6 Optics Datas

SEM:I
Basic Science- Physics

Unit III
Optics
1. Define angle of minimum deviation. State factors affecting angle of deviation.

Angle of minimum deviation : The minimum possible value of angle of deviation is called
angle of minimum deviation(m ).
Factors :
(1) Angle of incidence (i)
(2) Angle of Prism (A)
(3) Refractive index of the material of prism ()
2. Derivation for prism formula:
Consider a ray of light passing through a prism.
PQ = Incident ray
QR = Refracted ray
RS = Emergent ray
i = angle of incidence
r1 = r2 = r = angle of refraction
e = angle of emgerence
= angle of deviation
A = angle of prism
When angle of deviation is adjusted to minimum value ( = m ) then
i=e
------ (1)
r1 = r2 = r ------- (2)
Figure 1
Consider quadrilateral AQNR in which

A + AQN + QNR + NRA = 360
A + 90 + QNR + 90 = 360 Since NN and NN are normals.
A + QNR = 180 ------ (3)

In QNR ,
r1 + r2 + QNR = 180
----- (4)
Equating (3) & (4)

A + QNR = r1 + r2 + QNR
A = r1 + r2 = 2r
r=
A
2
------ (A)
In EQR,
x + y + QER = 180 ----- (5)
QER + m = 180 -------- (6)
x + y = m
(i r1 )+ ( e r2 ) = m
i + e 2r = m since r1= r2 = r
but 2r = A
i + e A = m
i + e = m + A
But i = e
2i = m + A
i=
A+ m
2
------ (B)
A+ m
)
sin i
2
=
sinr
A
sin( )
2
sin(
from (A) & (B)
Define refraction.
Refraction:
When light ray passes from one medium to another medium, it changes its path .This
phenomenon is known as refraction.
State Snells law ? (S- 02,07)

The law states that, for any two media,the ratio of sine angle of incidence to the sine angle
of refraction is constant for a given light beam.
sin i
sinr = constant
Where i = incident angle and r = refracted angle

Explain total internal reflection and define critical angle .
Total internal reflection:
1. Consider the source placed in the medium of higher refractive index
(glass) and emitting light rays in all directions as shown in fig.
2. When the light ray passes from optically denser medium to optically rarer
medium, the refracted ray is bent away from the normal.
3. As incident angle increases, refracted angle also increases. At particular
incident angle, the refracted angle is equal to 90. This particular angle is
known as critical angle.
4. When light ray is incident at a critical angle, no refraction occurs; the
light ray is totally internally reflected.
Explain construction and working of optical fiber.
Construction :
It is core surrounded with cladding coated with protective skin as shown.
Core: The light is transmitted within the core. The core is innermost layer with highest
refractive index.
Cladding : the cladding keep light wave within core because its refractive index is less than
core refractive index.
Protective skin: The protective skin protect the fiber from moisture and also provide
mechanical strength to the optical cable.
Dimensions : Normally length of optical fiber = 1km
Outer diameter : 0.1mm to 0.15mm
Core diameter : 5m to 600m
Cladding diameter :125m to 750m
Thickness of protective skin : 125m to 750m.
Principle :
The optical fiber works on the principle of total internal reflection . The monochromatic light is
incident on the core- cladding interface, if the incident angle is greater than critical angle then
no refraction takes place, light is internally reflected. This phenomenon is known as total
internal reflection.
Working:
1. The refractive index of cladding is always less than core refractive index. The purpose of
cladding to make the light confined to the core.
2. When light launched into the core of optical fiber, as light passes from air to core, it
undergo refraction and travels further and strikes core- cladding interface.
3. As light striking the core-cladding interface at greater angle then critical angle , it
reflected back into the core by total internal reflection. Since angle of reflection and
angle of incident are equal, the light will continue to rebound and propagate through the
fiber.
Define critical angle, numerical aperture, acceptance angle,

acceptance cone .
Critical Angle (c):The critical angle is defined as the angle of incidence
at which the nangle of refraction is 90
Numerical aperture (NA): It is defined as sine of maximum acceptance

angle.
It measures light gathering capacity of an optical fiber.
N. A. = sin a max
Acceptance angle (a ):
The maximum value of external incident angle for which the light will
propagatein optical fiber is called acceptance angle.
Acceptance cone :
When incident ray with angle of acceptance angle is rotated about core
axis.
Define numerical aperture.Derive the expression for numerical

aperture.
aConsider a incident light ray entering the core of optical fiber. Inside the
optical the ray is internally reflected at the core-cladding interface

because the incident angle is
equal to critical angle.
Numerical aperture (NA): It is
defined as sine of maximum
acceptance angle.
1. Consider an optical fibre
having a core of refractive
index ncore and cladding of
refractive index nclad.
2. let the incident light makes an
angle a with the core axis as shown in figure . Then the light gets
refracted at an angle r and fall on the core-cladding interface at an
angle c .
3. According to Snells law at the point of entrance of light in to the
optical fiber we get,
core
air
sin a
sin r
But air = 1
core =
but
sin a
sin r
r = 90 - c
core =
core
sin a
sin(90 a)
cos a
sin a
= cos c
= sin c
2
N . A .=sin a=
core
1sin c
4. When light travels from core to cladding it moves from denser to rarer
medium and so it may be totally reflected back to the core medium if
incident angle exceeds the critical angle c.
5. The critical angle is that angle of incidence in denser medium for
which angle of refraction become 90. Using Snells laws at core
cladding interface,
clad
core
sin c
sin 90
clad
=sin c
core
N . A .=sin a=
N . A .=sin a=
N . A .=sin a=
core
1sin 2 c

clad
1
core
core
core
core clad
2
core
N . A .=sin a=
( core clad )
2

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SEM:I

Basic Science- Physics

1. Define angle of minimum deviation. State factors affecting angle of deviation.

Consider quadrilateral AQNR in which

A + QNR = 180 ------ (3)

Equating (3) & (4)

from (A) & (B)

State Snells law ? (S- 02,07)

Where i = incident angle and r = refracted angle

Explain construction and working of optical fiber.

Define critical angle, numerical aperture, acceptance angle,

Numerical aperture (NA): It is defined as sine of maximum acceptance

Define numerical aperture.Derive the expression for numerical

optical the ray is internally reflected at the core-cladding interface

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