planned. There were
six completely desperate men comprising the crew of the thirty foot
launch.
Its
powerful little engine
could send it at a high rate of speed
It- howitzer was heavup the- ri\er.
ily charged with grape-shot or canister

as

it

was

called

in

those days,

we call it shrapnel now. The jointed

boom at the bow of the boat had a
small, but
to the end
in.

thing

powerful torpedo attached

of it.
This torpedo wa-

like

the

great

Whitehead

torpedoes of the present war. which,

with a motor attachment, swims' several
miles through the water and
strike a blow deadly enough to sink
a

great

ship

like

the

Lusitania.

It

was more like the bombs that have

been used by the anarchists of the
present time to liven up the Pierpont
Morgan residence or the Chicago
Courthouse; amply powerful enough
to blow a hole through the side of
the Albemarle below her water line.
It
would have made no impression
on the armor plate, above the waterline.

J*
running

Slowly,

under

tlie

ilt

After the Smash.

reduced

early gray of the momthe

Roam ike River was
shrouded in fog, the launch
crept over the eight miles of
neared the dock of Plymouth,
till
it
where the Albemarle lay at anchor.
in
stole successfully past the batteries which lined the river banks,
past the wreck of the "Southfield,"
picket-guard, and so great
its
was the silence that Cushing
d his original plan ami decided
to go "ii shore; steal down through
to
rted streets of
e
> mouth
arf; surprise the watchmen on
there were only a
li.emarle
-capture the great
-rlf. and
steer her down past
It was a
the batteries, a prisoner.
me, but he was fully captrying it. if he had not just
at that moment been discovered from
the shore.
in

y/U'jtisiJS/uJJ&i/uia/tr*
Ine

of the

ii

Alarm Guns,

Bells

and Bonfires.

moment the alarm was given,

guns banged away from the batteries,
In

Plymouth, lights sprang

up on the black deck of the Albemarle
were
seen rushing to the
and men
great riflle-gun on the deck of that
rang

bells

in

From

a near-by point of land

into the harbor, a great
was lighted, and in an instant
tl e
whole scene was as bright as day,
And
in the glare of this blazing pile.
then, for the first time, Cushing saw
that the big Rebel ram was protected
boom of logs chained ti
by
o npletely shutting it off from
on the river side. This would

ship.

intting

but

.<

stopped anybody but Cushing.

but when that human cyclone got
going, it took more than a boom of
He signalled
o hold him back.
the engineer to turn the boat and the
thought lie was trying
to escape as the launch turned tail
and proceeded swiftly down the river.
But only for a few hundred feet, just
distance enough to enable it to make
a turn and get up speed to drive "full
steam ahead" against the logs of the
Attaching the torpedo, lie
loon
gave the signal, "Full speed ahead!"
Hiding high in the bows of the
boat he drove her "full tilt" over the
log boom, into the enclosed space
where lay the Albemarle. Her great
hulk loomed over the little
bl; cl
launch as it tore its way over the
into the space from which
log
there was no escape.
With his own
hand he lowered the jointed boom
was under the
until
the torpedo
water; with his own hand he launched
the load of canister from the howitzer: with his own hand he pulled
the string that fired the torpedo; and
i

shouting to his men: "Everybody

save himself!" he threw off his hat
and coat, and plunged over the side
into the water just as a charge of
shot from the rifle gun tore the
launch to fragments and the mufflel
explosion of the torpedo under the
water ripped a great gash in the side
of the Albemarle that completely
d the most powerful armorclad
of the Confederate navy.

first thing that greeted the sight

of Cushing as his head came to the
surface, and he paddled softly and
slowly towards the shore to make
ape if possible into the swamps
around the redoubt. He had nearly
ded in reaching the shore when
he
encountered
one of his men
in
the w-ater,
;ling
evidently
One of the things that
wounded.
made Cushing the hero he was to all
the men of the navy, was the fact
that he never deserted a comrade,

the

and he stopped and caught this man

by the collar and tried to pull him
ashore, but with a last gasp the man
died in his arms and sank like a
tone

the

to

where

muddy bottom

the

of

suppose his bones still

lieutenant succeeded
finally in crawling into the canebreak
along the river bank and from thence
he managed to creep slowly inland
ri\er

lie.

The young

he was past the redoubt.

He
found a sheltered spot close to the
path lo which soldiers came and went
to and from the redoubt.
Soon all
till

the

and shore bank was alive

searching for the two posescaped men of the launch.
of them passed so near the

river

men

with
sibly

youth
with

lay there so plastered

that he looked like the
that he could almost
touch them. Finally the search died
down, for three of the crew of the
launch had been picked up out of the
water by boats from the shore and
ere prisoners, one dead man was
found and they concluded that the
other two had been drowned or killed
and were at the bottom of the river.
\loii
toward the middle of the day,
Cushing encountered an old negro,
and with a piece of money that he
happened to have in his trousers
he hired this negro to
to
Plymouth and find out wheather he
been successful in destroying the
as

lie

mud

ground

itself,

Albemarle.

It

was

desperate chance

foi
he knew that the negro might betray him, but if he had not succeeded
he didn't care wheather he got back to
the fleet or not, and he took a chance,
and late in the afternoon "Old Black
Joe" came back with word that his attempt had been entirely successful,
and that the great Rebel ram would
never float again, and then, this youth,

with
that

more lives than a cat, decided

he would get back and report on

shipboard and commenced the desperattempt of returning to the fleet

througt eight miles of hostile swamp
All night long, he crept
and river.
on 1m- stealthy way by the light of
tars and when" day break came
he bid in a ditch until the shadows
At
of evening were again falling.

ati

thirty-six hours without food or

drink, except the muddy water of the
;wamp, he came to a little stream
llowing through the swamp which he
knew would bring him to the Roanoke River.
Just across this little
creek, with current so slow you could
scarcely tell which way it ran, was a
small detachment of Confederate soE
diers gathered
around a camp-fire
where they were cooking their supper.
Tied to a gnarled root sticking
out of the water was a small flatbottomed boat, with a single paddle.
Cautiously, the fugitive lowered him
self into the water of the creek, which
was black, muddy and deep.
His
nose just sticking out of the water.
lie
reached the little boat on the
other side anil noiselessly unhitched
tic painter which tied the boat to
the
root.
A cautious inspection
showed him that the soldiers were
busy with their supper and he swam
away towing the boat after him til!
he got it around a bend in the creefc
la-t,

crew of the launch had

been shot dead beside Cushing. The
other five were in the water. Three
picked up and taken prisoner, but Cushing dove and swam for
coming up
a long distance, finally
outside the log boom not far from
oi- e on which there was a Confederate redoubt or fort.
A sentry
paced the walls a"d his dim form was
:

then he climbed mi hoard and paddled

with all his power for the Roanoke.
It was almost morning when his frail
craft found it- way into the Roanoke
not
far from
the entrance to tne
Bay. A heavv swell or any kind of
breeze would have promptly capsized
the cockled-shell craft, almost halt
full of water from its leaky sides, hut
hardly a breath of air stirred and the
water was as calm as a millpond.
The east was just turning a faint
pink showing the approach of day.

when

a sentinel marine on the flagdetected something floating on

tlie surface of the water.
He thought
it
was an infernal machine drifting
down to destroy the ship and
promptly fired his gun, and the drums
beat the alarm, the crew- tumbled to
quarters and the gun crew sighted
But a sight through,
ready to fire.
spy-glass
a
officer's
disclosed
an
little flat-bottomed boat with a man
lying unconscious in it and drifting
-lowly down with tin- current.
\ boat
immediately put off and they found

ship

the bottom of tlie boat, stained

in
with mud and blood, haggard, unkept, and barely conscious, the idq!
of the fleet, William Barker Cu-hing.
A moment later a rocket shot up
from tlie deck of the flagship, telling
the rest of the fleet that Cushinu had
succeeded in his sensational attempt
and that the Albemarle was no more.
Guns were fired, hands played, and
sailors cheered themselves hoarse at
It was a day of
the welcome news.
rejoicing
and another was
great
numerous
already
the
added
to
laurels of Lieutenant Cushing on the
records of the \'a\ \ at Washington,

A Happy

Reunion.

A year or more later Cushing was

a hotel in Washington and on the
register he saw the names of three
men who had been with him on the

at

tlie night they sank the AlbeThey had just been released
from the Rebel prison pen at Anderlie at once rushed to their
sonville.
room: he had supposed them dead.
He had thrown ''is c >at int.. the

launch
marle.

I
I

MJ6$utin<M'&&uxitir

he

this coat

prized.

One

was
of

medal which

these

from Andersonville took

skeletons

that

medal

out of his pocket, another man took

from his pocket the buttons of Cushing's coat, and a third took from his
pocket the shoulder straps from that
coat.

They had secured them when

they were taken

prisoner,

he

by the exposure and reckless enter-

ficers,

prise of Civil War days.

He died of
brain fever, in Washington, December
IT. ls?4, at the early age of thirty-

was setting out to destroy the

Ironclad, speaking to his brother of"It's either another stripe or
He had as many lives a-*
a coffin."
a cat, for more than nine times he
went into the jaws of death and came
Five times he was
out unscathed.
officially complimented by the Secretary of the Navy for heroic acts.
For the affair of the Albemarle, he
received the
engrossed thanks of
Congress,
the
youngest American
ever so complimented and was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant

water when he leaped for life just

before the launch was blown to pieces

and on

from the

coat, fished out of the water, and all

through the long year of hell while

they were starving in Andersonville

they had kept these relics of what
they supposed was of their dead commander, and now gave them back to

&

Commander.

He was

only twenty-

two.

D'Artagnan

This

him.

At the close of the Civil War,

young dishing, then only twenty-two

At Fort Fisher, under constant

heavy fire from the fort, Cushing
buoyed the channel in a small skiff,

years old, had the rank of LieutenantCommander of the regular Navy. He

also had the engrossed thanks of the
United States Congress and the Navy
Department in his possession, voted
him in recognition of his magnificent
He
exploit which I have described.
had in addition scores of testimonials,
medals, and letters of commendation
from generals of divisions, admirals.
Union Leagues, and corporate bodies
all over the country.
No life of Cushing has ever been
His only
written that I know of.
history is found in fragmental records in the archives of the American
Navy.
After the destruction of the
Albemarle, the squadron soon captured Plymouth and the surrounding
Only one of those on the
country.
\ll
launch with Cushing escaped.
the others were either drowned, killed
or captured.
In speaking of his exploit he said to General Wilson, the
historian, that he knew the chances
were ten to one against him escaping with his life, but Cushing didn't
know what fear was and he said as

continuing to work for six hours

under constant fire from the fort to
mark the way for the attacking vessels.
In the final assault, he led a
force of sailors and marines, from
the "Monticello," in the attack from
the sea under unceasing fire at short
range, which

cut

down many

of his

men. With the remnant, he crossed

a hundred yards of sand, rallied his
forces and did such gallant aid to
the troops, that before midnight, the
fort surrendered.

Closing Days.
After the war was over, Cushing
served on the Pacific and Atlantic
squadrons, and in 1872, he was advanced to the rank of Commander,

being the youngest officer of that

But
rank in the American Navy.
Cushing, like Paul Jones, had burned
the candle at both ends and in the
middle.
His health broke down and
he was allowed a leave of absence to
recover his shattered nerves. But his
system was completely undermined

fit

J.

M. Cox. Clovis Union High School,

Clovis,

most dashing

of

young man

from

W isconsin,

D'Artagnan of the navy, was a

follower of Paul Jones whose story

told

you

last

month.

Frank H. Arnold, Principle of the

Lewis and Clark Evening School and
of writing in the grade
schools, Spokane, Wash., will give a

supervisor

course of instruction in penmanship

for teachers and writing supervisors
in the summer course at Washington
The
State College, Pullman, Wash.
president of that institution. Dr. E. A.
Holland, secured Mr. Arnold's services for the summer course. Mr. Arnold is making a wide reputation as a
teacher of writing.

H. K. Durkes recently purchased from

C. B. William^ the Huntington Business University, Huntington, Ind. Mr.
Durkes was a student in the Zanerian
College some years ago and has since
been engaged in teaching penmanship
and commercial branches. The B. E.
wishes the H. B. U. much success under the new management.

Tom

Sawyier, A. B., the well-known

penman, will have charge of the Department of Handwriting Pedagogy
and Practice in the Ohio University
at Athens during the summer term.

yfOl&~2rrfLy

By

the

the

two when he

destroyed the rebel,

"Ironclad," single-handed almost. But
this was not his last exploit.

is

Dumas' heroes. If you haven't

read the great novel, "The Three
Musketeers," get it. He was always
hunting for trouble and always finding it and fighting gallantly through.
all

Calif.

&

&

laifaat r*

PENMANSHIP SUPERVISOR
ANSWERS QUESTIONS

ward

[Editor"s Note
Previous to one
of the supervisors' meetings, the
grade
teachers
in
the
public
schools of Newburgh, N. Y., sent
the
supervisor of penmanship.
Miss Ethelind M. Phelps, a number of questions.
Her answers
The questions can easily
follow.
be imagined. The idea is a good
one, for the grade teachers cannot
ask questions without becoming
interested in the work, and by
furnishing written answers the
supervisor can give something
that is probably of more value
than oral answers.
hope to
present more work of this character from supervisors.
Editor.]

We

LEFT HANDEDNESS
Right and left handedness
majority of cases, inherited.
is a result of accident
Four per cent of the people
left handed, three per cent
l

in the
In a few
or habit.
are born
of these
is,

are intentionally instructed to change;

and the remaining one per cent continue to be left handed.
Measurements of the hands and
arms of 20,000 individuals have been
taken by Dr. W. F. Jones, of the University of Dakota. He found that the
length of the bones, circumference
of wrist, forearm, and upper arm determined the "handiness of a person."
If the measurements of the right arm
and hand were greater than the left,
in most cases the person was found
to be right handed.
If the measurements of the left arm and hand proved
to be greater than the right, the per-

son was found to be left handed. The

arm and hand that has the greater
measurement is stronger and more

and consequently,

skillful,

that

is

more

is

the direction of movement being contrary to that of a right handed writer.

Since writing of this kind cannot be
easily read, we must teach the child
to write a right handed method.
The question arises whether or not
it is best to force a right handed art
left

handed

child.

To

this

question no agreement has yet been

made between educators and penmen.

Penmen have given much time to the
question, and
change where

believe it is
is possible.

best

the child is changed from a left

t oa right handed writer, considerable
board work should be given to train
and strengthen the right hand and
If

The work must be observed

arm.

of-

ten to see that it is performed in a

right handed manner.
Left handed pupils should be seated
farthest from the light. If seated too
near the window, the light falling upon the desk and paper will cause too

great a reflection.

The paper of the

should be more to

left

handed pupil

the left than to

right of the center of the desk,
and so placed that the base line is
diagonal to the upper left and lower
right corners of the desk.
the

SEAT ADJUSTMENT
The seats in most of the rooms are
not adjustable, but perhaps the following helps will enable the teachers
to properly seat the pupils:

Have

the child sit in a seat which

be of the proper height.
Then note the following in regard to
I.
Seat.
See that the seat in on a
level with the under side of the knee.
II.
Desk. Having the child's arm
down at the side of the body with the
elbow bent, see that the top of the
desk is on a level with the lower side
of the forearm.

seems

to

to both.

COUNTING
Counting for
should be done

exercises or letters
softly, and at a speed
that will not interfere with the accuracy of the letter.

Short words may sometimes be

counted, longer words may be spelled,
or counted and spelled. Iii most eases

to

board work should be given once a

week, and should precede the written
work.

der
the

of

the

work

same
same kind

same

time

or

rhythm

because

the

movement used in the word "soar" is

detached, in "minimum" is continuous,

and

"chirography" is .complex.
of counts to a letter

in

The number

and the rate of speed for a

pends upon the size of the

letter deletter, the

contains, and the
kind of strokes in the word.
Exercises or separate letters should
be counted. Words should be spelled
at a fair rate of speed.
Sentences at
the first writing may be written by
spelling each word.
Later, repeating
the word may be all that is necessary, and finally the sentence may be
written within a designated number
of seconds.
Uniform speed may be secured (1)
by having the children write at the
teacher's rate of counting, and (2) by
having the children write a specified
number of words or sentences within
a given time.

number

of strokes

it

AIMS OF THE GRADES

Grades

and

II:

Eye-training of Perceptive stage.

POSITION", FORM.
Maximum amount of board
Amis:

tice,

and

large

free

pracwriting on

paper.

GOOD

general forms of letters,

words, and short sentences.

Grades III and IV:

Muscle training stage.
Aims: POSITION, MOVEMENT.
Forms: Plain rather than precise.
Speed:
Easy and rhythmic.

Grades V and VI:

Form and movement stage.
Aims: FORM. MOVEMENT.
Emphasis upon details in form.

III.

Grades VII and VIII:

Review and Reconstructive stage.
Aims: Good Writing.
Weak points made strong and errors corrected.
in quality, application
of writing, individualism in handwriting, and speed.

Improvement

While some of the children in

Grade I are at the board, the remainshould observe
board and be ready to

children

at the

In small classes board and

seat work can be carried on at the
same time.
Board work and seat work can be
carried on at tin- same time in Grades
criticise.

satisfac-

the

II.

paper.
In Grades V to VIII a few minutes

most

of strokes, and, therefore, the count

for each letter or word must not be
the same. For example: the count for
should not be the same as for I
or E.
The counting or the spelling
of
the
words "soar," "minimum,"
"chirograph" would not be of the

paper.
In Grades I and II board work
should be given every day, and should
follow seat work, except where written work upon paper is given.
If
written work upon paper is given, the
board work should precede the seat

work upon

the

is

letters do not have

number of strokes, or the

I.

much

word

spelling a
tory.
All

easier to learn to write

upon the blackboard than to write
upon paper because the writing upon
the blackboard is larger and requires
less skill to perform it.
Because of a
larger form, details can be noted and
errors corrected in a much shorter
time than the written work upon
is

Grades III and IV a few minutes board work should be given twice
a week, and should precede written

child

solve the problem:

I.
If the writing with the left hand
is poor, performed with the cramping
of hands and fingers, gripping of the
pen, and an uncomfortable and awk-

him

In

it

urging

have

work.

to change
from left to right handed writing, it
must l>e determined whether or
first
not it is best for the individual child
in mind to change.
Would it be better with the left hand to reform and
improve his writing, or would it be
better to have the child train tinright hand?
The following will help

Before

to

VIII, equal attention being given

II to

BOARD WORK

from left to right. In teaching a left

handed writer to write left handed,
he is taught to write toward the body,

efforts

failed,
measure the
length of both arms, wrists and hands,
and urge the child to use the hand
showing the greater measurements.

It

a right handed art, handwriting

directed away from the body, i. e.,

upon

left hand after

change have

the hand

often used.

As
is

position maintained, have the

child use the right hand.
II.
If with the left hand the child
writes well, with ease, and sits in a
good position, allow him to continue
to use the left hand.
III.
If the child persits in using the

Mr. and Mrs. Hans Johnson announce the marriage of their daughElsie May, to Mr. John Addison
Stryker on Thursday, the 24th of
Aprile, 1913, North Platte, Nebraska.
ter,

y/u-ldujS/iejSt'i&i-a&r

(wwiImi
'ma
LEGIBILITY
ZANER
By

N. C. T. F.

(Continued from May)

RETRACES AND LOOPS

Legibility

order to represent the twenty-

In

variations
of
strokes or elements and principles or
forms are necessary for facility in
both writing and reading. Thus, onehalf of the small letters are tall or
letters,

certain

extended in order to make them distinct from the low and. wide or mini-

mum letters. Portions of the extended and loop letters are made up from
the minimum letters, such as the i in
t: the a in d, g and q; the v in b, h and
y; etc.

The t, d and p group is distinguishable from the loop group because they
are generally retraced rather than
looped.
The practice of some in
teaching a looped d and p is dangerous because it destroys an important
group and leads to a looped t.

Both

the loop as in 1 or the retrace

as in t are capable of rapid execution,
and being taller than the minimum
letters, they are easily recognized.

The

loop

letters,

which

tion.

President Reed and every

member

of the Executive Committee, together

with Secretary Otis L. Trenary, o

Kenosha, Wisconsin, met in Chicago

a few days ago and made arrangements for beginning a campaign for a
big attendance. Already two hundred
members have enrolled and paid their
dues.
Exhibition space in being applied for and advertising space in the
program is already at a premium.
If you want to knock, boost, give
directions, or simply want to become

member of the liveliest Association

of teachers that exists, get in touch
a

with President James C Reed. Whitewater, Wisconsin, or General Secretary

)tis L. Trenary, Kenosha, Wis<

STATEMENT

same as in the capital letters.

The exact height of the extended
and loop letters is of minor conselong as they are distinguishable at a glance from the minimum letters and yet not so long as
to interfere with the writing on the
line above or below.
The retraced form of t, d and p are
not only plainer, but they provide an
option in pen lifting which the looped
forms do not give.
so

Director

of Business
Training in the Kansas City Polytechnic Institute, Kansas City. Mo., is
to have charge of a class in penmanship at the University of California,
Berkeley, during the summer school.
which lasts from June 30th to August
6th.
His class is to be composed of
persons who can already write a good
hand, but who have had no teaching
experience.
Mr. Kirker's work will,
therefore, consist of drilling in methods and in inspecting the work in the
practice department as they undertake
The people of California
to teach.
are seeing to it that the pupils of that
state are given the best possible opportunity of acquiring a practical
handwriting.
The work such a perF.

J.

THE

OF

OWNERSHIP,

MA.\AL,t.MXI, CIKll LAliUA, LTC.

Act

of

Required by the
Congress of Aucust

24.

1912

Of Business Educator Teachers' Professional

Edition, puhlished Monthly at ColumLus, Ohio.
for April, 1919.

State of Ohio

County

of iranklin
Before me, a Notary Public in and for the
state and county aforesaid, personally
appeared E. W. B loser, who, having been duly
sworn according to law, deposes and says that
he is the Business Manager of the Business
Educator, and that the following is, to the
'

best of his knowledge and belief, a true stateof the ownership, management (and if
daily paper, the circulation), etc., of the
aforesaid publication for the date shown in
the above caption, required by the act of
August 24, 1912, embodied in section 443,
Postal Laws and Regulations, printed on the
reverse of this form, to wit

ment
a

1.

lisher,

That the names and address of the pubeditor, managing editor, and business

managers are:

Name

of
Post-Office Address
Publisher, Zaner & Bloser
Columbus, O.
Editor, C. P. Zaner
Columbus, O.
Editor, E. VV. Bloser, Columbus, O.
Business Manager, E. W. Bloser,

Managing

Columbus, O.
2.
That the owners are: (Give names and
addresses of individual owners, or, if a corporation, give its name and the names and
addresses of stockholders owning or holding
1
per cent or more of the total amount of
,tock.)
E. W.

consin.

includes

those below the line, j, y,.z, g, q and f,

require more forward and backward
motion than the minimum letters, but
their strokes run in much the same
general direction as those of the minimum letters, which makes them subject to the same law of motion.
The
looped part of the letters, as well as
the retraced part, requires a modified
direction and movement, much the

quence

Hundreds of commercial teachers

from coast to coast who missed the
Convention of the Xational
Commercial Teachers' Federation last
year because of postponement on account of the war, will be happy to
know that the machinery for the biggest and best Convention the Federation has ever had in already in moannual

Their Relation to Speed and

six

CONVENTION BALL

STARTS ROLLING

C. P.

Kirker,

son as Mr. Kirker is capable of doing

surely manifest
will
itself
in
due
course of time.

Bloser, Columbus, O.
That the known bondholders, mort3.
gagees, and other security holders owning
or holding 1 per cent or more of total amount
of bonds, mortgages, or other securities are:
(If there are none, so state.)

None.
4.
That the two paragraphs next above,
giving the names of the owners, stockholders,
and security holders, if any, contain not only
the list of stockholders and security holders
as they appear upon the books of the company but also, in cases where the stockholder
or security holder appears upon the books of
the company as trustee or in any other judiciary relation, the name of the person or corporation for whom such trustee is acting, is
given also that the said two paragraphs contain statements embracing affiant's full knowledge and belief as to the circumstances and
conditions under which stockholders and security holders who did not appear upon the
books of the company as trustees, hold stock
and securities in a capacity other than that of
a bona fide owner
and this affiant has no
reason to believe that any other person, association, or corporation has any interest direct
or indirect in the said stock, bonds, or other
securities than as so stated by him.
5.
That the average number of copies of
each issue of this publication sold or distributed, through the mails or otherwise, to
paid subscribers during the six months preceding the date shown above is (This information is required from daily publications
;

only.)

E.

W. BLOSER,
General Manager.

Sworn

to

26th .lay of

and subscribed
March, 1919.

EARL

A.

before

me

this

LUPFER,
Notary Public.

(Seal)

(My commission

expires Jan.

17,

1920.)

H. A. Henry, of the Detroit. Mich.,

Business University, who has been on
duty in the Headquarters Staff at

Camp
A

skillful

signature by A.

W.

Dakin. Syracuse. N. Y.

Custer, Mich., has received his

discharge and is ready to again take

up his duties as a commercial teacher.

is

S/u'JtitM/wJj&utt'a/c?"

Engraved by M. Montague, Chicago

WANTED

POLICY WRITER
(Desi gning s unfa

(Diplomas

by Life Insurance Company to accept position

Must have
Fine place to work.
at once.
good references. Apply by letter, with samples of work.

iMmninathtg

State Mutual Life Assurance Company,

^ Certificates (ettereTi

(Siesnlntinns 3tluttaes

^ (hmtes

Desires to Purchase
Business School
An experienced school man desires to purchase for cash, a fairly large Business School
in a city of 3.000 population or larger. Address, M. G care Business Educator,

FOR SALE

good

Columbus, Ohio.

Business College in
together with a large int<
and farming population.
Big territ
draw from.
School established nine
Well and favorably known and locate
the
most progressive state in the
(Oklahoma).
This is a great chance

of

first-class

pOR

20,000,

will

.the
talk.

adford

SALE A

shorthand school, es-

-*

tablished seventeen years, thoroughequipped, in a live city of Michigan.

Equipment inventories $4,000. Location

ly

ideal.
fine

to

Ha

few

WORCESTER. MASS.

340 Main St.

Gross receipts last year $4,500.

chance for two live, experienced

school men.

$10,000 school,
White, Arlington, Kai

Address "Michigan", care Bus-

iness Educator, Columbus, Ohio.

adapted for Class or individual instruction. Fine for study at

rourse to teachers.
Send for free examination copy.
ially

Byrne Practical Touch

Typewriting
Fourteen years' success in some of AmerContains new features
making possible more accuracy and speed.
By the use of our Key Board Practice Chart
less typewriters are required.
The text is
positively a time saver and result getter.
Examination copy, post paid, thirty cents.
Twenty-five
Byrne Practical Dictation Book.
ica's largest schools.

thousand

in use.

Examination copv

thirty-five centi*.

The Byrne Simplified Shorthand,

thousand

in use.

Byrne Combii

Over thirty
Examination copy, po&t paid, fifty

Shorthand.

Wr

n'nation

copy, fifty

The W.

H.

Stau'zenberger Pub.

Co.,

home

plan,

36 Winfield Road, Toledo, Ohio

GREAT SHORTAGE WESTERN RURAL TEACHERS

Needed as Never Before.
Rural Dept.

Write immediately for Free Circular.

- NORTHWESTERN TEACHERS' AGENCY - -

Boise, Idaho

The Commercial Teachers' Opportunity

THIS

country is interested, as never before, in the promotion of

commercial education. The demand for commercial teachers is
more urgent and more widespread than at any previous time. The
opportunities for commercial teachers, who have the qualil"icat inns, are attracting many teachers who have not heretofore hern interested. Why rot you?
Get our -fummer school teachers" bulletin and schedule. It
how much training we can give you in one summer.

will surprise

you

to learn

ROCHESTER BUSINESS INSTITUTE,

ijn)tW!ff^TOftfimiui4M'jiiiuamujiM,.ii..iJAiM.ii.i.i.j.i j.mii

uti J

i. iii. r

iM j

Rochester, N. Y.

K3fa^uA//t^A'(2'*Ju&i/r'

Wanted

School Solicitor

Liberal Commissions
Address

H.

care Business Educator, Columbus. Ohio

**

TEACHERS' AGENCY
NORTHWESTERN
and BEST Agency
and
The Largest

Alaska.
For Entire West
Write immediately for free circular.

BOISE. IDAHO

wanted:
Man

Principal.

al

r<

Must be capable

of 35 to 45 year*

assuming general

of

resident department of a rapidly

ss school, and teaching
I

iffici
La*
Permanent connection to right
g, etc.
man with opportunity to advance to high sal-

onunercial

with

'

particulars^ picture,

full

Edu

W.
Colv.mb.

II DEBT
HLDCn

Teachers' Agency
25

E.

Jackson

Blvd.,

CHICAGO

34th Year. Our Booklet contains interesting chapters on Peace salaries, Prospects, especially for teachers of Bookkeeping, Shorthand, Writing, etc. Sent FREE.
Spokane, Peyton Building
Denver, Symes Building
New York, 437 Fifth Ave.

TEACHER WANTED
An expert and successful teacher of Rowe
his
bookkeeping and business penmanship.^
is a high-grade permanent position requiring a
high-grade man: northern city; old established
Box
in
reply.
Give full particulars
school.
'1

1 93, care Business Educator, Columbus,

Ohio.

in

the

inventory price,
middle South.
Lo-

is

city

of

tha
Collet;

prospe

cated

will

.1

bette
ith

si

for
,"

10,000

MARION, IND

territory

Xo

from.

84

CALLS

IN

selling.

care

no charge.

Bldg.,

competition
on investment
Real opportunity for
year.
Perapital, if taken soon.

aw

a money-making business college, write for particulars

CO-OPERATIVE INSTRUCTORS' ASSOCIATION, 41 Cole

SACRIFICE
For early

POSITIONS forTEACHERS and BUSINESS COLLEGES for Sale

We need beginning and experienced teachers to recommend. Write
for our FREE literature; state qualifications briefly. If you would buy

Business

THREE DAYS!
- SALARIES $90 TO

$200!

Educator,

Columbus. Ohio.

450 calls for September teachers are already regisS4 of these calls were included in three days'
tered with us.
Our clients are closing September contracts rapidly.
mails.

More than

AN INSTRUCTOR
1

Colyears experience
raduate of High School. Busine
lv
R
Also University training.
College.
Availabl
ceutly discharged from Army.
--immediately as Head of a large Comn
of
Sch
cial Department or as Principal
1
to offer any indu

Address "X," Care of Business Ei

Columbus, Ohio

If
1.

you are open for engagement between

write to us right away.

now and September

CONTINENTAL TEACHERS' AGENCY

BOWLING GREEN

KENTUCKY

(INC.)

WANTED
TV/JANAGER
L' A
College.

for firstcla^s Business

Prefer one who can make
an investment. Either man or woman.
Fine opportunity for the right person.
Address B. C. K., care Business Educator, Columbus, Ohio.

TEACHERS WANTED
We have openings on the Pacific Coast
a few good teachers of 20th Century
Bookkeeping and Gregg Shorthand. Good
for

those

salaries to

Address

P.

O.

who
Box

are qualified.
466,

Santa Cruz,

TEACHER WANTED
Shorthand
Ma
Department of a small school about July
Graham-Pitman Shorthand, Touch
to
14th.
Typewriting-, Business English and Spelling.
Enclose photo and full
Ideal town to live in.
particulars regarding yourself in first letter.
But little evening
expected.
State salary
Address,
school during the year.

W. H. EARLES, Benton Harbor, Mich.

The Pratt Teachers' Agency

70 Fifth Avenue. NEW YORK
college and normal prraduateB.
specialists, and other teachers to colleges and

Recommends

sehools.

The agency receives many

cial

calls for

commer-

teachers from public and private schools

and business

WM.

colleges.

O. PRATT,

MANAGER

A Man

and His Wife

We

have just placed a man and his wife in a

an interesting arrangement.
fine Western High School at $2300,
brings
a confidential request from the SuperinThe morning mail
tendent of a large city for nominees for the principalship of a
splendid new High School of Commerce, $3000. Score- of places
Men and women. East and West, public and
at $1000 to $1800.
This

is

May

2.

May we

private schools.

help you?

The NATIONAL COMMERCIAL TEACHERS' AGENCY

Ma
E. E.

GAYLORD. Manager

Prospect

(A Specialty by a Specialist)

Some

Don't Guess! Know!

mm\\mm\

Beverly.

people guess, others

are coming to us for comand we

mercial teachers from the East, West, North, South
may have the opportunity of a lifetime for you.

If

on our

help you.

list,

you

KNOW

will

DON'T GUESS!

whether

mmmm

J! EDUCATIONAL BUREAU

R0BT.

A.

GRANT. Pres.

516-518 Nicholas

Bldg.

ST. LOUIS, M0.

.I.UJJ.llUJ^lllli.l.l.|:*iJJW .H..IJ.III.I.II.lJi<.IJ.UU,.mi J |.ll..l!W

l

this

Write us today.

Help Bring the Boys HomeWith W. S.S.

Hill,

bureau can

&

^ffiJ&uJ/ne4&/tu&&r'

BOOK REVIEWS
Our

readers are interested in books of merit,

but especially in books of interest and value
to commercial teachers, including books of
special educational value and books on busiAll such books will be briefly
ness subjects.
reviewed in these columns, the object being to
give sufficient description of each to enable
our readers to determine its value.

build a policy

attempt to idealize them.

you desire

If

Traffic Field.
Published by the
Salle Extension University. ChiCloth, 292 pages.

La

cago.

By bringing together five experts

who have studied the matter from
five

management

in

to

install

scientific

your office, and use

boook, take each
it and think wheth-

this report a- a text

one of the ideas

er

in

or not you can (directly or indiuse it in your own work

rectly)

viewpoints, a well-rounded treat-

ment which should appeal

business

man

presented

is

in

to every
this first

kind.
No topic is more
important to the business world just
now, and yet no book has treated it
before.
In Part One, J. W. Cobey, Traffic

book

of

its

Manager, National Cash Register

Co.,

how to organize a
department; the duties of the
manager; the filing of tariffs

clearly discusses:
traffic
traffic

and other records; tracing lost shipments; reducing packing costs and
freight charges; errors in freight bills;
auditing freight bills and transportation costs; loss, damage, and overcharge claims; local transport; traffic
graphs; development of trade with
foreign countries; duties of the ex-

port manager; foreign shipments.

In Part Two, Brunner Robeson.
President, Brunner Robeson Company, Chicago, discusses Associated
Traffic

Management.

J. P.
treats

Haynes,
on the

Management
J.

manual.

office

Traffic

Commissioner,

Community

Traffic

part three.

in

H. Kane, formerly transportation

rate expert, Illinois State Public Utility Commission, takes up the work
of the
Public Utility Commission

Work.
the
Director,
In

last

part.

N.

D.

Chapin.

Department of Interstate
Commerce, LaSalle Extension Uni-

versity, presents the subject of Railway Traffic Management.

Business men, and especially those

are in this line of work, or those
are preparing to enter this field,
will without a doubt find this book
very interesting and helpful.

who
who

Scientific Office

Management.

H. Leffingwell.

Shaw

Bv W.

Published by A. \V.
Chicago.
Cloth

Company,

cover, 253 pages, price $10.00,

About ten years ago Mr. Leffingwell
began the application to office work
of the principles of the Taylor system
of scientific management, including
planning, analysis, time and motion
study, task and bonus plans, and the
like.
Gradually a definite plan for applying this type of management to
office work was built up, and to the
re-ults he obtained this work is devoted. He points out how the Taylor
scientific management was
applied to the offices of the Curtis
and Montgomery,
Publishing
Co..

system of

Ward and

Co.
In connection with this

work

book

of policies and rules are assembled for

the purpose of suggesting how to

Bookkeeping Exercises.

by Harry Collins Spillman, Specialist in Commercial Education for the Federal Board of

Personality,

Vocational Education.
Published
by The Gregg Publishing Company.
Cloth cover, 206 pages. Price, $1.50.
The essays comprising this volume
are based upon a series of addresses
delivered by the author before the
Xew York High Schools.
The author has sought, through the
medium of the questionnaire at the
end of each chapter, to give to this

The rea practical character.

obtained 'will depend upon the
vigor of the reader or teacher in applying the questionaires and in supplementing these with illustrations
and questions drawn from personal
experience.
The book has been written for all
book
sults

men and women who concede that

the best school can give only a start
in
the direction of real education;
that we never graduate at all but are
always in a state of educational transit; that man's intellectual and spiritual unfoldment is a matter quite apart
from books; that the greatest school
of all is the classroom wherein 'he
himself both teacher and stu'the school of self discovery and

finds

dent

development.

The Training
liam

Thomas
by

J.

By Wil-

of a Salesman.

Maxwell.

Vice-President,

A. Edison, Inc.

B. Lippincott

Cloth
delphia.
price $1.50.

Published

Company,

cover.

220

Philapages,

Under four phases of the art, gaining attention, enlarging interest, creating conviction, and closing, the author
has gathered the methods by which
these phases are to be executed, and
illustrated them with concrete examples, so that the lessons sink in the
mind to stay.
He has put into practical and inspiring form just such talks as he
gives the army of salesmen who have
built up the great company over which
His chapter headings,
he presides.
such as: Sizing up a customer; Approach: Overcoming a customer's indifference; Getting the orders; Good
salesmanship badly done; Why Edison has succeeded; are presented with
such a grasp of human nature, of psychology, and experience, that they offer inspiration and suggestion to the
most experienced reader and are a
veritable life preserver to the beginner.

Part

One

Elementary; Part Two Advanced.

l'.\
Wallace Edgar. Bartholomew.

from

to

The

book and

is made up of excerpts
successful manuals in actual
practice. They are taken from widely
separated types of business and no
attempt has been made to harmonize
them, the intention being to show
them exactly as they are. rather than

This manual

Specialist in

Commercial Education,

The University

of the State of

Xew

York. Published by the Gregg Pub-

Company, Xew York

lishing

City.

Price 00c for each part.

Part one brings together a number
of drill and review exercises for use
in the elementary bookkeeping classes.
A generous portion of the book
is
given to business narrative, the
most effective means for reviewing
the principles and technique involved
in making the business record.
Part Two presents a collection of
supplementary exercises for use in
more advanced classes in the subject.
A study of the principles underlying
the bookkeeping devices, such as subsidiary ledgers, columnar books, and
the like, as well as of the technique
involved in the use made of these devices, constitutes a prominent feature
of the work in advanced bookkeeping.
Students of Bookkeeping will find
these books very helpful in their endeavor to master the principles of

Bookkeeping.

Economics

of Efficiency, by N. A.
Briscoe. A. M.. Ph. D Department
of Political Science, College of the
Published by
City of New York.

The
York.

MacMillan

New

Company,

Cloth cover, 385 pages, price

$1.50.

The chief aim of this book is to

open the eyes of business men to the
underlying principles of efficiency, to
emphasize the importance of these
principles,

and

to explain their

ods and working

business

all

men

in

such a

meth-

way

that

will profit.

Efficiency is the watchword of future industrial progress, growth, and

expansion.
The business man who
heeds the edicts of efficiency will be
the one who will be able to produce
at the least cost,

and to

command

the

markets.
The author has placed much valuable material in this work at our disposal.

The Parents' and Teachers' Association of the Ethical Culture School,

Central Park West and 63rd Street,
Xew York City, X. Y., publishes a

very interesting magazine, "School

Home." Some of the articles
treated in the winter number for 1910
Prevocational High
are as follows:

and

The Commercial
School
Courses;
High School Courses; Industrial Arts
High School Courses; Business and
The Schools; The Experimental Primary Classes in the Ethical Culture
School.
A s w e understand, commercial
teachers can secure a copy of the
magazine free of charge, and we believe that all would find a copy well
worth writing for.

Engrossing of Diplomas
Certificates, etc.. done in first class style at
moderate prices. Write for particulars.
471 Gates St., Columbus, 0.
G. H. ZIMPFER,

df
The Art

&

<!MJ&ud/n^&6u*f&r

of

ENGR O S S ING
P.

W. COSTELLO
Scranton, Pa.

RESOLUTIONS OF

CONDOLENCE

XaduUi'anua

memorial in charact e r,
the recording
angels on either side
of the top of the design helping greatly
carry out this
to
phase of the general

of

resolutions,

IK KfttfKIAM

In this month's contribution under

the head of engrossing we present a
piece of work that is

ufu

lay out.
Strathmore
bristol board was the
stock used for this set
and the entire work

^cima.

lfotmhi.c'1'alcol-

Iptfi,

'V

l9l_8jhc Mfou'iiiq resolutions uvre

aoopfco:^*

Xkmlmitcinorqi-

'

was done

in black and white.

Size
the original 22x28 inches.
The
society responsible for the passage of
the resolutions, being an Irish organization, a few bits of decoration emblematic of that part of the world is
not out of place, hence the introduction into the design of the ancient
harp and shamrock sprays. The circular design at the top center of the
work is a copy of the official emblem
of the organization.
Great care mjst
be taken in the laying out of the binder effect, and the work in general is
such as may not be put into a cheap
set of resolutions. Much of the Uttering is of the time eating variety, and
the engrosser ought to receive at least
$200.00 for a set of resolutions similar
to the one here shown.

of

r,r T)EEP REP

5TEEMED AND AIWREtTWTfl5
AND HIS EARNESTNESS IN EVERYTHING CONNECTED WITH
HOLY CHURCH AND HIS STERLING INTEGRITY AND PATRIOTISM AS
'

AITH

,Njs4MEfljCAN; CITIZEN 3F IHISH.BUJQQj. THEREFORE.

ffiwtm Itic OMlfi of our wtremcJyJrofotw mourn tftefcrf

who wa$~inbean& to uffij firmans virtues- m wenj rcfahoaof fosiixc-y
^soaaffife.ano;i>iiife

*4f//u

The COSTELLO COURSE

In

Ifw

PA.

for study

2nd pract

minateJrf aiFOnwnisajjoii

RniuricO

JohnX-toM;

niari i.^illim.'Jraiilr'mr'!}

P. W. COSTELLO
Engrosser and Illuminator
SCRANTON.

uxm

jumor^ilunuii^iuVii,

Is no longer an experiment,
but an unqualified success.
Send postal card for particulars

Hall Bldg..

oopjrtarc' is a &tJ Moutfo ouroiqonfeahoniUK:

Jilliflml$fllli|,

'"

Engross ng by Correspondence

Odd Fellows

(its

'-Thot ificsc iwofofions St sprcab

one a com Bropcrfq qigrossiO

to tfis

faeAvS

r^

tamilu

&

&J<3$u4/nM&&u*t&r
Mrs. Goodhue
teacher
School.

W.

in

is

new commercial

the Danvers,

Wright,
have charge of
partment of the
School, Conrad,

Mass.,

High

Shelby. Mont., is to
the Commercial De-

C.

Teton County High

Mont., next year.

In September, Elizabeth Griffith, now

with the Richford, Vt.. High School,
will teach commercial branches in the
Rockville Center, X. V., High School.

Miss Neva

Denison,

substituting

in

High School,

will

tion during the

G.

G.

Hill, of
Del.,

mington,

who

has

been

Watertown, S. D.,
remain in that posi-

coming year.
Goldey College, Wilis

have charge of
Teachers' Training
to

Commercial
Department of the Indiana, Pa., State
Normal School during 1919-20.
the

for a number of
years in the Merchants' & Bankers'
"Business School, New York City, recently accepted a position with the
Bryant & Stratton School. Buffalo.
Mr. Crawford will be followed in New
York by Air. C. C. Miller, of Strayer's
Business College, Washington, D. C.

John A. Crawford,

M. Greenhouse, formerly with St.

John's Military Academy, Manlius, N.
Y..

is

substituting for the rest of this

school year in the High School of

Poughkeepsie, XT Y. Mr. Greenhouse
has only recently been mustered out

Miss Vi

Neveaux, Minneapolis, is
to be the new commercial teacher in
the Blue Earth, Minn., High School
jla

next vear.
Mrs. F. D. Smith, of Spring Valley, N.
V.. will teach Gregg shorthand and
related work in the Plainfield. N. J.,
High School next fall.
J. W. Rumrill, now with the Huntsinger Business College, Hartford,
Conn., is to have charge of the Commercial Department of the Gilbert
High School, Winsted, Conn., next

Uniform Questions in Handwriting

for County Teachers of the State of
Ohio prepared by Tom Sawyier, Columbus, Ohio:
1.
Make a sketch of the top of a
desk to show position of body,
arms, elbows, hand, pen, paper, blotter, ink and book.
'Z.
What should be the position of
the feet, body and head?

pupil's

How

3.

how

to

would you show pupils

overcome the innate tendency
rigidity and pen grip-

muscular

to

fall.

ping?

In September Miss Effie Ekberg. of

Minneapolis, will take charge of the

What would you consider the

i.
best and most effective time or place
for writing on the daily program?
What can you say of the value
5.
of counting for exercises, letter and
word practice? When should counting be used?
What are the four essential fac6.
tors in good writing as concerns the

commercial
Falls.

Minn.,

work of the Redwood

High School.

Mr. Roonan, a member of the Senior

Class of the State Normal School at
Salem, Mass., is teaching commercial
branches for the rest of the year in
the Winthrop. Mass., High School.
Beard, formerly Principal of
Business College at Des
Moines, Iowa, is to have charge of
the commercial work of Brown's Business College, Kankakee, 111., during
A.

R.

Brown's

coming year.
H. I. Good, this year in charge of the
commercial work of the High School
at Schenectady, will next year have
the

teaching?

Make one
r.
movement drills

line

for

each of three
developing ease

and speed.
8.
Write the capitals, small letters
and figures to exhibit your knowledge
of formation and ease in execution.

similar responsibility in the Utica, N.

Y..

Free Academy.

of Service.

Amy S. Glass, recently a commercial teacher in the Kenton, Ohio,

High School, was killed a few weeks
ago by an automobile. She was walking and was struck by the machine
which apparently was driven by a person under the influence of liquor and
yet there are those who think tinadoption of the recent prohibition
amendment to the Federal Constitution is an unjustifiable infringement
and restriction of "personal liberty."
Miss

Learn to Write Your Name

Send me 40 cents and I will write your name on
one dozen cards, each card a different style or
combination. If you can get a handsomer lot of
any penmen now living I will return your money.

SPECIAL OFFER!

Isn't that fair?

THE BLud BIRD. This beautiful specimen of

off-hand flourishing; is executed on dark blue
paper, size 8x10 inches, in black, white and gold
ink and I will promise that you have never seen
anything of the kind so handsome before. Price 50c.
IWV INK FOUNTAIN should be used by everyo e who
does broad-pen lettering. It regulates the flow of ink
and pre/ents blots, giving smooth, cle

si.oo.
W. DAKIN. 604 West Colvin Street, Syracuse. N. Y.

A.

With every one dollar order for my inks I will

send free one set of ornamental capitals or one
beautiful flourished bird executed with whiteand
gold ink on blue paper Satin Gloss, the world's

best glossy ink 4 oz. bottle. 50 cts. NONESUCH,

the ink with the brown line and black shade,
same price. Sample cards executed with these
inks free for a two cent stamp.

604

\V.

A. W.
Colvin St.

This envelope was addressed by the masterful A. D. Taylor

in

1898.

It

is

worth study

DAKIN,
Syracuse, N.

9<

'

Mr. R. R. Reed, formerly Prin. of

Brown's Business College, Muscatine,
Iowa, but for the past year Superintendent of Schools, Elm Springs.

Summer

Session

UNIVERSITY

Ark.,

June 30

to

now

Principal of the Commerof the Y. M. C. A.

Schools. Minneapolis, Minn.

These
schools are now known as the Red
Triangle Schools. Mr. Reed is a skillful penman and a commercial teacher
of experience and ability.
We wish
him success in his new field.

R. Neher, Prin. of the Piedmont

Business College, Lynchburg. Ky., is
securing fine results in penmanship,
as shown by the specimen- recently
received from him. Mr. Neher states
that his students are "up in arms with
penholders over their right shoulder
and plenty of Zanerian Push and
C.

Pull."

of

WRITTEN NAME CARDS

University of Virginia
Summer

Order now!

A.

o.

tin-

O'CONNELL, Penman

Le Sueur Center, Minn.

Aug. 23, 1919

Ml e m
Pe m -

large offering of Collegiate Courses for

*>,

Commercial Teachers

in Stenography, TypeBusiness English. Accounting,

Commercial Spanish, Industrial Geography,
Economics. Sociology. Psychology, Voca-

Psychology,

Vocational

Irite for

Guidance,

Methods of Teaching Penmanship and the

trial Arts,

Education,

my

>

Become aGood Pen-

specimens and

tells

how others mastered penmanship by my

Your name will be elegently

various commercial subjects.

method.

Over 200 courses in Education. Economics,

Music, Domestic Science, Fine and IndusChildhood Education, Physical
Clinical Psychology, and all

Collegiate subjects.

card
F.

TAMBLYN, 406 Mayer

For further information address

THE REGISTRAR

if

you enclose stamp.

Here

Kansas

cards, lettered

text 50c, written 25c.

pen drawings for photo

Specimen of penmanship
LESLIE

L.

Professionals:

chance to obtain specimens for your collection from the pen

of that King of Flourishers. Mr. H. S.
Blanchard.
is

City,

Mo.

Masterpiece Flourish, signed

Set of Ornamental Capitals
Set of Business Capitals
Business Letter
Small Flourish
1
1 Dozen Beautifully Written Cards
Mr. E. W. Bloser says:
Blanchard is capable of turning out
marvelously fine work.

ornamental
Script and
engraving.
free.

En-

1
1
1

close stamp.

J.

NEWBY, Penman-Engrosser,

106 Pembroke Arcade Bldg.

Amateurs and

Bide..

From the Hoosier State

(~)NE dozen

Free Public Lectures and Conferences daily

on current National and International Topics
by well-known Authorities.

ll

II

writing.

tional

Session 1919

special School of Accountancy, unde

direction of Frederick Juchhoff, LL
M., Ph. D., offers beginning and advance*
courses in accountancy, economics, law
For catalogue write
and finance.
Director of Summer Session, University
Virginia.

The

Commercial Teachers
A

is

Department

cial

PITTSBURGH
FOR

&

y/it' j&t&i/'/ieJj (^'^ura^rr'

$1.00
25
25
25

25
35

Ml

some

W. MANUEL,

522 Grant Building

Los Angeles, California

Blanchard & Manuel Engrossing Studio

INDIANAPOLIS. IND.

"If a change in bookkeeping texts is considered for next year investigate the *20th Century
Bookkeeping" during vacation. Will send a complimentary copy upon request.

SOUTH-WESTERN PUBLISHING COMPANY,

Cincinnati, Ohio

uji

.ii;i.u^i.u.ii.>.uj.iHJJt"iiiiu.i.mu.inuji..u.iii.i.ii.i.JiJ.ij.m< .miJ.,iiJ.u.iJ
l

3^&u4/ntM<2diuzrifr

DESIGNING &
ENGROSSING
E. L.

BROWN

Rockland, Me.

graving our design for the April number the strength and
character of the original pen
entirely
fore
it

drawing were

deemed

advisable to
design again

run the
in

DECORATIVE PEN DRAWING

Owing

to too

much

reduction

in

en-

lost,

there-

has

been

larger size.
ideas embodied

The

design can be
adapted to scores of
in

this

purposes where a decorative effect

is

desirable.
a rough pencil s-ketch first,
giving especial attention to balance
and masses.
Suggest color values.
Carry your pencil drawing to that
point of accuracy in detail that you
may proceed with the inking, with a
thorough understanding of the form
and color necessary for the most satisfactory results.

Make

Use Zanerian India ink, and a Gillott No. 170 pen for the fine lines on
roses and leaves. A very coarse pen,
or even a stub pen, will be better for
background and the deeper tones
elsewhere.
The arrangement and
thickness of lines used for the different color values must be carefully
studied.
Avoid careless and indifferent work which seldom amount to
much beyond a waste of time.

The lettering should be roughly

"blocked in" for the spacing.
The
two words, "Commercial Designing."
were ruled and pointed up with a

common
It

is

pen.

Watch

the spacing.

your advantage

to

to

master

the pen technique of this design, and

we are quite sure you will appreciate
the fact that this lesson has been repeated in this number for your special
benefit.

BOOK REVIEWS
Our readers are interested in books of merit,
but especially in books of interest and value
to commercial teachers, including books of
special educational value and books on business subjects.
All such books will be briefly
reviewed in these columns, the object being to
give sufficient description of each to enable
our readers to determine its value.

The Executive and His Control of

Men. By E. B. Gowan, Assistant
Professor of Commerce, New York
University. Published by The MacMillan Company, New York. Cloth
cover, 350 pages, price $1.50.

The author's primary aim in this

book is to increase one's executive
Accordingly he tells how personal efficiency is developed, treating
of such topics as The Energizing
Rate. The Increase of Power. Organization, and Systematic Personal Efability.

The various methods by means

which the executive motivates his

fort.

of

men

are then considered.

The book treats an important subject in a practical way; it makes use

of the best things in modern social
psychology and applies it directly to
the executive.
It should, therefore,
be of interest to students of social
psychology, as well as of business and
to executives.
Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education. Bureau of Education, Bulletin,
1 !HS,
Xo. 35.
Government
Printing Office. Washington, D. C.
Price,

This

5
is

cents.
a

report

of

the

N.

E.

A.

Commission on the Reorganization of

Secondary Education, and is the result of several years of work.
Every
High School teacher interested in a
better organization of schools should

read

it.

While commercial education

&

<5^&u4/n&U/&&unfir
I

barely mentioned, the bulletin is of

interest to commercial teachbecause it has been largely the
introduction of commercial subjects
that has made necessary a reorganization of secondary schools, and in
this reorganization the practical arts
are -Hire to find a larger place.

Saving Devices. The Desk and the

Dispatch of Work."
The principles of "Methodizing and
Means of Communication," such as.
"Handling Office Mail, Organization
of Messenger Service. Filing Standardization," are explained in detail in

Office Management, by Lee Galloway,

Published 'by the Ronald
Ph. D.
Press Company. New York City.
TOO
page
book bound in full flexA
Price $6.00, postpaid.
ible leather.

Correspondence.
Stenographic

Dr. Galloway combines long experience as a business executive with

He explains
keen analytical ability.
clearly and concisely the principles

ling Purchases and Stores, Traffic,

Credits, Collections, Sales, Advertising, Accounts.
One of the most important problems that confronts the Office Manager today is the Training and Development of Office Workers.
The
scientific selection of employees, fol-

i-

I special
1

I
I

I
I

ers,

part

Wo

will find, with this

as a guide, that he can go into
almost any department of a business
and after a thorough study and analysis install methods which will result
in establishing the greatest possible
efficiency.
The subject matter is divided into
In part one. the "Prinseven parts.
ciples of Office Administration" are
discussed. Under this head come the
"Field of the Office Manager, Development of the Modern Office, Departmental and Unit Methods of OrganiFunctions and
zation, Analysis of

of.

Office.

Work, Labor

book

This

out

discussed

in

detail

Price.

of special value to
girls who have taken

commercial course and who will

be required to complete the arithmetical portion by the end of the first
school year.

is

is

those boys and

ocmplished

pointed

in

Some of the more important chapters treat of the following:

Business

part six.
In discussing the salary question,
the author shows a thorough comprehension of the difficulties to be encountered. Methods are indicated by
which different systems may be
adapted to the needs of any department, and special problems of bonussetting are analyzed and thoroughly
explained.
In order that the readers may unclearlv
the
fundamental
derstand

i.

Leasing an

Cloth cover, 490 pages.

Co.
Si. '.(i.

up

is

Forms, Percentage, Commercial DisInterest, Numbers and

count. Simple

Processes. Production and

Consump-

Transportation Problems, Man-

tion,

ufacturing Problems, Financing the

Business, Business Measurements.
Every boy and girl, regardless of
hi- or her subsequent career, will be
greatly benefited by working through
this book.

VICTORY
When

"A war which has no

Cartield said

the sentiment of Milton, that

Then,

too, the "idea

"Who

behind

it"

idea behind

is

simply

a brutality,"

The

he voiced

half his foe."

a practical idea, to justify the struggle.

THE PRACTICAL TEXT BOOK COMPANY'S

equipment, because "There

is

overcomes by force hath overcome but

must be

are prepared with this idea in mind.

it

Practical

Books

victories of peace require the

more dynamite

in

a practical idea than in

for Practical Schools

most complete mental

many bombs."

Get s,,me of our books for examination, and you will recognize at once their fitness to
enable you and your students to achieve success in modern business life. The catalogue and
price

list

are free, and

you cannot afford

to neglect this

warning while your competitors are

progressive in this regard.

'We give special introductory and exchange

prices.

Ask

for catalogue today.

THE PRACTICAL TEXT BOOK COMPANY

1739 Euclid Avenue
dii.wi.miJ^uj.iiujMiiiii.m!auj.iB..iiw^^

in-

Walsh's Business Arithmetic, by John

H. Walsh. Associate Superintendent
of Schools of New York City. Published by The Gregg Publishing

as the rational
way of minimizing the evil of labor
turnover.
Hotw this may be best acness,

Part two is based on, Location,

Layout and Equipment,
e.. the "Se-

advancement, it will be both an

spiration and a help.

lowed by specialized training and

promotion as soon as they show fit-

Duties."

11

Stenographic

Part five treats of the "Work of

the Business Departments," in hand-

manual

and

r k.

output." etc.

average executive

Layout

three.

Part four deals with the "Control of

Standardization of

upon which office management must

be based to be truly successful. The

lecfion of an Office.

principles, the author has set forth

instructive charts and diagrams,
as well as maii3' useful forms and
blanks for various systems and records.
This book is invaluable as a reference book and as a guide to the executive who must control and
coordinate the varied departmental activities of the complex modern office.
To the subordinate in any capacity
win. wishes to make the best use of
his opportunities and fit himself for

many

CLEVELAND, OHIO

y/u '3&UM/itjj C</uta6r*

name
V"OUR
T

written

'a> style on doz.

uttit free with
J

Ornamcn-

in

cards,20c. Agts.
order.
I teach

and Penmanship by mail.

Circular for stamp.

BYERS, Neodesha. Kans.

ENGROSSING AND
CARD WRITING
my

are

Were you

specialties.

satisfied with your last year's

the price you
diplomas, and
paid to have them filled in?

Write for samples and prices.

12 cards, plain or fancy,
cents.

25

GRiSET,

G. D.
2409

Hartzell St

EVANSTON.

ILL.

Rqents wanted in cucri) city

in the Wited States

anMourn

to sell the

most beaumul

MERVIfERECORD
-

-on the market-

"3.000.000 IN

at the present time.

THE LAST DRAFT

ru Rome uiith a seruice f(a<) m

unndeui a prospMtiue buyer ,

#WJIUs R a "

- )

l^cranton.'T'a

HIGGIN8'
ETERNALINK -ENGROSSING INK
WRITES EVERLASTINGLY BLACK
The Eternal Ink

i
for general writing in plain ( rfountain
pens (2 oz. bottle by
1 20c.)
i

The Engrossing Ink

special writing, engrossing,
etc., (2oz. bottle by mail 30c.)
These inks write black from the pen
point and stay black forever; proof
to age, air, sunshine, chemicals and
fire.

If your dealer
r.;isy

very simple and effective flourish from the pen of H. S. Blanchard,

of the Blanchard & Manuel Engrossing Studio, Los Angeles.

its

in order to be sure of

M.

15 John St., Nutley. H.

AN ABSOLUTE FACT
Samples

selected specimen
cents right now

SAN JUAN. PORTO RICO

er\

in teaching penmanship
can be obtained in one half less time, cost and
labor by using my Special Ruled Practice

Paper and Guide Sheets.

me 25

your grasping this opportunity.

OTERO COLMENERO,

BOX 486

J.

That better results

P,Of

to

Work
tG&&m

V&ricnn-

rds written 25c doz EngrossScrap !... k ol'f,

:; Flourishing
iming Si. UiH; Pen and Ink Porits; Commercial Art and Carins for advertising.
Your Porit and Cartoon of your business
nbined Agents wanted Specgraduating cla
.

teachers for the asking.

My

newinvention-

WjL

THE ADJUSTOGRAPH
position and movement
Sample, 25 cents. Address

ghas. m. hi6GINS&co..mfr.
BROOKLYN.

SHARWELL EXPERT SCHOOL.

try to see mv written cards.

Send
for your scrap book FREE

must

A rapid and
Taught by mail.

pupils.

thorough course for beginners.

Write for free leeson.

makes

dots not supply

271 NINTH ST.

Of

SHOKTHANI*
OCKKCi;
tion course for advanced

C. A.

FAUST, 1024

N.

Robey

100'.

St.,

SURE.

Chicago,

A. BOTTS, Penman-Artist-Cartoonist
WICHITA. KAN
58 S. LAWRENCE ST.

W.

III.

N. V.

PEN LETTERING
VALUABLE BOOK ON COMMERCIAL
Commercial Pen
Compendium
HIGH GRADE

DIPLOMAS^

^iWnmj mU4
>

CERTlflCATES,
Best

Quality Lowest

Prices

great variety of beautiful stock

diplomas suitable for all kinds of schools.
Send for full-sized
Catalogue free.
samples.

Made-to-Order Diplomas a Specialty

Sketches and estimates furnished

Resolutions Engrossed

Diplomas Filled

Esterbrook Pens
The biggest business unit

in America, the
U. S. .Government, uses them; also the
majority of schools and business colleges.
Designed with a knowledge of what is needed in a pen.

Send

Designing for All Purposes

HOWARD & BROWNED

Letterof
"Practical
ing and Designs." (1918 edition, revised and enlarged
especially giaded and arranged for School use.) A complete instructor in the use or the Marking, Shading, Plain.
Special, Border and Shadow Lettering PenB. Contains
100 pages 7^ x 10S illustrating 14S plateB of Commercial
Pen Alphabets. D- signs. Show Card LayoutB, Corners,
Borders, Scroll Designs, etc., with complete instructions
This book has a beautiful front cover page
for each
We guarantee this
printed in three colors and Gold.
book to be exactly as repres<
Comp!e"
Prepaid. $1.00.

10c for

samples of the

12

most popular Esterbrook Pens.

ESTERBROOK PEN MFG. COMPANY

Camden, N.

50-70 Cooper Street

J.

Rockland, Maine

caw/ili?iff
jiMp.ijmwwii.T<rpBrmm. .wmF<WBBH
;i

Zaner Method Writing Paper

No. 10
A Good

&

<5^t38g*&/i^&&u&&r

39

Gillott's
The Most Perfect

Pens
o!

Pens

School Paper

PRICES
1

45c

2Hb., 8x104
more package lots
or more package lots

package

(250 sheets)

10 or

421c

100

40c

package 500 sheets) 5 lbs.,

more package lots
100 or more package lots
1

80c

8x10.1

DOUBLE ELASTIC PEN,

77'c

10 or

(Purchaser pays carriage charges

Zaner

&

Bloser

F.

This paper is used largely in the public

It
schools, high and commercial schools.
has long been used by such schools and
is giving the very best of satisfaction.

Send for a sample

No. 604 E.

75c

Gillott's

Pens have for seventy-five years stood the

most exacting tests at the hands of Professional and

Business Penmen. Extensively imitated but never
Gillott's Pens still stand in the front rank,
as regards Temper, Elasticity and Durability.

equalled,

SOLD BY ALL DEALERS

sheet.

Joseph Gillott

Company

ALFRED FIELD &

93 Chambers

Columbus, O.

Penmanship Books You Need

&

Sons

CO., Sole Agents

St.

NEW YORK

Pen Art Portfolio

pencil studies, nature
sketches, portraiture, sketches from life, figure drawing, animal pictures, headings, initial letters, title page
designs, and ideas for engrossers. It should be in every
Price $1.00, postpaid.
penman's library.

8^x11 is, comprising pen and

The Zanerian Manual of Alphabets and Engrossing

A work on modern engrossing, 854x1154, l-> pages,

containing complete courses of instruction in Roundhand, Broad-pen, Penciled and Freehand Lettering, and
Wash and Pen Drawing. It also presents a large
number of beautiful full-page etchings and halftones ot
Resolutions, Diplomas, Certificates, Title Pages and
examples of pen and brush work from the engrossing
It probably contains more information, ideas
masters.
and inspiration than anv book ever published on the
Price $2.00, postpaid.
subject.

Lessons

in

Ornamental Penmanship

92 pages, takes the learner step by step from

It covers thorough
the simplest to the most complex.
lv principles, exercises, words, sentences, verses, pages,
Xo other
capitals, combinations, card writing, etc.
book on ornamental penmanship has been so carefully
graded or so thoroughly planned for the home learner.
Price $1.00, postpaid.
5x85-5,

Zaner Method Manual 144

6x8, 112 pages, is Mr. Zaner' s latest work on practical
handwriting. It is undoubtedly the most valuable, upto-the-minute guide for teachers and students published.
The copies were written freely and photoengraved, and
The
are therefore full of life, grace and beauty.
author's skill as a business writer and his ability as
a teacher are recognized by the leading penmen everywhere.
The instructions which go with each copy are
clear and to the point, and so written as to make the
work interesting. This book is being used by a large
number of high schools, business colleges, normals,
Price of book, cloth
etc.,
with excellent results.
cover, 50c, postpaid
paper cover, 25c. Special prices
to schools in quantities.
;

Gems

of Flourishing
:

vS'

88 pages, a work devoted to the fascinating

flourishing.
It shows and tells how to make
of flourishes, beginning with the simplest
.

art

of

all

kinds

The instruction and most of the work is from

the pen of Zaner, who has long been lecognized as the
This book will fill you with a
prince of flourishers.
desire to do pen work and afford you many pleasant
hours.
Price 75c, postpaid.
strokes.

ZANER & BLOSER COMPANY,

Penmanship Publishers, COLUMBUS, OHIO

rw!iwaa^j.BWJiiTJiti.iii>i^w.ii,wiiMi,^.u.i.iiaAJji.ffiMTO^wwa

^
"An

&

3&*<32u<tin#&&6u*i&r

Ideal Course of Study"

THE

Picked from

H. M.

ROWE

CO.'s Publications

For Either a Public High

School or a Private School

i.

BOOKKEEPING "Bookkeeping
there
Thrifty."
If

2.

for the

is

LAW "Rowe's

time,

and Accountancy."

"Home Bookkeeping

include

the

for

Essentials of Business Arithmetic."

new 1920

ENGLISH "Dengler's
This book

4.

sufficient

ARITHMETIC "New
(Or wait

3.

is

arithmetic

now

in

Lessons and Exercises

preparation.)

in English."

commercial or stenographic courses.

either fur

Commercial Law"

for the average course.

"Richardson's Commercial

Law"

"Uniform Business Law"

for an extended course.

5.

SPELLING Walters'

6.

PENMANSHIP "Lister's

7.

SHORTHAND "Rowe

is

for

is

brief

"One Hundred Lessons

courses,

and Bush's

in Spelling."

Writing Lessons."

Shorthand"

and

"Test

Exercises

in

Rowe

Shorthand."
8.

SHORTHAND DICTATION Reigner's

"Dictation Course in Business

Literature."

Rowe, Graham, Gregg, Isaac Pitman or Benn Pitman

9.

10.

SPEED

WORK "Booth's

TYPEWRITING "Ross'

Ask

knot

for

price

outlines.

Progressive Dictator."

Lessons

list

in

Touch Typewriting."

and special information about the

in

which you are interested.

143 Second Street

San Francisco,

Cal.

t_

//me^

//

Harlem Square

STI/./t^ouszS&o.

Baltimore,

IIJ T .HrW.yjfl!B>.l>J.MrWMlll{IWUJIM^l.J J All.l.ll.lJiJMtlBWBl*flWW

Md