Dropwise and Filmwise Condensation
Dropwise and Filmwise Condensation
Dropwise and Filmwise Condensation
AIM:
To determine the inside and outside heat transfer coefficient of
Filmwise and Dropwise condenser.
To study the Dropwise and Filmwise condensation phenomena
APPARATUS:
Filmwise and Dropwise Condensers enclosed in a Borosilicate Glass
Tube with flow control valves, Steam generator with heating elements,
Digital Temperature Indicator with selector switch, Rotameter.
THEORY:
condensation
occurs.
There
are
two
modes
of
area of the plate is directly exposed to the vapor, making heat transfer
rates much larger (5 to10 times) than those in filmwise.
condensation. Although dropwise condensation would be preferred to
filmwise condensation yet it is extremely difficult to achieve or
maintain. This is because most surfaces become wetted after being
exposed to condensing vapors over a period of time. Dropwise
condensation can be obtained under controlled conditions with the help
of certain additives to the condensate and various surface coatings but
its commercial viability has not yet been proved. For this reason the
condensing equipment in use is designed on the basis of filmwise
condensation.
APPARATUS DESCRIPTION:
DROPWISE AND FILMWISE CONDENSATION
Dropwise Condenser:
MOC:
Dimensions:
ID (di)
16 mm
OD (do)
19 mm
MOC:
Dimensions:
ID (di)
OD (do)
16 mm
19 mm
T2
Cooling Water In
T3
T4
T5
T6
Rotameter (0.3-3.0 LPM) has been provided on the cooling water line to
measure the rate of water flowing through the condenser.
Ball valves have been provided to change the direction of cooling water
flow between either of the condensers.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
PRECAUTIONS:
Do not start heater supply unless water is filled in the test unit.
Operate gently the selector switch of temperature indicator to
read various temperatures.
Increase the temperature gradually of the heater during initial
set-up experimentation.
Never use the heater at full wattage for longer period of
time.
Use the proper range of Rotameter.
Operate the change over switch of temperature indicator gently
from one position to other, i.e. from 1 to 4 positions.
OBSERVATIONS:
Filmwise Condensation:
Cooling Water Flow Rate (mw):
LPM
Temperature:
T
Dropwise Condensation:
Cooling Water Flow Rate (mw):
LPM
Temperature:
T
CALCULATIONS:
Normally steam will not be pressurized, but the pressure gauge reads some
pressure than properties of steam should be taken at that pressure or
otherwise atmospheric pressure will be taken.
Density of water kg / m3
Prandtl Number Pr
If this value of NRe > 2100 then flow is turbulent, below this value flow is
laminar.
Normally flow will be turbulent in the tube.
kcal / hr m2 C
Density of water kg / m3
Prandtl Number Pr
ho = 0.725 * 2 * g * k3 / ( Ts - Tw) * do
kcal / hr m2 C
RESULT:
SAMPLE
CALCULATION:
First calculate the heat transfer coefficient inside the condenser under
test. For this properties of water are taken at bulk mean temperature of
water
i.e. (Twi + Two) / 2. Following properties are required:
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AT WATER MEAN TEMPERATURE
Physical
Properties
Steam Pressure
Kg/cm2
Steam
Temperature OC
Mean
Temperature oC
Density of Water
kg/m3
Viscosity
Kg/ m s
Kinematics
Viscosity m2/ s
Cooling Water
Flowrate LPM
Vol. Flowrate
m3/s
Velocity
m/s
Thermal
Conductivity
kcal / hr m C
Specific Heat
Dropwise
Condenser
Filmwise
Condenser
1.5
1.5
Ts
99.3
99.4
Tm
35
35
993.95
993.95
0.00073
0.00073
0.732*10-6
0.732*10-6
0.000033
0.000033
0.164
0.164
0.537
0.537
CP
0.997
0.997
Reynolds Number
ReD
v di /
993.95*0.165*0.016/0.00073
3594
where
v
= Coo
di
NPr
Cp * / k
0.997*0.00073/0.537
4.878
Where
Cp
m OC
Nusselt Number
NuD =
1.1467
NuD * k/ di
1.1467*0.537/0.016
38.48
kcal / hr m2 C
Normally steam will not be pressurised, but the pressure gauge reads
some pressure than properties of steam should be taken at that
pressure or otherwise atmospheric pressure will be taken.
Now
calculate the heat transfer coefficient outside the condenser under test.
For this properties of condensate are taken at bulk mean temperature
of Condenser wall and the Steam Inlet Temperature
i.e. (Tw + Ts) / 2. Following properties are required:
Dropwise
Condenser
Filmwise
Condenser
1.5
1.5
Ts
99.3
99.4
Tm
78.45
82.2
971.8
971.8
0.000355
0.000355
0.365*10-6
0.365*10-6
0.000033
0.164
0.579
CP
0.997
ho
0.725 * 2 * g * k3 / ( Ts - Tw) * do
0.725*2*9.81*0.579 3 /(99.3-78)*0.019
6.605
kcal / hr m2 C
1/ U =
=
0.1534
Thus,
U
kcal / hr m2 C
6.5188
condensation
will
be
higher
than
that
of
Filmwise
ITEM NAME
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Nipple
Elbow
Union
Ball valve
Gate valve
Coupling
Elbow (L-
14.
15.
type)
Glass tube
Glass
(Distance
16.
piece )
Metal flange
SIZE
9
24
2
3
6
9
MATERIAL
USED
GI
GI
GI
GI
GI
GI
Copper
QTY.
3
4
1
3
1
2
1
3
1
7
1
3
2
1
200 150
(6 )
6
WATER
T1
T
T
DROPWISE
CONDENSOR
2
4
T3 STEAM
DROPWISE FILMWISE CONDENSATION
APPARATUS
INLET
MOC: COPPER WITH Cr.PLATING
INLET
DI = 160 mm
DO = 190 mm
FILMWISE
CONDENSOR
L = 170 mm
MOC: COPPER WITH NATURAL FINISH
DI = 160 mm
DO = 190 mm
L = 170 mm