THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCESS IN SRI LANKA

By Dekshika Charmini Kodituwakku*

Environmental Foundation Limited, 146/34, Havelock Road, Colombo 05, Sri Lanka
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is one of the instruments for achieving sustainable
development since it aids in decision-making and formulating development action (1). EIA
legislation in Sri Lanka allows for public participation, analysis of alternative proposals, and the
use of a prescribed list to identify projects that should be reviewed. Over the years the public has
reviewed about 200 projects through the EIA process under the National Environmental Act (2).
What follows is a brief review of the legal basis of EIA in Sri Lanka and of shortcomings in its
process.
Environmental legislation in Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka has a population of 19 million and a population density of 280 per sq km. The high
population density has created increasing pressure and demand on natural resources. Land is its
most vital and heavily threatened natural resources. 25% of the population lives in urban or semi
urban areas while 40% of the people are engaged in activities directly dependent on the
environmental resource base (3).
With the acceleration of development activities from 1970, the protection and management of the
environment became a major concern. As a result of the Stockholm conference on environment
and development in 1972, the governments position regarding the environment was transformed
(4). Consequently, when a new constitution was enacted in 1978, environmental conservation
was enshrined in articles 18 (It is the duty of every person in Sri Lanka to protect nature and
conserve its riches) and 27(14) (the state shall protect preserve and improve the environment for
the benefit of the community) (5).
In 1980, the National Environmental Act (NEA) was enacted to serve as the main legislation for
environmental protection (6), since being amended by Act No 47 of 1980, Act No 56 of 1988 and
Act No 53 of 2000. In 1983, the Cabinet Of Ministers considered including in it provision for
environmental assessment of development projects, which was subsequently done (7). Other
legislation, such as the Coast Conservation Act (CCA) (8), amended Fauna and Flora Protection
Ordinance (9), North Western Provincial Council Environmental Statute No 12 of 1990 (10) and
the National Heritage and Wilderness Act (11) further strengthened the regulations on the EIA
process.
EIA in Coastal Areas
The legal requirement for an EIA was first provided in the CCA, restricted to the coastal zone. In
relation to the Act the Director Coast Conservation has the discretion to identify which projects
should follow the EIA process. The CCA does not specify the criteria on which such discretion
would be exercised. The first set of EIAs was prepared under this law. One of the earliest EIAs
prepared under this act was for the Trincomalee Power Plant, which was open for public review in
1988 (12).
EIA in the Fauna and Flora Ordinance
The 1993 amendment to the Fauna and Flora (Protection) Ordinance addresses the issue of EIA.
Under this enactment, prior written approval from the Director of Wildlife is necessary for any
development activity within one mile (1.6 km) of the boundary of any National reserve (13) and

mandates that such projects should undergo the EIA process in terms of the National
Environmental Act.
EIA under the National Environmental Act
Part IV C of the National Environmental Act includes provision for the EIA process (14). This
applies only to Prescribed Projects which have been specified by the Minister in charge of
environment and is implemented through designated Project Approving Agencies (PAAs) as
prescribed by the Minister (15). Depending on the significance of the anticipated impacts, there
are two types of reports submitted for approval, i.e. the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)
and the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).
The evaluation of environmental impact is delegated to various government bodies, of which the
Minister has now specified 18, depending on the nature of the project (16). The EIA process is
initiated by the Project Proponent (PP) and the determination of the PAA appropriate to it is on
the basis of having the largest jurisdiction over the project area, having jurisdiction over diverse
unique ecosystems, within whose jurisdiction the environmental impacts are likely to be the
greatest, and being the statutory authority to licence or otherwise approve the prescribed project.
The PP cannot perform the functions of the PAA (17).
EIA in the Provincial Administration
Provincial environmental protection and management was introduced by the 13th amendment to
the constitution in November 1987, in Sri Lanka. So far, only the North Western Provincial
Council (NWPC) has enacted legislation on environmental protection. The National
Environmental Act remains suspended and inoperative within the North Western Province with
effect from 10th January 1991.
Operating Procedure
The EIA process is ideally made up of several steps that can be divided into two stages i.e. EIA
preparation and EIA evaluation. Submission of preliminary information, environmental scoping
and EIA preparation falls into the first stage, which is essentially a technical exercise.
In Sri Lanka the project approving agencies operate, for the purpose of management, at three
levels; i.e. EIA Cell, EIA Oversight Committee and EIA Inter-agency Co-ordination Committee.
The EIA cell has legal responsibility for all the decisions of the PAA in respect of the EIA process;
this included the evaluation of the compliance monitoring reports in liaison with the Project
Proponent and the public (18). The EIA Oversight Committee is comprised of the technical subcommittee and co-operating Agencies, its duties being to advise the chairman on the EIA process.
The EIA Inter-agency Co-ordination Committee includes representation from all PAA, NGOs
being invited as well; the function of this committee is to review the status of the implementation
of the EIA process, to advise and guide the PAAs and to recommend approaches for integrating
EIAs into the national policy and frameworks (19).
Selection of Prescribed Project
Upon receiving the preliminary information from the PP a scoping is conducted by the PAA to
determine the environmental impact. The PAA invites the participation of those affected, queries
the PP for clarification, and then decides whether an EIA is required; if the proposed activity is
less damaging an IEE report is requested. It will then set the terms of reference for either IEE or
EIA, as required. Such reports are called in respect of prescribed projects included in a
schedule published by the Ministry of Environment, in the Government Gazette (20). One group
of projects includes 31 different types with specified magnitudes. The second group of prescribed

projects, irrespective of magnitude, falling within a declared environmentally sensitive area, are
required to undergo EIA. There are nine evaluation criteria identified under the environmentally
sensitive area listing.
The project proponent (PP), who finances the project, may be a state or private agency. Once the
terms of reference are drafted and given to the PP, a team of consultants are engaged to prepare
the EIA report if there is no expertise available. These reports are made available in two national
languages and the PAA checks adequacy before permitting public review. The PAA is obliged to
announce the availability of such report for scrutiny through notices appearing in three national
newspapers in the three languages. The public is allowed to submit queries and observation
within 30 days, after which the PAA and CEA review the EIA report. The PAA, in concurrence
with the CEA, decides whether a project may be approved.
Shortcomings and Constraints
The Central Environmental Authority (CEA), which is the key agency responsible for
implementing the formal EIA process, has obtained its expertise over a period of nine years.
However, other PAA have difficulty in meeting their EIA responsibilities due to lack of expertise
and experience, so the CEA has to provide all the PAA with EIA guidance. So far the skills and
the resources available with the universities, the government and the private sector have not
been properly mobilised to overcome this weakness and there have been only been ad hoc
remedial measures.
Loopholes in List of Prescribed Projects
While the prescribed list is essential to enforce the law, the use of a list of prescribed project
scales has led to loopholes by which the PPs avoid EIAs. Some developers by-pass the EIA
process by constructing just below the stipulated limit specified in these lists. In certain cases
developers reclaim land in wetland areas, which is below the 4 hectares threshold, and later
extend their project beyond this limit. Examples of such encroachment are seen vividly in the
retention and detentions areas of the Diyawanna Oya wetland in Kotte.
Consideration of Unreasonable Alternatives
In an EIA evaluation serious consideration should be given to policy, location, design and process
alternatives. The National Environmental Act mandates that alternatives should be considered,
with reasons for rejection being given. However, in some instances, the best alternatives are
deliberately disregarded without proper evaluation. In the Upper Kotmale dam and hydropower
proposal (UKHP), the Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) forwarded an EIA in 1994 to inundate a part
of Talawakelle town and to resettle 432 families, with a 22.7 km long tunnelling operation as the
selected alternative. Other design alternatives, such as a smaller, run of the river reservoir that
would reduce the power capacity from 150 to 120MW, were not considered.
Conflicting Interest for the PAA
While, according to the regulations, the PP cannot undertake the function of the PAA, this was
tested in two EIA cases; i.e. the Colombo Katunayake Expressway (CKE) project and the UKHP.
The Ministry of Highways evaluated the CKE project that was proposed by the Road
Development Authority, an agency under its own purview. In the other instance where conflict of
interest arose, the Secretary to Ministry of Power and Energy presided over the decision on the
UKHP, which was proposed by the CEB, which is under his Ministry; however, the CEA chairman
did not concur with the decision.
Misrepresentation of facts

An example of misrepresentation of facts is seen with the UKHP, which initially entered the
government planning process in 1980. The EIA report prepared in 1994 was referred to the CEA
for its approval, which was never granted. In the submission made by the CEB at the appeal
hearing, statements were made claiming that a thorough study was done on the Yoxford option,
which is contrary to what is common knowledge (21).
Problems with environmental data
Commonly, the environmental data required to prepare an EIA is not available or is inaccessible.
This has led to the fabrication of data. Sometimes the pretext of inadequacy of data is used by
the PP to avoid the EIA process. Ideally the PAA should develop a database of environmental
data and identify and obtain missing data. Such a practice would also contribute to the postmonitoring of projects.
Professional ethics for EIA consultants
The EIA process relies heavily on the judgments of the EIA consultants. The consultants work
within a limited time frame and therefore may consider few impacts seriously. A PPA intent on
obtaining a favourable report is able to stack the EIA team with particular types of specialist who
are predisposed in favour of the project (22). Under such circumstances the report would be
biased.
Over the years while reviewing EIA or IEE it has been observed some of the consultants who are
engaged to prepare these reports do not have hands-on experience of EIA and hence their
reports are of poor quality. Since there is a competitive bidding procedure to identify the best
consulting party, state sector developers opt to consider the cheapest bidding without paying
attention to the quality of the bidder.
In the Lionvert oil refinery and power generation project, the site selected was in the buffer zone
of Muthurajawela marsh, which had been designated for recreational activities under the master
plan passed by the cabinet. However the EIA consultant completely overlooked this key issue,
resulting in two consecutive EIA reports being prepared for the same project.
Shortcoming in Provision for Public Participation
Public participation is a significant strength to the EIA process. Given the difficulties in
communication, the period allowed for public commenting of 30 days is insufficient, particularly for
complex projects. In certain instances during 30 days commenting period copies of the EIA are
not available with the local government offices. In many cases the ordinary public immediately
affected does not come to know of the project until it is implemented.
The training of personnel, the guidelines and the discussion on EIA are usually in English
(understood only be a small minority in Sri Lanka) and in many cases the EIA report is composed
of technical jargon, incomprehensible to laypeople. As a result the public may not be informed of
the issues or able to evaluate the EIA adequately.
An essential part of effective public participation is the feedback about decisions and actions
taken, and how the public views affected those decisions. In the absence of feedback people are
likely to question the use to which their input was put.
Recently, with the surge of economic activity accompanying open market policies, the business
community has levelled considerable criticism against the existing environmental legislation (23).
Most of them see it as a bottleneck that delays projects that are urgently needed to create
employment in the country. In response the government has tried to simplify the legislation and

procedures. One such attempt was the amendment to the NEA by Act No 53 of 2000 whereby the
public right to comment on IEE has been withdrawn.
Access to IEE/ EIA reports
Usually the EIA reports are made available with the PAA, CEA and the relevant divisional
secretariats and local authorities. At the provincial and local level facilities for copying are rather
limited. In many cases the public may not take notice of the notice that appears in the
newspapers since there is little information transfer at the local level.
Absence of environmental impact auditing
Environmental Impact Auditing involves comparing the impacts predicted in an EIA with those
that actually occur after implementation. It is recognised that in the EIAs so far prepared there
has been little risk assessment actually done.
Inadequate post EIA monitoring
EIA are approved on the basis of proposed mitigatory steps and monitoring. PostEIA monitoring
has been poorly implemented so far (e.g. Kukule Ganga Hydropower project, CKE, off-shore
sand mining for the Colombo-Katunayake Highway). Most of the environmental cells of the PAA
do not have full-time staff, space, or allocations of funds and equipment.
EIA violators are not apprehended
Land based mechanised sand and clay mining continues unabated in the Maha Oya, a river
bordering the North-Western and Western-province, despite being a prescribed acivity for EIA.
The Geological and Mines Survey Bureau has granted licences to certain individuals due to
political pressure. In the North Western Province these activities are illegal but so far the EIA
legislation has not been employed to apprehend such individuals.
Inadequate Punitive Costs
It is evident that the many of the PPs, after receiving approval subject to certain conditions, tend
to violate them. An exploration licence granted for metal quarrying in Balangoda might be cited as
such an experience, where a citizens suit to enforce part IV C of the NEA was required and
where the environmental pollution licensing provisions needed to be re-evaluated. Higher punitive
damages should be enforced in such instances.
Priorities for the future
In Sri Lanka the EIA process is often just a paper one. The main problems are associated with
enforcement. The EIA process is often seen as an obstacle of development and is a process
often hurried over. In some of these projects politics and bureaucracy play an undue influence on
the grant of approval.
The public who will be the most affected are very rarely consulted, because public participation is
seen as a cause for delay. The recent enactments under the NEA by taking away the right to
public comment on IEE and the Energy Supply Act , suspending the National Environmental Act
and provisions within the criminal procedure and the penal code relating to public nuisance, are
serious violations of public rights. Experience shows that lack of public participation at critical
points will only lead to excessive confrontation later on, and a long litigation process.

The most important priority is to change everyones attitude towards EIA. It should not be seen as
a process which delays development, but as one promoting sustainable development. Postmonitoring mechanisms should be enforced through public participation. The constant complaint
is that there are not enough people getting involved, whether in the preliminary stages or in the
post EIA approval stage. While this situation is understandable, it should not be used as an
excuse to bypass the countrys laws.
Despite the several institutional and legal constraints, it is generally accepted that the EIA
process offers the Sri Lankan Government an invaluable management tool for integrating
environmental and economic developmental goals, offering the best opportunity for the citizens to
participate in major economic development decisions, which affect them and influence their
livelihood. It is necessary in future that the EIA process be seen as an instrument for achieving
sustainable development and be given the respect it deserves.

REFERENCES:
(1) Glasson, J., Therivel, R. and Chadwick, A. (2002), Introduction to Environmental Impact
Assessment 2nd Edition, 8-10
(2) Collection of EIA reports available at EFL
(3) State of the Environment Sri Lanka 2001, Colombo, United Nations Environmental
Programme /The South Asian Cooperative Environment Programme, 2001; p.3
(4) National Resources, Energy and Science Authority of Sri Lanka (NARESA), Natural
resources of Sri Lanka: Conditions and Trends. Colombo: NARESA, 1991
(5) Zubair, L, Challenges for Environmental Impact Assessment in Sri Lanka.
Environmental Impact Review 21;496-478.
(6) Ibid
(7) Gazettes extraordinary No 772/22 of 24th June 1993 and No 859/14 of 23rd February
1995
(8) Coast Conservation Act No 57 of 1981 and Coast Conservation (Amendment) Act No 64
of 1988
(9) Fauna and Flora (Protection 0rdinance No 2 of 1937) and Fauna and Flora (amendment)
act No.49 of 1993
(10) North Western Provincial Council Environmental Statue No 12 of 1990
(11) National Heritage and Wilderness Act No 3 of 1988
(12) Trincomalee Thermal Power Project Phase III final report
(13) Fauna and Flora (Protection 0rdinance No 2 of 1937) and Fauna and Flora (amendment)
act No.49 of 1993
National Environmental Act. No 56 of 1988
(15) Ibid, section 23Z
(16) Gazette Extraordinary No 859/14
(17) A Guide for Implementing the EIA Process, No1, 1988. Central Environmental
Authority.
(18) Ibid
(19) Ibid
(20) Gazette extraordinary Nos 772/22 of 24th June 1993 and 859/14 of 23rd February 1995.
(21) Representative of the Ministry of Housing and Plantation Infrastructure, Report to the
Inter-ministerial Committee Appointed by the Hon. Minister on UKHP, Ministry of Housing
and Plantation Infrastructure, 2002. Photocopied circular.
(22) Zubair, L., Challenges for Environmental Impact Assessment in Sri Lanka,
Environmental Impact Review; 21;496-478.
(23) Jayawickrama, S.S., Developers view of EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
the Sri Lankan Experience, USAID/ Sri Lanka Natural Resources & Environmental Policy
Project, International Resource Group Ltd, 1997.

(24) National Environment (Amendment) Act No 53 of 2000

(25) Energy Supply (Temporary Provisions) Act No 2 of 2002
***
Dekshika Charmini Kodituwakku, MSc, is an Environmental Scientist and Head of the Science
Division, Environmental Foundation Ltd, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
*Address correspondence to D.C. Kodituwakku, Environmental Foundation Ltd, 146/34, Havelock
Road, Colombo 05, Sri Lanka. E-Mail: [email protected]
Copyright 2004-05 Sarid Journal. All rights reserved.