Conveying capacity is determined by speed, belt width and troughing angle and can be

expressed as
Q=Av

(1)

where
Q = conveyor capacity (kg/s, lb/s)
= density (kg/m3, lb/ft3)
A = cross-sectional area of the bulk solid on the belt (m2, ft2)
v = belt velocity (m/s, ft/s)
The cross-sectional area of the bulk solid on the belt can be expressed as
A = U b2

(2)

where
U = non-dimensional cross-sectional area shape factor
b = contact perimeter between bulk material and belt (m, ft)
Non-dimensional cross-sectional area shape factors for various troughing belts are available
from manufacturers' handbooks.

NEMA Enclosure Types

3R

General Purpose - Indoor

Drip-Proof - Indoor

Dusttight, Raintight, Sleettight - Outdoor

Raintight, Sleet Resistant- Outdoor

IEC Enclosure Classification Designation

IP10

Protected against solid objects up to 50mm, e.g.

accidental touch by hands.

IP11

Protected against solid objects up to 50mm, e.g.

accidental touch by hands.
Protection against vertically falling drops of
water e.g. condensation.

IP54

Protected against dust limited ingress (no harmful

deposit).
Protection against water sprayed from all
directions, limited ingress permitted.

IP14

Protected against solid objects up to 50mm, e.g.

accidental touch by hands.
Protection against water sprayed from all
directions, limited ingress permitted.

3S

Dusttight, Raintight, Sleettight- Outdoor

IP54

Protected against dust limited ingress (no harmful

deposit).
Protection against water sprayed from all
directions, limited ingress permitted.

Watertight, Dusttight, Sleet Resistant-Indoor

& Outdoor

IP56

Protected against dust limited ingress (no harmful

deposit).

4X

Watertight, Dusttight, Corrosion-ResistantIndoor & Outdoor

IP56

Protected against dust limited ingress (no harmful

deposit).

IP52

Protected against dust limited ingress (no harmful

deposit).
Protection against direct sprays of water up to
15o from the vertical.

IP67

Totally protected against dust.

Protected against the effect of immersion
between 15cm and 1m.

Dusttight, Drip-Proof--Indoor

Occasionally Submersible, Watertight, Sleet

Resistant- Indoor & Outdoor

NEMA Enclosure Types

6P

12

12K

13

Watertight, Sleet Resistant- Prolonged

Submersion- Indoor & Outdoor

Dusttight and Driptight- Indoor

Dusttight and Driptight, with KnockoutsIndoor

Oiltight and Dusttight- Indoor

IEC Enclosure Classification Designation

IP67

Totally protected against dust.

Protected against the effect of immersion
between 15cm and 1m.

IP52

Protected against dust limited ingress (no harmful

deposit).
Protection against direct sprays of water up to
15o from the vertical.

IP52

Protected against dust limited ingress (no harmful

deposit).
Protection against direct sprays of water up to
15o from the vertical.

IP54

Protected against dust limited ingress (no harmful

deposit).
Protection against water sprayed from all
directions, limited ingress permitted.

Note! NEMA standards meet or exceed IEC standards. The conversion does not work in the
opposite direction.

The torque available at the driven wheel or pulley can be expressed as

T = (F 2 - F 1 ) r a

(1)

where
T = torque (Nm)
F = force (N)
r = radius wheel or pulley
The available power can be expressed as
P = T a = (F 2 - F 1 ) r a a
where
P = power transmitted (Watts)
a = angular velocity (rad/s)

(2)

Single Belt Transmission - one driving and one driven pulley

For a system with two shafts and two pulleys - as indicated with pulley 1 and 2 in the figure
above:
d1 n1= d2 n2

(1)

where
d 1 = driving pulley diameter (inch, mm)
n 1 = revolutions of driving pulley (rpm - rounds per minute)
d 2 = driven pulley diameter (inch, mm)
n 2 = revolutions of driven pulley (rpm - rounds per minute)
Equation (1) can be transformed to express the

Revolution of Driven Pulley

n2 = d1 n1 / d2

(2)

Revolution of Driver Pulley

n1 = d2 n2 / d1

(3)

Diameter of Driven Pulley

d2 = d1 n1 / n2

(4)

Diameter of Driver Pulley

d1 = d2 n2 / n1

(5)

Multiple Belt Transmission Systems

For a system a with three shafts and four pulleys - as indicated in the figure above:
n2 = n3

(6)

n 4 = n 1 (d 1 d 3 ) / (d 2 d 4 )

(7)

Example - Multiple Belt Transmission System

The revolutions of shaft 4 in a multiple belt transmission like indicated in the figure above where
n 1 = 1000 rpm
d 1 = 100 mm
d 2 = 50 mm
d 3 = 110 mm
d 4 = 60 mm
can be calculated as
n 4 =(1000 rpm) (100 mm) (110 mm) / ((50 mm) (60 mm))
= 3667 rpm

Start and Running Torque Requirements, Calculations for Electric Motors

When determining the torque requirements for a electric motor, consideration
should be given to the load and start time demands during the start duration,
operating torque, and peak load torque. The starting torque is dependant on the
number of times anelectric motor will have to start in a given time, as well as, the
duration of the start cycle. The actual start torque applied should be many times
greater than the actual start torque required by the application. The greater
difference in torque applied by the motor and the start torque required by the
application, the faster the applied acceleration of the electric motor. The time
duration required to accelerate a application from a dead stop to operating speed is
given by the following:
T = [ N x WR2 ] / [ T a x 308 ]
Open: Electric Motor Time to Start Calculator
Where:
T = Time to Start (seconds)
N = Velocity at load (rpm)
T a = Average Torque During start (ft-lbs)
W = Weight (lbs)
R = Radius of Gyration (ft2)
[WR2 = Rotating Inertia (lbs-ft3)]
308 = Constant derived converting minutes to seconds, mass from weight, and
radius to circumference
Running or operating torque is determined by the following equation:
T o = [ 5250 x HP ] / N
Open: Electric Motor Running Torque Requirements Calculator
Where:
T o = Operating or running Torque ( ft-lbs )
HP = Horsepower delivered by electric motor
N = Rotational velocity ( rpm, revolutions per minute )
5250 = Constant converting horsepower to ft-lbs/minute and work/revolution to
torque
Use the peak horsepower to determine the maximum operating torque.

I've been seeing the famous equation which 'converts' horsepower into torque: HP = Torque (lb/ft) *
rpm / 5252. The 1/5252 comes from 2*PI/33,000.
Power (rotational) is simply torque * angular velocity, isn't it? When I try to plot the imperial version, I
get the typical graph with HP and torque intersecting at 5252rpm. But when I try to plot the same
torque values in metric using Power (kW) = Torque (Nm) * rpm * 2*PI/60, I get something wayy
different with the power and torque curves not even intersecting.
Am I missing out on something? =/
Read more: http://www.physicsforums.com

P(kW)=T(Nm)(rpm)/9549

The 9549 comes from

601000 / 2
You're forgetting the factor of 1000 by the looks of it.
Read more: http://www.physicsforums.com

Work done
Work done is force multiplied with the distance moved by the force and can be expressed as
W=Fs

(1)

where
W = work done (J, Nm)
F = force (N)
s = distance moved by force (s)
For an angular motion

the work done can be expressed as

W=Fr
=T

(2)

where
W = work (Joules)
= angle (radians)
r = radius (m)
T = torque or moment (Nm)

Power transmitted
Power is the ratio between work done and time taken and can be expressed as
P = W / dt
= T / dt
=T
=2nT

(3)

where
P = power (Watts)
dt = time taken (s)
= / dt = 2 n = angular velocity (rad/s)
n = speed (rev/s)
Note! - a machine must rotate to produce power!
A machine with no rotation can deliver torque - like an electric motor - but since no distance is
moved by force no power is produced. As soon as the machine starts to rotate power is
produced.

Example - Required Power

A machine rotating with speed 3000 rev/min (rpm) consumes 5 kW. The torque at the shaft can
be calculated by modifying (3) to
T=P/2n
= (5 kW) (1000 W/kW) / 2 (3000 rev/min) / (60 sek/min)
= 15.9 Nm

IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission) uses eight duty cycle designations to
describe an electrical motors operating conditions:

S1

Continuous duty

The motor works at a constant load for enough time to reach temperature
equilibrium.

S2

Short-time duty

The motor works at a constant load, but not long enough to reach
temperature equilibrium. The rest periods are long enough for the motor to
reach ambient temperature.

S3

Intermittent periodic duty

Sequential, identical run and rest cycles with constant load. Temperature
equilibrium is never reached. Starting current has little effect on temperature
rise.

S4

Intermittent periodic duty with

starting

Sequential, identical start, run and rest cycles with constant load.
Temperature equilibrium is not reached, but starting current affects
temperature rise.

S5

Intermittent periodic duty with Sequential, identical cycles of starting, running at constant load and running
electric braking
with no load. No rest periods.

S6

Continuous operation with

intermittent load

Sequential, identical cycles of running with constant load and running with
no load. No rest periods.

S7

Continuous operation with

electric braking

Sequential identical cycles of starting, running at constant load and electric

braking. No rest periods.

S8

Continuous operation with

periodic changes in load and
speed

Sequential, identical duty cycles run at constant load and given speed, then
run at other constant loads and speeds. No rest periods.

Calculations
Good science project does not stop with building a motor. It is very important to measure
different electrical and mechanical parameters of your motor and calculate unknown
values using the following helpful formulas.
We will use the International System of Units (SI). This is modern metric system that is
officially accepted in electrical engineering in the USA.
One of the most important laws of physics is the fundamental Ohms Law. It states that
current through the conductor is directly proportional to applied voltage and is expressed
as:

I=V/R
where I current, measured in amperes (A);
V applied voltage, measured in volts (V);
R resistance, measured in ohms ().
This formula could be used in many cases. You may calculate the resistance of your
motor by measuring the consumed current and applied voltage. For any given resistance
(in the motors it is basically the resistance of the coil) this formula explains that the
current can be controlled by applied voltage.
The consumed electrical power of the motor is defined by the following formula:

Pin = I * V
where Pin input power, measured in watts (W);
I current, measured in amperes (A);
V applied voltage, measured in volts (V).
Motors supposed to do some work and two important values define how powerful the
motor is. It is motor speed and torque the turning force of the motor. Output
mechanical power of the motor could be calculated by using the following formula:

Pout = *
where Pout output power, measured in watts (W);
torque, measured in Newton meters (Nm);
angular speed, measured in radians per second (rad/s).
It is easy to calculate angular speed if you know rotational speed of the motor in rpm:

= rpm * 2 / 60

where angular speed, measured in radians per second (rad/s);

rpm rotational speed in revolutions per minute;
mathematical constant pi (3.14).
60 number of seconds in a minute.

If the motor has 100% efficiency all electrical power is converted to mechanical energy.
However such motors do not exist. Even precision made small industrial motors such as
one we use as a generator in generator kit have maximum efficiency of 50-60%. Motors
built from our kits usually have maximum efficiency of about 15%
(see Experiments section on how we estimated this).
Dont be disappointed with 15% maximum efficiency. All our kits are intended for
education and not designed for real applications. This efficiency is not bad at all it is
actually much better than most of other self made designs on Internet can provide. The
motors have enough torque and speed to do all kinds of experiments and calculations.
Measuring the torque of the motor is a challenging task. It requires special expensive
equipment. Therefore we suggest calculating it.
Efficiency of the motor is calculated as mechanical output power divided by electrical
input power:

E = Pout / Pin
therefore

Pout = Pin * E
after substitution we get

*=I*V*E
* rpm * 2 / 60 = I * V * E
and the formula for calculating torque will be

= (I * V * E *60) / (rpm * 2)
Connect the motor to the load. Using the motor from generator kit is the best way to do
it. Why do you need to connect the motor to the load? Well, if there is no load there is
no torque.
Measure current, voltage and rpm. Now you can calculate the torque for this load at this
speed assuming that you know efficiency of the motor.
Our estimated 15% efficiency represents maximum efficiency of the motor which occurs
only at a certain speed. Efficiency may be anywhere between zero and the maximum; in
our example below 1000 rpm may not be the optimal speed so the for the sake of
calculations you may use 10% efficiency (E = 0.1).
Example: speed is 1000 rpm, voltage is 6 Volts, and current is 220 mA (0.22 A):

= (0.22 * 6 * 0.1 * 60) / (1000 * 2 * 3.14) = 0.00126 Nm

As the result is small usually it is expressed in milliNewton meters (mNm). There is
1000 mNm in 1 Nm, so the calculated torque is 1.26 mNm. It could be also converted
further to still common gram force centimeters (g-cm) by multiplying the result by 10.2,
i.e. the torque is 12.86 g-cm.

In our example input electrical power of the motor is 0.22 A x 6 V = 1.32 W, output
mechanical power is 1000 rpm x 2 x 3.14 x 0.00126 Nm /60 = 0.132 W.
Motor torque changes with the speed. At no load you have maximum speed and zero
torque. Load adds mechanical resistance. The motor starts to consume more current to
overcome this resistance and the speed decreases. If you increase the load at some
point motor stops (this is called stall). When it occurs the torque is at maximum and it is
called stall torque. While it is hard to measure stall torque without special tools you can
find this value by plotting speed-torque graph. You need to take at least two
measurements with different loads to find the stall torque.
How accurate is the torque calculation? While voltage, current and speed could be
accurately measured, efficiency of the motor may not be correct. It depends on the
accuracy of your assembly, sensor position, friction, alignment of the motor and
generator axles etc. If you want to get meaningful numbers you might use a second
generator kit as explained in Torque and Efficiency Calculation section.
Speed, torque, power and efficiency of the motors are not constant values. Usually the
manufacturer provides the following data in a table like this one (sample data from one
of the motors used in generator kit):

Also the manufacturers usually provide power curves for the motor at nominal voltage:

These curves are generated by plotting motor speed, consumed current, and efficiency
as functions of the motor torque. Sometimes there might be also a curve representing
mechanical output power.
As you can see from the graph speed and current are linear functions of torque so you
might need only two measurements to draw these graphs. Efficiency and power will
need more data. Usually for small motors maximum power is at 50% of stall torque
(approximately 50% of no load speed). Maximum efficiency may be 10-30% of motor
stall torque (70-90% of no load speed).
While it is technically better to follow the same format and create similar curves for your
motor it is not absolutely necessary for a good science project. You may take all
measurements, calculate unknown values and plot the graphs where for example speed
and torque are represented as functions of applied voltage or current etc.
Simple formulas and calculations described here are essential for calculating most
common motor parameters. However this is a simplified approach that does not take into
consideration many factors. If you want to extend your research further
see Links section and search the Internet. There is tons of information with more
complex calculations.
See other pages at Experiments section on how to measure motor parameters.