Agro Forestry Guides For Pacific Islands

For Educators, Gardeners, Farmers, Foresters, and Landscapers
Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands

Well-researched, concise, user-friendly...an invaluable
practical resource for those working to conserve and expand
the use of trees in agricultural systems.
APANews, The Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Newsletter
FAO Regional Office, Bangkok, Thailand
A significant contribution to public education, advancing
the cause of integrated agriculture and forestry...a resource
of lasting value.
The Permaculture Activist, North Carolina
A most excellent handbook...a wonderful resource.
Developing Countries Farm Radio Network, Toronto,
Canada
Eloquently makes a case for reintroducing and
emphasizing trees in our island agriculture.
Dr. Bill Raynor, Program Director, The Nature
Conservancy, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia
Provides a real clearinghouse on traditional and modern
agroforestry not only for Pacific Islands, also very useful for other regions.
ILEIA Newsletter for Low External Input and Sustainable Agriculture, The Netherlands
Purchase the book at http://www.agroforestry.net/afg/

edited by Craig R. Elevitch and Kim M. Wilkinson
Price: $24.95 (plus shipping)
Availability: Usually ships within one business day.
Paperback - 240 pages, illustrated and fully indexed
Release date: September, 2000
ISBN: 0970254407
Publisher: Permanent Agriculture Resources, P.O. Box 428, Holualoa, HI,
96725, USA. Tel: 808-324-4427, Fax: 808-324-4129, email:
[email protected]
Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands #2
Multipurpose Trees for Agroforestry in

the Pacific Islands
by Randolph R. Thaman, Craig R. Elevitch, and Kim M. Wilkinson
www.agroforestry.net
Multipurpose Trees for Agroforestry in the Pacific

Islands
Abstract: The protection and planting of trees in agroforestry systems can
serve as an important, locally achievable, and cost-effective step in sustainable
development in the Pacific Islands. Traditional agroforestry practices once
made Pacific Islanders among the most self-sufficient and well-nourished
peoples in the world. Time-tested, locally available species are the most
effective foundation for future agroforestry development. This guide introduces
some traditional Pacific Island agroforestry systems and principles, and
examines important multipurpose trees used in the region.
Keywords: agroforestry, agrodeforestation, diversity, ethnobotany, indigenous
knowledge, multipurpose, Pacific Islands, sustainable, trees
Contents
Introduction 3
Pacific Island Trees and Their Importance 3
Challenges of the 21st Century 4
Definition of Agroforestry 4
Phases in Traditional Pacific Island Agroforestry

Systems 4
Agriculturalization of the Forest 5
Indigenous Agroforestry Enrichment and
Deforestation 5
Colonial Agroforestry Enrichment and
Agrodeforestation 6
Post-World War II Agroforestry Enrichment and
Accelerated Agrodeforestation 7
21st Century MSA 8
Agroforestry Development: Seven Principles Of

Traditional Pacific Island Agroforestry Systems 8
Multipurpose Trees: Definition and Examples 9
Examples of Three Pacific Island Multipurpose Trees 9
Pacific Island Examples of Agroforestry Systems 10
Restoring MSA Systems and Species 13
Selecting Trees for New MSA Systems 14

Planning for the Future: A Note on Genetic
Diversity 16
A Note on Potentially Invasive Species 16
Important Agroforestry Species 17
Products/Use Table 17
Multipurpose Species Pacific Island Uses 18
Multipurpose Species Characteristics and
Tolerances 23
Common Names, Origin and Presence in Pacific
Islands 28
Species Lists by Product 39

Resources and Recommended Reading 41
Local Assistance 41
Resources for Further Reading 41
Organizations 43
Periodicals 44
Acknowledgments 45
About the Authors 45
References 45
Authors: Randolph R. Thaman, Craig R. Elevitch and Kim M. Wilkinson, Illustrator: Christi A. Sobel
Reproduction: We encourage you to share this information with others. All or part of this publication may be reproduced for noncommercial educational purposes only, with credit given to the source. For commercial reproductions,
contact the publisher. 2000 Permanent Agriculture Resources. All rights reserved.
Electronic distribution: Download this publication and others in the series at http://www.agroforestry.net
Publisher: Permanent Agriculture Resources, P.O. Box 428, Holualoa, HI 96725 USA; Tel: 808-324-4427; Fax: 808324-4129; E-mail: [email protected]; Web site: http://www.agroforestry.net
Citation: Thaman, R.R., C.R. Elevitch, and K.M. Wilkinson. 2000. Multipurpose Trees for Agroforestry in the Pacific
Islands. Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands #2. Permanent Agriculture Resources, Holualoa, Hawaii, USA. Web
site: http://www.agroforestry.net
Sponsor: Publication of this guide was made possible through a grant from the U.S.
Department of Agricultures Western Region Sustainable Agriculture Research and
Education (WSARE) Program. This material is based upon work supported by the
Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, and Agricultural Experiment Station, Utah State University, under Cooperative Agreement under 98-COOP-1-6481.
Introduction
This guide provides an introduction to Pacific Island agroforestry for extension
agents and growers. Species and systems that are time-tested and successful in
the Pacific Island region are examined as a foundation for future development.
Several lists and tables are included in appendices, providing details for 130
multipurpose trees that are important components of existing agroforestry
systems throughout the Pacific Islands.
Pacific Island Trees and Their Importance

Traditional Pacific Island agricultural and land use systems were built on a foundation of protecting and planting trees.
Trees are essential to the life support systems for humans, plants, and animals.
Trees protect the land from erosion, and homes, farms and coastlines from strong
winds and waves. They make soils fertile and keep streams, lagoons, and coral
reefs clean and clear. Trees also provide food and countless other products for
humans, animals, and plants. Most of these products and services are impossible
to replace or purchase. Table 1 presents some of the benefits and of trees.
Table 1. Some ecological and cultural functions and uses of trees in the
Pacific islands
Ecological
Shade
Erosion Control
Wind Protection
Water Pollution Control
Soil Improvement
Frost Protection
Air Purification
Wild Animal Food
Cultural/Economic
Timber (commercial)
Cages/Roosts
Timber (subsistence)
Parcelization/Wrapping
Fuel wood
Abrasives
Illumination/Torches
Fertility Control
Rubber
Insulation
Tools
Decoration
Weapons Hunting
Body Ornamentation
Containers
Cordage/Lashing
Woodcarving
Glues/Adhesives
Handicrafts
Caulking
Fishing Equipment
Fiber/Fabric
Weaving/Plaiting
Commercial Products
Toys
Export Products
Musical Instruments
Ritual Exchange
Tannin
Secret Meeting Sites
Adapted from Thaman and Clarke 1987
Animal/Plant Habitats
Flood/Runoff Control
Weed/Disease Control
Marine Animal Food
Prop or Nurse Plants

Staple foods
Supplementary Foods
Emergency Foods
Wild Foods
Preservatives
Oils
Beverages
Insect Repellents
Scents/Perfumes
Deodorants
Dyes
Medicines
Poisons
Recreation
Because of the importance of trees, Pacific Island peoples have always planted
and protected trees as a part of their multi-species agroforestry and land use
systems. They have also always been willing to accept new trees that can
improve their lives and their island environments.
Thaman/Elevitch/Wilkinson
Multipurpose Trees for Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands
Challenges of the 21st Century

As we enter the 21st Century, modern development has led to a net loss of trees
in agricultural systems throughout the Pacific Islands. This process has been
referred to as agrodeforestation.
There is an urgent need for the protection and planting of trees as integral parts
of agricultural systems. For the Pacific Islands, appropriate agroforestry development can play a key role in reversing the trends of deforestation, forest degradation, and agrodeforestation.
The emphasis on the protection, as well as the planting, of these species and
agroforestry systems is of utmost importance. Experience has shown that it is far
more difficult to replace forests, agroforests, trees, and rare cultivars (cultivated
varieties) of trees than it is to protect what already exists.
It is stressed that agroforestry development should not be imposed from
outside the Pacific Islands on the basis of exotic species. Rather, it should be
multi-species agroforestry (MSA) based firmly on the many time-tested agroforestry species that already exist in the Pacific Islands, strengthened, where appropriate, with some new introduced trees and technologies. The protection and
planting of these and other appropriate trees could serve as an important, locally
achievable, and cost-effective first step in promoting sustainable development in
the rapidly modernizing island countries of the tropical Pacific.
Definition of Agroforestry
The main objectives of agroforestry activities are to plant and protect trees and
forests, and to ensure the continued provision of the services and economic products they provide. Although there are numerous definitions of agroforestry, one
that reflects the nature of existing Pacific Island agroforestry systems is:
Agroforestry is the deliberate planting and protection of trees and forests in and around agricultural systems in both rural and urban areas, in
order to improve or maintain the short-term and long-term economic
productivity, cultural utility, and ecological stability of agricultural systems (adapted from Thaman and Clarke 1993a).
Phases in Traditional Pacific Island Agroforestry

Systems
Thousands of years of observation, study, and experimentation by Pacific Island
peoples produced a diversity of highly sophisticated multi-species agroforestry
systems. A large body of traditional knowledge relating to these systems was also
developed. The term traditional, rather than indigenous, is used to stress that
Pacific agroforestry systems have also been developed by nonindigenous peoples
who have acquired valuable agroforestry knowledge and skills through hands-on
experience living in the Pacific Island environment.
The evolution of these traditional systems has taken place over a number of
relatively distinct periods of growth or change. These include:
agriculturalization of the forest
indigenous agroforestry enrichment and deforestation
colonial agroforestry enrichment and agrodeforestation
post-World War II agroforestry enrichment and accelerated agrodeforestation
21st Century agroforestry re-enrichment.
Table 2. Periods of the growth or change in Pacific Island agroforestry

systems since the first colonization of the islands by indigenous Pacific
Islanders.
Period
Agriculturalization of the Forest
Indigenous Agroforestry Enrichment and
deforestation
Colonial Agroforestry Enrichment and
Agrodeforestation
Time Frame
40,000 1000 B.P.
40,000 1,000 B.P.*
1600 A.D. late 20th
Century**
Post-World War II Agroforestry Enrichment late

1940s - present
and Accelerated Agrodeforestation
21st Century Agroforestry Re-enrichment and
Multi-species Agroforestry
2000 A.D. onwards
Development
Notes: B.P. = years before present; * indicates that, because different island
groups were settled at different times, this period began at different times in
different island groups; ** the colonial period varies in length, and continues in
some cases, for different Pacific Island nations and territories
Agriculturalization of the Forest

With the first human settlement of the Pacific Islands, there began the selective
modification of natural forests. This period commenced in Papua New Guinea,
and probably Solomon Islands, some 40,000 years ago, just under 4,000 years
ago in Eastern Melanesia, Western Polynesia and Western Micronesia, and as
recently as 1,000 years ago or less in parts Eastern Polynesia and Eastern Micronesia. These first settlers selectively cleared, protected, and used different species
from their inland and coastal forests. They also deliberately or accidentally introduced a range of plant and animal species.
During this period of low population densities, coastal and inland forests were
cleared for settlements and cropping. Trees and other plants were used for
construction, boat building, firewood, medicine, and other purposes. The use of
fire for agricultural clearance, hunting, and recreation led to some deforestation
and the expansion of grasslands and scrublands.
Indigenous Agroforestry Enrichment and Deforestation

After the first settlements were well-established, there was a period of indigenous
agroforestry enrichment and deforestation. This period lasted for tens of thousands of years in Papua New Guinea, and from about eight hundred to over three
thousand years for most of the islands of Melanesia, Polynesia and Micronesia.
During this era, successive waves of new Pacific Islanders voyaging to the
islands, settlement of new islands by existing islanders, and inter-island trade
between islands occurred. This led to the introduction of new trees, plants, and
animals and the continued enrichment of existing agroforestry systems by the
Pacific Island inhabitants. Addition, rather than elimination, of species and cultivars took place. Existing multi-species systems were enriched, rather than
eroded.
Figure 1. Indigenous Pacific Island agroforestry system depicting

breadfruit, coconut, banana, Cananga odorata, Inocarpus fagifer, Hibiscus
tiliaceus with: taro, sweet potatoes, yams (Dioscorea spp.), and kava.
Growing population also brought increasing deforestation and forest degradation, the spread of treeless grasslands, and increasing environmental degradation. These losses occurred from the highlands of New Guinea to Hawaii and
Easter Island in Eastern Polynesia. There was also the extinction of birds,
insects, and other plants and animals that depended on trees and forests as
habitats and sources of food. Agricultural intensification began to take place.
Extensive multi-species (polycultural) agricultural systems were replaced by
more intensive single-species (monocultural) production of crops such as
Colocasia taro and sweet potato. However, the planting and protection of a wide
range of useful multipurpose trees remained an integral component of these
systems.
Colonial Agroforestry Enrichment and Agrodeforestation

For most of the past 200 years, colonial governments actively promoted smalland large-scale monocultural export cropping and livestock grazing. Particularly
in the 20th Century until the end of World War II, there was very little emphasis
on the promotion or the maintenance of existing MSA systems.
Major export crops included coconut, cocoa, sugarcane, coffee, bananas, and
pineapple. Citrus trees, tea, passion fruit, black pepper, oil palm, rubber, and a
range of vegetables and fruits were also grown as minor export crops in some
areas. Livestock schemes, mainly involving beef cattle, were widely promoted
during the colonial era.
On one hand, the introduction of these new crops and animals enriched
existing indigenous Pacific Island agroforestry systems, particularly indigenous
smallholder farms. However, the drive to encourage a narrow range of cash
crops and livestock grazing, plus the development of colonial towns, led to
accelerated clearance of forest lands, and the destruction of valuable trees in and
around existing agricultural lands (i.e., agrodeforestation). Because export crops
commonly occupied the best agricultural lands nearest settlements, food gardens
(often gardens tended by women) were pushed farther from settlements and onto
increasingly marginal lands.
During this period, most Pacific Islander agroforesters were able to selectively
adopt plants, animals, and technologies that they saw as beneficial. Adopted
species included tropical American crops, such as cassava, pineapple, and
avocado, as well as other post-European contact introductions from Asia, such as
eggplant, onions, mango, and tamarind. These species were integrated into and
enriched existing systems, rather than replacing traditional crops and trees. Even
cattle, horses, and goats were integrated into many smallholder systems with
limited disruption.
At the same time, some crops or cultivars and wild or cultivated trees lost
importance relative to the new cash crops and pastures, and began to disappear
from the Pacific Island agricultural landscape.
Post-World War II Agroforestry Enrichment and Accelerated Agrodeforestation

World War II brought the Pacific Islands into greater contact with the outside
world. Links were also strengthened with main islands, capital cities, and overseas metropolitan areas. This led to increasing desire for consumer goods and
cash incomes, and increasing access to markets. Pressures to plant cash crops and
to promote monocultural plantation agriculture and forestry intensified.
Agricultural departments almost exclusively promoted export cropping, at the
expense of the traditional systems. There was an expansion of monocultures of
export crops such as coffee, sugarcane, coconut palms, bananas, and pineapple.
Forestry departments promoted the unsustainable felling of indigenous timber
trees for export and local milling, or the planting of exotic plantation forests.
Monocultures replaced coastal and inland forests and trees and food crops in
many countries. In some cases (including Fiji, Tonga, the Cook Islands, Hawaii,
and Kiribati), traditional agroforestry practices were actively discouraged while
export cropping was encouraged. As a result, traditional agroforestry-based food
systems have deteriorated. Urbanized Pacific Island populations now have some
of the highest rates of nutritional disorders and nutrition-related noncommunicable diseases in the world.
Figure 2. Post-colonial/plantation agroforestry showing coconut with

understory of coffee, kava, taro, pineapple, and cassava.
Formal schooling in agriculture and forestry ignored the traditional agroforestry systems and the importance of multipurpose trees. As a result, as the older
people passed away, there occurred a widespread loss of traditional agroforestry
knowledge among the younger generations.
21st Century MSA

The active promotion of MSA into the 21st Century may be the most economically, culturally, and ecologically effective means of addressing the serious trends
of deforestation and agrodeforestation. This would be in contrast to the monocultural models now often promoted (Clarke and Thaman 1993). Instead, new
sources of cash income, new technologies, and new crops and trees would add to,
rather than replace, degrade or destroy the trees and forests that already exist in
agricultural areas. The emphasis of MSA is to ensure that additions or improvements maximize the existing plant resources and agroforestry practices as a foundation for sustainable development, while at the same time minimizing the loss
of the existing trees and agroforestry resources and knowledge.
Figure 3. Modern/urban agroforest home garden. Upper story: mango,

breadfruit. Middle story: banana, citrus, papaya, avocado. Lower story/
edge: taro, cassava, Pacific spinach, sugarcane, pineapple, chili pepper,
tomato.
Agroforestry Development: Seven Principles Of

Traditional Pacific Island Agroforestry Systems
Creating agroforestry systems in the 21st century requires an appreciation of the
success of these systems, and the ability to expand on their success for productive
plantings to meet modern needs. Traditional Pacific Island MSA systems rested
on seven principles that made their continuous operation possible over centuries
or millennia. As stressed by Clarke (1977), the systems:
Did not depend on external energy subsidies or extra-system nutrient
sourcesi.e., no imported fuel, fertilizers, or other imports were required;
Did not receive applications of poisonous agricultural chemicals or other
pollutants;
Had strongly positive net energy yieldsi.e., for every joule of energy
invested, 18-20 joules of food energy were returned;
Used only renewable resources as inputse.g., trees for fencing, ash as
fertilizerrather than imported, often nonrenewable, inputs such as inorganic

fertilizers derived from phosphate deposits or fossil fuels that took millions of
years to form;
Were structured so that the resources supporting agriculture (energy, land,
vegetation) were equitably spread throughout the community rather than being
concentrated in the hands of a few or in urban areas;
Contained resources that were looked upon as productive capital to be
preservedi.e., attempts were made to preserve for future generations a
habitat and set of resources only slightly modified from what parents had
themselves inherited; and
Were based on a diversity of tree and nontree crops, wild plants, and animals
rather than on monocultures or specialized animal production.
Multipurpose Trees: Definition and Examples

While all trees can be said to serve several purposes, such as shade, soil protection, and wildlife habitat, some trees are especially valued for their many uses
and products. Such trees are called multipurpose trees. Pacific Island peoples discovered many ways to make efficient use of the different parts of useful trees.
They also learned to value the many ecological functions of trees and the services
they provide. Multipurpose trees are favored in traditional agroforestry systems
because of their ability to provide many different products, improve the overall
yields on a single piece of land, increase economic security (by providing a continuous supply of both cash and subsistence products), and improve agricultural
sustainability due to the relatively permanent nature of trees.
Examples of Three Pacific Island Multipurpose Trees

To illustrate the concept of multipurpose trees, brief examples of the uses and
products from three Pacific Island agroforestry trees are provided. Greater detail
for these trees and other important multipurpose trees is included in the tables
below.
Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera)
The flesh from the mature
brown nut is a major staple
food and animal food. It is also
dried and made into copra,
which is an important export
product from most island countries. Juice from inside the
immature green nut is an
important drink and source of
safe drinking water on dry
islands and in times of drought.
The sap from the flower stalk is
used to make fresh and fermented toddy. The fresh toddy
is an important nutritious beverage on atolls and the fermented toddy is a locally
available alcoholic beverage.
Coconut (Cocos nucifera)
The timber is used for many
purposes. The trunk, fronds,
shells, and husks are a major source of fuel. The roots are used for making fish
traps, and the husk fiber is used to make sennit (cord) used for lashing canoes and
houses and for other purposes. The shell is used to make drinking cups, contain-
10
ers, fishhooks, charcoal, and other useful items. The leaves and fronds are used
for weaving baskets, hats, fans, floor mats, food containers, roofing for thatched
houses, and for shade and mulching in taro gardens. The midribs of leaflets are
used in brooms, as toothpicks, and for other purposes. The sheath of flower stalk
is used as a torch. Almost all parts of the coconut palm are used medicinally. The
tree also features in many Pacific Islands legends, and is a religious plant of spiritual and ritual importance in many areas. As a result of its many uses, the coconut palm is known as the Pacific Islands tree of life.
Beach Hibiscus, Hau (Hibiscus tiliaceus)
The beach hibiscus is planted
as living fencing and as a windbreak. The timber and branches
are used in light construction
and in boat building, for making tools and as an important
source of firewood. The inner
bark is processed and used as
fiber in dancing skirts and
other handicrafts, for stringing
fish, leis, and garlands, and for
straining kava and coconut
Beach hibiscus (Hibiscus tiliaceus)
cream. The leaves are used as
mulch and fertilizer, for wrapping food, particularly seafood, and for lining and covering the earthen oven. The
leaves are also used medicinally to treat broken bones, torn ligaments, and
sprains.
Mango (Mangifera indica)
The mango is planted as a
windbreak and ornamental
street tree. The wood is used in
construction and for firewood.
The leaves are used to flavor
foods in earthen oven cooking,
and the leaves and bark are
used medicinally. The ripe fruit
is eaten raw and used to make
jam, chutneys, and deserts, and
sold locally as a major source
of income. The juice, puree,
and ripe and green fruit are
exported from some countries.
The green fruit is used to make
Mango (Mangifera indica)
pickles or achar by Indians in
Fiji. The mango is also an
important Hindu religious plant, and its leaves are used in Indian religious ceremonies.
Pacific Island Examples of Agroforestry Systems

Traditional Pacific Island agroforests were developed and managed to meet not
only peoples needs for food and other products, but also the needs of the system
as a whole for fertilizer, mulch, animal food, shade. The trees in the system also
provide protection from erosion, wind, and salt spray. In other words, an agroforest is not a mere mixed planting of species and cultivars. The plants are assem-
11
bled in a system where the trees, other plants, animals (both vertebrates and
invertebrates), and people form beneficial connections to support the system as a
whole. In this way, replanting and re-enrichment of MSA development involves
more than simply planting and protecting different kinds of species. It involves
creating connections between these species and the environment to form a sustainable agricultural system that will continue to provide many different products
and services for many years.
Examples from traditional Pacific Island MSA include:
Kiribati Atoll Agroforestry Example
Coconut palms, usually of a number of different varieties, are planted as a major
cash and multipurpose crop. Sometimes they are planted in rows and sometimes
allowed to grow in irregular patterns. Other multipurpose trees, such as pandanus, Guettarda speciosa, Tournefortia argentea, and the shrub Sida fallax (te
kaura in Kiribati or ilima in Hawaii) are protected or planted to provide soil
improvement and leaves or mulch (fertilizer) for the swamp taro (Cyrtosperma
chamissonis) pits that have been excavated down to the water table. The pandanus is also a very important staple food plant on the atolls, as well as being the
source of timber for house building, thatch, fibre for mat and basket making,
medicines, and many other products. Because of the many uses that the people of
Kiribati have for the pandanus tree, they have been referred to as the Pandanus
People.
Breadfruit, papaya, native fig (Ficus tinctoria),
and sometimes bananas and taro (Colocasia
esculenta) are also planted in or around pits. The
coastal forest on both the ocean and lagoon sides
of the garden area, and the mangroves on the
lagoon side, are protected to shelter the inland
from salt spray, high waves, extremely high tides,
and from coastal erosion. The protection of these
forests and other trees also ensures that wood,
medicine, and many other products are available.
This practice also ensures the continued availability the fish, shellfish, crabs, birds, and other
animals and small plants that depend on these
forests and trees will be protected for future
Pandanus species
generations.
Tongan Agroforestry Example
In Tonga the multispecies agroforestry system is
a very complex mixture of trees, shrubs, and
short-term ground crops. It is usually practiced as
a short-term shifting agriculture system on pieces
of land averaging 8 acres (3.2 hectares) or less in
size. When the land is prepared for a new garden,
some of the fast-growing pioneer tree species,
most shrubs, and grasses are cut and allowed to
dry. The dried material is placed in piles for burning. Other valuable trees that are present in the
fallow, such as breadfruit, mangoes, avocado, citrus trees, Malay apple (Syzygium malaccense),
Breadfruit
Polynesian plum (Spondias dulcis), perfume tree
(Artocarpus altilis)
or ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata), and, of
course, coconut palms, are protected or, in some cases, slightly pruned to allow
the sunlight to enter the garden area. Other culturally important trees, like koka
12
(Bischofia javanica), Pacific litchi (Pometia pinnata), maululu (Glochidion ramiflorum), and toi (Alphitonia zizyphoides) are then pruned or, in some cases, cut
back severely by cutting almost all of the branches off. This practice does not kill
the tree, and accomplishes a number of objectives. It allows the entry of sunlight
needed by the first crop to be planted, which is usually yams (Dioscorea alata). It
also allows the leaves to fall providing organic material to the soil, and allows for
fresh new branches to grow as the garden matures. The larger branches that have
been cut from the trees are used as trellises (felei) over each yam mound. Yams
climbing off the hot volcanic soils on these trellises have higher yields, are more
disease free, and are more easily weeded.
Because Tonga has frequent tropical cyclones, the lower felei trellises are
much more appropriate than higher trellises on poles used elsewhere. Finally,
when the yams are harvested, after 7 to 9 months, the branches make perfect
firewood for the underground oven.
In the garden, the yams are usually intercropped
with rows of giant taro (Alocasia macrorrhiza),
plantains (Musa cultivars), and taro (Colocasia
esculenta). Along the borders, sweet yams
(Dioscorea esculenta) are often planted next to
the fence posts, and pandanus for weaving.
Sugarcane or bush hibiscus spinach
(Abelmoschus manihot), a very important leafy
green vegetable, are often planted along the
borders or fence lines of the garden. The living
fences are often candelnut tree (Aleurites
moluccana), beach hibiscus (Hibiscus tiliaceus)
or coral tree (Erythrina variegata). In some
Ti (Cordyline terminalis)
cases, timber trees, such as Casuarina equisetifolia or introduced species, such as Australian
kauri (Agathis robusta) or West Indian mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), are
planted in a few rows along the perimeter or along the roadside border of the
allotment, or sometimes as a small woodlot on part of the allotment. Other shortterm crops such as green onions (Allium fistulosum and A. ascalonicum),
Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis), and corn (Zea mays) are often planted, or
bird-sown chili peppers (Capsicum frutescens) are protected in the garden.
After the yams are harvested, taro or tannia (Xanthosoma species) is planted as
the next crop in the soft soil left over after the yam harvest. The giant taro and
taro that were planted with the yams are then harvested. The second crop of taro
or tannia and the bananas remain. After this crop is harvested, sweet potatoes are
planted. Another crop, usually cassava, is planted after sweet potato, completing
the three to four-year shifting agricultural cycle.
Sometimes, the cycle is extended for a further
three to five years by planting kava (Piper
methysticum), the important social beverage
plant, or paper mulberry (Broussonetia
papyrifera), so important for the making of tapa
cloth. Whereas men plant most crops, the women
usually look after the paper mulberry. Sometimes
new coconut palms are also planted as part of the
cropping cycle to ensure that there will be young
productive palms in the future. As the garden is
allowed to slowly return to fallow for four to up
Candlenut
to ten years, the plantains continue to bear fruit,
(Aleurites moluccana)
the fruit trees and other multipurpose trees
13
continue to provide food, medicines, and other products. Other pioneer tree and
shrub species that were cleared or cut down when the garden was prepared begin
to grow again or recolonize the garden, and along with those trees that were
protected, again provide organic material and recycle nutrients in the garden. The
trees also provide medicines, firewood, and other products of value to the
Tongan people.
Marquesan Agroforestry Example
Village or home-garden agroforestry in the Marquesas Islands of French Polynesia is another example of MSA characterized by a great diversity of mainly
exotic plants that have been introduced during the 1,500 years since the first
arrival of people (Decker 1971). Many of these plants have been added since
European contact. Dominant species include the important staple food trees
coconut, breadfruit, mango, and kapok (Ceiba pentandra) which are both very
common, and the ubiquitous beach hibiscus tree (Hibiscus tiliaceus), which
forms part of the backdrop of every village. Common spreading ornamental
shade trees include the raintree (Albizia saman), and the flame tree (Delonix
regia), with albizia (Albizia lebbeck) also present in dwelling areas.
Home gardens also include a wide variety of staple plants and important fruit
trees. These include banana cultivars, mango, papaya, lime, avocado, soursop,
and sweetsop (Annona muricata and A. squamosa), guava, and tamarind.
Sugarcane is also common. The cultivated pandanus (Pandanus tectorius var.
laevis), so important in the production of plaited ware, and kapok are also
common in home gardens. Ornamentals planted as hedges or along borders,
which are commonly used for garlands and fragrant flowers, include Gardenia
taitensis, ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata), the common hibiscus (Hibiscus rosasinensis), and the hedge panax (Polyscias guilfoylei).
Immediately surrounding dwelling areas and in fallow places on the islands of
Nukuhiva and Uapou, are extensive stands of leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala). These stands of trees provide the main source of lowland fodder for
horses, which are highly useful and abundant draught animals in the Marquesas.
The horses are grazed on limited areas of upland pasture, and their diet is supplemented by rotationally feeding on leucaena in the lowlands.
Restoring MSA Systems and Species

As discussed in the examples above, traditional MSA is actively practiced in
many regions of the Pacific Islands. In other areas, however, MSA may only be
found in limited areas, surrounded by a sea of modern single-species agriculture
(such as sugarcane fields) or urban development. Sometimes the only evidence of
traditional MSA may be individual species in the landscape or a home garden.
These remaining trees or agroforestry systems are usually found in home gardens
or on the farms of older or more traditional members of the community, or in
abandoned areas such as in ravines in grasslands or near abandoned village sites.
The presence of these remaining trees and old plantings can provide important
information about successful MSA systems. They may also be a key source of
plant materials for future plantings. These existing systems can be identified,
protected, and rehabilitated so they can continue to be productive and useful for
the future.
Purpose: To identify, protect, and rehabilitate existing MSA systems or species to enhance their use and productivity
1 Field Surveys. Conduct in-the-field surveys of the local environment,
existing gardens, and agroforests and communities to see what trees already
successfully grow in a given area, and what trees are already known and
14
culturally acceptable to the local community.

2 Inventory. Create an inventory or listing of existing trees, their habitats,
associated trees, plants, animals, and uses or functions. This is, perhaps the
best way of finding out what trees will work best. Also include an inventory
of seedlings and planting materials that might be available for planting or
transplanting.
3 Traditional Knowledge. Collect traditional knowledge from both men and
women in local communities about the characteristics and use of different
trees and their environmental requirements and pests or diseases. This should
also include information about important local tree species or varieties that
the people would like to see planted and protected and species or varieties that
are now rare, endangered, locally extinct or in short supply, the reasons for
the loss of these trees, and possible actions that can be taken to protect or reestablish these trees.
4 Species Potential. Determine what existing species could provide for
some current or future needs of the local community. Is there some product
that is currently being purchased that could be provided instead by this tree?
Is there an important function this tree could serve on the farm? Could this
tree be managed to provide a future economic product, such as seeds, timber,
handicrafts, animal feed, firewood, etc.? (Use tables in this guide as an aid)
5 Prioritize. Based on the results of steps 1-4, identify the priorities with
respect to what trees should be protected, rehabilitated, planted or re-introduced into a given area.
6 Identify Constraints. Identify the threats or constraints to the protection
and planting/rehabilitation of these species or systems. Are there competition
problems from invading weeds, grasses or weedy tree species that are inhibiting the productivity of the tree? Are there animals, such as livestock, that are
damaging the tree? Are the trees in decline due to lack of maintenance such as
pruning, weeding, mulching, or fertilizing? Are there new pests, diseases,
climatic changes, etc. that could affect the trees?
7 Implement. Conduct the maintenance necessary to enhance productivity and
remove threats.
8 Supplement/Enhance. Identify species that can be added to enhance the
existing system and improve its productivity. Perhaps some traditional plants
can be added to the understory for garlands (leis) or other ornamental
materials, etc.
9 Trials. Test species, new varieties, and the different mixtures of multipurpose
species to see what works best.
10Expand on Successes. Share species and strategies with neighbors and
the community, publicize them to the public. It may be valuable to highlight a
target agroforestry system that is appropriate for a given environmental
setting or a given size of urban or rural piece of land.
Selecting Trees for New MSA Systems

Some Pacific Island regions may have experienced a great reduction or even total
loss of the MSA systems that thrived there in the past. Severe agrodeforestation
has probably occurred in these areas, usually to make room for industrial agriculture or urban development. In these areas, very few trees remain, and local
knowledge of the effective species and systems for the area may also have been
greatly reduced.
15
In such cases, local growers and farmers must select and test species and strategies in order to determine how to best develop MSA systems. They should also
talk to the few remaining men and women in the local community who still have
knowledge about the trees and traditional systems that may have been important
in the past, before agrodeforestation took place.
Purpose: To create an MSA system in an area where traditional plantings
and knowledge have been reduced or depleted
The process of selecting appropriate multipurpose tree species for a specific
need, site, and situation is both interesting and challenging. For MSA, the goal in
the selection process is not to narrow down the choices to one idealized perfect
tree. Rather, the goal is to choose a diversity of tree species whose products,
functions, and seasons may overlap to provide a range of products and services
that satisfy the environmental, social, and economic needs of the family or local
community.
For new plantings involving multipurpose trees, there are several general steps
that could be followed to select and properly manage the trees that can best
satisfy the local needs, goals, and site conditions. As stressed above, these same
trees should also receive the highest priority for protection.
1 Determine Needs. The first step is to determine the products or services
that are desired from the trees. Products may include fruits, nuts, or other food
products, timber, animal fodder, firewood, medicines, garlands, tools, handicrafts, and other economic or farm products. Services from trees include the
kinds of connections that can be formed between the trees and the other
elements of the system, such as providing animal shelter, improving soil,
protecting food gardens from salt spray and storm waves, stopping soil
erosion, providing materials for handicrafts for social occasions, etc.
2 Site Assessment. Next, the site conditions should be considered, as these
will affect the growth of the trees. Site conditions include rainfall, windiness,
temperature, frequency of drought, and tropical cyclones (hurricanes or
typhoons), soil conditions, distance to the sea, and exposure to salt spray,
nature of ground water resources, types of weeds, pests, and diseases
(including wild or feral animals), and other environmental factors.
3 Inventory. Third, and perhaps most important, is the need for in-the-field
surveys of the local environment and communities to see what trees already
successfully grow in a given area, or what trees are already known and
culturally acceptable to the local community. This can include an inventory or
listing of existing trees, their habitats, associated trees, plants, animals, and
uses or functions. This is, perhaps the best way to find out what trees will
work best. This should include the collection of traditional knowledge of local
communities about the characteristics and use of different trees and their
environmental requirements. It should also include information about
important local tree species or varieties that the people would like to see
planted and protected. Species or varieties that are now rare, endangered,
locally extinct or in short supply, the reasons for the loss of these trees, and
possible actions that can be taken to protect or re-establish these trees should
be taken into account.
4 Research. When possible, information about successful plantings of
potential species from similar environments (e.g., on other Pacific Islands)
should be gathered through literature reviews, the internet, consultation with
appropriate persons or from other sources of information (see Resources and
Recommended Reading)
5 Potential Species. After this information is obtained (i.e., after steps 14
16
are completed), a preliminary list of potential tree species candidates should

be prepared. This initial list may be quite long. Once it is compiled, the
farmer or local community can then choose which of these species have the
most potential for a given situation. Often, the list can be narrowed down
significantly based on local availability of the planting materials, costs, local
experience, etc. (Use enclosed tables as an aid.)
6 Species Trials. Finally, if desired, a few promising new species can be
trialed on a small scale for a year or more. Alternatively, a temporary or
permanent local nursery can be established for the propagation of selected
tree species. The most successful species from these trials can be distributed,
sold or outplanted to individual farms or appropriate sites.
Planning for the Future: A Note on Genetic Diversity

After selecting the tree species that are most promising, a farmer will need to
obtain the planting materials. This may involve the purchase or local collection
of seeds, seedlings or small trees. It is important to work toward selecting trees
and planting materials that will preserve genetic diversity. Tree species need a
wide, rigorous, genetically diverse base if the species is to thrive and be valuable
to future generations.
The genetic quality of tree seed used in
plantings is a major factor in the economic
success and productivity of a project. High
quality seed may produce plants that are more
productive, better adapted to local site conditions, and better suited to achieve the results
planned for the project. Projects should contain
enough diversity of mother trees to reproduce
healthy and productive offspring for future
generations, while remaining resistant to
environmental stresses. The short and long term
impacts of genetic seed quality, and the identification of different cultivars or genetic types
requires careful consideration and planning when Koa (Acacia koa)
collecting or purchasing seeds.
Unfortunately, much genetic diversity has been lost through deforestation and
agrodeforestation. Modern agriculture and forestry development have overemphasized the planting of monocultures of a single variety of food or timber tree.
As a result, hundreds of forestry and agroforestry tree species have suffered
severe genetic loss. For example, important traditional varieties have been lost
for many species, such as coconuts, pandanus, breadfruit, bananas, and plantains.
Once lost, these varieties can probably never be developed again. It is impossible
to know how many named varieties of traditional agroforestry tree species have
been lost over the past century.
It is, thus, important that MSA projects include efforts to improve the gene
pool by propagating seed from carefully selected trees, and by ensuring that a
wide range of genetic types or cultivars are planted. By utilizing the highest
quality selected seed and planting materials, and by planting more than one
variety or genetic type of a given species, people can begin to reverse the trends
of genetic degradation while improving the productivity and health of our
plantings.
A Note on Potentially Invasive Species

Ideally, species chosen for agroforestry plantings are of traditional importance in
the region, and have long been part of the island environment. However, in some
17
situations a newer species may be considered. In these cases, great care must be
taken not to introduce a species that may be invasive or potentially weedy.
The species table below has a category that denotes if a species is known to be
weedy or to have naturalized. It should be noted that some of these species may
be native or indigenous to a number of Pacific Islands, but may not yet be
present or tested in other regions.
When considering new species, it is recommended to research and monitor the
potential invasiveness of the plant.
Important Agroforestry Species

The following species tables compile information on agroforestry species that are
used in the Pacific Islands.The 130 species detailed in the tables below have been
selected out of more than 500 species that are found in MSA systems in the
Pacific Islands. These agroforestry species may offer the greatest potential to provide a foundation for the promotion of MSA in most Pacific Islands. There are
undoubtedly other trees not described here that can also improve existing systems. All of these species either remain of economic, cultural, and ecological
importance in Pacific Island rural and urban agroforestry systems, or offer considerable potential for enriching agroforestry systems in the Pacific Islands.
Because of the diverse climates and soil types found in the Pacific Islands, the
environmental data such as elevation and rainfall should be used only as a
general guide. Information on multiple uses was compiled from throughout the
Pacific in order to provide the reader with details about products or functions
available from the species. Some of the information in the table is incomplete, as
indicated by blank areas.
Products/Use Table
Important products and uses of selected agroforestry species found in Pacific
Island land use systems
5 = very important throughout most island countries;
4 = very important in some countries, or of some importance in many island
countries;
3 = important in some island countries or of minor importance in a number of
island countries;
2 = minor importance in some countries;
1 = suited for this purpose, offering potential, for increased planting in some
areas of the Pacific Islands; includes under-utilized, new or unrecognized species
blank space = of no current importance in any islands for a given use or environmental service, or no information available;
Species
3 2
4
4
2
2
1
3
2
2
4
2
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
3
1
2
2 2 1 1
4 2
2
3 2
2 4
2 5 5
3 3
2
1
2 3 1
4
5 5 2
3 3 1 1
2 2
1
2 3
2
4 4
1 1
2 1
1 1
2 3
2
2
2
2
2
1 1 1 2
2 1 2
3
4
2 2
1
2 2
2
2
4 3 2
2 4 5 3
2 2
1 1 2
3 1
1
2 2
2 2 2
4 2 2
2
2 2 2
2 3 3
2
2 2 2
2 3 3
2 4 2
2 2 2
2 4 2
2 3 3
2 3 4
2 2 2
3 4 4
1
2
2
2
4
2
3
2
2
4
2
2
3
1
1 2
3
2
2
2
1
1
1 2
3 3
1 1
4 4 3
3
1 1
2 3
2 2
1 1
2 2
1 2 2
2 4
2 3
3 3
1 2
2 2
2
2
2
2 3 2 2 2
3 3 2 4 3
3 3 3
3
3 2
1
1
1
4 2
2
2
3 2
2 2
3 2 2 2 2
2 2
3 2
1 3
2 2 3
2 2
3 1
1
1
4
3
2
3
2
3
2
2
4 4
2 2 1
3 2 3
2
3 2
3 3 2
2
2 3 2
3
2
2
4
1
3
3 2
1
4
3
1 1 1 1
1
4
2
4 4 4 3
1
1
4
2
1
1
3
2
2
3
1
2
2
2
2
3
2 4
3 2 3
2
1
1
2
2
2
3
2
3 2
2 3
2
2
2
4
3
2
1 1
1 2
2
3 1 1
2
2
3 4 3 3
3 2
2
3 2
3
2 2 2
2
1
2 2
2
2
4
2 3 2 1 1
4 3 3
4
4
1 = potential, underutilized; 2 = minor importance; 3 = important; 4 = very important some areas; 5 = very important, widespread; blank = no importance or information unavailable
18
Acacia auriculiformis
Acacia koa
Acacia koaia
Acacia mangium
Adenanthera pavonina
Agathis macrophylla
Agathis robusta
Agathis vitiensis
Albizia lebbeck
Albizia saman
Aleurites moluccana
Alphitonia zizyphoides
Anacardium occidentale
Annona muricata
Annona squamosa
Araucaria cunninghamii
Araucaria heterophylla
Areca catechu
Artocarpus altilis
Artocarpus heterophyllus
Averrhoa carambola
Azadirachta indica
Bambusa vulgaris
Barringtonia asiatica
Barringtonia edulis
Bischofia javanica
Broussonetia papyrifera
Export Cash Crop

Local Cash Crop
Staple Food
Fruit/Nut
Home Garden
Leaf Vegetable
Beverage/Drink/Tea
Fragrant/Beautiful Flowers
Flavoring/Spice
Stimulant/Masticant
Medicinal
Domestic Animal Fodder
Wild Animal/Bird Food
Bee Forage
Fish/Marine Food Chain
Organic Matter/Mulch
Wood/Timber
Fuel Wood
Fallow Improvement/Pioneer
Nitrogen fixation
Windbreak
Shade
Erosion Control
Coastal Protection
Protection from Salt-spray
Animal Habitat
Woodcarving/Tools/Weapons
Canoe/Boat/Raft Making
Fishing Equipment
Fibre/Weaving/Clothing
Rope/Cordage/String
Wrapping/Parcelization
Thatch/Roofing/Mats
Body Ornamentation/Garlands
Resin/Gum/Glue/Latex
Tannin/Dye
Toxin/Insecticide/Fish Poison
Cosmetic/Soap/Perfume
Oil/Lubricant
Ceremonial/Religious Import.
Host Plant/Trellising
Fencing/Hedges/Boundary
Reforestation/Agroforestation
Planted Ornamental
Multipurpose Species Pacific Island Uses
Species
2
1
2
2
2
4
2
3
3 2 4
2
3
5
5 5 1
2
4
1 3
2
2
2 3
2
4
1 3
2
2
2 3
2 5
3 5
5 5 5
2 3
2
2
2
2
1
2
4
3
4
3
3
2
3
5
5
5
3
4
4
2
2
3
5
5
3
3
3 1 2
4
4
3
3
1
2
2
3
3
2
5 2
5
5
3
2
3
3 2
1
3
3
2
2
2 4
1
2
2 2
1
2
2
3
2
3
1
1
2 3 5 5 4 4
1
2
2 2 2
2 2 2 3 4 3
2
2 2 2
3
2 2 2
3
2 3 2
5 3
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
4 3 4 2 4
1
2
2
2
5
5
4 3 2
1 2 2
3 4 3 5 5 3 4 4
2
2 1 2
1 3 3 3
4
2
1
2
2
2
2
4 3 2 3 3
2 1
2
2
2
2
2 3
2
2
2
3 1
4
3
3
2 2 3 3 2
1
2 2 1
2
2
2
1
1
2
5 5 4 5
2 2
2
1
2 2 2
1
2 2
2 2 2
3
2 2
2
2
2
4
2
2
2
5
2
3
2
4
3
2
2
2
2
2
5
2
2 3
2
2
3 3 4
2 2
2
2 4 2
2
2
5 3 3 4 3 3 5 5 5 5 3
3 3 3 5 4 3 2
2
2
2 2 2
2
2 2
2
2
2
5 5 4 4
2
2
2
4 5 3
2 2
2
2 5
1
19
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
Calliandra calothyrsus
Calophyllum inophyllum
Cananga odorata
Canarium indicum
Canarium spp./harveyi
Carica papaya
Cassia fistula
Cassia grandis
Cassia javanica
Casuarina equisetifolia
Ceiba pentandra
Chrysophyllum cainito
Citrus aurantifolia
Citrus aurantium
Citrus hystrix
Citrus limon
Citrus maxima
Citrus mitis
Citrus paradisi
Citrus reticulata
Citrus sinensis
Cocos nucifera
Cordia subcordata
Dodonea viscosa
Delonix regia
Dracontomelon vitiense
Export Cash Crop

Local Cash Crop
Staple Food
Fruit/Nut
Home Garden
Leaf Vegetable
Beverage/Drink/Tea
Flavoring/Spice
Stimulant/Masticant
Medicinal
Bee Forage
Wood/Timber
Fuel Wood
Nitrogen fixation
Windbreak
Shade
Erosion Control
Coastal Protection
Animal Habitat
Fishing Equipment
Rope/Cordage/String
Thatch/Roofing/Mats
Tannin/Dye
Oil/Lubricant
Planted Ornamental
Multipurpose Species Pacific Island Uses (continued)
Species
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
4
3
1
1
1
1
2
2 3 3
3
2
2
2
2 3
2
2 4 3 4
3 4
2
2 3
2
1 1
2
2 2
1
4 4
3 2
2
4 3
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
1
2 2 3
2
1 2 2 1
3
2
2
3
3 3 3
2
2
3 2 2
2
3 3 3
3
2
1 3 2
2
2 1
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
4
2
2
4
2
2
4
1
3
4
3
3
3
2 3 4 3
2 3 3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
3
2
3
2
2
4
1
4
3
3
4
4 3 2 2 2
3 2
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
2 2
4
3 3 2
2
2
1 3 4 3 2
3
2 2 2
4
2
4
1
4
3
4
3 2
3
4 3
4
1
3 2 3 3
2
3
2
2
3
2 2 2 3
2 2
2 2
3 3 2
2
3
2
2
2
2
3 3 3
2
2 1
2 2
2 2 2
2
2
2
4 3 2 3 2
3
1
3
2
2
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2 2 2
3 4 3 3
3
2
3
3 3 3 2
3 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 4 3
2 3 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 3
4 2 2
1 1
3
2
2
5 2
3
2 2 4 4
2 3
2 2 2
3 3 2 3 2
3
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
2
3
3
1
1 1
2
2
3
3
2
4 2 2
2
2 2 2
2 2
2 3 1
2
2
2
20
Erythrina variegata
Erythrina subumbrans
Eucalyptus citriodora
Eucalyptus deglupta
Eucalyptus saligna
Eucalyptus tereticornis
Fagraea berteriana
Ficus bengalensis
Ficus benjamina
Ficus carica
Ficus tinctoria
Flueggea flexuosa
Gliricidia sepium
Glochidion ramiflorum/spp.
Gnetum gnemon
Guettarda speciosa
Gyrocarpus americanus
Hernandia nymphaeifolia
Hibiscus tiliaceus
Inga edulis
Inocarpus fagifer
Intsia bijuga
Kleinhovia hospita
Leucaena leucocephala
Litchi chinensis
Lumnitzera littorea
Macadamia integrifolia
Export Cash Crop

Local Cash Crop
Staple Food
Fruit/Nut
Home Garden
Leaf Vegetable
Beverage/Drink/Tea
Flavoring/Spice
Stimulant/Masticant
Medicinal
Bee Forage
Wood/Timber
Fuel Wood
Nitrogen fixation
Windbreak
Shade
Erosion Control
Coastal Protection
Animal Habitat
Fishing Equipment
Rope/Cordage/String
Thatch/Roofing/Mats
Tannin/Dye
Oil/Lubricant
Planted Ornamental
Species
3
3 4
4 4 1 3
3
3
2
2
4 5
2
3
3
3
2
3
4
3
3
4 4 3
2 1
3
3 3
3
1
4 4
2
3 3
3 3
3 3
4 3
3
3
3 3 3
4 5 5 5 5
2
3 3 3
4 5 4 4
2
4 5
2
1
2
2
3 3 2
2 3
3 3
1 2 2
2
1
4 4
4 4
3
4 3
2
2
2 3
2
2 3
2
1
2
1
2 3
5
4
1
2 3
5
5
2
3 3
2
3 2
3
4
4 3 4
2
2
5 2 2
2
2
2
3 3
4 4
3
4 4 4 3
3 3 4 4
3 3 3 2
2 2
2
2
3 2 2 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 4 3
2 2 2
2
3
3 2
2 2
2
1
1
4
5
3 3 3
3
2 3 3
3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3
2
4 4 3 3
3
4 3 3 3
3
3
3
3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 3 4
4
4 3 2 4 3
2
3 4 3
3
1
1
1
2
3
3
1
2
4
3
2
3
2
2
2 5 4 4 4 4 3 3
2 5 4 4 4 3 3
2
2 3 2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
3 4
3
2
3
2
3
3
3 3 4
2
3 3
3
1 1
3
3 2 2 3
3 2 2
3 2
2
2 2 2 2 1
3
3
2
2
4
3 4 4 4
3
3 3 3 3
2 2
3 4
3
2
4 2
1
4
2
2
2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2
3 3 3
2 2
2
1 1
3
3 3
2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2
2
3
2
2
4
4
3
3
3
2 2
1
3
4
2
3
2
2
3
2
2 2
2
1
2
2
5
2
4
5
5
2 2
3
2
2
2
21
Macaranga spp.
Mangifera indica
Melia azedarach
Metroxylon spp.
Morinda citrifolia
Moringa oleifera
Musa spp.
Neisosperma oppositifolium
Pandanus dubius
Pandanus tectorius
Pandanus cultivars
Paraserianthes falcataria
Pemphis acidula
Persea americana
Pimenta racemosa
Pinus caribaea
Piper methysticum
Pipturus argenteus
Pisonia grandis
Pithecellobium dulce
Plumeria obtusa
Plumeria rubra
Polyscias spp.
Pometia pinnata
Premna serratifolia
Pritchardia pacifica
Psidium guajava
Export Cash Crop

Local Cash Crop
Staple Food
Fruit/Nut
Home Garden
Leaf Vegetable
Beverage/Drink/Tea
Flavoring/Spice
Stimulant/Masticant
Medicinal
Bee Forage
Wood/Timber
Fuel Wood
Nitrogen fixation
Windbreak
Shade
Erosion Control
Coastal Protection
Animal Habitat
Fishing Equipment
Rope/Cordage/String
Thatch/Roofing/Mats
Tannin/Dye
Oil/Lubricant
Planted Ornamental
Species
2 3
3
3 3
2
1
3
4 4
2
3
3
2
2
4 4 2 2
2
2
4
3
3
2
3
1 2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2 2
2
3 4 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 5 5 4 5
5
3
2
2 4 2 2
2 2
2
1
3 3
3 3 3 3
3
3
2
1
1
1
2 2
1 3
2 2
2 2 2 2
1
1 1
2
1 2 2 1 1
1
2 1
2 2 2 2
2 1
4 3 3
2 2
3
2 4 2
1 1
2 2 2
2 2 3 2
3 3
1 1
1
2 2
1
4 2 3
2 2 2
2
3
2 2 2 1
2
2 3
4 3 4
3 3 3 3
3 4
3
2
2 2 2
3 2
3 4 3
3 3
1 1
3 2
4 3 2
3 3 3
3 3
2
2 2
3
2 2 2 2
3 3
5 5 5 3 3 3
5 5 4 4 3 3 2
3
3 3 3 3 3
3
3 3
1
3
3
2
2 2 2
2
2
3
3
3
3 2 2
2 2
2
3
3
2
1
1
2
2
3
2 3
2
3
2
4
1
2
1
1
1
2
3 2 4 2 2 2 2 3
2
2
2 2 2 2
2
3 2 5 3 2 2 2 3
2 1 2
1
1
1 1
1
3 3 3 2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2
2
2
1
2
2
3
2
3
2
3
3 2
2 2
2
2
2
3
2
2 2
3 2
2
2
2
22
Pterocarpus indicus
Rhizophora spp.
Santalum spp.
Scaevola taccada
Schizostachyum spp.
Senna alata
Senna siamea
Sesbania grandiflora
Sesbania sesban
Spathodea campanulata
Spondias dulcis
Swietenia macrophylla
Syzygium cumini
Syzygium jambos
Syzygium malaccense
Tamarindus indica
Terminalia catappa
Terminalia samoensis/littora
Thespesia populnea
Toona ciliata var. australis
Tournefortia argentea
Veitchia spp.
Vitex negundo/trifolia
Export Cash Crop

Local Cash Crop
Staple Food
Fruit/Nut
Home Garden
Leaf Vegetable
Beverage/Drink/Tea
Flavoring/Spice
Stimulant/Masticant
Medicinal
Bee Forage
Wood/Timber
Fuel Wood
Nitrogen fixation
Windbreak
Shade
Erosion Control
Coastal Protection
Animal Habitat
Fishing Equipment
Rope/Cordage/String
Thatch/Roofing/Mats
Tannin/Dye
Oil/Lubricant
Planted Ornamental
H, SH
U
U
H
H
H
U
H
H, SH, A
H, A
H, SH
H, SH
H, SH, A
H, SH
H, SH, U
H, SH, U
H, SH, C
H, SH
H, SH
H, SH
H, SH
H, SH, A
H, SH
C
H
H, SH
H, SH, U
7
P no 3-4
5-8
P
1-2
P
3-4
Climatic Zones
Waterlogging Tolerance
2030 m
2040 m
35 m
1530 m
2030 m
3040 m
2035 m
2533 m
2530 m
2035 m
2030 m
2030 m
1012 m
57 m
310 m
4050 m
2040 m
1025 m
2030 m
3040 m
1015 m
2030 m
1020 m
1525 m
1025 m
2030 m
515 m
Drought Tolerance (months)
F
F
S
F
F
M
S
M
M
M
M
M
S
S
S
M
M
M
S
M
S
F
F
M
M
M
M
Salt Tolerance
S
S
S
S
S
S
S,C
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S,G
S
S,C
S
S,R,V
S,G
S,G
S,C,G
S,C,R
S
S
S
C
Weediness/Invasiveness
Height at Maturity (meters)
0400 m
6002000 m
3001500 m
0700 m
0400 m
50550 m
0900 m
01150 m
01500 m
01000 m
02500 m
0300 m
0500 m
01000 m
01000 m
01500 m
01500 m
0800 m
0800 m
4001000 m
0700 m
01500 m
01000 m
020 m
0400 m
0900 m
01500 m
Growth Rate
northern black wattle

koa
koaia
mangium; brown salwood
red bead tree
kauri; kauri pine
Queensland kauri
Fiji kauri
albizia; siris tree
rain tree; monkeypod
candlenut
toi
cashew
soursop
sugarapple; sweetsop
hoop pine; Moreton Bay pine
Norfolk Island pine
betel-nut; betel-nut palm
breadfruit
jakfruit; jackfruit
carambola; star fruit
neem
common bamboo
fish-poison tree
cut nut; katnut
Java cedar
paper mulberry
in meters (1 foot = 0.3 meters)
yes
no
no
2-3
H = Humid tropics ( >1000 mm rainfall;

>20 C mean temp.; >40 inches; >68F)
SH = sub-humid ( >500 mm rainfall; >20
C mean temp.; >20 inches; >68F)
A = Arid/semi-arid ( <500 mm rainfall;
>20 C mean temp.; <20 inches; >68F)
U = Upland ( >1000 mm rainfall; <20 C
mean temp.; >40 inches; <68F)
C = Coastal
Means of Propagation
S = Seeds
C = Cuttings
G = Grafting
A = Air layering
B = Budding
V = suckers
R = Root cutting
Growth Rate
P yes 4-6
P
2-4
P
3-6
P
3-6
P
3-5
P
S = Slow growth rate, less than 0.75

meters (2 ft) per year
M = Medium, 0.75-1.5 meters (25 ft) per
year
F =Fast, 1.5+ meters (5+ ft) per year
Height at Maturity
no
Potential Invasiveness
yes 3-4
3-4
2-4
no 1-2
P
3-6
3-6
yes
no
P
W = Weedy or extremely invasive in

some areas; often problematic
P =Potentially weedy; naturalized in
some areas, but rarely causing problems
no
no
yes
yes or no
Drought tolerance
in months
yes
3-4
Salt tolerance
Waterlogging tolerance
yes or no
blank
information unavailable
23
Acacia koa
Acacia koaia
Acacia mangium
Agathis macrophylla
Agathis robusta
Agathis vitiensis
Albizia lebbeck
Albizia saman
Aleurites moluccana
Annona muricata
Annona squamosa
Areca catechu
Artocarpus altilis
Averrhoa carambola
Azadirachta indica
Bambusa vulgaris
Barringtonia edulis
Bischofia javanica
Common Names
Species
Climatic Zones
Elevation
Elevation (meters)
Multipurpose Species Characteristics and Tolerances
Salt Tolerance
1520 m
610 m
2025 m
1020 m
40 m
1525 m
46 m
1020 m
1520 m
1525 m
2530 m
3050 m
2530 m
45 m
10 m
12 m
36 m
510 m
27.5 m
1015 m
510 m
615 m
1020 m
10 m
28 m
15 m
1020 m
M
F
S
F
S
S
F
M
M
M
F
M
M
S
S
M
S
S
S
S
S
S
M
M
M
S
M
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S,C
S,G
S,A
S
S
S,A,B
S,A,B
S,C,B
S,A,B
H, SH
S,A,B
U
S,B
C, H
S
C, H
S
SH
S
H, SH, A, C S
H, Sh
S
C
H, SH
C
H, SH
H
H, SH
H, SH
H, SH
H, SH
H, SH
H, SH, A, C
H, SH
H, SH
H, SH, U
H, SH, U
H, SH, U
H, SH, U
H, SH
H, SH
0m
01500 m
0100 m
0800 m
0600 m
0600 m
01000 m
01000 m
01000 m
01000 m
01500 m
0500 m
0400 m
01800 m
01800 m
01500 m
02000 m
0800 m
01000 m
0800 m
01000 m
2001000 m
0800 m
0300 m
01100 m
0500 m
0300 m
Growth Rate
Oriental mangrove
calliandra
portia tree
ylang-ylang; perfume tree
red canarium; galip
pili nut; canarium almond
papaya; pawpaw
golden shower tree
pink shower tree
pink and white shower tree
ironwood; she oak
kapok tree; silk-cotton tree
caimito; starapple
lime; West Indian lime
sour orange; Seville orange
kaffir lime; rough lemon
lemon
pummelo; pomelo; shaddock
calamondin
grapefruit; pumelo
tangerine; mandarin orange
orange; sweet orange
coconut palm; coconut
beach cordia; sea trumpet
native hop bush
poinciana; royal poinciana
3-4
yes
no
4-6
no
yes
P
Climatic Zones
yes
P

C = Coastal
S = Seeds
C = Cuttings
G = Grafting
A = Air layering
B = Budding
V = suckers
R = Root cutting
Growth Rate
W yes 4-6
4-6
3-4
no

M = Medium, 0.75-1.5 meters (25 ft)
per year
Height at Maturity
no
some areas, but rarely causing
problems
3-4
3-4
3-4
Salt tolerance
yes 3-4
yes 3-4
yes
yes or no
Drought tolerance
in months
6-12
yes or no
blank
24
Cananga odorata
Canarium indicum
Carica papaya
Cassia fistula
Cassia grandis
Cassia javanica
Ceiba pentandra
Citrus aurantifolia
Citrus aurantium
Citrus hystrix
Citrus limon
Citrus maxima
Citrus mitis
Citrus paradisi
Citrus reticulata
Citrus sinensis
Cocos nucifera
Cordia subcordata
Dodonea viscosa
Delonix regia
Common Names
Species
Climatic Zones
Elevation
Elevation (meters)
Multipurpose Species Characteristics and Tolerances (continued)
lemon-scented gum
Mindanao gum
flooded gum
forest red gum
pua tree
banyan; Indian banyan
weeping fig; Benjamin tree
fig; piku; fiku
Dyer's fig
gliricidia; madre de cacao
gnetum; joint fir
guettarda
lantern tree
beach hibiscus tree
inga; ice cream bean
Tahitian chestnut
ipil; Borneo teak; island teak
kleinhovia; guest tree
leucaena; wild tamarind
litchi; lychee
Macadamia nut
01000 m
0200 m
0200 m
01200 m
5002000 m
0800 m
0900 m
01000 m
0700 m
3001800 m
1500 m
5350 m
0800 m
01350 m
30850 m
010 m
1300 m
120 m
1800 m
01500 m
1400 m
0600 m
10100 m
01000 m
1001000 m
0m
1001000 m
H, SH, A
H, SH
H, SH
H
U
SH, C, U
H, SH
H
H, SH
SH, A
H, SH, C
H
H, SH
H, SH
H
C
H, SH, C
C
C, H, SH
H, SH
H, C
C, H
H, SH
H, SH, A
H, SH
C
H, SH
1520 m
5-7
1020 m
1520 m
3050 m
2-3
4055 m
3050 m
yes 3-5
520 m
1520 m
yes
1015 m
yes
510 m
yes
1520 m
yes
310 m
10 m P yes 6-8
215 m
515 m
520 m
yes
1525 m
yes
1520 m
yes
410 m
yes 3-4
2030 m
3-4
1525 m
yes
3050 m
yes
1015 m
310 m W
6-8
2030 m
2-4
510 m
yes
1518 m
3-4
Climatic Zones
Salt Tolerance
F
F
F
F
F
F
S
F
F
M
M
F
F
M
M
S
M
M
M
F
S
S
F
F
S
S
S
S,C
C
S
S,C
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S,C
S
S
S
S
S
C
S
S
S
S
S,C
S,A
S
S,G
Growth Rate
coral tree; Indian coral tree
yes
yes
no
yes
yes

C = Coastal
S = Seeds
C = Cuttings
G = Grafting
A = Air layering
B = Budding
V = suckers
R = Root cutting
Growth Rate
yes

year
Height at Maturity
yes
yes
yes

Salt tolerance
yes or no
Drought tolerance
in months
yes or no
blank
25
Erythrina variegata
Eucalyptus deglupta
Eucalyptus saligna
Fagraea berteriana
Ficus bengalensis
Ficus benjamina
Ficus carica
Ficus tinctoria
Flueggea flexuosa
Gliricidia sepium
Gnetum gnemon
Guettarda speciosa
Hibiscus tiliaceus
Inga edulis
Inocarpus fagifer
Intsia bijuga
Kleinhovia hospita
Litchi chinensis
Lumnitzera littorea
Common Names
Species
Climatic Zones
Elevation
Elevation (meters)
pisonia; lettuce tree

Manila tamarind; sweet inga
evergreen frangipani
frangipani; plumeria
panax; hedge panax
Oceanic lychee
Fiji fan palm; Pacific fan palm
guava
1015 m
1545 m
1020 m
1015 m
35 m
1012 m
29 m
1015 m
510 m
515 m
210 m
2030 m
26 m
1020 m
512 m
3040 m
23 m
26 m
1020 m
522 m
58 m
58 m
24 m
2540 m
47 m
1012 m
510 m
4-6
4-6
Climatic Zones
F
S
M
S
S
M
F
M
M
M
M
F
S
M
M
M
S
M
M
M
M
M
F
S
M
S
M
S
S,B,G
S
S
S
S,C
V
S
C,S
C,S
C,S
S
S
S,B,G
S
S
C
S
C
S
C
C
C
S
C,S
S
S,A,B
Salt Tolerance
H, SH
H, SH
H, SH, A
H
C, A, SH
H, SH, A
H, SH
C
H, C
H, SH, C
H, SH, C, U
H, SH, U
C
H, SH
H, SH
H, SH
H
H, C
H, C
A, SH
H, SH, A
H, SH
H, SH
H
H, SH, C
H, SH
H, SH
screw pine
pandanus; screw pine
screw pine cultivars
albizia; white albizia
pemphis
avocado
bay-rum tree
Caribbean pine
kava; kava root
3500 m
01000 m
01000 m
0200 m
0600 m
01200 m
01200 m
050 m
050 m
0400 m
01500 m
0120 m
010 m
01000 m
0200 m
0700 m
0700 m
01000 m
0300 m
01600 m
0700 m
0700 m
0800 m
0500 m
0400 m
1200 m
01500 m
Growth Rate
macaranga
mango
Chinaberry; pride of India
sago palm; ivory-nut palm
Indian mulberry
horseradish tree
banana
yes
yes
yes 4-6
6-8
2-3
yes
yes
yes
W
yes
S = Seeds
C = Cuttings
G = Grafting
A = Air layering
B = Budding
V = suckers
R = Root cutting
Growth Rate
yes
yes
2-3
yes

C = Coastal
2-3
yes
no
3-4
yes

year
Height at Maturity
P
P
yes
yes
W yes 4-6
yes 6-9
yes 6-9
Salt tolerance
yes or no
Drought tolerance
in months
yes
yes or no
4-6
yes
blank
26
Macaranga spp.
Mangifera indica
Melia azedarach
Metroxylon spp.
Morinda citrifolia
Moringa oleifera
Musa spp.
Pandanus dubius
Pandanus tectorius
Pandanus cultivars
Pemphis acidula
Persea americana
Pimenta racemosa
Pinus caribaea
Piper methysticum
Pipturus argenteus
Pisonia grandis
Plumeria obtusa
Plumeria rubra
Polyscias spp.
Pometia pinnata
Premna serratifolia
Psidium guajava
Common Names
Species
Climatic Zones
Elevation
Elevation (meters)
kassod; pheasantwood
sesbania; corkwood tree
sesban
African tulip tree
vi apple; Polynesian plum
West Indian mahogany
jambolan; Java plum
rose apple; Malabar plum
Malay apple; mountain apple
tamarind
tropical almond
tropical almond
Pacific rosewood; milo
Australian red cedar
beach heliotrope
niusawa palm (V. joannis)
vitex; beach vitex; blue vitex
0500 m
0m
0200 m
0200 m
0900 m
1500 m
0600 m
01000 m
01500 m
01200 m
0700 m
01500 m
0600 m
01200 m
0600 m
01000 m
0300 m
010 m
0600 m
02000 m
010 m
0900 m
0900 m
H, SH
C
H, SH
C, H
H, SH
H, SH
H, SH
H, SH
H, SH, A
H, SH
H, SH
H, SH
H, SH
H, SH
H, SH
SH, A
C, H, SH
C
C, H, SH
H, SH, U
C
H, U
H, SH, C
Climatic Zones
3040 m
215 m
212 m
23 m
58 m
25 m
1520 m
810 m
68 m
2030 m
2025 m
3040 m
1020 m
1015 m
1015 m
1525 m
1525 m
35 m
1018 m
3035 m
38 m
510 m
1.53 m
M
M
S
M
F
M
F
F
F
F
M
M
M
S
M
M
F
M
S
M
S
M
F
Salt Tolerance
S,C
S
S
S
V
S
S
S
S
S
S,A,C
S
S,B,G
S,A,C
S
S,A,G
S
S
S
S
S
S
S,C
narra; New Guinea rosewood

red mangrove
sandalwood
scaevola; saltbrush
bamboo; aboriginal bamboo
Growth Rate
Pterocarpus indicus
Rhizophora spp.
Santalum spp.
Scaevola taccada
Schizostachyum spp.
Senna alata
Senna siamea
Sesbania sesban
Spondias dulcis
Syzygium cumini
Syzygium jambos
Syzygium malaccense
Tamarindus indica
Terminalia catappa
Terminalia samoensis/littoralis
Thespesia populnea
Veitchia spp.
Common Names
yes no
yes
yes
yes
P
yes 4-6
P yes 6-8
P yes 4-6
W
3-4
3-4
P
P
4-6
3-4
yes
no
yes
yes
yes
yes

C = Coastal
S = Seeds
C = Cuttings
G = Grafting
A = Air layering
B = Budding
V = suckers
R = Root cutting
Growth Rate
year
Height at Maturity
4-8
yes 2-3
yes
yes 6-8
yes
no
yes
no

Salt tolerance
yes or no
yes
Drought tolerance
in months
yes or no
blank
27
Species
Climatic Zones
Elevation
Elevation (meters)
Common Names, Origin and Presence in Pacific Islands

Species Names
Acacia koa
Acacia koaia
Acacia mangium
Agathis macrophylla
Agathis robusta
Agathis vitiensis
Albizia lebbeck
Common Names
red bead tree; red

sandalwood; Polynesian
peanut
kauri; kauri pine
albizia; siris tree; woman's

tongue
rain tree; monkeypod
candlenut
Aleurites moluccana
toi
Annona squamosa
sugarapple; sweetsop
hoop pine; Moreton Bay

pine; Richmond river pine
Norfolk Island pine
betel-nut; betel-nut palm
Areca catechu
Frequently Used in
New Guinea and northern

Australia
Hawaii
Hawaii
Southeast Asia and Malesia
Papua New Guinea and Solomon

Islands (western Malesia)
Hawaii
Hawaii
Papua New Guinea
Most Pacific Islands; although not
generally found on atolls
kauli (Tonga)
Solomon Islands
northern Australia; Southeast

Asia; Malesia
eastern Australia and Malesia
northern Australia; Southeast
Asia; Malesia
Tropical Asia
tamalini; tamaligi (Samoa); kasia

(Tonga); 'ohai (Hawaii)
Tropical America
lauci; sikeci (Fiji); tuitui (Tonga;

Cooks); lama (Samoa); tutu'i; ti'a'iri
(Societies); 'ama (Marquesas);
kukui (Hawaii)
toi (Samoa; Tonga) (kauila is
related native Hawaii species A.
ponderosa)
apu 'Initia (Samoa); 'apu (Tonga)
sasalapa (Samoa); 'apele 'Initia
(Tonga)
apele Tonga (Tonga); nameana
(Tuvalu)
paina (Samoa); paini (Tonga)
Malaysia
paina (Samoa); paini (Tonga)

nioi-kekela (Hawaii)
Sumatra and Philippines

Tropical America
Tropical America
South America
Australia; Papua New Guinea
New Caledonia
Southern Asia and Indonesia
Papua New Guinea; Tonga

Fiji
Vanuatu; Fiji; Saipan; Hawaii
Most Pacific Islands (especially
Polynesia and Melanesia: Fiji,
Vanuatu, Hawaii, and Samoa)
Aboriginal intr. to most of
Melanesia; Polynesia; and parts
of Micronesia; recent to Guam
Sumatra; Philippines; Society
Islands; related species in PNG
and Hawaii
Tonga; Samoa
Pre-WWII intr. to most Pacific
Islands, not found on atolls
Tonga; Kiribati; Tuvalu
Papua New Guinea (large
plantations)
Hawaii
Aboriginal intr. to Papua New
Guinea; Solomon Islands; and
western Micronesia; recent to Fiji;
Samoa; and other areas
28
Annona muricata
cashew
soursop
Indigenous to
lopa (Samoa, Tuvalu, Tonga); hua- Southeast Asia and Malaysia

'ula'ula (Hawaii)
Queensland kauri; smoothbarked kauri pine

Fiji kauri
Albizia saman
Pacific Island Names
Northern black wattle;

Papua wattle
koa
koa (Hawaii)
koaia
koa'ia (Hawaii)
mangium; brown salwood;
black wattle; hickory wattle
Common Names, Origin and Presence in Pacific Islands (continued)

Species Names
Common Names
breadfruit
uto (Fiji); mei (Tonga, Marquesas); Malaysia

'ulu (Samoa, Hawaii); kuru (Cooks)
maiore; 'uru (Society Islands)
Artocarpus altilis
Indigenous to
jakfruit; jackfruit
Southeast Asia and India
Averrhoa carambola
Azadirachta indica
carambola; star fruit

tapanima (Tonga)
neem
common bamboo; feathery ofe Fiti (Samoa); pitu (Tonga); te
bamboo
kaibaba (Kiribati); kofe; pampu
(Tuvalu); bitu (Fiji)
fish-poison tree
vutu (Fiji); futu (Tonga, Samoa);
'utu (Cooks); hutu; hotu
(Societies); hutu (Marquesas) te
bairiati (Kiribati)
cut nut; katnut
Java cedar
koka (Hawaii, Polynesia, Fiji,
Vanuatu, Tonga, Cooks); 'o'a
(Samoa)
paper mulberry
malo; masi (Fiji) hiapo; tutu
(Tonga); u'a (Samoa); aute
(Cooks, Societies) ute
(Marquesas); wauke (Hawaii) aute
(New Zealand)
Southeast Asia
India
tropical Asia
Bambusa vulgaris
Barringtonia edulis
Bischofia javanica
Oriental mangrove; brown

mangrove
calliandra
portia tree; Alexandrian
laurel; beach mahogany
ylang-ylang; perfume tree
Cananga odorata
Canarium indicum
red canarium; galip
Post-European contact intr. to

Pacific Islands. Fiji.
Fiji
Hawaii and Fiji
Most Pacific Islands
Most of Polynesia; not common
on atolls
Melanesia
Melanesia; Fiji; Solomon Islands
India; South China; Indonesia and Fiji; Samoa; Tonga; Uvea;
Philippines
Futuna; Cook and Society
Islands; Hawaii
China; Japan; Burma; Thailand
Aboriginal intr. throughout
Malesia; Melanesia; and
Polynesia as far east as Hawaii.
Commonly found in Fiji; Tonga;
Samoa; PNG; Hawaii; recent intr.
to Yap; not in Micronesia or found
on atolls
togo; toto saina (Samoa); tongo;
East Africa; Indian Ocean; tropical western Polynesia (Tonga;
tongo ta'ane; fa'onelua (Tonga); te Asia; western Polynesia and
Samoa) and eastern Micronesia
tongo buangi (Kiribati); kukuna-o- eastern Micronesia
(Marshall and Gilbert Islands;
ka-la (Hawaii)
Nauru)
Tropical America
Samoa; Hawaii
dilo (Fiji); feta'u (Tonga); fetau
tropical Africa; eastern Polynesia Eastern Polynesia; Fiji; Nauru;
(Samoa); tamanu (Cooks;
and Micronesia
Banaba; Makatea
Societies; Marquesas); te itai
(Kiribati); kamani (Hawaii)
makosoi; mokosoi (Fiji); mohokoi Southeast Asia; Philippines;
aboriginal intr. to parts of
(Tonga); moso'oi (Samoa)
northern Australia
Melanesia and Polynesia; recent
intr. to Hawaii and other smaller
eastern Pacific Islands
Malesia
Mainly Melanesia Fiji; Tonga;
Niue
29
Indian Ocean to the Marquesas
Frequently Used in
Aboriginal intr. to most of
Melanesia; Polynesia; and
Micronesia

Species Names
Common Names
Indigenous to
Frequently Used in
pili nut; canarium almond;

Java almond; galip nut
ai (Tonga); mafoa (Samoa)
Malaysia; Indonesia; New

Guinea; Fiji and Tonga
Melanesia and Polynesia as far

east as Samoa and Niue.
Common throughout Melanesia;
occasional in Fiji; Tonga; Samoa;
and Niue
abundant throughout Pacific
Islands Hawaii; Fiji; Tonga;
Rarotonga; Samoa,Cook Islands
Canarium harveyi
papaya; pawpaw
Carica papaya
Cassia fistula
Cassia grandis
Cassia javanica
Ceiba pentandra
Citrus aurantifolia
esi (Samoa); lesi (Tonga) olesi

(Tuvalu); te babaia (Kiribati)
mikana; milikana; papaia; he'I
(Hawaii)
golden shower tree; Indian kasia (Tonga)
laburnum; pudding-pipe
tree
pink shower tree; horse
kasia (Tonga)
cassia
pink and white shower tree;
pink shower tree
ironwood; she oak;
nokonoko (Fiji); toa (Hawaii,
beefwood; casaurina
Tonga, Samoa, Cooks,
Marquesas) 'aito (Societies) te
burukam (Kiribati)
kapok tree; silk-cotton tree vavae (Samoa, Tonga)
India or Africa
caimito; starapple
lime; West Indian lime
West Indes
S. Asia or Indonesia
tipolo; moli tipolo (Samoa); laimi;

moli laimi (Tonga); taim (Tuvalu);
te raim (Kiribati)
sour orange; Seville orange kola (Tonga)
Tropical America
Tropical Asia
Tropical America
recent intr. to Pacific Islands;

home gardens and roadsides in
Tonga; Samoa; Hawaii
recent intr. to Pacific Islands
Tropical Asia
most Pacific Islands

Indian Ocean; Southeast Asia;
Malesia; N. Australia; and parts of
the western Pacific
Southeast Asia
Citrus aurantium
Citrus hystrix
kaffir lime; rough lemon;

leach lime; Mauritus
papeda
lemon
Citrus limon
Citrus mitis
Citrus paradisi
pummelo; pomelo;
shaddock
calamondin; calamondin
orange
grapefruit; pumelo
Indonesia
Home gardens in many areas of

Pacific: Fiji; Samoa; Niue; Cook
Islands; Kiribati and atolls
Throughout Polynesia; and some
areas of Micronesia and
Melanesia; not found on atolls
The most common "lemon" in
many Pacific Islands
Southeast Asia
Malesia Southeast Asia and

Indo-Malaysia
Tonga
Philippines or Malaysia
Tonga; Samoa; Marshall Islands;

Kiribati
West Indes
30
Citrus maxima
lemani (Tonga); tipolo patupatu

(Samoa); te remen (Kiribati); laim
(Tuvalu)
moli; moli tipolo (Samoa); moli
lemani; lemani (Tonga); kukane
(Hawaii)
moli kana (Fiji); moli Tonga
(Tonga); moli Toga (Samoa); muli
(Papua New Guinea)
tipolo Iapani (Samoa); 'alani'awa'awa (Hawaii)
muli (Papua New Guinea Pidgin)
most Pacific Islands (especially

common in the high islands)

Species Names
Common Names
Citrus reticulata
tangerine; mandarin orange moli Saina (Samoa); moli peli

(Tonga)
orange; sweet orange
moli 'aina; moli 'aiga (Samoa); moli
kai; moli inu (Tonga) te aoranti
(Kiribati); 'alani (Hawaii)
coconut palm; coconut
niu (Fiji; Tonga; Samoa; Cooks;
Hawaii); nu (Cooks); ha'ari
(Societies); te ni (Kiribati)
beach cordia; sea trumpet nawanawa (Fiji); puataukanave
(Tonga); tuanave (Samoa); tou
(Cooks, Societies, Marquesas);
kou (Hawaii)
native hop bush
te kai boia (Kiribati); lala vao
(Samoa); 'A'ali'i (Hawaii)
poinciana; royal poinciana; tamaligi (Samoa); 'ohai (Tonga); te
tua (Kiribati); fua I tausaga
flame tree; flamboyant;
(Tuvalu) 'ohai-'ula (Hawaii)
flame of the forest
Citrus sinensis
Cocos nucifera
Cordia subcordata
Dodonea viscosa
Delonix regia
Eucalyptus deglupta
Eucalyptus saligna
lemon-scented gum;
spotted gum
Mindanao gum; Bagras
eucalyptus; deglupta;
kamarere
flooded gum; Sydney blue
gum
forest red gum
pua tree
Fagraea berteriana
Ficus bengalensis
Ficus benjamina
Ficus carica
Frequently Used in
Southeast Asia and Philippines
South China and Southeast Asia
S. Asia and Indian Ocean Islands All Pacific Islands

Indian Ocean to Pacific Islands
Polynesia and Micronesia
Native to most Pacific Islands;

possibly intr. to some atolls
Madagascar
Kiribati; Tonga; Hawaii
Malesia
Indian Ocean and Pacific Islands some areas of Melanesia;
Polynesia; and Micronesia
Burma; east to Philippines
Queensland; Australia
Southeast Asia; Philippines;
Australia and New Guinea
Australia
Southeast Asia; Philippines;

Australia and New Guinea
bua (Fiji); pua; pua tonga (Tonga); New Guinea; Caroline Islands;
Marquesas
pua lulu (Samoa); pua (Cooks,
Societies, Marquesas); puakenikeni (Hawaii)
pulu (Samoa)
India
banyan; Indian banyan;

vada tree
weeping fig; Benjamin tree; ovava Fisi (Tonga)
waringin
fig; piku; fiku
Most Pacific Islands especially

Melanesia
Most Pacific Islands especially
Papua New Guinea
Polynesia and Melanesia
India
Asia
31
Erythrina variegata
coral tree; Indian coral tree; drala dina (Fiji); ngatae; gatae
tiger's claw; dadap; tropical (Tonga, Samoa); 'atae (Cooks;
Societies); natae (Marquesas);
coral
wiliwili-haole (Hawaii)
Indigenous to

Species Names
Common Names
Indigenous to
Dyer's fig
nunu (Fiji); masi'ata (Tonga) mati

(Samoa, Cooks, Societies); 'ata
(Marquesas)
poumuli (Samoa, Tonga)
Philippines
Ficus tinctoria
Fleuggea flexuosa
Gliricidia sepium
Gnetum gnemon
Guettarda speciosa
Hibiscus tiliaceus
Inga edulis
gliricidia; madre de cacao

(Mother of cocoa);
Nicaragua cocoa shade;
Mexican lilac
recent intr. to Pacific Islands (Fiji;

Vanuatu; Hawaii; Samoa; Tonga;
Kiribati)
Tropical Asia to the Marquesas; Most Pacific Islands

Marianas and Caroline Islands in
Micronesia
gnetum; joint fir
India; Southern Asia and Malesia Most of Micronesia and
to Caroline Islands and Fiji
Melanesia (Solomons; New
Guinea; Fiji)
guettarda
puapua (Samoa); puopua (Tonga); East Africa; tropical Asia to
Most Pacific Islands esp.
Marshall Islands and
Micronesia; common on atolls
te uri (Kiribati); pua; puapua; uli
southeastern Polynesia
(Tuvalu)
wiriwiri (Fiji); pukovili (Tonga); vili; East Africa to tropical America;
Vanuatu; Tonga; Samoa
vilivili; moa (Samoa)
aboriginal intr. to Tonga
East Africa to Micronesia and
Micronesia and Polynesia; some
lantern tree; Chinese
pipi (Fiji, Samoa); pu'a (Samoa);
southeastern Polynesia
parts of Melanesia
lantern tree
fotulona; puko (Tonga); puka
(Tuvalu); te bingibing (Kiribati)
beach hibiscus tree; beach vau (Fiji); fau (Tonga, Samoa); 'au Pantropical; indigenous to many Most Pacific Islands
Pacific Islands
mallow
(Cooks); purau (Societies); fau;
hau (Marquesas); hau (Hawaii)
inga; ice cream bean
Tahitian chestnut
ipil; Borneo teak; island
teak
ivi (Fiji); ifi (Tonga, Samoa); I'I

(Cooks) ihi; mape (Societies); ihi
(Marquesas) te ibi (Kiribati)
vesi (Fiji); fehi (Tonga); ifilele
(Samoa)
fu'afu'a; pu'apu'a (Samoa);
fukofuka (Tonga)
Central and South America

Malesia and possibly Melanesia;
aboriginal intr. to most of
Micronesia and Polynesia
Eastern Africa; Madacascar;
southern Asia; Malesia to the
Caroline Islands; Rotuma; and
Samoa
Tropical Africa; Asia through
Malesia to the Caroline Islands
and Samoa; Tonga; and Society
Islands
Polynesia and Melanesia

Melanesia and Polynesia;
especially Samoa; Tonga; and Fiji
Melanesia and Samoa
32
kleinhovia; guest tree

Kleinhovia hospita
Samoa; Tonga
masame (Samoa); malolo;

masikoka (Tonga)
Inocarpus fagifer
Intsia bijuga
Philippines; Solomon Islands;

Moluccas
Central America and northern
South America
Frequently Used in

Species Names
Common Names
Metroxylon spp.
leucaena; wild tamarind; ipil- fua pepe (Samoa);

ipil
sialemohemohe (Tonga); te
kaitetua (Kiribati); haole koa or koa
haole (Hawaii)
litchi; lychee; leechee;
lechee; laichi
hangale (Tonga); te aitoa (Kiribati);
sagale (Tuvalu)
Macadamia nut;
Queensland nut; Australian
bush nut
macaranga
lau pata; papata; lau papata
(Samoa); loupata; lepo (Tonga)
mango
mago (Samoa, Tuvalu); mango
(Tonga); te mangko (Kiribati)
manako (Hawaii)
Chinaberry; pride of India; inia (Hawaii); sita; sita Tonga
Indian lilac; Persian lilac;
bead tree
sago palm; ivory-nut palm nui masoa; niu o Lotuma (Samoa)
Morinda citrifolia
Indian mulberry; beach

mulberry
Litchi chinensis
Lumnitzera littorea
Macaranga spp. (harveyana,
stipulosa, carolinensis)
Mangifera indica
Melia azedarach
banana
Musa spp.
Pandanus dubius
Pandanus tectorius
screw pine
pandanus; screw pine
Frequently Used in
Central America and Mexico
Southern China; northern

Vietnam; and Malaysia
East Africa to Tonga and Marshall Tonga; Kiribati; Tuvalu
Islands in Micronesia
Australia
Hawaii
Fiji to the Solomon Islands
India and Burma
Most Pacific Islands (Polynesia;

Melanesia; and larger islands of
Micronesia
Early European intr. throughout
high Pacific Islands
Old World tropics into Malesia

and northern Australia
Indonesia; Melanesia; and
Caroline Islands in Micronesia
Tropical Asia and Australia; intr.
to southeast Polynesia and
Hawaii; Marshall and Gilbert
north-western India
many different Pacific Island

India and tropical Asia
names depending on cultivar;
including vudi (Fiji); fusi (Tonga)
fa'i (Samoa); meika (Cooks); mei'a
(Societies); meika; mei'a
(Marquesas); mai'a (Hawaii)
Indian Ocian to Polynesia and
fao (Samoa, Tonga); te
Micronesia
kiebutinang (Kiribati)
Melanesia; Samoa and some

parts of western Micronesia
Most Pacific Islands esp.
Micronesia; Polynesia (esp.
Hawaii; Tahiti) Tonga; Nauru;
Kiribati
Most Pacific Islands; esp. Fiji;
thrives on atolls
Atolls ; Kiribati; Tuvalu; Tonga
balawa; vadra (Fiji); fala; lau fala; Indigenous to most of Melanesia Most Pacific Islands
and Polynesia ; aboriginal intr. to
fasa (Tonga, Samoa); 'ara
(Cooks); fara (Societies); fa'a; ha'a Micronesia
(Marquesas); hala (Hawaii)
33
Moringa oleifera
horseradish tree; drumstick

tree; saijan (Hindi);
malunggay (Philippines)
kura (Fiji); nonu (Tonga, Samoa);

nono (Cooks, Societies); te non
(Kiribati); noni (Hawaii,
Marquesas)
Indigenous to

Species Names
Common Names
Indigenous to
Frequently Used in
tutu'ila (Tonga) fala (Samoa);

rau'ara; pae'ore (Cooks) papa;
pae'ore (Societies)
tamalini; tamaligi (Samoa); kasia
(Tonga)
Micronesia; Polynesia and

Melanesia
Southeast Asia
Modern intr. to Papua New

Guinea; Samoa; Hawaii; and
other Pacific Islands
Micronesia (common on atolls)
Kiribati; Fiji; Tahiti
Pandanus cultivars
albizia; white albizia
pemphis
Pemphis acidula
Persea americana
Pimenta racemosa
avocado; avocado pear;

alligator pear
bay-rum tree
Caribbean pine
Pinus caribaea
kava; kava root
Piper methysticum
Pipturus argenteus
pisonia; lettuce tree
Pisonia grandis
Plumeria obtusa
Plumeria rubra
Polyscias spp.
Premna serratifolia
Most of the larger Pacific Islands
West Indies and South America

West Indies and Central America Fiji; Vanuatu; New Caledonia; and
Tonga (extensive monocultural
plantations)
Domesticated from Vanuatu
Papua New Guinea; Vanuatu; Fiji;
yagona (Fiji); kava (Tonga,
Tonga; Samoa; Hawaii and
Marquesas); 'ava (Samoa,
Pohnpei in Micronesia; plantings
Marquesas); 'awa (Hawaii)
in other areas of Polynesia
roga (Fiji); 'olonga (Tonga); soga; Malesia through Melanesia to the Polynesia and Melanesia
Marquesas and Marshall Islands
lausoga (Samoa); 'oronga
and Kiribati in eastern Micronesia;
(Cooks); ro'a (Societies); hoka
(Marquesas) (P. albidus mamaki similar endemic species in Hawaii
in Hawaii)
Micronesia; Polynesia; and some
pu'avai (Samoa); puko (Tonga); te Madagascar; tropical Australia;
parts of Melanesia
eastern Polynesia; Kiribati and
buka (Kiribati); pukavai (Tuvalu)
Marshall Islands
puka; puatea (Hawaii)
opiuma (Hawaii)
Central America
paina (Samoa, Hawaii); paini

(Tonga)
pua
frangipani; plumeria; temple pua Fiti; pua (Samoa); kalosipani;

tree; graveyard tree
pua Palangi (Tonga); te meria
(Kiribati)
panax; hedge panax
tanitani; tagitagi (Samoa);
tanetane (Tonga) kahili (Hawaii)
Oceanic lychee; island
dawa (Fiji); tava (Tonga, Samoa)
lychee
yaro (Fiji); aloalo (Samoa)
Tropical America (Mexico to

Panama)
increasingly common throughout

the Pacific
(many species) Tropical Asia;

Melanesia
Indonesia; Philippines as far east Melanesia and Polynesia
as Fiji; Tonga; Samoa; and Niue
East Africa; tropical Asia; and
Australia
34
Pometia pinnata
Manila tamarind; sweet

inga
ngingie (Tonga); te ngea (Kiribati); East Africa to Micronesia and

gie; gigie (Tuvalu); mimiki; gagie eastern Polynesia
(Hawaii)
avoka (Samoa, Tonga)
Mexico

Species Names
Common Names
Fiji fan palm; Pacific fan

palm
guava
viu (Fiji); piu (Tonga); piu; niu piu Fiji; Tonga

(Samoa) loulu (Hawaii)
kau'ava (Samoa); kuava (Tonga; Tropical America
Tuvalu; Hawaii); te kuava (Kiribati)
Psidium guajava
Rhizophora spp.
narra; New Guinea

rosewood; bluewater; sand
dragon; padouk
red mangrove; American
togo (Samoa; Tuvalu); tongo;
mangrove
tongolei (Tonga); te tongo (Kiribati)
Santalum spp.
sandalwood
Scaevola taccada
scaevola; saltbrush; halfflower
Schizostachyum spp.
bamboo; aboriginal
bamboo; native bamboo
Pterocarpus indicus
Senna siamea
Sesbania sesban
candle bush; golden

candelabra tree
kassod; pheasantwood;
Thailand shower; minjiri
sesbania; corkwood tree;
grandiflora
sesban
African tulip tree
vi apple; Polynesian plum
Spondias dulcis
West Indian mahogany;

large-leaved mahogany;
Honduras mahogany
jambolan; Java plum
Southeast Asia; Caroline Islands

in Micronesia to Vanuatu and Fiji
in Melanesia
Indian Ocean to Samoa; Tonga
and Tuvalu in western Polynesia
and to Gilbert Islands in
Micronesia
Pacific Islands
rose apple; Malabar plum

Micronesia; Melanesia and
Hawaii
Micronesia; some parts of
Melanesia and Polynesia (Fiji;
Tonga; Samoa; Kiribati; Tuvalu)
Tonga; Fiji; Vanuatu; Niue
East Africa; Tropical Asia;

northern Australia; Malesia to
eastern Polynesia; Micronesia;
and Hawaii
Asia; Melanesia; to Palau and
Yap in the Caroline Islands
Most Pacific Islands (Kiribati;

Tuvalu; Tokelau; Nauru; New
Guinea; Vanuatu; Hawaii)
tropical America
Many Pacific Islands
Most Pacific Islands; esp.

Melanesia and Polynesia (Fiji;
Solomon Islands)
South and Southeast Asia

ohai-ke'oke'o (Hawaii)
India and tropical Asia
Africa
tiulipe (Tonga)
tropical Africa
wi (Fiji); vi (Tonga, Samoa, Cooks, tropical Asia; aboriginal intr. to
Societies, Marquesas, Hawaii)
Melanesia; Polynesia; and parts
of Micronesia
mahokani (Samoa, Tonga)
Central and South America
India and Sri Lanka to Malesia
Syzygium cumini
Syzygium jambos
Frequently Used in
Western Polynesia; Tonga

Tonga; Samoa; Hawaii; Fiji
Polynesia; Melanesia; parts of
Micronesia
Fiji; Niue; Tonga; Vanuatu;
Solomon Islands; Samoa
Fiji; Niue; the Cook Islands; the
Marquesas; and French
Polynesia
Southeast Asia
35
Senna alata
yasi (Fiji); ahi (Tonga) 'ili-ahi

(Hawaii)
to'ito'i (Samoa); ngahu (Tonga); te
mao (Kiribati); gahu; gasu (Tuvalu)
naupaka; naupaka-kahakai
(Hawaii)
bitu (Fiji); kofe (Tonga); 'ofe
(Samoa); ko'e (Cooks), 'ohe, 'ofe
(Societies); kohe (Marquesas);
'ohe (Hawaii)
Indigenous to

Species Names
Common Names
Indigenous to
Frequently Used in
Tamarindus indica
tamarind
kavika (Fiji); fekika kai (Tonga);

nonu fi'afi'a (Samoa) ka'ika
(Cooks) 'ahi'a (Societies); kehika
(Marquesas) 'ohi'a 'ai (Hawaii)
tamalini (Tonga, Samoa); tamaligi
(Samoa) wi'awa'awa (Hawaii)
tavola (Fiji); telie (Tonga); talie
(Samoa); kamani haole (Hawaii)
Tropical Asia
Syzygium malaccense
Malay apple; mountain

apple
tropical Africa and Asia
Fiji; Samoa; Tonga
Tropical Asia through Malesia;

northern Australia; and Melanesia
to eastern Polynesia and
Micronesia
Samoa; Micronesia
Kiribati; Nauru; Fiji; Niue;

Solomon Islands; Puluwat;
Samoa
Terminalia catappa
Terminalia samoensis. T.
littoralis
tropical almond; beach

almond; Indian almond;
Malabar almond; coastal
almond; sea almond
tropical almond
Pacific rosewood; milo
mulomulo (Fiji); milo (Tonga;

Samoa; Hawaii) miro; 'amae
(Societies); mi'o (Marquesas)
Australian red cedar;

surian; Indian mahogany;
Indian Toon; Burma toon
beach heliotrope
sita kulu (Tonga) wood pikake

(Hawaii)
Thespesia populnea
Veitchia spp.
talie (Samoa); telie (Tonga)
Eastern Africa and southern Asia

through Malesia to eastern
Polynesia; Marshall and Gilbert
Asia; northern Australia and
Malesia
tausuni (Samoa); touhuni (Tonga); Eastern Africa; Southeast Asia

te ren (Kiribati) tahinu (Hawaii)
through Malesia and eastern
Polynesia; to Marshall Islands
and Kiribati in Micronesia
niusawa palm (V. joannis) ; niu sawa (Fiji); niu kula (Tonga)
Fiji
Manila palm (V. merillii);
merrill palm
vitex; beach vitex; blue
namulega (Samoa); lala tahi
Southern Africa and Indian Ocean
vitex
(Tonga) polinalina; kolokolothrough southern Asia; Malesia;
kahakai (Hawaii)
and northern Australia
Samoa; Tonga
esp. in parts of Polynesia Tahiti;
Hawaii; Cook Islands; Papua New
Guinea; Nauru; Tuvalu; Kiribati
Recent intr. to many Pacific
Islands
Micronesia and Polynesia
Fiji; Tonga
Most Pacific Islands Marshall
Islands; Melanesia; Nauru; Hawaii
36
37
Index by English common names

aboriginal bamboo
African tulip tree
albizia
albizia
Alexandrian laurel
American mangrove
Australian red cedar
avocado
avocado pear
Bagras eucalyptus
bamboo
banana
banyan
bay-rum tree
beach almond
beach cordia
beach heliotrope
beach hibiscus tree
beach mallow
beach mulberry
beach vitex
Benjamin tree
betel-nut
betel-nut palm
Borneo teak
breadfruit
brown mangrove
brown salwood
caimito
calamondin
calamondin orange
calliandra
canarium almond
candlenut
carambola
Caribbean pine
casuarina
cashew
Chinaberry
Chinese lantern tree
coconut
coconut palm
common bamboo
coral tree
corkwood tree
cut nut
dao
drumstick tree
Dyer's fig
fig
Fiji fan palm
Fiji kauri
fish-poison tree
flamboyant
flooded gum
forest red gum
Schizostachyum spp.
Albizia lebbeck
Rhizophora spp.
Persea americana
Persea americana
Eucalyptus deglupta
Schizostachyum spp.
Musa spp.
Ficus bengalensis
Pimenta racemosa
Terminalia catappa
Cordia subcordata
Hibiscus tiliaceus
Hibiscus tiliaceus
Morinda citrifolia
Ficus benjamina
Areca catechu
Areca catechu
Intsia bijuga
Artocarpus altilis
Acacia mangium
Citrus mitis
Citrus mitis
Canarium harveyi
Aleurites moluccana
Averrhoa carambola
Pinus caribaea
Melia azedarach
Cocos nucifera
Cocos nucifera
Bambusa vulgaris
Erythrina variegata
Barringtonia edulis
Moringa oleifera
Ficus tinctoria
Plumeria obtusa
Ficus carica
Agathis vitiensis
Delonix regia
Eucalyptus saligna
frangipani
gliricidia
gnetum
golden shower tree
grapefruit
guava
guest tree
guettarda
hedge panax
Honduras mahogany
hoop pine
horse cassia
horseradish tree
ice cream bean
Indian almond
Indian banyan
Indian coral tree
Indian laburnum
Indian lilac
Indian mahogany
Indian mulberry
inga
ipil
ipil-ipil
ironwood
island lychee
ivory-nut palm
jackfruit
jakfruit
jambolan
Java almond
Java cedar
Java plum
joint fir
kaffir lime
kamarere
kapok tree
kassod
kauri
kauri pine
kava
kava root
kleinhovia
koa
koaia
lantern tree
large-leaved mahogany
lemon
lemon-scented gum
lettuce tree
leucaena
lime
litchi
lychee
Macadamia nut
macaranga
madre de cacao
Malabar plum
Plumeria rubra
Gliricidia sepium
Gnetum gnemon
Cassia fistula
Citrus paradisi
Psidium guajava
Kleinhovia hospita
Guettarda speciosa
Polyscias spp.
Cassia grandis
Moringa oleifera
Inga edulis
Syzygium malaccense
Ficus bengalensis
Erythrina variegata
Cassia fistula
Mangifera indica
Morinda citrifolia
Inga edulis
Intsia bijuga
Pometia pinnata
Metroxylon spp.
Syzygium cumini
Canarium harveyi
Bischofia javanica
Syzygium cumini
Gnetum gnemon
Citrus hystrix
Eucalyptus deglupta
Ceiba pentandra
Senna siamea
Agathis macrophylla
Agathis macrophylla
Piper methysticum
Piper methysticum
Kleinhovia hospita
Acacia koa
Acacia koaia
Citrus limon
Pisonia grandis
Citrus aurantifolia
Litchi sinensis
Litchi sinensis
Macaranga spp.
Gliricidia sepium
Syzygium jambos
38
Malay apple
malunggay
mandarin orange
mangium
mango
Manila palm (V. merillii)
Manila tamarind
Mexican lilac
milo
Mindanao gum
monkeypod
Moreton Bay pine
mountain apple
narra
native bamboo
native hop bush
neem
New Guinea rosewood
New Guinea walnut
niusawa palm (V. joannis)
none
none
Norfolk Island pine
Northern black wattle
Oceanic lychee
orange
Oriental mangrove
Pacific fan palm
Pacific rosewood
padouk
panax
pandanus
papaya
paper mulberry
Papua wattle
pawpaw
pemphis
perfume tree
pheasantwood
pili nut
pink and white shower tree
pink shower tree
pink shower tree
pisonia
plumeria
poinciana
Polynesian plum
pomelo
portia tree
pride of India
pua tree
pummelo
Queensland kauri
Queensland nut
rain tree
red bead tree
red canarium
red mangrove
Syzygium malaccense
Moringa oleifera
Citrus reticulata
Acacia mangium
Mangifera indica
Veitchia spp.
Gliricidia sepium
Thespesia populnea
Eucalyptus deglupta
Albizia saman
Syzygium malaccense
Pterocarpus indicus
Scaevola taccada
Dodonea viscosa
Azadarichta indica
Pterocarpus indicus
Veitchia spp.
Lumnitzera littorea
Pipturus argenteus
Pometia pinnata
Citrus sinensis
Thespesia populnea
Psidium guajava
Polyscias spp.
Pandanus tectorius
Carica papaya
Carica papaya
Pemphis acidula
Cananga odorata
Senna siamea
Canarium harveyi
Cassia javanica
Cassia grandis
Cassia javanica
Pisonia grandis
Plumeria rubra
Delonix regia
Spondias dulcis
Citrus maxima
Melia azedarach
Fagraea berteriana
Citrus maxima
Agathis robusta
Albizia saman
Canarium indicum
Rhizophora spp.
red sandalwood
rose apple
rough lemon
royal poinciana
sago palm
saltbrush
sandalwood
scaevola
screw pine
screw pine
sea trumpet
sesban
sesbania
Seville orange
she oak
silk-cotton tree
siris tree
sour orange
soursop
spotted gum
star fruit
starapple
sugarapple
surian
sweet inga
sweetsop
Sydney blue gum
Tahitian chestnut
tamarind
tangerine
toi
tropical almond
tropical almond
vi apple
vitex
weeping fig
West Indian lime
West Indian mahogany
white albizia
ylang-ylang
Syzygium jambos
Citrus hystrix
Delonix regia
Metroxylon spp.
Scaevola taccada
Santalum spp.
Scaevola taccada
Pandanus dubius
Pandanus tectorius
Pandanus cultivars
Cordia subcordata
Sesbania sesban
Citrus aurantium
Ceiba pentandra
Albizia lebbeck
Citrus aurantium
Annona muricata
Averrhoa carambola
Annona squamosa
Annona squamosa
Eucalyptus saligna
Inocarpus fagifer
Tamarindus indica
Citrus reticulata
Terminalia catappa
Spondias dulcis
Ficus benjamina
Citrus aurantifolia
Cananga odorata
39
Species Lists by Product

Fruit/Nut species
Albizia saman
Aleurites moluccana
Annona muricata
Annona squamosa
Areca catechu
Artocarpus altilis
Averrhoa carambola
Barringtonia edulis
Canarium indicum
Carica papaya
Citrus aurantifolia
Citrus aurantium
Citrus hystrix
Citrus limon
Citrus maxima
Citrus mitis
Citrus paradisi
Citrus reticulata
Citrus sinensis
Cocos nucifera
Ficus carica
Ficus tinctoria
Gnetum gnemon
Inga edulis
Inocarpus fagifer
Litchi sinensis
Mangifera indica
Morinda citrifolia
Moringa oleifera
Musa spp.
Pandanus dubius
Pandanus tectorius
Pemphis acidula
Persea americana
Pipturus argenteus
Pometia pinnata
Premna serratifolia
Psidium guajava
Spondias dulcis
Syzygium cumini
Syzygium jambos
Syzygium malaccense
Tamarindus indica
Terminalia catappa
Terminalia samoensis/
littoralis
Veitchia spp.
Leaf Vegetable
Artocarpus altilis
Carica papaya
Ceiba pentandra
Gnetum gnemon
Mangifera indica
Moringa oleifera
Pandanus tectorius
Pipturus argenteus
Pisonia grandis
Fagraea berteroana
Polyscias spp.
Premna serratifolia
Pterocarpus indicus
Scaevola taccada
Sesbania sesban
Spondias dulcis
Syzygium malaccense
Thespesia populnea
Veitchia spp.
Wood/Timber
Acacia koa
Acacia koaia
Acacia mangium
Agathis macrophylla
Agathis robusta
Agathis vitiensis
Albizia lebbeck
Albizia saman
Aleurites moluccana
Areca catechu
Artocarpus altilis
Azadarichta indica
Bambusa vulgaris
Barringtonia edulis
Bischofia javanica
Cananga odorata
Canarium indicum
Cocos nucifera
Cordia subcordata
Delonix regia
Dodonea viscosa
Eucalyptus deglupta
Eucalyptus saligna
Hibiscus tiliaceus
Inocarpus fagifer
Intsia bijuga
Ficus tinctoria
Flueggea flexuosa
Gliricidia sepium
Guettarda speciosa
Kleinhovia hospita
Litchi sinensis
Lumnitzera littorea
Macaranga spp.
Melia azedarach
Morinda citrifolia
Pandanus dubius
Pandanus tectorius
Pemphis acidula
Pinus caribaea
Pipturus argenteus
Pisonia grandis
Pometia pinnata
Premna serratifolia
Psidium guajava
Pterocarpus indicus
Rhizophora spp.
Scaevola taccada
Schizostachyum spp.
Senna siamea
Spondias dulcis
Syzygium cumini
Syzygium jambos
Syzygium malaccense
Terminalia catappa
littoralis
Thespesia populnea
Veitchia spp.
Nitrogen Fixing
Acacia koa
Acacia koaia
Acacia mangium
Albizia lebbeck
Albizia saman
Erythrina variegata
Gliricidia sepium
Inga edulis
Inocarpus fagifer
Intsia bijuga
Pterocarpus indicus
Sesbania sesban
40
Windbreak
Acacia koa
Acacia koaia
Acacia mangium
Albizia lebbeck
Albizia saman
Aleurites moluccana
Annona muricata
Annona squamosa
Artocarpus altilis
Azadarichta indica
Bambusa vulgaris
Bischofia javanica
Ceiba pentandra
Cocos nucifera
Cordia subcordata
Delonix regia
Dodonea viscosa
Erythrina variegata
Ficus bengalensis
Ficus benjamina
Gliricidia sepium
Guettarda speciosa
Protection from salt spray

Hibiscus tiliaceus
Inocarpus fagifer
Intsia bijuga
Kleinhovia hospita
Lumnitzera littorea
Macaranga spp.
Mangifera indica
Moringa oleifera
Musa spp.
Pandanus cultivars
Pemphis acidula
Pinus caribaea
Pisonia grandis
Polyscias spp.
Pometia pinnata
Psidium guajava
Pterocarpus indicus
Rhizophora spp.
Scaevola taccada
Schizostachyum spp.
Senna siamea
Sesbania sesban
Syzygium cumini
Syzygium jambos
Tamarindus indica
Terminalia catappa
Thespesia populnea
Albizia lebbeck
Cocos nucifera
Cordia subcordata
Delonix regia
Erythrina variegata
Ficus bengalensis
Ficus benjamina
Ficus tinctoria
Gliricidia sepium
Guettarda speciosa
Hibiscus tiliaceus
Intsia bijuga
Lumnitzera littorea
Macaranga spp.
Morinda citrifolia
Pandanus cultivars
Pandanus tectorius
Pemphis acidula
Pisonia grandis
Polyscias spp.
Premna serratifolia
Rhizophora spp.
Scaevola taccada
Terminalia catappa
littoralis
Thespesia populnea
41
Resources and Recommended Reading

Local Assistance
There is no substitute for direct, locally appropriate experience. Landowners are
encouraged to contact the local offices of the Natural Resources Conservation
Service and/or Cooperative Extension Service for personal assistance.
The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS, formerly the
Soil Conservation Service) provides assistance with conservation practices
such as windbreaks and contour plantings. They also have a Forest Incentive Program, to increase the supply of timber products from nonindustrial private forest
lands. They have offices throughout the American-affiliated Pacific. To find the
one nearest you, contact:
NRCS State Office
P.O. Box 50004, Honolulu, HI 96850-0050
Tel: 808-541-2600, Fax: 808-541-1335 or 541-2652
Web site: http://www.hi.nrcs.usda.gov
The Cooperative Extension Service (CES) of the University of Hawaii
can assist landowners with further information. There are CES offices throughout
the State of Hawaii; to local one near you contact:
Cooperative Extension Service Main Office
3050 Maile Way, Gilmore Hall 203, Honolulu, HI 96822
Tel: 808-956-8397, Fax: 808-956-9105
E-mail: [email protected]
Web site: http://www2.ctahr.hawaii.edu
The State of Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources
Division of Forestry and Wildlife provides information, education, and support for forestry. Some cost-sharing and other partnerships with private landowners are available. Contact:
Division of Forestry and Wildlife
1151 Punchbowl St. Room 325, Honolulu, HI 96813-3089
Tel: 808-587-0166, Fax: 808-587-0160
Web site: http://www.hawaii.gov/dlnr/dofaw/
Resources for Further Reading

Books on Multipurpose Species
Abbott, I.A. 1992. La`au Hawai`i: Traditional Hawaiian Uses of Plants. Bishop
Museum Press, Honolulu.
ADAP Project. 1994. Pacific Islands Farm Manual, ADAP Project, Tropical
Energy House, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822.
Clarke, W.C., and R.R. Thaman. 1993. Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands:
Systems for Sustainability. United Nations University Press, Tokyo.
Facciola, S. 1998. Cornucopia II: A Source Book of Edible Plants, Kampong
Publications, Vista, California.
Handy, E.S.C., E.G. Handy, with M.K. Pukui. 1972. Native Planters of Old
Hawaii: Their Life, Lore, and Environment. Bernice P. Bishop Museum,
Honolulu, Hawaii.
Krauss, B.H. 1993. Plants in Hawaiian Culture. University of Hawaii Press,
Honolulu.
Lemmens, R.H.M.J., I. Soerianegara, and W.C. Wong, eds. 1995. Plant
Resources of Southeast Asia No. 5(2): Timber Trees: Minor Commercial
Timbers. PROSEA, Bogor, Indonesia.
42
Martin, F.W., R.M. Rubert, and L.S. Meitzner. 1998. Edible Leaves of the
Tropics. Educational Concerns for Hunger Organization, Inc., North Fort
Myers, Florida.
Morton, J.F. 1987. Fruits of Warm Climates. Julia Morton, Media, Incorporated,
Greensboro, North Carolina.
National Academy of Sciences. 1979. Tropical Legumes: Resources for the
Future, National Academy Press, Washington, DC
National Academy of Sciences. 1990. Saline AgricultureSalt Tolerant Plants
for Developing Countries, National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Neal, M.C. 1965. In Gardens of Hawaii. Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu,
Hawaii.
Smith, A.C. 1979-1991. Flora Vitiensis Nova: A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only): Vol 1-5. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai,
Hawaii.
Soerianegara, I., and R.H.M.J. Lemmens, Eds. 1994. Plant Resources of
Southeast Asia No. 5(1): Timber Trees: Major Commercial Timbers.
PROSEA, Bogor, Indonesia.
Thaman, R.R., and W.A. Whistler. 1996. A Review of Uses and Status of Trees
and Forests in Land-Use Systems in Samoa, Tonga, Kiribati and Tuvalu with
Recommendations for Future Action. South Pacific Forestry Development
Programme, Suva, Fiji.
Verheij, E.W.M., and R.E. Coronel, Eds. 1992. Plant Resources of Southeast
Asia No. 2: Edible Fruits and Nuts. PROSEA, Bogor, Indonesia.
Whistler, W. A. 1991. The Ethnobotany of Tonga: The Plants, Their Tongan
Names, and Their Uses. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.
Books on Agroforestry, Systems Design, and Tree Selection
Systems for Sustainability. United Nations University Press, Tokyo.
International Institute of Rural Reconstruction. 1990. Agroforestry Technology
Information Kit, IIRR, Room 1270, 475 Riverside Dr., New York, NY 10115.
Landauer, K., and M. Brazil, Eds. 1990. Tropical Home Gardens. United Nations
University Press, Tokyo.
Mollison, B. 1990. Permaculture: A Practical Guide for a Sustainable Future,
Island Press, Washington, DC.
Mollison, B., and R.M. Slay. 1991. Introduction to Permaculture, Tagari Publications, Tyalgum, Australia.
Nair, P.K.R. 1993. An Introduction to Agroforestry. Kluwer Academic
Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Reid, R., and G. Wilson. 1985. Agroforestry in Australia and New Zealand,
Goddard & Dobson, Victoria, Australia.
Rocheleau, D., F. Weber, and A. Field-Juma. 1989. Agroforestry in Dryland
Africa. International Council for Research in Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya.
Wood, P.J., and J. Burley. 1991. A Tree for All Reasons: The Introduction and
Evaluation of Multipurpose Trees for Agroforestry. International Council for
Research in Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya.
Young, A. 1997. Agroforestry for Soil Management2nd Edition. CAB International, New York, New York.
43
Organizations
Educational Concerns for Hunger Organization (ECHO) has many
online publications related to agroforestry, including an extensive offering of
hard-to-find publications in its online bookstore. Address: ECHO, 17430 Durrance Rd., N. Ft. Myers, FL 33917, USA; Tel: 941-543-3246; Fax: 941-5435317; E-mail: [email protected]; Web site: http://www.echonet.org/
Farm, Community, and Tree Network (FACT Net) is dedicated to stimulating the use of multipurpose trees. FACT Net offers many publications at a reasonable cost, including comprehensive fact sheets on many important
agroforestry tree species. Address: FACT Net, Winrock International, 38 Winrock Drive, Morrilton, Arkansas 72110-9370, USA; Tel: 501-727-5435; Fax:
501-727-5417; E-mail: [email protected]; Web site:
http://www.winrock.org/forestry/factnet.htm
The Forest Garden Initiative Program supported by Counterpart International is developing a model silvicultural system that fosters the restoration of
degraded land through the development of family-owned forest rural gardens
around the world. Address: Counterpart International, Inc., 1200 18th Street NW,
Suite 1100, Washington, DC 20036, USA; Tel: 202-296-9676; Fax: 202-2969679; E-mail: [email protected]; Web sites: http://www.forestgarden.org/,
http://www.counterpart.org/
The Forestry Programme of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations (FAO) addresses how to use trees, forests, and related resources
to improve people's economic, environmental, social, and cultural conditions
while ensuring that resources meet the needs of future generations. Many useful
publications are available online. Address: Publications and Information Coordinator, Forestry Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy; Tel.: +39-657054778; Fax: +39-6-57052151; E-mail: [email protected]; Web site:
http://www.fao.org/fo/
International Center for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) has extensive worldwide programs in agroforestry research and training. Address: ICRAF,
P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; Tel: +254-2-521450 or +1 650 833 6645; Fax:
+254-2-521001 or +1-650-833-6646; E-mail: [email protected]; Web site:
http://www.cgiar.org/icraf/
The International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR) conducts
workshops and publishes popular practical works emphasizing participatory
approaches to development and agroforestry. Address: Yen Center and Headquarters, Silang, Cavite, Philippines 4118; Tel: +63-46-4142417; Fax: +63-464142420; E-mail: [email protected]; Web site:
http://www.cav.pworld.net.ph/~iirr/
The National Agroforestry Center (NAC) of the US Department of Agriculture supports practices which integrate trees and agriculture and publishes
many practical agroforestry materials including Inside Agroforestry, a newsletter
for natural resource professionals with a temperate focus. Address: USDA Forest
Service/Natural Resources Conservation Service, East CampusUNL, Lincoln,
Nebraska 68583-0822, USA; Tel: 402-437-5178; Fax: 402-437-5712; Web site:
http://www.unl.edu/nac/
Pacific Islands Forests & Trees Support Programme (PIF&TSP)
works to strengthen national capabilities in Pacific Island countries to manage,
conserve, use, and develop their forest and tree resources sustainably. Address:
44
SPC/UNDP/AusAID/FAO SPC, Private Mail Bag, Suva, Fiji;

Web site: http://www.spc.org.nc/En/forestry.htm
The People and Plants Initiative carries out applied research projects, community workshops, exchanges, and training courses with young ethnobotanists
from developing countries and disseminates results and information through their
People and Plants Online Program.
Web site: http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/peopleplants/index.html
Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR) carries out agroforestry education and research in the Pacific, provides workshops, and publishes Agroforestry
Guides for Pacific Islands and The Overstory, a free e-mail journal. Address: Permanent Agriculture Resources, P.O. Box 428, Holualoa, HI 96725, USA; Tel:
808-324-4427; Fax: 808-324-4129; E-mail: [email protected]; Web site:
http://www.agroforestry.net
Periodicals
Agroforestry Today carries practitioner-oriented reports from around the
world on trees and crops on farms, and on the people who plant them. Published
by International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF). Address: Agroforestry Today, P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; Fax: +254-2-521001; E-mail:
[email protected]
APANews, the newsletter of the Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Network (APAN), is
dedicated to the exchange of information on agroforestry research, development,
and training in the Asia-Pacific region. Address: APANews, FAO Regional
Office for Asia and the Pacific, 39 Phra Atit Road, Bangkok 10200, Thailand;
Fax: +66-2-280-0445; E-mail: [email protected]
ILEIA Newsletter covers technical and social options for ecological and sustainable agriculture, and has frequent articles on tree-based systems. Address:
LEISA, P.O. Box 64, 3830 AB Leusden, The Netherlands; Tel: +31-33-494 30
86; Fax: +31-33-495 17 79; E-mail: [email protected]
The Indigenous Knowledge & Development Monitor focuses on the role
that indigenous knowledge can play in participatory approaches to sustainable
development. Web site: http://www.nuffic.nl/ciran/ikdm/
Non-wood News is an information-rich newsletter produced by FAO's Wood
and Non-wood Products Utilization Branch, providing readers with current
information on nontimber forest products and their contribution to the
sustainable development of the world's forest resources. Address: Non-Wood
News, Forest Products Division, Forestry Department, FAO, Viale delle Terme
di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy; Tel: +39-06-570-52746; Fax: +39-06-57055618; Web site: http://www.fao.org/forestry/FOP/FOPW/NWFP/newsle-e.stm
The Overstory, produced by Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR), is a free
e-mail journal covering concepts central to agroforestry practices in the tropics
including up-to-date references and web links. Address: The Overstory, P.O. Box
428, Holualoa, HI 96725, USA; Tel: 808-324-4427; Fax: 808-324-4129; E-mail:
[email protected]; Web site: http://www.overstory.com
45
Acknowledgments
Special thanks are due to the experienced resource professionals who provided
valuable review and feedback for this publication including: Ian Armitage, Forestry consultant, Wellington, New Zealand; Peter Van Dyke, Manager, Amy B.H.
Greenwell Ethnobotanical Garden, Bishop Museum, Kealakekua, Hawaii; Odo
Primavesi, Agronomist, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation
EMBRAPA, Brazil; Bill Raynor, Field Office Director, The Nature Conservancy,
Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia; Steve Skipper, District Conservationist,
USDA NRCS, Kealakekua, Hawaii; Orlo Colin Steele, American Samoa Community College Cooperative Extension Service/AHNR Forestry, Pago Pago,
American Samoa; and Art Whistler, Botanist, Isle Botanica, Honolulu, Hawaii.
The authors accept full responsibility for any errors or omissions.
Botanical illustrations are drawn after the originals found in the USDA Forest
Service publication, Common Forest Trees of Hawaii (Little and Skolman 1989).
About the Authors

Dr. Randolf R. Thaman is Professor of Pacific Island Biogeography at the
University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji. He also serves as chairman of the Fiji
National Food and Nutrition Committee. Thaman is the author of several
important books including, AgroForestry in the Pacific Islands: Systems for
Sustainability.
Craig R. Elevitch is an agroforestry specialist with more than ten years of
public and private sector experience in tropical agroforest and forest
management. He has a M.S. degree in Electrical Engineering (Dynamical
Systems) from Cornell University.
Kim M. Wilkinson is the Education Director for Permanent Agriculture
Resources and editor of The Overstory, an international tropical agroforestry
journal. She has B.A. degrees in Anthropology and Ecology from Emory
University.
Christi A. Sobel is a freelance scientific illustrator and artist who has been
published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and Educational Concerns for
Hunger Organization (ECHO). She holds a graduate degree in Scientific Illustration from University of California, Santa Cruz.
References
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Krauss, B. 1974. Ethnobotany of Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Kunzel, W. 1989. Agroforestry in Tonga: A Traditional Source for Development
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Winrock International, Morrilton, Arkansas USA.
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trees and shrubs for Tanzania: Identification, Propagation and Management for
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48

Multipurpose Trees for Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands is the second in a series of eight Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands, published by Permanent Agriculture Resources with support from the
U.S. Department of Agricultures Western Region Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education
(WSARE) Program. The guides can be downloaded from the internet free of charge from http://www.agroforestry.net. Master copies are also available to photocopy free of charge from Pacific Island offices of the
Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) or the Cooperative Extension Service (CES) of the University of Hawaii.
Each guide includes a resource section with books, periodicals, and web links for further information on
the subject.
1. Information Resources for Pacific Island Agroforestry
Provides an introduction to agroforestry, followed by descriptions and contact information for books,
guides, periodicals, organizations, and web sites useful to practitioners of agroforestry in Pacific Islands.
2. Multipurpose Trees for Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands
Introduces traditional Pacific Island agroforestry systems and species. Provides a species table with over
130 multipurpose trees used in Pacific Island agroforestry, detailing information on uses (food, fodder, timber, etc.) and tree characteristics such as height, growth rates, and habitat requirements.
3. Nontimber Forest Products for Pacific Islands: An Introductory Guide for Producers
Discusses the environmental, economic, and cultural role of nontimber forest products. Provides planning
suggestions for those starting a nontimber product enterprise. Includes a species table of over 70 traditional
Pacific Island nontimber forest products.
4. Integrating Understory Crops with Tree Crops: An Introductory Guide for Pacific Islands
Introduces planning considerations for planting crops with forestry, orchard, or other tree-based systems.
Examples of understory intercropping systems in the tropics are included, as well as a species list of over
75 trees, shrubs, and vines used as understory crops in the region.
5. Introduction to Integrating Trees into Pacific Island Farm Systems
Presents eight Pacific Island agroforestry practices that integrate trees into farm systems. Includes silvopasture (trees and livestock), windbreaks, contour hedgerows, live fences, improved fallow, woodlots, sequential cropping systems, and understory cropping.
6. Choosing Timber Species for Pacific Island Agroforestry
Discusses seven steps for choosing timber species that meet the project goals, product requirements, and
environmental conditions for a farm forestry or agroforestry project. Includes a species table of over 50
Pacific Island agroforestry species that provide quality wood products, detailing environmental tolerances
and multiple uses.
7. Economics of Farm Forestry: Financial Evaluation for Landowners
Introduces strategies for determining the financial returns of small-scale forestry and farm forestry projects.
Includes a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of investing in farm forestry, and the steps in
determining the costs involved, estimating returns, and comparing farm forestry with other land uses. Also
explores the potential of improving economic picture through value-added strategies or agroforestry practices.
8. Multipurpose Windbreaks: Design and Species for Pacific Islands
Covers information on windbreak design, followed by a discussion of planning considerations for multipleuse windbreaks for timber, fruit/nut production, mulch/fodder, or wildlife habitat. Includes species table of
over 90 windbreak species for Pacific Islands, detailing environmental requirements and uses/products.

http://www.agroforestry.net/afg/
For Educators, Gardeners, Farmers, Foresters, and Landscapers

Well-researched, concise, user-friendly...an invaluable
practical resource for those working to conserve and expand
the use of trees in agricultural systems.
APANews, The Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Newsletter
FAO Regional Office, Bangkok, Thailand
A significant contribution to public education, advancing
the cause of integrated agriculture and forestry...a resource
of lasting value.
The Permaculture Activist, North Carolina
A most excellent handbook...a wonderful resource.
Developing Countries Farm Radio Network, Toronto,
Canada
Eloquently makes a case for reintroducing and
emphasizing trees in our island agriculture.
Dr. Bill Raynor, Program Director, The Nature
Conservancy, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia
Provides a real clearinghouse on traditional and modern
agroforestry not only for Pacific Islands, also very useful for other regions.
ILEIA Newsletter for Low External Input and Sustainable Agriculture, The Netherlands
Purchase the book at http://www.agroforestry.net/afg/

edited by Craig R. Elevitch and Kim M. Wilkinson
Price: $24.95 (plus shipping)
Availability: Usually ships within one business day.
Paperback - 240 pages, illustrated and fully indexed
Release date: September, 2000
ISBN: 0970254407
Publisher: Permanent Agriculture Resources, P.O. Box 428, Holualoa, HI,
96725, USA. Tel: 808-324-4427, Fax: 808-324-4129, email:
[email protected]

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For Educators, Gardeners, Farmers, Foresters, and Landscapers

Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands

Purchase the book at http://www.agroforestry.net/afg/

Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands #2

Multipurpose Trees for Agroforestry in

Multipurpose Trees for Agroforestry in the Pacific

Phases in Traditional Pacific Island Agroforestry

Agroforestry Development: Seven Principles Of

Restoring MSA Systems and Species 13

Selecting Trees for New MSA Systems 14

Species Lists by Product 39

Pacific Island Trees and Their Importance

Prop or Nurse Plants

Multipurpose Trees for Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands

Challenges of the 21st Century

Phases in Traditional Pacific Island Agroforestry

Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands

Table 2. Periods of the growth or change in Pacific Island agroforestry

Post-World War II Agroforestry Enrichment late

Agriculturalization of the Forest

Indigenous Agroforestry Enrichment and Deforestation

Multipurpose Trees for Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands

Figure 1. Indigenous Pacific Island agroforestry system depicting

Colonial Agroforestry Enrichment and Agrodeforestation

Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands

Post-World War II Agroforestry Enrichment and Accelerated Agrodeforestation

Figure 2. Post-colonial/plantation agroforestry showing coconut with

Multipurpose Trees for Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands

21st Century MSA

Figure 3. Modern/urban agroforest home garden. Upper story: mango,

Agroforestry Development: Seven Principles Of

Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands

fertilizerrather than imported, often nonrenewable, inputs such as inorganic

Multipurpose Trees: Definition and Examples

Examples of Three Pacific Island Multipurpose Trees

Multipurpose Trees for Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands

Pacific Island Examples of Agroforestry Systems

Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands

Multipurpose Trees for Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands

Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands

Restoring MSA Systems and Species

Multipurpose Trees for Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands

culturally acceptable to the local community.

Selecting Trees for New MSA Systems

Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands

Multipurpose Trees for Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands

are completed), a preliminary list of potential tree species candidates should

Planning for the Future: A Note on Genetic Diversity

A Note on Potentially Invasive Species

Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands

Important Agroforestry Species

Multipurpose Trees for Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands

Export Cash Crop

Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands

Multipurpose Species Pacific Island Uses

Multipurpose Trees for Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands

Export Cash Crop

Multipurpose Species Pacific Island Uses (continued)