In the name of Allah Most Gracious most Merciful

Open University of Sudan

:Tips on

Advanced grammar

This note provides overview on advanced grammar and cream

: of six chapters are as follows
The nouns refer to personal (Ali),things(Book),objects (deer),and
qualities (equity )
-Categories of nouns ( ) count nouns ()
and non -count nouns() . E.g she bought some
paper , take a paper .
. Non-count nouns e.g gases ,liquids , languages and games
. do not use (a),(an) with plural .e.g furniture-Compound nouns. ( ) e.g golden house , hand gear
and baby food.
-If the noun is a plural must follow plural .e.g the humans trades ,
the arms trades etc.
- Compound noun ( ) , we should look at second noun
which shows the idea.
-In compound noun can be plural form specifically ( )the second
noun .e.g building ghost s, eagle nets .
-we should use a hyphen ( )when anoun is singular e.g she
is a two year- old.
Some nouns follow by preposition .e.g rule of thumb, brother in law.
- Regular an d irregular plural nouns.() . We should (s /es )
E.g computer - computers , baby babies.
we should add (es) to the nouns which end in (sh,ch,s,z and x). e.g .sky,fly, box, church, glass
if the noun ended in (y) We should change to ies . e.g lorry, lady . .ferry
some irregular plural nouns do not ended in (s) e.g. man, mouse, .tooth,goose, ox
some nouns ended in (o)we should add (es) e..g tomato, echo .,hero ,zoo, studio and video
if nouns ended in (f, fe) we should modify it to (ves) e.g gulf .gulves, wife- wives ,life lives
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some nouns ended in(x) we should change it in (ces) e.g index- . indices
some nouns ended in (sis)we should change it in (sees) e.g basis, . crisis ,oasis
some nouns similar with irregular noun ox ,man and woman e.g .data datum- data, bacterium- bacteria

Articles ()
-Articles are two types : definite article( ) e.g the and
non -definite article ( ) e.g a & an.
- Generic nouns( ) mean any kind of fish big or small
,white or black . ( .e.g a fish, a banana , a book.).
-We should use definite article (the) with invention ( )e.g
the laptop ,the mobile .
-We should use definite article (the) music instruments(
)e.g. the jutar ,the piano .
We should use definite article (the) with nouns plural or singular ..e.g the moon,the sun
We should use definite article (the) with superlative adjective .e.g . the longest ,the richest
We should use definite article (the) with particular nouns () ,restaurant ,theatre and cinema
we should use article (the) with some adjectives .e.g the poor,the .rich ,the blind,the deaf
We should use definite article (the) with some nationality .e.g the . French,the Sudanese
We should use definite article (the) with river,oceans, mountains, regions ,directions, lakes and cities .e.g the nile, the red sea,the
.pacific and the Apalash

Non definite article ()

-we use (a) if preceded by an adjective ( ) .e.g anice
dinner, abig hall.
we use (a)with ameal followed by an adjective.e.g. we have a .nice dinner
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we use an with vowel letter (E.A.O.U.I) that depend on .pronunciation () e..g an orange,an apple
. we cannot say an university ,an urine. we use an with silent (h)e.g n hour ,an honorwe cannot use an with consonant (h)e.g harvest, houseand .home
.we use (some) with plural nouns .e.g some money. Some books -

Possessive nouns ()
. we use (s)in singular noun .e.g ali Ali's ,Huda Huda's if the singular noun ended in (s) must add (s,'s).e.g Enas- Enas' or Enas's ,Abass ,Ekhlas
if the noun is plural we add (s) and (') e.g my wives' , my .'children's , my ladies
Also we can use ('s) with noun refer to group and .organization .e.g minister's meeting ,the UN'S car
we should ('s) with time . e.g yesterday's meeting ,last month's .exam

Reflexive pronouns ()
it can be singular. e.g myself, yourself- herself become plural .e.g ourselves, ourselves

Expressions of quantity ()
Expressions of quantity plural expression include : some,any ,much ,many,afew -few,alittle- little .less than fewer
. than
.We use (some) we dont know who e.g some animal We use (some) with body, one ,thing. E.g someone tells me the .truth
We use (some) before number .e.g some 50% of students are .female
?We can use (some) in question .e.g do you like some milk 4

.We use (some)with(thing,one,body)..e.g somebody left it here .We use (any)in negative clause.e.g.they don't have any money ?we use (any)in questions.e.g.Have buy anything -.
we use (any)as unable.e.g. impossible to see anything in the .dark
we use (any) with (thing,one,body).e.g. anyone can tell the .truth
.We use (much)non-countable nouns. E.g we have much ink we use (many)countable nouns .e.g we have many book in our .house
we use (afew, few), (alittle ,little ) with countable nouns .e.g . We .have a little money .e.g She has few friends (negative idea)
.We can use very with little .e.g very little time We use lessthan with non-countable noun.e.g I us less sugar in .my tea
We use fewer than with plural countable nouns. e.g fewer than 10 % of my salary
.We use (of) for group of quantity e.g alt of books there -.
We use (all of ),and (both of ), for specific purpose .e.g all of .student at O.U.S are my friends
Expressions of quantity singular ()
. Expressions of quantity singular include : one,each,every
we use (one,each,every)countable nouns .e.g each student has .own pen. Or every student has own bag
we can use (each,every) with (body). e.g :everybody in the car . has a ticket

Adjective clause ()
.Aclause () includes a subject and a verb e.g she comes, it rains
dependent clause needs a connector e.g she is our colleague . I .told you

Relative pronouns()
.Are two types:adverbs pronouns and relative pronouns
Adjective clause pronouns include(who,whom,which .,that,whose).e.g this is professor that I saw yesterday
We use who,whom ,whose (for people).e.g the lady whom I told .you there
We use (which) to express about things.e.g which color do you ?want
We can use (who,whom )with preposition. e.g the lady about .whom I told you
We can delete (that,which, whom)from the sentence in .speaking.e.g the lady I told you
We always use (who) for informal situation .e.g he prefers .students who participating in the class
.we use adjective clause with adverb pronouns (where,when).we use (where) for places.e.g the hotel where he stays is old .we use (when)for time.e.g I remember the day when I met him We use punctuating adjective clauses if is necessary .e.g Dr ali, .who knows it
.If is not necessary to identify the noun.e.g. My wives like milk Reduction of adjective clause to phrases we should delete (who, . whom,that, which)from the clause.e.g the lady whom told you
if there is no (be)of verb we omit relative pronoun and change its to ing .e.g anyone who displays good behavior will remain.
.(anyone exhibiting goof behavior will remain)
If adjective clause includes (be+ a single adjective) we delete .it .e.g .Tales that are Arabic are easier to absorb
.Arabic tales are easier to absorb
Adjectives and adverbs()
Adjectives change nouns-

if adjective comes after noun we should (a verb).e.g the moon .looks shiny today
we can use more than one adjective in the sentence .e.g I saw . anice new bright car
some adjectives begin with the prefix (a)e.g afraid, .aware,alone,ashamed
.She is asleep, he is alone in the room
.Gradable adjectives () e.g very cold,cold,quite,hot,very hot we use gradable adjective superlative and comparative .adjectives. e.g she is most intelligent student
Non-gradable adjectives () dont show degree .e.g. absolutely . ,definitely, surely
Adjective ended with (ed,ing ) .e.g interesting- interested. .Satisfying- satisfied
The exam was frustrating students and he becomes frustrated of
. it

Adverbs ()
. used to change adjectives and verbs.e.g she ran quickly Adverbs used to express about frequency (often,tomorrow .,usually).e.g she will see you today
Adverbs used to express about place and . location(there,under,here,over ).e.g the lady is there
Many adverbs make from adjective and ended with (ly).e.gshe .talks clearly
.Not all words ended with (ly)are adverbs (lovely,friendly,silly) Some adjectives and adverbs are not derived from on another .e.g good derived from well. She plays tennis well, her fresh is
.good
Some words are and adjectives and adverbs (hard, fast,late ).e.g . she is fast runner, she ran fast
.Adverbs position (middle,end ,front ).e.g .finally, she comes in -

Adverbs position can change the meaning.e.g. I clearly told her .about car
We can move the adverbs to the final position.e.g. I came in
.late yesterday

If the adverb longer should place at end .e.g. Some Sudanese .deal politely
Prepositions ()
.We use prepositions with nouns and pronouns.Prepositions of time(at ,on ,during until ,over).e.g at 9AM
.we use (on)for dates and days .e.g she comes on Saturday .we use (in)loner time and seasons .e.g in the autumn this year we use (in)for specific of time .e.g.in the morning ,in the .evening
.we use (in) future time.e.g. she will be back in a week .we use (in) how long time takes.e.g. it takes 7monthswe use (while, during ,for )to express about time. E.g : whileI was speaking ,she came in. I met her during her weekend, I have
.been here for 10days
We use (throughout )to express about time.e.g. the rain .throughout the city
Prepositions of (by,by the time, until)express about time.e.g.by .the time I reached the hall ,students submitted their answers
.I'll be in the office by 9am today
.We will until the boss comes in
Prepositions of position and movement(
)
Preposition of (in) for cities, queue, front, back.e.g she lives in .Tokyo
.we use (at) for specific places .e.g I'm at my room.we use (on)for specific things .e.g. she on the board -

Preposition of (above, below,over,under beneath ,underneath).e.g in the laptop the date number beneath the
.screen
Preposition of between and among
we use (between) with two things or people. e.g. Ali between me .and Huda
we use (between )means relationship .e.g there is relationship .between fat and eating
we use (between)for choice .e.g. you can choose between white .and black
we use (between) two people or group. e.g. agreement between .Sudan, Canada and Saudi
Preposition of among
we use (among) in aspecific group .e.g Taha is popular among .students
we use (among) as mutual expression .e.g wedding day among .Tit,Jackson and Wardi
Prepositions combinations
We use Gerund ()as preposition with ing form . e.g I hate . smoking
we use Gerund ()as the object of a preposition .e.g.i prefer to .sleeping with pillow
Prepositions link with nouns
.we use (on)with noun.e.g. Huda on the mobile with Jo.we use (for) with noun.e.g. they go for a walk This preposition we call it phrase (in my opinion, on the mobile, .in front of ,on expedition)

Prepositions

Nouns

on

fire

for

A swim

in

Love with

Prepositions combine with Adjectives

.Prepositions follow by adjectives .e.g. Ali absent from the class Huda accused of some money. Taha fed up with leading. Sami
.worried about exam. Safa jealous of Wisla
Adjectives

Prepositions

terrified

Of/by

Proud

of

Excellent

at

Engaged

to

Prepositions of verbs
Preposition follows by verbs. e.g. Ali agree with Muna. Suha .votes for freedom .Lila participates in elections
Verbs

Prepositions

Consist

of

Hide

from

Respond

to

Phrasal verbs ()
Phrasal verbs give different meaning from the real verb.(o n,in .,out, at,back)
Adverb particle differs from preposition can come before and . after object.e.g. take off your socks
?we use adverb particle for stress.e.g. who do want it foralso preposition have strong expression .e.g. the money from .him not to him
preposition can be used for emphasis .e.g. she come from Tirti to .paliti daily
prepositions strong in quotation .e.g. " because " is useful in . grammar

Comparison between prepositions and adverb

particle
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Adverbs particle

Prepositions

Show strong forms

Always show weak forms

phrasal verbs can follow by prepositions .e.g. she boycott off .France products
.They look forward to seeing her

Activity
Please dear read these questions precisely before you give the
.answer

.Put the apostrphe's ('s)-1

. Huda children are really engaged.Ali house is nice-

complete the sentences with (a),(an),(the)and -2

(some)
I use ..straw in drinking while I use..fork and..spoon in ...nice dinner
.I bought..rice for breakfast meal yesterday .iron is a metal and fruit is plant-

-: put the non in brackets in correct form -3

.In the zoo there are ..and .(wolf ,ox baffle)Today scientists show ,..and they become famous .(datum,. echo, discovery)

put expression of quantity (some, any, much -4

:,may)in the correct form below
.the doctor haspatients now-

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. I ready.in my area of discipline.everyone knows thatsugar in the body is problematic .this study needsdatum to seal-

connect these adjective e clauses with -5

.appropriate pronoun below
.the tale was frustrating .we listened to it yesterday.she is an engineer .i told you about-

:use reduction of adjective clauses are as follow -6

.the guy who is speaking to ali is my son.Ali who exhibits good ethics in the class .fruit that are fish are good for our bodies -

.Add (ing),(ed) at the end of these verbs-7

.We..by music today because its (amaze) she was.with the result because the exam(disappoint) Put these adverbs in brackets in appropriate form are as -8
:follows
.Ihated attending the meeting(secretly).the guy .started to speak in the meeting .(loudly) I...call them ..about my grading in the college . .(clearly)

Put the preposition (at,on ,in) in the correct form -9

: below
.see you.7:25am today .she received PHD ..the 17th 2014.My daughter begun kindergarten the age of four years -

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Put prepositions (throughout, until, by the time)in the -10

:correct form below
.I hope you finish it .the end of this month.She is working in the laboratory ...5:30am.Ebola epidemic spreads..in western countries in Africa -

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