Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 263 views

    Understanding ANSYS

    Uploaded by

    Engineer_SAM
    Poisson's ratio is a measure of the Poisson effect, which is the phenomenon where a material tends to expand in the transverse directions when compressed in one direction. It is defined as the ratio of transverse strain to axial strain. Most materials have a Poisson's ratio between 0 and 0.5, with steels and polymers around 0.3. Poisson's ratio, Young's modulus, and shear modulus describe a material's response to different types of stress. Young's modulus describes the response to tensile stress, bulk modulus to compressive stress, and shear modulus to shearing stress. These moduli allow materials to be characterized as linear or non-linear depending on the stress range over which Hooke's law applies.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Understanding ANSYS

    Uploaded by

    Engineer_SAM
    263 views6 pages
    Poisson's ratio is a measure of the Poisson effect, which is the phenomenon where a material tends to expand in the transverse directions when compressed in one direction. It is defined as the ratio of transverse strain to axial strain. Most materials have a Poisson's ratio between 0 and 0.5, with steels and polymers around 0.3. Poisson's ratio, Young's modulus, and shear modulus describe a material's response to different types of stress. Young's modulus describes the response to tensile stress, bulk modulus to compressive stress, and shear modulus to shearing stress. These moduli allow materials to be characterized as linear or non-linear depending on the stress range over which Hooke's law applies.

    Original Description:

    This document describes the basic terminology of ANSYS structural analysis.

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Poisson's ratio is a measure of the Poisson effect, which is the phenomenon where a material tends to expand in the transverse directions when compressed in one direction. It is defined as the ratio of transverse strain to axial strain. Most materials have a Poisson's ratio between 0 and 0.5, with steels and polymers around 0.3. Poisson's ratio, Young's modulus, and shear modulus describe a material's response to different types of stress. Young's modulus describes the response to tensile stress, bulk modulus to compressive stress, and shear modulus to shearing stress. These moduli allow materials to be characterized as linear or non-linear depending on the stress range over which Hooke's law applies.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    263 views6 pages

    Understanding ANSYS

    Uploaded by

    Engineer_SAM
    Poisson's ratio is a measure of the Poisson effect, which is the phenomenon where a material tends to expand in the transverse directions when compressed in one direction. It is defined as the ratio of transverse strain to axial strain. Most materials have a Poisson's ratio between 0 and 0.5, with steels and polymers around 0.3. Poisson's ratio, Young's modulus, and shear modulus describe a material's response to different types of stress. Young's modulus describes the response to tensile stress, bulk modulus to compressive stress, and shear modulus to shearing stress. These moduli allow materials to be characterized as linear or non-linear depending on the stress range over which Hooke's law applies.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 6

    Poisson Ratio

    Whats Poisson ratio?


    Poisson's ratio, named after Simon Poisson, is the negative ratio of transverse to
    axial strain. When a material is compressed in one direction, it usually tends to
    expand in the other two directions perpendicular to the direction of compression.
    This phenomenon is called the Poisson effect. Poisson's ratio \nu (nu) is a measure
    of this effect. The Poisson ratio is the fraction (or percent) of expansion divided by
    the fraction (or percent) of compression, for small values of these changes.
    Conversely, if the material is stretched rather than compressed, it usually tends to
    contract in the directions transverse to the direction of stretching. This is a common
    observation when a rubber band is stretched, when it becomes noticeably thinner.
    Again, the Poisson ratio will be the ratio of relative contraction to relative expansion,
    and will have the same value as above. In certain rare cases, a material will actually
    shrink in the transverse direction when compressed (or expand when stretched)
    which will yield a negative value of the Poisson ratio.

    Range of poison ratio values


    The Poisson's ratio of a stable, isotropic, linear elastic material cannot be less than
    1.0 nor greater than 0.5 due to the requirement that Young's modulus, the shear
    modulus and bulk modulus have positive values.[1] Most materials have Poisson's
    ratio values ranging between 0.0 and 0.5. A perfectly incompressible material
    deformed elastically at small strains would have a Poisson's ratio of exactly 0.5.
    Most steels and rigid polymers when used within their design limits (before yield)
    exhibit values of about 0.3, increasing to 0.5 for post-yield deformation (Seismic
    Performance of Steel-Encased Concrete Piles by RJT Park)[clarification needed]
    (which occurs largely at constant volume.) Rubber has a Poisson ratio of nearly 0.5.
    Cork's Poisson ratio is close to 0: showing very little lateral expansion when
    compressed. Some materials, mostly polymer foams, have a negative Poisson's
    ratio; if these auxetic materials are stretched in one direction, they become thicker
    in perpendicular direction. Some anisotropic materials have one or more Poisson
    ratios above 0.5 in some directions.

    Mathematical representation
    Assuming that the material is stretched or compressed along the axial direction
    (the x axis in the below diagram):

    where
    is the resulting Poisson's ratio,
    is transverse strain (negative for axial tension (stretching), positive for axial
    compression)

    is axial strain (positive for axial tension, negative for axial compression).

    Isotropic and anisotropic materials


    Isotropic materials
    In a single crystal, the physical and mechanical properties often differ with
    orientation. It can be seen from looking at our models of crystalline structure that
    atoms should be able to slip over one another or distort in relation to one another
    easier in some directions than others. When the properties of a material vary with
    different crystallographic orientations, the material is said to be anisotropic.

    Anisotropic materials
    Alternately, when the properties of a material are the same in all directions, the
    material is said to be isotropic.

    Elastic moduli
    Youngs modulus
    Young's modulus, also known as the tensile modulus or elastic modulus, is a
    measure of the stiffness of an elastic material and is a quantity used to characterize
    materials. It is defined as the ratio of the stress (force per unit area) along an axis to
    the strain (ratio of deformation over initial length) along that axis in the range of
    stress in which Hooke's law holds.
    Young's modulus, E, can be calculated by dividing the tensile stress by
    the extensional strain in the elastic (initial, linear) portion of the stressstrain curve:

    where
    E is the Young's modulus (modulus of elasticity)
    F is the force exerted on an object under tension;
    A0 is the original cross-sectional area through which the force is applied;
    L is the amount by which the length of the object changes;
    L0 is the original length of the object.
    Young's modulus is the most common elastic modulus, sometimes called the
    modulus of elasticity, but there are other elastic moduli such as the bulk modulus
    and the shear modulus.

    Bulk modulus
    The bulk modulus (K or B) of a substance measures the substance's resistance to
    uniform compression. It is defined as the ratio of the infinitesimal pressure increase
    to the resulting relative decrease of the volume.

    The bulk modulus

    can be formally defined by the equation

    where
    is pressure,
    is volume, and
    with respect to volume. Equivalently

    denotes the derivative of pressure

    where is density and dP/d denotes the derivative of pressure with respect to
    density. The inverse of the bulk modulus gives a substance's compressibility.

    Shear modulus:
    In materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or
    sometimes S or , is defined as the ratio of shear stress to the shear strain

    where
    = shear stress;
    is the force which acts
    is the area on which the force acts
    in engineering,

    = shear strain. Elsewhere,

    is the transverse displacement


    is the initial length
    Shear modulus' derived SI unit is the pascal (Pa), although it is usually expressed
    in gigapascals (GPa) or in thousands of pounds per square inch (ksi). Its dimensional
    form is M1L1T2.
    The shear modulus is always positive.

    Difference between these moduli


    Other moduli describe the material's response (strain) to other kinds of stress: the
    shear modulus describes the response to shear, and Young's modulus describes the
    response to linear stress. For a fluid, only the bulk modulus is meaningful. For an
    anisotropic solid such as wood or paper, these three moduli do not contain enough
    information to describe its behavior, and one must use the full generalized Hooke's
    law.

    Behavior during stretching is best expressed by youngs modulus

    Behavior during compression is best expressed by bulk modulus


    Behavior during shearing is best expressed by shear modulus

    Linear vs nonlinear behavior and Hookes law


    The Young's modulus represents the factor of proportionality in Hooke's law, which
    relates the stress and the strain. However, Hooke's law is only valid under the
    assumption of an elastic and linear response.

    When is a real material said to be linear?


    Any real material will eventually fail and break when stretched over a very large
    distance or with a very large force; however all solid materials exhibit Hookean
    behavior for small enough strains or stresses. If the range over which Hooke's law is
    valid is large enough compared to the typical stress that one expects to apply to the
    material, the material is said to be linear. Otherwise (if the typical stress one would
    apply is outside the linear range) the material is said to be non-linear.
    This means that linearity and non-linearity is not an internal property of substance
    in strict sense because it is our application that finally decides if a material is linear
    or not. A certain material could be linear for one application but not for another.
    Steel, carbon fiber and glass among others are usually considered linear materials,
    while other materials such as rubber and soils are non-linear. However, this is not an
    absolute classification: if very small stresses or strains are applied to a non-linear
    material, the response will be linear, but if very high stress or strain is applied to a
    linear material, the linear theory will not be enough. For example, as the linear
    theory implies reversibility, it would be absurd to use the linear theory to describe
    the failure of a steel bridge under a high load; although steel is a linear material for
    most applications, it is not in such a case of catastrophic failure.

    Ultimate tensile strength


    Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), often shortened to tensile strength (TS) or ultimate
    strength, is the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched
    or pulled before failing or breaking. Tensile strength is not the same as compressive
    strength and the values can be quite different.
    Some materials will break sharply, without plastic deformation, in what is called a
    brittle failure. Others, which are more ductile, including most metals, will experience
    some plastic deformation and possibly necking before fracture.
    It is generally expressed in MPa.

    Yield strength or yield point


    Yield strength or yield point of a material is defined as the stress at which a material
    begins to deform plastically. Prior to the yield point the material will deform
    elastically and will return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed.
    Once the yield point is passed, some fraction of the deformation will be permanent
    and non-reversible.
    It is generally expressed in MPa.

    Elastic vs plastic behavior

    Elastic behavior is the behavior of a material when it is obeying Hookes law.


    Plastic behavior is when the material does not follow Hookes law.

    Same material can be elastic in initial stage and plastic in the later one. For
    example when a tensile force stretches a metal, metal follows Hookes law up to a
    certain value of stress and it is said to be elastic in that range of stress. When
    tensile force is increased further, metal enters plastic region and ceases to follow
    Hookes law anymore i.e. its stress does not vary directly with strain, thus a metal
    normally exhibits both elastic and plastic behavior.

    Some useful Workbench keyboard shortcuts


    Arrow keys

    pan

    Ctrl + arrow keys

    turn model around its own axis

    Shift + arrow keys

    zoom in and out

    Numpad

    jumping to front, side, top and isometric view

    You might also like