Adv. Manuf.

(2014) 2:265274
DOI 10.1007/s40436-014-0084-z

Effect of controlled rolling/controlled cooling parameters

on microstructure and mechanical properties of the novel pipeline
steel
Min Jiang Li-Na Chen Jin He Guang-Yao Chen
Chong-He Li Xiong-Gang Lu

Received: 20 December 2013 / Accepted: 12 June 2014 / Published online: 19 July 2014
Shanghai University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014

Abstract The study of controlled rolling/controlled

cooling process parameters which affect the microstructure
and mechanical properties of a novel pipeline steel have
been optimized by the orthogonal experiment with four
factors and three levels in this paper. However, the
parameters of thermo-mechanical control process (TMCP)
optimized by the Gleeble-3500 hot simulator could not
satisfy performance requirements of the X100 pipeline
steel. In order to improve the performance of this steel, the
influence of finish cooling temperature (FCT) on the
microstructure and property is studied in detail. It is found
that, as this steel is thermo-mechanically treated by this set
of parameters (the start heating temperature, finish rolling
temperature (FRT), FCT and cooling rate of 1,180 C,
810 C, 350 C and 35 C/s, respectively), the microstructures are mainly composed of granular bainite (GB)
and acicular ferrite (AF). The effective grain sizes are
below 20 lm; the steel reached the optimal balance
between the strength and the toughness; the yield strength

M. Jiang
L.-N. Chen
J. He
G.-Y. Chen
C.-H. Li (&)

X.-G. Lu
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Metallurgy & Materials
Processing, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, Peoples
Republic of China
e-mail: [email protected]
M. Jiang
Baoshan Iron & Steel Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200940, Peoples
Republic of China
C.-H. Li
X.-G. Lu
Shanghai Special Casting Engineering Technology Research
Center, Shanghai 201605, Peoples Republic of China

is 695 MPa; the tensile strength is 768 MPa; the elongation

is 16.6 %; the impact energy is 262 J at room temperature.
All indexes could meet the requirements of X100 pipeline
steel.
Keywords Controlled rolling/controlled cooling
Finish
cooling temperature (FCT)
Microstructure
Mechanical
properties
X100 pipeline steel

1 Introduction
In the modern pipeline technology, much effort has been
devoted on the strength, toughness and corrosion resistance
of pipeline steel to increase its properties. Recently the
transportation of crude oil or natural gas requires the steel
with higher strength, toughness and good formability to get
a reliable and safer access to energy [1]. Therefore, the
development of novel pipeline steel attracted the attention
of the engineers around the world [2]. Usually, the
mechanical property of pipeline steel is determined by the
proportion of multiple microstructures, which include
polygonal ferrite (PF), acicular ferrite (AF), granular bainite (GB) and lathbainite (LB) with different technological
processes [3]. Table 1 lists the general requirements of
X100 pipeline steel in the engineering application [4]. The
development and progress of the pipeline steel shows that
the best combination of alloy composition design, metallurgical technology, controlled rolling and controlled
cooling will determine the comprehensive performance of
steel.
Currently, thermal-mechanical control process (TMCP)
has been widely applied to control the grain structure in
industrial production. For example, Gomez analyzed the
evolution of microstructure and precipitation state of high-

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M. Jiang et al.

goal is to squeeze out a set of TCMP parameters, by which

the steel can reach the standard of the X100 pipeline steel.

Table 1 The general requirements of X100 pipeline steel in engineering application

rb/
MPa

rs/
MPa

[760

[695

[15 % [250

Charpy V-notch impact

toughness/J

Pcm

2 Experimental

\0.20

2.1 Chemical composition of pipeline steel

The steel was melted in 50 kg vacuum induction furnace in
the laboratory, and then was forged into 80 mm 9 80 mm
square billet. Table 2 lists the chemical composition of
novel pipeline steel.

level pipeline steel through TMCP process [5], in which the

effects of processing parameters of TMCP [6], such as
finish cooling temperature (FCT), finish rolling temperature (FRT) and coiling temperature on the microstructure
and mechanical properties of low C-Mn steel were reported. Furthermore, Wang investigated that all strengthening
types of fine grain precipitation and phase transformation
could be obtained by TMCP. Therefore the alloy contents
could be saved over 30 %; the strength of steel products
could be increased by over 100200 MPa; the energy could
be reduced by 10 % [7].
In order to produce higher strength and toughness
pipeline steel, the alloy design must be reasonably done.
The pipeline steel is one of the most successful applications
using the micro-alloying theory. Adding an appropriate
amount of alloying elements Nb, V, Ti and Ni to general
C-Mn steel makes the final grain of steel fine and improves
the strength and toughness of the steel [8, 9]. The studies
on the low carbon and high manganese of high-level
pipeline steel attracted more and more attention. For
example, Gao reviewed in details the development of
pipeline alloy designmicro-alloying of low carbon or
ultralow carbon and multi-alloying [10]. Wang and Lu [11]
also systematically summarized the basic design idea
aiming at developing the pipeline steel with better comprehensive properties.
In this work, one novel pipeline steel is suggested
according to the current literature using the Gleeble-3500
hot simulator. The parameters of the TMCP including
heating temperature, FRT, FCT and cooling rate are optimized by the orthogonal experiment with four factors and
three levels. However the steel prepared by the optimum
processing parameters of TMCP obtained by Gleeble-3500
hot simulator cannot meet the performance requirement of
the X100 pipeline steel. Due to the key effect of the FCT
on the microstructure and property of the pipeline steel, the
influence of FCT will be further investigated. The final

2.2 Thermal-mechanical simulation test

Nine steel specimens with a size of U10 mm 9 15 mm
were cut from cast slabs and hot compressed to a cylinder
with 4 mm in height through a two-stage controlled rolling
process. It was well-known that, the factors such as the
heating temperature,FCT, FRT and cooling temperature
would mainly determine the microstructures and properties
of pipeline steels [6]. Therefore, these four factors were
used to build up the L9(34) orthogonal table [12] for the
Gleeble-3500 hot simulator in this study, as shown in
Table 2.
2.3 Pilot rolling experiment
The hot rolling specimens with a size of 27 mm in thickness, 80 mm in width and 100 mm in length were cut from
cast slabs. The optimum processing parameters of TMCP
obtained from the Gleeble-3500 hot simulator were applied
to the rolling experiment conducted in the laboratory.
2.4 Mechanical properties
Specimens for the tensile and impact tests were cut from
the middle of the rolled plates in the transversal direction.
The sample for tensile tests was prepared according to GB/
T 228-2002, and the tensile tests were conducted at room
temperature in a CMT5305 servo-hydraulic machine. To
evaluate the charpy impact energy, the sub-size specimens
(10 mm 9 10 mm 9 55 mm) with a V type notch were
tested at room temperature with the standard method in a
JB-6(80A00277) type impact testing machine. The

Table 2 Chemical composition of the novel pipeline steel

Element

Mn

Si

Nb

Mo

Ni

Ti

Al

Content/wt%

0.060

1.28

0.25

0.0017

0.016

0.053

0.31

1.30

0.012

0.0075

123

Effect of controlled rolling

267

hardness of the samples was measured by the Rockwell

hardness tester HRB69-1.
2.5 Microstructure of the hot simulation and the hot
rolled specimens
Microstructures of the hot simulation and the hot rolled
specimens were examined by the optical microscope (OM,
Leca), the scanning election microscopy (SEM,
JSM6700F) and the energy dispersive spectrometer.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Thermal-mechanical simulation of TMCP process

Fig. 1 The schematic of the thermo-mechanical treatments

Nine steel specimens with the size of U10 mm 9 15 mm

are cut from cast slabs and final hot rolled to a cylinder
with a height of 4 mm through a two-stage controlled
rolling process, as shown in Fig. 1.
The results of the experiments and the analysis of
orthogonal test are shown in Table 3.
Figure 2 shows the optical micrographs (ai) of the
specimens of hot simulation.
The hardness values of nine hot simulation specimens,
HRB, were measured and listed in Table 2. The hardness
of group e reached 101.5 HRB, which was significantly
higher. For the simplicity, we measured the hardness
instead of the strength according to GB/T 1172-1999 [13].
Generally, the strength is directly proportional to the
hardness and the strength increases as the hardness
increases. It may be reasonable to consider that the strength
of group e may be higher than other groups.
Usually, the microstructure of pipeline steel is a multiphase structure, including AF, LB, PF, GB, among which
the AF can guarantee that the steel will have a higher
toughness at low temperature and low ductile to brittle
transition temperature without a falling in strength. Finally
it greatly improves the service life of pipeline steel.
Therefore, the main developing trend of modern high
performance pipeline steel is how to get the microstructure
with AF.
The nucleation of AF is attached to the existing interface, which is mainly provided by non-metallic inclusions
[14] (such as titanium oxides). Meanwhile the residual
distortion energy produced by the rolling process also
promotes the nucleation of AF in our experiment. The
microstructures of the hot simulation specimens at different
process parameters are shown in Fig. 2. The optical
micrographs (see Figs. 2ai) are obtained under the processing parameters, as shown in Table 3. Then the effects
of the start heating temperature, FRT, FCT and the cooling
rate on the microstructure will be discussed in detail.

Table 3 The analysis of orthogonal test

Level

Heating
temperature/C

FRT/
C

Cooling rate/
(C
s-1)

FCT/
C

HRB

1,150

860

15

400

84.1

1,150

810

25

450

90.0

1,150

760

35

500

88.4

1,180

860

25

500

90.5

1,180

810

35

400

101.5

1,180

760

15

450

85.2

1,200

860

35

450

82.8

1,200

810

15

500

80.8

1,200

760

25

400

92.1

These microstructures at cooling rate of 15 C/s are

similar to Duans results [15], which are largely composed of
the AF together with the LB, as shown in Figs. 2a, f, h. The
AF is an acicular microstructure formed inside austenite
grains and contains martensite austenite (MA) constituents at
irregularly shaped grain boundaries. Small amounts of austenite grain boundaries are found around LB. LB grains are
relatively large and its grain boundaries cannot be identified
clearly. The microstructures of the specimens are heterogeneously dispersed, and the distance of AF is quite large. For
specimens that are composed of PF together with LB at a
cooling rate of 25 C/s (see Figs. 2b, d, i), the amount of LB
decreases. PF, which is transformed at the highest temperature, is an equiaxed microstructure and plate-like in shape.
Compared with the specimen at a cooling rate of 15 C/s, the
size of grain is smaller. The specimens that are composed of
the GB together with LB at cooling rate of 35 C/s are shown
in Figs. 2c, e, g. The GB contains the equiaxed MA constituents, and has well-developed substructures inside. The
GB grains which are smaller than 10 lm in size are homogeneously dispersed. Its grains are relatively small and its
grain boundaries are clearly identified.

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M. Jiang et al.

Fig. 2 The optical micrographs (ai) of the specimens of hot simulation

At the FCT of 400 C (see Figs. 2a, e, i), PF is rarely

observed with rapid cooling rate because a few hightoughness AFs are formed. A hard phase, such as MA, is
formed coarsely. When FCT increases to about 450 C (see
Figs. 2b, f, g), specimens are largely composed of GB.
High-toughness ferrite colonies increase in volume. When
the FCT increases to higher than 500 C (see Figs. 2c, d,
h), AF and GB are primarily observed. With increasing
FCT, high-toughness phases are formed coarsely and hard
phases tend to be reduced in their sizes and are distributed
homogeneously. This leads to low strength with good
toughness [16].

123

When the FRT is 810 C (see Figs. 2b, e, h), the

microstructure is composed of LB, GB and AF. When FRT
increases to 860 C (see Figs. 2a, d, g), the microstructure
is largely composed of GB and AF. Much high-toughness
AF is formed. With increasing FRT, more AF observed
leads to low strength [17]. The role of FRT on mechanical
properties of the steel may be attributed to the acceleration
of transformation and the refinement of grains by the
reduction of FRT [18]. Therefore, the reduction of FRT
will be beneficial to both strength and ductility. It has been
reported [19] that when FRT is over a certain temperature
(about 840 C), both yield strength and toughness of the

Effect of controlled rolling

269

Table 4 The inter-pass reduction distribution for the hot rolling

experiment
Parameters

Value

Rolling passes/No.

Thickness/mm

27.0

Reduction/mm

18.9

11.3

9.0

7.2

8.1

7.6

2.3

1.8

Pass reduction rate/%

30

40

20

20

Repeated reduction rate/%

30

58

67

74

Rolling temperature/C

1,050

1,000

930

810

In view of the results mentioned above, the hot simulated rolled specimens, which are treated by optimizing
TMCP parameters (the start heating temperature, FRT,
FCT and cooling rate are 1,180 C, 810 C, 400 C and
35 C/s, respectively), possess the microstructures that are
mainly composed of GB, AF, LB and MA. The HRB value
is maximized and may possess the desired mechanical
properties. This set of parameters is proposed in the pilot
rolling experiment for the development of an X100 pipeline steel.
3.2 Pilot rolling experiment

steel increase as the FRT decreases. If FRT is under this

critical temperature, the banded microstructure appears
which greatly reduces toughness.

The initial and final thicknesses of the steel plates were

27 mm and 7.2 mm, respectively, and the total rolling
reduction ratio was 73.3 %. Then the optimum processing

Fig. 3 The microstructure of pilot hot rolled samples (ad): a, b OM micrographs, c the SEM micrograph, d EDS analysis

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M. Jiang et al.

parameters of TMCP obtained from orthogonal experiment

were used in the rolling experiment conducted in the laboratory. The specimen was heated at 1,180 C for 30 min.
It was finally rolled at 810 C through a two-stage controlled rolling process. Then the hot rolled plate was
immediately cooled at a controlled cooling rate of 35 C/s
and about 400 C. Table 4 lists the inter-pass reduction
distribution for the hot rolling experiment.
Figure 3 shows the microstructure of pilot hot rolled
samples.
Table 5 lists the mechanical properties of pilot hot rolled samples.
Microstructures of the hot rolled specimens, with TMCP
parameters of the start heating temperature, FRT, FCT and
the cooling rate of 1,180 C, 810 C, 400 C and 35 C/s,
respectively, were observed by OM, as shown in Fig. 3.
The microstructures of all specimens are mainly composed
of GB, LB and AF colonies. Polygonal ferrite was not
found and the grain size in the microstructure was fine, as
shown in Fig. 3a. At this condition, the amount of AF
decreases and GB increases in volume (GB can be clearly
seen). The AF colonies appear in isolation, and the relatively small amounts that cannot be easily identified [20],
as seen in Fig. 3b. The microstructures were also observed
by SEM and were composed of ferrite and bainite colonies,
which were homogeneously dispersed. The ferrite is platelike in shape. The width of the plate was 35 lm, and its
length is 6 times of its width (see Fig. 3c). Moreover, the
dislocation density of the samples is much high in the plate.
The precipitates are mainly Ni, Mn carbonitrides (see
Fig. 3d), which may be formed in the non-recrystallization
zone as a result of rolling strain induced precipitation.
The performance of the steel treated by this set of
TCMP parameters is shown in Table 4. The average
tensile strength is up to 557 MPa; the ratio of tensile
strength to yield strength is 0.89; the Charpy impact work
at 20 C is 371 J; the elongation is 21.3 %. Although the
microstructure consists of GB, LB and AF, it does not
meet the requirement of the X100 pipeline steel
mechanical property [21]. As we know, the cooling system (cooling rate, FCT, FRT) is one of the key factors that
decide the property and the constitution of microstructure
of the X100 pipeline steel [22, 23]. In our previous work,

we designed three other factors and three levels orthogonal experiment with the cooling system factors to discuss
its effect on comprehensive properties of X100 pipeline.
We found that the FCT played a major role [24]. The FCT
is easily controlled and will be investigated in details in
order to improve the property of this steel and finally
produce the steel which can reach the standard of X100
pipeline.
3.3 Optimization of FCT
The plates with sizes as mentioned above are divided into
three groups and are rolled using the same controlled
rolling process, as shown in Table 3. The only difference is
the final temperature, as shown in Table 6.
The performance of steel with the different FCTs is
listed in Table 7, and its effect on the mechanical property
of specimens is shown in Figs. 4ae.
Microstructures of specimens with the different FCTs
are shown in Figs. 5, 6 and 7.
Figure 4 shows the relationship between the mechanical
property of the steel and the FCT. From Figs. 4a, b, it can
be seen that the tensile strength and yield strength of the
steel decrease when the FCT increases, and the elongation
and impact energy also increase (see Figs. 4c, d).
When the temperature is at 250 C, the tensile strength
and yield strength are 817 MPa and 719 MPa, respectively.
The impact energy is 232 J and the elongation rate was
more than 16 %. It cannot satisfy the requirements of
plasticity and toughness of the X100 pipeline steel. The
impact energy at the room temperature can be improved by
increasing the FCT. When the temperature increases from
250 C to 350 C, the impact energy increases from 232 J
to 262 J. Meanwhile the yield strength was 695 MPa; the

Table 6 The three TMCP samples with different FCTs

Samples

FRT/
C

The finish rolling

elongation/%

Cooling rate/
(C
s-1)

810

20

35

1
2

FCT/
C
450

350
250

Table 5 Results of mechanical properties of pipeline steel

No. of
samples

rs/
MPa

rb/
MPa

Elongation/
%

Charpy impact
energy/J

rs/
rb

512

563

20

360

0.91

489

550

21

375

3
Average

487
496

560
557

23
21.3

380
371

123

Table 7 Mechanical properties of specimens with different FCTs

FCT/
C

rs/
MPa

rb/
MPa

Elongation/
%

Charpy impact
energy/J

rs/
rb

0.89

250

743

817

14.3

232

0.91

0.87
0.89

350

695

768

16.6

262

0.89

450

662

719

23.4

274

0.92

Effect of controlled rolling

271

Fig. 4 The mechanical property of the steel with the FCTs (250 C, 350 C, 450 C)

tensile strength was 768 MPa; the elongation was 16.6 %.

All indices can satisfy performance requirements of X100
pipeline steel. With the further increase of the FCT
(450 C), the elongation and impact energy are obviously
increased, and the toughness is improved. However, its
strength becomes lower and cannot meet the requirements
of X100 pipeline steel.
Figures 5, 6 and 7 show the optical micrographs of the
specimens at FCT of 450 C, 350 C and 250 C, respectively. From Fig. 5, it can be seen that, at the FCT of

450 C, the GB transformation occurs completely, therefore there exist lots of GB. This microstructure may result
to the obvious decrease of the strength and the increase of
the toughness of samples.
Figure 6 shows the microstructure of the steel at the
FCT of 350 C, which is mainly composed of GB and AF.
As a result, the prior austenite grains are effectively separated, and the growth of lath-like is restricted in the separated zones. Hence the excessive growth of lath-like is
limited and the grain orientation is not obvious. The

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M. Jiang et al.

Fig. 5 The optical micrographs of the specimens at the FCT of 450 C

Fig. 6 The optical micrographs of the specimens at the FCT of 350 C

effective grain sizes become smaller and fall below 20 lm,

and the steel possesses the optimal refinement microstructure. Compared to the specimens at FCT of 450 C
and 250 C, these specimens reach the best balance
between the strength and the toughness due to the occurrence of the refinement microstructure.
At the FCT of 250 C, the microstructures of the specimens are composed of the lathbainite and martensite
(LB ? M), as shown in Fig. 7. The orientation of lath-like
in the prior austenite grain is relatively simple, which runs
through the austenite grain at the length direction of lath,
and the part of boundaries become unclear. However the
boundaries between the laths are clear and the lath characteristics are more obvious. The characteristics of massive

123

transformation exist at the local zone. The effective grain

sizes become larger and increase to above 30 lm in general. This fact may cause the high strength and poor plasticity and toughness of specimens.

4 Conclusions
(i)

The X100 pipe steel developed in this study is

studied by the Gleeble-3500 hot simulator as well
as the orthogonal experiment design. The
microstructures mainly composed of GB, AF, LB
and MA are observed by this set of TCMP. The
start heating temperature, FRT, FCT and the

Effect of controlled rolling

273

Fig. 7 The optical micrographs of the specimens at the FCT of 250 C

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

cooling rate of 1,180 C, 810 C, 400 C and

35 C/s, respectively. Its HRB value is
maximized.
The optimized TCMP parameters mentioned
above are used in the pilot rolling experiment.
The results show that the average tensile strength
can be up to 557 MPa, and the ratio of tensile
strength to yield strength is 0.89. The Charpy
impact work at 20 C can be up to 371 J, and the
elongation can reach 21.3 %. Observed by using
OM and SEM, its microstructure consists of GB,
LB and AF.
The FCT is investigated in details meanwhile
other factors are kept unchanged. With the
increase of FCT, the strength of the experiment
steel decreases and both the elongation and
Charpy impact energy increase. When the FCT
is 350 C, the steel reaches the optimal balance
between the strength and the toughness.
For the steel thermo-mechanically treated by this
set of parameters(the start heating temperature,
FRT, FCT and cooling rate of 1,180 C, 810 C,
350 C and 35 C/s, respectively), the microstructures are mainly composed of GB and AF,
this is the optimal microstructure.

Acknowledgments The authors thank the National Nature Science

Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51374142, 51225401), the Science
and Technology Fund of Scientific Committee of Shanghai (Grant
Nos. 11520500100, 11DZ2283400) and the Open Project of the State
Key Laboratory of New Ferrous Metallurgy Technology (Grant No.
KF12-05).

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