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    PND1 Notes1

    Uploaded by

    Mahesh
    The document introduces several key concepts in quantum mechanics including: 1) Discrete and continuous orthonormal bases that can be used to represent quantum states as linear combinations of basis states. 2) Operators such as position, momentum, and the Hamiltonian and their matrix representations in different bases. 3) Commutation relations between operators like position and momentum. 4) Using operators to derive the time-dependent and time-independent Schrodinger equations and their solutions for stationary states.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    PND1 Notes1

    Uploaded by

    Mahesh
    20 views5 pages
    The document introduces several key concepts in quantum mechanics including: 1) Discrete and continuous orthonormal bases that can be used to represent quantum states as linear combinations of basis states. 2) Operators such as position, momentum, and the Hamiltonian and their matrix representations in different bases. 3) Commutation relations between operators like position and momentum. 4) Using operators to derive the time-dependent and time-independent Schrodinger equations and their solutions for stationary states.

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    PND1-notes1

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    The document introduces several key concepts in quantum mechanics including: 1) Discrete and continuous orthonormal bases that can be used to represent quantum states as linear combinations of basis states. 2) Operators such as position, momentum, and the Hamiltonian and their matrix representations in different bases. 3) Commutation relations between operators like position and momentum. 4) Using operators to derive the time-dependent and time-independent Schrodinger equations and their solutions for stationary states.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    20 views5 pages

    PND1 Notes1

    Uploaded by

    Mahesh
    The document introduces several key concepts in quantum mechanics including: 1) Discrete and continuous orthonormal bases that can be used to represent quantum states as linear combinations of basis states. 2) Operators such as position, momentum, and the Hamiltonian and their matrix representations in different bases. 3) Commutation relations between operators like position and momentum. 4) Using operators to derive the time-dependent and time-independent Schrodinger equations and their solutions for stationary states.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    consider discrete orthonormal basis : u1 , u 2 , u 3 ,...

    u i u j = i , j , and

    u i = 1 (completeness or closure relation )

    Consider a state . We can write : = 1 = u i u i = u i u i = ci u i


    i
    i
    i

    where, ci = u i
    Consider operator A ,
    if A = 1 , then A + = 1 , A + = adjo int (or Hermitian conjugate of A)
    thus, A = 1 = 1

    = A +

    if A = A + , op. A is Hermitian.
    Matrix representation :
    c1

    c2
    = . , = c1*

    .

    .

    A11

    A21
    A = A31

    .
    .

    A12
    A22
    .
    .
    .

    c2

    . . .

    A13 . . u1 A u1

    . . . u 2 A u1
    . . . = u 3 A u1

    . . .
    .

    . . .
    .

    i.e. Ai , j = u i A u j and A + i , j = A j ,i
    u1 A u1

    u 2 A u1
    Thus, A = u 3 A u1

    u1 A u 2
    u A u

    u1 A u 2
    u A u

    u1 A u 3

    .
    .

    .
    .

    u1 A u 3

    .
    .

    .
    .

    . .
    . .

    . .
    . .

    . .

    b1
    . . c1


    . . c 2
    b2
    . , if = . , = b *
    . .
    1

    .
    . . .

    .
    . . .

    b2

    c1

    c2
    *
    *
    . . . . = b1 c1 + b2 c 2 + ...

    .
    .

    r and p representations (continuous orthonormal basis ) :


    we have, r r ' = (r r ' ) and

    r r r = 1 (1)

    Thus, = d 3 r r r = d 3 r r r = d 3 r r (r ), where (r ) = r
    we also have, p p' = (p p' ) and

    p p p = 1 (2)

    Thus, = d 3 p p p = d 3 p p p = d 3 p p ~ (p), where ~(p) = p


    1
    exp(ip.r / h ) (3)
    (2h ) 3 / 2
    Equations 1,2 and 3 will be used to derive following eqns.

    Further , r p = vp (r ) =

    consider , ~ (p) = p = d 3 r p ( r r ) = d 3 r p r r =

    1
    d 3 r exp(ip.r / h ) (r )
    3/ 2
    (2h )

    similarly, (r ) = r = d 3 p r ( p p ) =

    1
    d 3 r exp(ip.r / h ) ~ (p)
    3/ 2
    (2h )
    ~
    Thus, (r ) and (p) are fourier transform pairs.
    We can also use the following FT pair :

    ' (k ) =

    1
    1
    d 3 r exp(ik.r) (r ) and (r ) =
    d 3 k exp(ik.r) ' (k )
    3/ 2
    3/ 2
    (2 )
    (2 )

    X , Y , Z and Px , Py , Pz operators :
    define X r = x r , Y r = y r , Z r = z r

    Note : X r ' = x' r '

    note : X r = x r r ' X r = x (r r ' )


    X (Y and Z ) are Hermitian op.
    consider , r X = X + r

    = X r

    =x r

    = x r = x (r ), used X + = X , and x = real no.

    Consider , 2 X 1 = 2 1 X 1 = d 3 r 2 r r X 1 = d 3 r 2 (r ) * x 1 (r ),

    u sin g 1 = d 3 r r r

    define Px p = p x p , Py p = p y p , Pz p = p z p
    note : Px p = p x p p' Px p = p x (p p' )
    Px ( Py and Pz ) are Hermitian op.
    Now consider r Px = r 1 Px = d 3 p r p p Px
    =

    1
    d 3 r exp(ip.r / h ) p x ~ (p),
    (2h ) 3 / 2

    u sin g 1 = d 3 p p p

    +
    use : p Px = Px p

    = p x p = p x ~ (p) and r p =

    1
    exp(ip.r / h )
    (2h ) 3 / 2

    ip x
    1
    1
    (r )
    exp(ip.r / h ) ~ (p)
    d 3 p exp(ip.r / h ) ~ (p)
    =
    d3p
    3/ 2
    3/ 2
    x
    h
    (2h )
    (2h )
    (r )
    r Px = ih
    x
    1 (r )
    Consider , 2 Px 1 = 2 1 Px 1 = d 3 r 2 r r Px 1 = d 3 r 2 (r ) * (ih )
    x
    1
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    Consider , r Px = d 3 p r p p Px =
    d 3 r exp(ip.r / h ) p x ~ (p), u sin g Px p = p x p Px p = p x p
    3/ 2
    (2h )
    we have, (r ) =

    2
    2 (r )
    2
    2 (r )
    =

    r Px = (ih ) 2
    h
    x 2
    x 2

    Commutation relations :
    Need [ X , P ] = XP P X
    x

    consider , 2 XPx 1 = d 3 r 2 X r r Px 1
    = d 3 r 2 (r ) x (ih )
    *

    1 (r )
    x

    consider , 2 Px X 1 = d 3 r 2 Px r r X 1
    = d 3 r x 1 (r ) (ih )

    2
    x

    *
    *
    2 XPx Px X 1 = (ih ) d 3 r [ 2 x 1 + x 1
    ] = (ih ) dx dy dz x [ 1 2 ]
    x
    x
    x

    *
    *
    *
    *
    consider , dx x [ 1 2 ] = [ x 1 2 ] dx 1 2 = dx 1 2
    x
    *
    XP P X = (ih ) dx dy dz = ih
    *

    [ X , Px ] XPx Px X = ih
    similarly, [Y , P ] = [ Z , P ] = ih
    y

    also, [ X , Y ] = [ X , Z ] = [Y , Z ] = 0
    [ P , P ] = [ P , P ] = [ P , P ] = 0
    x

    [ X , Py ] = [ X , Pz ] = 0 etc.

    = H
    t
    if H is independent of time, (t ) = exp(i H t / h ) (0)
    time dependent Schrodinger ' s eqn : ih

    note : exp( x) = 1 + x +

    x2
    + ....
    2!

    insert operator 1, i.e. (t ) = exp(i H t / h )1 (0) = (t ) = exp(i H t / h ) u n u n (0)


    n

    use : H u n = E n u n exp(i H t / h) u n = exp(i E n t / h) u n


    we get , (t ) = exp(i E n t / h ) C n u n , where C n = u n (0) , i.e. (0) = C n u n
    n

    stationary states : ( for H independent of time)


    if (t 0 ) = u j , (t ) = exp[iE j (t t 0 ) / h ] u j
    consider any op. A (independent of time) : A (t ) = (t ) A (t ) = (t 0 ) A (t 0 ) = independent of time.

    Scrodinger ' s eqn in r representation :


    2
    P 2
    ) r H = h 2 (r ) + V (r ) (r )
    Let H =
    + V (R
    2m
    2m
    r
    we have, ih
    = r H
    t
    h 2 2
    ih
    =
    (r ) + V (r ) (r )
    t
    2m

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