Republic of the Philippines

SUPREME COURT
Manila
FIRST DIVISION
G.R. No. 176317

July 23, 2014

MANOLITO GIL Z. ZAFRA, Petitioner,

vs.
PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Respondent.
DECISION
BERSAMIN, J.:
In convicting an accused of the complex crime of malversation of public fund!: through
falsification of a public document, the courts shall impose the penalty for the graver felony in the
maximum period pursuant to Article 48 of the Revised Penal Code, plus fine in the amount of the
funds malversed or the total value of the property embezzled. In addition, the courts shall order
the accused to return to the Government the funds malversed, or the value of the property
embezzled.
The Case
This appeal by petition for review on certiorari is taken from the judgment promulgated on
August 16, 2006,1 whereby the Court of Appeals affirmed the consolidated decision rendered on
February 17, 2004 by the Regional Trial Court (RTC) in San Fernando, La Union in Criminal
Cases Nos. 4634 to Nos. 4651, inclusive,2 finding Manolito Gil Z. Zafra, a Revenue Collection
Agent of the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) assigned in Revenue District 3 in San Fernando,
La Union guilty of 18 counts of malversation of public funds through falsification of public
documents.3
Antecedents
The CA summarized the factual antecedents as follows:
Appellant was the only Revenue Collection Agent of the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR),
Revenue District 3, in San Fernando, La Union from 1993-1995. Among his duties was toreceive
tax payments for which BIR Form 25.24 or the revenue official receipts (ROR) were issued. The
original of the ROR was then given to the taxpayer while a copy thereof was retained by the
collection officer.
Every month, appellant submitted BIR Form 12.31 of the Monthly Report of Collections (MRC)
indicating the numbers of the issued RORs, date of collection, name of taxpayer,the amount
collectedand the kind of tax paid. The original copy of the MRC with the attached triplicate copy
of the issued RORs was submitted to the Regional Office of the Commission on Audit (COA).
The Assessment Division of the BIR Regional Office, likewise, kept a copy of the duplicate
original of the Certificate Authorizing Registration (CAR) relating to the real property
transactions, which contained, among other data, the number of the issued ROR, its date, name
of payor, and the amount the capital gains tax and documentary stamp tax paid.
On 06 July 1995, an audit team composed of Revenue Officers Helen D. Rosario, Maria Lourdes
G.Morada, Marina B. Magluyan and Norma Duran, all from the central office of the BIR, was
tasked to audit the cash and non-cash accountabilities of the appellant.
Among the documents reviewed by the audit team were the CARs furnished by the Assessment
Division ofthe BIR; triplicate copies of the RORs attached to the MRCs submitted by appellant
to COA; and appellants MRCs provided by the Finance Division of the BIR. The audit team
likewise requested and was given copies of the RORs issued to the San Fernando, La Union

branch of the Philippine National Bank (PNB). A comparison of the entries in said documents
revealed that the data pertaining to 18 RORs with the same serial number, i.e., (a) 1513716, (b)
1513717, (c) 1513718, (d) 1513719, (e) 1529758, (f) 2016733, (g) 2018017, (h) 2018310, (i)
2023438, (j) 2023837, (k) 2617653, (l) 2617821, (m) 2627973, (n) 3095194, (o) 3096955, (p)
3097386, (q) 3503336, (r) 4534412, vary with respect to the name of the taxpayer, the kind of tax
paid, the amount of tax and the date of payment. Of particular concern to the audit team were the
lesser amounts of taxes reported in appellants MRCs and the attached RORs compared to the
amount reflected in the CARs and PNBs RORs.
The CARs showed that documentary stamp tax and capital gains tax for ROR Nos. 1513716,
1513717, 1513718, 1513719, 2018017, and 2023438 totalled Php114,887.78, while the MRCs
and COAs copies of the RORs submitted by appellant, the sum of the taxes collected was only
Php227.00, or a difference of Php114,660.78. ROR Nos. 2018017 and 2023438, mentioned in
CAR as duly issued to taxpayers and for which taxes were paid, were reported in the MRC as
cancelled receipts.
Likewise, PNBs RORs bearing Serial Nos. 1529758, 2016733, 2018310, 2023837, 2617653.
2617821, 2627973, 3095194, 3096955, 3097386, 3503336, and 4534412, show that it paid the
total sum of Php500,606.15, as documentary stamp tax. Yet, appellants MRCs yielded only the
total sum of Php1,115.00, for the same RORs, or a difference of Php499,491.15.
The subject 18 RORs were the accountability of appellant as shown in his Monthly Reports of
Accountability (MRA) or BIR Form 16 (A). The MRA contains, among others, the serial
numbers of blank RORs received by the collection agent from the BOR as well as those issued
by him for a certain month.
In sum, although the RORs bear the same serial numbers, the total amount reflected in the CARs
and PNBs 12 copies of RORs is PhP615,493.93, while only Php1,342.00 was reported as tax
collections in the RORs triplicate copies submittedby appellant to COA and in his MRCs, or a
discrepancy of Php614,151.93, Thus, the audit team sent to appellant a demand letter requiring
him to restitute the total amount of Php614,151.93. Appellant ignored the letter, thus, prompting
the institution of the 18 cases for malversation of public funds through falsification of public
document against him."4
On his part, the petitioner tendered the following version, to wit:
Appellant denied that he committed the crimes charged. He averred that as Revenue Collection
Officer of San Fernando, La Union, he never accepted payments from taxpayers nor issued the
corresponding RORs. It was his subordinates, Andrew Aberin and Rebecca Supsupin, who
collected the taxes and issued the corresponding RORs. To substantiate his claim, he presented
Manuel Meris, who testified that when he paid capital gains tax, at the district office of BIR in
Sam Fernando, La Union, it was a female BIR employee who received the payment and issued
Receipt No. 2023438. Likewise, Arturo Suyat, messenger of PNB from 1979 to 1994, testified
that when he made the payments to the same BIR office, it was not appellant who received the
payments nor issued the corresponding receipts but another unidentified BIR employee."5
Decision of the RTC
On February 17, 2004, the RTC rendered its consolidated decision convicting the petitioner of 18
counts of malversation of public funds through falsification of public documents,6 decreeing as
follows:
WHEREFORE, the Court finds the accused GUILTY of the crime with which he is charged in:
1) Criminal Case No. 4634 and sentences him to suffer the indeterminate penalty of 10
years and 1 day of prision mayoras minimum up to 14 years, 8 months and 1 day of
reclusion temporalas maximum; to suffer perpetual special disqualification; and to pay a
fine of P19,775.00;

2) Criminal Case No. 4635 and sentences him to suffer the indeterminate penalty of 2
years, 4 months and 1 day of prision correccionalas minimum up to 6 years and 1 day of
prision mayoras maximum; to suffer perpetual special disqualification; and to pay a fine
of P4,869.00;
3) Criminal Case No. 4636 and sentences him to suffer the indeterminate penalty of 10
years and 1 day of prision mayoras minimum up to 14 years, 8 months and 1 day of
reclusion temporalas maximum; to suffer perpetual special disqualification; and to pay a
fine of P13,260.90;
4) Criminal Case No. 4637 and sentences him to suffer the indeterminate penalty of 10
years and 1 day of prision mayoras minimum up to 14 years, 8 months and 1 day of
reclusion temporalas maximum; to suffer perpetual special disqualification; and to pay a
fine of P17,419.00;
5) Criminal Case No. 4638 and sentences him to suffer the indeterminate penalty of 6
years and 1 day of prision mayoras minimum up to 10 years and 1 day of prision mayoras
maximum; to suffer perpetual special disqualification; and to pay a fine of P11,309.20;
6) Criminal Case No. 4639 and sentences him to suffer the indeterminate penalty of 6
years and 1 day of prision mayoras minimum up to 10 years and 1 day of prision mayoras
maximum; to suffer perpetual special disqualification; and to pay a fine of P9,736.86;
7) Criminal Case No. 4640 and sentences him to suffer the indeterminate penalty of 10
years and 1 day of prision mayoras minimum up to 17 years, 4 months and 1 day of
reclusion temporalas maximum; to suffer perpetual special disqualification; and to pay a
fine of P39,050.00;
8) Criminal Case No. 4641 and sentences him to suffer the indeterminate penalty of 10
years and one 1 day of prision mayoras minimum up to 17 years, 4 months and 1 day of
reclusion temporalas maximum; to suffer perpetual special disqualification; and to pay a
fine of P38,878.55;
9) Criminal Case No. 4642and sentences him to suffer the indeterminate penalty of 10
years and one 1 day of prision mayoras minimum up to 17 years, 4 months and 1 day of
reclusion temporal as maximum; to suffer perpetual special disqualification; and to pay a
fine of P20,286.88;
10) Criminal Case No. 4643 and sentences him to suffer the indeterminate penalty of 10
years and one 1 day of prision mayoras minimum up to 17 years, 4 months and 1 day of
reclusion temporalas maximum; to suffer perpetual special disqualification; and to pay a
fine of P42,573.97;
11) Criminal Case No. 4644 and sentences him to suffer the indeterminate penalty of 10
years and one 1 day of prision mayoras minimum up to 17 years, 4 months and 1 day of
reclusion temporalas maximum; to suffer perpetual special disqualification; and to pay a
fine of P40,598.40;
12) Criminal Case No. 4645 and sentences him to suffer the indeterminate penalty of 10
years and one 1 day of prision mayoras minimum up to 17 years, 4 months and 1 day of
reclusion temporalas maximum; to suffer perpetual special disqualification; and to pay a
fine of P42,140.45;
13) Criminal Case No. 4646 and sentences him to suffer the indeterminate penalty of 10
years and one 1 day of prision mayoras minimum up to 17 years, 4 months and 1 day of
reclusion temporalas maximum; to suffer perpetual special disqualification; and to pay a
fine of P47,902.60;
14) Criminal Case No. 4647 and sentences him to suffer the indeterminate penalty of 10

years and 1 one day of prision mayoras minimum up to 17 years, 4 months and 1 day of
reclusion temporalas maximum; to suffer perpetual special disqualification; and to pay a
fine of P52,740.66;
15) Criminal Case No. 4648 and sentences him to suffer the indeterminate penalty of 10
years and one 1 day of prision mayoras minimum up to 17 years, 4 months and 1 day of
reclusion temporalas maximum; to suffer perpetual special disqualification; and to pay a
fine P75,489.76;
16) Criminal Case No. 4649 and sentences him to suffer the indeterminate penalty of 10
years and one 1 day of prision mayoras minimum up to 17 years, 4 months and 1 day of
reclusion temporalas maximum; to suffer perpetual special disqualification; and to pay a
fine of P54,948.47;
17) Criminal Case No. 4650 and sentences him to suffer the indeterminate penalty of 10
years and one 1 day of prision mayoras minimum up to 17 years, 4 months and 1 day of
reclusion temporalas maximum; to suffer perpetual special disqualification; and to pay
fine of P45,330.18; 18) Criminal Case No. 4651and sentences him to suffer the
indeterminate penalty of 10 years and one 1 day of prision mayoras minimum up to 17
years, 4 months and 1 day of reclusion temporalas maximum; to suffer perpetual special
disqualification; and to pay a fine of P37,842.05;
And to pay costs.
SO ORDERED.
Judgment of the CA
On appeal, the petitioner asserted that the RTC had erred as follows:
I. x x x IN FINDING THE ACCUSED GUILTY OF MALVERSATION OF PUBLIC
FUNDS THRU FALSIFICATION OF PUBLIC DOCUMENTS BASED ON THE
PRESUMPTION THAT HE WAS NEGLIGENT IN THE PERFORMANCE OF HIS
OFFICIAL DUTIES.
II. x x x IN TAKING IT AGAINST THE ACCUSED THE FAILURE TO FILE AND
PROSECUTE PERSONS WHO COULD HAVE POSSIBLY COMMITTED THE
CRIMES CHARGED.
III. x x x IN FINDING THAT ALL THE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF THE CRIMES
CHARGED ARE PRESENTED IN THIS CASE.
IV. x x x WHEN IT DID NOT DECIDE TO ACQUIT THE ACCUSED BASED ON
REASONABLE DOUBT.7
On August 16, 2006, the CA promulgated its assailed judgment affirming the conviction of the
petitioner and the penalties imposed by the RTC,8 observing that he had committed falsification
through his submission of copies of falsified MRCs and had tampered revenue receipts to the
BIR and COA;9 that he was presumed to be the forger by virtue of his being in the possession of
such public documents;10 and that he had certified to the MRAs and had actually issued the
tampered receipts.11
Anent the malversation, the CA opined:
All the elements of malversation obtain in the present case. Appellant was the Revenue
Collection Agent of the BIR. As such, through designated collection clerks, hecollected taxes and
issued the corresponding receipts for tax payments made by taxpayers. He was accountable for
the proper and authorized use and application of the blank RORs issued by the BIR District
Office, not the least for the tax payments received in the performance of his duties. The
unexplained shortage in his remittances of the taxes collected as reflected in the CARs and

PNBs receipts, even in the absence of direct proof of misappropriation, made him liable for
malversation. The audit teams demand letter to appellant, which he failed to rebut, raised a
prima facie presumption that he put to his personal use the missing funds.12
The CA explained that even if it were to subscribe to the petitioners insistence that it had been
his assistants, not him, who had collected the taxes and issued the RORs, he was nonetheless
liable,13 because his duty as an accountable officer had been to strictly supervise his
assistants;14 and that by failing to strictly supervise them he was responsible for the shortage
resulting from the non-remittance of the actual amounts collected.15
After the CA denied his motion for reconsideration by its resolution16 promulgated on January
11, 2007, the petitioner appeals via petition for review on certiorari.
Issues
The petitioner claims that the CA erred:
I. x x x IN FINDING THAT THE PETITIONER WAS NEGLIGENT YET HE WAS
CONVICTED OF THE CRIME OF MALVERSATION OF PUBLIC FUNDS
THROUGH FALSIFICATION OF PUBLIC [DOCUMENTS].
II. x x x IN APPLYING THE RULE OF COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY IN A
COMPLEX CRIME OF MALVERSATION OF PUBLIC FUNDS THROUGH
FALSIFICATION OF PUBLIC DOCUMENTS.
III. x x x IN FINDING THAT PETITIONER IS GUILTY OF NEGLIGENCE.17
The petitioner contends that the RTC and the CA erroneously convicted him of several counts of
malversation of public funds through falsification of public documents on the basis of the finding
that he had been negligent in the performance of his duties as Revenue District Officer;18 that
the acts imputed to him did not constitute negligence; and that he could not be convicted of
intentional malversation and malversation through negligence at the same time.19
Ruling
We DENY the petition for review for its lack of merit.
The RTC stated in its decision convicting the petitioner, viz:
The particular pages of the Monthly Reports from which witness Magluyan based her
examination to determine the discrepancies in the Official Receipts listed by the accused therein,
bore only the typewritten name of the accused without any signature. However, prosecution
witness Rebecca Rillorta showed that those individual pages were part of a number of pages of a
report submitted for a particular month, and she showed that the last pages of the related reports
were duly signed by the accused. Witness Rillorta brought to the Court the original pages of the
questioned monthly reports and demonstrated to the Court the sequence of the pagination and the
last pages ofthe monthly reports bearing the signature of accused Zafra x x x. By these the
prosecution demonstrated that the individual pages of the Monthly Collection Report which
listed receipts for lesser amounts were part of official reports regularly submitted by the accused
in his capacity as Collection Agent of the BIR in San Fernando City, La Union. While counsel
for accused called attention to the absence of accused (sic) signatures on Exhibit "A", accused
did not deny the monthly report[s] and the exhibits as he chose to remain silent.
In addition, Maria Domagas, State Auditor of the BIR showed Monthly Report of
Accountabilities (Exhibit "D") which the accused, as Collection Officer submits on the first week
of the following month for a particular month. The testimony of Maria Domagas establishes that
the questionable receipts were within the series of receipts accountability of accused for a
particular month. x x x. The testimony of State Auditor Domagas established the link of accused
accountable receipts, with the receipts numbers reported in his Monthly Collection Report as
well as to the receipts issued to the taxpayers. Thereby prosecution showed that while the

receipts issued to the taxpayer were not signed by the accused, these receipts were his
accountable forms. Such that the use thereof is presumed to be sourced from him. Even the
defense witness admitted that the receipts emanated from the office of the accused.
Notably, there is a big disparity between the amount covered by BIR Form No. 25.24 issued to
the taxpayer, and the amount for the same receipt number appearing in the Monthly Collection
Reports indicating the falsification resorted to by the accused in the official reports he filed,
thereby remitting less than what was collected from taxpayers concerned, resulting tothe loss of
revenue for the government as unearthed by the auditors."20 (Emphasis and underscoring
supplied)
The findings of fact of the RTC were affirmed by the CA. Hence, the petitioner was correctly
convicted of the crimes charged because such findings of fact by the trial court, being affirmed
by the CA as the intermediate reviewing tribunal, are now binding and conclusive on the Court.
Accordingly, we conclude that the Prosecution sufficiently established that the petitioner had
beenthe forger of the falsified and tampered public documents, and that the falsifications of the
public documents had been necessary to committhe malversations of the collected taxes.
Anent the petitioners defense that it was his subordinates who had dealt with the taxpayers and
who had issued the falsified and tampered receipts, the RTC fittingly ruminated:
x x x If this Court were to believethat the criminal act imputed to the accused were done by the
employees blamed by the accused, the presumption of negligence by the accused with respect to
his duties as such would attach; and under this presumption, accused would still not avoid
liability for the government loss.21 (Italics supplied)
The petitioner relies on this passage of the RTCs ruling to buttress his contention that he should
be found guilty of malversation through negligence. His reliance is grossly misplaced, however,
because the RTC did not thereby pronounce that he had beenmerely negligent. The passage was
nothing but a brief forensic discourse on the legal consequence if his defense were favorably
considered, and was notthe basis for finding him guilty. To attach any undue significance to such
discourse is to divert attention away from the firmness of the finding of guilt. It cannot be
denied, indeed, that the RTC did not give any weight to his position.
Initially, the CAs disquisition regarding malversation through negligence had the same tenor as
that of the RTCs,22 and later on even went to the extent of opining that the petitioner ought to
be held guilty of malversation through negligence.23 But such opinion on the part of the CA
would not overturn his several convictions for the intentional felonies of malversation of public
funds through falsification of public documents. As can be seen, both lower courts unanimously
concluded that the States evidence established his guilt beyond reasonable doubt for
malversation of public funds through falsification of public documents. Their unanimity rested
on findings of fact that are nowbinding on the Court after he did not bring to our attention any
fact or circumstance that either lower court had not properly appreciated and considered and
which, if so considered, could alter the outcome in his favor. At any rate, even if it were assumed
that the findings by the CA warranted his being guilty only of malversation through negligence,
the Court would not be barred from holding him liable for the intentional crime of malversation
of public funds through falsification of public documents because his appealing the convictions
kept the door ajar for an increase in his liability. It is axiomatic that by appealing he waived the
constitutional protection against double jeopardy, leaving him open to being convicted of
whatever crimes the Court would ultimately conclude from the records to have been actually
committed by him within the terms of the allegations in the informations under which he had
been arraigned.
Yet, we see an obvious need to correct the penalties imposed on the petitioner. He was duly
convicted of 18 counts of malversation of public funds through falsification of public documents,
all complex crimes. Pursuant to Article 48 of the Revised Penal Code,24 the penalty for each
count is that prescribed on the more serious offense, to be imposed in its maximum period.
Falsification of a public document by a public officer is penalized with prision mayor and a fine
not to exceed P5,000.00.25 Prision mayor has a duration of six years and one day to 12 years of
imprisonment.26 In contrast, the penalty for malversation ranges from prision correccional in its

medium and maximum periods to reclusion temporal in its maximum period to reclusion
perpetua depending on the amount misappropriated, and a fine equal to the amount of the funds
malversed or to the total value of the property embezzled, to wit:
Article 217. Malversation of public funds or property; Presumption of malversation. Any
public officer who, by reason of the duties of his office, is accountable for public funds or
property, shall appropriate the same or shall take or misappropriate or shall consent, through
abandonment or negligence, shall permit any other person to take such public funds, or property,
wholly or partially, or shall otherwise be guilty of the misappropriation or malversation of such
funds or property, shall suffer:
1. The penalty of prision correccionalin its medium and maximum periods, if the amount
involved in the misappropriation or malversation does not exceed two hundred pesos.
2. The penalty of prision mayorin its minimum and medium periods, if the amount
involved is more than two hundred pesos but does not exceed six thousand pesos.
3. The penalty of prision mayorin its maximum period to reclusion temporalin its
minimum period, if the amount involved is more than six thousand pesos but is less than
twelve thousand pesos. 4. The penalty of reclusion temporal, in its medium and
maximum periods, if the amount involved is morethan twelve thousand pesos but is less
than twenty-two thousand pesos. If the amount exceeds the latter, the penalty shall be
reclusion temporalin its maximum period to reclusion perpetua.
In all cases, persons guilty of malversation shall also suffer the penalty of perpetual special
disqualification and a fine equal to the amount of the funds malversed or equal tothe total value
of the property embezzled. x x x x
To determine the maximum periods of the penalties tobe imposed on the petitioner, therefore, we
must be guided by the following rules, namely: (1) the penalties provided under Article 217 of
the Revised Penal Code constitute degrees; and (2) considering that the penalties provided under
Article 217 of the Revised Penal Codeare not composed of three periods, the time included in the
penalty prescribed should be divided into three equal portions, which each portion forming one
period, pursuant to Article 65 of the Revised Penal Code.27
Accordingly, the penalties prescribed under Article 217 of the Revised Penal Code should be
divided into three periods, with the maximum period being the penalty properly imposable on
each count, except in any instance where the penalty for falsification would be greater than such
penalties for malversation. The tabulation of the periods of the penalties prescribed under Article
217 of the Revised Penal Code follows, to wit:
[[reference - http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/pdf/web/viewer.html?
file=/jurisprudence/2014/july2014/176317.pdf]]
TABLE 1
Amount
Misappropriated

Penalty
prescribed

Duration

Minimum

Periods
Medium

Maximum

Not exceeding
P200.00

Prision
correccional
in its
medium and
maximum
periods

2 years,
4 months
and 1 day
to 6 years

2 years,
4 months
and 1 day
to 3 years,
6 months
and 20 days

3 years,
6 months
and
21 days to
4 years,
9 months
and 10
days

4 years,
9 months
and 11 days
to 6 years.

More than P200

pesos but not
exceeding
P6,000.00

Prision
mayorin its
minimum
and medium

6 years and
1 day to 10
years

6 years and
1 day to
7 years and
4 months

7 years,
4 months
and 1 day
to 8 years

8 years,
8 months
and 1 day
to 10 years

periods

and 8
Months

More than
P6,000.00 but
less than
P12,000.00

Prision
mayor in its
maximum
period to
reclusion
temporal in
its minimum
period

10 years
and 1 day
to 14 years
and
8 months

10 years
and 1 day
to 11 years,
6 months
and 20 days

11 years,
6 months
and 21
days to
13 years,
1 month
and
10 days

More than
P12,000.00
but less than

Reclusion
temporal in
its medium
and
maximum
periods.

14 years,
8 months
and 1 day
to 20 years

14 years,
8 months
and 1 day
to 16 years,
5 months
and 10 days

16 years,
5 months
and 11 days to
18 years,
2 months
and
20 days

Reclusion
temporal in
its maximum
period to
reclusion
perpetua

17 years,
4 months
and 1 day
to
reclusion
perpetua

17 years,
4 months
and 1 day
to 18 years
and
8 months

18 years,
8 months
and 1 day
to 20 years

13 years,
1 month
and 11 days
to 14 years
and
8 months

18 years,
2 months<
and 21 days
to 20 years/td>
More than
P22,000.00

Reclusion
perpetua

Under Section 1 of the Indeterminate Sentence Law, an indeterminate sentence is imposed on the
offender consisting of a maximum term and a minimum term.28 The maximum term is the
penalty under the Revised Penal Code properly imposed after considering any attending
circumstance; while the minimum term is within the range of the penalty next lower than that
prescribed by the Revised Penal Codefor the offense committed.
The Indeterminate Sentence Lawwas applicable here, save for the counts for which the
imposable penalty was reclusion perpetua. Considering that each count was a complex crime
without any modifying circumstances, the maximum term of the penalty for each count is the
maximum period as shown in Table 1, supra, except for the count dealt with in Criminal Case
No. 4635 involving the misappropriated amount of P4,869.00, for which the corresponding
penalty for malversation as stated in Table 1 was prision mayorin its minimum and medium
periods. However, because such penalty for malversation was lower than the penalty of prision
mayor imposable on falsification of a public document under Article 171 of the Revised Penal
Code, it is the penalty of prision mayor in its maximum period that was applicable.
On other hand, the minimum of the indeterminate sentence for each count should come from the
penalty next lower than that prescribed under Article 217 of the Revised Penal Code, except in
Criminal Case No. 4635 where the penalty next lower is prision correccional in its full range, to
wit:
TABLE 2
Penalty
prescribed
under Art. 217

Penalty next
lower in degree

Range of minimum term

Prision
correccional in
its medium and
maximum periods

Arresto mayor in
its maximum
period to prision
correccional in

4 months and 1 day to 2 years and

4 months

its minimum
period
Prision mayor in
its
minimum and
medium
period

Prision
correccional in
its medium and
maximum
periods

2 years, 4 months and 1 day to 6 years

Prision mayor in
its
maximum period
to
reclusion
temporal in
its minimum
period

Prision mayor in
its minimum and
medium periods

6 years and 1 day to 10 years

Reclusion
temporal in
its medium and
maximum
periods.

Prision mayor in
its maximum
period to
reclusion
temporal in its
minimum period

10 years and 1 day to 14 years and

8 months

Reclusion
temporal in
its maximum
period to
reclusion
perpetua

Not applicable in the present case since the proper imposable penalty to
be imposed upon the accused in already reclusion
perpetua

Penalty
prescribed
under Art. 171

Penalty next
lower in degree

Range of minimum term

Prision mayor

Prision
correccional

6 months and 1 day to 6 years

To illustrate, the count involving the largest amount misappropriated by the accused totaling
P75,489.76 merited the penalty of reclusion temporal in its maximum period to reclusion
perpetua, and a fine of P75,489.76. Obviously, the penalty is that prescribed for malversation of
public funds, the more serious offense.
In its consolidated decision of February 17, 2004, the RTC erred in pegging the maximum terms
within the minimum periods of the penalties prescribed under Article 217 of the Revised Penal
Code.
It committed another error by fixing indeterminate sentences on some counts despite the
maximum of the imposable penalties being reclusion perpetua. There is even one completely
incorrect indeterminate sentence. And, as earlier noted, the penalty for falsification under Article
171 of the Revised Penal Code was applicable in Criminal Case No. 4635 involving P4,869.00
due to its being the higher penalty.
The Court now tabulates the corrected indeterminate sentences, to wit:
TABLE 3

Amount

Indeterminate sentence

misappropriated

Minimum term

Maximum term

P19,775.00

10 years and 1 day of

prision mayor

18 years, 2 months and 21 days

of reclusion temporal

P4,869.00

2 years of prision
correccional

10 years and 1 day to 12 years of

prision mayor29

P13,260.90

10 years and 1 day prision

mayor

18 years, 2 months and 21 days

of reclusion temporal

P17,419.00

10 years and 1 day prision

mayor

18 years, 2 months and 21 days

of reclusion temporal

P11,390.00

6 years and 1 day of prision

mayor

13 years, 1 month and 11 days of

prision mayor

P9,736.86

6 years and 1 day of prision

mayor

13 years, 1 month and 11 days of

prision mayor

P39,050.00

Reclusion perpetua

P38,878.55

Reclusion perpetua

P20,286.88

10 years and 1 day prision

mayor

18 years, 2 months and 21 days

of reclusion temporal

P42,573.97

Reclusion perpetua

P40,598.40

Reclusion perpetua

P42,140.45

Reclusion perpetua

P47,902.60

Reclusion perpetua

P52,740.66

Reclusion perpetua

P75,489.76

Reclusion perpetua

P54,984.47

Reclusion perpetua

P45,330.18

Reclusion perpetua

P37,842.05

Reclusion perpetua

One more omission by the CA and the RTC concerned a matter of law. This refers to their failure
to decree in favor of the Government the return of the amounts criminally misappropriated by the
accused. That he was already sentenced to pay the fine in each count was an element of the
penalties imposed under the Revised Penal Code, and was not the same thing as finding him
civilly liable for restitution, which the RTC and the CA should have included in the judgment.
Indeed, as the Court emphasized in Bacolod v. People,30 it was "imperative that the courts
prescribe the proper penalties when convicting the accused, and determine the civil liability to be
imposed on the accused, unless there has been a reservation of the action to recover civil liability
or a waiver of its recovery," explaining the reason for doing so in the following manner:
It is not amiss to stress that both the RTC and the CA disregarded their express mandate under
Section 2, Rule 120 of the Rules of Courtto have the judgment, if it was of conviction, state: "(1)
the legal qualification of the offense constituted by the acts committed by the accused and the
aggravating or mitigating circumstances which attended its commission; (2) the participation of
the accused in the offense, whether as principal, accomplice, or accessory after the fact; (3) the
penalty imposed upon the accused; and (4) the civil liability or damages caused by his wrongful
act or omission to be recovered from the accused by the offended party, if there is any, unless the
enforcement of the civil liability by a separate civil action has been reserved or waived." Their

disregard compels us to actas we now do lest the Court be unreasonably seen as tolerant of their
omission. That the Spouses Cogtas did not themselves seek the correction of the omission by an
appeal is no hindrance to this action because the Court, as the final reviewing tribunal, has not
only the authority but also the duty to correct at any time a matter of law and justice.

We also pointedly remind all trial and appellate courts to avoid omitting reliefs that the parties
are properly entitled to by law or in equity under the established facts. Their judgments will not
be worthy of the name unless they thereby fully determine the rights and obligations of the
litigants. It cannot be otherwise, for only by a full determination of such rights and obligations
would they betrue to the judicial office of administering justice and equity for all. Courts should
then be alert and cautious in their rendition of judgments of conviction in criminal cases. They
should prescribe the legal penalties, which is what the Constitution and the law require and
expect them to do. Their prescription of the wrong penalties will be invalid and ineffectual for
being done without jurisdiction or in manifest grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack of
jurisdiction. They should also determine and set the civil liability ex delictoof the accused, in
order to do justice to the complaining victims who are always entitled to them. The Rules of
Court mandates them to do so unless the enforcement of the civil liability by separate actions has
been reserved or waived.31
In addition, the amounts to be returned to the Government as civil liability of the accused in each
count shall earn interest of 6% per annum reckoned from the finality of this decision until full
payment by the accused.1wphi1
WHEREFORE, the Court AFFIRMS the decision promulgated on August 16, 2006 by the Court
of Appeals subject to the modification of the penalties imposed as stated in this decision.
ACCORDINGLY, the dispositive portion of the consolidated decision rendered on February 17,
2004 by the Regional Trial Court is hereby AMENDED to read as follows:
WHEREFORE, the Court finds the accused GUILTY of the crime with which he is charged in:
1) Criminal Case No. 4634 and sentences him to suffer the indeterminate penalty
from 10 years and one day of prision mayor, as minimum, to 18 years, two
months and 21 days of reclusion temporal, as maximum; and to pay a fine of
P19,775.00;
2) Criminal Case No. 4635 and sentences him to suffer the indeterminate penalty
from two years of prision correccional, as minimum, to 10 years and one day of
prision mayor, as maximum; and to pay a fine of P5,000.00;
3) Criminal Case No. 4636 and sentences him to suffer the indeterminate penalty
from 10 years and one day of prision mayor, as minimum, to 18 years, two
months and 21 days of reclusion temporal, as maximum; and to pay a fine of
P13,260.90;
4) Criminal Case No. 4637 and sentences him to suffer the indeterminate penalty
from 10 years and one day of prision mayor, as minimum, to 18 years, two
months and 21 days of reclusion temporal, as maximum; and to pay a fine of
P17,419.00;
5) Criminal Case No. 4638and sentences him to suffer the indeterminate
penaltyfrom 10 years and one day of prision mayor, as minimum, to 13 years, one
month and 11 days of reclusion temporal, as maximum; and to pay a fine of
P11,309.20;
6) Criminal Case No. 4639 and sentences him to suffer the indeterminate penalty
from 10 years and one day of prision mayor, as minimum, to 13 years, one month
and 11 days of reclusion temporal, as maximum; and to pay a fine of P9,736.86;

7) Criminal Case No. 4640 and sentences him to suffer reclusion perpetua; and to
pay a fine of P39,050.00;
8) Criminal Case No. 4641 and sentences him to suffer reclusion perpetua; and to
pay a fine of P38,878.55;

9) Criminal Case No. 4642 and sentences him to suffer the indeterminate penalty
from 10 years and one day of prision mayor, as m inimum, to 18 years, two
months and 21 days of reclusion temporal, as maximum; and to pay a fine of
P20,286.88;
10) Criminal Case No. 4643 and sentences him to suffer reclusion perpetua; and
to pay a fine of P42,573.97;
11) Criminal Case No. 4644 and sentences him to suffer reclusion perpetua; and
to pay a fine of P40,598.40;
12) Criminal Case No. 4645 and sentences him to suffer reclusion perpetua; and
to pay a fine of P42,140.45;
13) Criminal Case No. 4646 and sentences him to suffer reclusion perpetua; and
to pay a fine of P47 ,902.60;
14) Criminal Case No. 4647 and sentences him to suffer reclusion perpetua; and
to pay a fine of P52, 7 40.66;
15) Criminal Case No. 4648 and sentences him to suffer reclusion perpetua; and
to pay a fine of P75,489. 76;
16) Criminal Case No. 4649 and sentences him to suffer reclusion perpetua; and
to pay a fine of P54,948.47;
17) Criminal Case No. 4650 and sentences him to suffer reclusion perpetua; and
to pay a fine of P45,330.18;
18) Criminal Case No. 4651 and sentences him to suffer reclusion perpetua; and
to pay a fine of P37,842.05;
In addition, the accused shall pay to the Government the total amount of P614,268.73, plus
interest of 6% per annum reckoned from the finality of this decision until full payment, by way
of his civil liability.
The accused shall further pay the costs of suit.
SO ORDERED.