Chapter 3 Problems

3.7
The following table lists temperatures and specific volumes of water vapor at two
pressures:
P=1.0 MPa
P=1.5 MPa
T(C)
v(m3/kg)
T(C)
v(m3/kg)
200
0.2060
200
0.1325
240
0.2275
240
0.1483
280
0.2480
280
Data encountered in solving problems often do not fall exactly on the grid of values
provided by property tables, and linear interpolation between adjacent table entries
becomes necessary. Using the data provided here, estimate:
a) The specific volume at T=240C, P=1.25MPa, (in m3/kg).
b) The temperature at
P=1.5MPa, v=0.1555m3/kg, (in C).
c) The specific volume at T=220C, P=1.4MPa, (in m3/kg).

a) At a temperature of 240C, the specified pressure of 1.25 MPa falls between the table
values of 1.0 and 1.5 MPa. To determine the specific volume corresponding to 1.25
MPa, we find the slope of a straight line joining the adjacent table states, as follows:

Similar triangles:

slope
v

v 0.1483
1.5 1.25

0.1879

m3
kg

(a)

0.2275 0.1483
1.5 1.0

0.1483

0.25
0.50

0.2275 0.1483

b) At a pressure of 1.5MPa, the given specific volume of 0.1555m3/kg falls between the
table values of 240 and 280C. To determine the temperature corresponding to the given
specific volume, we find the slope of a straight line joining the adjacent table states, as
follows:

slope
T

T 240
280 240
.1555 .1483 .1627 .1483
.1555 .1483
240
40
.1627 .1483

260 C

(b)

c) In this case, the specified pressure falls between the table values of 1.0 and 1.5MPa
and the specified temperature falls between the table values of 200 and 240C. Thus,
double interpolation is required.
At 220C, the specific volume at each pressure is simply the average over the interval:
.2060 .2275
m3
At 1.0 MPa, 220C; v
0.21675
2
kg
.1325 .1483
m3
At 1.5 MPa, 220C; v
0.1404
2
kg
Thus with the same approach as in (a)
v 0.1404 0.21675 0.1404
0.1
v 0.1404
0.21675 0.1404
1.5 1.4
1.5 1.0
0.5

0.15567

m3
kg

(c)

3.8

The following data lists the temperature and specific volume of NH3 at two pressures:

50 Lbf/in 2

60 Lbf/in 2

T ( F) v (ft 3/Lb) T v (ft 3/Lb)

100
6.836 100
5.659
120
7.110 120
5.891
140
7.380 140
6.120
? at T 120 F, P 54Lbf/in 2
60 54
5.891
(7.110 5.891)
60 50
6.622 ft 3/Lb

a) v
v
v

? at P 60Lbf/in 2 and v
5.982 5.891
120
(20)
6.12 5.891
127.9F

b) T
T
T

5.982 ft 3/Lb

c) v ? at T 110F, P 58Lbf/in 2
Double interpoloation
At 110 F, the specified volume at each pressure is simply the average over the interval:
lbf
7.110 6.836
at 50 2 , 110F; v
6.973ft 3/lb
in
2
lbf
5.891 5.659
at 60 2 , 110 F; v
5.775ft 3/lb
in
2
With the same approach as in (a)
v - 5.775 6.973 5.775
2
v 5.775
[6.973 5.775] 6.015ft 3/lb
60 - 58
60 50
10

3.10
For H2O, determine the specified property at the indicated state. Locate the state on a
sketch of the T-v diagram.
a) P=300 kPa, v=0.5 m3/kg. Find T, in C.

Table A-3, v f
Since v f

1.0732 /103 m3 / kg , vg

0.6058m 3 / kg

vg , the state is in the two-phase,

liquid-vapor region, as shown on the T-v diagram.

Therefore,
T

Tsat 3bar

133.6 C

b) P=28 MPa, T=200C. Find v, in m3/kg.

State is in liquid region. From Table A-5,

@200C
250 bar: v 1.1344 *10 3
300 bar: v 1.1302 *10 3
So, at 200 bar
3
3 m
v 1.1319 *10
kg

c) P=1 MPa, T=405C. Find v, in m3/kg.

From superheat Table A-4
at 10 bar, interpolation gives
v = 0.309m3/kg.

d) T=100C, x=60%. Find v, in m3/kg.

Two phase equation:

1 x vf

xvg

With data from Table A-2 at 100C,

v

0.4 1.0435 *10

0.6 1.673

1.0042m3 / kg

3.13

3.18
Determine the qualityof a two phase liquid vapor mixture of:
a) H 2O @ P 10
v

(1 x)v f

Lbf
in 2

v 15

ft 3
Lbm

u=50.5

Btu
Lbm

with

xvg

15 (1 x)0.01659 x(38.42)
x 0.39
b) R134a @ T
uf

60 F with

30.39 and u g

(1 x)u f

0.284

xu g

c) Ammonia @ P 80
hf

91.22 and

h (1 x)h f
x

101.27

hg

Lbf
with
in 2
623.32

h=350

Btu
Lbm

xhg

0.486

d) Pr opane @ T
v

(1 x)v f
x

0.246

xvg

20F

with

v 1

ft 3
Lbm

3.21
As shown in Fig. P3.21, a closed, rigid cylinder contains different volumes of saturated
liquid water and saturated water vapor at a temperature of 150C. Determine the quality
of the mixture, expressed as a percent.
Fig P3.21

Analysis:
mvap
x
, m V / v. Thus, mvap
mvap mliq

Vvap

Vvap
vg

, mliq

Vvap / vg
Vvap / vg

Vliq / v f

30 A and Vliq

20 A , where area A is in the

same units as the vertical measure shown. Then

30 A / vg
1
x
30 A / vg
20 A / v f
20 vg
1
30 v f
Since ratios appear in the last expression, the
quantities can be in any consistent units.
Using vf and vg from Table A-2 at 150C,
v f 1.0905 10 3 m3 / kg

vg
x

0.3928m3 / kg

1
20
0.3928
1
30 1.0905 10

0.0041 0.41%
3

Vliq
vf

3.24
Water is contained in a closed tank initially saturated vapor at 200 C is cooled to 100 C.
Determine the initial and the final pressures each in bar. Sketch the T-v and the P-v
diagram.

m3
kg
15.54Bar

v1

0.1274

P1

x1 1
mass & volume does not change (closed system)
v1 v2
Since v f
P2

v2

vg , the state is in the two-phase,

Psat at 100C 1.014Bar

3.25

3.29
Ammonia contained in a piston cylinder arrangement initially at T1 0 F , saturated vapor
undergoes an isothermal process during which its volume (a) doubles, (b) reduces to half.
For each case find the final state giving quality or pressure as appropriate. Sketch the
process on a T-v and p-v diagram.

T1

0 F

v1

vg

v2
P2
T2

ft 3
Lb
ft 3
2v1 1.822
Lb
Lbf
15.6 2
interpolate table 15E
in
0 F
9.11

1
ft 3
v1 4.555
2
Lb
Since at T2 0 F v f
v2

4.555 0.02419
9.11 0.02419

v2
0.499

v g State 2 is two phase

0.5

3.32
Lbf
from a volume
in 2
of 6.88 ft 3 to saturated vapor state. Determine the temperatue at initial and final state and the work for this
process in Btu.
Two Lb of water vapor in a piston-cylinder is compressed at constant P1

Solution:
6.88
2

v1

3.44

ft 3
Lb

Knowing v1 and P1

250

Lbf
, The state is sup erheated ( A 4 E )
in 2

T1 1000 F
v2

vg at P2
T2

V2

250

Lbf
in 2

1.845

ft 3
Lb

401 F
(2 Lb)(1.845

W = PdV

ft 3
) 3.69 ft 3
Lb

P (V2 V1

144
147.6 Btu
778
Work done on the system (compression)

250(3.69 6.88)

250

3.40
Determine the values of the specified properties at each of the following conditions.
a) For Refrigerant 134a at P=140 lbf/in2 and h=100 Btu/lb, determine T in F and v in
ft3/lb.
b) For ammonia at T = 0F and v =15 ft3/lb, determine P in lbf/in2 and h in Btu/lb.
c) For Refrigerant 22 at T=30F and v =1.2 ft3/lb, determine P in lbf/in2 and h in Btu/lb.
a) Refrigerant 134a; p=140lbf/in2, h=100 Btu/lb
from Table A-11E; hf <h <hg

two-phase, liquid-vapor mixture

h (1 x )h f xhg 100 (1 x )44.43 x(114.95)
x 0.788
v (1 x )v f

xv g

0.2675 ft 3 / lb

Tsat

100.56 F

0 F , v 15 ft 3 / lb
from Table A-13E since vg 9.1100 ft 3 / lb

b) Ammonia; T

vg

superheated vapor

Interpolating in Table A-15E:

lbf
Btu
p 18.85 2 and h 615.2
in
lb
c) Refrigerant 22; T
from Table A-7E, vg
v

vg

30 F , v 1.2 ft 3 / lb

0.7804 ft 3 / lb

superheated vapor

Interpolating in Table A-9E:

lbf
Btu
p 47.60 2 and h 108.80
in
lb

3.52

Solution :
Btu
(from table A-12E)
Lbm
m(u2 u1 )

u1 113.83
Q W

1.2 4.32 0.5(u2 113.83)

Btu
Lbm
Knowing P2 & u 2
u2

107.59

T2

80 F

3.56
As shown in Fig. P3.56, 0.1 kg of propane is contained within a piston-cylinder assembly
at a constant pressure of 0.2 MPa. Energy transfer by heat occurs slowly to the propane,
and the volume of the propane increase from 0.0277m3 to 0.0307m3. Friction between
the piston and cylinder is negligible. The local atmospheric pressure and acceleration of
gravity are 100 kPa and 9.81 m/s2, respectively. The propane experiences no significant
kinetic and potential energy effects. For the propane, determine (a) the initial and final
temperature, in C, (b) the work, in kJ, and (c) the heat transfer, in kJ.
Schematic & Given Data:

Engr. Model:
1. The propane within the piston-cylinder
assembly is the close system.
2. Friction between the piston and cylinder
is negligible and the expansion occurs
slowly at a constant pressure of 0.2 MPa.
3. Volume change is the only work mode.
4. For the system there are no significant
kinetic and potential energy effects.
Analysis:
a) To find T1 and T2 requires two property values to fix each state. Since pressure is
constant, it is one of the properties. The specific volume provides the other:
V1 0.0277m3
V2 0.0307m3
m3
m3
v1
0.277
0.307
, v2
. Thus, from Table Am
0.1kg
kg
m
0.1kg
kg
18 at 0.2MPa=2bar, T1=30C, T2=60C.
b) Since volume change is the only work mode and pressure is constant,
2

W12

pdV

p V2 V1

0.2MPa 0.0307 0.0277 m3

c) An energy balance reduces to give,

106 N / m2
1kJ
1MPa 103 N m

KE

PE

Q12 W12 or

Q12 W12 m u2 u1
With data from Table A-18 at 0.2MPa=2bar
Q12
5.4

0.6kJ
Q12

0.1kg 524.3 476.3

0.6kJ

kJ
kg

W12

3.77
A system consisting of 1kg H2O undergoes a power cycle composed of the following
processes:
Process 1-2: Constant-pressure heating at 10 bar from saturated vapor.
Process 2-3: Constant-volume cooling to P3= 5bar, T3= 160C.
Process 3-4: Isothermal compression with Q34 = -815.8kJ.
Process 4-1: Constant-volume heating.
Sketch the cycle on T-v and p-v diagrams. Neglecting kinetic and potential energy
effects, determine the thermal efficiency.

Analysis: The thermal efficiency of a power cycle is = Wcycle/Qin

where
Wcycle=W12+W23+W34+W41.
And
Qin= Q12 Q41
Process 1-2: State 1:

P1=10 bar and x = 1. Therefore v1 = 0.1944 and u1=2583.6

State 2 is fixed by P2=10 bar, but need another property

From Table A-4 at P3= 5 bar, T3= 160C by interpolation between T=151.86 and T=180
m3
KJ
v3 0.3835
and u3 2575.2
kg
Kg

v2

v3

m3
0.3835
kg

W12

pdV

mp v2

v1

and

m u2 u1

3231.8

KJ
Kg

105 N / m 2
m 3 1kJ
1kg 10bar
0.3835 0.1944
1bar
kg 103 N m

The first law for closed system is:

Q12

P2 =10 bar, therefore u2

W12

U W

1kg 3231.8 2583.6

189.1kJ

837.3kJ

189.1kJ

Process 2-3: W23

Q23

m u3 u2

Process 3-4: Q34

w23

1kg 2575.2 3231.8

815.8kJ (given).

Q34 W34

W34

Q34

Q34 m u4 u3

State 4 is fixed by T4 160 C , v4 v1

v4 v f
0.1944 1.102 /103
x4
vg v4 0.3071 1.1021/103

u4

(1 x4 )u f

w34

815.8

x4ug

Q41

(1 0.6317)674.86

1 1871 2575.2

Process 4-1: W41

656.6kJ

0.6317

0.6317 2568.4

1871kJ / kg

111.6kJ

0 , and
U

1 m u1 u4

1kg 2583.6 1871

kJ
kg

The net work is then

Wcycle
Wcycle

W12 W23 W34 W41

189.1 0

111.6

0 77.5kJ

To obtain Qin,

Qin

Q12 Q41 837.3 712.6 1549.9kJ

Then
77.5
1349.9

0.05 (5%)

As a check, note that for every cycle Qcycle= Wcycle.

Qcycle Q12 Q23 Q34 Q41

837.3
656.6
815.8 712.6 77.5kJ
Which agrees with Wcycle calculated using the work quantities.

712.6kJ

3.85
A gallon of milk at 68F is placed in a refrigerator. If energy is removed from the milk
by heat transfer at a constant rate of 0.08 Btu/s, how long would it take, in minutes, for
the milk to cool to 40F? The specific heat and density of the milk are 0.94 Btu/lb*R
and 64 lb/ft3, respectively.
Schematic & Given Data:

Engr. Model:1. The milk is the closed system. 2. For the system, W 0 and kinetic and
potential energy play no role. 3. The milk is modeled as incompressible with constant
specific heat, C.
Analysis: An energy rate balance reduces as follows,
dv
dt

In this expression, m

u2 u1
t

64

lb
ft 3

Q dt

1gal

dv
dt

m u2 u1

0.13368 ft 3
1gal

dKE
dt

mc T2 T1
Q

Btu
lb R
0.08Btu / s

28 R

1min
60s

Q W or

Q t.

8.56lb . Also, with Eq. 3.20a

c T2 T1 . Collecting results
8.56lb 0.94

dPE
dt

47 min

3.98
Five lbmol of carbon dioxide (CO2), initially at 320 lbf/in2, 660R, is compressed at
constant pressure in a piston-cylinder assembly. For the gas, W=-2000Btu. Determine
the final temperature, in R.
Engr. Model: 1. The CO2 is a closed system. 2. Pressure remains constant during the
compression process.
Analysis: The final state of the gas is fixed by pressure, 320 lbf/in2, and the specific
volume v2 , which can be evaluated from the work.
2

pdV

p V2 V1

np v2 v1

v2

v1

W
(*)
np

v1 can be found from the compressibility chart. From Table A-1E, pc=72.9 atm,
Tc=548R. Then
320 /14.7 atm
660 R
pR
0.30
TR1
1.2
72.9atm
548 R
Using these, Fig A-1 gives vR' 1 4.0 , Then
v1

vR' 1

ft lbf
548 R
lbmol R
72.9 14.7 lbf / in 2

1545

RTc
pc

4.0

1 ft 2
144in 2

21.95 ft 3 / lbmol

Returning to Eq. (*)

v2

W
np

v1

21.95

ft
lbmol

778 ft lbf
1Btu
5lbmol 320 14.8lbf / ft 2
( 2000 Btu )

15.21 ft 3 / lbmol
So, at state 2, pR 2

pR1

0.30 and vR' 2

v2 pc / RTc

'
R2

15.21 ft / lbmol 72.9 14.7 144 lbf / ft 2

Returning to Fig. A-1, TR 2

ft lbf
1545
lbmol R
0.95 . Thus
T2

TR 2TC

548 R

0.95 548 R

521 R

2.77

3.128
Air is confined to one side of a rigid container divided by a partition, as shown in Fig.
P3.128. The other side is initially evacuated. The air is initially at p1=5 bar, T1=500 K,
and V1=0.2m3. When the partition is removed, the air expands to fill the entire chamber.
Measurements show that V2=2V1 and p2=p1/4. Assuming the air behaves as an ideal gas,
determine (a) the final temperature, in K, and (b) the heat transfer, kJ.
P3.123

Engr. Model:
1. The closed system is the region within
the container, ignoring the partition.
2. The air is modeled as an ideal gas.
3. There are no overall changes in kinetic or
potential energy.
4. W=0.

Analysis:
a) Using the ideal gas model equation of state, PV
1 1

T2

T1

PV
2 2
PV
1 1

b) An energy balance reduces to Q

mRT1 , PV
2 2

500 K

1
2
4

KE

250 K
PE , or

Q m u2 u1
Where

PV
1 1
RT1

5 105 N / m 2 0.2m 2

8314 N m
28.97 kg K
So, with data from the air Table A-22
Q

0.7 kg 178.28 359.49

0.7kg

500 K
kJ
kg

126.8kJ

mRT2 . Thus,

3.135
Lbf
, T1 500R to a final
in 2
volume of V2 = 1 ft3 in a process described by pv1.25 const . The mass of the air is
0.5 Lb. Assuming ideal gas behavior, and ignoring kinetic and potential energy effects,
determine the work and heat transfer, each in Btu. Solve the problem each of two ways:
(a) Using a constant specified heat evaluated at 500 R.
(b) Using data from Table A-22E. Compare the results and discuss

Air is compressed in a piston cylinder assembly from p1 10

R
M air

Rair
v2
v1

53.3

ft 3
2
Lbm
(53.3)(500)
ft 3
18.52
(10)(144)
Lbm

1
0.5
RT
p1

p1v11.25

ft.Lbf
)
Lbm.R
28.97

1545(

p2 v21.25

Lbf
in 2
p2 v2 (161.5)(144)(2)
T2
872 0 R
R
(53.3)
p v p1v1 1
W (0.5) 2 2
51 Btu
1 n
778
Q W U 2 U1
p2

161.5

Using the ideal gas model:

u2 u1
Q

Cvavg (T2 T1 ) 0.173(872 500) 64.356

51 0.5(64.356)

18.82 Btu

Using the Air Table A22E

Btu
u1 =85.2
Lbm
Btu
u 2 =149.61
Lbm
Q
51 0.5(149.61 85.2)

18.80 Btu

Btu
Lbm

3.138
Two-tenths kmol of nitrogen (N2) in a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes two processes
in series as follows:
Process 1-2: Constant pressure at 5 bar from V1=1.33m3 to V2=1m3.
Process 2-3: Constant volume to p3=4bar.
Assuming ideal gas behavior and neglecting kinetic and potential energy effects,
determine the work and heat transfer for each process, in kJ.
Schematic & Given Data:
Engr. Model:
1) The N2 contained in the piston-cylinder assembly if
the closed system. 2) Volume change is the only work
mode. 3) The N2 is modeled as an ideal gas. 4) Kinetic
and potential energy effects play no role.
Analysis: Process 1-2 occurs at constant pressure. Thus
2

W12

pdV

p V2 V1 . That is:

W12

5bar 1m3 1.33m3

105 N / m 2
1kJ
1bar
103 N m

Process 2-3 occurs at constant volume. That is W23=0.

Reducing an energy balance, V
KE
PE Q W . Thus Q W
requires T1,T2,T3. To find T1 was the ideal gas equation of state:
N
5 105 2 1.33m3
PV
m
1 1
T1
400 K
8314 N m
nR
0.2kmol
Kmol K
For process 1-2, p=constant; so the ideal gas equation of state gives pV1

pV2

n u . This

nRT1 ,

nRT2 , or
T2

T1

V2
V1

For process 2-3, V=constant; so p2V

T3

P3
T2
P2

400

1m3
1.33m3

nRT2 , p3V
4bar
5bar

301K

nRT3 or

301K

241K

For process 1-2, with u 1 and u 2 from Table A-23

Q12

W12 n u 2 u1

165kJ 0.2kmol 6250 8314

For process 2-3 Q23 W23 n u 3 u 2

kJ
kmol

0.2kmol 5000 6250

578kJ
kJ
kmol

165kJ

250kJ

3.140
Air is contained in a piston cylinder assembly undergoes the power cycle shown.
Assuming ideal gas behavior, evaluate the thermal efficiency of the cycle.

3.140 continued:
Analysis:

w12
w12
q12

2
1

pdv

c ln

1*105 5
ln
103
1
w12
u12

v2
v1

Pv
1 1 ln

804.7

v2
v1

KJ
Kg

Since no change in temperature (isothermal) u12

q12
w23
w23
T2
T3
q23
w31
wnet
qin

804.7
2
1

KJ
Kg

pdv

p v3 v2

1*105
KJ
(1 5)
400
3
10
Kg
P2v2
KJ
1742.2 K from air table A22 u2 1432.5
R
Kg
P3v3
KJ
348.4 K from air table A22 u3 248.9
R
Kg
KJ
w23 u3 u2
1583.6
Kg
0 Volume is const.
404.7
q12
wnet
qin

KJ
Kg

and

q23 1988.3

qnet
KJ
Kg

0.204 (20.4%)

404.7

KJ
Kg