RAY OPTICS

2.REFRACTION POINTS TO REMEMBER

1. Refraction: The bending of light as it passes obliquely from one transparent medium into another is called refraction of light.

2. In refraction. Light rays will travel from one medium to another medium. It follows the relation 1 sin 1 = 2 sin 2 3. From Snells law 1 2 = 4. medium =

2 sin 1 = for air 1 = 1 1 sin 2

sin 1 sin i = sin 2 sin r

c

5. Absolute refractive index of a medium, =

6. Relative refractive index of second medium w.r.t first medium,

1

7. Total Internal Reflection: (1)The light ray must travel from denser to rarer medium.(2)The angle of incidence in the denser medium must be greater than the critical angle. 8. If C is the critical angle for a denser medium of absolute refractive index 1 separated from vacuum or air then = sin C 9. If a denser medium of refractive index 2 is separated from a rarer medium of 1 = 1 where 1 and 2 are the velocities of refractive index 1 then 2 = 1 sin C 2 light in the rarer and denser media respectively. 10. Optical fibre works on the principle of Total Internal Reflection. A + Dm sin 2 11. Prism: = A sin 2 12. For a thin prism, = A ( 1) 13. The angle of deviation of a prism depends on a) Angle of incidence b) Angle of the prism and c) Refractive index of the material of the prism. 14. Lens Makers Formula 1 1 1 = l 1 + f med m R1 R2 R1, R2 Radi of curvatures of the curved surfaces. 1 1 1 = ( 1) + This is generally used for paraxial rays. f air R1 R2
15. Focal Power: It is the reciprocal of focal length expressed in metres.

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2 =

2 1 1 = = 1 2 2

Focal power (P) =

1 f (meter)

100 f ( cm )

Units: Dioptre (D)

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS 1. Construct the reflected wave front when a plane wave front is incident on a plane reflecting surface. Hence explain the laws of reflection. Why does an expanding spherical wave continue to expand out ward from the source? A. Laws of reflection on the basis of wave theory laws of reflection Laws: 1. The angle of incidence and the angle of reflection are equal. i = r 3 2. The incident light ray, the reflected light 1 ray and the normal drawn to the surface 2 at the point of incidence lie in a single B B plane. 2 1 Explanation:Consider a plane wave front AB incident on a reflecting 3 surface XY at an angle of incidence i as i r shown.According Huygenss principle, r i Y every point on the wave front is a source X A A of secondary wavelets.Let the secondary wavelets from B strike the surface XY at A in a time t so that BA = ct.During this time interval the secondary wavelets from A reach the point B.Hence the new wave front of the reflected waves is AB.The rays 1, 2, 3 on the incident wave front will be now 1, 2, 3. In the right angle triangles ABA and ABA, AA is common. BA = AB = ct ABA = ABA Hence these two triangles are called congruent triangles.Therefore BAA=AAB,i.e., i = r. where i and r are the angles of incidence and reflection respectively. This proves the first law of reflection. Also the incident wave front AB, the reflecting surface XY and the reflected wave front AB are all perpendicular to the plane of the paper. Hence the incident ray normal to the reflecting surface and the reflected ray lie in a single plane. This proves the second law of reflection 2. Deduce the laws of refraction on the basis of Huygens wave theory. Why the wavelength of a light wave smaller in a denser medium than in a rarer medium? Laws of refraction on the Basis of Wave theory Laws: 1) The incident light ray, refracted light ray and the normal drawn to the refracting surface at the point of incidence lie in a single plane. 2) The refractive index of the second medium into which the light ray is sin i V1 refracted is given by = = sin r V2

A.

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Where i and r are the angles of incidence and refraction. V1 and V2 are the velocities of light in the rarer and denser media respectively. Explanation Consider a case where refraction takes place from a rarer medium to a denser medium. If V1 and V2 are the velocities of light in rarer and denser media respectively then V1 > V2 Consider a plane wave front AB incident on a plane transparent surface XY at an angle of incidence i as shown. The surface XY separates a denser medium of refractive index from a rarer medium. According to Huygenss principle, every point on the wave front AB is a source of secondary wavelets.Let the secondary wavelets from B reach XY at A in a time t so that BA = V1t. During this time interval, the wavelets emitted from A travel a distance V2t. The new wave front will be AB which is the refracted wave front.The incident light rays 1, 2, 3 will now become 1, 2, 3.
3 2 In the right angle triangle ABA, A ' B V1t B sin i = = 1 AA ' AA ' In the right angle triangle ABA = AB ' V2t i sin r = = AA ' AA ' A i sin i V1 r A = = sin r V2 r 3 which proves the Snells law. sin i 2 Experimentally it is proved that is B 1 sin r greater than one V 1 > 1 V1 > V2 V2 Hence according to the Huygens wave theory of light, light travels very fast in the rarer medium and very slow in the denser medium. Hence the wavelength of a light wave smaller in a denser medium than in a rarer medium. Also the reflected light ray, refracted light ray and normal drawn to the refracting surface at the point of incidence lie in the same plane. This is the second law of refraction.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. A beam of white light passing through a hollow prism gives no spectrum Explain? Spectrum is the combination of different coloured light rays. It is produced due to different deviations for different colours.As the hollow prism contains air inside it, the deviation is same for all colours. Hence spectrum is not produced when a white light passes through the hollow prism. Define critical angle and explain it with a neat ray diagram.

A.

2.

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3.

A.

A.

5.

A.

Describe the construction and working of an optical fibre. State its uses. (March2010) Construction: An optical fibre consists of three parts: i) core ii) cladding and iii) coating or buffer. The central part of the fibre made of glass or plastic with radius of the order of micromere is called core. The core is surrounded by a layer made of glass or plastic called cladding. The cladding material 1) reduces the loss of light from the core to the surrounding medium 2) reduces the scattering loss from the surface of the core 3) protects the fibre from surface contamination and.4) gives the mechanical strength to the fibre. The refractive index of the cladding material is less than the refractive index of the core material, so that total internal reflection takes place inside the core. The cladding is enclosed in another layer made of plastic called the coating or buffer is used to protect the fibre from physical damage. It prevents wearing by friction and scattering losses. Principle : When light is incident at one end of the core at an angle called launching or glancing angle .as shown, it gets refracted along OB into the core. If it is incident on core the cladding interface at an angle greater then

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4.

Critical angle: When a light ray travels from a denser medium to a rarer medium, the angle of incidence in the denser medium for which the angle of refraction in rarer medium becomes 900 is defined as the critical angle of the medium. Deduce the relation between critical angle and refractive index. When a light ray travels from a denser medium to a rarer medium, the angle of incidence in the denser medium for which the angle of refraction in rarer medium becomes 900 is defined as the critical angle of the medium. According to Snells law, refractive index of denser medium with respect to the rarer medium is given by sin C 1 D R = Refractive index, D R = 0 sin C sin 90 What is total internal reflection? State the conditions to be fulfilled for total internal reflection. The phenomena of reflection of light when light traveling in a denser medium strikes the interface of denser rarer medium at an angle greater than critical angle is called total internal reflection. Conditions for total Internal Reflection (TIR) 1. The light ray must travel R r = 90 from denser to rarer medium. D i = c i > c 2. The angle of incidence in the denser medium must be greater than the critical angle.

the critical angle, the light undergoes total internal reflection along BC. Thus light travels only along the core of the fibre. Uses: 1) Optical fibres are used to transmit communication signals through light pipes. There will not be cross talk and signals are transmitted with more clarity. 2.Optical fibres are used in laproscopy, endoscopy etc. 3.The optical fibre sensors are used to measure temperature and pressure. 4.The optical fibre photometric sensors are used for measuring the blood flow in the heart. 6. An iron ball covered with soot and held under wafer presents the appearance of a ball of polished silver. Explain? A. When a ball coated with lamp black is immersed in water the lamp black does not get wet completely. A thin layer of air is formed between the sphere and water. When light ray passing through water and incident on water air interface, it suffers total internal reflection hence the lamp coated sphere appears silvery. 7. An empty test tube in a beaker of water illuminated from one side present a silvery appearance. Explain ? A. When an empty test tube is dipped in water, a light ray incident on the water air interface suffers total internal reflection when the angle of incidence is greater than critical angle. As a result the test tube appears silvery when viewed from a suitable direction. 8. A bubble of air coming out through water in a glass vessel appear silvery to an observer standing by the side. Explain? A. When a light ray passing through water incident on water air interface, it suffers total internal reflection for an angle of incidence greater than critical angle. The light rays inside the bubble reflected from the curved surface of the bubble which behaves as a mirror. Hence an air bubble inside water shines. 9. Looking obliquely at a crack in a plane of glass, the crack appears silvery. Explain? A. The crack on a glass sheet consists of air in it. When it is viewed at certain angle the light ray traveling through glass incident on the glass air interface suffers total internal reflection. Hence the crack appears shining. 10. A glass tumbler partially filled with water is held above the level of the eye and then tilted. Beyond a certain tilt the surface will appear glittering. Explain. A. When the partially filled glass tumbler is tilted, beyond a certain limit the angle of incidence becomes greater than critical angle, as the light ray travels from denser to rarer medium total internal reflection takes place. Hence the surface appear glittering VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:

1.

A.

Define absolute refractive index. What is the relation between the relative refractive index between two media and the absolute reactive index of the media? Absolute refractive index ( ) : It is defined as the ratio of velocity of light in

vacuum to the velocity of light in the medium.

c V When a light ray travels from a medium to the medium B, then the relative refractive index of the medium B with respect to the medium A is defined as the ratio of absolute refractive index of medium B to the absolute refractive index of medium A.

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B =

B C / VB VA = = A C / VA VB

2.

A. 3.

A.

Where VA and VB are velocities of light in the media A and B respectively and C is velocity of light. Give the ratio of velocities of two light waves traveling in vacuum and having wavelengths 5000 A0 and 6000 A0 The velocity of light in vacuum is independent of wave length. C1 : C2 = 1:1 For the same angle of incidence, the angles of refraction in three different media A, B and C, are 300 , 400 , and 450 respectively. In which medium will the velocity of light be maximum? sin i sin i sin i A = = 2sin i ; B = = 1.55sin i ; C = = 1.41sin i 0 0 sin 30 sin 40 sin 450 1 and hence VC > VB > VA C < B < A and v

A.

7. A.

8. A. 9. A.

10.

A.

State the consequences of total internal reflection. 1) The sparkling nature of diamond is due to total internal reflection. 2) The formation of mirages in desert is due to total internal reflection. 3) Optical fibre works on the principle of total internal reflection. What is an optical fibre? State its principle.(June2010) Optical fibre is a transmitting medium to carry the optical signal without any appreciable energy loss. It works on the principle of total internal reflection Why do diamonds sparkle? The sparkling nature of diamond is due to total internal reflection. The faces of a diamond are cut so that light entering into it suffers total internal reflection repeatedly at different faces before emerging out of it. Light travels from denser medium to rarer medium. When the emergent ray grazes the separating surface what is the angle of deviation? When the emergent ray grazes the separating surface ,then the angle of refraction in the rarer medium is r = 900 and angle incidence in the denser medium is equal to the critical angle (C) of the medium.

6. A.

On what factors does the critical angle depend? Critical angle depends on the refractive index of that medium. As refractive index ( ) increases, critical angle ( C ) decreases.

A B Relative refractive index of B with respect to A is A B = B A If B A > 1, then A B < 1

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Relative refractive index of A with respect to B is B A =

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4.

Hence velocity of light is maximum in the medium C. Can absolute refractive index of a medium be less than unity? Velocity of light in vacuum C absolute = = velocity of light in medium V Since C > V , absolute refractive index of a medium is always greater than one. Can relative refractive index between two media be less than unity? For a pair of two media media A and B,

 Angle of deviation D = r i =
11.

A.
12.

C 2 When light undergoes total internal reflection, what is the angle of deviation of the reflected ray? When light undergoes total internal reflection, Angle of deviation (D) = (1800 2i ) = 2i
A ray of light while traveling from a denser to rarer medium grazes the separating surface. Express the critical angle in terms of the speed of light in the two media. According to Snells law, reflective index of denser medium with respect to the sin r rarer medium, r d = d = r sin i

A.

1. A.

2.

A.

c 3 108 (or) 1.5 = v = 2 108 m / s The absolute refractive index of glass. = v v The refractive index of glass with respect to water is 9/8. If the velocity and wavelength of light in glass are 2 108 m / s and 4000A0 respectively, find the velocity and wavelength of light in water. 9 c ; vg = 2 108 m / s; g = 4000 A0 ; vw = ? : w = ? and = w g = 8 v a) The relative refractive index of glass w.r.t water, g vw = w g = w vg
vw 9 = vw = 2.25 108 m / s 8 8 2 10 b) w g = g = w and w = g = g w w g w 9 = w = 4500 A0 8 4000

If the refractive index of glass is 1.5, find the velocity of light in glass (Velocity of light in vacuum = 3 108 m / s ) = 1.5; c = 3 108 m / s

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v v vr 1 = sin C = d C = sin 1 d vd sin C vr vr 13. Mention any three uses of optical fibres. A. 1) They are used in communication network 2) They are used in medical equipments such as laproscope and endoscope. 3) They are used as sensors in industry. SOLVED PROBLEMS

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Here i = C and r = 900 sin 90 1 d = = r sin C sin C v 1 But, d = r v r vd

3.

A.

A ray of light is incident on a glass slab of refractive index 1.5 making an angle of 400 with the surface. Find the angle of refraction in glass. (Velocity of light in vacuum = 3 108 m / s ). i = 900 400 = 500 ; = 1.5 sin i sin 500 1.5 = r = 300 43' sin r sin r Find the critical angle of a denser medium of refractive index 1.65 for its interface with air. 1 = 1.65, but = sin C 1 1 sin C = = = 0.6061 C = 37 018' 1.65 Find the critical angle for glass water interface if the refractive index of glass is 1.50 and that of water is 1.33 1 = 1.50, 2 = 1.33; C = ? 2 1 But, = 1 sin C 1.33 sin C = 2 = = 0.8867 C = 680 28' 1 1.50 If the refractive indices of glass and water with respect to air are 3/2 and 4/3 respectively, calculate the velocity of light in glass and water and from the result, calculate the refractive index of glass with respect to water. (Velocity of light in air = 3 108 m / s ) 3 4 g = ; w = ; c = 3 108 m / s; vg = ?, vw = ? 2 3 c The absolute refractive index of glass, g = vg

4. A.

5. A.

3 3 108 = vg = 2 108 m / s 2 vg

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The absolute refractive index of water, w = 4 3 108 vw = 2.25 108 m / s = 3 vw

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c vw

6.

Refractive index of glass with respect to water, g =

7.

A.

2.25 108 = 1.125 2 108 A beam of light is incident on a glass slab of refractive index 1.5 making an angle 600 with the surface. Find the ratio of the widths of the incident beam of light to the refracted 1 beam of light. i i = 900 ; Angle made by the light ray with the i 0 0 0 surface = 90 60 = 30 A

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g vw = w vg

3 2 B

A r r 3

8. A.

A.

1.5 4 = 2 4.5

1.5 4 = 1.333 4.5 10. Find the thickness of a transparent plastic plate which will produce a change in optical path equal to the wavelength of the light passing through it normally the refractive index of the plastic plate is . A. When light travels a distance x in a medium of refractive index , its optical path = x Refractive index of water, 2 = Change in optical path = x x = ( 1) x

= ( 1) x
Thickness of the plate, x = 11.

A.

The wavelength of light in vacuum is 6000A0 . When it travels normally through glass of thickness 2.0 cm, find the number of waves of light in 2.0 cm thickness of glass.(Refractive index of glass = 1.5). l = 2.0cm = 2.0 102 m; = 1.5; = 6000 A0 = 6000 1010 m Number of waves in a thickness l of a medium of refractive index is

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sin i sin r Angle of refraction, r = 900 28' width of incident beam AB From figure, = 1 1 Width of refracted beam A B AB cos i = ; AB = AA1 cos i AA1 A1 B1 1 1 cos r = ; A B = AA1 cos r 1 AA Width of incident beam cos i cos 300 0.8660 0.9185 = = = = 0 Width of refracted beam cos r cos19 28' 0.9428 1 Find the time taken by light to travel a distance of 3m in water. (Velocity of light in vacuum = 3 108 m / s , Refractive index of water = 4/3.) C C But = o Cm = 0 Cm m d 3 4 m t = = 1.33 108 t = 8 C0 3 10 3 The optical path of a monochromatic light is the same if it goes through 4.00 m of glass or 4.50 m of a liquid. IF the refractive index of glass is 1.5. What is the refractive index of the liquid? When light travels a distance x in a medium of refractive index , the distance d that it can travel in vacuum during the same time is given by c d /t d = = = Or d = x v x/t x This distance traveled in vacuum is called optical path. For two different media, 1 x1 = 2 x2 From Snells law , =

.in

12.

A.

thickenss l l = = m = wavelength m Where is the wavelength of light in vacuum and is the wavelength in the medium 2.0 102 1.5 The number of waves = = 5 104 10 6000 10 When light of wavelength 5000A0 in vacuum travels through same thickness in glass and water, the difference in the number of waves is 400. Find the thickness. 3 4 (Refractive indices glass and water are and respectively.) 2 3 l Difference in number of waves = ( g w ) where g and w are the refractive

Number of waves =

The thickness l = 400 5 6 107 = 1.2mm 13. The refractive index of a denser medium with respect to a rarer medium is 1.60. The difference between the velocities of light in the two media is 0.75 108 m / s . Find the velocities of light in the two media and their refractive indices. (Velocities of light in vacuum = 3.0 108 m / s ) A. Relative refractive index of second medium w.r.t first medium 2 v1 = where 1 and 2 are the refractive indices, v1 andv2 are the 1 2 = 1 v2 velocities of light in rarer and denser media respectively. v1 = 1.6 and v1 v2 = 0.75 108 m / s 1 2 = v2 Solving, we get , v2 = 1.25 108 m / s and v1 = 2 108 m / s

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Absolute refractive index of the first medium, 1 =

14.

A.

3 108 c = = 2.4 v2 1.25 108 Find the angle at which light is to be incident on the surface of water so that the angle between the reflected and refracted rays is equal to 900 . (Refractive index of 4 water = ) 3 From the figure it can be seen that i + r + 900 = 1800 r = 900 i sin i From Snells law, = sin r sin i sin i = = = tan i sin ( 900 i ) cos i Absolute refractive index of the second medium, 2 =

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indices of glass and water respectively. 3 4 g = ; w = ; = 5000 A0 = 5000 1010 m 2 3 l 1 l 3 4 400 = = 10 7 5 10 6 5000 10 2 3

c 3 108 = = 1.5 v1 2 108

15.

A.

16.

cos C = 1 Tan C =

1 2 1

2 1 r h h
2

But from the diagram, Tan C = Or r = hTan C

A.

sin i 60 r = 300 sin r t 4 sin ( i r ) = sin ( 600 300 ) = 2.309cm Now, Lateral shift = 0 cos 30 cos r A liquid of refractive index 1.5 is poured into a cylindrical jar of radius 20 cm up to a height of 20 cm. A small bulb is lighted at the centre of the bottom of the jar. Find the area of the liquid surface through which the light of the bulb passes into air. 1 = sin C 1 sin C =

17.

( 0.20 ) h 2 = = 0.1005m 2 Area of the circular base = r = 2 1.52 1 1 An optical fibre is made of glass fibre of refractive index 1.68. The outer coating of the glass is made of material fo refractive index 1.44. What is the range of angles of the incident rays with the axis of the pipe for which total internal reflection inside the optical fibre takes place ?
2

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2 1

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From Snells law of refraction. =

di

x=

t sin(i r ) cos r

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4 i = tan 1 ( ) = tan 1 = 530 4 ' 3 A parallel sided glass slab of thickness 4 cm is made of material of refractive index 3 . When light is incident on one of the parallel faces at an angle of 600 it emerges from the other parallel face. Find the lateral displacement of the emergent beam. Lateral Shift: d = i r and RS = x x sind = (or) PR x = PR sin(i r).(1) PQ t cos r = = PR PR t = PR cosr(2) Dividing eq (1) by eq (2) x sin(i r ) = t cos r

A.

Launching Angle or Glancing Angle

sin sin r sin = 2 sinr But r + C = 90 (or) r = 90 C sin = 2 sin(90 C) sin = 2 cosC 2 1 = sin C = 1 1 sin C 2
2 =

2 sin = 2 1 = sin 1 2

sin 1 ( 0.8653) = 59055'

This is the maximum value of i. All light rays with angle of incidence between 00 and 59055' will undergo total internal reflection. 18. A ray of light incident on the horizontal surface of a glass slab at 700 just grazes the adjacent vertical surface after refraction. Compute the critical angle and refractive index of glass. A. Let AB be the horizontal surface of a glass slab on which the light ray incident at an angle of incidence i and r be the angle of refraction. The light ray after refraction along BD grazes the vertical face and emerges along DE. At the vertical face the angle of incidence on the glass air interface is the critical angle C. i In the triangle BFD, r + C = 900 C = 900 r B 1 1 1 1 = = cos r = But, = r sin C sin ( 900 r ) cos r C D F 2 2 1 1 E sin r = 1 cos 2 r = 1 =

Then Snells law, =

( or ) =
sin C =

1 + sin 2 ( 700 ) = 1 + ( 09397 ) = 1.372

2

1 = 0.7289 C = 460 47 ' 1.372

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(1.68 ) (1.44 )
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( 2 = 1.68; 1 = 1.44 )

sin = 2

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cosC = 1

2 2 2 1 1 2 = 2 2 2

UNSOLVED PROBLEMS :

1.

White light forms a continuous spectrum of minimum wavelength 3800A0 c corresponding to violet light and maximum wavelength 7800A0 corresponding to red light. Find the minimum and maximum frequencies of white light ( C = 3 108 m / s ) . Minimum wavelength = min = 3800 A0 = 38 108 m Maximum wavelength = max = 7800 A0 = 78 108 m Velocity of light = C = 3 108 ms 1 c But, C = n n =

A.

Maximum frequency = nmax = Minimum frequency = nmn =

min
C

= =

3 108 = 7.895 1014 Hz 38 108

2. A.

A.

From w =

Frequency of light in water = nw

3 108 9 = 108 ms 1 4/3 4 8 v 9 10 nw = w = = 6 1014 Hz 7 w 4 3.75 10

Velocity = vw =

4.

The wavelength of blue light in air is 4500A0 . what is its frequency? If the refractive index for blue light is 1.55 in glass ,what will be the wavelength of blue light in glass. ( c = 3 108 m / s ) Wavelength of blue light in air b = 4500 A0 = 4500 1010 m Velocity of light = C = 3 108 ms 1 Frequency of blue light = nb From C = nb b

A.

Wavelength of light in water = w

a 5000 1010 w = a = = 3.75 107 m = 3750A0 w w 4/3

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When light of wavelength 5000A0 in vacuum passes through water. what will be its wavelength and frequency if the reactive index of water is 4/3? 4 Refractive index of water w = 3 Wavelength of light in vacuum = a = 5000 A0 = 5000 1010 m

et

d =

c 3 108 30 C Vd = = = 108 = 1.25 108 ms 1 d 2.4 24 Vd

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Velocity of light in air = C = 3 108 ms 1 Velocity of light in diamond = Vd

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3 108 = 3.846 1014 Hz max 78 108 If the refractive index of diamond is 2.4 find the velocity of light in diamond. ( C = 3 108 m / s ) Refractive index of diamond = d = 2.4

.in

 nb =

3 108 = 6.667 1014 Hz 4500 1010

Refractive index of blue light in glass = b = 1.55 Wavelength of blue light in glass = g

b b 45 108 = = 29.03 108 m = 2903A0 b = g = 1.55 g b

5. A ray of light is incident on a glass slab making an angle of 600 with the surface. Calculate the angle of refraction in glass slab and the velocity of light in glass if the refractive index of glass and the velocity of light tin air are 1.5 and 3.0 108 m / s respectively. Angle of incidence = i = 90 60 = 300 Angle of refraction = r Refractive index of glass = g = 1.5 Velocity of light in air = va = 3 108 ms 1 From g = From g = 6.

A.

A.

From, vg =

3 108 = = 1.25 108 ms 1 From , vd = 2.4 d C Refractive index of diamond w.r.t glycerine = g d = 7. The refractive indices of glass and water are

Velociyt of light in diamond = vd C

Velocity of light in glycerine = vg 3 108 = 2.143 108 ms 1 1.4

Refractive index of diamond = d = 2.4

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The refractive indices of glycerine and diamond with respect to air are 1.4 and 2.4 respectively. Calculate the speed of light in glycerine and diamond. From these results calculate the refractive index of diamond with respect of glycerine ( c = 3 108 m / s )

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3 4 and respectively. Find the 2 3 refractive index of water with respect to glass.(June2010) 3 Refractive index of glass = g = 2 4 Refractive index of water = w = 3

di
d 2.4 = = 1.714 g 1.4

va v 3 108 vg = a = = 2 108 ms 1 vg g 1.5

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sin i sin i sin 300 sin r = = = 0.3333 r = 190 28' g 1.5 sin r

Refractive index of water w.r.t glass = g w = 8.

w 8 = = 0.8889 g 9

A.

9 The refractive index of glass with respect to water is . If the velocity and 8 8 wavelength of light in water are 2.25 10 m / s and 5400A0 respectively ,find the velocity and wavelength of light in glass. g 9 = Refractive index of glass w.r.t water w g = w 8 Velocity of light in water = vw = 2.25 108 ms 1 Wavelength of light in water = w = 5400 A0 = 5400 1010 m Velocity of light in glass = vg Wavelength of light in glass = g But,

g w vw = = w g v g

9 5400 1010 = g = 48 108 m = 4800A0 8 g Also, 9. A. 9 2.25 108 = vg = 2 108 ms 1 8 vg

i 1 2 2 1.414 = = i 3 3 A 2 3 sin r = 0.4713 = sin 280 7 ' r = 280 7 ' width of incident beam AB B = 1 1 From figure, 1 Width of refracted beam A B AB cos i = ; AB = AA1 cos i 1 AA A1 B1 1 1 cos r = ; A B = AA1 cos r 1 AA Width of incident beam cos i cos 280 7 ' 0.8222 1.247 = = = = 1 Width of refracted beam cos r cos 450 1/ 2

A beam of light is incident on a glass slab of refractive index 1.5 at an angle of incidence of 450 . Find the ratio of the width of refracted beam to the incident beam. Refractive index of glass = 1.5 3 Angle of incidence = i = 450 2 sin i sin i sin 450 B 1 From = sin r = = sin r 1.5

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A r r 2 3

10. A.

Find the time taken by light to travel a distance of 3 cm in glass. ( C = 3 108 m / s and refractive index of water = 4/3) 4 Refractive index of water = w = 3 Velocity of light in air = C = 3 108 ms 1 Distance traveling in glass = xg = 3cm = 3 102 m

Time taken to travel in glass = t g Velocity of light in glass = vg = From w = 11. A. xg tg

x C tg va 4 3 102 C tg = w g = = = = 1.333 1010 sec C 3 3 108 vw xg / t g xg

Find the ratio of the time taken by light to travel a distance of 100 m in air and water. C = 3 108 m / s ; air = 1.0008; water = 1.33 ) Refractive index of air = a = 1.0008 Refractive index of water = w = 1.33 x 100 Velocity of light in air = va = a = ta ta x 100 Velocity of light in water = vw = w = tw tw v t t 1.0008 From, w = a = w a = a = = 0.7525 : 1 a vw ta 1.33 tw w The optical path of a monochromatic light is the same if it goes through 2.00 cm of glass or x cm of ruby. If the refractive index of glass is 1.510 and that of ruby is 1.760, find the value of x. x1 = 2cm , x2 = x

A.

From 13.

A.

Distance traveled in diamond = x = 1mm = 103 m Refractive index of diamond = d = 2.417

d a 2.417 5000 1010 = d = 2068A0 = From 1 d a d

Number of waves = n = 14. x

1.510 x = x = 1.716cm 1.760 2 The wavelength of light in vacuum is 5000A0 . When it travels normally through diamond of thickness 1.0 mm, find the number of waves of light in 1.0 mm of diamond (Refractive index of diamond 2.417) Wavelength of light in vacuum = a = 5000 A0 = 5000 1010 m

When light of wavelength 4000A0 in vacuum travels through the same thickness in air and vacuum, the difference in the number of water is one. Find the thickness ( air = 1.0008)

A.

a = 1.0008, v = 1, = 4000 A0 = 4000 1010 m and n = 1

Difference in number of waves, n = t

.N
d
=

g vr x2 / t2 = = here t1 = t2 r vg x1 / t1

et
103 = 4834 2068 1010

g = 1.51, r = 1.76

Ba

( a v ) 1 =

t = 0.5mm

di

12.

.in

t [1.0008 1] 4000 1010

15.

The refractive index of denser medium with respect to rarer medium is 1.125. The difference between the velocities of light in the two media is 0.25 108 m / s . Find the velocities of light in the two media and their refractive indices. ( c = 3 108 m / s )

A.

d = 1.125 r d vr v = 1.125 = r Vr = Vd (1.125 ) r vd vd

But, vr vd = 0.25 108 ms 1

(1.125) vd vd = 0.25 108

vd = 2 108 ms 1 and vr = 2.25 108 ms 1

Also,

Absolute refractive index of denser medium= d = Absolute refractive index of rarer medium = r =

c 3 108 = = 1.5 cd 2 108

17.

g g g a = 1.166 w = 1.66 1.33 ( or ) = 1.55 w a a w w

w 1 1 1 = sin Cw = = Cw = 480 451 a sin Cw w 1.33 a g 1 1 1 = 1.55 = = 0.645 ( or ) sin Cg = a sin Cg sin Cg 1.55

Similarly,

sin Cg = sin 400121 Cg = 400121

18. A. The critical angle for refraction from glass to air is 420 and that from water to air is 480 . Find the critical angle for refraction from glass to water. Cg = 420 Cw = 480

A.

g =

g w = 1.33 and w g = = 1.166 g w

.N

The refractive index of water relative to air is 1.33 and of glass relative to water is 1.166. What are the critical angles for water and glass relative to air?

et

Ba

c 3 108 = = 1.333 vr 2.25 108 16. Find the angle of incidence on the surface of diamond of refractive index 2.417, if the angle between the reflected and refracted rays is 900 . A. of diamond = 2.417 Reflected and refracted rays are perpendicular. = tan i tan i = 2.417 i = 67031'

di

.in

But, =

1 sin c And

g =

1 sin Cg

w =

1 sin Cw

g = g = g =

g sin Cw = w sin Cg
sin 48 0.7431 = sin 42 0.6691 7431 6691 1
w

sin C =

6691 7431

19.

A.

Velocity of light in rarer medium = vr = 2.5 108 ms 1

20. A.

Calculate the refractive index of glass with respect to air, if its critical angle is 400121 C = 400121 But, = 1 1 1 g = = = 1.549 0 1 sin c sin 40 12 0.6455

ASSESS YOURSELF

1. When light travels from a rarer medium to a denser medium ,why does light bend towards the normal? A. This is because velocity of light is more in rarer medium than in denser medium. 2. Is the refractive index for violet light greater than or less than or equal to the refractive index for red light in glass?

2.5 108 1 2 = sin C = = 0.8 8 2 10 sin C 2.5 C = 53081

.N

From =

v 1 1 1 d = r = sin C r sin C vd sin C

et

Velocity of light in denser medium = vd = 2 108 ms 1

Ba

di

A light ray is traveling from a denser medium into rarer medium. The velocities of light in the two media are 2 108 m / s and 2.5 108 m/s respectively. What is the critical angle at the interface of the two media?

.in

sin C = 0.904 C = 610121

A. Refractive index for violet light greater than the refractive index for red light in glass. 3. Can absolute refractive index of a medium be less than unity? A. Since the velocity of light is maximum in vacuum ,absolute refractive index of a medium will be more than unity 4. When does a light ray travel undeviated? A. When light incident normally on the boundary separating the two media or the light ray passes through the same medium, it undergoes no deviation. 5. Which colour of light has least critical angle? A. Violet. 6. When a bubble of air rises through a column of water placed in strong diffuse light, the bubble appears shining. Why? A. Total internal reflection.

.N

et

Ba

di

.in

7. How does a crack in a pane of glass look when seen obliquely? A. Due to total internal reflection, crack in a pane of glass looks shining (silvery).