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To which is added,

Dr. HA L L E Y'S Method of finding the

Roots of Bquations ArithmeticaJIy.

hor J. $E~V EX at the Globe h-t 8alijhmp

Cow-c; W. TAYLOR at the Ship, T. WARNER at the
Blnci-Boy, in Paw-noJhr RBW, and J, Os~oRx
at t!~
Q;cJbrd-Am in EmhwQ-/ht.
17 2os

Printed

and
OIbPiS;TAkIb~
iS &her peribitid bjp
&nhcis,
a&in ~ul$arArithttietick,
or by
Species as nfd ainonq. Algebraiits.lhe$ are
both &It on the fam&Fotindationg, and aim
at the fame end, vi& Aritl:tmic~Defiuite, ly and Particularly, Algebra,Indefinitely and
Utlivei-fallp ; fo that alboft all E%jxefions
*hai are found o&zbjr thisCsmphtation, and particularly Cbne
&fions, may be calld 7Jeoremr; But Algebra is pattictiarly
t%ellent in this, that whkieds in IAt-irhme@k Qeitions arc
tlIi fefolvd by p;oceeditig from givefi QantitieS to thti
_@g&a
% &at.@iy fotightd
__--ptoceedt$ if! a_xepogiade Order,
*.- cp
i!!

i
from the aantities fought as if they were given; TVthy
Quantities given as if they were fought, to the End that we
may fome Way 01 other come to a Conclufion or Equation,
from which one may bring out the @amity fought. Atld
after this Way the,moft difficult Problems are TeColvd, the I.
Refolutious wheicof would be fought ii> vain from ,only conimon Arithmctick. Yet ,4ritb~etitk in ail irs 0 erations is
fo fuubfervientto AlgeGra, as that they feem both IFut to make
oue perfen Scienct:ofcomputing ; and there&e I will expla,in
themboth together.
Whoever goes upon this Scienre, muff fi& ,underftand: ,tQe
5ignification of the Terms and Notes, [ok Signs] and learr~.:
the fundamental Operations, viz. &$irion, StiG/%ztiio~,MN!:i&zion,and Z&i/h ; ExtmGtion of Rdots, Rehtiion of .Fra&I&q and R&A Quultitirs; and the Nrrhoh of o&ring the
Terms of cAZ nntions, and

E.wL?r@Jinatin,~

the unknown QWati-

tic.+ (where t?Iey arc more than one). Then let [the L.eamer],
proceed to exercife [or put in PrdEtice] thefe Operations, by
brirlging Problems to IEquations ; and, laflly, let him [,leanz
or] contemplate the Nature a,nd Refolution of Equations.
Of the Sig;tijcatio7t

of lome IKool-ds
ad

Notes.

By N~mbcr we undeifland not fo mucl~ a hiultituhk of ITnit&, as tbe,abltraEted Ratio of any Quantity, to another
Quantity of the fame Kind,, which we take for Unity.
[Number] is threefold; integer, fraRed, and furd, to which
Ia0 Ullity is incommenfurable.
Every one apderfiands. *he
Notesof wholeNumbers, (0, I,2, 3, 4, 5,G; 7,S, 9) atid the
Values of thofe Notes,when more than one arf: fee together. Bul:
as Numbers placd on the left Hand, next before Unity, denote
Tens of Units, in the fecond P&ICCHundreds, in the third
PJaceThouTands, @c* io Numbers ictin rhe fir4 Place after
Unity; denbtetenth Parts of an Unit, in the fecond Plack
hundredth Parts,in the third thouhndth Parts, &c. aqd th$e
are calld DPcimdl Fratiion~, becaufe rhey altviys decreafein i
Decimal Ratio f and to cliftiuguifh the 1nteger.sfrom the De&
mals, we placcaCoimla, or a P+r,
or a fcparatilig Line :
ThustheNulnbes 732 ~569 denotes feven hujldred thirty two
Units, together with iive tenth Parts, fix centefimal, or
hundredth Parts, and niue millefimal, or thoufandth @r&
Of Uliitp.
Which are $fo wiitten thus 732, L569 ; or
tfllls, 732.469 ; or aJfo.thus, 732 4569, and id the Number
57 I c.;.,~T,o%~
fifty ~CCC!J
tl~~~fi1~1qr_le
-hIdred , and _fourunits,
.
$ogetliqr
:.

f
.(. 1

c 33.

together with two tenth Parts, eight thoufandth Parts, and

three ten thoufandth Parts of Unity ; and the Number o,o&+
denotes fix centeiimals and four millcfimal Parts. The Nores
of Surds and fraRed Numbers arc fet down in the following [Pages].
When the Quantity of any Thing is unknown, or lookd
upon as indeterminate, lo that we cant exprefs it in Numbers,
we denote it by fame Species, or by fome Letter. And if we
conlider known Qanrities as indeterminate, we denote them,
for DifiinRion fake, with the initial [or former] Letters of the
Alphabet, as II, It, c, n, &c. and the unknown ones by the final ones, z, y, X, &c. Some lubltitute Confonanrs or great
Letters for known Quantities, and Vowels or little Letters for
the unknown ones.
Quantities are either Affirmative, or greater than nothing ;
or Negative, or lefs than nothing.
Thus iu humane Affairs,
Poffefioos or Stock may be calid @irmntivc Goods, and Debts
ne drive ones. An< fo in local Motion, Progrcfion may be
,cal5 d affirmative Motion, and Regrcflion negative Motion) ;
bccaufe the firit augmerlts,and the other diminithes [the Length
of] the Way maLie. And after the Gme Manner in Geometry, if a Line drawn any certain Way be reckond for Afirmative, then a Line drawn the contrary Way hay be take11
for Negative : As if A B be drawn to the right; and B Cto
the left ; aad &B be reckond Affirmative,. then B C will be
Negative j becapfe in the drawing it dimlmfhcs AB, and rem
dpces it either to a korter, as fl c, or to none, if C chances,
to &I1 up.on the Point A, or to a lefs than none, if B C be
longer than A B from which it is taken [vine FiR. 1.3 A
pegative Qantity is denoted by the Sign - ; the Sign +is
prefixd t,o an affirmative one ; and F denotes an uncertain
Sign, and 3_ a Contrary uncertain, one.
In an Aggregate of @amities the Note + fignifies, that
the Qantity it is prefixd to, is to be added, and the Note -,
that it is to befubtrafied.
AILI we Gaily exprefi thefe
Notes by the Words Plti~ (or Pwore) ard Mhr
(or leJ>.
Thus 24-3, or 2 more 3, denotes the Sum of tho Numbers
2 and 3, that is 5:
A.ud 5-3, or 5 lefs 3, denotes the Difference which, arifes by fiibduaing 3 from 5, that is 2:
And-5-t-3
dignifies the Difference which arifes f%omfubduaiq 5 from
that is 2 : and 6-1-l 3 makes 8, Alfo a-j-b
denotes the J irn ofthe Qantitics 1 and b, anda-4 rhe Dif&ence which a&s by CubduEting b from n ; and a--bj-.c fignifies the Sum of that Difference, ami of rhe ,@Alltity
c.
suppofe
332

43
Suppofc if A be 5, b 2; and c 8, then a+6 will. be pr, a@
+&4 3, and A-b-(-C
xvi11 be ir, Alfo2a+3a is gA, an4
~L-~u--~~+~u is ab+A ; for 36-b makes 26, and ~[d+34
makes 24 lvhofe Aggregate, or Sum, is 1b+2a? +
fo 111 9
@m-s. 1 Ilefe Notes + and J are caIIed Signs. And lvhe2
netthcr is prefixd, the Sign -j- is always to be underfiood,
M&$icntion, properly fo calld, rs that @cl? is made by
Integers, as feeking a new Quantrty, fo many trmes greater
thau the h?fuh$icand, as the Multiplyer is greater th& Urnty ;.but for want of ab&terWord Mcll$plicstion is alfo,pdft
Ufe ofin Fr&ions and Surds, to find a r?erv Quantity ~11the
fame R&O (whatever it be) to the Multrplicand, as the MuI=
tiplier has to Unity. Nor is Multiplication made only by
al$-~& Numbers, but alfo by concrete Quantities, qs by @ef,
Surftices, Local Motion, Weighrs, @c. as far as thefe may
be conceivd to cxprefs [or invoJvej the fame Ratiqs to fomk
other known Quantity of the fame Kind, eftecmd as Unity,
asNumbers do among themfilves. As if the Quantity A be
to be niultiplyd by a Liqcot ri Foot, iuppofing ,aLine of
2 Foot to be Unity, there will be producid by that Multipli+
cation &, or :ix times ;4, in the ismemanned aa if k were
to be multiplyd bythe abflraq Number 6 ; for &Ais in the .
Same rcafon to 2, as a Line of i 2 Foot has to a Line of 2 Eoori
&id fo if yoy were to multiply any twoLines,A C and XD;
and p:-. .
hy one another, take A iii for Unity, and ,draw B C~
sallel to ir DE, alid AE Willbe, the Produa of this Multipl ication.; Becaufe it is to AD as JC, to Unity A i3; rijide
Fig. 2.3 Moreover, Gfiom hasobtain&that the (%-nefis or!
Defcription of a Surface; by a .j.ine. moving at right Angle$
upon another Lin&, should be called, the Multiplication of
thofe tivo Lines. , For tho!:a Line, however multipiyd;! cani
not become aSurFacel and confcequently!this Generation of a
Surface by Lin&is very different [email protected]; yet the
a$ee in this, .that thk@ut+ber ofT.Jtdt$ in erther Line, mu P+
rtplyd by the ~dkr
of,Uilities in the other,, pro+ces tin
abflrafied Number of Unities in.the Surfacecomprehended
tinder thofelines, if the fuperfi<ial Unity be defindas it ufed,
to be; V1:5.
I a Square ivliofe Sides a&hilear Unities.~ :.?Jsif ,
the rightLine ~ilB~confif+of four Unities, and AC ofthree;
the!1 the +%nplle~ _Ulwill c!oirtX of four timesthree, or:
iZ fqhue Umties, as! from WScheme \vill appear, [vi&
fig. 33 And rhere is thelikeAnaJogy ofi Solid anti P Pro.,;
dua made by& continual MdtipIicatioh o$ three Quanti-,I,:;
$k
$ud herlce it is, I f~f: the Words to m@ply in&,\ tha *1
A: ,i , ,I, t,: V!, ,T ~.T.,;,,17 72
.I
@atent+$3+

~~onte~f,a Rehhgle,

a S uare, a Cde,

a Dimenjh,

a S&

ibnd the like, which are e eametrical Termg,are made Ufe &
in Arithmetical Operations. For by a Sqwe, or ReEta&lej
or a Quantity of two l$menfions. we do riot always undel;;
fland a Surface, but mo# commqnly a QuatGity oFfotie @hei
Kind, which is produsd by the Multiplicatjon of two ather
Quantities, and veiy often a Ljue which is prod&d by the
Multiplicatjonof two other $ines. And fo ~eqIl a c&r,
or Pw&dq$wl,
or a Quantityof three Dtmen@zz, that whicti
fs producd by two Multiplications. We Caylikewjfe the Sine
for a Root, and qfe Dwcere in Lath infieadof &hltip~ ; ap4,
.
.
@ in others.
A Number prefixd before any Species, ,$nptes that Species
to be f6 ofren to be taken j thus 28 denotes two as, 3G three
ks, 1$x fifteen X3.: Two or more Si;ecies, immediately conne&ed together withoyt any Signs, denote a Pradqti or C&anPity made by the Multiplication of all the Letters together.
Thus 46 denotes a Qua?-&) made by multiplying n by b, and
J&Xdenotes a Quantity made by multiplying d by b, and the
ProduE? again by x. As fpppofe, if R yere 2, and b 3, and
t 5, then ab would be 6, and AGXgo.. Among Quantiries
hultiplying one another, take Notice, that the Sign x; 0~
the Word 6y or into, is made Ufe of to ,denote the Produa
$ometinies ; thus 3 x 5, or 3 by or into 5 denotes I5 ; but the
tihief Ufe of there Notes is, lvhen compound Qantities are:
multiplyd iogether ; as if y---2b were to multiply x6
; the
Way is to draw a Line over each Qvantity, and then writq
or jZb X FTi.
fhem thqs, ,y-2b into J-,
Divifilz is properly that which is made Ufe of for integer
or whole Numbers; in finding a new Quantity fo much leG
than the Dividend, as Un$y is than the Divifor. But becaufe ofthe Analogy; ihe Word may alfo be ufed when a
hew Quantity is fought, that &all be In any fqch Ratio tq-the
Pividend, as Unity has tq the E$vjfor, whether that Dlvifor lie i FraAion or Kurd@luq@er, or other C@antity of aily oth.+ Kind. .Thus to divide the Line AE by the Li&
k4C, +S: b&g Wnir~, you ate to draw ED parallel to CE,
Gd AD will be thk Quo&t,
[vidc Fig. 4.3 Morebver, it
is calId Ditii/%ola;
by r$aiijlr of rheSimiliryde [it: carries with
it] when a @@angle is divided by a gijen Line as a Bafe,

in order thereby to know Ihk Height.

Oile Quantiry below another, with .a Line interposd, deytes a C&ot!e!q e! si $&+rjty ar$ny by the Divifioll of
,& /.
;:
t;*.glle
;y.
I 4 :, 7
,.::
.
I;.,.

cl
the npper C&antity by the lower; Thus C denotes a Qan;
tity arifing by dividing 6 by 2, that is 3. ; and $ a Quailtity
arifing by the Ilivifion of 5 by*8, that IS one eighth Part c#
the Number 5. And $ denotes a Qantity

which arifes by

dividing a by G; 8s fiippofe u was 15 alld, b 3, then % would

alk-#
denote 5. Likewife thus ---& denotes q Quagtiti arifkg
by dividing a&& by a-+x; and fo in others.
The& Sorts of Quantities are caTled Fr&Jions, and the upi
per Part is calld by the Name of the Mwwrco~~ and the
lower is calld the Dmominator.
Sometimes the Divifor is fet before the divided Qakity;
[or Dividend] and feparated from it by [a Mark refemhling]
an Arch of a Circle. Thus to denote the Quantity which a?
we write it tbgs;
r&s by the Divifion of ?!ff? by a-t,
A?+4
.,
I
&g-j)fE*
4-~
Altho we comnp1y denote Multiplication by the imme,
diate.ConjunEtion of the Quantities; yet an lnteger, [ret] be:
fare a FraRion, denotes rhe Sum of both ; thus 3 $ denotes 1
three and a half.
If a Quantity be multipIyd by it felf, the Number of
Fafis or Prod& is, for ShortneTsfake, fet at the Top of the
Letter, Thus for aaa we write a;, for aaaa a4, for aaaaa a,
and for aaabb, we write a+!&, or a7LZ; as, fuppofe if a were
5 and b be 2, then af will be 5x5~5 or 125, and a4 will be
5x5~5~5 or 625;and a%2 will be 5x5~5~2~2
or 50%
Where Note, that if a Number be written immediately be-
tween two Species, ir always belongs to the former ; thus the
,Number 3 in the Quantity a%!~,does not denote that Gbis to
be taken thrice, but rhar a is to be thrice multiplyd by it felf.
Note, moreover, that thefe quantities are faid to be of fo
maq Dimenfions, OT of fo high a Power or Dignity, as they
coniih of FaEtorsor Quantities multiplying one another ; &ml
the Number fet [on forwards] ar the toi, [of the,.Letter] is
called the Index of thofe Powers or Dimenfions ; thus aa is
[a Quantity] of two Ditnenfions, or of the ,zd. Power, and
a3 of three, as the Number 3 at the top denotes. aa rs.alfa
cdd a Square, a3 a &be, a4 a .[BiqtiaBrate,or] J$tlavefiSpaarf,
aF a Quadrato-CnGe, a6 a Cube-Cube, a a QHadrato-Qua&qf2++, Lor $guare+$gfwc~ @te] Fnd (0 or+ N, l$ ,.J% lfaao
I
ha4

ha not here t&en any Notice o the mare modern Wq of r.eppel;

fing theJ f%ver$ GJlding
tde Root, Or a, the j$$ [or fi?.?Jp/e]
And the
paper, a2 theSecond Poser, a3 the third Polper, 8x.

Quantity A, by whofe Multiplication by it ielF thefe Powers

are generated, is called their Root,ui~. it,& the Square Root
of the Square ~4, the Cube Root of the Cube nna, &R-; But
ivhen a Root, muItipIyd by it felf, produces a Squarb,and that
Square, multiplyd again by the Root, produces a Cube,@c. it
wili,be (by the Definition. of Multiplication) as Unity to the
Root; fo that Root to the Square, and that Square to the
Cube, &c. and confiquently the Square Root of any Qua&id
ty,will bk a mean Proportional between Unity and that @a&
tity, and the Cube Root the firR OF two mean ProportionaIs,
and the Eiquadratick Root the firff of three, and foon.Wherefore Rootshave there two Properties or AfFeeRioas,firA, tha&
by multiplying themfelves they produce the fugerror Powers j
zdly, thae they are mean Proportionals between thofe Polvers
and Unity; Thus, 8 is the Square Root of the Number 64,
and 4 the Cube Root of it, is hence evident, becaufe 8 x 8,
and 4x4x4 make 64, or becauie as I to 8, fo is 8 to 64,
and I is to 4 as 4 to 16, and as IG to 64 ; and hence, if the
Square Root of any Line, as AB, is to be extraaed, proJrrcc
it to C, and let B C be Unity ; then upon.d C defcrrbe a Semicircle, and ar H erca a Perpendicular, occurring to [or meet..
ilig] the Circle in D ; then will BD be the Root, becaufc it
is a mean Proportional between AB and Unity B C, Cvj&
9 o9 enote the Root of any Quantity, we ufe to prefix this
Note + for a Square Root, and thisY3 if it be a Cube Root,
and this 1/4 for a Biquadratick Root;Qc. Thus g/64 denotes 8, and /3:64 denotes 4 ; and Yaa denotes a p and r/Rx
denotes the Square Root of px ; and ?/3:4axx theCube Root
of ,+axwv
: As if a be 3 and x 12 ; then ?/ax will be 7/;6, or
6; and 1/+4~x will be 7/3:1728, or 12. And when thefe
Roots cant be [exa&Ily] fo~~nd,or extra&bed, the Quantities
are calld Stir(Is,as I/nx ; or SLrd Nu~zlerr, as 1/12.
There are fame, that to denote, the Square or firff Po-cver,
make Ufe of q, and of c for the.Cube, 49 for the Biquacirate,
and qc for the Quadrato-Cube, 0~. After this Manner, for
the Square, Cube, and Biquadrate, of A, they write A&, AC,
4% *c, anJ
. for the.Cube Root of a6L--x~, thky write
/c : kbb-x3. *Others make Ufe of other Sqts of Nom, but
they are now
out of
.I
,-_. almoff
-._._
. .. Fafhion,
.
The

,t

.g

s:

&!
$he Ma& for the Sign] ~2 fignifies, ilki the Q&f&es
,&h Side of it a& equal; Thus k=b denotes x to be equal
tb l?.
the &tl: 4: &n&s that the C&anti&s & both $cles of
St ate PropoitionaI; ,,,ThuS a, b :: i:. 4 fignifie~, that a id to G
[i:;nthe five Piopottlon]
as t to d ; alId d. by e : : c >d, if fig* nifieg that. n, ,, ahd C, are to 01x2 another refpefiively, aS c, d;
and f, aie aixlor)gtheri&ltes; ok that d to c, 6 to L?:and.e tdf;
ard in the fame Ratio. Laflly; the Interpretatz,on of any
Maiks or Signs that may, be cotipouuded out ,ijf thefe, jvilI
eafiiy be knowil by the Analogy [thej bear to thefef; Thug
$ a+& dendieS three quatfcis of $,U; and 3% $gnifies &ice
dC
A and 7-$&j feven times $JSx; Alfo: -J,&
denotes the Pro:
z-
denotes the @rod& ha& by
dn~ of% by; ; and K&3
q+&
jee
that is the &.&eiit ai&g & th$
tiultiplying it by 44-&
that Which $4
Divifion of 5ec by 4r;tge ; and %JW
3 90 &c
the Q~otiefit al
&lade by rhultiplying %fl.1:
by 2d-, and 1:
PC
8a~ciiiiing by the Divifiou of 71/nx by t ; and
the
2435j

Qotient

akifiog by the Divifion of &&c,Y by the Suti of the

Quantities z&- j$

AtAdthus <Tsy

denotes the Quo-

tient a&g

by the ,Diviliorl of the Difference ?LV.+&X~ bi

dcnotcs the Root of thai
the Sum +Y, and Vzjaxx-4
s-+x
.

---jf-p.j=~.J
Quotient, Sr ZR+ 36 d+x.r

dehbtcb the P&d&% of: the

:
Multiplictition of that Root by the Suln za+SC. Thus alfo
Qan+b$,denotes
the Root of the. Suns of the ~$a+
. tities $ m aud bb, and
,.
of the.
$ d and y$~a#Gf
dn$
2&$3,
-. deliotes that Rool;, ~uttipiyd by
i3A---;w;

2a3

d
and io in other
. ..-. CaC&
_
++!-&k
i:.

Bug

BUC note, tht in Complex Quantities cf tTlis ~ature, there IS no Necefitp of giving a particu;zr Attcntiorl
to, or bearina in your Mind the Siqnikatiorl of ezch
Letter ; it d Fiske in general ro undcrltaud, C. g6 that
fignifics

thC Root: Gf the A~ggiCgate

[OX,

Sum] of 3 n+ V&,?+J-l;
whatever tliat Aqqresrate may
chce to be, lvheil Numbers nr Lines are fi~$ituteri in the
Room of Lettrrs. And thus [it is as fufficient to under;ltand]
!hat ++A+?$ ii*
..--.--&-?4~

figuifics the Quotient arifing

by

the Divifion of the Quantity f$a+v;$&ffz

by the
quantity a -dolt,
as much as if thofe Quantities were
fimpIe and known, though at prefent one may be ignorant what they are, and nor give any particular Atreution
to the Conititution or Signification of each of their
Parts.
Which I thought I ought here (to3niinuate or] admonifh,
leait young Xeginncrs fhould be f;ighted [or d&rid]
iu the
very Beginniug, by the Complexueis of the Terms.

! HE Addition of, Numbers, where they are not corn-

pounded, is [eaf) and] manifefi of it fclf. Thus it is
at firit Sight evident, that 7 and 9, or 7+~, make I 6, and
I ISIS
make 26: But in [Longer or] more compounded
Numbers, the Bulincfs is performd by writing the Numbers
in a Row downwards, or one under another, and Gngly colle&ing the Sums of the [refpe&eJ Columns. As- iF the.
Numbers 1357 and 172 are to be added, write elthcr of
them (fuppofe) 572 under the other 1357, fo that the Da nits of the one, viz. 2, may cxa&Iy Aand uuder
lcr, via. 7, and the other Num357
172
xafily under the correfpondenr
ones of the other, Gt. the I lace of Tus uder
I 5 2.,0
Tens, viz.7 under 5, and thatof Hundreds, viz. I,
under the Place of I-lundreds of the other, viz. 3.
Then beginning at the right Hand, iay, 2 ad 7 rmh
9.
which write urlderneath ; alfo 7 and 5 make f 2 ; the lafi of
which two Numbers, viz., 2, write underneath, and ref&e
i!l
c

e 103.

in your Mind the other, viz. I, to be added to the two next

Numbers,
uic. I and 3 ; then Cay I and I make 2, which
being added to 3 they make 5, which write underneath, and
there will remain only I, the !irR Figure of the upper Row
of Numbers, qhich allo nluft be writ underneath ; and then
you have the whole Sum, 7i.3. 1529.
Thus, to add the Numbers 878993. r3403+8$+
1920
into one Sum, write them one under another, ii, thnt all
the Units may make one Column, the Tetls another, the
Huridredrhs a third, and the Places of ~houfands a fourth,
and fo on. Then fay, 5 alld 3 tn~ltc 8, and.8 + 9 make
17 ; then write 7 underneath, and the I add to the. nextRank, faying I and 8 make 3, 9 + 2 make I r, and IX + g
makes 20 ; and having writ .the o underneath,
fay agajn as before, 5 and 8 makes IO, and IO
87899
+ p make 19, and 19 + 4 make ,23, and 23
13403
+ S make 3 1 ; then referving 3 [in your Memo1920
ry] write down I as befi)re, and fay again, 3
885
+ I make 4, 4 + 3 make 7, and 7 + 7 make
14, wherefore write underneath 4, and lafrly Cay, 114107
I $ 2 make 3, and 3 + 8 make I I, which. in
the laff Place write down, and you will have rhe Sum
of theni all.
1
After the fame Manner we alfo add Decimals, as in the,
foJlonirlg Example may be feen :
d3&9S3
51,0807
_?@%27
.- -987,3037

*
I

Addition is perfortnd in Algebraipk Terms, [or Species3

by conneQing the Quantities to be added with their proper
Signs ; and moreover,by uniting into one Sumthoferhat can
be io united. Thus CEand 6 make n + 6; a and - b make
d- 6 ; --n,and-6
make -4-6;
7a and 9n make
-aa/ac
and bl/nc make -&~/AC + Irl/nc,
7aS9a;
ox G,V/nc--nJnc
j ftir it is ali one, in what. Order foever they are written.
21ffirmative C&amities which agree in [are of the fame Sorl;
of ] Species, are united together, by adding the prefixd Numbers that are multiplyd into thofe Species, Thus 7 a + pd
make I 6 A. And

116c+1gbc

make 26bc.

Alii, 3

A--..-

,-__

--.^-

--..-

e:133.
Of

-.

SUBTRACTION.

1E-IE Invention of the I%rence of Numbers [that are]

not too much compounded, is of it ielf evident: ; as if
you take 9 from 17, there will remain 8. But in more
compounded Numbers, SubtraBion is ?erforFd by fubfcribing [or fetting underneath] the Subrrahend, ani-l fibtrac%ng
each of the Ioiver Figures from each of the upper ones. Thus
to fibtraCt 63543 from 782579, having GbGribd 63543,
iay, 3 from g and there remains 6, which write underneath ;
then 4 from 7 and there remains 3, which write likewife
underneath ; then 5 from 5 aud there remains nothing, which
in like manner fet undernearh ; then 3 comes to be taken
from 2, but becaufe 3 ii greater [&n 21 you muff borrolv
I from the next Figure 8, which fet down, together with 2,
makes 12, from which 3 may be talren, and. tjiere will remain 9, which ivrite likewife underneath ; and then when
b&ides 6 there is alfo 1 to be taken from 8, add the 1 ro
the 6, and the Sum 7 .[being taken] from 8, there will. bc
left I, which in like manner write underneath.
Ldly, when in the lower [Rank] of Numbers
7~W5
there remaiI>snothing to be taken from 7, write
6;543.
underneath the 7, and fo yqu have the [whole]
--719334
Difference 7rgo36.
But efpGa1 Care is to be taken, that the Figures OF the
Subtrahend be [placd] or fuhfcribd in their [prop& or] homogeneous Places ; viz. the Units of the one under the Units of the other, and the Tens under the Tens, and IikewiGe
the DecimaIs under the Decimals, Qc. as we have ihewn ill
Addition. Thus, to rake the Dccitial 0,63 from the IrIteger 5471 they are not to be difposdthus 05iT,

t ,,

but

ths

547o 63, sir, fo that the os, which fupplies the Place of Unitsin the Decimal, mu0 be placd under the Uuits of the
other Number. Then 0 being underflood to Ita~ld, in rile
empty Places of the upper Number, Lly, 2 from 0, rvJlir;JI
fince it cannot be, I Ought to be. borrowd from the fi.lq+
i11gPlace; which will make 10, from which 3 is ro Ix r&en,
qnd there remains 7, which write underneath. Tilc11 rii:lt:
I. lyhich
was borrowd added -to 6 makes 7, and this is ro
- -.
be

b t:!heu frouy !:*above ,it ; but fince .that cant be, YOU nW?
ag&t b~~cw r from the foregoing Place to make IO ; then
which in like naanner is to.
7 fhr1
lb leaves
3,
be rvrit underneath ; then that I being added to 0,
517
mnkes I, v~hl*--h1 being taken from 7 leaves 6,
c.6;
-_,-_,_^_
1 lv6li;h again write unlerneath. Then write the
5$,37
two Figures 5~ (he nothing remains to be taken
from them) unlerneath, and youll have the
Remail&r 5$6,37.

If ,Tgrister M&er is to be t&W from a l&, YOU rnufi

fi::i iLlma;> tile I.& from the greater, and then prefix n nec;~icc Si:n to it. As if from I 5q.r you arc to iubtrafi I 67.3,
(3;~rhe eo:itrsry 1 fuEtra& 15+r from 1673, and to the lieruti:h 133 I yrcfii; the Sign -.
In Algebraiik Tcmms, SubtraRion is pcrfortnd by con:iCkitig the Qrnntitiis, after having changd all the Signs of
rh %htm?icn:j, and hy unitihg thok together which can be
l,:!itcd. as WChave done in Addition. Thus +76 from
i-p.1 kavCs pa-742
or ?a; -7~
front +9h Jcav&
-6--3~r+ 7aJ or 16a; -i 78 from -9~
leaves-qn17d9
Or - 16,; illId - 762 from -91 leaves -3~ + 7d, or
-

2.2 j fo 3: from 5 5 lea&s 2 %; 74~

e
e

from

2 d!nc

leave5

c 3
I5

or

i?;L.iac

a.i+aG--2zra
C

2&a--6

c
-!-a6
--a+24
3 Or
c

from

AA -j- ilt

---.--

haves

; aIld ,+ -

xdJn.zP

-_I-

fromd3-x~nxleavesn-tx-aA
xdas,
Or 2x.tid.2;
and fo in others. Rut where Q-gaotities coni% of more
Terms, the Operation may be managd as in Numbers, 1s ifa
the following Examples :

7 ax
--6

d/s, + ;-

~$MLJLTIPE,ICATION.
~IIv&ERS w heICh m fc rpr are producd] by the Multiplication of any two Numbers, not p,teater thaA 9,
ate to be learnt [ancl retairrd] in the Memory : As that 5
inro 7 makes 35, and that 8 by j makes 73, Qc. and then
the Mulriplicacinn of greater Numbers is to be performd afttr the fam:: Rule.in there Examples,
If 795 is to be multiplyd by 4, .write 4 uuderncath, 3s
you fee here. Then iay, 4 into 5 makes 20, whole
Jaft Figure, viz,. o, l%t uuderthe 4, andreferve the
193
former 2 for the next Opcmtion. Say morcover,
4
4 into 9 makes 36, to which add the former 3, and there is made 38, whnfe latter Figure 8 write .un- 5180
derneath as hcforc, and refcrve the fczmerq. La&
Iy,, fay, 4 into 7 makes 28, to which add the former 3 and
there is made 3 z, which hcing alfo fit u&rneath.
youll
have the Number 3180, wlli~h comes out by multiplying
de

whole 795 by 4.

~~r;reovcr, if 9~143lx to be multiplyd by 23~5, \vrite

either ~>fth?m, 3;:. 2305 under the other 9043 as before,
d dti~ly the upper yz.+3 firit by 5, after the Manner
fl~ct~j!, ai;it thtrc will come out 4.5215 ; then
J,y cr and there will come out CCGO ; thirdly,
9043
1)~ 3, and there will come out 27129 ; JaOJy,
2305
&v 2, ml there will come out 18086,
Then
4X
ci;jpr;7 thck Numtws fo somillg aut in a de0000
f:fnijn;: Scrics, [or under one another] fo that
27r29
thl: j~ft Fi:m of every lower Row fhjll Aand
one JQCC nearrr t>the left Hand than the laA I&l86
, f ti i: :mt fuperiar Ron. Then add all tlrefe 208441 pi
tn~&r,
and ttwre will arife ~8441 I 5, the
N&n! cr that is made by multiplying the whole 9043 by
the v;i:~-ieqc5.
Jn diCfame Jvfznner Decimals are multiplyd, by fntegcrs,
or ~?thcrDeLimsls, or both, as you may tie in the.follorving
Ezam$cs :
724
29

6516
1418

2o99,6

vd
2~75
25090
35126
ICGj6
137,995o

3,902 5
0,0x32
78050

117375
370.25_
-&+t30o

J!r;t note, in the Number coming out [or the ProduRJ fo

many Figures mqtt be cutoff to the right Hand for Decimals,
as there are Decimal Figures both in the MulFiplyer and
the MuJtiplicand. And if by Chance there are not fo many
Figures in the ProduQ, the deficient Places muft be filld up
to the left Hand with os, as here in the thirLiExample.
Simple Algebraick Terms are multiplyd by multip,Jying
the Numbers into the Numbers, and the Species into the
Spccics, and by making the Prod& APrirmative, if both
the Pa:aclors
are AErmative, or both Negative ; and Negative
ifocherwife. Thus 2 n into 3 6, or - 2 R into - 3 L make
o ah, or ~GR ; for it is 110 Matter in what Order they are
FlaC'd.
Thus dfo 2 ti by - 3 G, or - 2~ by 3 b make
--6a6.
And thus, 21~
into Sbcc make 16abccc
or
ILF,.bCij and 7a.rx into w r2anxx make --84ajx4;
alId - 16c~ into 31q make ---496+r~~~; and-46
into

CI7Yl

And fo 3 into - 4 m&c:

intO -i 3 Va z make I 2 z 4a.t.
4. I 2, and 3 into - 4 make J 2.
FraBions are multiplyd, by .multiplying their Numerad
tars by their Numerators, and their Denominators by their
b? into
5 ; and
Denominators ; thus 2 into $-make
i5
35
4
ac
and 2.F into 3 > make 6+ >+ -41, or6 --j
A
bd
and
w-42.
and S.?Er?illto YAcp? make A
2T
accY
3
-sIF;
4b 3

abb

itlto i
rlC
I.bd

3 i/a2
c

make

j2 d&Z a .&CI e inta _CVi ,:I,

--2
b
.d
cc I

x:. Alio 3 into t- make -6, as may appear, if 3 $a: re+

ducd to the Form of a FraEtion, vujz.--3, by making Ufe of

Unity f%P the Denominator.
2a

3ox3.

make

CC

And thus I*

into

CC

Whence note

by

the Way,

that..e
.+ c

abx ab
- X, and 2 b x, alto
and f1, are the fame ; as alfo
-7
c
G
6
i-T-&h
afb
and vcx; and fo in othera
,. .
Ra&ai Quantitiz of the fame Denomination (that is, if
they are both Square Roots, or borh Cube Roots, or both
Biqtiadratick Roots, tic.) are muhiplyd by multiplying the
Terms together [and placing them] under the fame Radical
Sign.
Thus ~3 into Ir5 makes qr5 ; and the ?/ab into
q//cd makes VfibcA j and q35 dj~ into Jo 7ayt makeS
n+bb
that is
v335aay3x;
and VGintb v$
makes q-,
cc
*
nali

-r,;

3b?/ar,

and 261/A%
, into

,that is 6 nib&;
.. .,

3xx
,and +

d ac

.-

makes dabdaazc,
-6x3,

into -
makes d/at
.P
....
.

* See the Ghapfer

of Notation.
_.
-_.

sn+

2RC ---Jr

e-i

a--

a+-&

--ltnC-2Abc

A> + aanc--nCc
__-_._-~---

3+21Ac--#d6--3&

ZAX
---J
C

6
bbc

ccl +

Ad+

--I__

+ bltc

nbb--6.

a6

&?+?d+bb

trub
c

IF

its

Of

DIW

51aId.
.

I Y I S IO N is performd in Numbers, by fixkiag how

.many times the Divifor is containd in the Divi&nd,
s often fuhtra&ting , and writing To many IJnits in the
Quotient ; and ,by repeating that Operation upon O:c~fio?r,
,as often as the Divifor can be fubtrac?ed.
Thus, tP divide
63 ,by 73 feek how many times 7 is containd 111 63, &d
there ~31 come out precifely p for the Quotient ; atid eon&quently y is equal to 9:
Moreover, to divide 37t by 7,
prefix the Divifor 7, andbcginnlng at the firfi Eigures of
the Dividend, coming as near ,them as poffrWe, fay, bow many ,times 7 is containd in
37, and youll find 5 ; rhen writing 5 in
the Quotient? CubtraSt 5 x 7, or 35, from 37,
z
and there s&l remain 2, to wfiich fit the
21 ,
lait Figure 08 the Dividend;
zriz. 1: ; and
then 21 will be the remaining Pa,rt of the Di5
vilendfor the next Operation ; Cay therefore
as before, how many times 7 is cantt+d in 21 ? and d3e
Anfwer wi,ll be 3 ; wherefore writing 3 IIIthe~Quorienc,~take d
3 x 7, .or 2r, from 21 and+here will remain 0. Whence it
IS mamf&l, thar 53 is precifely the Number that arifes ftom
the D&v,Uionof 371 by 7.
And .&us to divide 4798 by
23, fir.0 beginning with the initial Figures 47, fiy, how many
times is 23 comaind in 47 ? An89
fwer 2; wherefore write 2 in the
99
00.
Quotient, and from 47 fibtracC
2 x 23, or 46, and there will reij%
w&n I:, to which ioil the next
184
Number of ithe Dividend, viz.
,
--iii0
9, and you31 have x9 to work

P$3
*

upon neit; ,Say .therefore, how

---io
many times is 23 contarnd ia
I g ? Snfw.er 0 j wherefore write
-00
230
o in the Quotient ; and from 19 .,
fubtra& ox 23, or 0, and there
-184
.
remains 19,to which join rhe Jail
Ii;:>
Number 8, and ypull have 198
to .-work upon next. Wherefore
D2

ii1

in the lafl:Place fay, how many times is 23 containd in I p8

(which nlay be gueficl at from thl: firit Figures ofeach, 2
rnd 19: by taking notice how many rimes 2 is contnirrd in
J p) ? I anfwer 8 ; wherefore write 8 in thc,Quoticrlt, and
from 1~8 fdeiti
8 x 2 , or 184, .and there will remain
14 to be f&her divided tly rj ; and fo tllc Quotient will
be z&t-$. And if this Fratiion is not likd, you my COW
tinue thi Divifion in Decimal FraQions .a! .f$r as you pleafe,
TJws
by. adding always a Cypher to the remaining knbx
, to the Remainder 14 add 0, and it becomes I 40. Th
fay, hnw many times 23 in 140 ? Anfwer 6 ; wrirc thcrcfore,,6 $1 the Quotient ; and from 140 ft&raR 6 x 23, or
138, and there will remain 2; to wluch fet a Cyphr~r (or o)
as before. And thus the Work being continud as far :I! yen
$eafL,,, there v3 at length come out ,&is C&oticnt, vix,.
208,6&6, kc.
AfEcr the fdme Manner the
De$laJ

Fraflion

3,59r8

vi&l,

js di-

by tJle Decimal FraQion

46jr,andthere comes outo,o7639,
et.3
Where IJOW, ~thzt there
pdi be fo many Figures cut off
in the Quotient, for Decimaljr, as
there aye more in the jart Dividend than the Divifor : As +I
this Example 5, becaufc thcrc arc
6 in the I$ Di&icnd, vi;,

--A-

275th

27129
..W
-.;

;
?

4I

~~2~~*

(?076?

-e-e
2948
2766
-..
1810
13%
-.L
4370
4149
--_-

42~8)

,;;y

Gm

%0134

--

0,0515I3 (3>9023
316
-r19r

37635
3526
---

x188

25096
25090
-:.

-7%
24
_-

660
660

N. B. 7he wording of thil Rule in Sir Ifaac,/eemin~ a little

#tire,
this otbrr eqtiivfflent Rule my tc added, viz. Ol$e,Jcrzre
whst is the .Qvality af thclt Figtare in the Dividend m&r which
the Place of Integer Units in the @v$aor does or Jhould fim.d ;
for, thelame willbe the Quality of the firlt Figtire of 05 Quotiet?,

F. g:

345) , 04~

(1

In t& Example, 5 beiq the Place o,J Integer Units in tRe

Di$dend,that fct tinder the Dividend, jo as to divide it, tpo&
fall tinder the Fixnre 8, which L the PItice of PndreAs of ThouJandths in the Dividend ; therefore the Unrt in the Quotient
m.G~tclnd in, the iYace of Hmdreds of Tho@ndlhs ; ml to
make it do fi, four Cyphers m#X.le placcdbefore it, viz. , oooo*r,
&c. ir the true Quotient.

1~ A!gehraickTerms DivKon is performd by the R&o- .

Sution pf ivhatis compounded by Multiplic?tion. TJIUS, ut
divided by 1 gives for the Quotient b. 6 nG divided by 26
ives 214 and divided by 7 2 a gives - 3 F. -,6ab
disded&
2 d.gi&s-2- 3 6, and divided bp - 2 a gives 3 6.
16abc; dividedby 2ac gives8bcF. ---Sqdjx? divided
.
by c I~UAFT gives 7axx.
Likewife divided by :
gives - z . z-divided
ed by $$-

by -t gives $.

gives &?$?.

IZ\$Y.!

.., 4 divided, dy 3 gives f ;

p$ reci&qcally $ divideil by $ gives, ,

divid-

of: 2,

36utz

d&&d

22

+j

15AAC
5 and reciprocalIy divided bg
divide,d b) 2~ gives 7
I$AG
._----gives 2.A. Mewife
,

qirj

&&led by V3 gives l/s/s*

4;;~ d divided by Vc d gives .(/Rt. qal G by d//tc gives

P7~~yz~
+/E&,or d. dj~ddl3z,
divided by P5ayy,gives
{abb
12ddx7/5aGcx
Jaqbt
_.-divided by *
gives -*
7cMeeC
cc
divided by

--qxl/ab

--

hIa fi

7
e
61fb +a x divided by a + L gives Vcax ; and reciprocally
divided by, 4~ x gives A-+ G. And $

V/~S divided

j)y .-IL gi vei (i ?/cl .tafLor

x,
, divided by 4 gives
a-+-b
?/ax
gives A. But
or $;
aad plccipracally.dividedJ3y up
in Divifions of this Kind you are to take care, that the
t&dries
divided by one another be of the fiune Kit@
vi%. rhat Numbers be divided by Numbers, ;and S.pe&es by
Species, Radical Quantities ,by Radical @uxities,, MINXraters of FCRR~OIIS
by Mumera,tors, and Dennmuxtors by
Deno.miuators ; , alfo in Numcrakxs, Denominators, qlid
Radical Quantltles, the .Quantitics of each Kind rnul? be
divided hy homogeneous 011&s [or ~Quantirks of the farvpe
I
Kind.]
Now if the:&antity to b.e divided carmot 23~ divided by
the Divifor [prqposd], it is Mlicient to write, t;11eDi,vifor
undcnuzath, rvith a I&e .bct,wcenthem, &s todivide a G
by c, write :

and

,tq, davidk

?a a c

2 x !r divided by$Tdd

pffXT2.5

Ray-.X.+-

.I

d +

I$~VIFX by

d,- x +V, g&s

,a) write

A#-+--f-b

+-----A-

ll

And 12Vi5 .diviti ky (cr/7 @ves 3V4-;

But

But when thefe Quantities are FraCtions, nlultipIy the

I%rmerator of the Dividend into the 1Denominator of the
Divifor, and the Denominator into the Numerator, and the
firff ProduEt will be the Numerator, and the latter the Denominatar of the Quotient.
&a
-) that is, tiultiply
bC

15aa
--ax,
$CC
1ga3x
------c~.~

Thus to ldivide -?b by f write

R by d and b by C. In like 3$znner,

And F Q~.Y divided by E

-and divided
by 2c d a a - xI x
5 $.v
Afrer the fame Mantler,

&id-$

divided by 5 gives -2 :
35
IE 4cn
C

gives

divided by,

And c (or 4) divided by i!

bG
d2

gim

gives

And 3 divided by $

w-!-G ycx;
divided. by /I gives RC

And A-t-b ~/CX divided by % gives

ac -A-bc
dcx.
a

And

and divided bgr

divided by 3 q/cd gives g2p2EE;
, c
2x3
CA . - 2
divided by $
3 v ; gwes T J c~b And t /$
7

2d 2

gives -2 Jf-,

and fo in others.

A &anti?{ compounded csf feveral Terms, is divided by

dividing each of its Terms by &E, Divifor. Thus em + ,
3ax -, x ,v divided by a gives R+ 3 ti -

ye.

I& when

the Divifor conG& alfo of feverd Terms, the Divifion is

Thus to divide a3 + aaari
performd as in Numbers.
-aab
--jaLc
+ ttbc by d- z1, ty, how many times is
pt containd in R.:, $z, the firfi Term of the Divifor in the
firfi Term of the Dividend ? Anfiver a a. Wherefore write
Aa in theC$otielit ; and having fubtra&ed a - G rqultiplyci
the Dividend, there_..will remain
into Aa, or a 3 -c-1 aab
_ from
_
2aac

i: 24.1
. 3AtC + L6~ yet to be divided. Then Cay again,
lt,t many times n jn 2 dac ? Anfwer 2nc. Wherefore
Ittrite alro 2 a c in the Qtioticnt, and having fubtra&d 4 - 1;
into pc, 01 2 a,tc .+ 2 ;Ib c from the aforefaid RemCidcrj
there tvill yet remain 2 11b G+ bk t. Wherefore Gy again,
llotv inal,y times a iu - dbc ? Rufr~er - Cc, and. then
write - CCin the Quotient j an3 having, in the lift Pkc,
fubtdjd
+ a- L iota - Ire, viz. -- Ab c -/- GZ,c from
the 130 Rem&h-, there:tviI1remah nothing ; which, ihews
that tt;c Divilion is at an Ed, and the Quotient coming
mt [jufij aa + eat--bcBut th;?r th& Cprarions may be duly reducd to the
Form tn,+iclltvc de in the Divifio~~of Numbers, the Ternid
&oth of the Dividend and the Divifir muif be difposd In
Order: accor;ljngto the Dimenfious of rhat Letter Which is
[often& f&nd or] judgd moff proper :for the [Eafe of the]
Operation ; fo that thofe Terms may Oand firfi, in dkli
that Letter is of moR Dimeufions and thofe in the iecond
Hate rvhofcDimcnfions are next il.rghcfi ; and Coon to thole
whfi-tin that Letter is not at all involvd, [or into which it
is I;OKat all multiplyd] which ought to &nd in the lafi
PIare. Thus, in the Example we juff now brought, if the
;Tcrmsare difposdaccording to the Dimeniiona of the,Let-!
ttr a, the folIorvh~g Diagram will ihew the Form of the
yvoik, vk
6+--L) CiS2u~--~ub~+6bc
(da-j-zuc+td
--au
^---->____
a; -6?R b
-G + 2aac-?abc
2RblC-.- zabc
--_
0 + aLc+- Lbc
- RLC+- bbc
I_-0
0
Wxre tnay Ee fien, that the Term ti ;, or n of &de fiiA
m@JlfiOns,
fhh iI1the firi? Place of the Dividend, and ,the
$crms 2aaC in which a is of two Dirneniions, Itand ill
--aah*

Where the Terms that itand in thk ikcond PIace are united,
by collefiing together [or placing by one another] the Fa6ior.s [or Coefficients] of the Lerter [where it is] of the
fame Dimeniion. And thus, if the Terms were to be difpo.?d according to the DirnenGons of the Letter B, the BuGnefi mu0 be performd [or would itand] as in the following Diagram, the Explication whereof we @all here fubjoin :
---CLb --aC * L
.-a.

0.

.:23

---

+a3
+-

24RC

b -I- 2aac
Aa
+a3

2ac

Say, How many times is - 6 containdin c b b ? ,Anfwcr

Y-=~b. Wherefore having writ - c G in the Quotient, fub--cG, or bbc-abc,
and there will XCIraCt--L+ax
__
main in the feco& I&e

iti G.

add, if you pleafe, the aantities

To this Remainder

[that &u&J in the lafl

Place, viz. ,iAc, and fay ,again, how many times is --b

containd in I, ;;

L ? Anf\vq = 2;;.

Thefe therefore

being writ in the C&otient, fubtFa& - b -/- ti multiplyd by

+ 2ac
1 A, or 1 2ii G z ,a!, kd there will remain no-Ithing. Whence it is manifefl, that the Divifion is at an
End, the Quotient coming out - cb $ 2 clc + rl A, as
before.
And thus, if YOUwere to, divide a a y 4 - a a c J + yb c 5
d -2a4cc-u4yy
byyy-ua--cc,
+Yf
X order~o~$a~~]>~
Quantities according to the [Dimenlions of @e] Letterr, thus :
G

YR 7
0

2nj
--

$2ny
4- 2ay

f A- day)
-3 -.++aagy

-4

adyy-b

$anyy
c
7
$adyy
-e.---M---_0

2d3j

-(- n iy
-+ ajyA$i*
0

!kme begin Di&n

from the IA?Terms, hut it comes
to the &me Thing, if, inverting the Order of the Terms, you
begin from the firit. There are alfo other Methods of di$iGng, but it is fuffilcient to Know fbie mofi eafy and commodious.

HE&i

thk Square Root, of any Number is to be ejci

tra&d, it is firA to be noted with Points in every
other Place, beginning from Unity ; then you are to write
down fuch a. Figure for theQuotient, or Root, whofe Square
fhall be equal to, or, neareft, !efs than the Figure or FL
g@es to the f!irRPoin,t. &d [t$en] fubtrafiing that Square,
the other Figures, of the Root wrll be found one by one, by
dividing the Remainder by ,the double of the Root as far as
eftra&edj $nd each Time taking from that Remainder the
Ez
squm#

~~~~~~~~
of the E;igure that laA came out, and the Decu$e df
t>c afor&d I)ivifor augmented by that Figure.
~11~st<l extra& the Root out of 99856, firit Point it &
tcr &is hg~w, &&$, then Eeek a Number wbofe Square
lfralj e,p:d the firA Figure 7, ~.k;. 3, and write it in the
Qj*tient ; and then having fLbtra&ed from
o$ -;y:;, C-Tg, there will rem?&1o ; Eo
which
[if dew the Figuris to t!le next Point, uiz. dPi3Sk (36
75 f?r the f~zJiov;insOperation. Then taking 9
------%I
nQ4:xi ,eof tlie laoFigure 3, fay, How many
tii~2.s is the Dau5Ie of 3, or 6, contnind 098
61
$1 the firfl Figure 9 ? Anfivcr I j wheref>re h:lvirg writ 1 in the Quotient, fubtra&I 3756
th!: Pradu3 of I x 61, or 6 I, from 98, and
3756
&Z-P:~41 WIGI 7, to which conneR the
0
II have the Number
3:10Figures 56, and you
p> ill mi!ich the Work is next to be cara~.!ox, tthcr~fi~realio ncglefiing the laff Figure of this9
&. 6, LIV, Howmany times is the double of 31, or 62,
cnntGn~iii>375, (which is to be P;ueWdat from the initial
Fqures 6 ad 47, by taking No&e how many times 6 is
c*:iitG:ldin ;7-?) Anfiver 6; and writing 6 in the Qotior 3756, and there will remain 0 ;
EJlS, WtrdS? 6X626,
rvhe~e it appears thxt the Bufinefs is done ; the Root comins out 3 I 6,
*

6193
61

6%72
--3756

And fo if you were to extra& the Root out of 2217879

I,
fir0 having pointed it, feel-~a Number whore Square (if it
canr~ot
he [exaRly] equnlld) fhall l-e the next Jefs Sqnare
(or neareit) to 22, the Figures ro rhe firR Point, and youll
find

t 29 3
find it to.be 4: For 5x5, or 25, is greater than 2.2; and
4x4, or 16, ids ; wherefore 4 will be the fir0 Figure OFthe
Root. This therefore being
writ in the Qotient,
from<
22 take the Square 4x4, or
16? and to the Remainder 6
adjoin moreover the next Figures 17, and youll have
609
6 17, from whore Divifion by
the double of 4 you are to
8879n
obtain the fecond Figure of
X4681
the Root, vie. neglctiing the
41 ICOO
la0 Figure 7, fay, how matly times is 8 containd in
376736
61? Anfiver 7 j wherel%re
3426400
write 7 in the Quotient, and
2%~564-P
from 617 take the ProduEt of
y into 87, or 6~9, and there
6~7; IOO
will remain 8, to which join
56wv6
the two next Figures 87, and
356190400
youll have 887, by the Divifion whereof by the double
282566r6g
of 4.7, or 94, you-are to ob73624231
tain the third Figufe ; as iay,
1,
now many times is 94 containd in 88 ? Anfwer o ; wherefore write 0 in the Quo&
ent, and adjoin the two lafi Figures 71, and youll have
88791, by whoie Divifion by the double of 470, or 940,
you are to obtain the lait Figure, viz. faay, How many times
940 in $879 ? Aniwer g ; wherefore write p in the Quotient, and youll have the Root 4709,
But fnce the ProduR 9x9409? or 84681, filbtrafied from
88791, leaves 41 IO, that is a Sign that the Number 4709
preoiiely, but
is not the Root of the Number 22178791
that it is a little lefs. And in this Cafe, and in others like.
it, if you defire the Root should approach nearer, you rnuR
.[prsceed or] carry on the Operation in Decimals, by adding
to the Remainder two Cyphers in each Operation. Thus
the Remainder 4110 having two Cy phers added to it, Eecomcs
411000 ; by the Divifion whereof by the double of 47~9,
or 9418; youll have the fir0 Decimal Figure 4. Then
having writ 4 in the Quotient, fubtraEt 4~94154,
ox:
376736 froln 41100~, and there w,ill xemain 34264.
And

-zy

TO

r;GJnvirt$ added ttvb more Cgphers, the work may be &&:

rjtci on at Tlcafure, the Root at lehgth cdniing o&
4759,43637, 8%
tjut when the Root is carryd on half-titay, oi abovt, the
ree r# the Fiqurts mny be obtaihd by Divifion alone. As;
ill this &am&. if you had a Mind to extrac? the Root td
Iline Fieurcs, afo:r the five fclrmer 47s9,4 are extraCted, the
f;lur I& mzp be had, by dividing the Rcniainder by the
LhJ~tc rf q.709.4
And aficr this Manner, if the Root of 32936 was to Iid
cxti,i?t:d IO five ~J;;ce$in Numbers : Afier the Figures are
pninteLf, write I in the C&orient, as [being the Figure]
GdmfeSqu rre I x i , or 1. is the greateff that is containd in:
3 the Figucc to the firA Point; and
havi;ig taken the Square of I from 3;
rherc will rcniain 2 ; then having fet
the two nexr Fipures, eGz, 2j to ir;
(zri:. t!) 2) fcek holy many times the
Jou5Ie of I., or 2, is containd in 2i;
an.i you11 find indeed that it is cont.Gnd moie than 10 times ; but jlou are
never tu rake jour Divifor 16 tirries,
no, nor 9 rimes in this Cafe ; becabfe
the IJrod~il of 7%iy, or 26:) is greater than 229, from which it wo~ld be
~~3be taki:n [or Cu!:tra3ed]. Wherefore kite onJJi 8; And
cttcn jmrirlg wtir 8 in tht Quotienr, and fubtraaed 3 x 28,
or 221, there wilt remain 5 ; and having itt do& td thi$
the Flsures 76, icek ho~v many tini& the double df 18, or
?-6 is conraindin $7, and you11 find I, arld io rv$te I in
the Quoti.Jlr ; and tlaving fubtraQed I ~;6r; or 361 from
576, there will remain 2 I 5. Laffiy, tb obtnili the remairiing Figurrs, &vi&z this NuJliber 215 by the double of iSi,
or 362, and youll have the Figures 47, which being writ
in the Qu0ticnt, yor;ll have rhe lioot 18 r,5p.
After the fi*rneWay Roots ate alio e$tra&d out of DeCillLil Numbers. Thus the Root oE329,76 is 18,159 ; and
the IG3ot of ?,2gLi is 1,813~ ; and tk Koot of 0;032976
is 0,18159, nud ib on. But the Root of 3297,6 is 57,4247 ;
m.i the km of 2z.,y76 is 5,74247.
ArId thus the Root
of 9,9356 is 3,1ti. ht the KOOt of 0.99856
iS 0,99p279,
&c. a~ wiii qpxr from the following Diagrams :
,
$397,&r

^-i* .
3297>6?(37,424~

pYzT
743
I ? 4)4860
4576
Zr148) 284~0
23964

459376
114848) 8422400
8o394y
Sg29$

@) 18&5
1701
---..
198) 18460
17901
fP@) 55900
399964
39984) 1593600
1398929 .--199854)
..L
. 19467roq
~798694~
I480W

i
l[.~$ll comprehend the Extra&on of the Cubick Ron$,
and of al! others, unde$ one general Rule, confulting rather
$ne ,Eafe of rhePraxis than the Expeclitioufnefs of *it, lefi I
should [t&o muchJTebl [the Learner] in Thiilgs that are
of no f?equenr Ufi, vie. every third Figure beginning
from U&y is- firfj of all to be pointed i if the Root [to be
kxtra6.?ed] be a C%bqkone ; or every fifth, if it be a Quadrato-Cubick [or,p l! The fifth Power], and then fuch a Fi.gure is to be writ jln the Quotie&, whofe greateif Power (i. E.
Qhofe Gbe, if it be a cubizk Poser,, or whole Quadrato-

/-

f: 32 1

~+athe Figure or Figures beFore the firR Point, 01 next Jeh

[U!l&Ythem] ; atld tI]en having fubtracrtedthat Power, the
r:ext Fi,)ure lvi]j be fi)uIJdby &viding the Remainder aug~Jlc::tt.ibV
the JJCSC Figure of the Refolvend, by .the nest
lea!1 P,.w& 0~ t!le Quotient, multiplyd by the Index of the
powr tO le wr;&I,
that is, by rhc triple Square, if the
kt
!T a Cll!iLk one : or by the quintuple Biquadrate
if the Root be of the fifth
t 1lc-I BjquadrateJ
[j. i". ii,ce times
PLw3, cL:-i, ALL! having again fubtraaed the Power of
r!:~ :.!:9&Ouotiellt fi,om the firft Refolvend, the third Fi.

15314054 (237
Subtrafi thecube 8
12) rem. 53 (4 or 3
-.-._ --~
S$traEt Cube 12167
I 587)rem
---I_--_

J 1453

(;e

S$traB I 33 I 205 3
Remains 0
.., ;:,
wit olr!y,3 Ee writ in the Quotient :Then the C&oti&%
2.3 !.ztiy 11;a feprtrate Paper, [or Place] multiplyd by z?
~~~.
3~tiqebquare 529, tvI;ich again m&ipjyd by 23 &vbs
GE CYul!e12167, and this taken from, 13312, ~~i]JJe;ivk
I45 j which augmented by the next FlgQre of the RefoJaind i and divided by the triple Squaid of the qatient
23, zd. by &eking how rpany times 3 x 529 or I 5& is
CoIltainl:in I $50, it gives 7 for, the third Figure OFthe
Qytiem
Then the Qytient 237, @tiplyd by 237,. gives
the

is3
3
._ehe,Square ybI+,,which again multiplyd by 237 gives &f?.
Cube x3312053,, and this taken from the Refolvend leaves
01 Whence it IS evident that the Root fought is 237*
And fo to extra6 theQuadrato-Cubical Root of q6&$3~~;
it rn~~fibe pointed over every fifth Figure> and the Figure 3,
.whafc Quadrato-Cube [or fifth PawerJ 243 -is the next leafi
to 364, viz,. to the firit Point,, mufi be writ m the Quotient;,,
Thcu the @adrato-Cube 243
being fibrraQed from 364,
36&G
(;2:5,
there remins 121, which augWY
mented by the next Figure of
the Reiolvend, viz. 3, and divided Fy five times the Eiquadrate of the Quotient, viti.. by
%4432
feeking how many times 5x81,
5242880) 287638&o (5 8
Q* 405, is containd in I 213,
it gives 2, for the SecondFigure, That Quotient 32 being
thrice multiplyd by it felf, makes the Biquadrate IO@ 76 ;
and this again multiplyd by 32, makes the Quadrato-, E ube
335 5443 2, whith being iubtraaed from the Refolvend leaves,
2876388. Therefore .32 is the Inreger Part of the Root,
but not the true Root ; wherefore, iF you have a Mind.ro
profecute the Work in Decimals, the Kemaioder, augmented by a Cypher, muit be divided by five times-the aforefaid.
Biquadrate of the Quotienf; by feekirtg how many times
5% 1048576, or 52428~0, 1s containd 111 2876388,0, and
there will come out the third Figure, or the ,firR iI&imal 5..
And io by &btraQing the Quadrato-Cube of the QuoticnC
32,s from the KefoIvend, and dividing the Remainder by
five times its Xiquadrate, the fourth Figure may bc obtaind.,
And fo on in Znfhhm
When the Hiquadrattk Root + to be exrraaed, you may
extratirwice the Square Root, becaufe 7/ is as much as Y/;
3/13* And when the Cuba-Cubick Root &to be extraRed,
youmay fir0 extraa the Cube-Root, and rhen the SquareRozt ,of that Cube-Root, becaufe the d,6 is the $dme a$
$1 3 4 3 1 whence Come have calld the& Roots not Cubo,Cuhick on&? but Qu?drato-Cubes. And the fame isto be
obfervd XI other Robots, wnofe Indexes are not prime
Numkers,
. The &r&on
bf Roots out of fimpte AfgzbraickQua&.
tities, is evident, eveh From [theNature or Marks of3 NotatiOli
it EClf; as tb;btl/na is fi, and that ydZ& is fit, and
.F

thBr

the firlt Term UP, viz. a in the

Quotient; and having fubtraEted.
&s Square IX , there will remain 2a 6 + 16 to find the *Red
mrh~rr of the Roat by. Say
the~&re, How many times is
the druble of the Quotient, or
2 a, coricaindirl the firATerm of
the RemGnder ~a6 ? I anf~ver6
[cim~:s],therefore write 6 in the quotient, and having fuI%
w&d the Produi?: of b into n,
or 2aG + bL, there
will remain nothing. %%ich fiews that the. Work is finifnd, the Root commg out n + G.
Andthus,to~xtra8theRootoutofrz4+6~~6+5~*b&
-. I 2 d 6 3 j- 4 b J, firl?, fet in the Quotient the Root of the
firff Term AJ, viz, tid, and having fihtraaed its Square
Ck7XUA, or A,, there will remdn 6 R j b + 5 4~ b b ri-+
xza6 f i- 46 d to find the Remainder of the Root. Say
therefore, HOWmany times is 2 ad containd in 6 4 1 6 2
Anfwer 3 rib ; wherefore write 3 a 6 in the Q$otient, and
having fubrrafied the Prod& of 3 86. intb 2 da + 3 ah, or
6u~L~gnn66,therewillyetremain-4a~6b-~~~~~
,+ 4.45 FO+TY on the J&o$r, Ther$ore i_ayagain, riow
many

3Ki

.many times is the double of the Qyptient

viz 2 AR+ 6 d
.
.
containd in -4aabb
- 12ab 3, or ihlch IS thk ram:
. Thlllg, fay, How many .times is the doible of the fir0 Term
of the Quotient, or 2612, contaiqd in the firit Term of the
Remainder -4aabj
c Anfiver~ 2,4b. Then having writ
7 2 bb in the Q_uotient, and CubtraEkd -the ProduQ - 2 LI
Illto 2aa + 6a,$- 2Gb, or - qaabG-- Tzab 3 + 46,
there GilI remain nothing.
Whence it follows, that the
EOotisda+
3aG-I-zlb.
b?
,
~~=4-6n~bJr
5aaLG =-r2p13 34b.l
(aa-+ gAb726b.
,a4
.
-6a3L?+
5aaI,b--0124b3$4b4
_
?* +

6nib+gaaLb
.-C9
pabbl-

laab 3 -l-q.G+
--44dflt-x2aAb+q.rCB
-----_1
-.
6
0
0.

If son WOUIJextra3 the Cube Riot of a + 364 6 %

; iabG+ b i, the Operation is [perFormd] thus :

~xrraB firfl the CubeRoot of the fir0 Terin rt ;, viz. 4;

and fit it dorvn in the Quotient : Then, fubtrafling its Cub+
cl i, fig. How many times is its triple Square, or 3 aa, con..
taind in the next Term of the Remainder, 3ztab ? ad
them comes out ; wherefore write b in the Quotient,. and,
fubtraRing the d ube of the Quotient, there will remarn 0.
i
Therefore a + h is the Root.
After the iame Manner, if the Cube Root is to be extra&dout ofzf +6&c -4ozj
+g6t-64,
it will
oome out zt + 2~3~ 4, And fo in higher Roots.

HE Reduflion of-Frafiions and Radical Quantities is

of Ufe in the preceding Operations, and is [of rei
du:ing them] either to.tke leafi Terms,, or to the Brne DC-~
T13~l;ld:lN7,n,

: ,,

I
*

II

37

Of the REDW~TION of FR+CTJC-INSty t/+?

lqz$ TeYms.
R A CTIQNS
are reducd to the IcaR Terms by dliand Dellominarors
by the
viding the Numcrntors
colnmon DiviTor. Thus the FraQion cby is rcducd

to a more Simjle 01111:

- by dividing bqth aa c and Ic by
ai

great4

c;

a+

20;
&

is rcducd to a

6Cy hy 23 ; and

7n.f by dividing bya9c.

--

,2a+-C
becomcs

Simple one z- by &vi+

23

&g both 203 and

3 6
.2d8---3cc

more

by~div,idingty
da 4: Gb

Ana

fi

03R is sedudd ,tq

qtc
, __/
6.d i --+~f?CC.

I, - bccomc~

6Rbt-l-3rjC
a -aa,L
+ dlrb--G
.---. -I_
3 R, And
/ati---Ah

by dividing by A -G.

And after kis Method thcTcrms after Multiplication or

JXvifion may, be for ti& moit part abridgd. As if you
znb 1
;ccrl by $yf,
or divide it by $,,
ivcrc ri, mitiplj
6alallt

r8tinb;cc

+cre will con;e out -,-.- ---) and by Red&ion

T+
p!lccd~
But in thclc Cafes,, ii is better to abbreviate the Tkrms bctort the Opcra&n,Ljy cliviclinp thofc, Terms Cfirfi~ by the
fircatefi eominon Divifor, whick you wbuld be obligd to da
aftcrwartls. T)wS, iri rhc Example before us, if I divide
2 rl b 1 and b A11 hy the common Divifor L, and 3 cc d and
7 a tc ty the corninon Divifor 3 cc, there will come out
i
t&c &-a&oli 2k!!
d to be multiplyd by $$ 01:to bc divid,I
6aabb
dd

cd by -* ihckc coming our rl 3

t
3fJ
@a f I.xcp!ncs !:
!
..,.,.I
9,

in;o i, or Ye
.l

0 t&s &d mzy Et: refirrd the Inveation of Divifor;,

by whit/l ally Qylrntity may Ee divided. If. it be a
finnpIe Quntiry, *divide it by its leait. Divifo!, aud the
QCc+crit k,yits leafl Divifor, till thrrc remain anxldivirible
QuQtlent, arld you will ha*ieall the prime Divifors of [that]
Quantity, T~CII muItipJy together each Pair oF thefe
Diviiors, eacl~ternary [or three] cf them, each qwternary, cyC, and you [vi11a$; have all the com$oiiuded Divi,
fors, As, if all the Divifors OF rhe Numbe; 60, are rcq~~ird,
30 by T,.fani3the @orient
divide it by 2, and the (&Kh3Jt
1 t by 3, ar:d therl: will remain the lt~dlv@le Qotlent 5. _
T&he
tix yri:ne Divilors are I, 2~3, 3,-s ; thfe comj
pas;::of the IJairs +6, ID. 15 j of tn$*Ternaries I 2, 20,
23 ; and of all of them 60. Again, If till the Divikorg
of the Qwrxity 21a jG are defird, divide it bf:3, ;mld rhb
QUOtiElit 7a1L by 72 a1N.i
the C?.wtien.t.~GIrby ,A, .a!Bj.thc
Ctjoriuit bL by II, and-there ;viIl,remai*;~~hepriclleC$i&
tierIt 6, Ther&w the prim? Diviiors are I, 3, 7, p? b, L,;
and th& cbmpnsdof the Pairs 2 I, 3 A, 3 6; ?,a, 7l;db;. L&
thOfC COIJIPSSJ OF the Ter!Iayies 2167, ?~bj ,,s UP, 3 Gb, .7Ab,
9bb, at& ; and thofe hf the: C$.at&C$~, 2~ ~p,,qk,$,
zjPrGb,74 Gl j that of $I? QCu,ries 2.f,46:br ($er,the f;<mc,
Way all the Divifors of 2~ b G,4 Z&c:$r&
,
I? 2,. ~a,
2a, 26G - bat,
abG--gRR6,~~bli,-,hci,pc.
blr -sue,
If after a Qantiiy is divided by $ iti.fit$e Divifors,
it remains [fiiil] compounded, and you fufp& jr has fotne (
compounded Divifor;, [order it or] difpofe it a?cordin& to
the Dimenfioiolls
of any of the Letters in it, and in the Room
of that Letter fubfiitute fuxefflvely thrq or more Teltms
of this Arith&etical ProgreQion, hit. j, 2, I, 0, ti r, 2 2,
and fit the refulting Terms together with all their I&don,
by the correfpondifig Terms of &kProgreE~n,
Gttirlg @vn a&o -~
the S@q of _t)_e
Qivjfors,
bp@ Affirmative
^ _
pd

c 7
39

2nd Negative; Then fet alfo down the Arithrrietical ~$02

grefions which run, thro the Divifors df all the Numbeis
proceeding from the greater Terms to the lefs, in the Order
that the Terms of the Progrefion 3, z, I, o, - I, - 2, proceed, and whofe Terms differ either by Unity, or by fame
Number which divides the highefi Term of the Quantity
proposd. If any Progreflion of this kind occurs, that Term
of it which itands in the fame Line with the Term o of the
firR Progttffion, divided by the Difference of the Terms,
, will compofe the Quantity by which you are to attempt the
Divilion. \
As if the Quantity be x r - XX - IO x + 6, by fubfli-
tuting, one by one, the Terms of this Progrcffion I, o. - r,
for .v, there, will arife the Numbers - 4,6, + 14, which,
together with all their Divifors, I place right again/J the
Terms of the FroJreifion I, o. .- I. after this Manner :

Then, becaufe the higheit Term s ; is divifibje by ho .

Number but Unity, I feek amona the Divifors a Progreffion whofe Terms differ by Unity, and (proceedirg from
the.highefi to the loweft) decreafe as the Terms of the laferal Progrefion 1, 0. I I. And 1 find only one ProgrcGon
of this Sort, viz, 4.3. 2* whofe Term therefore + 3 E
chufe, which ffamis in the fame Line with the Term 0 of
the firIt Pro&lion
I. O. -I.
and I attempt the Divifion
by x + 3, and [find) it fuccceds, there coming out ,YS-.
4x+2.
Again, if the Qantity
6e 6y4 -f 1 L- 21yy f 3~
+ 20, for J I fubfiiuite fu~dliv.eIy I. Q. - I. and-the refulting Numbers 7. 20. 9. with all their Divilors, I place
by thzm as follo6s : I
0

-1

r-7.
I..?. + 5. 13.20
I 31.3.9.
I
20

And among the Divifors I perceive there is this decreafing

Arithmetical Progrcfion 7.4. I.
The Difherence. of the
Terms of this Progrefion, viz. q;, divides the higheff Term
of the Quantity 6~ 4,. Wherefdre I adjoin. the Term + 4,
which

which Aatlds [ili the Row] oppofite to the lcr~nO, divided

Ap the,Difference of the Term:, vie. 3, fand I attenlpt. the
Ilivifiorl by y + f, or, which IS the fame Thing, by 3y+ 4,
and the Buiinefs fucceeds, there coming out zy 1 - ?y~
-3y+5=

And

if the Quantity be 244 r -

CO,,

5oa b -I- 49~ -

140~ 2 + &j.u + 3c, the Operation will be as follows :

2.

42

1.2.3.6.7.1~$.2I~$Z

3 3. + 3. -5 7.
+

I.--+ I. -k 1.

-I.---y)*--=.I.

,297

r.3.9.,.1.27.33.99~297

5a

-3*-9.-I*

Here are three Progrefliotls, whore Terms 7 I* - 54- 5

divided by the Differences of the Terms .2, 4, 6, give the
Dillifirs to be tryd 4 - $, a - -$ and n - ->. And the
Divifion by the Iafi Divifor d - $, or 6 n - 5, fucceeds,
therecomi~~out
4.d*--5Uf
I-4ad--2Oa-6.

Jf 110Dloifor occ~~rby this Method, or none that divides

the Quantity proposd, we are to cbnclude, that that Quantity does not admit a Divifor of one Dirneniion. But per-.
haps it may, if it be a ($aIltity of more t11at1three Dil
menfions, admit a Divifor oftwo Dimc~&xx. Alld if fo,
that Divifor will be found by this Method, SubRitute irl
that Qantity for the Letter [or Species] as bcfo~c, four or
h-lore Terms of this Progrefion 4,~s I, 0. L I. - 2. - 3b
Add and fubtra& lingly all the Divifors of the Nunlbcrs
that refilt to or from the Squares of the corrcfpondenr Terti~s
of that Progrcflion, multiplyd into iome Numeral Divifor
of the high& Term of the Quantity proposd, and place
right 3gainlt the Progreflion the Sums and Difironces. Thcu
SIOR all the collateral Progrcflions which run thro thofe
Sums and Difirence.
Then fuppCJk
T c
to bc a ~crm
of
fuch a pr+-ie Pro@ion,
and TJ.3 the DiRiircnce which arices by fubdufting JZ (2 !?OIJI the rlt:xt fupcrior Term which
itands againit the Term I cd the firR Progreflion, :lncl p, to
be the aforefiid Numeral Divifor of thk higlxfi Tcrrn, and
1 [to be) a Letter which is in the proposd Quantity, then
A 1/k B 15 C Gill be the Divifor to be tryci,
T~s
ftlppofe the prop&d Qaljtity to be Wv
.I ..- x 1 .- $ .t,v
+
12X 6, fm x I wrire filcc&ively 3,2, I, 0, -1,
a11d
the Numbers thaccome our: 39, 6. I .- 6. -2 1, I 26. 1 difPoCe [or place] .together wuh their Divifors in allother COhw in. the fame I.@ wirh them, and I add arid,lirb,rraQ the
2, c,
, Divifors

c41I

Divifors to and from the Squares of the Terms of the firfi

Progrefiion, rnultiplyd by the Numeral Diviror of the Term
x4, which is Unity, viz;. to and from the Terms 9.4,r.o.
I. 4, and 1 difpofe likewife the Sums and DifGrenres on the
Side. Then I write, as follows the Progr~fions which occur
among the fiime. Then li make Lie of the Terms of th& Progr&or:s 2 and - 3, which 0tand oppofite
tothe Term o in
that Progreffion which is in the firff Column, ftrcccfiivcly

-2. j
0. 0
I Z-3
,4---6

I 6-g

for 7 C, and T make Ufe of the Differences that ariie by

-_
1
fubtratiiug there Terms from the firperior Terms 0 ano 0,
Vi&. -2
refpettively for -\- B. Alfo Unity for A ;
and +
and x for 1. An 3 fo iu the Room of A 11 & El&C, T.have
there two Divifors to try, &. x cvJr 2 x -a,
and XX -:
3 x + 3, by both of which the isufincfs fuicecds.
Again, if the Qrantity 3~ ( - 6y j-y q - Syy --Roy
-j- 14 be proposd, the Operation will be as follows : Firff,
I attempt the Eufinefs by adding and Cubtin8ing to and from
the Squares of the Terms of the Progreflion I. O.--I ,making
Ufe of I fir& but the EuGnefs dots uot fu~eed. Where-,

27
rmg.38

I2

-16

-7.T~.Tf;I~.I+~'.~O

1.2;7.10 3 .-y.-2.1.2.+y.8.13
1.2.7.14 0 -14.-7.-2.-X.1.2.7.14
$,8.13
x.3..J.IO 3 --I*-2.1.2.4.
12
fore, in the room. of A, I make Ufe of 3, the other Divifor

of the highefi Term,; and thefe Squares being multiplyd by

3, I add and fubtraa the Divifors to and from the ProduBs,
via. I 2. 3.0, 3, and 1 find thefe two Progreffrons in the reand I K. 5. - I. -7.
fulting Terms, -7. -7. -7, -7,
,For Expedition fake, 1 had negleAed the Divifors of the
Wherefore, the Progrefffoutermofi Terms 170 and. 190,
onsbeing continud upwards and downiYards,I take the next
at
Terms, viz. -7 and f7 at the Top, and -7 and -13
&+n,
and t fry i! the& hein&fubd@ed from the Numhers
.

c 43 3
which Rand agaiiG them in the 4th co;
Jtuun,[t:tl~cir]Drffkences divide thofe [Numbers] I 70 alrd 193,
l\r&-ll fi& agaitlff them in the fecoad Colu~nn.
Ad
the
DiFereJ)ce betwect~ 27 and -7,
that is, 3+, divides 170 ;
apt-j the Differctlc~OF1%and ~7, that is, 19, divides t$o~
A]fo the Difference between 12 2nd I 3, that is, IO, c!iVides:
170, but the Diikence between 27 a11d 17, that rs, 25,
d&s liar divide 190. WJlerefore 1 rcjcEt:th htter hg;cffion, According to the former, T C is -7?
an~oi;b~K;a
nothing
; the Terms OF the Progr@fJicinIIZVW
rcnce. Whertfore the Divifor to bctryd A 1 P;& 131 A: c
win be 3 y y + 7. And the Divifion fecceeds, there COM-

brrs

27 and I ?,

illgijLltp-2yt-%y+i.

If .aftcr this.Wiy, there can be found no Divilor which

fucceeds, we are to coneJude, that the proposd C$.rrntity
&JJ not admit of a Divifor of two Dimentions. The &me
Method .may be exm~ded to the Ilnvention of Divikrs of
more ~~IIKJ&I~S,
by ieeki~lg in the aforcfkid Terms and
Differences, not Arithmctic:ll Frogreflions, but fonlc others,
the firit, fcrond, and third Difkrences of whofi 1 erms arc
in Arithnletical Progrefion : Uuc rle Learner ought 11ot co
* be detaind about them.
Where there are two Letters in the propos$ C&antity,,and
all its Terms afiend to equally high Dimenfiotrs ; put Ullity
for one of thofe Letters, then, by the preccdiJ(g JiuJes, fich
a Diviior, aud compledt the deficient Dimctlfiolls of rhis
As if the
Divifor, by refioring that Letter for Unity,
Quantrty be 6y--ccy3 -2rccyy
+ 3~3~ + ZOG,
where all the Terms ;;re of fqur Dimenfions, fur c 1 put I,
and the Quantity becomes bp 4 -y 1 - 2tyy + 3y -j- q
whofe Divifor, as above, is 3y -+-4.; and having cornple:ttcd
the deficient Dimcnfion of the Jafr Term by a [cmdjx~~~dent-J Dimenlion of c, you have 3 y + 4 c [for-j ehc l>ivj,
. for iought. So, if the Quantity be x .t - LX - 5 1)L,r,z
+
126
w--6P
puttir rg 1 for L, and. having found x x
+ 2.t--- 2 the dhvifar of the refultirlg
Qu:nltity
,v ..2: 3
- 5 .Yx c I 2 x - 6, I complcar itsdefirier~t Dimcnlious
by [re~pccftive] I3imenfinns of b, and Co i have ,v,z: -t- 2 6 x
+ 2 6 6 t-he JSivifor ~ou,ghr.
Where there are three or more Letters in the C&r~ntity
proposd,

and all its Tams

afcacelldto rhc fame ~~l~Kdi~Jl!$

the Divifor may be fotind by the precedetrt; Rules,; but

more exJ!=litioufJy after &is W~iy : Sr:elc all the Drvifc+cxs
of all the Terms h wJrich fame [onel of tJle Letters is
*
,
nor,

c441

be the Divifor iyhich was to be found. For if by this grow

divide the proposd QanritJr, t-here will ,,come Out 3 XX
-211,x+
ice-4bb.
Again, if the Quatltity be T2 x i --IO& x 4 -9 bx
c26azxi
+ IZa6x3 + 6l1b.x~ $ 24.~~~~---84~~3~~
-8abbxx-24Gxx--il.a!bx+6flabb.r-I226.~.~
-j-~86~x+rz~'b-j- 32~~63-~i6~,
1 phcetheDlvlf0r.y OF the Terms in whichx is nor, by x ; and thofe
Terms in which d is ilot, by ZI; a11dthofe in which 6 is not,
by 6, as you here fee. Then 1 perceive that all +oti that
d
a

b. 2b. 4.6.aa 4- 3bb. zaa+

6bh 4unrf-~r2bb.
zbb-6aa.
4b6- 12an.
i&-3nn.
4~'-'.'--.36.~-+
2lJb. 13YP-ybx
+&b.
x. 2.~. 3,x--qn.
6,x--84.
s.xx-4ax.
bx;v--Sc4X.
2x5 + nx3 /Ia. 4.v.~ + 21x-- 6dn.

are but of one Dimenfinn are to Ix rejc&d, becaufe the

Simple ones, 6. zlr. 46. .v. 2x, and the Parts of the corn-pounded ones, 3 s -L, 4 u. 6 ,V- 8 1, are found hut otlce in
all the Divifors ; but there are three Letter? in the prdposd
Qzntity,
and there Parts involve but one, and fo ought
LObe found twice. In like Manner, the Divifoq OF two
Dimenfions, wrlj- 366. ZRB + 6bb. 4an + 121!7h bb3 an. and 466 - 12~2a I rcjeti, becaufc their Parts u A.
2.4d.4dA. 66.arl~466. involving only one Letter a Or b,
ark not !biln~I more. than once. But the Parts. 2GG and
Goes of the Divilor 266 -- 6 au, which is the only ~ei
maining one in the Liile with x, and whi,:h likewife involve
tidy one Letter, are found again [ortwice), vi&. the i&t:
2 6 G in the Diviior 4i.v - 3 b x + 2 6 6, and tile Part G&a
in the Divifor 4 x,x + 2 a x - 6 a a. Moreover,
theie
three DiviibIs arc in a Series Aanding in the fame Lin,es
tiith the three Letters x, 61~6 ; and all their Parts 2 66,
Ian, 4.~5, which involve onlr~ one Lettey, are found twice
in them, and that under theirbroicr Signs ; but the Parts
3 6 v, 2 AX,, which involve ctvo Letters, occur-but once in
#em,
Vyhrcfory, all the divers Parts of there three Divijfors, 2 bh, 6 t,d, 4x X, 3 bs, 2 R5, ccmeQed under their
proper Signs, will. make the Divifors fought, &z,, 2b 5
--1aa Jr qxxbx 42&p
1 therefore *divide the
$L!-vW~ pqosd iy this [Divifor aql $cre arife@3 yap5
-i+f4xkv~22a6~6~3,,
. i
i 1 ; ,:
.,.- ,
,
.
,
:
.

Terms as if it were a SimpJe one, Thus; to find the greatefi

common Divifor of the Numerator and Denominator of this
8anxx+ ____
r8a-- 3x--Sti*
X
, nr!ulFraEtion .- - 3 d x .zT .._.--.
x3 --=dXX- 8Z1x+ 6623
tiply
tile De~lominatorby x, that its firIt Term may become
the fame with the fir0 Term of the Numerator. Then ii&
trafi it, and there will rem&r .--2dxi
-I- 12n ' .2'- 8dd,
which being rigMy orderd by dividing by - 2 CI, it bea3.I Subtra& this frona the DenoComes x ;-4=x+
minator, and there wi41 remain -A x x - 2 d ax + 2 Al ;
which again divided by -d becomes xx 3 2ux2 aa.
Multiply this by x, that its firit Term may become the
fame with the firR Term of the lafi fubtrafled Quantity
$3 - tjndx j- 4~t3, from which it is to be [likewife] fibtra&d, and there will remain - 2 8 x x - 4a 4 x -I- 4 a 5,
which divided by -2t1, becomes alfo xx + 2nx-- 2ti~z.
And fince this is the fame with the former Remainder,
gnd confequently being fuEtraEted from it, will leave nothing, it will be the Divifor fought ; by which the proposd
J?raBi>n, by dividing both the Numerator and DenomiIrator by it, may be reducd to .a more Simple one, viz+ to
ivx'.-5*x-t-464~
X/'

3*

And ib, if you have the J&a&ion

6a q ~15d.b-4q.3ccc--roaaGcc
i.-___---

gaib~z7daGc-I;R~cc-t18bc1'

Terms muit he firitabbreviated, by diviclirig the Nwm

rator by rda, and the Denominator by 3 L : Then fubtra&ing
twice 3 til -paacF2dcc
+
Gcj
frCXll
da+
+
lyalab
15b BR -1obcc
-4dcc~IObec,
thcrewillremain
;
- I2C
$186
Which being ordcrd, by dividing each Term by 5 ,$ .+ 6,
1 after the fame Way as if 5 b + 6 c was a dimple Quantity,
it becomes 3 tin - 2 Gc. This being muJtipIyd by ti, fuuttxt~~ it km 3 d 3- pd IC - 2tlcc $ 6 c 3, and there will
( remain
pdac + 6c 3, which being again ordcrd ,by a
~iviih
by - 3 c, bccomcs alfo 3 nn - 2 CC, as before.
tic c is the .Divifor fougllt. Which bethe proposd IGa&on,
its

NOW,

c 47 14
if a common Divifor cannot be found after this
*Way, rt is certain there is none at all ; unlefi, perhaps, it
he one of the Terms that abbreviate the Numerator and
Denominator of the Fra&ion : As, if you have the FraEti:
aacc C c4
addd l-ccdd011 -.----ad fo diipoie its Terms,
Nay,

qddd--4acd--2acc+

2~

according to the Dimen~ons of the 8, that the Numerator

ad4:fcc,

may become -,z

4dfid
-4ac

zacc

4-2c3

and the

Denominator

This muit fir0 be abbreviated,

by di-

viding each Term of the Numerator by n a .- cc, and each

of the Denominator by 2~ -. 2c, juit as if L d -cc

and
- 2c were dimple Quantities . and fo, in Room of the
and in Room of
KLnerator there will come out Rh -ccc
the Denominator 2 a $ - cc, from mhic6, thus prepard, no
common Divifor can be obtaind.
But, out of the Terms
au--cc
and ad-- 25 by which both the Numerator and
Denominator are abbreviated, there comes out a Divifor,,
r.4~.R- c, by which the Fraaion may be reducd to this, quiz,.
udd -j- cdd-ncc-sa
4ad -

2cc

. Now,

if

neither

the Terms

had not had a common Divifor,

clu-cc
and 2ti-2c
the proposd FraCtion would have been irreducible.
And this is a general Method of finding common Divifors ; but moff commonly they are more expeditiously ,
found by feeking all the prime Divifors of either of the
Quantities, that iy, fuch as cannot be divided by others,
and then by trying 9 any of them will divide the other witha;=--aab+.abb-b
4 *
out a Remainder. Thus, to reduce
Rd- Rb
to the leafi Terms, you muit find the Divifors of the C$arG
tityaatiat),
viz. n and B--b ; then you mufi try whether either 1, or a-b,
will alfo div&le 1 3 - RGb + 1 k b.
.+=-213 without; any Remainder.

K A CT I ON S are rcd~dd to a common Denominator

by multiplying the TLims of each by the Denomjnator
Thus, having % and i , multiply the TWTIS

OF the other.

of one 2 by d, and allo the Terms of the other i by .G,

bC
ad
and they $11 become - and ---- whereof the common
Bd
LB

Denominator

is b d.
a6

become 2 and -.

~?OIIIIIIO~I
DiviCor,c it

ly by the Quotients,

And thus ct anil :k, of r and :

But where the Denominators

have a

is~fufficient to multiply them alternate{

Thus the ra&on

zi and g

are

aid
reducd to thefe and g,
by multiplying alternately
bed
by the Quotients c and d, arifing by the Divifion of the
, Denominators by the common Divifor b.
This ReduQion is mofily of Ufe in the Addition and
SubAra&on of k&ions,, which, if they have different Denominators, muff be firA reck d to the tame [1Deuomina.
tor] before they can be added.

TIIUS F-k
and

cle -I- RG Ana

1.
Lc
c

c4 + $4
.And ------cc-xx
c c - x .v

i by IZeduEtion
nlr

n -j- -c

a3d --1Jc

Fi becomes -----=-)

bc(d

becomes

d-c
or J-p

7.1

becomes -.Z.C.
And fo
cc - XIX
J$i- 15
23
Or --,
that ,is, -*
21 :

21

c483
becomes ZJ

,-

.-

---

OF

2,

that is f;

12

I2

;- + 5

becomes F + 4Y i or 7.

It ;
Alud 3 -+

or

And 2$.

becomes

$1
--A
2.

Whcie thrte ai-c niore f;ratiiond

be added gradu:illy.

[thAtI two-j they src td

ak
an .&.a + f2y-.-..- j
Thus, having
X
3a
a-4

from G take R, and there will remain

%yy
; to this
x
-+ 2.~3 I
?)a---3 dax
and there will come out -------.
1,

add zxx
-,
3-A

3 AX

from whence, daftly, tnkc arvajr --!!z-.

d-X
3R4

maif

3;~:;
25
--~

and

-6a~.v+:!d.?fJ--22s~
--l..
_.-. -

ijan.i! -

__

3 Ll.x x

anil there
i

will re-

And Coif yot~ have

firit, @.I are to find the Aggregate of 3$

tlicn

to take from ib 2
3

t&G

and thctc will remain 2

21

c 50
RO.ost of

the Divifor

z:,

becbmes

And 6 d$,

by extr&ing

the Root of the Diviior 25 bei

3.

comes $Q,

or 5+/z,

and by yet extraRing the Root

of the Denominator, it becomes ;1/6. Andfo a;, QP

aG

aq,--., by extratiing the Root of the Denominator, becomes

S/R~P Anli $8

a ;I +

by extraRing the Cube

I6a*,

of its Divifor 8 a 1, becomes

Root

not unlike [this] y R J x, hy

$13 $

2~

cxtra&ing

ZR.

And

the Square Root

or by extra&=
of its Divifor aa, Iwomcs ?/a into $dx,
%~g
the Biquadratick Root of the Diviior ti 4, it becomes
a $:.

And fo $,a~,~q

is changd into

a>rlx,

or

61
AX 4 -, or into ql;lx x $aux.
x
Moreover, this RcduQion is not only of Ufe for abbreviating of Radical Quantities,
but alfo folr their Addition
and SubtraAion, if they agree in their Roots when thy are
aeducd to the rnoPl dimple Eo~m; for then they may be
added, which otherwife rhey cannot.
Thus, ~48 + +75
And
Iy ReduQion bccolnes 4 ~3 -f- 5 1/3, that is, 943.
into

$48 -

4:;

by ReduEtion becomes 41/3 .

y,@.

pb
And thus, ,&+

+r---

-1 b

by extrafiing what is Rational in it,

e-2G
C

dab,

that

is, $4~

b,

..-.U/3,

that is,
.qaj

-4,dAE

cc
2G

becomes c dub. Jr

And k&aJb

I.

I--*

L 51 3

HEN you are to multiply

or divide Radicals of t
differentDenomination, you muR [firrt] reduce them
to the fame Denomination, by prefixing that Radical Sign
whore Index is the leait Number, which rhcir Indices divide
without a Rernaiuder, and by multipJying the Quantities
under the Signs Comany times, excepting one, as thar Index
is become greater, For fo +ar$~n.r
becomes>m
6
6
into 4~4 4 x x, that is, 4Z
And Yti into $k!
becomes $A& into $dr,
to

4;45

that is, $d 3x.

becomes 4 36 into 7/456-,

And 46
4

that is, dF.

inBy

the fame Keafin, ,ut/J,, becomes +Y/lz

a into r/lrc, that is,
dwabc. And 44 /ibc
becomes V 16~a into q3bc, that
--is d@tiabc.
And zd$G $ 24 becomes $8~~3 into
-IDA, Andfo y
bcA -I- ZA, that is, &3ab+
dac

6 abG

. ;-;,
I/

And Vr8nl
comeS a-i
Or
or 62 u b. And fo in others.

becomes

r/36aab
qISn6

Of the REDUCTION
of RADICALS
to mm
J%mFle Rndicnls, by tke ExtrrrGiov of Roots.
HE Roots of Quantities, which are composd of In:
tegers and Radical Quadraticks, extraR thus : Let A
e the greater Part of any Quantity, and J3 the leffcr
alld A + BAA-B
B
.-...- will be the Square of the
Part i
2

greater Part of the Root 1 and

a -

~/AA.--% [3 .Jl

be

the @iare OF the Mer Part,

which is to be joynd to the

greater
Hz

E 5%1
greaterpart: with ,the Sign of B.
As if the Quantity be
3 -t-r/8, bywritillg3forA,and~8forB,y/AA-BI:=r,
and thence the Square of the greater Part of the Root

3+r
-,

thar is,

2,

3 -1

a.nd the Square of the lefi -

, that

k-1.
Therefore the Root is I + 42.
Again, if you are
to extra&t the Root of 432 .- V24, by putting g32 for A,
-- and theme
and 424 for B, +/A A - BB will = 48,
q32
+
46,
and
?32--I43
---_
-------.,
that is, 31/z and 42 will be
2

the Squares of the Patts of the Boot.

The Root therefore is

418 -$2.
AFtcr the fame manner, if, out of rl~ -/2x VUAxx you
.I__are to extra6 the Root, for A write aa
and for B 2x vaazr, and AA -BB
will z d -4
Whence
4dA.Y + LJ.34) rhc Root whereof is I& - 2 xx.
the Square of one Part of the Root will be AQ2 xx,
and that of the other xx ; and ib the Boot [will be]
x+dad--2.
Again, if you have an+ ~jax--l
--_I_
by writing u a + 5 nx for A, and
26 Jf~~t---x_x,
.2d-//ax+q,~.v
forB, AA,BB
will = G#-I-~~~Gx
3.9 aax.v, whofe Kooc is au + a x. Whence the Square of
the grearer Paft of the Root wi ?1 be /IA + 4 RX, and that of
6;
the ,leffer Part ax, and the Root ~nn -t- 4 axLaflly, if you have 6 + +&--- r/ I 2 - d24,
puttilJg
6 -$= 4%. = A, and --d1&-1/~~
=B, AA---B
whence thegreater Part of the Root is ~3 + ~8,
=8;
that is as above I -I- V2, and the leffcr Part ~3, alld cot&
But where there
quently the Root it felf I -+ 42 -63.
aik niore of this fort of RadicaI ?rrms, the Parts of the
Rockrrj.1~be fooner found, by dividing the ProduQ of dny
awe of the Kadkals by fonle rhird Radical, wlkh [ihall] produce aRational and lntegcr Quotient. For the Root of that
Quotient will be double of the Part of the RON fought. 4s
. . ,I
74
x 412
c2.
?/8x1/24
jn the M? Example,
--:--= $0
1/24

Alld i!?

48

24

ore I$ 1/2, d3

9:

7 6

asabove.
.I

Therefore
Li

412

the Parts of the

Root;

There is alfo a Rule of extra&t@ higher Roots out of

Numeral C$aptities [confiflinp] of two. Parts, whole Squares
are commeniurable. Let there be the C$antity A k-P,. And
its greater Part A. And the Index of the Root to he extraAed c. Seek the leait Number N, whofe Power N, is
%B, without any Remaia+r,
[may te] divided by AAand let the Qnotient be Q.
the nearefi Integer Numbers. Let it be 7. Divide AqQ
by the great& rational DiviTor, Let the Quotient be s, ,and
let _r+f

. the next greateit Integers be [called] t.

in

An9

25
ts3.

drtss

772

will be the Root fought, if the Rapt can IX

3Q
extra tied,
be to be cxtraRed put of.+966 + 25 ; _
~111 be Its Divifors ;
therefore N = 7 and Q = I. Moreover, A + B x 1/Q,
or 4968 + 25, having extratied the former Part of the
i$oot is a little greater than 56, and its Cube Root in the
neareit Numbers is 4 ; therefore r G 4. Moreaver, AdQ,
Gr q9968, by taking out whatever is Rational, becomes
1+
2242.
Therefore ~'2 its Radical Part is S, and
r,
As if;kIvCFRoot

AA-

= 343; and 7, 7,7

2s

or t-

5A

in the neareR Tnteger Numbers is 2.

21/2

is I, and ?Q, ,QF

x.
-+!I, is.1. Th ere fore r&2+ I is the Root fought, if it can
be extraaed. 1 try thereFore by Mhltiplication if the Cyby:
of 21/2+1 be q968+25,
and ic fucceeds.
tz2.

Lallly, fs is

Therefore

2?/2,

vttss-n

I?gain, if the Cube,Roqt is to be extra&ed out of 68~

44374, AA - %% will be T 250, whc& Divifors arc
q-5,5,2.
Therefore N = 5 x 2 t: IO, and ~2 4, \ And

usmeting [or taking out] whar is liatiorlal, becomes136?/1;

v-f-~
Therefore s = r, and -.-,,

7+
or 7

* the nearcfl Inte111

2s

ger J%nnbers is 4 = t. Therefore I s z 4,

and

$4,

?Q=

4-46

z&6,

dttw-n

or $2 j and fo the Hoot to be tryd is

e
$2

Again, if the fifth Root be to bc extra&ted out

of 2916 + 411/3 ; AA - BB will be z 3, and conieu
Qz81,+;;=5,
$=1/c, t=r,
tl=1/6,
quentlyN=3,
vttss--n

z ?/?,

Root to be tryd is

and 7~~
?W-4/3

781,

or $9;

and fo the

$9
*
But if in there Sorts of Operations, the Quantity be a
FraSon,
or its Parts have a common Divifox, extra@ feparately the Roots of the Terms, and of the FaEtors,
As if the Cube Root be to be extraRed out of q/242 - 12 ;f-,
this, having reducd its Parts to a common Denominator,
will become f968 -

25r

Then having extra&ted feparate..

ly the Cube Root if the Numerator and the Denominator,

there will come out

2g2-I
Again,
$2

if you are to ex-

traQ any Root Out of $7,993 +$175+Sr25

Parts by the common Divifor $3,

divide the

and there will come out

71 + d125. Whence the prop&d Qlantity is $3 into

11 + 1/12$ whofe Root will be found by exrra&ing fepaTateJy the Root of each Fatter 33,

and

I I +- f~q.

c 557
of

the Form of nn B&UATION~

QUATIONS,
which are eirher two Rinks 00
Quantiries, equal to one another, or one Rank taken
equal to nothing, are to be confiderd chiefly after two
Ways ; either as the lafi Conclufions to which you come in
the Refolution of Problems ; or as Means, by the Help whereof you are to obtain [other] final Equations.
An &quation of the former Kind is composd only out of one unknown
Quantity involvd with knuwn ones, If the Problem. be
determind, and propofes fomething certain to be found out.
But thoie of the latter Kind involve fevera unknown Quantities, which, for that Reaion, muit be compard among oni
another, and fo conne&d, that out of all there may emerge
a new Equation, in which there is only one unknown
Quantity which we feek; [and] that Equation mud be
transformd moit commonly various Ways, untili ic becomes
the. moft Simple that it can, and alfo like fame of the following Degrees of them, in which x denotes the Quantity
according to whore Dimenlions the Terms,
fought,
fee, are orderd, [or rangd] and p, g, I, I, [denote] ~~~odl_
ther Quantities from which, being known and determind, x
is alfo determind, and may be invefiigated by Methods
hereafter to be explaind.
x

or,

xxz,x

+ q;

x,px + qx-tr.
x*=px3

+9x +rx+s.
&C.

x-p=:o*

xx-px-q=o.
X--pxx-qqx-r=o.
[email protected]:o*
kc.

After this Mannertherefore the Terms of hquations are

to be reducd, [or ,orderd] according to the Dimen~ons of
the unknown Quantity, io that [thofe] may be in the firit
Place, in which the unknown Quantity is of the moit IXmenlions, asx, xx, F, x4, as. and thofe in the fecond
Place, in which [x] IS of the next greateft Dimenfion, and
Co on. As to what regards the Signs, they may fiand any
how ; and one or more of the intermediate Terms may be
+ b 3 = O, or
iometimes wanting. Thus, x 3$ - ~L%x
x 3 z b 6 x - 213, is an Wquation of the third Degree, and
24

0, is an Jquation

of the.fourth De2

gree. For theDegree of an Equation is aIwayi:fftitiared hy

Dimenfion of the unknown Quantity, without
any Regard to the known ones, or to the inrermedrate Terms&
But by the Defe& of the intermediate Terms, fhe fiquation
is moA commonly renderd much more dimple, and lnay be
bmetimes deprefid to a lower Degree. For thus, .Y4 =
qxx $3 is to be reckond an Equation of the CecolldDegree, becaufe it may be refoolvdinto two &quations ,of the
For, fuppofing XX z y, aud y being acfkond Degree.
cordingly writ for xx in that hquation,
there, wiIl come
but in its &ad yy = 9~ + J, an &quatron of the ficond
Degree ; by the Help whereof when y is found, the Aquation x x =y aIfo of the fecond Degree, will grve x.
And there are the Conclulions to which Problems are to
be brought. Rut befnre I go upon their Refolution,, it will
be neceffary to fierv the Methods of trarlsforming and rep
ducitig fiquations into OrJer, and the Methods of &ding
the final Lbquations. I ihaIl comprize the Redutiion of .a
Simple Equation in the following Rules.

the greaten

F there are any Quantities that defiroy one a~

nother, or may be joynd inro 011~by Addition or SubtraCtion, the Terms are that Way to he diminiflrd
[orreducd].
Asif youhave 56-3d+2x=5a+3xF
take from each Side 2 x, and add 3 4, and there will come
.

by ffriking out the equivalent Quantities

2Ab
u 6 = 6, bea

comes 2 - a.
To t&s RuIe may alfo be referrd the Ordering [or Ma-.
tlagement] of the Terms of an Ll!!quation, which is ufuaIIy
performd by the Tranfpofition of the Members to the contrary Sides under the contrary Sign.
As if you had the
Bquation$ 5 I = 8 a + x, you are to find x; take from ea&
Side

c 573.

Side 8 A, or, which is the fame Thing, tranfpofe 8 u to the

contrary Side with its Sign changd, and there will come
Afrer the fame Way, if you have
out Tb---fjd=x.
aa-3ti~~~bPG1)+by,
andyouaretofindy;
tranf66, fo that there may be the Terms
pofe -3ay
and abmultiplyd by 9 on the one Side, and the other Terms on the
other Side, and there will come out II a --a G + Cb = 3 a9
-+ by, whence youll have 7 by the fifth Rule folIowing, viz.
by dividing each Part by 3 cl + b, for there will come out
a* -ab
+ bL
= ye And thus the Equation AIts + a 3
36-t 6
+aaxXabb-zabx-xf,
by due ordering and tranC
- uu
pofition becomes .V1 --_-$X~;;b,
Or x3 + pb
+-;;,=0*

Ru L E II. Tf there is any Quantity by which all the Terms

of the Bquation are multiplyd, all of them muit be divided by that Quantity ; or, if all are divided by the fame
Quantity, all muft be multiplyd by it too, Thus, having
2qab + 2 bx, divide all the Terms by b, and
qbb=
youll have 15 b z 24d + 3 x ; then by 3, and youll have
5 b = 8a + x ; or, having
b,

by c, and there comes out -

Fc-z
-

bGx

= y>

multiply al%

= xx.

RULE III. If there.be a& irred&ible Fra&on in who&

Denominator there is found the Letter [unknowr:], according to whofe Dimenlions the [whole] Equation is to be
orderd [or rangd]. all the Terms of the Equation muit be
multiplyd by that Denominator, or by fome Divifor of it,

-a-x- + b =x be to be orderd [or

d---x
ran&d] according to x, multiply all itsTerms by d - x the
As if the hquarion

and there comes out

*zx
a-x
arCah--bx=ax-xx,
or ab-bx=--xx,
and
tranfpoling each Part [youll have) NXzz bx - a b. And.
a-dr(
b
=J -6, and the Terms are to be
fo if you have
Denominator of the F&Con

orderd [or ran~?j-b;~c?xding to [the Dimeniions of] r,

multiply them
,. . by the Denominator 2cy- cf+ or, at leafi,
I
bY

nator,
t; cc9

k ZJ$

and there will come Out

and

by farther

ordering

r--abb

Afeet the fame manner $-A

muitipfyd by x, becomes aa u-ax=

XX

cc.+

xx,

x,

3Q

bY

being

2nd*bx
cxx

and ~multiplying firR by xx, and then by a -+ t

d+b-d
-4,

~2+--3CY

it becomes

n1bb+aab,~

-+aabbxBy4
-I

RULE IV. If that [parti&lar] Letter, according to whofe

Dimenfiorrs the A?quation is to be orderd [or ran&d), be
involvd with an irreducible Surd, all the other Terms are
to be tranfposd to the other Side, their Signs being changd,
and each Part of the &quation muR be once multiplyd by
Et &if, if the Root be a Square one, or twice if it.-be a Cuhick one, C?C. Thus, to order the laiquation Jdbd li- 4E
,+ a= x according to the Letter ,A!,tranfpofe a to the other
Side, and jlou have dda - xx =.Y - a ; and having
iquard the Parts da---ax=xx-22x+-t-a,
or oz
3
-I__xx..-az,.
that is, xza.,
So affo Jaax+adxx-x3
by ttianfpofing -8 + x,
it becomes
a ;- k, i&l m&ii;lfing

the Plrb

cubically a4x-+2uxx--~=rP3

3axx---

.Y i) or xxX=4ax-aa.

v?T
-=ii

And 5 y e

hap+g iquar?d theParts, becomes,yy qay + J - ~+~y-~~~,

and the Teims being rrghtl y tranfposd [it b ecomes] ay = a
A+Zj$,
Wr 9~ day -yy,
and the l%its beingtigtiin
Qrard ly = ay -yy jand laffly, by tranfpofing 2yy = ay9
r, 2y = A.
Ru L E V. The Terms, by help of the .preceding Rules,
being ,d,ifposd ![OT rringd] accordin, to the Dimenfions ,of
Pome one of the Letters, if the hig%eJt Dimenfion of that
lktter be mhlti@lyd by any kn&vn Quantity, the ChoLe 24%
qgation

in#

@ ditrided by thtit: Qansity,

Thus,

333+ a,
by

by 2, becomes y =: $ ab

by dividing

And

z R,

It

widing by -, becomes x 7 y.
Ad P---C&f
2ac a-2
8 ::,=
0
--ZAC
by dividing by efic-se,
be+ aucc x-A~cc,-.o,

2uC-EC
Dj+al+aac
Pa&--Cc

Xt~--aaX--=--

a3c
=Oo,

263--C
Ru& E VI. Sometimes the ReduBiola may be performd
by dividirlg the Equation by fame compolanded C@antity

b, as is kewn in the Chaprer of.Qivi@a ; 6x there

WI come out yy + 2 cy - b c = 0. But the Hnvention Q%?
this Sort of Divifors is difficult, and is more My taughtz
e&where,
by y -

RULE VIP. Sometimes &2 the R~~s@on is PerZbrrnq

by Extraaion of the Root out of each Part ?f the &uap
Con, As if you have x .v - $ a a - Ib, having extr&edk
the Root on hoth Sides, there comes out x24X + bb trd~~ / f!iZ:Z
If you havexx+aa=
other Side] and there will arife xx 22 ax $ AA-6 E, aflh
extra&ingthe Roots of she Parts .T - A= Sp or - b, oh
x=a&b.
So alfo having xs=~x--Gb,
addoraexh
aa, and there comes Out x.?r--&z + $aa,
Side ---a%+$
bb, arId !xtraEting the ,&pt ,011each Side ~--$a
~$a&=kd$aa--jb,
or x=h: $a~t/$gti--6b~

pie ones. Therefore, having prop&d thS: AZquatiqnyy +

axx
2xX3,
7
+ xx, to exrra& the Root y, compare R- with pt
that is, write x$ for f p, and 5 + x x for $ pp . q, and
dA
there wiIl arice y z=
,I

+ xx.

Afrer the fame Way? the Equation

yg z

with p. and
a)- zcy + au .- c c, by comparing I- 2,~~
*_I__
A&A.--CO with q, will give y=$ti---c
_ Iv ;iaa-ac.
Moreover, the Eiquadratick fiquation x R = - a a x x
whore odd Terms are wanting,
by help of this
.+a,&;,
-._c__
k a/sad + nb iq and extraaRule becomes xx =--$aa
JiaJ+aB.
And
ing again the Koot x = d -$ua&
io in others.
And there are the Rules for ordering one only iEquation,
the Ufe whereof, when rhe Anal@ is fuficiently acquainted
with, fo that he knows how to dlfpofe any proposd Aquaaion according to any of the Letters containd in it, and to
bhtain the Value of that Letter if it be of ant Dimenfion,
or of its greatefi Power if it be of more ; the Comparifon
of feveral squations among one ,another will not be dif&

cult to him, which I am now going CO 9cw0

/
,

HEN in the Solution of any Problem, there are more

AZquations thaIi one to comprehend the, State of the
in each of which there are feveral unknown
C&at1titics ; thofc Xquations (two by two, if there are
more than two) are tci be fo conne&ed, that one.of the un:
how11 Quantities may be made to vanik at each of the
~hus, having
Operations, and di, produce a new Equation.
uations 2x= y + 5, and x=y + 2, by rafiing off
$qd
rf hgs
Out bf equa] Things, ,there will come out
*, .r
;I;
1
: :,
$ ,f ,i
; i:
.$
:
; ,.

theE

c61=I
L = 3, And you are to know, that by each Equation one
unknown quantity may be taken away, and confequently,
when there are as many AZqu$ons as unknown Quantities,
all may at length be reducd mro one, in which there fhall
he only one Quantity unknown. 3ut if there be more unknown quantities by one than there are fl?quarions, then
there will remain in the Equation la0 refulting two unknown quantities ; and if there are more [unknown Quantities] by two rhan there are .&Equations, then in the laft
refulting Equation there will remain three ; and fo on.
There may alfo, perhaps, two or more unknown Quantities be made to vanifh, by only two gquarions. As if
and bx+b~=Lb+az;
youhave AX--L -;aG-aq
then adding EquaIy
s to Equals, there will come out nx +
bX= Ab + Lb, y and z being exterminated. But fuch Cafes
either argue ComeFault to lie hid in the State of 1the Qefiion, or that the Calculation is erroneous, or not artificial
enough. The Method by which one unknown Quantity
may
be [exterminated or] taken away by each of the Aquations, Will appear by what follows,

H EN the Quantity to be exterminated is only of one

Dimenfion in both &quarions, both its Values are
to be fought by the Rules already deliverd, and the ens
made equal to the other.
Thus, putting u + x =b + y, and 2x+y=3b,
thatg
may be exterminated, the firi? ,%quarion will give a +x
-b
= y , and the fecond will give 3 G- 2 x = y. Therefore a + x - L = 3 b - 25
or by [due] ordering x =
p--a*
Jndthus,
or

2x=y,

and 5 +x=y,

give

2x=5$x,

x=gr

And ax--2y=ab,

(=$=-$ and

and

,yy=Gb,

ax--B 2,
give zb

by [due] ordering [the Terms] [x r -

AlfO

bg taking away x, give and by ReduEtion y J

Lafily,
a, give x+y

(-2)

z-ai,

orxx+xy=ay.

Thefame is alfo performd by fubtra8ing either of the Values of the unknown Quantities from the other, and making
the liemainder equal to nothing. Thus, in the firA of the
IExAmples, taka away 3 b -. 2 x from D + x -b, and there
qb-a
will remain a+ 3x-q.bzo,
or%=. -.
3

HEN, at leak in one of the fiquations, the C&an?

tity to be exterminated is only of one IIimenfion,
tue is to be fought in that &quarion. and then to be
fubflituted in its &oQm in the other Eqvration.
Thus,
to
having groposd .?zyy z G ;, and ,x~+~y,-~y~a~,
b

e$terminate x, the firA will give - = x ; wherefore

YY
.Oitute in the decond Fi ia the Room of X, aud there comes
ant F
@

+ry

zz bg -

ab3yy-I-b6zo.
But hawing propd

$j

and by RednEtion y 6 -

ayy + aays~~,andyt--y

to take awlay y, the fecond will give y = -ZL-d.

by F +
~a:~t,
Where

a.i7J
into the firff, at!d there come$
fore for 7 H fubltitrrte 7
5-d

in the like manner, having prop&d ff = z; and c y +

tX ==:cc, to take away Z, 1 fubftitute in its Room T

in

the ficond &Equation, and there comes OUTCJ + ~:~zzz ct*

But a P&on ufed eo thefe Sorts of Computations, will
oftentimes ,find fhortcr Methods [than there] by whxch the:
unknown C$zantity may be exterminated.
Thus, having
bbx--bi
azi
if equal Quantities :are
, and x = --,
AX=
t
x- 6
tiultiplyd by Equals, there will come out equal Quantities,
viz. axx = abb, or x^=b.
But I leave particular Cafes of this Kind to be fouzld ,ou%
by the Students as Occafion ihall offer.

l!lEN

the Quantity to be [exterminated or] taken

away is of more thazl one Ditienfzon in both the &

quations, the Valuezof its greateit ,Power mui? be fought in

both ; thezl, if UIOG Powers argnot the fame, the &quation that inirolves the leffer Power muf be multiplyd by
the Quantity to be taken away, or by its Square, or Cube,
@Y. rhat it may become ,of the fame Power with the other
Then the Values of rhofe Powers are to be made
Equation.
Equal, and there will come out a new &quation, where.the
gl;eaM Power or Dimenfion of the Quantity to be taken
away is diminifhd. And by repeating this Operation, the
Quantity will .at length be taken away.
Asifyouhavexx+5Y=3~1y,and2xy~q,~x=4,
to take away x2 the tirfi [Xquatlon] will give X,Y=
-- 5 x + 3yr,

and the fecond xx z ?-?!;x4.

2x7 7

I put

, and .io i is ,.reduzd to

3
only one Dimenfion, and Co may be taken away by whnt
lhdve before kewn, uix;, by a due Red@Xon of rhe Mt
jEguati?r! there- c?nae~
- --._ pu! 911 z E 5 F 2 .~y y 4, 0~.
x -f.therefore

3yy 1-,5,x &

e
,-9yy+4
2y+q

64

1 therefore fubflitute this Value

for

in

one of the Equations firfl proposd, (as in X.1:+ 5 X 7 3 yy)

81~~~ +72Y~
16 + fY-jYY
-t 20
-z3yy.
and there a&es ----

-P
+
boy
+
To reduce which into Order, I multiply
47~

225

2Y-b15

by 4)~ f 60.~3
and there comes out 81y a + 72JY -t- 16 Js PY
+ 40y+675p+300=2y~-kfr%~
-t675JY,
Or
691 4-poyi~72yy3.40Y3316=0.
Moreover, if you have J 5 = x yy -I- 3 X, and YY= XX
-.*y - 3 ; to take away y, I multiply the latter &qwation
by y,
and
YOU
have y 3 =xxy
- x~y - 3y, of as many
Dimenlions as the former. Now, by making the Values of
7 + equal to one another, I have XJ~ -l- 3 x ox XT - x .y
3y;
where j is deprefsd to two Dimenilons,
By t hy1s
therefore, and the moA Simple one of the fiquations fire
proposd yy = .TX - .~:y- i , the Quantity y may be
wholly taken away by rhe fame Method as in the former
Exam pie.
There are moreover other Methods by which this may
be done, and that oftentimes more conciGly. As therefore,
-l-

225,

2x

if YJ=----

be extirpate:,

that y may
extra& the Boot J iu each, as is kewn in the
-1-

7th Rule, and there will come out y c=

andJ =x+

J -i-xx.
a*

Now,

by making tbeie two

Values of y equal, youII have

aud

by

rejetting

the equal quantities

-x I- a.
Moreover,

there wiIl remain Z=

a

x, or xx z a 2, and

to take x out of the &quations x + y + y$

But when tl?r Quantity to be exterminated is of i;, rral

%nenfidns,
Tometimes there is kquird a very la:oi ICJUS
Calculus ro externklce it out Of rhe &pations;
hut tlitri
Ihe Labour will be mwh diminilhd by the fofio>vi;lg Exe
amples made Ufe of ai; Ruks;

Groin s,rk+!~x+
C=O, and fxx+g.v+
h=o.
x
being
exterminated,
there
comes
uut
---..--.
tih-6gzcf x .96 +
Lb- cg x if + GgggcJj:

xczo.

komakl

=: 0;

+bxx+cx+d=o,andfxx+g,k+h
x being exterminated,
theie CO~CS out
~_._..._

ah
-Tf -bgChgdgxgg+cif

ahh

bh-cg-zdf

~Ag-*GgggriffXdf

bfh

zoi.

Jtbeito mny be referred the Extermination of FurcJ

Quantities, by making thcrn equal to any [other] Let-

ters. As if you have $4~ - dn A- Ry= 2 a + S~JY~

by viring t for any, and v for VRG- dy, ard VTfor the
$67~~. youll h:qve the AZquationst - v = 2 a -I-x, tt = dyp
and x jz dyy, our of wl&h taking away
by degrees t, V, and Y, there will refult an fEquation entirely free from Sudity.

VY=ac8-ay,

F T E K tile Learner has been iornc Time exerc&d ilrn

managing ani transforming~qu.~tions, Qrder requires
that he fhou~d try his Skill in brrnging Queflions to an &Jquation. And any @eltion being. oropofed, his Skill is
particularly required to denote all itsf:~nditions by io marry
.Equ.rtious. To do which, he muit firit couiider whether
the Propofitions or Scnteuccs in which it is exprefsd, be all
of them fir ro be denoted in Algebraick Terms, jufI as we
exprefi our Conceptions in L&n or Greek Chard&m. And
if fo, (as. will happen in C&&ions converfint about Numbers or ab&nR Quantities) then let him give Names to
both known and unknown C@ntitics, as far as Occafinn
*requires. And the Conditions thus rranflatcd to Algebrai&
Terms will give as many Equations as are neceiiary to
folve it.
As if there are required three Numbers in coratinual PraFortion whofe Suniis 20, and the Sum of their Squares r4o ;
putting x, J, and Z, for the Nhmrs of the three Numbers,
rGougbt,the QeAion will be rranfldted o.ue of the Verbal to
.qheSymbdicza~Fxprefljbn, as @&ws CT
@8

three Numhers on theft: Conditions :

That tliey Ml
be continually proportinnal.
That the Sum ilmll he 20,
And the Sumofth+Squares
IQ*
.

There are fx+t

x y, z .z

1L.y
, ~
.a.y . r AYIT.-21vA
=,

x-k-j+r,

20.

xx + yv-5-z,c,

,do,

7---T

And fo the @fIioll

is brought to [there] Equatiofrj,

and X,X-k yy -j-to, *
~40,
by
the
Help
wheredf
A;,
y,
and
z9 are to be foud by
=
ille Rules J~l~verd above.
But you tnull note, That the Solutions of Qtwffions are
(for the molt part) lo mu:h the more expedjte agd igtificidl,
hy how fewer ur~knownQuantities you l?ave at firfl. Thus,
ie the C&&ion proposd, putting x for the firrt: Nw$er,
viz.

DZ ~yy,

x-j-z

-ky=2%

and y for the feec/ond,2 will be the third Broportional ;

.Y
which (her1 being put for the tllird Number, I ETing tl!e
@efiion into -CEquhtions,as follows :
The @e/&w

in Words.

Symlvlifaliy,
,

There are foou$t three Numhers in continual IJfopoytiou.

YY
(xpY, X 9

Whofe Sum is 20.

x+y+=

20.

To reiolve this, you muit know there arc [Or lie hid] fea
Vera1Propofitions, which are all thus foulIJ out and lniil
down.
&~pbrnicRJ!y.

In EqIifi.
A M&chant

I
has an E-
-

fidte

v.

Out of which the firfi

Ptar he cqpends IOO 1. .X-

1000

one third.
And the Ircclnd Ye;ly ex- 4x -

by a third 7

&Id $0 the third Year

. expends 100 1. --

400

4x-700
100, or -;
3

,Or ---T---
16x-

2800

--

16x

100, 1----

j700.

j$nd by the reft pins:

likewife one rhird Part

&d
he becomes
3 len.gtll] twice as rich ---a3 at firfi-----I(

Th&eBre
6q.x -

the @$Gon

2*

2x

is brought to this iEquation;

r48qo
-.- _ 2 x, by the Recluttion whereof you arc to

find x~~v~z, Multiply it by 27, and you have 64 xp% r4%~3

fubtraQ s4x, ;rnd [here remairls I o x - I +8on
-54x;
= 0, or IOIE ~~.b;o, and, dividing by IC, you have.
;vE 1480. Wherefore, 1480 1. was his ERate at firff, as
alfo his Profir or Gain fincc.
You fek therefore, {hat to the Solution of QueRidns whicln
only regard &h.imbers, or the abitraRed Relations of Quantities, there is fcarce any Thing elie required than that thg
Problem be tranflated out of the Etiglifi, or, ally 0th~~
Tongue it is progosd in, &t! +c Algcbsaicg! Language,
*
tha<
is,

ii, into CharaZkrs fit to denoee our Cotrc~ptio~~sof the Re;

Rut it may fomerimes happen, that
larions of ~at6tie.s.
the Languly [or the Words] whcrcirr tile State of the C&eition is cxprefsd, may feetn unfit to be turntl into the RIgebraical Language j but making Ufe OF a FCrv Changes,
and attendirrg to the SetrCe rather tha~r the SOUOC~ of the
Words, the Verfiqn wi!I become eafy. T~IUS,the. Forms of
Speech among [feveral] Notions have their proper Idioms ;
which, where they happy, the TrkunIation out of one into
another is not to be made Iitcr:dly, but to be determincl by
the Scnfe. Rut that I may illufirate thcfe Sorts OF Probletns,
and make fkniliar the Method of reducing them to k.quations ; and fince Arrs are more eafily leamd by Examples
than Precepts, I have thought fit to adjoin the Solutions of
the fcllorving Problems.
FROELEM
T.
Having given the SunI of two Numbers
(dj> arid the DifEreme of their Squares (II), to find the
Numbers ?
Lcr the loart of them be C:aIld] x1, the other will be
4 - x and th& Squires ,w.2, and d a - 2 ax + XX the
LMferkce, whereof d n - 2 a.l; is iupposd k. Therefore,
a a - 2 a .Y= 6, and then by Reduftion 4 A - 6 = 2 A,c, or

For Example, if the.Sutn of

the Numbers, or cd,lx 8, aud the Differcrlee ofthe Squares,
b..~.
orb, be 16; Adwillbe (=Pr-I)
z-3 zx,
anc$
ft T.z-z

5,

hOI:LTM
Ii.
To find tl:ree Quantiries, +Y,yz andx;
,tiie Sun3 of any two of whiclr fllall be given.
If the Sum of two OF them, vi+ ,~~andy, IX n ; of s and
z, G ; aId of 2 an:15, c ; there will bc had tlirce, &quatiorrs
to determine the three Quantities
iought, 5, 11,and c, uiz,
8

-j--y

&

d,

.2 3:

Of

/J

and

TZ=: c.

Now,

that

twa.

the uukiiown ~uarni;ks, viz. y and 5 *may be extcrminekJ, take away .e on both Sides in the firfi and fecorrd
&u.3tiorr,arid youll have 2r= u- .z,and z = b-p,
wl~ich
Values fu$litute for r knd z iu the third [&rLuation], and
there will come out ti - Y -\- L - .^czz c, aud by Retlutiid+-b--c
dn x =
and having fomI
,v,, the ./Equations,
;
2

iI 72 eg

PROBLEM
iTi
Jf two PoR-Boys, Aatid B, at 57 Miles
i)ifIance from one another, meet in the Morning, OFwhoua~
A rides 7 Miles in two Hours,, and B 8Mifes i,n three Hours,
2nd B fits out one flour later than A; to find what Num;
ber of M.&s .A will ride before he meets B,
Call that Length x, and youll have 59 - x, the Length 1
Gf Bs Journey. And fince .4 travels 7 Miles in two Hoursj

he will make the Sp.ice x fn !,< Hours, becaufe 7 Miles : 2

2x
I-~OLI~S
: : .I!Miles : - Hours.
in 3 Hours, he wil:defiribe
59 - .Y in p

And fo, l&e Brides 8 Miles

his Space [or ride his Journey]

Hours.

Now, fiuce the DiErence

OF there Tiuucs is one Hour, to the End they may become

1773
eqd, add that DiI%rence to the fhorfer Time --
8
,I
and youll have r + ???-y*
3.5- x.

I 6.Y

-.

= 7,

and by Redutiion

For, multiplying by 8 you have 185 -

Tlren multiplying alfo by 7

YOLI

have 1275 I

is

21x

And, lafllv, dividing by 37,

z 16~4, or. 1275 =37x.
there arifes 3 5 -= .T. Therefore, 3 5 Miles ii the Diflance
that d muit ride before he meets P.
'!

t7tP Jwe

km

gtncrally.

Having given the rVelociti.es] Gelerities [or Swiftneffesj

.oF two moveable Endies, A and R, tcndiog to the fanie
Plak, together with the Interval [Or Ditlanccj of the Places
and Times from and in which they be@1 to move ; to de,
termine the Place they flrall meet in.
Suppofc, the Velocity of the Body A to be fuch, that it
fhall pnis over the Space c in the ,Time f; and of the Body
B to be fichas
ihall pafi over the Space d in the Time g j
and that the Jnterunl of the Placea is c, and h the lotcfval
of. the Times in which they begin to move0

CASE
1. Then if both tend to the fame T%$, [or the,
fame Way] and ,4 be the Body that, at the Begmning of
the Molior;, is hutheft diitant from the Place they tclld to,i
.
(CaE]!

73

car! that Diflanx .v, and fubtraEt from it the Diftan:e e and
theQe will rcmnin x - c for the Diffpnce OF B fion; rhe
Place it tends to. And fince A pal& through the SPKC C
in the Timef, the Time in which it will pafs over the
f
Space x will be,<:,

becaule the Space c is to the Time ,==

as the Space s to the Time

f.72

And k,

fince B paiT& the

Spacc,d in [the Tim:] y, the Time in which it xvi11pa&

.qS-,jje
the Space ?C-e will be L---Now Jince
the DiErence
n
*
of thefe Times is hppofd
6,
that
they map become equal,
a&l /I to the lhorter Time; viz to the Time -f.v if B begins
c
f-x
to move firff, and youll have - i- LIt;: &y,
and by
c

CASE II. If the moveable nodies meet, and :z, as bc;

fore, be made the initial Diffsnce of the movcable Body
A from the Place it is to move to, thrn c -s
41 he the
j.$tial DiRance of the Body B from the fame Place ; and
4%.
J.-Lthe Time in which A will deicribe the Diitancc S, XXI
C

ge-g*?:
the Time in which II will dcfcribe its Diffance
d
E- ,y, To the IeITerof which Times, as above, add the
f x
,DiEcrence 6, vi&,. to the Time .^ if B begin firfi to mov$
C

XAMPLE I. If the Sun moves every Day one Degge,

nrrd the Moon thirteen, and ar a certain Time the Sun be
at the Beginning of Clnccr, and, in three Days afrer, the
Moon in the Beginning of A&J, the Place of their next
following Conjun9ion is demanded. Anfwer in IO+ Deg.
of &rcer. For lke they both are goingtowards the iame
Parts, and the Motion of the Moon, which is farther difhu-tt
eom. the Conjun&ion, hath a later Epocha, the Moon will
cge j-cab
be A, the Sun B, and
the Length of the Moons
--df
Way, which, if you w%e I 3 for c, E for f, d, and g, yo
for e, and 3 for h, will become
I 209

that is, -

I2

13XI%gO+I3%1%3
13 x 1 -1X1

-9

or ICC+ Degrees ; and then add there De-

grees to the Beginning of A&j,

IQ+ Deg. of Caficel-.

and there will come out

EXAMPLE IT. If two Pelt-Bays, A and B, being in

the Morning 59 Miles afunder, iet out to meet each other,
2nd A goes 7 Milts in z Hours, and B g Miles in 3 Hours,
and B begins his Journey I Hour later than 19, it is demanded how fir A will have gorre before he meets B. Anfver, 35 Miles, For frncc they go towar-h each other, and
cge+-cab
A fetsout firff, - .- will be the Length of his Jourq-t
4,
neyl ; and writing 7 for c, 2for f, 8 for n, 3 forg, 59 for
Q, and I for 13, this will become 7X3X59 --I- 7xBxr , that
7x3 -TVr2,n5
is, -5
Or357

PI?~BI.EM VI. Giviq the Poker of any Agent to find

how many hchAgents will perform a given l%ed u in ;t
given Time b.
Let the Power of the Agent be fuch that it can produce
the EffeZI c in the,,Time d, and it will be as the Time d to
the Time G, fa the EfiR c which that Agent can produce
iti the Time n to the EiTefi whi& he can produce in the
Time I1, which then will be y.
one Agent kc to the Efkfi

Again,

as the Effe& of

of all B ; lo that fingle Agent:

to

to all the Agents ; and thus the Number of the Agents win
be $.
.
Tf a Scribe can in 8 Days write I 5 Sheets,
how many fuch Scribes muff there be to write 405 Sheets iti
9 Days ? Anfiver 24. For if 8 be fiibflituted for d, rl; for
EXAMPLE.

ad

C, 405 for a, and 9 for G, the Number - will become

tc
405x8 that is ?Y
or 2$.
G
135
PROBLEM VII. The Forces of feverai Agenta being
given, to determine x the Time, wherein they will joynrly
perform a given Effefi d.
Let the Forces of the Agents +4,B, C be fuppofed, which
in the Times C,f, g can produce the EffeRs Ajb, c refpeaive-

Iy ; and thefe in the Time x will priduce rhe We&

<9

and by Kel
i
duflion x = 4
;+$++
EXAMPLE.
Three Workmen can do a Piece of Work
in certain Times, vie,. A once in 3 Weeks, B thrice in 8
Weeks, and c five times in 12 Weeks. It is dcfired to
how in what Time they can finifb it joyntly ? Here then
are the Forces of the Agents A, B, C, which in the Times
3, 8. I 2 can produce the Effeas T, 3, 5 refpeaively,
and
the Time is fought wherein they can .do one EC% Wherefore, for a, G, c, d, e, f, g write I, 3, 5, I, 3,8, 12, and

a Week, that is,

and 12 Hours Yo
wherein they will
PROBLEM
VIII. So, to compound unlike Mi~tuxes of
two or more Things, that the Things mixd tog&he? m;tp
have a given Ratio to one another,
I

,.

L?

let

c773
= -

40,

and O= 33.

And therefore a,

fore, if tjlere be mixd &- Parts of YPound of the fecond

Mixture, +- Parts of a pound of the third, and nothing of
the firft,
the Aggregate will be a Pound, containing four
Ounces of Silver, nine uf Brafs, and three of Tin,
,PROE L ELI 1.X. The Prices of feveral Mixtures of the
fameThingsj and the Proportions of the Things mixd together being given, told,crerm~nethe Price of each of the
Things mixd;
Of each of theThings A, 8, C, let the Price of the
Mixture &?-j-gF+
1C be , of the Mixture CA-I- h B,
=-/-m C the Price 9, and of t Yle. Mixture fA + KB+ nC the
Prize r, and of. thofe Things A, B, C let the Prices X, 9, z,
be demanded. For the .Things A, B, C filbffirute their Prices
8, y, z, and. there, wili arife the Equations dr -I-gj + 1t
= ?, ex+3y+mz=q,
aildfx+hy+nt=r;
from
whrch, by proceeding as in the foregoing Problem, :there
ocr,--- pd
cL$Pz
zy, and.
will in like manner be got r -PO = t ) -- j
pGp-L_
,I
*,,
1
d
:, ,-X*
>
EXAMPLE.
(he
bought 40 Euthels of V&at,
24 Eafhels. of Barley,, and 20 ~Bufhels of Oats together, for ~5
Pounds I 2 Shillings ( Again, he bought of the, Came Grain
26 Eulhels of Wheat, 30 B~~il~ls of Barley; and $c BuiheIs
ofOats together, for 16 Pounds; And thir.dly, he bought of
the like kind of ,Grain; 2 tiuibels of Wheat, IZO Bushels
of Harley,, and IOO Bufhef s oFOats together, for 3+ Pounds.
Ii is dcnan+d ,at what Rate a Bufhel of each of the Grains
a Bufiel of VCheatat 5 Shilought to be valued; A&&,
lings, of Barley at 3 Shillings, and of Oats at 2 Shillings.
For infiead of &g, r ; e, h, m ; f, lz, n ; p, q, r, by writing
.,rei~eCtively~4b, 24., 20 j. 26, 39, 50 ; 24, 120, 100 ; I$&
~6, and 34, there ariCes a (-cp+dqz26Xr5+--4o
x +-- 26 x 20)
x 16) =,-- ~34;-, and p(--,Am,-~1-40
or;
1ij.80,
a&
$I$
2
c,-=57G,
S
~~--5oq
( =: 1400,
.._ -.
jina
, E..
,

562560~-2Q8003

r$.$--?;-2
-_I

= i.

--

Therefore

a Bushel of Wheat coit

40

$ lk, w 5 Shillings, a Bufhel of Barley & Ib, or 3 Shillings,

ad aBukel OF Oats ik ff;, or 2 Shillings.
PR~RLEM X, There bcinp; given the fpeciiick Gravity
both of the Mixture and the [two] Things mixd, to find
the Proportion of the mixd Things to one another.
Let e be the fpecifick tiravity of the Mixture a,
A the
fpecifick Gravity of A, and I the ipecifick Grayity of B ;
and fince the abfolutc Graviry, or the Weight., is compofcd of
the Bulk of the Eody and the fpecifick Gravrty, n A will be
the Weight of A, b B of B, qnd e A+ e B the Wcighr of
the Mixture Ax
; and therefore n A + b 3 = e A j- e B ;
and from thence 4 A - e A z e 3 - b 3 ; $1-dconlequently
e--&:a--e::A:p.

ExAh$PEE.
Suppoie the Gravity [or $ecifick Weight]
of Gold to be as 19, and of Silver as IO;, and [King]
$&rosCrown as I/ ; and [6+ :a] : : 13 : 3 (e--b : A-C
:: A: 6) : : Bulk of Cioll in the Crown : Buik of Siiver, or

rp3:

31 ( ::

1pxro:

lo[~X~::aXzx&u--e)

: : as the Weight of GJIJ in the Cro~vn, to the %eight of

Silver, and 231 : 3 I : : as the Wright of the Crown to the
Weight of the Silver.
PRODLEM
Xl. If the Number. of Oxen n eat up the
Meadow b in the Time c ; and .the Number of Oxen d eat
up as good a Piece of Pafiure c in the Timef, anii the Grafs
grows uniformiy ; to fixI how many Oxen will eat up the
like Paflure g in the Time h.
If the Oxen a in the ,T?EIPc eat up, the P$use b ; then

by Proportion,

the Oxen -iti in the fame Time c, or the

c 79 3
will eat up the Paffure e ; fUpp&Jg
the Grafs did not grow
, far all] after the Time c. BII~ lince; by reafon of the
Growth of the G&s, all the Oxen R in the Time f can eat
up OIIIYthe Meadow e, therefore that Growth of the Grafi
in the Meadow e, in the Time f- c, will be fo much cs
alone would, be fiificient to feed the Oxen d -. 2
the
bf
Time f, that is as much as would I3fice to feed the Oxen
Jf

-K-E

in the Time b.

And in the Time h-c,

by Pro-

portion, fo much would be the Growth of the Giafs as

would be fufficient to feed the Oxen
df
or tdfhmecah-
--

+AecC,

xh
hfh

to the Oxen. .,,

.and

bdfh -eCflh-bdcf$ecfa
bfh-

.-,

bCh

Add

there

tllis

~nc,eemenb,

will come out

the Number of Oxen which

the Paflure e wiI1 fuflke to feed in the Time P. And Co by

[in] Proportion the Meadow g will fuf&e to f?.ed the Oxen
gGdfh--ecagh .-. - --bdcgf
3 ecfg d duri,lg
-tlie .&me
bcfL-lrceh~-----

Time b.
EFAMPLE. If 12 Oxen eat up 3.f- Acres of Paffure in
4 Weeks, and 21 Oxen eat up ro Acres of like Paiture in
7 Weeks ; to find how many Oxen will eat up 6 Acres in
18 Weeks ? Arlfwer 3 6 ; for that Number wi s1 be found
by fubffituting

in

hdfgb-

ecavh
J

befh

- Gdcgf +
._I__---bcch

ecfg

the Numbers 12, 35 4, 21, IO, 9,$,

and 18 for the $etcers a, ZI,6, d, e, f, g, and h reipefiively ; but the Solution,
perhaps, will be no lefs expedite, if it be brought out from
the firfi Principles, in Form of the precedent literal Solution.
As if 12 Oxen in 4 Weeks eat up 3f Acrc$ then by Pr+
portion 36 Oxen in 4 Weeks, or I 6 Oxen III p Weeks, OII
8 O<en in 18 Weeks, will eat up IO Acres, 011Suppolitiorr
that the Grafs did not grow. But Iince by reafon of the
Growth of the Graft 21 Oxen in 9 Weeks can eat up only
IO Acres, that Growth of the Grafs in JO Acres for thcilaR
5 Weeks wi!l be as much a! would be i@cient to fe+ie; *
7

p3oJ

Oxen, that. is the Excefs of 21 above TG for9 Weeks, ori

what is the fame Thing, to.feed $ OXCII for 18 Weeks, ,
And in 14 Weeks (the Excefs of 18 above the firit 4) the
hcreafe of the tirafs, by Analogy, willIx fUC]J,2s tobe
fnfficicnt to,feed 7 Oxen for T8 VVeeks : Add thefe 7 Oxen,
which the Grorvth of the Grafs alone would fufice to feed,
to &e 8, which the Grafs without Growth a&r 4 Weeks
ArId,.laftly,
if
would feed,. and the Sum rvill be I 5 Qm.
30 Acres f&ice to feed I 5 Oxen for 18 Weeks, then, in
proportion, 24 &res lvould fufice 36 Oxen for the fame
Time.

PR~E LEM XII. i+ving giveu the Magllitudes and Motions of Spherical Bodies perf&Iy elaitick, movitlg in the
Tame rirht Line, and meeting one anorher, to determine
itht;ir Motions after Reflexion.
The Rerolutioll of rhis QueRion depends 011 thefe Conditions, that each I:ody will buffer as much by lie-acrion as
the A&ion of each is upon the other, and that they muIt
recede from each othel; afrer Reflexion with the fitme Velocity or Swifrnefs as they met before it. The!?. Things bciug
fbpposd,: let the Velocity of the Bodies A d
13, be CIand
b refpe&vcly ; and their Motions (as being composd of
thdir Bulk and Velocity together) will be u A ancl b II. And
if the Bodies tend the Qme Way, and A moving more
fwifrly follows B, make x the Decrement of the Motion
A, alld the Increment. of the Motion bB ariling by the
PercuBion ; and the Motions afres Rcflexion tvill bc tiA--.x
aA

-x

bB4-x
- and ->
A
B
whole Difference is = to 4-b
the Difference of the CCTherefore there arifes this tEqu+
Serities before Reflex&m.
aA+z
tion --bB ox
-= a-b,
,and thence by IQ24
H

and bB+x;

duttion

and the Cclcrities

becomes

I 2aAB

2ak?--b&-id

and ----

A-I-B

flexion.,

aA

2bAB

d6j-F

lrtituted for rv in the Celerities

there comes out

aBiII!Z-E
A-i-3

aAAl

\vhick being CuL

bB-+.r
and -u

for the Cet~rity if A,

for the Celerity, of 1p afkr

Re-

at;

But if the Bodies meet, then changing the Sign of 6, &he

B-221B
ah-a
Velocities after Reflexion will be
-,
and
A-I-B

2as44- GA-17 B
--; either of which, if they come. out, by
-----A+6
Chance,Negative, it argues that Motion, after Reflexion, to
tend a contrary Way tb that which A tended to before Reflexion. Which is alio co be underffood of As Notion in
the former Cafe.
EXAMD LE. If the homogeneous. Bodies [or Bodies ,of
the Qme Sort] A of 3 Pound with 8 Degrees of Velocity,
and B a Eody of p Pounds with 2 Degrees of Velocity,
td the ijme Way ; then for ~4,a, B, and 6, write 3, 8$ g,

and 2 ;

aA--nBS2bB
----

ana
(

-4-l-B

24-d.--bA+bB
----

becomes-1

, and

becomes 5, Therefore A will re1

A-kB
turn back with one Degree of Velocity after Reflexion,. and
13 will go on with 5 Degrees.
(

PRoB ~Ehl XIII. TO fid 3 Numbers in continual Proportion, whore Sum kall be 20, and the Sum of their
Squares I 40 ?
Make the firfi of the Numbers =x, and the fecond q y;
and the third will be zy and confequently x + J -j- 2
X
= 20 ; and XX + my + i 3 = 14~~ And by Reduaion
,.Y zio

X+JJ=

0, and x4 f

$,

XX+J~=

0;

Now to exterminate x, for R, 6, E, n, e, f, g, h, in rhe third

Rule, fubAirute refpeaively I, 0, r 7 i- 140, o, y4 ; I:, z

r6coy6 -

13400.y~ = 0, or y=

fhn!t by another Method before, but not fo obviouS as this.

Moreover, to find. X, fubfiitute 6$ for y in the Equation,
and there will arife X,X - I?; $ x
M

+ 42%

82-J

ofwhich

may be x, the other being -.

x

The fame othcrwifi.

Putting the Numbers. X,J, and zr

x

as before ? youll have x + 7 JrU ti 20, or XX tt 2o

A!

-Y

;tl

and extraQing the Root .1:= IO - $J $

for the fir0 Number : Take away
d JOO- roy-jyy

--YYv

this and y Fom 20, and there remains r_r = 10 - $ y .v

--B
And the Sum
the third Number.
IOn- roy--yy
of rI]e Squares arifiug fi~~m th&e 3 Nulitbers is 403
-4o~,
and EO400 -440~ c 140, or, y 2: 6%. And having found the meat] Number 6$, fdditute it f@ y in
will
the fire and third Number abode found; and the firft
becoile 6; + u3.$j and the tl$td 6; ---t/3&, as before.
PROBLE~I XIV. To find 4 Numbers 21 continual Froportion, the 2 Means whereof together make 12, and the 2
Extremes 20.
Let x be the f201ld Number, and I 2---x will be the

by Rcdu@ion z ,t x T2 x - ;o& or x 5= 6 f v%. Which

being found, the orher Numbers are given from thofe
above.
I
PROELI LI .XV. To tind 4 Numbers continualIy proportional, whereof the Sum n is given, anll Calfo] the Sum of
their Squares L.
Ahho we ought &Jr the mofi Part to ieek the Qual)tities
s?quird immediately, yet if there arc 2 rhat are ambiguous,
rhat is, thar involve both the fame Conditions, as here the
2 Means and 2 Extremes of the 4 Prop&tionals) the be0
,way is :o feck other quantities tl!at are not ambiguous,
by

83

by which there may he derermind, as fuppofetheir Sum,

or Difference, or ReQlnale Let us therefore make the Sum
of the 2 mean Numbers?obe I arId rhe ReRangie T, and
the Sum of the Excreules rvill be&--, and the R&angle rr
Now that from hence the&
hecaure of the Proportionality.
+ Nun!-en may be found, m,,ke .y the firfl, and y the fecond,
and ,-wY willbe the third, and A- 5- x he k>urth, and
the Refianglc under t&e MeaIls JJ- yy z r, and thence one?
-.
Mean y &J $- 4s~~ -- r, the other J -3~
)S - d$ J J - Is
Atfo, the ReQangIe under the Extremes
and

thence

one

Ezgreme r

and the other a -

5- .rz -...-- cl-p

2

JJ-2aJ
--cr.

+na
4

The Sum of the Squares of thefe 4 Numbers is

25

J -

$
?ds+ no---qr,
which is = L, Therefore T=tps-az+$na--$b,
which brirlg iubfiituted for r, tht-re cog
Out the 4 Numbers as f~~llow :

--

I-

yet there ~.cx&ls tlte Value Of 5 to be foaund. WhlTe- :

ii&
tore, to abbreviate the Terms, for ekfe Qptit~es
$&cute, and the 4 Proportionals $1 be
!?I. + (J

.and make the ReBangle under the feswd and fourth equal:
to the Sqyale of the third, @Icethis Condition of the qeAia 5on is not yet fatisfyd, and yogl! have .-

j.s

--4gd-

under the firff an< ahird equal to the, S@are of the fecund,
and youll have us-Js
-

+ $45 +-p+~~pq-.~sr

qSL
pQ
3;
p5k2

+ p +-pp. Take?he
firit of thefe E?&ations frolri the
latter, and there will reniain
p s; or g s =
pa + p s. Reltore now y/$ L.- $ s J T$zFd
in the
Place of p, and d$b - 4 SJ in the Place of q, and youll
have

--

J -o/$1?--=-$ss ,-Z&

atid by fqtiaring s~=.,;s-t.

--(fE

$. +aA-+,

4 au-$b,

or SE+--

26

; which being found, the 4 Num-

bers foYg& ;Ire $ven frown what hati been fllewn above.,
PROBLEM XVf. If an annual Penfion of the [Nuniber
of] Pounds 4, to be paid ill the five next following Years,
be bou$t for the ready Money c, to find what the Cdmpound TnterefI of 100 1. pcr.&ratim will amount to ?.
Make I - x the, Compound JntereR OF the Money x foe .
a Year, thatis, that the &loney I to be paid after one Yegr
is worth x in ready Money : and, by Proporrion, the Money a to be paid after one Year ,will be .worth IZx in ready
Money, and after i Years [it will be worth] RXx, and
after 3 Years 4x3, and after 4 Years ux8, and after 9
Years UX.
Add theik 5 Terms, and youll have RX~ +
ax4 -f-ax +axx+

ax =="c, or x' +x*

+x'

+xz

an Equation of 5 Dime&ions; by Help of which

ra
when x is found by the Rules to, be taught hkre&rei, put
x : I :,: IOO : r, and y- x00 will be rhe Compound II&
X--

d?

Of 1001. per Avwm.

Tt is [will be] iufficient to have given ;hefe Tnitances in

@e&ions where only the Proportions of Quantities are td
be dontiderd, without the (ofi~ioix of Linrs : Let us 11~~

the SoIutio~~ of (geometrical Problems.

proceed
to
_

.1

Eometrical Qucitions may be rcducd fometimes; to ,%A

quations with as much E&Z, and by the fame Laws,
as thok we have proposd concerning abftra&ed Q$antities.
AS if the right Line ,4 B be to be cut [or divided] in mean
and extreme Proportion [or Reafon] in.C, that is, To that
BE, the Square of the greatefi Part,
Ihall be equal to the
Re&trtgle BD containd under the whole, and rhe leaf?
Parr ; having put AB= a , and B C=x, then will AC=
A.-F, and XX= rl into 4 -3 ; an &quation which by Re[Vi& F~pre 6.1 .
duRion gives s I, - 4 d + v$F.
Rut in Geometrical [Ca&s or] Affairs which more frequently occur5 they fo much depend on the various Pofiti011sand complex Relations of Lines, that they require fame
farther Invention and Artifice to bnng them.into Algcbraick
Terms. And the it is difficult to prefiribe any Thing in
there Sorts of Cafis. asid every Perfons own Genius ought
to be his Rule [or Guide] in there Operations ; yet Ill endeavour to fhew the Way to Learners. You are to know,
iherefore, that: QueAions about thefame Lines, related after
any definite Manner to one another, may be variously proposd, by making difK:rent Quantities the [&+z]
or
Things fought, from diffeient CD&] or Things given. Rut
of what Data or Qu&a foever the Queffion be proposd,
rts Solution will follow the iame Way by an Rnalytick Series, without any other Variation of Circudlance
befides
the feignd Species of Lines, or the Names by which we
are uI?x! to difiinguifh the given Quantities from thofe
fought.
As if the Quefiion be of an If&rle~ CD D infiribd in n
circle, whofe Sides B C, B D, ad Bafe CD, arc to be compar? with the Diameter of. the Circle AB. This may either be propusd of the InveAigation of the Diameter from
Phe given Sides and Rare, or of the JnvcRigation of the
Bafis from the given Sides and Diameter ; or laflly, of
the Invefligation of the Sides from the given Bafc and Diameter ; but hdweve? it be proposd, it will be reilticd to an
Equation. by the fame Series.of an Analyfis. .[J%le JTgara 7.j
+,
if the Diameter be fought, 1 put AB=x,
CD=@,
and 2j C or B D ;= & Then (having drawn AC) by Teafin
I,: ) ,:QF

p%--,
.OPthe fin~iIar TriangIcs RB C, and CB E,

SiB ~8

be to

BL::BC:BE,
or
x:t::b:BE.
Wwfore,
fiE2:
bb
--.
Moreover, CE is z 1 CD, or to $a j and by reafon of

t&t right Angle CE B, CEq -/-- IF Eg, c B Cq, that is, $ a -+

which fEciuation,
b =bb
xx
*
Qaratity c fiught.
But if the Eaie be fought,
3~ or B D, r 6, Then (AC
fimilar Trrangles ARC and
t : 13E,.

ECrBE,orc:b::
alfo

CE = $CD,

by RedurStion9 will give the

put A Bz c, c D -, x7 and
being drawn) became of the
CB E, there is AB: BC: :
Wherefore 6 E z @ ;

and

or $x. ( And becaufe the AnglcCCE B is

right, CEq --( REq

RCq,

that is, ix*

bJ
Jr c~ G LG;

an Equation which will give by ReduBion the fought Qantity x.

But ifthe Side BCoxBD befought,put AB--,c, CD =A,
And (AC being dra~vn as before)
and BC or RD=x.
by reafon of the fimilar Triangles ABC and CB E, A B
isto.BC::BC:BE,
orc:.v::x:BE.
,~hereforeBE
= y.

Moreover, CT is z

$ CD, or id ; and by reafo~!

of the right Angle C E B, CE q + E E q = 4 Cq,

$au -+

x .i

and the Equation,

---=Xx;

by Rkktion,

that

is,

will
,f

I give the~&.rwrtity iought, uit. x.

You fee therefore that in every Cafe, the C&ulus, by
which you come to the &quaFiorr, is the fame every where
and brings out the Anne .&quation, excepting only that i
have deuoted the Lilies by cl&rent I+tters,,accoiding as 1
And fiom differem
made tllc Dnta ad Qua*/;zu [diE&nt].
Data id. Qm@ there arifes a DivCrlitj in the Redu6tiorl
of the Equation found : For the ReduOion of the ,$qua266
$1order to obrain 2 =

II 87 3

&quation $ n a + ,; = .TN very di&rent

f/c ,cc4-$c.l/cc--na
-

to obtain .?:ti

the Value of BC or RD:

(as IveJJ

bs
as this alio, $ a A-J- ; = 1 b, to bring out c, d, or b, ought;
to be reducd after different Methods) but there was no Diffcrencc in the Inveitigation of rhefe &rations.
And hence
it is that [Analyfls] order us to make 110UiGrence between
the given and fought Quantities. For finre the iame Cornputation agrees to any Cafe of the given and iought (@antities, it is convcnicnt that they fhould be conceivd and
compard without any Difference, that we may the more
rightly judge of the Methods of computing them; or rather it js convenient that you Orould imagine, that the
(&&ion is proposd of thoie [Data and Qm@] given and
fought Quantities, by which you think it is moit eafy for
you to make out your Jquation.
Having therefore any Problem proposd, compare the
Quantitits which it involves, and making 110Difference between the gi;cn and fought ones, co&er how they depend
one upon another, that YOUmay know what [QuantitiesJ
if they are aflumd, will, by proceeding Synthetically, givk
the refi. To do which, there is 110need that you fhould at
firit of all confider how they may be deducd from one another Algebraically ; but this general Contieration will fuf^
lice, that they may be fame how or other dcducd bx a dire8 Connexion [with one another].
For Exnmple, If the C$eition be put of the h>iameter OF
the Circle Jil D, and the three Lines AB, B C, and CD
infcribd in a Semi-circle, and ~~OITL
the rcA given. you are
to find 3 C; at f&l2Sight it is nxinififi, that the Diameter
AD determines the Semi-circie, and then, that the Lines
AB and CD by Infcriprbn determine the Points R and C,
and confequently the C$antity fought B C, and that by a
dire8 Conuexion ; and yet after what Manner B C is to be
had from thcfe Dnm [or given Quantities] is not fo evident
to be found by an ~f~alpfrs. Tlie fame Thing is alfo to. ,be
underflood of AB or C LI if they were to be fought from
the other Dam. [Pi& Fi;gure 8.3 Nay, if AD were to
be found from the given Qauritics A R, B C, and CD, it
is equally evident it could,not be done Syrirhctically ; for
,the Diitance of the Points A and I2 dcfcuds an the Angles
B and
*I

3 anJ. C, and thofe Angles on the Circle in which the given

-Lines rire to be in&:ribd, and that Circle is not given with&
out knowing the Diatnetcr ALL The Nature of the Thing
therefore .reqt;ires, that A D be fought, not Synthetically
but by affuming it [as given] to mike thence a Regreffion)
to the Quantities given.
When you ihall have throughly perceivd the different
Orderings [of the Proxfi] by which the Terms of the QcAion may be explaind, make Ufe of any OF the Synthetical
tMeth&]
by afiming Lines as given, from which you can
form an eafy Procefs to others, the [the Reareflion] to
them may be very dific$t.
For the Computatlor?, the it
may proceed thro various Mediums, yet will begln [origi: nally] from thole [or,fuch] Lines ; and will be foaner performd by fuppofing the QueAion to befiich, as ifit was proposd of thofe Ddtd, and idme Quantity fought that wquld
eafily come out from them, than by thinking of the C$e..
Aion [in the Terms or Sellfeel it is really proposd in. Thus,
in the proposd Example, .If from the refi of the C@mtities
given you-w$re to find AD : When I perceive that it cannot be done Synthetically, buf yet that if it was done fo, I
cbuld proceed in my Ratioanation on it in a dire0 Connexion [from one Thing] to others, I affime AD as given,
.and then I begin to compute as if it was given indeed, and
fame of the other C$antities, +. fome of the given ones,
as AB, B c, or CD, were fought, And by this Method,
by carrying on the @amputation from the C$antities aC
fumd after this.Way to the others, as the Relations of the
Liries [to one another] dire&, there will always be ohraind an- &quation between two Values of fiime one Quul.
tity, whether one of thofe Values be a Letter feetdown as a
[Rcprefentation or] Name at the &ginning of the Work
for that Qpnntity,
and the,othex a Value of it foulId out
by Computation, or whether. both be foun~l by a Computation made after different Ways.
Butwhen youhave compard the Terms of the Queffion
thus genexn2ly, there is more Arc and Invention requird to
find out the particular Conliexions or Relations ofthe I,ines
that &all accommodate them to [or render them fit: for]
Computation.
For thofe Things, which to a Perfon that
does
not fo thordughly confidel; them, may feem to be irnmqliately and by a very near Relation conn&ed together,
when we have a Mind to exprefs that Relation ,,Algebraicdly, require a grcnt deal more round-about Proceeding,
and

_, @cl
oblige you to begin your .Schemes anew, and carry on
yotir Compuration Step by Srep.; asm&y appear by fillding
B C from AD. AB, and CD. For you are only to proceed
by fu:h PropOfitiollSor Enunciations that can firIy be rcprefcnted in AlgebIaick Ter&, whereof in particular you have
fm
from [Ed.]
A&. 19. Prop. + Bask 6. and Prop. 47*
Of the firfi.
In the iirff Place tlm;fore, the Ctlculus may be afiffed
by the Addition and Subtrafiion of Lines, fo that from the
Values of the IJarts you may find the Valuesof the whole,
or from the V&c of the whols and one of the Parts you
may obtain the Value of the other Part.
In the fecond Place, the Calculus is promoted by theP~Oportiotlality of Lines ; for we fuppofe (as above) that
the R&angle of the mean Terms, divided by either of the:
Extremes, gives the Value of the other; or, which is the
fame Thing, if theValues of all four of the Proportionals are j
firff had, we make an Equalitylor :Ejdrtidn] berwcen th&Re-
Aanqles of the Extiemes and Means. Butthe ProportionalitP
of tines is, belt found OUTby the Sinjlarity of Triangles,:
which; as it ia known by the Equality of their A!@es, the
AnaIyA ought in particular to be converfanr in comparing,
them, an:1 confequently not to be ignorant of Eucl. Aop. $,,
13,,1.5, 23, an.l 32 of the firR Book, and of Prop.q, 5, %,
j, and 8 of the fixth I;ook, and of die 23, 21, 22,27, and,
3 r of the third Book pf his Elrm. To which al10 may be.
added the 3d Prop. of the lixth Book, wherein, from the
Ijroportion of the Sides is iirferrd the Equality of. the An-
and* e cents. Sometimes likewife the q6 and 37th
I+,
prop. of the third*Book will do the fame Thing.
In the third Place, [the Caiculus] is promoted by the Addition or Subtraaion of Squares, viz,. In right angled Triangles lve add the Squares. of rheleifer Si&s to obtain the :
Square of the greater, or from the Square of the greater Side
Eve &btra& the Square of one of the leifer, to obtain the
SquAu;of the other
on thefi few Foundations (if we add to thetn
Pro/~. I. of the 6th Elm when the E$ineis relatcs.to Super
ficics, as alfo fame Propofirions taken out of the I I tli and:
12th of E&a, when Solids come in Queflibn, the whole
Analytick Art, as to right-lined Geometry,, depends. More?
o+er, all theDifl%ulties of Problems may be, reducd to the
f&
Comp&tion
of Lines oui of I?aYts; Bnd the Si,mildrity
of T!iallgle$i fo that there is,$ &a&on to make Uie. 0E
7,.
OthCl;
and

G 93 J
other Theorems; bccaure they may all be refolvd irito the&
twoi arid confequently into the Solutiulis tha$ lriay be drawn
from tljern. And, ,for an Tn.Rance of this, I lisie fihj+cl
a j&&rn about letting fail a Perpendicular upon the Rnfe
e$ an oblique-angled Triangle, [which is]fi)lvd without
tly Help OF the 47tb Prop. of the fir0 Bo& of E~~cI. But
&ho it may he of [great] Ure IIOT.to bk i,$otarrt of the
mofi fimple Principles or! wllich theSolutior~o of l'roblerps,
dep?nd, and the by only their Help any [Problems] may
6c folvd ;, yet, for &xpe$rion fake,, it will be convenient
~&only that rhe 47th Prof. of the firit GOONS
of Ed dofe
Ufe is moA frequent, hur alfo that other Theorems should .
fometimes be inade Ut% of.
.
& if [for &ample] a, Pesp~ndicul~r being ,lct 611 upon
t&e Bare of an oblique angled Triangle, the Qeflion were
(far the fake of promoting Algebraick Calculus) to find the
Segments pf the Bafe ; here it would be of Ufe to know,
that the Differenceof the Squ,ares of the Sides is equal to
the double Rc&ngle under the Bare, and the Dihance of the
I$-pendicular from the Middle of the @a@..,
If the Vertic.aj Angle of anyTriangle be bifetted, it will
rror,orily be of Ufe co, know, ihar the Rare. may be divi&d
2~ Proportion to the Sides, hut a.lio; Jhat the bifference of
& ReOangles made by the &es; and the Segments of thi:
@a@ is equal to the Square of the Line that bife& the
Angle.
:
If the Prqblem relate to Figures ir$&bd in a. Circle,
thjs Theo&r will frqaently be of Ufe, vi&. rbat in any
q~tiadrilaccral~
Figure- infiribd in a Circle, .the Re&angIe of
the Diaennali is cqusl to the Sum of the Rc-%ni;~cs of Ihe
op@ite Sides,.
The Andyfi may obferve Gveral Theorems of,tbis,Nature
in his &a&e,
and rcferve them for his Life ; but let ]rirn
z.$ethem iparingly, if he can, with equal Facility, or not:
much mote Difficujgy, hammer out the Solution from mom
fimple Principles of Computation.
Wherefore let him take efpecial ,Jdoticc of the,thr& Prirrc~$-x firlt proposd, as being more krrowrr; more dimple, more
.gtenera$ but a few, and yc!: fi.ifhc~ent for all [Problems],
.a& Bet him endeavour to reduce,alj Di&zuftics to them bef&y. others.
&ut tha_t ,th&e Tbeoiemsmay -he accomm&da&d to the
!%Iltti~n70f Jroblerns! the ~%ich&~sSE oft times to, be far@& &M+aEted, ,by prdt?&ing 'OM &me of & Lines $1
iljej
.

e:9 3

tfley cut: others, or become of an afignd bength ; or .&

drawing Lines $aralM or perpendicular from Come &ma&able Point, or by conjoining fame remarkable Points ; as aI@
iometimes by confirur%ng after other Methods, according ap
the State of the Problt$
and the ThForems which are
As for-Example?
made Ufe of to foIve it, &all require.
If two Lines that do nor meet each other, mak9 given An,
gles with a certain third Line, perhaps we, produce @em fo;
that when they concur,20r meet, they fnalI form a Triangkq
whore Angles, and roni equelltly the Reafons of their ,Sides, I
#%a11
be given ; or, if a11yAngle is given, or be equal t.9
any one, we often complet(: it into a Triangle givenin Specie, orfimilar to.iome other, and that by producing fo,@ $
the Linss in the Scheme, or by drawing a Line fubtendine aq
Angie . If the Trhngle be an oblique angied one, we often
refolve it into two ;ight angled ones, by letting !fall a Perpendicular. If the Bufinefs ?oncerm multilaterpl [or many
fideii] Figures, we refolve them into Triangles, by draw+5
Diagonal Lines; and fo in others ; always aiming at t;hrs
End, vie. that the Scheme may be refolvd either into givkn,
or fimilar, or right angled Triangles,
Thus, in the Example proposd, I drasv the Diagonal B D, that the Trapezium
P B CD may be refolvd into the two Triangles; A BD ,a
&$t angled one, and B DC an oblique angled one. [Vi&
Figure
9.3 Then I refolvc the oblique nnn,led one into twp
+$t angled Triangles, by letting fail a Perpendicular from
any of iis Angles, B C or D, upon the oppofize Side ; as from
B upon c D pro:iucd to E,, that 23E may meet it perpen?
dic&r)y.
%ut lil!ce the Angles BAD and B CD make in
the mean while tVr;o right ones (by 22 Prrp. 3 Elem.) ,as
well as B (2 E and B CD, I perceive the Angles B/p
and. R CE to be equal ; confequently the Triangles B CE
And fo I fee that the ComputpY
and DAR to be fimilar.
tion (by aff~ning A r/, AB, and ,?IC as if C D were fought)
may be $us carryd on, v&. A D and nZ6 (by TeaCon ~of
the right angled Triangle A 8 0) Rive YOU B D. ,A&?,,
A B, BD, and B C (by reafon of the fin&r Triaagles
AB$ and CEBj give BE and CE.
BB and BE (by
felon of the right angled Triangle BE D) give ED.; an?
8 P -,E C giyes CD. WI>cnce there will be obtamd an
&quali.on between the. Value of CD fo found out, and t11.e
i[fm@l algebraiik]
Letter that, denarcs it. ,\Vfz may alfo
(and for the,greatefi ,Part it is better ib to do, than to folZpw the yo?k LOOfa; i? one, cc$inued Series) begin;:
3.
.
.-.
._ 2
.

c-92.

J ,:

mpntation from different Principies, or, at, leafi promote

ii:by divers Methods to any one and the fame Conclufi;x~j
that

at

length

rhere

may

be

obt@d

two

Values

alfy

the fame. Quantity, which may be ma3c~eqUal to one another. Thus, AL), AB, and. B C, give B.D, BE, and C E
as before, ; then CD + CE gives E .D ; a@, lafl13, B D,
and En (by reafon of the right anglccl Tnanqle BE .Q)
You might ah-0 v,erp well form tlxComputation
give
BE.
thus, that the Values of thofe Quantities Oxxrld be fought.
bet~~ecn which any other known Relation interceeds, and
then chat Relatiorr will bring it to an Equation.
Thus
iince the Relation betiveen . the Lilies B D, D C, BC, and
CE, is manifefl from the I 2th Prop,, of the fecoud Book of
E~&J, vi;.

$1~

that

BD~---BB~-CD~=~C.DX

CE:

3 feek HL) ~7from the aifumd AD ancl .4 K ; and CE from

the &&nrclRU; A& an,1 fir.
AlId, lnltly, a@ning CD
Jmake BDq-BCq7-CDqs2CDx
CE.
After fucb
Ways, and Jc,d by there Slxts of Conillltatious, y0u ought
always to take care of the Selies of the Analyfis, and of tl?e
Scheme to be conftru6te~ in order to it, at once.
Hence, I beIicve, it mill be manifeR what Geometricians
mean, when they b&l you imagine that to be already done
which is Gmglit. For ma?Gn~: no Difference between the
known and ul>know,n Qantities,
you may airume any of
,them
to begin your Computation from, as nxxh as if all
had [indeeti] becrl kuow~r by a previous Solution, and you
were

no

lorl$cr

to conMr

rlie

Solution

of

the

Irotdem,

but

only the Proof of that Solutioir. Thus, in the firit of.the

, three. Ways of computirlg aIrea?y defcribed, &ho perhaps
AI) be really fought, yet 1 imagine C U to be the ~&anrity fought, as .if 1 had a mind to try whether its Value
derivd from AD will coincide with [or be equal to] its.
Quantity before known. So alfo in~,the two lafi Methods,
3 dont propof, as my Aim, any Quantity to be fought,
but. only follle how or other to b&g out ali &quation from
the Relations
of the l.ims
: Al~tl, for !Zke of that Jjuficlefs
1 a&me aJ1 [the Lilies] AD, A B, B C, and CD a$ ktlown
as
llefs

much
was

as if

(the

to &pire

Qrtff

ion

being

bef%rc

WllWhT fuch and

fo[vd)

fitcll

the

~ufi.!

L1nc.s\vou]J fa-

tisfy the Conditions of it, by [falling iu or] agreeing with

at14 .6quations which the -Relations of the Jaines can exhibttl 1 cnterd up:
the
I?ulinefs
at firfi Sight after this
Way,
and With
fi~di [Sort of] ConfuJtations j but when3
arrive at an .&quat@n, I change my Method, and endeavour
+
!Q

c 93 1
to find the Quqntitj, fought by the Red&on anzI Solution
of that Equation.
Thus, lafily, me oKume often mare
Qantitics as knButn, than what: are cxprcfsd in the State of
rhe QueiIion. OF this you may fee all eminent Example
in the 42~1of the f%llowing Problems, where 1 have affumd
a, b, and c, in the ./Equation a + b x + c .IJ tyy for determining the Conick Se&& ; as alfo the other Lines T, J, t, u,
of lyhlch the Problem, as it is proposd, hints nothing. .For
ybu may affume any Quantities by the Hdp whereofit is
pofIible to come to ;Equations ; only taking this Care, that:
yo+obtain as many Zquaribns from them as you aflume
Qintitics really unknown.
After you have confulted your Method of Computation,.
and drawn up your Scheme, give Names to the Qu1rltitic.s
that enter into the Computation, (that .is, from which being a&nd the Vaiues of oth&s are to & ,derivd, till at
1aR you come to an r&qwGion) clwfing fuuihas involve all
the Conditions of the Problem, and feem accommodated
before others to the Bufinefs, and that ihall render the Conclufion (as fiu as you can guefi) more dimple, but yet no1:
more than whar ihall be W?isient for your Purpofe. Wherefi,re, ,dont give proper Names to Quantities which may be
denominated from Names already given. Thus, from a
whole Line given and its Parts, from the three Si.ies of a
right an$ccl Triangle, and from three or four Proportion&,
fame oneof the IcaR confiderable \ire leave without a Name,
becaufe its Value may be dcrivd fronl the Names of rhe
refi. As in the Example already brought, if I make AD
- X, and A B-;1 a. i denote 8 D by no Letter, becaufe it
is the third Side of a ri$t angled Triangle A B D, and confequently its Value is d.%Fz.*
Then if 1 fay IIC= 8,
fince the Triangles D A B and 23C E are Gmilar, and thence
the Lines .,d,!I : AB : : B C : C E proportional, to three
whereof, wit, to AD, A 8, and RC t@e are already
Nalncs give11; for that reaion I leave the fourth C E Gthout a Name,

and in its room I make We of :

difcoverd

*from the foregoing Proportionality. And fo if DC be cdlect

c, I give no Name to DE, becaufe from its Parts, DC a!ld
CE, or 6 and a! its Valuec + 2
.x
gure IO.]

comes out,

[ride Fi-

But

c 94 3
But while I a& talking of chefe Things,
the Pioblem is
For, after the aforefaid
ahnolit reducd to an Equarion.
Letters
are fit down For the Species of tbearprincipal Lines,
there remains nothi~lg elk to be done, but that out OF thofe,
Species the Values of other Lines be made out according to
a preconceivd Method, !ili after Some forefeen Way they
Aud 1 CaJj fee mxhing wanting in
come to an &quation.
this Care, except that hy [mearls OF] the right angled Triq$es I( C E alld B Q E I cm bring out a double Value of
BE,

7/i&* DCq-

C Eq ;(or

bb CI fit%)

being redwcd, bccnmcs ,@I = + Gb x +

=i,B Eg ; as alfo

2abc.

+-cc

But fince 1 have reckond up feveral Methods for the Solution of this Problem,
cud thafe not much unlike [one
another]
in the precedent
[Paragraphs],
of which thqt
taken from Z7ro~. 12. of .the ieconc! Book of rfx Elm. be..

and youll have B Dq z xx. There Species therefare

BDq -BCq-CCDgZ
62~~
- b1-

a ti, and GE = 7

as befare.

beirlg fubfiitutecl iu & qheorem fQr

2 cD x C E, the
will arifc xx -L

cc = 2;
and after Redu~ion, 9
x
+
2 dfic, as before.
&r &at it ,nnay appear how great a Variety
the& ,is in
the Inveadoll
of Solutions;
alid chat it is not very difficult
for B prdest
~Geomxrician
co light upon them,
I have
&haught fit CO teach [or fhew] other Ways of doing the
fame Thing.
Bnd having dratin the Diagonal B-D, if, $1
room OF the Perpendicular
BE, which before was let fall
from rhe Poirlt B upon the Side D C, you now let fai.1 a Pert
pcudicular
frqm the Point q uporl rhe Side B,C, or frond
the
- .

c 95 3
the Point C UPO~I the Side B D, by which the oblique angled
Triangle
B CD may any .how be refdlvd into two right
angled Triangles,
you may come almoA by the fame MCthocfs I have already defcribd to an &quation. And there
are other Metho& vary different from thefe ; gs if there are
rlraw~l two Diagonals,
AC and B II, B D will be given by
affiming 54 D and A B ; as alfo AC by alfuming AD and
CD ; then, by the known I heorem of Qadrilateral
Fi..
gures infcribd in a Circle, siz. lhar, ADxBC-j-idBx
CD is z AC x B D, youll obtain an Equation.
[Vj&..F&
gwre I I .] SUPPOSE therefore remaining
the Namas of the
Lines A D, AU, B C, CD, & x, d, L, c , B D will b2 z
do .T-

a~, and AC = dw.Fl%~,

by the 47th pro . of

the firfi Elell;-. and tllefe Species of the Lines being fu t fiituted in the Theorem we jufi 11ow mentioond, there will
comeout
~~~+~~E=+/xx-cc
x i/ix--z
of which Equation being fquard and recWd,

TheParts
youJl aga,h

.
that it may be nianifeA after what ManIBut, moreover,
ner the Solutiofis drawn from that Theorem may he thence
reducd to only the Similarity of Triangles,
cr& $H perpendicular to BC, and meeting A C in H, and there will be
formd the Triangles
DC 27, R DA limilar, by reafon of
the right Angles at B, ,a& equal Angles ?b C and D, (by
the 21.3. Ekm.) as alfo the Triangles B CD, B HA [whichare alfo] fimilar, by reafon of the equal A&S both at B,
(as may appear,by taking awajr the common Angle D B R
from the two right ones) as alfo a! D and A, (by .2 I. 3
~/em,)
YOU may fee thcreFore, t&at from the PrOp@&x&
lity B D : AD : : B c : HC; $ere is given the J+le HC ;
as a][o A H from the PropoYti8nahtg B D :~CB : : ..dB
,: AH,
Whence Once A H + H C= AC, you, have an ,&The Ngmes therefore afotefatid qf the Lines reqrlation,
llipilhg,
vi?;. X, a&i
2s alfo the Values of the: Lines 2X
alld BD,

viz.

~.vx~cc

ancI;dx:~-+art,
.rb
portionality
will give HC z - ----+-,
d xx-aa.
CA
Whence,
will gjve AH =t; 4 -L.
dNXcAA
.

the
aad

firit Pri+
the dedond

by IZSOII bf A
4-HC

an
-&qua&n
which (I>y ~mulciplyi~~~ by V,V,x -n a, and IT
fqu;&g)
.will be reJu~d to a Form often defizibd iu tne+
I
preceding~la~cs.
t I;ut that it may yet !Gther appear T&at a Plenty of Solutions may be found, proJul:e R I. and AD rill they meet
in Fj arld the Trim&s
AR F and c.0 F will he Gmilar,
becap& the Angle at F is common,
and the Angles A& F
and CDF (while they compieat
the Angle CD A to two
[Vi&
right ones, by 13, I. and 22, 3 Elcm) nre equd,
F&we I 2:]
MJhereforc, if belides the four Tqrlqs whi&
tqppofe rlx Quellrion., there was given AF, the Proportiorj;
48:
AF.:: CD:CF
would give CF. Alfo AF-,4AD,
wolild give D F+ and the Pyoportion CD : Q F : : A B : 6 F
ivdtifd give B F ; whence (fince B F.- C FZ B C) there
woukl arife an Equation.
But iinc~ there are affhuid two
unknown Qaotitics
as iF they mrere given,
thereremains.
another Equation to be fourid.
I Ict Fall therefore BG at.
rigI?+ @I les qpon A F, and t&e Proportian
AD : A .?I: :
c? willgive.AG
AB:A
; r?rhlclj being had, the Theorenz
viz. that R Fq + z FA.(Y F ABd +
in thC ~,j, 2 Ed.
JIF~ ! ~41 #tic
another ,/Equatioii.
a, 6, c, .x rernail,ing
$herefareas before, and making AF ?y,
you)1 have (bg
,( :
infiff ing on the Steps alrcaJy laid down) ? = C F, y-x
z

--

./I

T,

cc

end fo, if,4 I? and D C are producd till they meet one
another, the Solution will be much the fame, unlefs perhaps
ir be fomebing
eafier.
Wherefore I will fubjoyn another
Specimen of this [ProbBemJ from a Fountain
very unlike
the former, viz. by feeking the Area of the Quadrilateral
and that doubly.
I draw therefore the
Figure proposd,
Figure may be re
Diagonal
B D, that the quadrilateral
Iolvd into two Triangles.
Then ufing the Names of the
Lines-?,

a, b, c, as before,

I find B D z

dx x-au,

and

$a 4 xx-=-aa
(--_ $ A B x B D) the Area of the Triangle
ABD.
Moreover, having let fail B E perpendicularly
upon
CD you11 have (by reafon of the limilar Triangles Aj.72,

BCE) AD:BD
~3c~--aal
B i),
adding

will

:: BC ,: BE,
Wherefore

and

confequently

alfo

BE =

!
a2

(~~~DX

he the Area

thefe Areas,

of the Triangle B CD. Now, by

ax+bc
there will arife dxx -afl?
2x

After the fame Way,

the -Area of the whole QadriIateral.
by drawing the Diagonal AC, and feeking the Areas of the
TrialigIer AC D and ACB,
and adding them, there -will
Figure
again be obtaind the Area bf the Qalirilateral
cx-kba
-------J-

XX--CC.

Wherefore,

by making

there Areas

2.x,

and multiplying
both by 2x,
youll have a.+ + bc
I__
an &pation
which,
s cx $ ba 4%~ -cc,
and dividing by AGIX
- ccx, will be red&d to
ad
fhcForm already often found out; x1 + b b F-+- 2~bc~
-l-cc
a Plenty of SoluCions m.ap
Nence it may appeqr how g
much more neat than 01.
be had, and that Come Ways
thers,
Wherefore,
if the Method you take From your firfi
Thoughts,for
folving a Problem,be
but ill accommodated #Q
Computation,
you muft again confider the Relations of the
Lines, till you lhall have hit on a Way as fit and elegant aq
pofible.
For thofe Ways that offer rhemrelves Zt firfi Sight,
may create iufficient Trouble, perhaps, if ghey are made Ufe
P&: Thus, in the Problem
we have been upon, nothing
equal,

--aa
by fquaring

dXX

L:93

.would hht: been more difficult than to have fallen up011the

,<ollowing Method inRead of one, of. the precedent ones.
[vi& bjgwre r+]
Having let E111LR and C; perpendicu.
Jgr to AD, as aIfo CI to B R, the Figure wrll be refolvd
And ,it may be ken, that AD
into right angled Triangles.
and AB give AR, A? and CD give SD, AD - AR
Alfo AB and AR give B R,
-SD
gives RS or TC,
CD and SD gipe CS or TR, and BR-TR
gives B7.
Lafily g 7: and 7-C give B C, whence an fiquation
will be
obtairtd.
But if tiny one ihould go to compure after this
&ire
hi WOUI~Fa 11 into Iar er [and more perplexd] Algej&i&
Tern% th& kre any o P the former, and more difisult
r& b& b&$t
ib i fiba &qtiarion.
So mu& for the Solution of Probkn~s in right lined Geo&$ryj
~IJ]& it mi) perhaps be iyorth vkhile to note more.
or Pofiriom of Lines exprefsd by
over, that when A~l$s,
~+$s,
ellter the Stare of the Qgeition, Lines, or the Pro..
porti,gIJs of Lines ought to be ufed infiend of Angles, ~j%,
fuch as may be derivd ftom given Angles by a Trigonbmet&I C+rIation
j or f&m which being found, the Angles
$i+ht LtviIl] come out by the fame Calculus.
Several Infiances of which may be feen in the following rages.
As for what belongs to the Geometry ,of Curve Lines,
we ufe to denote rhcrn, either .by defcribing them by the
local Motion of ri ht Line!, or4by ufing Equations
indefi.
IliteIy exprefiing
t fi e Reldtlon
of right Lines difposd [in
order] according to fame certain Law, and ending at the
Curve Lines.
The Antienrs did the fame by the SeBions bf
SoIids, but lefs commodiouffy.
,But ,tht Computations
that
regard Curves defcrihd after the fir0 Way, are no otherwife
As if, ,.4KC be a
performd than in the precedent ?a&~.]
Curve Line defkibd by K the Vertrcal Point of the Square
A ICp, whereof ane Leg AI<~ freely, ffides through the Point
A given by Pdfition, while the other I(? of a determinate
lem!th
is carryd along th +$t Line AD a!fo g+o
by
am. you are to
Foficion
d the Ioint C in which any
right L&e C,D given [alfo] by Polition flrall Cut this
Curve : I draw the right Lines ;A C, C F, whi,ch may repfefem
,the Square in the P9lrtion fought,
and the ReJation 0% the
Lines (without any DiEerence [or Kegad)
ofwfiat
is given
oi fought, or any RcfpeEt had ro the Curve) being confiderd, I ptrccive the Deuerrdrncy of the others upon CFand
any of thcfe four, viz.. UC, BF, ISF, anclAC to be Synthetical, two whereof I therefore affune,
as c pz d, ana
CB

e 99
tZRr;= x;

and beginning

prefently obtain

the Computation

RFed~~-~x,

from thence,

andAB=-y==
Y Al-.X*

x9

by reafon of the right Angle CB F, and that the Lines B F

_
- 8 C : : B C : rl B are continu,4 Proportionals,
Moreover
i%m the given PoGtion at c D CriD is given
which f
therefore call b, there is alfo &en
the reafon of B c to

XK
J aa--=xx

mJtipIyit;g
xJ---

2bdexi
-

an ,/Equation which
by

(by @raring

its Parts an,!

aa --XX>
yii{ bf: reducd t9 this Folq,
-bbdd
xx-2fltn)d.e~
+a+blrd{.
+aaec

Whence,
laitly, from the given ,Quantities f, G, d, and ,c,
x may to be found by Rules hereafter to be grven, and at
that interval
[or Diitance]
x or BC; a right T,rne drawn
paralIe1 to 4 D will cut CD in the Point fought C,
Now,
if we do& ufe .Geometrical l3zicriptions but A$?:
quations to denote the Curve Lines by, the Computations
Will thereby become as much fllorter arid eafier, a.s the gai,kAs if the Intering of thoGe .&quations can make them,
feeion C of the given Ellipfis ACE ,&h the right Line
CD given ,by -Pofition, be fought,
To denote tlte El!ipfis, I
r
take fame known
&qua@
Phqer to it, .a! rx.- .Yx

FI

=; y, where N is indefinitely put for any Part of theAxis

Ah or A B, and J for the Perpendicular
,!Jc or EC terminated at the Curve ; and I apd q are given from the given
Species of the Elhplis.
[Vi& FjgHre I 5.3, Since therefore
CD is given by Pofition,
A D will be alfo given, which
call a ; and B D will be R -x
; alfo the Angle AD C will
.bF given, and thence the Reafon of B D to B C, which call
I to C, and B C (J) will be = eaex, whofe Square
r
Ceda-2eeAx
+
tex;x
will
be
equal
to
IX--XX* And
..
9
~heflce
02

TOO -J

Moreover,
alcho a Curve be denoted by a Geometrica
Deicription,
or by a Se&on of a Solid, yet thence an &quawhich fill1 define the &me
of the
tion may be obtaind,
Curve,
and contiiquenrly all the Difficulties of Problems
proposd about it may be reclucd hither.
Thus, in the former Example,
if An be called X, and
BC y, the third Proporkional

RF

will be y,

wholeSquare,

Together evirh the Square of B C, is equal to C Fq, that is,

ra;

oryaj-

~xyyt=aa*x.

And this

isan

jEquation by which every Point C of the Curve A KC, a4

greeing or correfponding
to any Length of the Bafe (and
ccsnfequently the.Curve it felf), is defind, and from whence
canfequcntly you may obtain the Solutions of Problems progo&d concerning this Curve.
AfIer the fame Manner almoit, when aCurve is not given
in Specie, but prop&d to be determind,
you may feign, an
;.&quation at Pleafine,
that may generally contain its Nathat
true, and afime thrs to denote it as if it was given,
,Siom its Affimption
you can any Way come to AZquations
by which the Affrrmptions may be determind ; &wnpl~
whereof you have in fome ofthe foilowing Problems, which
II have c&&led for a more full IlluAratiou of this Do&he,
r%nd which I now Brockcd to-deliver*

a finite r@h Line BC girlen,

from
d?oJe &ds the two right Lims BA, CA are
drawn with the given Angles ABC, ACB ; to
j&d AD the Hei$h of the Conc~ur~ A, [or
the Point of tbezr Meethg] ahve thegium
Line BC
[Vide Figure
16.)

&ruing

Akc BCZA, and ADzy

; andfincethe
An le ABD
is given, there will be given (frdm the Tab He of Gnes
gents) the Ratio between the Lines AD and B D which.
make as d to ee Therefore d : c : : AD (+y) : BDe WherL
In
,f$n&

23129

and DC,

Manner,

there will $e given

which

mike

&tBD+DC=BC,

as d tolf,
thatis,

ducd by mul)iplying
(dividing

like

by reafon
the .Ratio

betwpen AfF

and youH have D C zz Xa

+ + fr7=a,

both Parts o:;he

by e j-f,

of the given

Equation

Which

re{

by d, and.

becomes J =: ;-t-f-

PROBLEM

II.

The ,Yides AB, AC of the Tridngle ABC being

given, and alfo the BaJe BC, which the Perpendjcular AD [let f#d) from the Vertical
Angle cuts in R, to j%d the Segment.r BD and
/ .
DC. CVide Figure ~7~1
AC=b,
BC=c,
and BD=tti;andDC
&ckx.
Now Cnce ABq-B
Dq (Aa-xx):z
; and ACqD Cq (bb --cc+
zcx-xx)
=A&;
AD
zcx-xxx;
which; bp
you 31 have ar-xx=bb--cc+
E;T&B=,u,

ReduRiqn

becomes

a&---bbj-cc
-2c.

ox

it352 ]
Eut that it may appea hat all the Difficulties of all Pro;
blems may be refolvd by only the Propor;ionality
of Lines,
without
the Help of the 47 of I Ed.
althp not without
round-about
Methods,
1 thought fir to iubjoyn the follows
Qg Sohrtion of this Problem over and above.
Prom rhe
Point z) let fa\\ the Perpcudicular
&rE upon tpe, Side A 13,
and. the Names of the Lines, already given, remau~iq,
youll

baveAB:RD::BD:BE.
(A:x::x--. x8
*

AndBA-BE

$4-D::
Ai:
AB andcoIlfequentlyEAxAB(aa3xC)
q A Dg. And .fo: by reafoqiug about the TriangleAC
r;her;e will he found again ARqz2bbL--cc+zcs=+ax~
aa--bl+cc
$Vheqce you wil! obtain as before x F -T*
2G
;P,R 0 B LEM

111,

D,

e Area and Perim@r* of the @plot g?!gJcd

iangle ABC being gfvh,
to J%L! the Hypetbenufe BC. [Vide Figure x8.)
.
IfiT the Perimeter

J .Tx --yy,
z bit.

-%f5z-?gy

;thetl will 4 q~ /,x q--ys

(EC +AC
+ AB) isx

and the Area (-fACx

Therefore

x + JI +

= fit?.

$helatten of the&

;whetefore

1 write

make B C

be [caZleclJ 4, the kreablt,

=x, and Ac=y

algain the Perimeter

&quations

AR)

w/i<-

j ~heuce
+y +

is $y d/xx--yy
z

4~, and
(.

-gives %/-t,v-yy

..

fy
2bb
--j
Y

in the former fiqua-

eion,

rhar the Afymmetry may .be. taken away 4; and there

2bG
yomes out x + y :,+ y
_- a, Ipr m.uJtiplyiug by y, pnd ordering [the $$.rarion)
yy T a,y -,ay
- 2G.11. Moreover,
&.~n .the Parts of-the former &qyatron 1 take arjiray $+T,
alId there rem&i
d/xx .- yy F d -x ?y,
and Quaring
ahe IJarts to take away .again.the Afymmetry,
khe$e comes
nut x Y - yy ,- da--znx~aay-t-xx-t-zxy-t-yy,
which or;lerd and divided by 2, becomes 17 s ny - xy
-#-aa

c 104 3
ehe Square before found ; and negle8ing
youll

Jdhave 4bb
e

.@d
-0

And this,

GbdbUa+e

zbbd

xx~,2f%------

4b6Q
=aa--

2AX--L

by affirming

d&q---e

the Equivalents;
--t-

I cx

4nf ,for the given Terms

d -. e e ; and by reducilrg

becomes

f&ff--2bbd.

) orx,-

The fame ,$$ation

WOUIJ Have come ou: alfo by reeking
the Leg A B ; for the Sides ,A B and AC are indifferently *
Wherefore if
alike to all the Conditions
of the Problem.
;SC be made =f--

albd
f-

79

and reciproca!ly

fubtraaed from the Perimeter,

a-2
f.a
:

; and the Sum of there 2f

leaves the third Side B(J=

PRoBL,EM~

ET the Altitude CD = A, half the Bafis A R = 8, half

the Sum of the Sides =Z c, and thcjr Semi-difference = 4;
and the greater Side as BC=c Jr z, and the Iefir
AC,
c .- z,. SubtraEc CDq from CB q; ;tnd alfo from ACf, arrd
hence

AD=

will BD = 1/ccF2c<

&--zc%+
;sz--da. I-AD will again zz dcc =+

and
Having
Terms,
Again,
Ct.&t

.-.

+ at --. Ra,
knbtratt

now fquared the Values

-.

z,cz;.+

of AD,

-~

Whet&

bjau

thence
;6,

st;-ag-2b.

and orderd the

..--

therewillarife,bbSct=Ir~~c-Fzctlt-,~o-aa.
by fquaring and reducing into Order,

bbz;z zz bbcc aa
i/

and

alfo 4 B frornB

youll obtain

b-+.,, And r, =: 6

the Sides ate given.

HfZvi7~,~g-ken ;cbe Bflfe A B, nrhd the $fm o~&$&

Sides AC + B C, ad LZ~JTO
the Verticnl A?~gle
C, to determine the Sides. [Vide Figure 20.
Akc the Rafe --I
half the SUTII of the Sides = b, and
half the DiEcGnie =.o, ad the p-cater Si& BC will be
From either of the
= b j- x, and the l&r
A c = b - x.
unknowll A~>gJes A let fall the Perpe~~dicula~
A D to the
oppofite Side BC, and. hy reafon of the given Angle C the&
fuppofe as d to e,
will be given the Ratio OF AC to CD,
El, --e.%and then CD will E Alfo,
by or. 2 Eliw,i
d
*

ACq-

AB4 3 nCq

2BC
and fo you

that

have an Equation

And this reducd,

2bb

is,

-f 2x*-da
-=CD;
&-2x

between

x pccomes =

plrd

t11c VaJues of CD;

-b 2!bL-2zrlblr,
2d+2e

whence the Sides arc given.

If the Angles at tile Ifiafe were fonqht,
the Cor~cIufiora
would he tnore near, as draw E C bifc&ng
tllc given Angle
and meeting the Bare in E ; and A R : AC-t- UC (:.: AE
ml if fro~ri.
:AC) :: Sine Angle A C&T : Sine Angle: AEC;
the Angle n EC, and alfo from its Co tn$:~ler It B EC you
fibtrati $ the Angle C, there will be left tlse Anglrs xl UC
and ant:

ACq---&q-f-ECq
---..---

= CF. Wherefore

lince EC = 5

tit~d having red&d, AD = A/Z A Cq + 2 2 Bq - B C$

Whence, by the by, in any Parallelogram,
the Sum of
Bhe Squares of the Sides is equal to the Sum of the Squares

Reduce any two of the Sides

in E, and let AB = x, and
the Angles are given,
there are
to CE and BE, which, make d to
=f$,

and

BE =

A 6: and D C till they meet

B C=yy and becaufe all
given the Katjos of BC
e and f ; and C E will be

fY
-;I and confequentIy

and

t= 4.
Moreover,
given

A E z x j- fY
7:

the Sum. of ; all the

by Reafon of
the [Ritio or] Reafon

alI the Angtcs @WI, there is

of B Cq to the lriangle B CE,

1 :
_,..

..--,

AD E j which make as m to

cl ; and the Triangle 2~ E

~~~+-2~f*~y+ffy~
will be c
-+ - ------.
Wherefore,
fince thg
am
Area AC, which is the Difference of thofe Triangles,
is;
,adxn:+2nfxy+ffyycdnyy
given, let it be bt, and
am
xvi11 be z b b. And fo you have two L!Xquations, from r[or
by] the ReduQion
whereof all is determin&
[/!a;. The
A!quation

above

gives

=x,

and

by

writing

P
d--*

for
P

drrnd -

x in

there

24CY +d94YY
+ --%fyr -

t t ; and %?rerms
given

the la&

Q,pntity

dqr

being abbre%ed
-h PP

2f9
-- +
p

comes

out

$3JY + ff-y - dnyy

----zr=
by w&ink

ff- .-. 0, and ti

d

p :fox the
it for the

afr

ET the Breadth of the Walk be x, and it? Area d L

And, letting.fajl
the Perpendiculars
AK, 3 L, B Act,
CO, Dp, D Q, n I, from the Poiuts A, B, C, -D;-t.o
the Lines ,E F, FG, G ,I$, and NE, to divide the Walk into
the four Trapezia 1.X, L M, NO, P Q, and into the four
Parallelograms
AL, B ,N, CP, D Z, of ohe Latitude x,:,and
of .the fame Length with the Sides of the given Trapezium.
iLet therefore the Sum of the Sides (A B -j- BC--k CD 4~
DA) sz,$$ and the 5um ,of the Parallelograms
will be

=zbLw,

c IO83
Moreover,
$aving drawn AE, B F, CG, lJ Xl ; he
21 is T AK, the Angle A E I will be = Angle A E I<
k f 1 E I(, or $. D,4 R. Therefore the Angle AE 2 is given,
and confequently the Katio of Al to I E, which make as
i to e, and

I E will be e

Multiply

7,

w f X, and the Area of the Triangle

this irrto 4 Al,

=-a
p
the Triangles
the TrapezL

Jaut by reaion ,of equal Angles and Sides,

4E I and,A E IC are equal, and con~quently
Urn 1.K (E

zTri$ng,

=: Jf.
..

AEI)

Exx

A E I will be

In like manner,

by

putting 3 I; : & F : : d : f, and CN z,

N G ::d:g,and.
DP
: .Q H :-: d : h, (for thofe Reafons arc alfo given from the
given Angles B, C, and II) youll have the Trapezium L M
hXX

and P -scl=----.
d

Wherefore

or JET , by writing
+g

-+ ,!I will be equal to the fodur Trapeziums

~+NO+PQ;

and confequently

(to the whole Walk $1.

fhe Terms by $,
,
k

ydG-t

d/b6dd

Which

-)- f@,

its Root,
hd

p for e +f
II< -b L (llI

x will become

the Breadth

of the

it is eafy to defcribe it.

JE"RoBLEM
~.$%wtathegiven

P!: + 6 x will be equal

A
Equation,
by dividing
ali

and extraE?ing
-*

.!jValk bc,pg thu?!~und,

F?

Xp

Point C, to drnw the right ~,im

,
I
.
RAW CD para]Pel to A .E, and Cfl and E G perpendiculav to AF, aud let AD =u,
c.8 ;=b,
and A F

Fv qs ~14 tb &eq of {he Jriangle

1.
(
.I
t

AEF=cc,

and by
p@R

c
Peaton

of

the

::CB:EG,

&El
---bx

D F : -AF (:

Quantities

thatis;

bX

a-/-x:x::tt:---

.*DCi

will

be

4-l-x

= E

4 -j-x
come

out --

G.

Multiply

bXX

this into

And fo the Equation

2cex

E------,

9 AF,

and

there

will

of the Aiea AE F, which

the Qllamity

2634-2x1

*
1s =GC.

will

109

proportional

being

orderd
--

[righrly]

xx

cc + de& +.accab

2cca

or X= ---.
b
1,
After the Came Manner
a right Line may be &awn thro
a given Point,
which ihall divi& any Trialigle or Trapezi:
um in a given Rario.
]PROELEM

To

XI.

determine the Point, C in t%71:gium right

Line L) .F, from which the rig-h Liues A C
and B C drnwn to rwo other Poim A nnd B
given hy PoJ;tion, Jhd bnva a given LXference. (Vide Figure 25.3
KOM the given Points let fall the Perpendiculars
AD
and 23 F to the given right Line, and mqke A.Z? = /t,

BF--,b,

DF=c,

DC=x,
and AC
and BC=dbb+.vx-x=.

FC=x--c,
let their given Difference
da

LI-j- xx --d

will

---ha+

will=

xx,

Now

be d, AC being greater than B C x

z

Jfi-?-xxL;zT+x

And

fquaring
the Parts ~d+x~+rZd--2ddaa+xx
=bt
and for Abbreviation
+ XX - 2 c x $ c c. And reducing,
fake,
writing
2ee
in&ad
of ,the given [Quantities]
aa
there will come out ee -j-c x= d k
2 ---dd;bb+cc,
And again, having, fquared the Parts ~4 -+
And the &qua&on
2 c:: x $c
x ic = d d h n -j- d d x:x.
beingreduc'd

,t&~2eecXt-e~-aana,
.ddPCC

or

The .ProBlel~ will be refolvd after the fame Way, iP the

Sum of tile Lilies AC and B C, or the Sum of the Difference
or KeCtangIe, or the
of their Squares, or the Proportion
Angle compreherlded by them be given : Or aIf!, if inReac/
of the rie;ht Lirle DC, you make Uie of the Circumference
Of a C&le, or any other Curve Line, fo the Calctllation (it1
this laft Cal?2 ef+cially)
relates to the Lirlc that joyns the
Points A and p,

Ram among the Lines chufe one, as FA, given z>y.Pofition, as alfo another, .Zd, not given by Pofit.ion, and
which is drawn to it, from the Lengrhs whereof the Point
2 may be determind,
and product the other Lines given
by Pofition till they meet .thefe, or be groclucd fiuther out:
if rhere be Oxafion, as yow fee [here-l. And having made
E/f = A-, and AZ = y, by renfon of the given Angles df
the Iri.mgles AEH, there will be given the Rntio of AE
to AH,
add n! 2,

rvhicl; make

as p to (I, and AH

and z N will be z J+
.

$A!
-+ .

will
And

be z

tlldllc~,

f.
(iwe

hy reafon of th!? given Arlgles of tile $riangIc MZ 3 there

is giveu the Ratio of HZ to Iz 2, if rhar be illa~le HS yd ,p0
p pul1

have 25 F =pYA*a
Moreover, if the gitierl EF
E8
be called 4, AF will r d-.x,
and thence, if by .reafon of
&he given AngIes of the Triangle .AFI,
+4F be! made
to AI in the fame Ratio
as p to r, A1 will become
t-62--t-x
22~ ---e
Take this from AZ aamd there will remain
P
,
15

8: IIT 1
]~.&E?*

And by

the Trim&i
Ratio

as

I CZ,

$6~sx-ly

if

you

Z D : : p : I,

to ZC

make

G=

there

will

c;f

in the fame

+ 7-x
.
TN

After

b. AG : AK : : 1: s,
be obtaiud
,Z D =

NOW,

from

the State OF the Queitioa,

[Lines]

ZC

x z

one ; and the ReRangle%f

py y -I- 9 %.Ybe made =gg,

()ther two
quations

if .the Sum of the

SlJ-.SX-+
--.-,
.+

and 2 D, pEi*

be made equal to any given

out

IZ

Angles

--

--Ttwo

make

p, 2 C will become E ---

way,

and Z IC :

YOU

of the giveu

py-ra

732to

rhe fme

if

reafon

for dete:miuiug
nRR
--

x and y.

PYY and by

9Y

youll have two &

By the latter there comes

writing

this

Value

of x

in

the room of that in the former

O,lrPY-~~

th&

?-fig?---rpyy

Equation,
+

there

Jb--fY;

will come

Sn.4x--PrY

=f;
dP9fY

ppq-ppr-mpq
fake,

Abbreviation

writing

and K k for

I_-- ggmns-ggPfir
___. --

Qhy-JrKk,

PPc--PP+---mq
ory=hJrdhh+kk.

by means

of this Equation,

-l- mps
p4+--bv-t-fvJq
h for .-

ppq - PPT- @Jq -t mps

, youll

have

yy =

-+-mYs.
Andfincey
isknown
ngg -PYY = x
the kquation
-

will $vo ,v+ VVlrich is fufficient to determine tl!!!Point e.

After the fame Way a Point is derrrmind [or may be de-
termiud-]
from tvhich other right Lines may be drawn XQ
more or fiwcr right Lines given hy Pdition, I% that the Sum,
or JJif&ence,
or R&angle
of fame of them may be given,
or m:iy lx- made cqwl to the Sum, or Difference, or RetiuygIe of the relt,
or that they may have alay other afign d
,COIlditiOilS*

P R o-

Omplete the Square A B CD, and bifea the Line E F

in G. Then call CB OT CD, a ; E G or P G, b ; and
and CF=x-j-L.
Then
CG, x ; and CE will =x-L,
fince CFq - R Cq = R Fq, RF will z d/,,.$X&KZn
CD E, FBC,
Lafily,
by real-on of the fimilar Triangles
CE:CD::CF:BF,
orx--b:a::n-j-It:

y.~~~~.&~~
~XX+

Order,

And extra&g
comes

4.

Each part of, which Equation

and the Terms that come out being reducd
2da
+

-ix ,t
22117

the Root as in Qadratick

Equations,

there comes out x =

out xx = aa-j-6b+d/C14+4aa6h
x = c/ 6a + b 13

quently

Let CE be 5=:x,

CD z

a,

zaabb
b

; and

dag4-,

gives CE or CF, which,

E or F, fatisfics the Problem.

thus
found,
Point

ax + a b = x--b

Whence

26x-kbb--qa:

being fquard,
into

--6 b -a

confel

And CG being

by determining

and E F = t

ax + a G will

the

; and dF will

hc=:x+b,
and BF~dt/~.t-j-Lb&Jx.-+a~~
then fincc CE : CD : : CF : B F, or x : a : : x + Ir :
+&x~~~~,

there

And

be = x x

dx x .+ 2 I iqTGz.
The Parts of this ,!Equation
being iquard,
and the Terms reducd into Order,
there
I- bb
will come out x4 + 2bx -zanxx12aakx-aatb=oo,
a Eiquadratick
iEquation,
the InvefXgatinn of the Root of
uvhich is mvre difficult than in t.hc former Cafe,
Em it
may

i
may be thus

invefiigated

c g-1.3 1
; put

x4 j-

;-f-u9
2 b x3 _ 2 Al

x!x+

2dab~~+u4,~nnbl-+U4j
and extratiing
the Root ara
both Sides <XX+tx---aa=-+a&a
+&L.
Hence I have an Opportu&y
of giving.
a Rule bor the:
Ele&ion of Terms for rhe Calculus,
vi&;; when there happens to be fuch an Affinity or Similitude
of rhe Relation of
two Terms to the other Terms of the aeftion,
that you
should be obligd in making Ufi of cithey of them to bring
out &quations
exafily alike;
or that both,
if they are made
Ufe of together,
hall bring out the Came Dimenfionons and
the &me Form in the final Equation,
(only
excepting per!
haps the Signs -j- and -,
WI&+ will be eafily [and rea-
dily fern)
then ir will be rhc hefi Way. to make TX of
neit 1 er of them, hur in their room ta chufe fame third,
which ihall bear a like Relation to both, as fuppofe the half?
Sum, or half Difference,
or Perhaps a arean Proportional,
or any ocher Quantity
related to both
indifferently
and
withour a like [before made Ufe of].
Thus,
in the precedenr Problem, when 1 Gee the Line E F alike related to botbr
A B anLi A D, (which will be evident if you alfo draw EF
in the Angle BAH)
and therefore P can by no Reafonbs
perfwadcd why ED should be rather made Ufe of ihan
B F, or 14 E rarher than A F, or CE rather than C F for
the Quanrity fought : Wherefore,
in the room of the Points
C and F, from whence this Ambiguity
comes,
(in the ,former Solution)
1 made Ufe of the intermediate
[Point] G,!
to both the Lines AB
which has or hears] a like Relation
and AD. [7hen from this Point G, I did riot let fall a Per:
pendicular to A Ffor finding the Quantity
fought, be~a~fe
I might by the fame ,Ratio have let one fall to AD.
Ad
a therefore I Ice it fall upon neither CB nor CD, but pr0p03d
CG fog the Qunntiry
fought,
which does not admitof
a
like ; and fo 1 obtaind a Biquadratick
&Equation without
the odd Terms.
I might affo (taking Notice
that the Point G lies irrtbe
Periphery of a Circle drfcribd from the Center A, by the
Radius EG) have let Ed1 the Perpendicular
G K upon the
Diagnnal AIC, and have t$ght
AK or CK, (as which bear
aIfo a like Relation to both AB and A U> and TO F should
have firlln upon a Quadratick
A3quation,
vin. 71~ $eg
+ $61,
making A.K=l,
AC=c,
and +G c;: b. And
there mufi have beer! cre&ed the PerM
AK being fo tound,

Q.

pXl$iClh

r3rq.J

pendicular
KG meeting the aforefaid Circle in G, thro
which CF would pat.
Taking particular Notice OF this Rule in Prob. 5 nnd 4
where the Sides BC and AC were to be derermind,
1 ra.ther fought the $emi-difference
thau either of ttlem.
But
@e Uiefulryzfs ?f this Rule will be more evident from the
following Problep.

k)ROBLEM

XIV.

SQ,to hfc@Se~ the, right L+~e D C of n gi~e7~

&@@
in, the giwen
LXck
Se&ion DA C,
*&at it mzy pafI tbra~dgbEke Poi?G C given
% p@tip
[.Vide Figure 23.1
A F be the Axis of the CuFve, and from the Points
C iet fall to it the hpendiculars
.U@,
GE
CB. Now to determine tl>e Pofition oF the right L&
D C, it may be propoid to find out the Poirlt D or C ; but
fillce thefe are related, and fo alike, that there would be the
j&e @iration
in determining
either OF them, whether 1
&&ye to feek C%, CB, or AB ; or their likes, D G, D El,ol
4 H ; therefore I, lppk afrer a third Poiy,
that regards Ij
and c alike, and,at the came time determInes them,, &d 1
(e5.F to be fuch a Pbint.
NOW
let AE=,a,
EG=b,., DC=c,
and EF=~;
and befides, fin& the R,elatioq,b~tl~cer1,+$,B and B C .
&quation,
1 icippofe, given for determlniag
the $$$
~,+t~on,,let +~B=Y, BC=y,
and FB @I be= x---l +z,
AlldbecauTeGE;EF::,Cq:FB,
FB,nill
agai?,bg,
ET

D,

75.

G, aqd

Therefore,

x -

A,,+ x =<.

TIlefi

Thirjgs

thub laid, down, take away. x9 by the Equation

As if the C&e
expreffes]
tile Curve.

[or

eqryefsd by the J%quation

.therewilI

arife.?

nrkx
;a-

~x=yy,

F-A + k -;y,
+

/Ir-

Y 68

that &,,otes,
be,a

write ;!
and

cxlratiing

WhC?Cr:

being
I

f$q

Parabola

j ,qjd
the Root

it; is cvid&~
k$a.t

that

is the Difference

of the double

Value of y, that is, of the ,Lines + B C and ,.- D H, and

coniequently
(having let fall D I( perpendicular
upon CB)
that Difference is Equal to CK. But FG : GE : : DC :
CK# that is, d/bb $ z,g : 21: : c :-@$$?

+ 4dru

4;~.

And by muhiplying the Squares of the Means, and aIfo the

Squares of the
Extreams into one another,
and &ordering
the ProduRs,
there will arife c =

4bbrz2

-4al7br
xc+
bbrr

4b pz T4;f;cy
9

Tr

an

Equation

of four Dimenfions,
which would have ri&n to one of
eight Dinicniions
if I had ibught either CGj or Cs, or

AB.

d give?3
N any Angle F RG infcribe the Lines AB, BC, CD,
DE, @c. of any the fame Length, and the Trrangks
.A B C, 13CD, CD E, D E F, 0~. will be I$$ieele;, an& confecpmidg by the 32, r:E,wl. the Angle CB D till be =
Angle A + AC B ti 2: PCogle A, and the Augle D C E =
Angie A + A D C= 3 Angle A, and the Angle 6 D F=
A 3; AE Pti 4 Angle A; and the Angle FE G = 5 Angle
A, and fo onwards.
Now; making&
BC; CO, Oc., the
Radii of equal ~ircles, the Perpendiculars B I<, CL., DM,
&. let fall upon AC, B ,D, CE, @c. will be the Smes of
there Angles, and AK, B L, CM, D N, Bc.. will he their
Sines Complement
to a right one ; or making AB the Dithe Lines AK, B L, CM, @c. will be Chorda
ameter,
then work thus :
,&et tll~refore A B = 2t, and A X=x,
iflB:AX::AC:,AL;

&c:

Zi2X:r

x*,
.A

!i

= B t,

ihe Duplication.

AB:~K::AD(sAL-AAB):AM.

C/M, tlie Triplication.

~B:AK::.AE(2AM-AC):AN.
32d
2X
2r:
i 3-----4x:;,YI

-.D &the

z E 0,

2 xx
y-8
Qyadrq$catiou;

the Q$Mq$cation,

divide
And fo onwards.
Now if you would
kto any Number of Parts, pue q for BL, GM,
and youll have J: x - 2 r r = q I for the BifeEtion
sw.v1qr3
for the TrifeCtion;
xxxx-~rrxx
zqr3
for the C&adrifeQion ; XXXX.Y=- ~YIXJ
i== g ta for the Qyinqu$eG3n,
@co

an

Angle

DN, @A
; xxx y
+ zr
+ 5rovy

[IXj-j

pofe A to be the Eye of t)e SpeBator, B the PIace-of

e Comet in the firR Obfervation,
c in the ticond,
in the third ; rhe Inclination
of the Line B D to the
Line AB is to he found.
Prom the Obfervations
therefore
there are given the Angles BAC, BAD ; and confequently
if B fl be drawn perpendicular
to AB, and meeting AC
. and AD in E and F, affiming any how A B, there will be
given BE and RF, vk. the Tangents of the Angles in refpe&tTf the Radius A B. Make therefore ABE a, BE = k,
Moreover,
from the given Intervals [or Dland BF=c.
fiances] of the Obfervations,
there will be given the Ratio
ot BC to B D, which, if it be made as b to e, and D G
be drawrl parallel to A C, fince BE is co B G in the fame
Ratio, and B E was cilld L, BG will,be z e, atld confe-.
Moreover, if you let fall D H pexquently G F r c -c.
pendicular to 23G, by reafon of the Triangles
A B F and
DHF being like, and alike divided by the Lines AE and.
DG, FE willbe:AB::FG
:HR,
thatis,c--l:a::
C.-C:
1 11,

de=--rfC
--HD,
l.J
C-

;leG : Fpf,
r~

that

Moreover,
is,

c-G

FE will be: FB:

: c :: e-c

=E FH;

:s

yh$ch add BF, or c, and 23H will be L sbS

at-ac

Elcb

(or ce&cb

to

Where-

de-dc,

or.

.,
fe-cb

to R) as B H to HD ; that is, as the Tangent of

e-c
the Angle
WD B, or ~9 B IC to the Radius. Wherefore,
F

A is fupposd
. I

to be the Radius,

?I$

will be the

[them into an Analogy]

twill he as e-c
to e -,$,
(or
G F to GE) To c (or the Tangent of the Angle BA F) to
the Tangent of the Angle LB I<.
Say therefore, as the Time bet~eei~ the firA and fecond
Qbfervation
to the Time Lctmen the 64 and third, io the
Tangent
of the Angle B A.5 to a fourth Proportional,
Then as the Difirence
betweerr that fourth Proportional
aud
the Tangent of the Angle BA F, to the DiEerence between
the fame fourth Proportional
and the Tangent of the Angle
BAE, fo the Tangent of the Angle BAF to the Tangent of
&he Angle AB K.

ET A be that lucid Pniur,, and B r the Sphere, the Axis

whereof ,js A?, the Center C, and the Vcrtcx 7; and
R by the. incident Rap, ,and .B D the refraikd Hay ;
and having let,fall to thofe Rays the Perpendiculars
GE 2nd
CF, as alfo B G perpendicular co R D, and having clrawn
BC, make A(,=Jz, PI? or ZIG=, CG=x,
and CII=i,
irid

AG tviil be Ect..-.~,
BG 1 a/rr..-.--xx,~
kB,
.-.rr j and by reafon yf the fimiIar!Triaq+es
2 art---.- 2ax+
,--..

1x9 3
$yiflg

crofi-ways,

f de.2 +
by

and

dividing

by

1 ;/rG,

., *

e x et-r;
will he ,- z +LLZI~+~,
iquaring
and reducing the Terms into Order,
2

zffx=+ffrr

Then for the given fft

--.-.-.-- ----

ZG-2dx

arid
;~t z

write p, and

rr-,ff

4 for the given R + :.-p,

I

and Z,t will be = 2 p~~~~

_----

the
is found ; that is, the Length of dD; and co&quentJy
Point fought D, where the refraRed Ray $ D meets with the
Axis.
QE. F.
Here I made the incident Rays to diverge, and &I1 upon
a thicker Medium ; but changing
ivhat is requifite to be
changed,
the Problem may be as eafiiy reiolved wheq the
Rays converge, or fall from a thicker Medium into a thini
:
.
ner. one:

PROKLEM

XVITI.

it)? n Cone Be cnt by nhy PIme, tojind the, I$gure

the. ,Se@ion. cVi&e Figure 32,]

of

-ET ,AB C be a C&e flandjng oil aa circular Bafe B I!~

and *IE N its;Se&ion fought ; and !et KILM
be
any other S&ion parallel tq the Bafe, a$ meering the fof?
mer.Se&Iion in HI ; and A 3 C a thud S&ion, perpe@icu:
l&y, bifeQing the two fqrmer.itr E kHaltd: KL, aqd the
C;dne in the Triangle
ABC,
and producing
E H till ii
beet AK in D ; and having drawn E P and D G paralkl to
K L,, an$ meeting A,B ,and A,C. in F a$ G; call E Fe a,
ZIG&b,
E-D=c,
EN&x;andHI=y;
ind byreacol!
of +e, fimilar T.riangles. E H,L; E bG, ED- ivi& ba

tx
--e,( Then by rear& of the fitniiar
DH:(cQ.;
Triangles D E F, JJ l3$(,D
E will be : E F : :

t. Dl: : : EW :HL.,zz
I.

llnd f~ + .q in the fecond Figure) 2Y.K

e~. the@0 Figure,
ac+ ax.
pd~~Zf@r,~ 33.1 Laifly, Ike. the Se&on,
i!..,

t 1203
HK%

t-f2 willbc=HIq,

thatis,

46
r~&

>~*.xxJ,,:

UI JJ uation which expr&s the Reldtion between E H (.r) i

and 3 I <J), that is, between the AXISand the Ordmate d ~
the When E l,l4; which fiquation, liice it exprefia an ~
Elltpk UI the firR Fsgure, nil an Hyperbola m the kcond
Pigme, D i3 c~id~t, that that S&loll ~111 be Ellipfical a
Hyperbolicab
Now if ED no whete meets AK, being parallel to it,

t+

H ii will be = E F (d),

=JJ,

an &oattar

and thence :

x (HKx HL)

exptefling a Parabola.

PROBLEM

XIX.

If tbe rrgbt

Line 87 be trrtdd about the Axis

at tbe Dt/?at:te CD, witb a given Inchntinn to the Phe
DCB,
nnd the Sohi
PQUTS,
generuted by tbat Ctrcnmrotation,
bqlcut by ay Plane [as-J INQ+L K, to j%d
tbe Figure of tke Se&on. [Vide Figure 34.1

AB,

ET R HQ, or GHO be the In&ation of the Axit

A B to the Plane of the S&on ; and let L hew)
Co~~fourfe of the rtglrt Lme XT wrth that Plane Draw
DF parallel to AB, and let fall the P~~l~d~ulat~ ~0;
t F. L M, to AB, D F, and H 0, and )om FG and M G,
And having calld CU=r,
CR=b,
HM=r,
and ML
=I,
by reafoo of the gwen Angle GHO, makiig M if
: HG::d:r,

5: will = GH, and I + T = toGl.!ot

F D, Moreover, by tenfon of the gtven Ai@ 5 D F (vie

the InclInatIon of the rybr Lu1e xr tothe
Plane G CD E!
bb + hz-5
dotting FD : FL. : g : b,
= FL, to wl@i
g
dg
Sq& add FGq (DCq, or ar) and rhere wdl come out
hhbb
zbhbez
bbrexx
Hence Tub.
GLy=ar-+
-+
__
gg
d&g +Ys&.
ru@MGq

(HMg--HGq,

01 ix-f&w)

andthere
.win

in this ,!&pxiau
X and J afccnd only to two ~irnekons,
it is Ed i+nt,
rhar the Figure ZNQI,
# is a Conick Se&m.
As for Example, if the Angle /M@G is greater than
the Angle L D F, this Figure will be an Ellifife : but if lefs,
an Hyperbola ; and if equal, either a Parabola,
or (the
Points C and H moreover coinciding)
a Parallelogram.

XX,

PROBLEM

EC

ET

CF=:a,
the Perpel~di,-ular CB =y, AB
_I_BF (daa --yp) : BC-{-CF (?+a)::
EG+GF=(AG+GF)
orAF.
Wherefore

=:x,

EF(z.a):
2ay +

~717

OIY

and

2ad

(=AF=AB+BF)

Now, by multiplying
2dA=

da-yy+

by Jd n -yy

,udaa-yy,
arId by fquaritlg

via -yy,
d)/~ +J,
and ordering
--&+y

~.t:+dw---gy,

them,

there

is made

2ay +

or 2ay+aa+yy=x
the Parts,
there

and

x
dividing

by

comes out y3 -t- 3 RYJ

.+,;vEo.
I

The Jawe

~thrnd~~~

[Vide Figuse 3 6.1

011 B C take at each End B Z, and CIc equal to CF, 2nd

draw K F, HZ, HC, and D F ; whereof HC and D F
meet AF3 and ZK in J4 and Iv, and,upan H 17 let fall

the

$he,Bqr~+di&r
I L 4
gle -$ will be zc f B%F
-,g~GF~GFD=.AMH=MNI=CIL
; and conikqvently the rip;ht-wqled. Triangles KR F, F IFN, FIL I,
aha 11, C xvi11 be fiinilar. Mglie trlierefore FCza., HI
will be : RK (,y)
T&X, and ZC=y ; and 3 N (2~z+jX
-0
.T
. t c : L H : : CZ,~*(y y) : HIq Cx,y-),and ccmfequeotly
From which &Equation ir is eafily in22d,xx---yxx~y~.
&rrd,that this Curve is the Ciffoid of the Antiems, belong;
:ng ,t~ ;LC;rcle3 $Jofe CenTer is A, and its Radius A W.
),,I,
,p q:b

B % EM

xx11

If > rigbz Line ED >f n givenLeqth Jubxendiug the-given Az..le EA D, beJg nmed,
t,ht

its EdD md E nlw&ys rouck_ the.

AD nd Ai? of tl~nt
Angle ; let it be
proposd to &erm~ne the Curvy FCG, mhirb
gny given Point C in thnt right Line ED
Si&s

deflribes,

$CVide Figure 374

RIO M the given Point C draw CB parallel to Ed ;

and make A B =x, 3C=y,
CE=d,
and CD=b,
and by reafon 05 the Ijmilar Trkmgles D C3, DI$ A, EC
iill,~~,:AB::CR.:BD;
that is, ad:x::b:BD=
l;X
Belides, having let fall the l~e~pendicular C Hj by .rear
-.
$n of the given Angle DA ,?Z,or D ZIG and confequendy
df the givern Ratio of the Sides of thi: rightlangled Briangle BCh, youllhaye 1 : c : : RC: B El, md B.H bill, he
ey
I -.

Take away this FromB D,

.

and there ,...

will remain

NOWin the, Triangle R CH, becaufe of

the sight A~lgle B II C, B Cq -

B Hq = C Hy ; that: i$

XIIlil& matter, ilr the Triangle C~X,

;r;:td#X

,yA/N-q

c 23
66Xx1---zbexy -j- eeyy j
and
z --aa
aalrb-66xX
X~Y+-----&--.

Where,

tities are of two Dimenfions,

is a Conick Seaion.
Then
Yr

by, Red&on

fince the
it

ye L= 2,

unknown

Qan-

is evident that: the Curve

theRoor, youll have

extraEting

6 e x 4 6 deeGx--ata;-x~r;
---

in .$.

whcre

& .
0

is e e ,-a 4. But it was

neceffarily g greater LGle
than B H, viz;. the Hypothenule
of a rie;ht-angled Triangle
is greater than the Side of it: ; therefore a is greaicr than k;
and ee - ad is a negativb Quantity,
and ~&x&equ&tly the
Curve will be an Ellipfis.
: -

dical Term,
n:e:

the CoZfLent

: B 5 : B H;

and

of xx

K C iS

PROBLEM

XXII.

,.

rf .the R&r E I3b, forlrri~~~ n $$b~ &&,,%,e $

kwed,
thnt one Leg of it,,,EB,
conpawilly
. j.ubtend.x the r&j-l!tAngle E A& .i~hih tt!wE&
of the other, Leg, B D, dcJ&bes Sowe Crmx
Line, US F D ; to $ndcbh! iini FD, whiclj
~/~aPoint D dcfcsibes; CVide F@re 384
.V$!
I,
ROM
the Point
and
Side AC;
E B = a, and B D =
of the right Angle
~-.yy.

Therefore

+l/irb--yy-

BEA,

D Iet fail theier&ndicuIar

DC to the
making AC=x,
and DC=y,
and
b. in the Triangle B DC, by rdm
at C, BCg is=
BDq -DCq=bb

B C~dmj
; and AB = x by rCafon of ihe fiinilar Triangles

Belidts,

DBC, BD:DC::EB:AB;

tharis,

6:~

::d

: x-

dbb--uy
; therefore t x .- 6 */i?6?
= d y, or
r F ,$ d6 6 -y r. And the Parts being fquard a$
2ahxy +-b-f -6bti.v
and ex~ra&iciag
dtl y red&d 9 y r=
6X---a

aa+bb
kfix kbb dn6zx
tiie Robt y = *
+&~~i&$t;

.?

zq-b6
,,
~bat & Curve is ati Ellipfe;
R2

Whence it; iS

This

x24

This is fo where the AnTIes E BD and ,E AZ are right ;

but if thofe Angles are of any other Magnitude,
as 1o11gas
they are equal,, you m>y proceed thus : [C/i& Figwe 39.3
Let fall D.C perpendicular
to AC as before, and draw D H,
rnaking the Angle l.lEZA equal to the Angle HAE, fuppofe
and HL?
Obtufe, and calling E R = a> 3 R z.: 6, AH=:x,
.
by
reafon
of
the
fimilar
Triallglcs
E
AB,
B
j!
D, B D
==I,

wil]be:DH::EB:AB;
,.

tharis,b:y::a:AB=~,

Take this from AH

and there will remain B H=x--T.

:
Eefides,, in the Triangle D NC, by rcafooil of ali the Angles
given, land confequently the Ratio of the Sides given, affume,.?2 H ro H C in any given Ratio,
fuppofe as 6 to e ;
and fince D H is y,
ex? - -z,
I- b
angle BHD,

BDq

L;ilIy,

by the IZ;

is

BHq+.DHq+

l&m.

in the Tri-

zBHx

NC;

..
and extratiing

the Root x =

Where, when b is greater than G, that is, when e E J Gb is

a. negative Quantity,
it is agam evident,
that the Curve
isan EIlipfi,

ET there be,givcn the Sides AC, SC, and the Rafe

-AB of the Triangle ABC;
&f&t AR in f, and take
on it (being proilucd on both Sides) AF and .4 E equal to
-AL, ard B G an3 B H equal ro B 12 Join CE, CF ;* and
1FrorGCto the Bafe let fall the Perpendicular
CD,
And
--BCg
[email protected],
AJIg+
CD%
tTI
~x>q-dDg
&Gf
.

= ADq

8 C : : ACB C : D 1. Which
ing the Segments of the Bare.
From 1 E, that is, from AC-

DE =.

there will remain

BL+

that is, =

____- 2~4B
BC-AC+AB

AC--B%

F D =

remain

s
or

ACq+zACxAB+ABq--BCq
i

2AR

2J4B

FGxFH

or==.

And fince CD is a mean Proportional

DE and D F,
and E F; and

or

AC, and there

AC+AB+BCxAC+AB-8c

that is, =

between-

and CE a mean Proportional between-DE

CF a mean Proportional
between D F and

E F, CD will be z
J

3 A B, take away D I, and

BCq--Acg-2ACxAz3-ABq~

Take away D E from FE,

-yTF--*

2AB

for determine

-2AB

NExEG
will

is a Theorem

ACx.HExEG
----.---,
AB

fiply CD into

$ A3

~~GxFHxHExEG,
--A

CE

2AR

and CF =

and
_

ACx,FGxFW
J -B-F,

youll

have

the

,MulAiea = $

dFG x FW x HE x E G, But for determining

A, there*come out feveral Theorems :

the Angle

1. As 2ABx
AC: HE x EG (:I .4C:
: verfed Sine of the Angle A.

DE) : : Radius

2, zdBxAC:&GxFH
verfed Cofine of A.

AC:

FD) ::Radius:

3p -2;;rRwlC:
1/FGxFHxHE%EG
Tine of A.
CD) .:: Radius ,. L

(::ALj.

(::

,~~FGXFH:~HEX~G
8 Tangent

of 5 A.

5~1/NE%EG:~~GxFH(::CE:FC)
Cotangenf

(::

CF:

..

CE) ::Radius::
r

::Radius:

of $A.
Q.2dAB

,
j

ffvr

cld

and blotting

out on each, Side -

ff YY.and
Ad

the

Where,
he
x and y $1 the 1*1ftEquation
afiends on1y
to two Dimenfions,
the Place of the Ijoint D will be a Conick i&ion,
and that either an Hyperbola,
Parabola,
or
of w .I:,.~II the
Ellipfe,
as ec - d d + ff, (the (;o-e&:ient
\aA.rSEquation) is greater, equal to, or leis t$n nothmg;

RAW
IV, and parallel to it DA, and E B meetink
VC in A and IL Make VP = a, VA = x, and AQ
=y, and fince the Ratio, of CD to DE is given, or converfely of CD to CE, that is, the, Ratio OE D-4 to EB, let
it,be as d to e, and E B riill

be = 2.
Befides, fince thw
d.
and confequcntIy the Ratio
Angks E VB, E VP are given,
of 8, B to VB, 3et that Ratio be as e, to f, ~rld VB will her:
f$*

Lafktly, by reafon of the fir&Jar Triangles

CPK, EB,: c R : : D.4;

@ion EB+KP:CB-j-VG::

CA: : T/P : VC,

CE B, CDA,,

and by Cotnpo-

DA-+VP:CA-i-VC;

the,

Where, fince the indefinite Quantities .x alld 1 &end Ollly

to two Dimcnfions,
it Mlows, that the Curve VD, in which
and that
the Point D is always found, is a Conick %&on,
an Hyprrholn,
becaufe one o f the indefinite Quantities, viz.
and the Term
c XJ is multi-,
x is only of one Dimenfion,
plyd by the other indefinite one y.

t: I28

,.
_

,_.

XXVI.

~?RcIBLEM

rj two right Lines, A c nd A B> i?Zmy given

&ztio, me drawn ~%rn the two Points A a&
to n third Point C, to
B given in PoJittion,
$nd the Phce Of C, the PO& OfCO?UOwJ&
Vide Figure 43.1
0 1 N AB, and let fall to it the Perpendicular
CD f
and making; A B z A, A D = x,, D Cz y, AC will be

.~.
= dxx=+yy,
BD=a-u,
2d~
+ aa +~JL
42%
G

---.md BC(,dBDq-t

DLq)

NOW

fince there is given

the Ratio of AC to R C, let that be as d to e ; and the
Means and Extremes being multipIyd
togerber, youll
have
e ~XX

+yy

=A

d~t-x~

2ax
-xx=y.

+ aa +yy,

and

Where,

by

I&e--

Gnce x is

Negative,
and affe&cd onlly by Unity,
and alfo the Angie
A DC a right one, it is evident,
that the Curve in which
the Point C is placd is a Circle, viz,. in the right Line A B
take the Points E and F, To rhat
d :c ::AE :BE : : Af:
: SF, and E F will be the Diameter OF this Circle.
And hence from the Converfc this Theorem comes out;
that in the Diameter
of any Circle EF being producd,
having given any how the two Poinrs A and B on this Con.
dition,
that AE : AF : : B E : B F, and ,having draw;1
from thefe Points the two right Lines AC and B C, meet..
ing the Circumference in any Point: C ; AC will he co ~6
in rhe given Katie of AE to BE,-

f=AD)

ex---

L& dm,

dy

or hg=ex.

BD : DC

Letalfo

ky-dy
: : vJdf

: k,-

~fd;f:i--dy
-----,

Jdf

JA-4
---.A.-;

d, and -~-q~

or ky = fd --f

and by Red&ion

EB:EF::h:-:

&.

fbl

--..---.
ek +fh

will be C= D C) =
Therefore

(=

r= 11. Wherefore

JI) =
rake

y + h, then l3 D ; E .B : : e : h, and youll

have, fhe Point iought D.

Ip the given three I?oints join any two of them, as fur&

pofe A and C, a!ld let fall the Perpendicular B E fioln
tlit: third B, to the Line that conjoins A and C, as alfo the
perpendicular
D F from the Point fought D ; and making
a. AC--,b, E B,c,
AFzcc,
and FDq;
and
dEz
+dDg will be =.xx+yy.
FCzb-;x.
CDq (=FCq-+

xx+yy.
EF=x--an,
and BDq
Fy;F
$EB~FaY~.~x,~-2d~?-an+cc~2~~
. k ow, fince AD IS CO CD in a g~vcn Ratlo, Jet 1~
FD9.l

xzlb--2h.~-+

-1-

c 13r 1
111which

dd-ff
and q for ,)

there

$-xX+

f/yy=q

and

z: ;.xx

will

come

cs0j -j-cc

+ dyy;
write

Wherefore,

1)q,x- bbj

and

b x -$

there

will

~Lqx-hbq
,$J

--i-

for i a?.~+
cottie

out

P
-l-aa-!-e~~2aX4-2Cy.~p.

Abbreviation

fake,

a72-

Terms

2rx+zcy+>*x,~

in the latter,

hp--bbq
---P
-

our Gb -

And by the former you have

-t. syy=o.

;-YY,

dd
C.&e, you write p for T*

if, for Abbreviation

c c, and
being

write pn for a *

youll

divided

2mx +

have
by

2c,

Wherefore,

in thhr: Equation

z=Q,

write

for yy

y/j - !!.EY

and

44~k,. : for

bb -

the Square of

having

there

2;

and 2 CR fof bG!

t c n zz 2cy,

ariies
2 bx

ms
p
pd-

...P

-.aud ths
-k n+
, P
.a

: 7 : :.
Yl

--

extraRed

the

Root

x zzz s &

bd
_--m A.
$$-&.- P.Y
and having found x, the Equation
kl
G
Id
-k n r;y will pive y ; and from .Y andr given, that is, AF
and PD, the given Point D is determind.

s a,

PRO-

be

2x--a.

If 1 had made the Qifference oj! the $ides of the Trianle to be d, Lnd the Perpkridicular td be: x, the Worlcivdul~
i ave been fomething neater ; this 14Equa@ at lait con$ng
out, vix,.X ~;24d~d~~48fJ~.
,:
.
)-

.*,

Therefore the Triangles

BCE,
DB C are fimilaq by 8,
6 Elem. and confequently
E B : EC : : BC : DC, that is,
E B : EC: : AR: A C. Draw A Fperpendicular
to CE,
apd by reafon of the parallel Lines AF, R C, E B will be

: E&::AE:FE::(EB+AE)AB:(ECj-FE)

FC.

Therefore by 3, $ Elem. A C is 2 Z: C, that IS, the Hypothen&

of a right-angled Triangle is equal to the Side, contrary to the.19, I Elew. Therefore the Angle ECB is not
a right one ; wherefore it is neccifary ACR fhould be a
right one.
Therefore ACq + BCq =A#?.
But .&ICq =
ABxBC,
therefore RBxBC+BCq==:ABq,
and extrailing

the.

Root

takeBC:AR::I

A DC: f BC j- d$BCq.
1-k-ei
and AC a mean
:-,

,~ROBLEM

Proportib-

and AB: AC:: B C : D C will

to a Txia@e
made OF thefe

nal between RC and /Ii

he continuaIJy proportiolk
Sides.

To wnke tbeTkzrlL~le

Wherefore

&.xX1.

ABC

94 on dk given

SdJ.

AI?, zv@Je ?Grtex C Jhnl P be in the Tight

Line EC givm in PPojtion, ad the Bflfe q~
Arithketicnl Meg betwseq the Szda. [ vid&
Fjgure 4,8.)
T the IMe A+?3 be bife&d in I?, and prod&d till it
nieet !h.k. right Line EC in E, anil let Ml to it the
dicular CD ; and maQng A.B = 6, _F E = G, au&
B C- Al? zz x, Jl C wifE be z cy;k N, AI;= a - x ; and
bythe

I;
1 rl.

13,

Elm.

ECij-+Cq 2- _-.
-kABq =2x+
a4B
F ? 7.2 a7 D.6 F 6 + ,z S, and
z d$aak3xx,
gut by rea-.

B D (=

And confQyntly,
CD (=+fC$f&.$iDq)

foon of rhe given Pofitions of the right Lines CE and A&

the Angle CKD ,js given ; and confequently
fiie Ratio of
II E to CD; whrch, if it Se put as d to c, will give the
P~OPCK~~OIIds:es: b + 2 x : +f$~g~~~q
$eans
and Extremds being multiplyd

V$&xe

by each dther,:

&q

there

W& the iEquation e b + 2 e x z d q g-i>,

the PartS:
where+ beirlg
fquard and rightly o@$cj,
you have QX =
$&

/l-J\

ET fall E G perpendicular
to BF; ml draw E C p&
ralk~ to A D, ad the three right Linesgiven.hy
PO-

=c.

ED=:D,

EF=t,

andHE3=&r.
A B N, E CH,

reafon of the fimilar

Triangles

::flE:ECza~,

and AH:HB::HE:CI-l=fi

Add r;rB,

and

there

comes

12B = It
---.-x + .

H :A B

, Moreover;

F .E CL F D B, E D is :
LnAly, by rhe I2 ami x3;
ECq w EFq
you have -2FC
NEq---Eh
1.-.
f H ; that is,
Yc~?
i

2 Elm.

aaxx

-----c

g?C

(z

6/G) zz

nnxx

ee

I_^

-1__

dc
,4arlXx--eedcc
W.-mcbxj-cbs

Here, for Abbreviatian

;f

+ ;=

k-a;r--bbx;
cc-L,aa---bG

fiakq for ----

--

et
-

r ~~~ 1

bdclxx-eedcc
&, and yoLl?l have ---ebx+ebc

z m.q and ai\

the Terms being multiplyd by x 4- C, there will come out

e6cc
eL6.T
.+adxr-eedc
u-- +,a -- w XX d- w c A. Againi
,d
eb2

ebcc

eedcc

p fl,

alld

p rr,
and XX
Will become ti
-24X+rr,
and x=: q & 2/q q -+ r r. Having Found c br
HE, draw EC parallel to A B,, and take F G : B C : : e : (1
and having drawn F 5 L3, it: ivnll fatisfy the Conditions ok
the QePrion.
for

write

-7-I-T

]p p\.0 B L E M
Jb n Circle

wd7itb
tbe

defiribed

jhm

Rf&ds

CD,

XXXIIT.
the
to

CenterC,

Jr&w

nf~&

Tmpt

j.J B, the P&T whereof P B plzced betwee,~

the right Lines gz-ve?zby PoJItjo73, A P and
*

&I

Jhll

he of n given

Lolgtb.

[Vi@

Fi-

gure To],
ROM the Center C to either of the right Lines give11
by Pofition, as fi~p,po~cto AB, let fall the Perpendicuh
jar CE,
end prnclucc
it till it mecrs the Ta~~gcnt D B in H,
To the fame AD Ict hll alfo the Pcrpcndicular
PG, and
making EA=lz, ECzlr,
CD=c,
RP=d,anci, PGzx,
by reafoonof the fimilar Triangles ZGB, 1BH, youll have

GB (B/d&-xx),:

PB: : CD: CHG

i$C, and jo8~lhnvc

is : GB::

EH:

EB,

E N,

al

G + -&Lz.
Yd d -

4 ddd-xx-k~d.

-f?!..--.

Add

-xx

Moreover,

PG

xx
Moreover,

becaufe of the given Angi PAG, there ir given the Ratio

of P G toAG, which being made :IS k to f, AG will =:
f;.,x

Add E A and B G, and youll have,

laAly,

E B z IC
.-i;
I

ddaa+, idxx

,.

Ldtdy,

IXCilLlk Of

th

&&lag

Triangle~~
CD, E B F, E D : D C : : E F : F B ad nulltiplying the Values of the Means and Extremes il;to one ano.
.-.
c_
/ddna
+ ddxx
----.-,r$xx
ther, c
xd/bb---cc
-~-TX
ee
ddnn-+ddxx

-xx,

or c--x

>Ti>~,2;-------------c~

=xJ6LC
-cc,
and the Parts of the Equation
uld duly difposd [into Order],
+ddcc

-2d&,eacx

-+,Aedgtv4-2cx~

ce

b&lg fquard

+ ddmacc
;z 0.

642 -ce

PROBLEM

xxxv.

HERE
the Arlgfe ,at the Vertex, or (which is the
fame Thirlg)
where the Sum of the Angles at the
Bafe is given, 29. 3. Euclid. has tau~llt [US], that the Locus
[or Place] of! the Vertex is in tile Circumfemce
of a circJe ; but we have proposd the finding the Place when the
Difirence
of the Angles at the B:tfe IS given.
Let the AIF
gle D B A be greater than the h$c
D ,4 8, and let A B F
rhe rzglrt Line R F tncctin~ AD
be their given Diff~retlce,
in F, Moreover, let fall the Pcr~Xmdicuktr D E to h F, as
alfo DC perpendicular to AB, and metitlg B F in G. And
making n B = a, AC= x, and CD =: y, B C will be =
g-xx.
Now he
in the Trint@c B CG there arc giver1
there will be given tile Ratio of the Sides
all the Angles,
BC and G C, let that be as4 to II, and CG will -z?;
EaTseaway this from D C, or 7, and there will remain
z=

d.Y--Ad -t--n%
-!

BcGdea,

becaufe ,!of the fimiIar

DG

Triati-

4
gles

*39
IesBGC,
and DGE, BG: BC:: DG:
riangle BGC, R : d : : CG : B C. And
dd :: CGq : BCq, and by compounding

DE. AndintI&
confequently
dR :
an-\- clrl : da : :
__I<OOCS:1,+
d/I : Q! (: :

BGq : PLy,

and

extra&&g

the

-+--?,
DE = i=-?!!d;1,a
Moreover,
t%ce the, Angle A B F is the I>ifference
of the
Angles BAD ad AB D, aild conrequently
the Angles
B,4 D and F B D are apal,
the right-angled Triangles
CAD ami E B D will be fimilar,
and confequently
the
Sides proportional
(or] DA : DC: : D 6 : DE.
But DC

BC) : : DG : D E,

BG:

Therefore

---

dy-dd+=a.r
DE \va.s= --~--~
Jaa-!- da

-Wherefore

?&ans

dayy--2axyy

+ yy : y : :

dY-6lA -i-ax

daa--22aX-+x,r+-yy:
OF &

4.~3

----., alld the Squares.

daa --Q-2
and Extremes being multiplyd by each other
ddxxyp
+ dry - 2aadxxy

+xxyy+y4

+ 24"lx' + 2ndx)r' $
na-bdd

a"2

aa-!+'.
+ ayy -

au -/- &A, and reduce thofe Terms

Order, and. there will arife

that

come

.-2nady'

Divide

this .&uation

by XX --1

2fi!*3

out into due

+ Jy,
JY and there will
x +

R-

---Cl

rife xx +

zfJx

J$uations

In the

-I- r{Y
-AX+yyzz
D,

where

the

-J
-ldy Y z 0 ; there come out therefore
Solution
j.

Angle

of this

is in a Circle,
FB

is

~-roblem :

tW3

The firlt, y :ti

yj;5. the Place of thePoi0t:

taken on the other Side OF th@

right

T2

be double af the Angle D Q A4. To P M Iel! fall the Per..

pendiculars
AR, SN,
D 0, and bifefi the Angle D M Q
by the right Lilly /I4 s meeting D 0 in S ; and the Triarlgles D 0 Q, SO /2;J will be fimibr j and confequently 0 4
:OJ~::~D:O,S,
ddivi-liq
OQ-0M:QM::
SD : OS : : (by the 3. of the Gtfr ELm.) D M : 0 iw.
Whewfore the 9. of the 5 th E&/B.) 0 Q. - O ~31 zz U M,
&IV making p 13 =: x, 0 D =y, AR 0~ 13A? = b, and PR
or p,3121~, youll have, as in the former !?roblem, 0 M=
CY--.ZrY
-------I

Y--b

and 0 Q =
---, x
Y-+6

and

confequently

0 Q -

comes nothing ; or, which is the ramr: Thing, when one of

the Angles at the 1s.1fe LI Bn is double of the other DA&
For then fl N or b vaniilling,
t!lc &1u:LtL)rr will become
yy = 3X.T -j- zcx-cc.
And from the Conflru?X7n OF this ,iSqu riion there comes
this irleorcm;
j7ide Fkwre 5..1,:] If from the Center CT,the
Afymptotes
being Gs,-C?;
coutainillg the Angle s Cr of
120 Degrees,
you clef?ribc any Hyperbola,
as Dir, wh&
Semi-Axis are CV, CA j prCJLiLvx (;y tCJ fi, fo that lf R
11d T VC, and from A and B you draw any how the
right Lines AD, R II, meeting at: the Hyperbola ; the Angle
BAD will be ME the Angle 2 R .V, but a third Part of the
Angle AD E, which the right Line /I 0 comprel~ends totether with B D ]~roducd. This is to bc underliood of an
Now if the do
Hyperbola that ~~affeesthro the hillt
v,
right Lines Ad and Rd, drawn from the f;une Faints A and
8, meet in the cunjugite Hyperbola that paff~s through 2,
the11

c I!-3
3
then of thofe two external Angles of the TriangLe
Bafe, that at B will be double of that at A.
PKOELEM

at the;

xxxv!rr.

TO dt$:?+6e t2 Cil6k tbroli.qb tmo gieren Points

tbntJlJfd
touch (zGxl31: L&e give73 hy pd~Jt&~
[Vine

Figure

rr.3

ET
k! and B be the two Points,
and E F the rig$~
Line given by Pofition, and let it be reqlnird to defcribe
rcle AB E tho!~gl~there Points which Oral1 touch that:
right Line FE.
JOHI AR and bifc&i it in D. Upon D
ere&t the Ierpcndi~ular
D F meeting the right Lint FE in
F,

ad

the

center

of

rhe

CirCk

Will

fdj/

UpOl]

#.&is

j&j

drawn Line D F, as ruppofe in C. Join therefore CB ; and

on F 22 let fall the kcrpendicular
LE, and.E wi)l be the
Point of C011taEt, and CB and CE equal, as being Radii
of the Circle foughr.
Now lince tlie Points A, B, D, and
F, are given, let D B = R, and I) F= L ; and feek fur D@
to determine the Center of the Circle,
which therefore caLI
x, Now in the Triangle C,D B, becaufe the Angle at .D is
-a right one, you have vm+
DCq, that is, dwa + xx
--CR.
Ah
.DF-DC,
or ~---xzCCF.
Andfince
in
the ri$t-angled
Triangle C F E the Angles are given, there
lvill be given the Ratio of the Sides CF ad CE. Let that:
be as B to e ;

and

C E will

5 x CF,
d

be z

that

is,

eb -.

Ex
Now ?ut [or make] CB and CE (the Radii of
A
the Circle fought)
equal to one another,
and you11 have
CG
Whoie Parts being
the &quation JZ-+
,2^x z q.

Quard and mulriplyd

by d d,

there

=&I - zedx + eexx j or xx z

-

And extraaing

the Root Y z-z .-

ariies
-

2ceh

dad d -j- d d x x

- aand + ee&

dd -

ee

-.

ccb -j- a1/;~zx.

dd-Cl2
Therefore the Length of ZI C, and co~~bq~~er~rly the, Center
c is filulld
from wlli;ll a Circle is to be defiribd through
tllc FojntsA
and B that: friall rouch the right Line FEPRO:

c 145 3
zbQ(jx
zxx.

* E&&iizi~~~~+
dd -ec
Ecpatiori

being eitratied,

,
The

Root

OF r&i&

ii

~dd--~dee~b+ce4d-Add4
- . Therefore the Iengtb
&fqj-OF FC 5 feud.
and confcqnently the Point C, which is the
Center of the Circle fo~q$t,
If the found Value x1, or F C, be taken Sim G, or H Fb
4: =

---

-eefj3-d.JeCbG,~CeaRL-adAcl
___&
da-e;--the fame Equation
which came out in the former Problem+
hr determining
the Length of D C.

there will remain

HC=

PR&E~

xxxrx,

~2 circle th?tVgb
ttiG @iJeT ~Oiki,r9
7uLicb j&all touch n72othcr Circle give72 by PaJ ition. [Vide Problem I I, and I?igure 57i]

TO de~b&?

ET A B, be the tmo Points given,

E M the Circle gib

ven by Magnitude. and Pofition, F its Ceilrer, A B
trcle fotight, pairng through the Point& A and B, an.2
touching the other Circle in E, and let C be its Center. Let
fill the Perpehdiculars CD and FG ro AB being producd,
and draw CF ciitting the Circles in the: Pbint of COlJtati
E, and draw alfo F H parallel to D G, and meetirlg CD in
.?A There being [thus] conffru8ed, make, AD or D 8zz,~~
D G or H F= b, G Pti C, and E F (thE Kadius of the Cirand DC=%;
and CH will be (=,CDcle given) =a,
=X&c,
and
CFq
(=cHqjIJFq) t~r-3~3
FG)

+-cc+66,

PIJC~
CBq (= CDq -+- DBq)
CB or GE =: *c/-T&.

and confcquently

zlxx

4-14

To this

add,

E F, and youll have C E = d + 4x *IS

+ A4 whofe Square
_--dd+d/t;+-.r.r~y2ah/.?r.~:+au,
isrtothevalueofthe
fame C F q found befure, uiz, x .t - 2 c ,x + c c $6 6. Take aa
way from both Sides xx,, and thcrc mill remain d d 4- clA +
Take away mareover
id~,~X+cZn~~c~--bb&icC,r.
-and
there
will
cotie
$t
2
d t&p
+
aa z
CC -b
dd +&?a,
,$b - n n m ,I ;c?- 2 c 8. NowiJ fobr Abbtevlatiol,n
fake, fit
-
cc+,

;C + fib-, d d L Aa, write

agg,

and youll have adda

r 2gg - zx,or d vx .v + 4 a xgg - c 2. And the Parts

of the Equation being fquard, there will come out dd$x
Take from both Sides
%-2gL~c.x+
cc.vx.
qddaarg
ddaa and CCXX, and therewill rcmaiu dd.~x - ccxx =
And the Parts .of the Equation
aggcx.
$ d-dada-being divided by d d -CC, youll have sx z:
$

4--Adna++2ggtx

-.

And by Extratiion

rid -CC
--ggc -\- v$*d d Root Xzz

dddcc

of the affe&ed

cP;z~i
--e

Having found therefore X, or the Length

;4~ in D, ant at D ereti the Perpendicular

of D G bif&
D C =

-ggc
+Wg --nddd
Jr aa . Then from the Center
------d-.--cc
c, through the Point A or 3, defiribe the CirsIe ABE ;
for that will touch the other Circle E K, and pafs throu$
both the Pointg A, BS
Q E. P.

the Circfe to be defcribd be B D, its Center C, and

through which it is to be defiribd,
and
A,!,) the right Line which it Ml touch; the Point of Con.
tatt D, and the Circle which it fllall to&h GE My it-s Center F,, and its Point of Coma& E. Produce CD to Q,, fo
that D Q flrall be x E F, alid through Q draw 8 N parallel to AD.
Laftly, from B and F to AD and QA?, let
fall the Perpendiculars B A, FiV J and from C to A,B al:rld
FIV, let fall the Perpendiculars
CK, CL.
And fince BC,
CD, or AK, BK will be (=z11113--.4.K)
=AB--BC,
and confequcntIy B Kq z A Bq - AB x R C .+ B Cqv SubaraQ this from 13Cq, and there will remain 2,923 x BCAB q for the Square of CI<. Therefore A B ~2 23c - ~3
.r---___..
$z
c,Kg ; pi _for
Reafcm
FC-FN=
- I_
--. -the
_..-_fd:arW
- .._ ...-...,._- -FN I X 2 ._!&?,
ET

B a Point

e 147 3
c 5 2;

and confequently

~p.7~

2 F C.

CL,

c~+AB=~BC,

&q$fh$+

Wherefore, if for A B, CK, F JV, K L, and

you write a, y, b, c, and \G-y,

youll have :-J + 2 a G

Now, ,(F.$he Poinrs where F A7 being producd cuts the righr:

kine A D? +u$the Circle G E A4 be markd with the Letters
;H G, and /M, and upon HG prod&d you take Hi? - A B,
fince .U N (Z D Q = E F) is = G F, by adding F Han both
Sides, youlihav,efN
= G H, and confequently A B -.. FN
&GR, and AB-FN+
~EF; thatis:
(= HR--GH)

a -1

+ 2EF&if?~,
_.

Wherefore,
,YY - Rd

and $A-

4 a, if this be wriften fq

j!?2 youll have $ Ip M

Call therefoyc

2b

$,?A?.

Ej?was Z=

fince aboyc

--2cY-i--Y-Y~

Ez

$3 + EFz

RMd,

and

2d

cc-22tj4-1Y
will be y-&---T

yp
m-...--II

X/iult~pIy all the Terms

by a and ZJ, and tk,re will arifianbd=acc---zacy

-f- ny~
?Gyy.
Take alyay from both Sides BCC-. 2 ncy;
a@!
there will remain abn--ncc+
zacy=agy-bgr.
Divide by a -b,
=

YY-

And

at@ there will

e&&q

4 aatd -abbd

+aGcc

vad-2Ab+bP1
.abbrcviatecl;
make
at.nd fe.-fc-/-2fy
,Having
found
djmLfc;

tl!e

J,

'

arife

Root

Which

c:b::d:e,

&C

2 T FL

Concll,liions
then

willbe=yy,
or KC, or

abd -acc$2f3cy
a- bk
&nay be thus

a-b:a::c:f;

orj=fL-l/ff+fc--fca
AD,
take A? z f -\-

and at D ercR the Perpendicular

BC,!
.,Perval C B or C D, defsribe

and from the Center

DC (ti

C, at the In3

the Circle B D ,E, for this pifinq

u2

thrn ., -1

&rough the giwen Ppint B, will tot+

the right Line ~0 Q
Q E. F.
D, and the Circle G E M in E.
Hence ally a Circle may be defcribd which fhalI touch ,
two given Circles, and a right Line given by Pofirion. [vide
Figwy~ sy.1 For let tha. given Circles be ff T, SV, th&
Centers
B F, and the right Line given by Pofition p Q.
From the Center E, with the RaJius ESc B R, defiribe the
From the Poinr 4 to the right Line P Q let
circle E&l.
$3 the Perpendicular B P, and hav+g producd i; to 4, fo;
that PA fhjll be = E: R, through A draw AH parallel to
S8,
a,nd defcribe a. Circle which fhall~afs through th@
Point ,B, and toych the right Line &B and the Cirqlc E M,
let its Center, be 6; join BC, cutting rile Circle R T ill g,
and the,Circle R S dcf?ribd from the &me Center C, and
nhe Radius CR will touch the Circles R T, SV, and tha
+$t
Line .?Q, as is manif%eAby the ConffruQion.

81 the given Point he A, lind let, the Circles giveq

I 411Ma uitude and Pofition be TiV,
R US, their Cen:
prs C and j e tile Circle to be defcriisd A I H, its Center.
Toin AiT, AC;
23, and ,tj!e Po@ts of ColgnA 1 and 8,
4 D, D B, a!~d let AB producd cut the Cir& R FI$ in the
.Points R and S, and AC produzd,, cut the Circle TJ,V ffl
!T-and V.
And havitrg let fill the Perpendiculars
DE
from thy Point D to AB, ant) D F irom $1~ Point D ~0
AC meeting A I: in G,, and [:*Ifo thC Perpendicular]
C i;c
tO~.4B

; 9 tlyz Triarlgle AD B, ADq-

DBq j- A B.q

will be ti 2 A E x AB, by the I ?th of the 21. ,%I;~

But
,WB ==?AD + J?R, q!n.lcqnf+mtly
DBg.= /1Dq +
2 A D x B R -i- B R 9. I ake away this frqm R 117 + A nil,
and there will rmain
A $9 - 2 AD x 8 R - RR q for
,__-. ---.L.
?AE x Ah. Morcovcr .P s
-BRq
is r= AB-BR

X aB-f- B.R = /jR x A S,

~ADxBGa2~Ex
: ;

Whertford ah? x AS -1,

AH XAS-2ABXAE
--_-.
ABo* hd w-=-~.
,:
qr;

;s;
C.?
,2

-..,l

c r49 3
E i A D.

there

will

Wherefore

by a like Reaibning

And

come

out

again

- -.-

z&I

2~

L4Pr

------!

C,

2CdF
C?

TA yc72 CA Fe And 1;4V

RAS---2BAE.
BR

in the Tx%ngIe

cyl

A nd

A F.
A I< : A c : : A F : A G,
.~2v--..-As--

A G will

L.-L--RRBS
CT
fhRC:~J?::GE:DE;

c,-.

Whence

ilnce

2BAE
CT
-Take away this from
7F-BRdBR Y-z?
2 K A E * CT
;4E, or r
x -and there will remain GE =
2 AK
RAS
7-AY
zBAE
2K;dE

take 4 P,

which

will b.e =

----

$&.
j

let be to A?

2BAE

B&c

and
Upon'

CT

pi zK.

Whence

DE wi]jbe =
-2BAE
. . zICAE
BR i-TX

R/-i\t;, TAV
-----.-jrP
CT-

zICAE
--m--

-I-

and fo PI

RAS
ioDE;----RR
A B er&

as 61 to B R, 2nd ??.&!T!
5 ILIE

cF--

tJ-..Y
CT -

the Perpendicular

2K4E.
---RR

2PRxAE
c$=---.
AQ

gi?

i;flY

CT
PR,cAE
and in it take, (JO =: -T-,
antI
~cir~c2KC
Ii c
A0 will be =D E. Join DO, ? 2, and CP, and the Tri$gles D 0 Q. C K P, will b6 fimlar,
becaufe their Angles
al: 0 and Ii are right ones, and the Sides (KC : P &f : :
dE, or D 0 : QO) prpporrional.
Therefore
rhe ,Angles
0 Q D, K PC, are equal, and confequently QZI is perpendicular to CJ?: Wherefore jf,RN
be drawn parallel to Cp,
and meeting
QD in 8, the Angle A.N O will be a right
pne, mcj the I riangles LIQN,
P Cl< fi~&~ ; and conipptiy
?C : KC; : : A$ : ,A-,N. Whence i;~lcc ,4 Q is
RAS
x.8:

SC;

Produce

AN

to ~34, io that $.IM

kall be = AN,

and AD tiill I D A4, and confequently

the Circle will
pafs through the Point M.
Since therefore the Point It4 is given,
there follows this
Refolurion of the Problem,
without any farther Analylis.
Upon AB take AP,
which mufi be to AK as CT to
BR ; join C P, and draw parallel to it AM,
which fhall

RAS
TAY
be to BR C-f

as CT to PC;

and by the Help

of the

39th Probl. deic$Lrhrough

the Points A and i?L? the Circle AZNM,
which kall touch either of the Circles 71,~~
C& E. F.
8 MS, and the fame Circle fhall touch both.
And hence alfo a Circle may be defcribd,
which lhaii
touch three Circles given in Magnitude and Pofirion.
IFor
let the Radii .of the given Circles be A, B, C, and their
E, F. Fromthe Centers E am1 F, with the
Centewk),
Radii B4-A and CkA
defcribe two cZircles, and let a third
Circle which touches thefe [two] be iIIfo dercribd,
sod let
it pail rhrough the Point A ; let its Radius be G, and its
Center EI, and a Circle defcribd on the i,rme Center H,
pith the Radius G 2 A, &Ii toqch the three former Cjrcleq
a! wasreqqjrd,

aufe the Shadow of each Sraff defcribes a Conick yeai:

n, or the Se&on OFa luminous Cone, whois Vcttcx
Top of the Staff; I will feign B C13 E F to be fuch
a Curve, [whether it be an Hyperbola,
Parabola, or Ellipfe] as the Shadow oF the Staff .4 defcrihes that Day, by
putting AD, AE, AF, to have been its Shadows, when B c,
Ij,g, CA, mere refFe8ivcly
the Shadnms of the Stavfs E
aud L: And befides I will fuppofe P A JJ to be the Metidional Line, or the Axis of this Curve,
to rvhish the Per..
pendii-ulars B Ad, CH, Ll Ii, EN, and FL,
being lit fill,
are Ordinates.
And I will denote the& Ordinates indefinitely [or indifErently]
by the Lettcry, and the imer~eptcd
Parts of the Axis A/51, AH, AK, AN, and AL, by the
Letter X, Ill fuppofe. lafily, the iEquation r?~ J- 6.~ -L
to exprefs the Relation of x and y. (i. P. the Nacxxzyy,
turc of the Curve) affuming AQ, 6, and c, as known C&ntit&, as they will be fijulrd to be from the Analgfis. Where
I made the unknown Quantities of two Dimeniions only
becaufe the iEquation is [to cxpr,,fs] a Conick Se&on : and
I omitted the odd DitnenGons of J, becaufc it is an OrdiAnd I denoted the Siuns of 6 and c, as
nate to the Axis.
E&g indete!minate
by the Note J-,, which I ufe indifferently

132

and its oppoiite -+ for the contrary!

Pently for I+ Or --;
But I made the Sign of the Square a a Affirmative,
becaufe
the concave Part of the Curve neceflarily contains the Star
4, proj&ing
its Shadows to the oppofite Parts (C and F3
D and E); and then, if at the Point A jr011 ereti the Perpendicular RP, this will EOUIC where meet the Curve, Cuppole in p, that is, the Ordinate y, where x is nothing, \vil]
From thence it follows that irs Square,
[itill] be real.
which in that Cafe is a /c, will he Aflkmative.
It is marlifefi therefore, that this fiRitious Xquation aa &
t x J- cx 2 = y-y, as it is not filld with ~U~W~~LIOUS Terms,
fb neither is it more reitraind [or narrower]
than what is
capableof fatisfying all the Conditions of rhe Problem, and
will denote the Hyperbola, Ellipfe,
or Parabola, according
as thk Values of ati, b, c, ihal he determiud, or found to
be nothing but: what may he rheir Value ; and with what
arId thence what Sort of a
Signs G and c are to be afIXed,
Curve this may be, will be manif?fi from the following,
Analylis.
The former: Part

of

the A~J.~JJ?.

Since the Shadows are as the Altitude of the Sraves, youll

have BC:AD::AB:AE(::18:6)
::3:1.
,A!fo
C A j AF ( : : 8 : 6) : : 4 : 3,
Wherefore .Ylaming (or
z7g-j
AM=:-~r,,MB=J-s,
AH=J-t,
mlHC
v. From the Srmilitudc of the Triangles srl&fB,
ABE,

=T

and AWC,

, AL=

T y,

ALL?,

AiV

and LF=-

will be z---T

a NE

3
3-? ; whore Sips 1
4

put contrary to the Signs of AM, ~74B, A N, HC, bccaufe

they tend contrary Ways with refpef3 to the Point A frown
on which
which they are drawn, and From the Axis P Q
they itand. Now thefe being refpefiively .writtcn for .y and
y in the fiRitious iEquation !a L Irx J.+ cxx =yy.

i*;low, by exterminating
quations,

in order

ss from the firff and kckml

to obtain

r, there

comes

out z

A$+
=

V;

Whence it is manifefi, that -I- b is Affirmative, bacauf~

P is,
Alfo by extcrminstingvv
from ttJe third and fourth,
?fa rer having written for L It its Value + 6) to obtain t,
there come5 out f%=
3b
to

47A
--1

and having

t,

,thercfore t is pofitive and equal,

writ baa for r in the firft, and i;

for

3b

t in the third,

there arifi 3 AA S

d.%C
P~=vv*
Moreover,
,Rc vd,be
,

4a4c
-=
- bl

A K = Y- t) = T9

AI< .will be = Fd
but with a Negative
9b

d/ 3

cl LL %i$,

and therefore

5aa

Sign, uix. --

&If0 lince CA CE CHh-BMMc.--h)

J,

J2
..

having let fall B T, perpendicular upon Clrr,

: AD (: : 3 : 1) :: BA : vIIC: :ci:.DI(,

lhce B A is (= A ~4 -

)4kerefore,

JS, and 4,,

3

r ---:
9b

= f/y,;-;
D I< (= +CTI) =

I, 9/+ ~,d A 43
i which
-. L/
fpe&ively tvrittcn in the EcpIation
4 d J.. bx -Ior rather the Equation
~a f b x J- Ixx,=yy,
hath before been found to be Pofitive.
for AK
25a4c
-L -=-oi s and 2, there comes out *
8166
9
--I

; J- $pf$e
-__c

being

re+

cxX =rj;
hecaufe b
and D IC,
x3

AQ

27

And by

J- 2 d36ba L 51aabh+-41~cc;
ReduQion ~-f%r44ac=
and the Parts being fquard, and again reJucd, there comes
our0

rq3b

it is manifefl,
.

vT43bb
J-c . Whence
or-------~
196aa
that J, c is Negatiye,
a@ c~n~q~~entlythe
di~$OU~
.x .

4 S

IgriaaBbc,

$&itious
iEquation
d4n -I- b x 1. c 2 x zyy
will be of this
And its Center and two &es
Portn,,na-i-bS---~~xYY*
are thus found.
Making y= 0, as happens in the Vertexs of the Figure
JJ alld g,, youll have a s -k 6 & = c x X, and htcving ex=
tra&d

the Root x A/~~+~+)$?)~

- 2c-

that is, LIQZTGZ~~ -lwhire

y9

and A P ==1b- M..

A-E) and A $J are computed

from A

and confccqucntly when n P is cornP, its Value will be focllld to be

?.

y will be the Center of the Ellipf,

and YQ,

or VP,

2c-

fg

+ y)

the great&
.

of the leaR Semi- Axis,

Semi-Axis.

LaRly,

If, lnoreovcr,

the

if] the Values of AY and

lg.3 66
for c, there come
VJJ, VZ already found, writing 1$J6aa
sad,
-Imad/,-our 98aa
c YQ, ml q---@- zz vz
--+v
i----u
43 6

c 155
the Axis of the VYorld, or of the Cone, and it tv~l cut the
Cone in the Periphery of the Circle 72 x, which will be
every where at an equ:J Diffance,
as & X, ~2, R T, from
its Vertex.
Wherefore,
if P s he drawn parallel- to TX~
pull have R S = R P, by reafon of the equal (&antities
R X, R T;
ad alfo S.X= XQ,
by reafon of the equal
Quantities

P 7, VQ

Ri+RQ

2
(= RS+RQ)

j whence R X 01 R z

* LaAly, draw RV, and fince VZ

perpen!

(as being the S&ion

dicularly knds
011 the Plane R P Q,
OF the Planes perpendicularly itanding on the fame [PlaI~el)
the Triangle R KZ will be right-angled
at 7.
Now making RA=d,
.AV=: e, VP or YQ=f,
and
ivz = g, YouIl have A P z f - e, and R P =
-

2ee ff+e4

and RQ z
RZ ( ==:

dlfo AQ=f+e,
and
confequently

+ 2ddfff

2ddee

+ le4 ,

is

equaP

= to dd + ec

4=dd&&+
and redticd into
Order,

ddff

ddff= ddgg -Ieegg- ffgg-kg4, 0~ x

(the Values of AR,

d, e, f, and

36 14, 14dd
7q--

~6.6.

g,

.A Y, VQ,

being rdbrd for

and I%)

there. aiiks

36 -

Ipi5 a-L. Ip2aa

-k -

143 J43bb
49* 4 -I- 36,494~
and thence by ReduQion
48 aa +--a$--

111the ,firfl Scheme A 1Mq -j- MB q = A B q, fhat is, r T

3~~~33x330

Butrwas=y,

and
52

J?E=

3dfi

.q44c

G c56.3
4:.
as zzz --

Wherefore

Tb:t +

a a = 3 3 % 3 3, and thence
49

by Red&ion

--*)a3
=bh
Pug
53161 -qua
tills t$cr&);,re an, Equality between the two Values of U;
a&i dividjag eacjl Part of the kkJUatiO1~ by 4.9, YOUJJhnvc:
a + 36na
= ..
...L_ j whofe Parts king muI&
c----..
4Xdl$ +

plyd

there aga.in refuks

1287

cU&-WdyS,

~p8~aa+-~~~~z8,

Trzaa+/3

53361 --q&a

and divided

by 49,

who@Rool:

aa

there c*meS oul: 4a4

is

93 I-t-l/I

58962g

---.-8

- 126~.
That is,
) is & +6&53
436
by f&fiit&ng
&,2254x44.for
a a, and rtducing the Terms
Z&
VP
Or YQ=
inrp
Ilecimals,
AB z T T,188297,
A P (P V A V) x
;22,r47&
; and confequently
.jro,958788, ad -4Q (A;--/VP> 3?,33$382*
Laffjy, .if ;.A R or I be m$e
RaJitxi,
.$ A 4; or
;t;,3 55897 will be the Tangent of the Angle AR Qot
y9
gr. 47, 4%. and .$ A P or 1$26q.65 .the Tangent of the
&gJe 4 R,P c$ 61 gr. 17. 52. half the Sum of which
Jhgles 70 gr. 2 . $0 . is the Complelr~cnt of the Suns De,clination ; an 2 the Semi-differcncl 9 ST. 14.. ~8. the Corn.
$]elnent of the.J,&tude OF the Ilace, Then, the Suns De,
&nation was 19 gr2 27. lo. and the Larirud,e of the Place
f~ogr, 45; ZIJ~ Which were to ~befound.
osVQ(

P R 0 B L E M

Jf nt tJjeE&s

oj- the Tbend

DA E, rnpai?~g
Tnck A, ~JJLW farce IA~?~~;~ t7Llu

q~on the jxd

]f;e(cbts,
pi&s

nnd

tbso2r,nl

poJ%o~

-7e4ere

thJe

XkIIl.

E,

the

to&l

whewof

ohligue
the

P/aclt

Wei.qllts

the FG+g]~t

Line
me

BG

qT th
in

@yen

E
jlc

UQigLt

E,

~q~tjlj&~~

[Vide Figure 53.7

UP P 0 S E the Problem done, and paraIM to ,4D
draw E F, which final1 be to A E as the &eight E to
the Weight D. And from the Points A and F to the Line
Now firIce the
BG let fall the Perpendiculars BB, FG.
Weights are, by Suppofition,
as the Lines A,5 and &IF,
exprefs thofe Weights by thofe Lines, the Weight D by the
Line Ed& and the Wzight E by the Line EF. Therefore
the Body, or E, diretied by the Force of its own Weight,
ten&r towards F. And by the oblique Force EG tends towards G. And the fame Body E by the Weight D in the
dir& Force A E, is drawn towards A, and in the oblique
Force BE is drawn towards B. Since therefore the Weights
fufiain each othcr.in .~Equilibrio,
the Force by which the
W.eight E is drawn towards B, ought to be equal to the
contrary Force by which it tends towards G, that is, BE
ought to be e&al to EG. But now the Ratio of A E to
E F is given by the Hypothcfis ; and by realon of the given
Angle FE G, there is alfo given the Ratio of FE to E G,
Therefore there is given the Ratio
to which B E is equal.
of A E to B E. 4 B is all% given in Length ; and thence
the Triangle AR E, and the Point E will eafily be given.
vi/it, make AB = a, B E = x,. and A E d
be equal
-daa-i-x:x;

moreover,

let ,4E

be to R E in the given

Ratio of d to e, and e /iZ+

XX
will z d+~. And thk
Parts of the .A$quatioo being fquard and reduzcl, eedu =
ddxx-e.exx,

Or

R E is found, which determines

-a, E. F.
4

Therefore the Length

the Place of the Weight
NOW,

438-j
#NOW, if both Weights defccnd by oblique Lines given itI
P&ion,
the Computation
*lay be .~~ade thus. [Vi& piRMrC 64.3 Let CD and B E be ?blique Lines given by POiition, throL@ which thofe Welgllts
defiend.
From tile
fixd Taclr A .to there Lines let faiI the Perpendiculars Ati
A 13, and let the Lines E G, D H, cx&d firm the Weights
gerpendi~darly
to the Horizon, meet them in the Points G
aild f-1; and the ??orce by which the Weight E endeavours
to &fiend in a perpdicuIar
Line, or the whole Gravity
*f E, wili be to the Force by which the fame Weight endeavours ro d&end in the oblique Line B Es as G E toB E;
and tllc Force by which it entleavours
to defixnd in the
oblique
Line R E, will be to the Force by wllich it eodea.
v~~lrs to deicend ill the Line A E, that is, to the Force by w!kh
&be Thread A E is difiended [or Aretchd] as BE to A&And
confequently the Gravity of E will be to the ~l'e~dion of the
$hread A E, il.5 GE t0 A E. And by the &me Ratio the &a.
vity of D will be to the Tenfioll of theThread AD, as HD
Let therefore the Length of the whole Thread D A
po 2~.
+ AE be c, and let its Part AE r X, a& its other #art
AD will ZC-x.
And bccaufe AEq-ABq
is =
3Eq,
and ADq-ACq=LDq
; Ict, mrtover,
AB
z

Q, and

GD ,I

AC=

G, and BE will be = Yxs -.d

- b L. Moreover,
E G, CD EI are given in Specie, let:

d&=27eG-&7--

angles

f:E,

andCD:DN::f

:g,

andEG

lyill=?

d, and

Fncc the T&

11 E ; E G :.:
xx-ad,

-..-..

ad

D H = -/ivy - 2 c .V+ I c - t b. Wherefore fillce

f
of AE; and ~;TD: AD
GE : AE:: weight: E : Tdh
: : Wcigllf: D : Tdion
OF AD ; and thofc -rw~fions are
cqu.l,

youll

IlQVC

E .x
-----...
-.
._-I_ ., Z
; d/.vx-dri!

Tedion

of AE z to
/

c 359 3
.ht
if YOU de&e a Cafe wherein
conitru&M
by a Rule and Compafi,

to

the Weight: E

8 will

become

dent

Equation

z.0,

orxz-

as the Ratio

this Problem may

make the Weight

CD

BE

be
D

EG to the Ratio , and

DH
tz D ; and fo in the Room of the piecea *a
youll have this, --)b XX=-=. z~~Gx-+- ctncc
ac

a + 1;
.._,
PROBLEM

If

xLI%s

DAB C F, tht &ides. doa

the
two
Tmks
A nnd B,
there m+ burls three
Wejghts,, D, E, F ; D md F. 62: the E&J of
l;be StG7.,
nnd E nt its middle Point C,
placd betrveeu the ?;lcks : Fkh the given
Weighs
md PoJtion of the Tricks to j&d the
Sit~~r;ztion of the Poi?it C, where tbe +ddle
if3Tei.h bnngs, and where they me in 2!Gp&
I;bf*iq. [Vide Figure G5.3
0~ the strhg

1 N C E the TenGon of the Thread AC is equal to the

Tcnfion of the Thread Ad),
and the Tenfion of the
ead B C to the Temion OF the Thread B F, the Teniion
of the Strings or Threads ;4C, B C, EC will be as the *
Weights
D, E, F. Theti take the Parts of the Thread CG.,
CH,
02, in the fame Katie as-the Weights,
Cornpleat the
Triangle
G, HZ.
Produce IC till it meet G H in I<, and
- - Cl, and confequently C
G R will be = I<?,
arid CIC_,
the center
of Gravrty of the I nangle G H 1. For, draw
2~ Q throu&
C, perpendicular
to CE, and perpendicular
t6
that,
from the Points G and H, draw G P, 132.
And if
the Force by which the Thread AC by the Weight
D draws
the Point; C towards A, be exprefid by the Line G C, the
Force by which that Thread will draw the fame Point towards P, will be exprefsd by the Line CP ; and the Force
by which
it- draws it to K, will be exprefid by the Line
(7 P.
And in like Mal!nef, the Forces by which the Thread
B F> by Means
Werghr
?a draws rhe came Poillt C
_._..- of_ the
.
.-.towards
-.

towards B, Q, and I<, wiIl be exprefsd by the Lines C~rg

C I<, and I-1 2 ; and the Force by which the Thread c,$
by Means of the Weight E, draws that Point C towards E,
will
beexprefid
bytheZinc C!, Now fiuce the Poim c
is fufiairld in ~quilihrio
by cquaj Forces, the Sum of the
voices f,y
which
the Threads A C and R Ldo together draw
c towards I<, will be equal to the contrary Force by which
the Thread E C draws that Point towards E ; that is, the
Sum GP +- HQ will be equal, to Cf.; and the Force by
which the Thread A C draws the PointC towards P, will
be equal to the contrary Eorce by which the Thread nc
draws the fame Poim C towards p j that is, the I.ine PC
Wherefore, fince P G, CK, arld
is equal to the Line CQ.
Q fl are Parallel,
G I< will be alfo z IC H, and CK (=
GP+Hp
- = $ Cl.> Which was to be fhewu.
It remains
2

&yeforc COdetermine the Tri-tr$c GCK,

whofe Sides GC
arId HC are given. together with the Line Cl<J w&h is
~KLWII
from the Vertex C to the middle of the Bafe. Let
fall therefore from the Vertex C to the IMe CH the Per-,
gendicular

ii+-

-2

CL,

and

G Cq-CHq---2 GH

Ic;Cq-;GICq
For
-G-jt------

rejeEted the cotnmou

will

be ,- I(,& Lz

2G

K write G 23, and having

Divifor.^ G H,.

~~ncl order rd the Terms,

~.--

II
.have
G 1:cj
- .-.-2 RCg+ Lkiq
z 2G Rq, or
.._.
_ _---TCq--KCrj -+ $ C Hq = G K, having fimnil G K, 01
$Zg, there are given together the Augles G CI(, KCH, or
.DAC, Fn C, Wherefore.
from the Points A and C in
thefi $ven hgles
DAC, i= BC, draw the Lines ,415: B C,
niceti;lg itI the P&it C; and C will be, the Point fought.
But it is not always neccffary to folvc QueRions that are
OF the fa.me Kim!, particularly by Algebra, but from the Solution of one *of then-you
may mniR commonly infer the
Solution of the other.
As if now there fllould be proposd
this C@eRion.

PROELEM

x&v.

A Stone firlling
dowzinto
,%rd

ajf

tl2e

Stone

rieMw2ine the Ikptb

jhkirig

V+fll,

fion!

the Bottom,

t/h
to

of the Wdl.

T tl;e Depth of the Well be s, and if the Stone defccnds with an uniformly accelerated Motion through
in any given Time b, and the Sound
rm Mo;i.on through the fame given Space
e tf, the Sto~re ~111 de&d
through the
Space x in the Time b $/A
by the Stone ffrikhg

; but the Sound which is causd

upon4 the Bottom

afcend by the fame Space x,

of the Well.

will

4X

in the Time
. For the
9
Spaces deicribd by defcending
heavy Bodies, are as the
Squares of the Times of Defcent ; or the Roots of the
Spaces, that is, I/,1: arid
qa are as the Times tl,emCel~~es.
And the Soaces x and a, through which the Sound pa&, are
And the Sum of thefe Times
as the Times of P&age.
1)yx
,,Y

6 2,
Retu~

and

c 162-J

dx is

the Time

OF the Stones falling

to the

of the Sound.

This Time

Let it be t, and

vation.

youll

mdybe known by Oblet.,

have G y

if

And the Parts being fquard,

zrd;e

~&t---yzndc +
-

a66

ddxx
----&-

y -

$,

And

by Red&ion

And having

extra&d

xx

X t,
!k
u
=

the Root

dd

aclt -I- $abb

-

x =

---a

gd
I

d66-+4d~.

ET C be tharight
Angle of the Triangle,
AB c ana
CD a Perpelidicular
let ,faU thence to .che Ijafe
A 8.
Let there be given AR $ n C-j- AC=, B, and CD --;=b.,
Make the Eafe A B = x, and the Sum of the Sides will be
A - x, Put y for the Difference ot the Legs, and the great.
er Leg AC will be =

a--x+y
---

; the lefs a c=

kknv, from the Nature of %a2right-angled Triangle

aA - 2ax +
ACI] + .BCq=: ABq,
rhat is, --------=xx.
DCtr

And

alfo Alf:AC::BC:DC,

AC x B C,

that

By tire former fiquaeioa

the latrer yy is =E x3! quently xx + zaw--aq=

is,

t x z

+?TLz!,
you2have
xx -(- JJ

the:foreARX

an--2dx+f8---rJ
------l_l__-.

T,V is := X+V$ aa$ - aa, By

24X ++-+x.
And confeexx2~3~ -j- an-4lrx.
And

Georpe~rically thp.
If1 every
right-2llgId
the SUITIOF the Perimeter and Perpendicular
wter, fo is half the Perimeterto the Bafe.
2~ from A, and

,,.S&trafi

there

will

Trbn$e;
2s
to the Peri-

is

remair]

d$b,

the

again,
as in
Exc~zfi of the Sides above the Bare, Whence
every right-angled
Triangle
the Sum of the Perimeter
and
Perpendicular
is to the Perimeter
fo is the Perpendicular
tq
the ExcefsOFthe Sides above theBafe.

-l-~x+rY
=it
.
2
&k-2&+%X+-yy
AC x CB = AB x CD, t$at is,

+ CBq is =ABq;
Moreover,

thatis,RAw261X

trzbx.
Which
being compard,
zaxcxW,=yytiaa--t
2axJr
duETion, x~=:z~x+2Lx--~a+bL,
danb

you have
xx-46~.
and

2 136% u i +
And by Ikx=-n+6-

2L1.

In any right-angIed
Triangle,
from
Geometrically
thus.
the Sum of the Legs and Perpendicular
idtraCt
the mean
Propor&onnl
between the f&d Sum and the double of the
&Se, and there kill remain the Perpendicular,

7%~jumt otheraije.

: M&e c~+Ca+CDka,
BCwillbe--,~~b~xx,

ABtrb,
-xdbb-xx

and AC=+%, ad

CD=-7

And
And

x -j-

therefore

b-e.v

!,I!2
7G
= a-x
And the Parts being fquard
Ii
and multiplyd by GL, there will be made -x
4 - 2 Gxl
3-zb;x+bJ=/aItG-22nbLx3-bL.~x.
WhichS-pa.
of
Parts,
after this
tion being ordcrcl, by Tranipofition
Manner,

2 -+ ztX3

The Gmw/dcd

Corqltrwt-tion.[ViJe Figure 53,]

Take therefore AB=$b,

BC= fd, CD= $AB, AEt
a mean Proportional
between L and AC, and E F = s/, a
mean Proportional between b and U E, and B 2;; B f \vi]l
be the two Legs of the Triangle.

ET

AC+

=u--x,

BCc=d,
AB z

CD : AG : : ZI C : A B.
Wherefore

CD=b,

2xX.

Therefore

again

Moreoker
AZ+%&--2,
L
:

/ds L xx = bdcrd--24x+YGi

Parts being fquard and orderd

zabGx--anbb=:o,

g 4-

j
z a xl 3

Add to both Parts

there Will bC made X -

~aflbb+b.

ad. Bc \yill

AC=,X,

d4yL24X+

2 Ax --+~;pw+

And. the

Root

being

and. the

t f b x .v +

ARL 6 + P,
2nblh+

extra&d

and

64
on both
Sides,

6 da a -/- b 6, and the Root be-

Sides , .yx-AXA6=-irlg again

extra&d

-.-

x =.f

1-k f

T&= GPowetrical CanpwDion.

--- __L

d/AA+-66.

&la+Lb-6

Figure69.]

[We

Take nBzzRC=
+A. Ar C cre0 the Perpendicular
T 6. Produce
DC to E, fo that. D E fhall zz DA, .
between c II and (E take a mean Proportional
C F,
let a Circle.
dcfcribd from the Center F and the Radius
cut the right Line B C in E and H, and B G and B H
be the YWO Sides of the Triangle.

Let

AC-I-BC=A,

= 6, ad

A+Y
-

AC-BBCyy,
will =AC

-+-BCq = ABq--,x,xa

AB=x,

A-y
, -7z-BC,

Lr??

and DC

a*=,,

= Ac;c~L4B
m

4b
2.vx~d~=yy,~~--4b3,

CD
And
And
BC;
wil]

=X1

2 an-2 b X, and the Root being extra&d

x = e b + 466 + a a.
Wherrce in the ConfrruElion above CE is the Hypothenufe oF
But the Bafe and Perpendicular,
as
the Trian$e
fought.
well in ttm as the Problem above being given, the Triarigle is thus cxpeditioufly conitru&ed. [CTiAeFigtilve 7o.J Make
aParaIlelogiam
C G, whofc Side CE ihall be the I%& of the
And
and the other Side C F the Perpendicular,
T+m$e,
upon C E defcrihe a ScmiBrsIe. cutting the oppolite Side ~(7
in H.
Draw CH, E H, and C H E will be the Triangle
fought,
Therefore

PROBLEM

and xx

XLIX.

E T the Sum nf the Legs AC and B C be [calId) d, the

Q Sum of the Bafe A 3 and of the Perpendicular
CD
e [cabld]
.b, let the Leg AC=
x, the Bafe AB =y, and
BCwifl;;;=,~1-x~~R;=r:L~y,wa12ax1-zxx=ACq
wcq

3 BCq=ABq=.yg,
ax-xx=ACx
EC-ABx
ca
=b,y-yy=b?,-URdf~nX--Xx~,afld
Lyzaa
-az
.+-xx.
Make i&Square
a42n;x+
3aaxxI-2nx;
+x4
equal tO yy X bG, that IS. Cqnxl to aal)lr2abbx
And orilering the .Equatiocl; there will come
+ 2 6 6 xx,

Z-b o --ddbb.
x2--+

ax + au--

AlId the Root

b b.= -

again extra&ted .qz

$dk

king

extra&kFd O;I botIlSi&s

b l/bG,

and
the.-.Root
_ beillg
G/ bl-jaa-6bbL-aa.

Take R a mean Proportional,

between C + /E and 2-i-4;
znd S a rnea~~Proportional
hmverl
R and b - R:, and $- a
meat1 Proportional
between $ a + S and $A- ,$; and $4
.-+ T, and $ a -I- will bc the Sides of the Triangle.
!

~-...---

PkOBLEM

------

a6

I&.

&y reafbn ofthe give!] Triangle D BA,

!.

make &I2 : BE : : b :

F,

and

youll have again

therefore xx -

U~Ubb
I__
-l-bb=2eivv.

kbxx-aadbb

207

And

P R ,O B L E M

fibwing

B E = F>

x4-=-2cx~

-1;

LI:

the Sides of n Thngle

given,

the A~L$Q-. [Vide Figcre

80 j&d

72.1

ET the [given]
Sides AB =a,
AC=G,
BC=~,
to
find the Angle A. Having let fall CO AB the &penRT C D, which is oppolire to that Angle, youll have iI1
the firit Place,
bb-cc~~A~--~B~q
=ADg--BDq

=AJl+

BD x AD -

zADxa-aa.
Whence

BD =AB,x

And conGquentIy

2AD -AB=
bb -cc

$ n -j-,?

comes out, this firit ?%~~rev;.

BCfOAB--

B C to a fourth

= A I?.

As AR to AC +

Proportional

$I.

AB-j-N

= AD. As AC to d D fo Radius to the CXine of2 the

Angle A.
DCq .CZACqi
AD9 =
Moreover,

2Afibb +- zaucc + 2bbcc-a

.-.--__- --b* -c
___ ___ ___.---...
44a
-~~xa36--xad--G3c%-u$btq
-_-.__..__ -..~ ..-.4
having

minator

WI,e,lce

multiplvd the Roots of the Numerator

and Denoby b, there is made this fecond 7hcorem. As aitb

to a mean Propbrtional
between n i- b + c x a + b - c and
_io is Radius to the Sine of the
a--G+-ExLa+bi-C;
Angle ,a.
More&r,
on A R tab A E = AC, and draw C E, and the
Angle E CD will be equal to llalf the Angle A. Take AD
from A.&
and there will remain
D E = b - 4 n-

bb-cc
-

za

=-

cc--da

+ zab-bb
_-

c+a-b,xc-a+L
7

za

2al3toc+a-6Xc--~

c 168
1
-__--~
-j- G (fo AC

to D E) CoRadius

And,
as a mean ,pro.
portionat
between a 3 G 3 c, acid 4 $- b-c
to a mean
&roportional between c + ti- b, and c-a
-k 6 (IO CD to
DE) fo Radius to the Tangent of half the Angle A, or the
Cotangent of half the Angle to Radius.
=
Bdiides, CE9 is zCL)q+L)Eq
to the verfed Sine of the Angle A.

2AGb~+Gcc.-Gaa-b
-.

,fJ
---~
. = ._.xc-t-a--bxc---a+b,

6l
a
Whence the fifth arrd lixth Ugeove?ti. AS a mean Proporti.
onal between 2 a and. 2 6 to a mean Proportional
between
c+a-b,
andc-cl+
b, or as 1 to a mean PrOportiona]
c+a-G
(fo AC to $CE, orCE
., and =t
between
2a

to DE) To Radius to the Sine of f tile Angle A. And as a

mea:1 CroportiollaI between 2a a11~12b to a mean Prop&.
onal betwee
4 $ G + c and d -+-b-c
(TOCE to CD) fo
Radius to the Cnfine of half the Allglc A.
But if befides the Angles, the Area <if the Triangle be alfo
fought, multiply CD q by $ /9Bq,
and the Root, viz,
_-.---.. -.
-$+4Ej7&xa+L--cb--ca
-a Jr b T> will be
-lq-cv
the Area fought.

F from the Center of the Comet in the four PIaces obfervd, you let fall fo many Perpendiculars to the Plane of
the Ecliptick;
and A! 23, C, D, be the Points in that Plane
on which the Perpendiculars
fall ; through thofi IJoints draw
the right Line AD,
agd this will bc cut by the Pcrpendiculars in the fiamc Rario with ,the Line which the Comet
defcribcs by its Motion ; that is, fo that A h kall IX to ISC
as the Time brtrvern the firff a.ljld IC~OIX~ Obfervation
to the
Time ketyxn
the firA and third ; and 4 13 to AD as the
Time

@ 169 3
Time between the firit and fecond to the Time
between the.
From the ObCcrvarions therefore there are
hr~ anit fourth,
given the Proportions of the Lines ,A II, A C, AD,
to one
alaocher.
Moreover, let the Sun S be in the fame Plane of the Eclip-
tick, and EN an Arch OF the Ecliptica! Lille in which the
Earth II-LOWS; E, F, G, H, four Places of the Earrh in the
Times of the Obfervatlons,
E the firA Place, F the iecnnd,
G the rhird, N the fourth.
Join AE. B F, CG, D H, and
Let them be producd till the threeformer cur the latter in
I, Ii, and L, VI1;. B F in Z, CG in K, ~1 H in L. And the
Angks AZ B, AICC, AL D will be the Differences of the
obervd Longitudes of the Comet ; AlB the DifFrence of
the Longitudes of the firit and feecold PI:lce of the Comet ;
/ICC the Difference of the Longitudes of the fire and third
PJace, and AL D the Difference of the Longitudes
of the
fir0 and fourth Place.
Th ere are given therefore from the
()bfervations the Angles Al B, AKC, AL D.
Join SE, SF, E F 5 and by reaiixi of the given Points
$, E, F, and the given Angle E s F, there will be given the
Angle SE F. There is given alfo the Angle SE A, as being,
the Difirence
of Longitude of the Comet and Sun in the
Time of the firfl Obfervqtion.
Wherefore,
if you add its
.Complement to two right Angles, wit. the Angle SE I to
rhe Angle SE F;thcre will be given the Angle 1 E F. Thercfore there arc given the Angles of theTriangle
1 E F, together
with the Side E F, and confequenrly there is given the Side
1I E. And by a like Argument there are given K ,?$ and LE.
There are given therefore in Petition the four lines Al, RI;Cl<, D I.,, and c~~~fcquetdy the Problem comes to this, tliat
four Lines being given in Pofition, we may find a fifth,,wl&h
hall be cut by thcfe four in a given Ratio,
Having let fall to AZ the Perpendiculars p /w, CZV, D 0;
by rearon of the given An& A I B there is given the R;nio
of B M to MI.
Rut B &I to CN is in the given Ratio of
BA and CA, and by reafon of the given Angle C IC iV there
is given the Ratio of CN to KN.
Wherefore,
thereis
alfo given the Ratio of B &! to KN j and thence df0 the
Ratio of II A4 to r?/i I.K JV, that is, to A4N + IX.
Take P ro I TCas is A.23 to B C, and firye M A is to M N
in the i%me Ratio, P + MA will be to.lK
+ M A? in the
Came liario, that is, in a given Ratio.
Wherefore,
there is
And by a like Argiven the Ratio of .B M to IJ + MA.
gunp,, g $2 be raken to ,I Lzin the Ratio of AB to ,dPR,

,, -

^.,

there
- b..

nio4

And
khre wil.l%e ,giv& the liatio of B 84 to Q.+ N A
&hen thel&tio of R M to the DiGrcnce
of P -j- M A alld
2 + MA will be $Ven. Bur rhat Difference, via, P-Q,
or Q-P
is given, and then there will be given B M. But:
23 Ail being given, there are ali% given P + MA and ~1,
2nd thence, &!A, II4 E, AE, n~ld the Allglc E AB.
ere0 at A a Line perpendicular to
.Thefe being fomd,
the,pian of the EcIiptick, which fnall Ee to the Line E A as
the Tangent of the Comets Latitude in the firR ObScrvati.
on to Radius, and the End of that Perpendicular
will be
Whence the Di.
the P~anefsplace in the firit C%xvation.
fiance of the Comet from the Earth is given in the Time
of that OLrfervation.
if from thr: Point 23you e;
And afier the fame Manner,
reQ a .perpendicu]ar which fhall be t!o the Line B F as the
Tangent of the Comets Latitude in the iecond Obfervation
to Kadius, youll have the Race of the Comets Centey in
that fecond Obfervation,
and a Line drawn from the firfl
Place to the fecond, ,is that in which the Comet tioves
throtigh the Heaven.
*
P R 0 B L E PI/I. Egl[IE.

$- the given AI@ CAD move dorit the anplnr Point A iven ia PofZtinu, nnd the gizreg
the n7zgdV Pod B given
Aqle CB I) n
dJ;7 in PofSon, 0s this Coadition, thnc the
Legs AD, B I), jhnll nlrt~~ys cut om mu&g+
in tbe rigbt Line E F give7b liie7eGj2
in
PoJi
tian j to $hd tbc Chwe, which the l*rrte:elfXfjo~
,,c of the other Legs A C, B C, d~f&+~b~~~
CVide Fignre 74.3
RQDUCE
CA to CE, fi that /In filall be = AD,
and produce CB to S, Co that II J fl~ll be r=: to ;a II,
Make the Angle An e equal to the Angle 5A n E, and the
AllgJe Rdf rqd
to the Angle Z? D Fj ~IKI produce .4B ~111
Produse ~$0
both Sides till it meet d e and Jf in e bind f,
etl to G, that dG i-hall bc c f f, ml from the Point C to
the Line fl B draw I,H parallel Co ed, and cJ( parallel to
fd. LArldconceiving the Lines c G, fS TV remain immove;ibb

I: X/I 3
able while the Angles CAD, CB D, move by the aforefaid
Law ahm the Poles A and B, Gd will ajways be equal to
f S, and the Triangle C 13 .K will be giveu 1~1Specie. Make
therefore
Ac=ti,
eG--,b,
B,fz:c,
*AB= PF, &Y=x,
and CKzr.
And B I< will be : CR : : Bf : fd, Thereflbre fS = y zzzGrE.
remain

c rE= b -

Take this

2,

S&e

from Ge,

and

will

is given

CH:HR::d:f;

fY
and HK r -.

C 13 will z i,

there

the Triangle CKH

lillSpecie,makeC~:CH::d:e,

and

and

And ConfequentIy,

But: AH : EZC :: ,de : e& @at iS;

aLdH, -,-~-$.
m-

f
/.pb-ym
-

x -

TIpzrefore, by multip.Iy~

ing the Meam atld Extreams together,

4
- ,$g + cy, - bf
2- y $ :g
mC -y

there will: @,made

q7
s -.-.*
MulqIIy

the@, i%a Qrd~~,~ @d

-%dc
f&exe will come out fcy,g F-rle xy-f(ccsty-tdxx
+
a11 the Terms

and ,reduce

by dz,

----fb

bAnx zzo1

Where,
fince the I.II@OWI~ qmtities
x and
y afcend only to two Dimeafious,
it is emdent,
that the
Curve Line that the Point C defcribes is a Conick, Sethn.
Make e 3- i, 5

and there will come WC 9.~ z

= 2 p,

+ i-f? y + !$ x x -

being extrafled,
RX +
.Whenc&

WC

be &firsptjve,

!$fx.

y I, F x +
*

$!

Aud the Square Rogt;

f-

~,,+!~-yx+~;~
ipfir,

that

the curve

or Neg?iive

is an Hype@&,

d not gpc:
-. 2.

thy

;f

if F:
3 ad
!!?w?z

1. Ii3

$4 =+fc-a/-~~~i,
or $(I -.&i..fc&
And the Parts being fquard, -.. a d
d&-z+
ff6c -fuc,
-fac3-dd+2cicf-f-ccff=ff~cLfAcr
And the&
quation

being orderd and rcducd, ff = $&.f

+ s.

8, and that Equation

will

And the Root

CldC

@atied?

f= h
k & /-------

+fldA-fidk
2 Rc

being

ex;

But f being found;

the parabolick
&pation,
viz,, y = + g + fx +
q$~q.I.qfl-----x - f;l x will be fully deterrnind ; by whore
Cqlfirru&ion
therefore,the
Parabola will alfo be determind.
The ConffruEtion is,thus : Draw CH parallel to BJJ meeting XI G in I-J. Between D G and D H take a, mean proportional
D I<, and draw E 1 parallel to C I(, bi[e&ng -dB
in E, and meeting DG in 1. Theta produce2 E, to ,P, fo
that
EV fhall be to Ei::EBq:
Dlq-EBq,
Andy
will

be the Vertex;

YE the Diameter,

KeEZttrr;l of the Parabola

Cocrght,

and -BE9
,VE
.

the Ly
,
.

BRO,BLEM

Tb

Ls,VL

',
'
,
:;
deybibe n Conick ~ea;a~ thro~yb~j3~e,&&.$
[Vl.de Fqju rc 76v].
gjW%

E T thofe Points be A. B,~ C, D, E. Join AC, B Z$

Draw DZ parallel to 23 E,
cutting one another in R
anil meeting AC in I. As, aifo E K paralIeI to A C, and
meeting, D I producd in K. Produce ID to F, and E IC, to
G; fothat
AWCihallbe:BHE::AIC:
FZD::
EKG
and the Points F and G will be in a Conick SeEtii
.* F KD
013, as ii known.
Bur. you ought to obferve this, if the Point H falls between all the Points A, C, and 6, E, or withoue them all,
the Point I mufi either fall between all the Points A, C, and
T;; D, or without them all ; and the Point K between all
the IJoints D, F, and E, G, or without them all. But if the
Point
H falls between the two Points A, C, and without;
the other two U, E, or,., between-I thofe two
BE, and with-.
out
...

hut the other two AC, the Point I ought to fall betrvsell
two of the Points A, C and F, D, and without
the other
the Point K oughd to
twti of them ; and in like Mumer,
fall, between two of the Poinrs D, F, ad E, G, ad with.
oat: Side of the two other of them ; which will be dolle by
taking 1 F, I< G,, on this & that Side of the Points Z, I( ac;
Having fq~nd the
cording to thi: Exigency of the Problem.
jfJ&lts F and G, bife6I AC and E G in IV and 0; alfo BE
~0 in L and M.
Join 2v0, L Ad, cutting one another i;
ig ; and L M and NO will be the Diameters OF the Cot&-k
Se&on, R its Center, and B L, FM, Qrdinates to the Dia.
meter L(M. Produce LMon both Sides, if there be Occafioo
to p and Q, fo that BLq Gall be to FMq : : PLQ : PMQ
and, p and Q will be the Vertexs of the Conick Se&&$
and PQ the L&m Tranfverfim. Make PLQ:LBq::
PQ : T, and Twill be the
LALW Re&m. Which being
Jcnown, the Figure is known.
It remains dnly that we may fhew how I, M is to be
gnoducd each Way to J? and Q,
fo that B L q may be :

F~M~::PLQ:PMQ,
viz. PLQ,
or PExEg,is
PR-LR%-~R-CLR;ForPLisPR-LR,
c_--- atld LQT
Moreover,
P R - LR x
XQ+ LR, or PR -I-LR.
PR $ LR, by multiplying,
becomes PR~ILR 9, A~ld,
&er the fame Manner, PMq
is PFi%
x lyRq
or P R q- RMq.
TherePore B Lq : F My : : PR q anrl by dividing,
B Lq- FMq :
LRq:
PRq-RMq;
Wherefore li~lce
F.Wq : : R Mq - LRg : P RqRMq,
theie are give11 B .L q - Fhfq, Fhq and RMq-LRq,
Atld rhe given Quan.
there will be given P R q - R A4q+
tity R Mq, and there will he give{] the Sum P R q, and con:
f~fplcntly its Root P R, to lvJlicl~ QR is fqY~1,

the four
given Points be A, & C, D, and the rjg$@
e given in Poiition be AE, which let the Coni&
Join any two Points D, C,
Se&OIl
.toucIl in the Point A.
and let: D C producd., if there be Oxafion for it meet the
Tangent in E. Through the fourth Point R dralv 8 F par&d to V C, which ihall meet the lrame Tangent
in F;
;FiF
D I parallel to the Tangent, and which may meet;
. Upon FB, V I, produc d, If there be Occafio~,
c&e FG, I$/, of fuch Length as AEq: CEV : : AFq :
BFG:: D I N : BIG. And the Points G and W will be
in aconick Se&on as is known ; if you only take FG, 1 H;
on the right Sides of the Points F and I, according to the
Rule deliverd in the former Problem.
RiMI BG, DC,
D H, in K, L, and M.
Join KL, A ~74, cutting one anodler in 0, and 0 will be the Center, A the Verte;lE, and
H M an Ordinate to the Semi-Diameter
A0 ; which be?
ing known, the Figure is known.

PPLO.ELEM

LVII.

E T thofe given Points be A, B, C, touching AD, B I2;

in the Points A and E, and let D be the common Interns
We& A B in E. Draw D E,
f&ion of rhofe Tangents,
and produce it till in F it meets CF drawn parallel to AR 3
and, D F will be the .Diameter,
tand AE and CF the OrdiProduce D F to 0, and on D 0
nates to .[thatJ Diameter.
take O,v a mean Proportional
between D 0 and E 0, .O~X

this Cond+ion,

!that :alfo .kEq : CFq :

fE*x:fTT

c m@

DVF
a

x imp
; and Y will be the Vertex,
Which being known,
Center of the Figure.
But YE is = -c/O_.--.
- 0 E,
will alio be knowll.

and 0 the
the Figure

and co&
--;lue,,tIy YE x C7;OF;-S% = T/Z)--OE X vo$OE
z

voq-OEq.
Beiides, hccaufe GO is a mean Proportic,
nal between D 0 and E 0, 1709 will be z D Id E, and
confequcntlyV0
9 - 0 E q z D 0 E - 0 E 9 =,D E 0. And
by a like Argument youll have PF x c/o -I- 0 F s VO9 G
Therefore
AEq : CFq: : DEO
Y;~~JOE-OF~.

OF9.

And confequently

OF9 is z

EOq -

eDEO-+2FEO-EE9.
-FEq
DEO:DEO-+2FEO-FEq::DE

F;e

<

Take

Tl rere f ore there

away

from

thcrc will remain

2FEO $-FE9.

D 0 E 7 OFq,zDOE-OEq-k2P&j

is given

this given
gb9

AntlAE~~:CFq::
:DEi-2FE-a

DE +

Quantity

given.

CL4

2 FE -

DE -/- 2 FE,
that

FE9
z.

and

N ; and $2

will be = EO, and confequently, EO will be given.

But
E 0 being given, there is alfo given VO, the mean Propors
tional between D 0 ad E 0.
After this Way, by iilme of Apollo~~it~
lhenrcms,
s
t&e
~roblcms arc expcditioufly cno~~gh folvd ; which yet may
hc folvd by Algebra without thofe Theorems.
As if the
Iirfr of the three lafi Problems be ~~oposd i [lvidcFigwe 78.1
Let the five given Poiuts be A, 4, C, I), E, through Which
the: Coniik SeRion is to pafs.
jam any two of them, A, C,
and any other two, B, E, by T,&ICScutting (or interli@ing)
one another in H. Draw D I parallel to II E meeting AC
111I ; as alC0 any other right Line I< L mcctitig AC in I<,
and the Conick Se&ion in L.
Ad
imagine
the Coni&
Se&ion to be given, fb that the Point K b&g known, there
will at the f&nc Time be known the Point Z, ; and making
A Ic= x, and R L I-Y, to 6xprefs the Relation bctwccn V2
and
?I,
affunic any bkpntion
wllich generally cxprc&s tire
C$;;k
SeRious ; fl?ppofe this, s +- bx -k c .z x -j- dy + cry
O&au0. Whercul 1, b, c, d, e, hOtC dcternnnate
tit&s ?4th
their Signs, but X and 9 McternrinaCe
@ahtities.
Now if we can find tbc tlcrcrmirmte Qalitj,ti(,s
d,
L, c, d, e, the Conick S&on
will be known.
If thorcfore
the Point L falls upon the foiut A,
in that C:~fi
A](
atld
Terms
of
the
I< L, that is, x and y, w$ be o. Thea all the
.
EquxtiqIj
I>

A
Ei#ation

"79

Yxfidei 2 will

= C.

Laitly,

if the

Point

falls upon the

izlf
oc f gAI< or x will be A A I and R L or J will be
= ID. Wherefore
for AI write A and for ID, n and
likewife for x and ,y fibfiitute m and )yd, and the Eqiation
Y cfx+cxx,
8~. willbecome-cfm3cmm+dnJs
Divide this by n, and there will come
em?Z+nn=o.
out ~!-@fnzc~m+._t-j-+c~+n=o.
n
.wW--i-e?-----g-l-n

Kz

0,

and there
-j+

fi=o,

Takeaway
will

k-cucfm Jr ct#m

remain -

or 5?W-c

d+

r)

f m +-?a-+

But now by rca.fon ofnthe given Points

+kLeg--;em
A, 23, C, I3, E, thcreare given AC, Al!?, AI, B?$ E%,
D I,. that is, f, g, YE, h, k, n. And canEepmlyby
the $7
fpl%tlOQ
aa

?C
77%
,J
by
&ere is given eg - e 191. Divide this given Qantiry
4$e giv.er) one g - m, and there will cwle out the given e,
d -t C,Z -j- h - k .-*,
which being found, the A!quatioo
Aor d = J- 13- eg, will give d. And thefe being known
.&here will at the fawe Time be determind the Equation exi
+p,five of the Conick Sefiion fought, vis. G~X z cx .V -+
And from that IfEquation, by the Method
d,Y-+eXY +rr*
,bf ~~~ cdvtej, the Conick Se&ion will be deeermind;
Mow if the four Points A, B, C, E, and the P,$ion
of
&hk r+t
Line A F, ,which touches the @nick SeEtlon in one
.of- &&e PoiIq
A were given, the Conick Se&ion may be
thus more e&y determind.
Having found, as above, the
Equations
cf,x=c.r:x -i-d~Jrex~+y~,
d=i--h--eg,
hk
and F = , conccivc the Tangent AF to meet: the
fg -.zg
right Line E H 111F, and then the Point L to be moved
aloog the Ierimetcr of the ]Figure CD E till it fall upon the.
will be
Point A j nrtd the ultimate Ratio of t K to AK
tjq Ratio of F 8 to A I-I, as will be cvid?nt to any one
that contemplates the Figure.
Make F H z pg and in this
Cafe where LK, AIC; are in a vaniffling State, youi! have
p:g::y:x,

Wherefore

0+x.

ch?
?-- = II.

by y, and there will remain

li3k
1g-=-gg

CfK

C, thCJ1 A

d.

hfllj,

for x, in the &qu+

Whercforc

make

k--b-_
R

alla
II-

having

e: v9

c f x =acxx -f; dj
having forms G, r?, and e, the &uation
*c- e x y Jr yy will determine the Conick Seaion.
If, lafily, there are only given the three Points A,,B, I$
rogetljer with the Pofition of the t&o right Lilies A?;
cf,
whicll touch the Conic-k Se&ion in* two of thofe Points; n
and c, there will be ohtaind, as above, this Equation
E+prefive of a Corrick Se&on, C~X = c XX + dy + e xy .+ yy.
I L
Cvide F&m 80.3 Then if you fuppofe the Ordinate
$0 be parallel to the Tangent Al,
an3 it be conceivd to b$
producd,
till it again meets the Conick Se&on in ~4, and
hat Ihe L M to approach to the TanSent AT till it cointhe ultimate [or evanefient] Ratio of
cides with it at A,
the Lines K L and KM to one another, will he a Ratio of
Equality, bs will appeas to any one that contempLates the
Wherefore in that Cafe IU, and KM being equal
Figure.
to each other, that is, the two Values of y, (via. the Affirmative one KL, and the Negative one MM) being equal,
thofe Terms of the 1LEquation (c fx = c x x $ dy + exy +3~) in which y is of an odd Dimenfion, that is, -the T&r&
dy -bexy
in refpeEt of the Term ry,
wherein y is of an.
For ot&erw& the two Vtieveh Dimenfion,
will vanifi,
lues of y, z/i%. the Affirmative and the Negative, cannot bc
equa1 ; and in that Cafi A]( is itlfinitely lefs than L K,
rhar is x than y, and confequently the Term exy thail the
Term y .
And confeq,uently being infinitely lefs, may be
feckon K for nothing.
But the Term dy, in refpe8 of the
Term yy, will not vanifh as it ought to do, .but wilI grow
To much the greater,
unlef d be fupposd to be nothing.
Therefore
the Term dy is rd be blotted out,\ and fo they*
will remain cf.v= cxx + e .-cy -+yy,
an Aquation
expreifive of a Conick GeEnon. Conceive now the Tangents A T,
CT, to meet one amther in 7, and the Point L to came to
And the
approach to the Point C, till it coincides with it,
ultimate
Ratio of ICI, to I( C will be that of A7 to A c
KL IQaSJ j AK, x ; and AC, f; and confequentlp KC,
make flT=g,
and the ultimate Ratio of 9 to
-x,
will be the fame as of g to f. The hquation
cf~
= cxx + exy + yy, fubtraaing
on both Sides c.tz,
betioinescfx--cxx=exy+yg,
that is, p
intocxz2-y
intoex+y.
Thereforey
:f-Lx
::cx:Ex+y,
andconfcquently g : f : : cx : ex + y. But the Point L falling up-=
DiTherefore
: f:: cx:ex,
on C, y becomes nothing.
f
Isride
the
latter
Ratio
by
x2
arAri
I;
wi
,!
become
g
:
j
:
:
c
: 4
AL ._and

if
had - ==: ei

Wherefore,

if in the Zquaticm

cfx s cxa

Cf

,+ e gy + y y, you wrire g for e, it will become c f x = cxx

Pp- C
_f +*)I.+.rr,

an &guation

expreflive of 3 Conick

Seai-

Or AT, from the

13n.~ Laffly , draw E H parallel to Kc,
give11 Foirlt 3, thrcjugh which the Cnnlck Se&on ought to
gafs, and which i-hall meet A C in H, and conceiving KL
to come towards B H, til! it coincides with it,, in that Cafe
A fl will be r= x, and B H I?*
Call therefore the piveIl
A Hz m, and the given R 19~ n, and then for x and y,
in the Equation

cf

cf x = c xx -\ -- xy -j- y y, write

m and

g
Cf
b, and there will arifc cfrn = c~~lt 3 - mn $- n n.
/ .g

cf
away on both Sides c mm + -- mta,
g

out cfm ecmm----

cf

in?. c I m will be z ?Et.

mn=ttn.
Divide

and there will come

Put

for the Conick Serifs

SCXX $ C
--f xg +yy).
Ctirtes, the Eonick

f -m--

fn
.-

z2.r I

cash Part of thefEq.ua..

**
tion by J m, and there will arife G= -*
P, the .&$arion

Take

But having

is determind

found
(cfz

And then, by the Method of DCJ

Se&tion is given,

and may be defcribd.

LVILL

PROBLEM
#ming

g?mz

the wall
Center
the

the Globe

D E,
and
of the Globe

Ba~?k

of

nnd

rhe J$$~j~n

the Globe

Globe
A,

13,

on this

thnt

if

Line

B D, which is pe~pendiicuklr
prodticd
OUT beyond
B) be

aad

tlse

A,

nlfolute

Space,

with

nn

wiform,

frills

lpon

eJhvat
A in

where

Motion

COY &ikeJ

G&e

re$e&d

and

(mboJe

~on&io~,

from

the

to the ads.

mowd in ,fty,y

.Gravity

cmt

towards

.II,

&ii?,
till

the .otber

e ; mad tthzt Globe B,

the given

the

to j&

Center is in

rtgn+]

of

of

B D the D$nnce
B frow;the
F&z/l;

it
qui-

After

it is

the Wall, jt&zlL jneet the ~toGe

&Vi& Figure 81.
Point C.

the Velocity of the Globe A before R&&ion be

ahndby Pro&m I 2, the Velocity of the Globe .,4 will
be after RefleAion =
Globe B after Refleaion

rid-aB
A+B

and

the Velocity

will be = AyB.

of

the:

, Therefore

the

Velocity of the Globe A to the VeIocity of the Globe B is.

as A--B
to 24
.On GD take gD=GH,
uiz. to the
Diameter of the Globe R, and thofe Velocities
will be as
GC to Gg +gC.
For when the GIobe A Itruck upon the
Globe B, the Point G, which being on the SurFace of the
Globe B is moved in the Line AD,
will go through the
Space Gg before that Globe B iball firike again0 the Wall,
and through the Space g C after it is reflefied from rhe Wall 5
that is, through the whole Space Gg +aC,
in the iame
Time wherein the Point F of the Globe A ihall pafs throygh
the Space G C, fo that both Globes may again meet and firike
one another in the given Point C. Wherefore, fincc the intcrvals BC and 6 D are given,
make 3 CZ m, B D i- CD
-,n,
andBG=x,
andGC
willberm-+x,
and Gg-b
D2:GB+BD+DC--GGN
gc=m+l?c-2g
x+n---+x,
or sn--3xa.
Above you h&A--B
to
2 .# a8 the Velocity
of
the
Globe
A
to
the
Velocity
of
the
.., ___._.
.. _ ~.- -..
Globe

_.

c 182
@lobe ;B, and the Velocity OF the Globe A to the Velocity
of the Globe B, as GC to Gg -i-g C, and confequertly A
-B
to24
as GC toGg-/-gC;
therefore IinceGC
is r:
&+x2?,
and Gg +gC=rn-3x,
A-B
will be to 24
Moreover,
the Globe A is to the
a?#-+-x
ton-3x.
Globe R as the Cube of its Radius,.4 F to the Cube of the
ot$eers Radius G B ; that is, if you make the Radius A F to
~2~Jas~;tox;
therefore JJ--X~
~2s' (::A-B
And multiplying
the Means
.--m+x
.
:n-3x.
atid Extreams by one another,
youll have this tEQuatiou
J%-3s3x-nx3
+ 3x4~2~s3 +- 2s~~. And by&
-I- sn
o. From the ~011~
du8ion
3 b 4 b.-@X3 -~SX
- zr3m C
&u&ion
OF which Equation
there. will bc given x, the
Sttnj-Diameter
of the Globe B ; which being &van, that
Q: E. F.
,Globe is alfo giveti.
But note,, when the Point C lies on contrary Sides of the
Globe 8, the Sign of the Qwantitytzm
muR be ,chaxigd,
and

written

$x~--~x-L~J~x

-j-2r'm '==Q.

If th GIGbe B weie given, and the Globe A fou#r.on

this Condition,
that the t.wo Globes, Bfter fiefthion,
fhould
meet in C, the Qucflion would be C&X ; hit. in the lafi
&quation found, x would be fupposd to be given, and J fu
be fought,
Whereby,
by a due Red&on
of that..&quation, the Terms - 5 J;X + $3~ - 2sjm bcirlgtranflaeed to
the contrary Side of the Equation,
and each Parr divided
3 x 4 7 n x 3,.
by 5,x -n + 2 YS, there wouId come out 5xnn
+2ti
Where s will be obtaind by the bare Extra&on 06
ASP.
thr Cnhe Root.
NOW if borh Globes being given, you were to: find the
Poinr C, in which both wou)d fall upor~ one another afref
IMletliOll,
the hlle
A!quation
by due l~ciln~ion
would
give rw=fn
; gc-

-;-x

R
-- xi?lI+UC

Forabove,~-3xwas=G&

-b g I: 2<&cncc if you take awny 2 r

remain n - 5 x G Hg +gC.
The Maif
.<.
: .T z.z $ Hi; + 4-g C. Morcoveti, from
rdrc away X) or B Fi; ?nd tl@c $11

or G H the

will
where:f is $n-;
n, OT B D 3 C ~j
&main
dli
.._ n---x,
J2q

3.
D + CIA ~~hence;
fince .!?-E -,
--i-.
%s-Xs

233
Qr

god11
have

244

2s.i

9JXi -X4
And

2s3

Signs being changd,x

4-

$3

the

nx

2J;

ROBLEM

ET n be the Length of the Thread

p QO In the Perpendicular P QR F, from F upwards take FE equal to

the Diameter
of the lower Globe, fo that when the
A Point R of that Globe falls upon the Bottom in FI
its upper Point Q hall poffcfs the Place E ; and let ED
he the Diffance through which that Globe, after it is re.fleCkd Corn the Bortom, ihall, by afcending, pafs, before it
Therefore,
meets the upper falling Globe in the Point D.
by reafon of the given Diitance D F of the Point D from
the Ro~Qx~, and the Diameter E F of the inferiour Globe,
there will be @ven their DiSxence
D E. Let that = b, and
let the DTprh R F, or Q E, through which that lower Globe
by filling before it touches the,]sottom
be =x,
if it be
yknown.
And having found ,v, if to it you add E F and
p&Q,

84
p Q;
khere,will be had the Height P F, from which the
upper Globe ought to fall to have the defird EffeB.
Since therefore PQ is = d, and Q E = X, PE will be
Take away D E 01 b, and there will relnain
=a-+X.
But the Time of the Deicent of the
p D = A .+ x.-G.
Globe A is as the Root of the Space defiribd in falling, or
6, and the Time OF the Defcent of the other
vqz=
@l&e g as the Root of the Space defcribd bY [its3 fallil~g,
~)r ,I~~, and rhe Time of its Afccnt as the Difference of that
&or,
and of the Root of the Space which it would defccribc
by falling OI$I from Q to D, For this Difference is as the
Time of Defcent from D to E, which is equal to the Time
of Afceut from E to LJ, But that Difference is l/x --/x=6,
Whence
the Time of De&nt
and Afceut together will
be as 2 j,~ - J 3 - 6.
Wherefore,
fince this Time is
equal to the Time of JJefcccnt of the upper Globe, the
-_
X -2 6. Th Parts of
&Qx-b
will be = 2 -f/x- J-----youll have R 3 z - 6 =
svhich &quarion being fquard,
~x--/I--L+~~~%,

aud,
. -alld
the IfIquation being orderd, 4 x - cd=I 4 r/w x - .!Ix ;
fi~uaring the Parts of that &quatioll
again,
thcrc a+s
r6xx - 81rx -k da = 16xx--166x,
or da=8axrbbx;

and dividingall

Or ~=LJ.X--$J~;

by 8 JI-

.
8a--x66
fo B to x, alId

166, youll have

ti x. Make therefore as 8 d - x6 L to a,
Q: E. I.
youll have x or QE.
Now if from the given QS YOU are to find the Letlgtll
of rhe Thread P Q or a ; the fief &pl:ltion
a a = X&X-,
x6Gn, by extrafiiug
the :&%9cd C$adratick
Root, would.
-- 16 6.t ; that is, if you take Qr
gives=4*--16xx
a mea~l Proportional
between QLI and QE,
PQ will be
For char mean Proportional
will bc VX x x3,,
= 4 ET.
--or dsx--Ls
; which fubtra&d
from LV, or QE,
leaves
E r, the @adruple
whereof is 4 .V - 4 vxF$-$
But if from the given C&anritics Q E, or ,IJ, as alfo the
Length of the Thread P Q, or A, there were fought the Point
Zl on whirh rhe upper Globe E~lls upon the uudcr one ; the
Diffance D E, or b, of that Point from the given rjoirlt E,
will be had from the precedent Llzquation (1A = 8 4 x - 1:66%
by transferring
RJI and 166 x to the contrary Sides of the
Equation

&uation
by

I 6 X.

with the Signs changd,

There

will

arife

and by dividing

8ax -
16X

the rvho1e

z b. Make there:

fore as 16 x to 8.2--,
fo a to b, and youll have b or DE.
Hitherto
1 have fuppos'd the Globes cyd together by a
firraIl Thread
to be let iY1 together,
Which, if they are
let fall at different Times conne&ed by no Thread,
fo that
the upper Globe A, for Example, being let fall firfl, fhail
~Mwvl
t!lrough the Space Y 7 before the orher Globe begins
to fall, ad rrorn the given Difianccs pf, p Q, and D ,?$
You are to find the Height P F, from which the upper Globe
ought to be let fxll, fo that it ihall fall upon the inferior or
lower one at the Point II. Make P Q,= n, D E = b, PT
as azz c, arid Q-E = x, an:1 PD willbe =ti+x-b,
- hoe.
And the Time lvhercin the upper Globe, by falling,
will defiribc the Spaces PT.and
Z-D, and the lower Globe
by falling before, and then by re-afcending,
will defcribe the
Sumof the Spaces QE -b ED will be as i/P7,
7/P D T
- VQD
; that is, as the l/c*
and 2 -(gE
7/P7-,
V/aqxL
i.-- dc, and 2 ?/x - l/z&,
but the txvo
jaR Times, becaufe the Spaces T D and QE-- + ED are defcribd together, are equal.
Therefore Ju + x.!I- dtc
r

2 a/x h

1/$x.
-.

And the Parts being fquard a -+ c -Make raj-c.

2 dca-jCX-cb
=~4.~-4?/~x-lbx.
-j- 2
E c, and rl - b = f, and by a due ReduCtion 4x-e
and
the
Parts
being
fquar
d
dcj+Gx:4q.dxx----Ls,
ec-sex+
z I 6 xx and lvriting

16xx + 4cf+4cX+Thx--4e
X dcf +-c.y
1 I~x.,
And blotting out on both Sides 16 CCx,
m for e c + 4ef, and alfo writing .---.
n for 8 e 4
C,
you
ll
have
by
due
Red&ion
16
E - 4e x
166 dcf + cx = n 3~- m. And the Parts being fquard [youll
have] 256~fx.z: $ 256~~ raSref.v1?.8cexx.+
I(;~,~f+r6ceex--,nnxX--zmnx-t-mi~.
Andhavrng
ordcrd
tile Equation
~56 c x 3
+ ww
*- rsgce

AX

1hcc

-j-

2 m pt.

Lf -%~1~

nC;~jZ,It of \qr]li& &quation x or QE

ivill be given,
tQ
w~licll if pL1 add the given DiRances T Q and E F, ,youlj
]lave the \-lcight F F, which was to be fourId.

2nd the lower 017C T I?$ wfUId be sg

BLMthe Space aG,
Make thofe Tilnes
+JVG--?/NT,
PO sMH-+MT.
equal, and the 4 N G - d/N 7 will be 2 ~~44 &I - ?/&fFT.
And, moreover; fince there is given the IWLmce GH, put
And by the R&&on
of the& t!vo
TG-+GH=TH.
Equations,
Ihe Problem will be i;)Ivd,
AS if il4, is =I: a,
youll have, according to the
NT--~,
GH=c, TG=x,
latter $quation,
x + c 3= rr H.
Add NT, yWl
have
&jHzfi+c.j-xo
To TG add NT, and youll have NG
G b + x. Which being found,
according
to the former
Equation,
a/b&-Lb
,Write e for ct + c, and 4

will be $3 + x = d/c

will be z qL-Tc-&T+a.
for r/tl $1/L, and the iEquation
+ g/f. ---- And

~~uar---.
d~Jrx=eJrx~fS2def+fX,
.
2 def + f x,
For b --e-f

write

g,

the Parts

being

orb--e--f=
and youll

have

$ = 2 l/e f-/- fx, and the Parts being fquard, gg z 4ef +

&,

and by Red&ion

4f

e z x.

i? R 0 B L E M
(?

L.x:I.

me two Globes,
A, El,
qhereof
the
I,ipper me A firlling from the TJeigbt G, /?rikes
dwe

U/)OIZ fln0theF
the
part

G~ovnd
from

h&T

one

13 yebofr&i+

EI

~pm~~i~

tliq%

073ti

n)tother

Ily Kq%8ion,

fiWn
Globes
that

JO
the

A W~UPUSby Force of thntRej$jon tb

its former
Altitude C,
nml
that in the fhrx
The
that the lom~r Globe B ret~uns to the
Gwund
H j then the Globe A falls Ir,nnin,
md /hikes ngnh upon the Globe B, rebounding i,~uin knck fhm the C~oz~nrE; mad after
&is rnte the Globes nlw~~ys rebound fyoty1
me mother
md retwn to the jhne Place :
Ft~om the giveu Magnitude
of the Globes,
the
Pofitjbn of the Groud,
mid the Place G from
whence the upper Globe falls, tojhd tbe Plnce
where the Globes/hall
/?rike U,SOIL
encb other.
LVide Figure
863

Glde

ET c be the Center of the Globe A, and f the Centei

of the Globe B, d rhe Cenrer of the Place G wherein
the upper Globe is in irs greatefi Heighr, y the Center of the
Place of t$e lower Globe where it falls on the Ground, d
the Semi-Diameter
of the Globe A, b the Semi-Diameter
of
the Globe B, G the Point of ContaB
of the Globes falling
and Hthc Point oFConra& of the lower
upon oixz another,
Globe asId the Ground.
And the Swift&
of the Globe A,
where it falls on the Globe B, will be the Came which, is gelIerated by the Fall of the Globe from ,the Height de, and
confequently
is as 4d e. With this kne Celeriry the Globe
A ought to be re8eBed upwards,
that it may return t? its
Former Place G- And the Globe B ought to be refleaed
with the fame Celeriry. downwards wherewith
it afcended,
that: it nosy return in the fame Time to the Ground it had
And that both there may come to
mounted up from.
@a&, the Motion
_ of- the .Globes in retieding ought to be
equali,

and

that ,tEquation

will

become

z
s

--_

rt

x +

s.f
into

p,

hbtra&

frown both Sides :.I x,

$1, and divide by TT - r t,

-. JJP
3-T---Tt
fimplc,

Which

&Equation

and there

would

673-+ 6
if I had taken P- for LI--,
I

have

and. multiply

all

lvill arife x =
come

out more

for there would have

come out 2I- k. Whence making that p-t

kall he
P -t
to s as s t0 X, y3Ull have x; or e d ; to which if you add
E c, youll have dc, and the Poillt c, in which the Globes ih,Jl
fall upon one another.
Q: E. 1;.
Hitherto I have been Mving feveral Problems.
For in
leariling the Sciences, Examples arc nf more UTe than I?rccepts. Wherefore I have been the hr%eT on this Head. And
iome which occurrd as I was putting down the reff, I have
given their Solutions without ufi11g Algebra. that I mi&t
fllew that in fame Problems
that at GrR Sight appcsr dlfhckllt, there is not always Otcafion for Algebra.
But now it
is Time to Ihew the Solution of ,LEqLlat:lons. For after a.
Problem is brought to an liEquxtion, you 1nuR extra+ rhe
Roots of that )Eqwtion,
which are the Quantifies that pnfwcr or] fatisfy the Problem,

x931

.th htcrft%on
will have two Roots, ;whereby it deter&nes
both [Points
of ] the Interfeetion,
.rf there be nothing id
the Data whereby the Anfwcr is determind
t9 .[only] one
Interfctiion.
[Vidc Figm 87.1 ,Arxi rhus, if the Arch
A P R the, fifth Part of A P were to be found, though per haps You IJJiglic apply your Thoughts only to the Arch API?,
yet the xquation,
whereby the QucfCm will be folvd, will
determine
thefifth Part of all the Arches which are termimted at: the Points A and B ; njti
the fifth Part of the
AI&S ASB,APBSAPR, ASBPATB, and APRSApRSAPB,
as weI1 as tile fifih Part of the Arch APU ; which fifth
Part, if you divide the whole Ciriumfercnce
into five cquat
Parts PQ, QR, AS, ST, TP, will be 197, AQ,
AT&
Wherefore, by feeking the tifch Parts of the Arches
the right Line A B Iubtcnds,
to dctcrmilie all the
Cafes the whole Ciicumf&ence ought to be divided in. the
five IPChts P, Qj.4, S, 7.
WllCrefOrC, the 2Equation that
wiI1 determine all the Cafes will have five Roors
For the
fifth Parts of all thefe Arches depend on the fame Data, and
are found by the fame Kind of Calculus ; ~othat youll al-,
ways faJI upon the iame Equation,
whether you fcck,the
fifth Part of the Arch AP B, or the fifth Part of the Arch
AS,B, or the fifth Part of any other of the Arches. Whence,
if the Equation
by whiCh the fifth Part of the Arch APB
is determind,
fhodd, not have more than one Root, whiie
by. &king
the
fifth Part of the Arch AS R we fdll upon
that fame fiquation
; it wouJd follow, that this greater Arch
would have the fame fifth part with the former, which is
leis, becaufe ,its Subtcnfe [or Chord] is exprsisd by the&me
III every Problem thertfi)re it is
Root of the .%pariot~.
neccfiry,
that-the .Equation
which anfwers lhoul~l have ai
many Roots as there are different Cafes of the Quantity
,fou+t depending
on the fame Data; and to be~dctermind.

by the fame Method of Reafoning..

But an Equation
may have as many Roots asit ,has Di-.
Thus the &quation
x4 7 x
ahd. *floe more.
menfions,

v-:Igxx

+ qgx--

30 z n, has four%m,

I., ?, ;2,.-

For any, of thefe Numbers wrrt III the 2 but not more.
quatioll for x will caufe aJl the Terms ro deflroy one anotiler as upe jlavc fijid ; but betides there, there is IJO, Numher by ~hofe
Subfiitution this will happen.
Moreover, the
Nun&r
alld Nature of the ROOLT dl
be beA underitod
frQm the.Generation
of the kEquarion. As if we ~0dd
k&w, how, an Equation
is rE:ted,
whofG Roptis are X9
h3
.

IT1991
imPoflib]e I?Jumkers, becaufe they fippafc the ExtraRio,fr #
die S?tl:ire hot out of the Negative Numb& - 2.
- l+t it is id,
that the Ka0t6 0f fip.tiOm
fn0uld be of..
tell inVdi%
ldi they lhould exhibit the Cafes of Problems
that are often impoffible as if they were po@bIe.
& it
pou~wcre t 0 d 4atermine the InterfeQipn of a right Line anJ.
a Circle, aid JOU #m.rld put tr?[o Letters for the Radius of
the Chclc ml he IJifiance of the right L~IICfE0m its C,+qbtcr j ad
~:h!
PQU
have the &&ration de&Jug the Inter@aiorl, if, for the Letter denotieg the DiAar~ce of the &ht
you put a Number lefs than the J<a$JjC from the (km,
khls, thy htc@Jtiou
Ml be p~ofli,ble ; but if it be greater,
impoflible ; and the two Roots of the &puation, which de- Terhe
tht: t~vo~IruXrfe&ons,
ought to be, either pofl~~le or
Cr/idi$
imPoflih]e,
that they may truly exprefs the Matter.
Figure 88.1 And thui, iF the Circle GD E F, arId the $3,
lipfis ACB F. CUT me another ip the Ppiuts. C, D, E, F, alid.
Xo any right Liue given in P&ion.
as AB, YOU let fdll the
Perpcndicuhs
C&, D H, E 1, PI<, anJ by feeking the
Lerrgth of any one of the Perpendiculars,
you come a!:
length to an &quatjoq ; that Equation,
where the Circle
.cUtS the Ellipfi in four Poirrts, ;yill have four real :Roo~s,
Now, if the Rawhicl~ will b.e rhafc four Perp,endrculars,
dius of the Circle, its Center remaiuing, be dimiuifhd KMtill the Poims Eand F meeting, the Circle at krrgth touches
the Ellipfe,
thofe two OF the Roots which cxprefs the Per?
pcndkulars E I and F K* IIOJV coinciding,
~v,ilj becotng; e*quaI. And
if the Circle 6 yet dimiuilhd, 13 that jt doe?
nat touch the Eiaipfe in the LJoint E F, but o~;lly cuts it iI1
the other two Points C, D, tlw out of the four Roots thgfe
two which exprefsd the Perper@uIars
E I, F K, whicll PV
tmv become jmpofiibI,le, will become, together ,wNl thofe
And afier this Way ir? all
-~erpen&~dars,
aif0 impofible.
* by auynenting
or dimitiifhing ltlxi: Tcw+. of
Equations,
tile unequal Roots, two will become firA equal and then 11nG
And thence it is, that,rhe Number of the impof:
pofhble.
;libleaRoots is al.ways even.
But fornetinrz3 the Root6 of Equations are p&3.$ - 4%~
But this happer?
the ~cl~emes exhibit them as impo@blc.
,by reaforr of fame Limitation
in the Scheme, tvhich do:s
.[FTj.deFigme 89-l. fis if 111
riotSbelong .to the kquation.
tile ScIniTCj&
~1 IIB,
having given the Diameter. A%
&I ,tlAe c11ord A L>, a.nd havirlg ,let. fall the Pew+-W
;D q I r& to C~KY~IIC
SCTJJ~~~~O~
the Diameter AC, youll
haYe,

e 1961
Equation,
have lADq
- - AC. Atld,bythis
AC is exhiAR?
1
bitcd a real Q+ty,
wbcre thk iofiribd Line AD is greater
AC then bethan the Diameter AR ,; but by the. SC~IK,
colaes impoffible, viz,. 111 the Scheme the Line AD is fupposd to he infcribd in Khe Circle, and therefore cannot be
greater than the Diameter oftl1.e Circle ; but in the &quJ,
tion tllere is nothing rhat depends up011 that Condition,
From this Condition alone of the Lines the &uation
comes
,OLI~; .that A B, A D, and AC arc continually
proportional.
And becaufe the Equation
does ,not contain all the Conditions of the Scheme, it is hK necefiry
that it fhould be
bound to the .Limits of all the Condirions.
Whatever is
mart iii the Scheme than ill the Equation
may conflrain that
For which reafon, when Equatito Limits, but not this.
arId cOllfkpIellt~y
Call'llOK have
ens are of odd Dimenfions,
all their Roots impoffible,
the Schemes often fct Limits to
the @uantitics on which all the lioors depend,
which [is
irnpoffible they can exceed, keeping the fame Conditions of
the Schemes.
Of thofe Roots that are real ones
the Affirmative
alld
Negaiiie OIICS lie on contrary Si<es, dr tend contrary Ways,
Thus;
in the lafi Scheme but one. by fccking the PeFpcndi.
cular CC;, you 11light upon an Equatibn
that has two Affirmative 11obr.s CG and D 23, tending from the Point$ C
and ZI the iam: Way ; and two Ncgativc ones, E 1 and ,pK,
rcnclingfrom the Poirlts E and F t!ie oppofite Way,
Or if
in the he
All
there be given any Point p, and the Part
,of it PG extending from that given Point to fame of the
Perpelldiculars,
as CG, bc fought,
WC fhall light on au ,&quation
Of four 1{00Ks,
P G, P H, P I, and P XC, whereof
rhc Quantity
foughr
P(;,
and thofe that tend from the
loillt 1. tI!e GIme Way with PG, (as Y K) will. be Affic.
(as P H,
liw rhofe which tend the contrary Way
marive.
JJ 1); Negative.
Wlicretherc are none of the Roots of the +EQuation im.
pflibie, the Number of the Rfiirmarive and Nep?rivc Roots
may bk krlorvn from the Signs of the Terms .ob the &ql;atalon. For there are io many Afirmativc~liiots
as there are
Cl!aligcs
of chc Sigis in a continual
Scrics from $ ro -,
andifrom L ro -t- ; rhe rcR are Ncgacivc.
As irl the AXquatiort x 4 L,Y~I
js.* -j- >.gx .- 30 = 0; w+re +2 Sigtls
of the Term
LdiOW
we 2inorhcr ifi this Oqkr,
+ 7

,.
,. ri

1. s
c 197 J
-b L,
the Variations
of the fecond --fm
the firA 4, of
the fourth .+ from the third -, and of the fifth .- from
the fourth -t-, i-hew, that there are three Affirmative Roots,
alld confequently,
that the fourth is a Negative one. But
rvhete fame of the Roars are impoffible,
the Rule is of no
Force,
unlefs as far as thofe imiofible
Roots,
which are
neither Negative nor Aflirmative,
may be taken for ambigunus ones.
Thus
in the Equation
x 3,+ pxx + 3ppxthe
Siens
fhew
that
there
is
one AAirmative aobt
9== 07
and two Negative ones.
S.uppofe .3:= 2 p, or x - 2pz 6,
and multi&
rhe former ,&quation
by rhis,
and add one Affirmative
Robr more to the x-2p=3~
former, an
youll

have

this

IEquation,

.za -p

N i -+ ppx xme2Pi

+ 2) q = 0, which ought to have cwo Aflirmati~eYrZI ~IVO

Negative
fioots ; yet it has, if ybu regard the Change of
the !!,&JIx, four Afirmative
ones, There are rherefore two
impoflible ones, ,,which for their AmbiguiJy in the former
CaE feem ta be Negative ones, in the latter, Affirmative
ones.
But you may know almoit by this Iiule how many Roots
are impoilible.
&fake a !%ries of FraEIions, .w$ofe Den-,
.
minators
are Numbers in rhis Prbgrefflon I, 2, 3, 4,, , &cgoing on to the Number which ihall be the Iame as th at of
the Dimcnfions
of the Equation
; and the Numerators the
fame Series of Numbers in a contrary Order.
Divide each
of the latter Fratiions by each of the former, and place the
,Frac%ot~s that come out on the middle Terms of the &quation.
And under any of the middle Terms, if its Square,
.,
m~ltiplyJ
into the FraRion Rauding over its Head,is greater
than rhe Re&angle of the Terms on both $ides, place the

sg~l +, but if it be lefs, the Sign I;;

but under the firA
and laft Term place the Sign 3.
And there Grill bi as
neatly ilhpofible
Roots as there are Changes in the Series o?
,the underwritten
Signs from j- to -,
aud - to +a
,As
if you have the Equation
x -j- p.yx+
3pp.v -g--o
;
1 divide the fecOJld of the FraQions of this Series + .$.fP
G;t. +. by the firit +, and the third -) by the fecoml 4, and
1 place the Fra&ons that come out, viz,. f and + UPdll the
JQC~JI Terms of the &$arion,
as follows ;
,,:,,
.
(2 I,-I
.1
.
1,
*y + p:x+
&n--g
=: Q*
I<

-t:

?I-

-t-

TlJeJl

Then,

becaufe the Square of the ficond Term

,plyd, into, the Era~tion over

~2% mu&

its Head +, uiz. PYLE2 is Je[s

than 3pp,v, the ReCtangle of, the firit Term x ; and third
3pp x, 1 glacc the Sign - under the Terl? PXX, But becaufepy4xx
(the Sqdare of the third I*erm 3pp,2) mu].
tiplyd into the FraEtion over its Head $ IS greater than II+
thing and therefore much greatet. than the Negative lie&
angle of the fecond Term px x, and the fourth - 9, 1
place rhe Sign + under that third Term.
Tl~etu,
.under the
fir0 Term $3 and the lafi -q,
I $ace the Sign -i-. And
the two Changes of the underwritten
Signg; which are ill,
I this Seiies + - + +,
the one ftom + into -., and the
otherfrom - into -/-;, fhcw that there arc two impoil&
Rootsj Arid thus the Equation .z 1 - 4 XX + &{x - 6 = o
-f-:.
xi -pvs+
&-6,Q*
has two impolfible Roots,
+.
+
.
MO
.f

the Equation
$

x .+ -

6 x .V -

3 0x-

2z

o hal two,

.24 ~&-~,~x--~3*y--2=:c.

For this Series of Fr$

by the fir& and the

by rlie third, gives &is
Series ;; $, 4, ,to be placed upon rhe middle Terms of rhc
Equation.
Then the Square of the ~WOII~ Term, which is
here nothing, multiplyd into the FraEtion over tiead, uiz,,
1 produces nothing,
which is yet greatxr than the Negative
77,
R&angle .- 6 x 6 containd ulldcr rhelcrms x 4 a11c1V 6 xxi
Wherefore,
under, the Term that is wanting I write Jr,
In .tl~c reff 130 on as in t$e f&ner Ex:qt~ple ; and there
comes out this Scrics of the underwritten
Signs -+
+--$?
where two Chwgcs hew there xc two impofli t le Roots,
And after the f&me Way in the &juayion
x q - 484 +
qx~-.e~.l!x5 -4~ z o, arc difcoverd two i~uyo@$
Roots; as follows ;

under
Where two or mo~Tcrms
arc at once wanting,
the @rfI of the dcfii-icnt Terms youl muR write the Sign =-,
under the kcond tllc Sign +,
under the thir~l the Sign --,
ad
fo on, always vczrymg
the Sigls,& cxcc@
that under the
Ml
.v

hft cf the deficient Terms you mufi alrvay~ p&e ,+; nherk
the Terms ne.xt on both Sides rhe deficiene Terms have coni

+
foor, and
&qua&n,

,-

+ ,+

the latter
1.

two

impofible

the

firft whereof

Roots.

haS

Thus allo &t:

o

,caufe .by the Sighs ,tihat,are wbrit underneath that are changeable, viz, + - +,
by which:it is lhewn x&e are IWO
-~~4++~~.3
.-in-pfible
:Roors,, tihe T-erms.oqcr.Head
,QX:X have the&gns L- + -,
ttihi+ by twrj Varintibfls
; :therefore t+ere &Il.
1hew there #are two AfEirmati.ve
be. t,wo impofIibleJ%oots
among ~the Affirmative onest Since
therefore
the Signs I of all the Terms ,of the .&quarion
+-+w---da,,
lby thee Variatjon~ kew that thereare
three Affirmative &oots, and that the ather,rjwo are NegaCUEI &at among itheCA&mative
ones ,there are two
tive,
im,pdmIe
OllCS; sit ~fdlldws chtit Xhere,are, uiz. :t%e true
afirmatioe
Root, two negative ones, and two %mpo%ble

.Roots

2-x-x!<-$
, then the Jer& over Head $7 thi cub-4~1,
,by, their
fcribd .forrncr Terms +- -, I/;;.. +4x
. Siglqs that +n?t change 7 .and .-ir, fleet+, r;lla~ one of, the
Negative
Roars .is iitllpofilble ; and $13~2Terms dVet th25ol;
mer underivritten
varying Terms - Jr, vit, - z XX - 5 .vr
by their Terms not va.rylflp, - and A, lhcw thar one of the
Wherefore,
Gnce the Signs
Negative
EZoors are impofflble.
of the Equation
+ - ++ - -+ byone Variation
fiellt
there i-s me Affirmative Root, and that the other fourare
Negative j

t&o NegaW
BhJegativle, it follows~e there is one Affirmative,
and tqro ~rqdhble
OIICS. Ad
this 4s fo where tllcre
ore not more impoflible Roots than what are difcoverbd by
For there may be more, a)thougtr it
the Rule preceding.
lfeldom I~nppens.
Moreover, ~11 the Affirmative
may be changd into Negative ones, and the Negative int.
Afirmativc
ones,
and that
Omy by
Of the TrdnJhcr- changing of -the alternate *Terms ci, e.
Thus, m the J+uationr of~&p4otion~., every other 1ermj.
-++&-2zw1.~,~
tion xt( -4x4
Koots will be changd into Nel
;t z20, the three Afirmative
,gat+Gc oines, and the two Negative bnes ,into Aftirmatives
~y&qing
only the Signs of the ficond, fourth, and fix&
as.is done here, X$ + 4~~ 3. 4x+2~~~5~
Terms,
-f- 4 = 6. This &quation has the fame &ots with the formep, unlefi that in this, thofe Roots are Afirmativc
that
ai~d Negative
here that there were
were there Negative,
Affirmative .; and the two irnpo%ble Roots, ~hjcll lay hid
there among the Afirmrltive ones, lie hid here among the
Negative ones ; io that th~fc~ being iubducd, there remains
only one Root truly Negative;
.Therc. are alfo. other Tranimutations
of &quations whielr
arc of Ufe in divers Cafes. :For we may fuppofe the Root
of an Equation to be composd. any how out of a hnorvn
and an unknown Qnntiry,,
and then CubAitutc what me
fuuppofe equivalent to it. As if WC fuppofe the Root to be
cqml to tI]e Sum or DXercni;c of any 1i11o~n and unknornl
For, after this Rate, WC mdy augment or diQlnntity.
mini fh the lioor~ of the &uation
by that kl>own Quantihy, ,or filFtra61 thcwl from it ; 4
thcrcby C:aUk that f&n,
of them 'that were I:eEorc Negative fllall now become Afirmarive,
or iomc of tl@ Affirmrive
ones b~mne
Negative,
or s]fo that all Ml
lecoirie AfYirmntiv,c or a11 Negati.ve.
tive,

Roots
OE
ZIII~
&q

Tim.
jfI

in the Efp,lti011~
hbe

.t At-

t0 ilUgl&llt

++c)-

rp,Vx

43X-30

~3,

the RQotS by L7nity, I fnppofi

a4-j r.&y,mw~:y-I ;, and then for d 1 write y - I in
ti~c &qu;+tionI and fix the Square, Cube, or Biquadrate of
,
x, 1 write t11c like Potter of j - I , as fd10ws;
/
. ..I..
,,.

!
)

I
..
* i:
I :
.
ir%lil

4--4_yi+
Yi -t

-spsx
-f

231

7)
6yy3vr-

--997-+-3~Y----rgr

49%

-30
---,v----Sunl

4y+r
?Y-l- 1

-+ 47Y--49
-

30

]~~-~y~-Iroyyf80y-.g6=s.

And!the Roots of the Equation

that. is producd,
(zix,)
L- o, will be 2, 3,4, - 4,
7 4 7 Sr3 - OYY -I- SOY -96
which bcfrire were I, 2, 3, - 5, i. c. bipger by Uility, Now,
iF fcs .v X had writ y + I$, there woild have come aut the.
/@ation
y 4 -+ 5~ 3 - 10 YJ - ;+.vj- -CTi ) - 0, whereof
there be t&o Affirmative Roots, + and 1 f, and two N~gaeive ones, .- ) and - 6
But by writing, r-- 6 for x,
there would have come 0% an,Equation
whofe Roors would
have been 7, 8, 9; I, viz,. all Affirmative;
and writing for
the fame [.Y] y -\-- 4, there would have come out thofe Roots
diminilhd
by 4, vi&. - 3 +. 2 - I - 9, all of them NC:
gntive.
by augmenting
or diminiitii!~g the
And after this Way,
hots,
if any of them are impoffible,
they will iometimes
be IIIOI% e&y de&ted this Way than before.
Thus,
in the &quz~tion x 1 - 3 BGIP - 3 cz: r 0, there
aie nn Root& that appear impofflble by the precelin~ RuJc: ;
but if you- augment
the Ropts hy the Qlsntity
8, wriring~
y-nfor ,I!,. you may by that Rule difi:otier two impofiible
Rants ii1 the Equation
ref$ting, yi - 3 ny:v - ,; ,= 0,
By, the filrne Operation yocl my alfo take away rhe feco~d
Terms- of Equations
; which will be done, if you iubdu0.
the kndwn Qalltity
[or Co-&icient]
of the fccond Term
Of the Equatiorl
proposcl, divided by the Number of Dimcnfians
[of the highefl Term] of the Aqu:tion, frolti the
QMtity
which you afIiime to fignify the Koot of the new
~Eq~r;ltioll,.. all11 fhflituce. the. Itemairlder for the Root of the
AS if there was proposd the &quafiquution
proposd.
4.r.~ .+ + ,Z - 1 = 0, j fllbtr.aR the I:IIOWIY
tion 23 Qgal,lrirjr [or Co-cfhcier,t]
of the feco!~? 7 erm, whi:h is
- 4, divided by t.l.1~Nnm~r of the Dnnen&,ns
of fhc ~4%
quatioz1,
viz,. 3, from thr Species I]or Letter] whith is affui-ud to figdfy the WTJ Roar,. fuuppofcr from y, ml
&a
Rernaityfilcr y + $. I[ fubfli;ute for cc, and there comes out

y 3

y!(

$ y -

the third
IBy the fame Method,
may be alfo taken away. Let there be
3 ti 3 + 3 .y x - 5 x - 2 = o,
X4 in the room
and fubitituring. y -C
this Equation;

I-;!+ =

().

Term of an Equation
proposd the A%quatian
alld make x = y - e,
of x, there will arife

The third Term of this fiquatioll

is 6 e e $ 9 e + 3 tnu[I
if 6ee + ge + 3 were nothing,
tiplyd by yy.
Where,
Let us fuppofe it therefore to
youd have what you defird,
be Ilot]$lg,
that we may thence find what Number ought
w be fubflituted in this Cafe for e, and WC &all have the
Quadratick
&qu:\rion
6 cc + 9 e -/- 3 z o, which divided
bg6 will become ee+.$e+$=;o,
or ee=-+e--$,
and extrd&ing

the Root e z -

7/.&., that is, E-

5 & d-i;;. -

$ * $, and callfiquclltly

t, or=--

art:

equal C--f>

Whence y - c will bC citIlCT y + 5, Or y + I. Wherefore,

there
fince y - e wits writ for x ; in rhe room of y-e
ought to be writ y -t $ or ,y $ i fix x, thilt the third Term
of the L&uatiGll that r&Its may be taken away,
Alld
that will happcll in both Cafes.
For if for x you write
y .I --y : - !,,:y Y + $7 there will arife this Equatioll,
-gco
; but if YOUwrite y + i, there will arifi tllis &quation,y+y~-4yc~12=0.
Moreova,
the Roots of &c~uaEiolls may bc mu&plyd
0~
di~idcd by given Numbers ; and after this Rate, the Terms
of Bquatiotls
be diminillrtl,
d
FWIious
and Radical
Quantities
iometimes be taken away.
As if,thc liEquatior1
were y 3 - :;-,y - !g - 0 j in order to take awn.y rhc Fra&ions, 1 fuppofe y to be z ;-;;, and thm by fLlb fti~l,iring -fx
FOX

. 1

for J, there

Comes out this new Equation,

xl4
-WI-

pix

-.
-

27
27
146
Denominator
of
- O, and having rejeEted the common
27 the Terms,
t 3 - I2 z.- 146 = c), the Roots of which &
vtioIl
are thrice greater thao hefore.
And again, to dimillifi the Terms of this Equation,
if you write 22, for
zl there wih come out 8~3 - 24 v - 146 =o,
and dividi%
all hy 8,
y01.1'11 have ~3 -3vr8$=0;
the Roots
of which
&quation
are half of the Roots of the former:
And here, if at IaR you find v m&e 27~ z ZL, +r =r,
and
y++=
CC, and youll have x the Root of the Equatron as
fir4 proposd.
Ad
thus, in the Equation x 3 .- 2x $43
= o, to take
away the Radical quantity
d3 ; for x I write ~q3,
and
there comes out the Equation
3~~43 - zy ~3 + ~3 = o,
Tvhich, dividing
all the Terms by the 1/3, hecomes 3 73 c
2Y+Iz.z0.

Again,
the Roots of an fiquntion may be changd into
their Reciprocals,
and after this Way the fiquation
may be
fometimcs
reducd to a more commodious Form.
Thus, the
lafi Equation
comes

5
5

3y : ?
z-+-I=%

2y +

=z 0, by writing

i for J, be-

and all the Terms being multi-

z 3, and the Order of the Terms changd, CC,;The lafi Term but one of. an Equdtron may
=o.
dfo
by t3ris Method be taken away, as tile fecond was takeh
away before,
as you fee done in the precedent Equation
;
or if you would take away the lnit but two, it may he done
Moreover, the IeaSt Root
as you have taken away the third,
may thus be converted
into the greatefi, and the %rea.teR
into the leaf!, which may he of fame vie in what fcJolIO~vs;
T.hu.y, in the Equation
x 4 -x:
- r9xx j- 49.~ - 30
I
= o, whofe Roots are 3, 2, I, ti 5, if you write .- for x,
Y
1
I
19 , 4.17
theye will come out the Equation
I -- -- - T -7
Y3
YY
= o, which
multiplying
all The Terms by 3, nnd
G%ng
them by io, the Signa being changd, becomes y -I
-pIYCl

,zzz+

by

e:204 J
ROW 3
are $, $, I, --.--j-; the greatcft of the Afirinative
being noxv.changed illto the leait $, and the leait r I:x$J~
now
bade
greatdt,
ad
the Negatlvc Root -5,
whicli of
a11 was the mofi remote fionl
o, now coming ~mrefi
to it.
There.are
alfo other Tranfmutatiorls
of Equrtiarrs,
but
which may all be perforind after tlint Way of trnlifmuWC took aWLly tIIC tllild
Term
Wing we have ihewn, wh
of the Jf3lution.
From the Generation of &luations
it is cvideut, that the
known Qantity
of the iecorrd Term of the f%]uation,
if
[or Sum] of
its Sign be changd, is equal to the AggreWe
all the ]caoors [added together]
under their proier Signs 3
and that OF the third Term eclu:\l to the Aggregate of the
fk&nglrs
of each tlv0 of the Koots ; that Of the FMd~, if
is tq~~al to the Agl:regate of tllC Conits Sip
be challgd,
tents u~rder each three of the Roots ; tllat OF the fifth is equai
tcJ the &gyegdtc
of
the~hlltCI1~S
UlldfX tdl
four, and
fo on nd hjitaitwm.

Let

us alfu111c

S=d,

TEL,

x z--c,

or s---~o,
x--L-o,
S-FL ZO,
x-d
I 0, and by the continual Multi.plicatiotr of there we may
Now, by multiplyirig x .- 1
generate AZquatiolls as above.

s=d,

by x -

&c,

b there will be producd the Aquntion

xx :;x

-{.

of tlie fw0nd Tcrq

is the Sum of the two
@its n and
C&r iutity of the third Jerm
Agairr, by mu]iy rhc OII~Y lZ( Et 111Slecolltaind under botlr,
riplying this fiquarioli by .x -l- c, there will be protiucd
-t-d6
tile Cubick Eq~19tio11 xi =,:x.
--acx+utC~o,
wllere
-j-c
-6c
the known Q_uantiry of the fecond Term having its Signs
changd, viz. N -b b - c, is the Snrn af tile Roots A, and 11,
Cllld Me;
the kncrrvti Q:ultity
of the third lt;rtr,n b .-.+aC
1-- bc is tlrc Sum of tlic fL?J:tnglcs under each two of the
Terms n and 6, n ad -- 6, /I alid -c
; and the kr~~n
~mIlity
of the fmrrh ~er-nr t&r.
irs Sign chngd,
~,/Jc,
is tl1e 01 Ily ~OlltP.Jlt
get Israted
by dlC CCJll( iuual, I\/l&iplieaJLjoreovcr, by nlultioll of ill1 tile Terms, 4 by 6 into .--I:.
tiplying that Cubick h.qu;rtion by .v *-#d, tllc:re will be pr+
ducd this 13iquadratic~~ OIK ;
where the known

a b =0;

if+ its

Sip

Quantity

are changd,
wit.
b, a11d CIIC kiiown

d -t

6,

--Ld
-47

--de

-+aGc
--nbA

2:
I-c a

-j- bed
+ acn

L
x-abed

= 6

Where the known Quantity of the fecond Term under its

%TIS
R;ots chang
. that d Gf via
tileath;r;k t-- 6 -I- d, is the Sum of all the
1
--ac--b-j-ad+
brl--cct,
7
is the sum of the h.!Ttangles under every two ; that of the
fourth,
its Signs being changd,
--6c+
a6$-bcd4 ~(1, is the Sum OF the Contents under each Ternary ; that
of the fifth, - A~cA, is the only Content under rhern al4,
And hemx we fir0 infer, that all the rational Roots of any
Equation
tllat involves neither Surds nor &a&ions, and the.
ItMtaqles
of any two of the Roots, or the Contents of any
th? or more of them, are iome of the Integral Divifors af
the lafi Term ; and therefore when it is evident, that there
is no IXvifix of the iaff Term,
or Root of the fiquation,
or ReRanple,
or Content of two or more, it will alfa be
evident that there is no Root, or Retiangje,
or Content of
l[io~ts, except what is Surd.
Let us fuUppofe now, that the Imown Qantitics
of tl;c
Terms of [any] Equation
under their Signs changd,
are
p, q, r, $, t, v, &c. vit. that of the iecan& p, that of the
And tile
third 4, of the Fourth Y, of the fifth s, and &on.
Signs of the Terms being rightly obfervd, make p = a, p 4
-f-2q=b,
pb+qa+3r=c,
pc-/-q6-\-ra+4s=dr
J3~f+&+++sd+~fTe,
pe+qd+
kc + sIr+ta
-j- 6vz:
f, and fo on Ad infinittim,
obferving the Series of
the Progreflion.
And a will lx the Sum of the Roots, L the
Sum of the Squares of each of the Roots, c the Sutnof the
Cubes, d the Sum of the Biquadratcs, e the Sum of the Qua.drato-Cubes,
f the Sum of the Cubo-Cubes
[or fixth PowAs inthe Equation x J -x
- 19,~ ti +
er] and fo on.
where the known C&amity of the feecand
9x~30=0,
OF
th erm LS -. I, of the third c r9, of the fourth + &,
fiou mutt make IZP,
19~9,
--49==7?
the fifth -30;
And there will thence arife a = (p => I :, /I z
(p6 4-98 -l-p.=
39
z 1+3s4
39, c=
l

1s,-I447=)--88,tl=(pcJrqbJrra+4$=L--9-~
--l-w

--q-i-

I2031

77$

Wherefore

the Sum oF the

RQOE

[ 2OG

Roots will be I, the Sum of the Squares of the Roots s9;

the Sum of the Cubes - 89, and the Sum of the Biqua,

the Roars nf that &Equation are 1, 2, 3

drates .P*?.:; WZ.
and -. ;;pmand the Sum of the& I -+ 2 -j- 3 - 5 is I a 1
, Sum oi ?xb;,quarcs, I + 4 + 9 + 2,5, is 3.9 ; the Sum if :;1,
Cubes, Y _j- i! + 27 - I 25,is - 89 ; a.nd the Sum of the &.
quadrate::, : + 16 + 81 -/- 625, iS723.
And hc~:e are colleCted the Limits between which the
Roots of the Equation
&all cor~fifi, if nol~e of them is iin.
For when the Squares of all the
pnilible,
the Sum of the Squares
CTTheLimits Roots are Afirmati3e,
~$1 be Affirmative, and tllerefore grearer that1
of A3pfitienr.
the Square of the great& Root.
And by the
the Sum of the Eiquxdrates
OF all the
fame Argument,
Roots WI]] be greater. than the Eiquackttc
of the greatefl
Root, and the Sum of the Cubo-Cnbcs greater than the CuWheref<~re, if you clelire the
bo-.:ube of the greateit Root.
ljrnit which no Roots call pitis, Tel:k the Sum of the Squares
of the Roots, and extraa its Square Root.
For this Root
wit1 he greater than the grcateR Root of the &~uatIon. But
youll come nearer the greaten Root if you leek the Suln of
the Biquadrates, and cxtraR its Biquadraticlc Root ; and yet
llearer, if you feek the Sum of the C&o-Cubes,
and exrra&
its CuboWCuhical Root, and IO on ad infi~ittinj,
Thus, in the precedent &Juation,
the Square Root of the
Sum of t.he Squares of rhe Roots, or Yg9, is 6 $ nearly,
and 6 1 is farther diffant from o than any oE the Roots 1%
But rile Biquadrarick
Root of the Sum of the
27 3, -5.
Biquadrates of the Roots, zk
$723,
wllich is 5 $ nearly
comes nearer to the Root that is mofl remote from &ling:

viz. -5.

IS; between the Sum of the Squares arld the Sum of tllc
Biquadrates of tile Roots you find a meal1 Proportior1a1, that
will be 9 little greater than the Sum of the Cubes of the
Hoots coanc&ecl under AfJGm!ltive Signs.
And hence, the
Ilalf Sum of this mean Proporriomll,
and of the Sum of tllc
Cubes calI&ed
under their proper Signs, found as b&re,
will be greater than the Sum of the Cubes of the Afirmalive $oots, and the half r)ifference grcatcrthan
the Sum of
the Cubes of the Nrgative Roots.
AI:~ conf~q~er~tly, the
preziteA of the AOirmxtive Roots will be lcfs &an tile Cube
Thus, in chc grecedont &
Foot of fhas Semi-Difircnco.
~uqjon, a meal) Proportioqa~lb&tpfytl thhm
of the SC~I.I~IC~
?f

of the
0;7ar]y
was,
1

&its
39, and the Sutn of the Biquadrates 723, i$
1.58. The !;iiill of the Cubes under ti.lcir proper Signs
as above, - 83, the half Sum of this and 168 is
the Semi-Differelice
I 2~ jThe Cube Root of the
$Zr$pbr which is about 3 $, is yreater than the greatefi of
&be
Root
Of the latter,
the Affirmarive
ROW 3, h!
which is 5 .i+ nearly, is greater th;!.i; the NcgativeRoot-5
~
By which Example it may be feen how near you may co=
this Way to the Root, where there is only one Negative Root
or one Affirmative one, Alld yet you might come nearer yet,
if you found a mean Proportional
between the Sum of rhe
Biquadrates
of the hots
aud the !Gn of the Cuba-Cubes,
and if from the Semi-Sum and Semi-DiEerence of this, a&.
of the Sum of the Quadrato-Cube
of the Roots, you exCraLked the QiJadraro-Cubical
Roars. For the Quadrato-Cu&al
Race cd? tl:le Semi-Sum would be greater than rhe
greatelt Affirmnrivn Root, and the Quadrato-Cubick
Root:
of the ~~t~~i-!XTe~-~mx would be greater than the grcntefi
Negative Root, Icur by a Ieli Excels than before. Since tbcrefor:: any Root, bl,: augtncilring and dirninifhillg all theRoots,
may IX mndc tllf- le.:It, snd then the leait converred into the
great&,
and afccerwards all befioes rile great4 be made Negative, it is mailif& how j-any] Root delired may be found
nearly.
If all the Roots except two are Negative,
thofe two may
be botil tocether found this Wav.
The Sum of the Cubes
of thoie t&o Roots being foul:d according to the precedezlt
Method,
as alfo the Sum of IIX: C$adrato-Cubes,
and the
Sum of the ~ladrato-~I~r;ifo.,I)ill,es
of all the Roots ;
between the two latter Sums feck 3 mea11 Proportional,
and
that will be the Difference betwecll the Sum of the CuboCubes of the Af&~mativeRoots, atld J:he Sum of the Cubo-,
Cubes of the Negative Roots nearly ; and ~onfkqnently, the
half Sum of this mean ProporticJnaI, and of tk fi;urn pf the
Cube-Cu?ks
of all the Roots, will be the Semi-&in OF the
Cubo-Cubes
of the dfirtnative
Roots, and the Semi-DE&
fence will be the Sum of the Cuba-Cubes
of the Negative
Roots.
Having therefore both the Sum of the Cubes, and
alfo the Sum of the Cube-cubes
of the two Affirmative
Roots, from the double of the latter Sum CubtraQ the Square
of the former Sum, and the SquArc Root of the Remainder
will be the Difference of the C.ubes of the two Roots.
And
having both the Sum and Difference of the c&es,
youll
have
._. . 1- their
.- Cube K,?ots, and
^ -. . the
-__ Cubes
._ --- themfelvesl
_ ____. _ _ExrraCt
youll
I

c 208 1
youll nearly have the two Afirmative
Ooots of tJle &qua=
tion.
And if in higher Polvers you ih.)uld do the Iike
you11 have

the

RdOtS yCt IIIOW llG1rly.

But

tllcfe

[.jmita3

tlnIls, by realtin of the DifCuJty of t!le Calculus, arc 0fJe.s

ufe, aI>d txte11d OIIIY to thoie I%~.(Iux~~~JI~s
that have no imaginary ROOtS, whcrcfore X will now fl~cw how to find the
I.imits another Way, which is more cafy, and extends to al]
Equations.
Multiply every Term of the Equation by the Number of
its DimenGons,
ad
divide the kodufi
Equation
; then again 1lJldtip~y every

by tile hot
of the
that
olle Of the lerlns

come out by a Numb:r

Jefs by Unity than before, and diand fo go
Tide the ProduCt by the Koot of the ,%Juation,
on, by always multiplying
by Numbcss lcfs by Nullity ttlall
before, and dividing t&z ProduEt: by the Root, till at Jengtb
all the Terms are del?royd, whofc Signs are clifiercnt from
tlleSign of the firit or highcfl Term. cxCCpt the lait ; and that:
Nu&er

will

being writ in
Roar, makes
producd by
with the fir0
was proposd
62x -~20~0.
5-4
XF'12X"

multiply

be grratcr

than

any

&?irm~tivc

hot

; ~vhi&

thercrms that conh: out fibr [or in room of] the

the hqgregate Gf thnfe wlliJ~ wcrc each jime
Multiplication
to have always the f&e Sign
or high& Term of the Equation.
AS if there
the LEquatioll
.v 2,~ - IOX + 30~~ +
1 firf? multiply

this
I

thus j
0

-Ioxq-30X$6~x--r2o

the Terms

that

come out: diviiled

Then I again
by ,y, thus ;

4
3
Alld dividirlg tile
5x4 ---8x] Terms that come out agairl by X, tlqc comes out 2oi3 60 ; which, to k&n tiw-n, 1 divide by
24xX --69x+
the great& commorl Qivifor 4, ard you have 5x1 - 6.2~
by the Pro- 15 x + 15. Tllcfc bizins agail multiplyd
g&lion 3, 2, I, o, ad d~v&tl by x, beconxs 5 XF -. 4~
- 5. AIM thcfe multiplyd by the Progreflion 2, p, 0, and
divided by 2 x brcomc 5 x - ?. NOW, firlcethe!li~l~efl
Term of rhe &uariorl
x r is Afkmative,
I try what Number writ in thefe ProduEts for .Y will caufe them all to bc
And by trying I, you J~avc 5 x - 2 = 3 AfAftirmntive.
firmativh ; I-W 5xS-L\.%5, you Jlavc - 4 Negative.
TiVherefnr~*tlie Limit will be grc:ltcr th;ul 1. 1 tJicr&re try
fame grcatcr Number,
as 2 j alId iubltitutiug 2 ill each for
6, they become

Whrcfare,
GIICCthe Nurqbcrs that come out 8.7.
I .79 o
the Number 2 will be greater,than
46 * are all Affirmative,
the greatefl of the Affirmative Roots.
In like manner,
if
L Fvould find the Eimic of the Negative Roots, I try Negative Numbers,
Or that which is all one, 1 change the Signs
of every other Term, and try Afirmative
ones. km, having
char>gd the Signs of every other Term,
the Quantities
in
which the Numbers are to be fubitituted,
will become
5% 4-2
5xX+4x
-5
gxj
+6xx--I~x
-915
27 +8x
-.-3o.r:--63x
-l-63
--3~.zx+63x~
Jr 2x*-10*?:

12~~

0.1t OF there I chufe fome Quantity wherein the Negative

Terms Gem moft prevalent ; fuppofe 5 x 4 + s x - 3 : xx
-60x
+ 63, and here ful~fiituting for x the Numbers 1
and 2, there come out the Negative NU~!ICTS - 14 end
the Limit will be greater than - 2. But:
- 3 3- Whence
iiibfiituting
the Number 3, there comes out the AffirmXive
And in like manner in theother @antities,
Number
23+
by CubRitutinq the Number 3 there comes out always an Affirmative
Number,
which may be feen hy bare lnfpe&ion.
is greater than all the NegaWherefore
the Number -3
And ib you have the Limits 2 and .-- 3, betive Roots.
tween which arc all the Roots.
But the Im~ention of Limits is of UTe both in the Reduflion
of iEquations by Rational Roots, and in the EXtraQior1 of Surd Roots out of them ; 1eaR we mi$lt fometimes go about to look for the Root beysd
there Limits.
Thus,
in the Jai? ,Equation,
if I would find the Rarional
Roots,
if perhaps it has any ; from what we have raid, It
is certain they can be no other than the Divifors of the lafi
Then trying all
Term of the fiquation,
which here is 120.
if Ilone of then1 writ in the Equation for x
its Divifors,
wouLd rr&re all the Terms varGf& ir is certain that the $qutloIl

210
iqustion will admit of no-Ro;)t buFwhat is Surd.
But there
are many Divifors Of the lafi Tern1 120,
vit.
I.[
4.?4.
y.--5.
6 -6.
8.-8.
ro.-.ro:
2.P2.
3. -3.
15.-15.
20.+20.
24.-24.
qo.30.
40,
J2*-12.
40. 60. - 613. 120, and.+- x20. To try all rhdc Divifors
But it being Jciiown that the Roots are
would be tedious.
For
between 2 and - 3, we are freed from tlrat L&our.
~JOVJthere will be no need to try the Divifors,
unlefs thofe
only that are, within tbeic Limits, viz,. the DiviCors I, and
t-- I, and - 2. For if none of t hcfe are the Root, it is cer.
rain that the Equation has no Root but \vhat is Surd.
Hitherto !. have treated of the KsduCtiou of Equations
Iwhich admit of Rational Divifors ;. but before we can con..
elude, that an &quatl3n of four, fix, or more
is irreducible,
TvC llllilt
tirlt try
The Rcdrrf?im Dimenfions
,+c A;~,~~~;~,,, ~vhether or not it m?y be rrducd by any Surd
you
by &rd Disi. Divifor ; or, ~vbich is the t%mc Thing,
muPi try whether tile .%-Ju:~tion can be fo diJh.
vided into two equal Pans, that you can exBut that may be done by the
traa the Root out of both.
folloGng Method.
Diipofe the AEquation accordinS to the Dimeniion of fome
certain Letter, fo that all its Terms jointly under their proper Signs, may be equal to nothing, and let the highcit Term
Theu, if the &quabe adfeEted with an AfIirm~~tive Sign,
tion be a Quadratick,
(for ive may add this Cafe for the
Analogy of the Matter)
take from both Sides the lowcfl
TfXllJ,
and add one fourth Jart of the squ Ire of the knower
QUalltity

CI~

the

middle

sferm,

As

if

tllc

&q,uatim

l>e

sx-aX--L

= 0, fil!Zrafl from brJth Sides -6,

:ulcl add
ran, and there will ci)md out X.V- n y -J- ,+A& z 6 + 5 sti
:TrrcJcxtracZting on both Sii!es the Root, yotrJJ have X- $i
if the rfEquntiorr be of four Dimcnfrons,
fuppofe
..T -j-l;.Y +qXX+r.r-j-f=o,
wherep,q,
r, end J de~~~t~J the
hOWn
Quar~titics
of
rhc Terms
of the &quation
a&-&d
by their proper Signs,
make
r--..$fi(Lp.
9 .-$pp=F).
b--$wL,?.
oh
J)ut for ?z form commo11 JntegraJ Divik,r of the
Terms B NJd 2 I, that is IlOt a Squ Ire, aml wliich ouallt to
J-t (dd, and divided by J. CC.!Je:rve Unity,
if eitJrc:r & the
TLrmS p and p be o&l-,- PUC aifo for k Come Divifor of the
C&amity

,
i

Quantity

if p be even ;

211
OT

half

of the odd Divifor,

if i

be odd ; or nothing, if the DividuaI p be nothing.

Take
the Quotient
from +p R, and call the half of the Remainder 1.

Then

equal

QQ-J,to

I;

to k .zz+

t.

for

Q put

a-i-nkk
-,

and try

if rr divides

and the Root of the Quotient

be rational
and
which if it happen,
add to each Part of the
E:quatioIl n k k xx: + 2 n k 1,x f ~11I, and extra& the Root
011 both Sides, rhere coming our xx Jr $ p x + Q z ?/n in*

For Example,
let there be proposd the AZquation ~4 +
I 2 x - 17~ o, and becaufe p and q are both here wanting;
and r is 12, and 1 is -. 17, having fubAituted thefe Numhers, youll have g=o,
.P= 12, and cT--,r7,
and the
OlllY conmon
Divifor of P and 2 I, viz,. / 2, will be ,n,
P
Moreover,
- is 6, and its Divifors
I, 2,3,
and 6, are fiic:
ceflively

to re tryd for i, and -3,

re~pefiively.
Moreover,

But
fQ

a+nkk
-,

p-?

that

--I,

-2,

is,

that is, iQQ

m--f,

for 1,

k k is equal to g;

(,

I is equal to Id,

Where
the even &mbers
2 and 6
are ?vrit for k, Qis 4
and ,36, and Q Qs will be an odd Number,
and confequently
cannot be diviiled by n or 2,
Wherefore
thofe
Nnmbers
2 and 6 are ro bcrejefied.
]But when I and 3
are writ for J, Q is I and 9, and Q e-s is 18 and 98,
which Numbers may be divided by n, and the Roots of the
For they are -\- 3 and 3-7 ; whereof
.C&rotients extraaed.
oilly - CJ agrees with 1. 1 put therefore k = I, I=-?,
and Q=: I, and I add the Quantity nk kxx d- 27Lk 1~ -k
.n /ji thaC.is, 2 xx - 12X + 18 to each Part of the lequation, and there comes out x- -t- 2.~ x -'r I cz 2 3 x - 12 JC +
18, and extra&Q
on both Sides the Root XX + I =z ~?/a
-

s&

Rut if you had rather avoid the Extra&on

of the

Roqt,
make xx + 3 Q x 3 Q-Z ?/n X k X -rr 1, and You11
find, ZIS before, XX + I =*4/z
x. x--i.
And if agaixl
You extra& the Root af this &quatxon, there will come out
that
Be

is,

according

to, the
yars.

I_.-

4 3 $2 - $. Which are four Roots

of the &qudtion
at firfi proposd,
A4 + 12x17~ oq
But the two IaA of them are impofliS1c.
and

x?--++--lb/

Let us now propofe the Equation

.1:4 - 6 x3 - 5XxX
and by writing - 6, - 58, - r r4,
--KK4x-rr=o,
there will arife
and - I 1, for p, q, T, alld 5 rcfpcRively,
thCOllly
COmand -IIC$3$ZI;
- 67 z US)
man Didor
of the Numbers p and 2 X, or of - 315 alld

-335=P,

-.

!5%! is 3, and confequently

will be here n, and the Di.

vifors of p br -

r 0 5,

are 3, 5, 7, IT, 21, 3% and 105,

whicll are tlierefi,re to be tryd for 1. Wherefore,

1 try firfi
3, al:d rhe Qotient
-35
which ,(comes out by dividing
P
hy k, oi - 105 by 3) I fubtrati from $p k, or -.. 3 x 3,
n
and there rrmains 26, the half whereof, 13, ought to be 1.
cc-l-nkk
-67327
that is, - 20, will be Q,
But , 01: -------,
2
2
and QQJ will be 41 I, which may be divided by n, or 3,
hut rhe Root of the Quotient,r 37,canrlot be extraEIed.Wherefore B rejc0 3, and try 5 for k.
The Q~oticlit that now
comes

out by

-67k
--

e by R,or -

this from $=;k, or -

fubtraRing
half

dividing

whereof,

3, is 1.

75

is the Number

Alfo
4,

rq

by 4, is -

2t

; and

3 x 5, thcrc remains 6, the

2,

(L--/-nkk

or -,

And 2 Q-

that is,

s, or 16 Jr IX,

may be divided by n ; and the Root of the Qgoticnt,

i. c. 3 agrees with 1. Wherewhich is 7, being er:tra&d,
fort 1 conclude,
that 1 is z 3, k = 5, $2~4,
and fi z 3 ;
andit
nkkx.r:-~2nklx-(-)alI,
that i,l;, 75~2!+ 90x+
27, be added to each Part of the kquatlon,
the Root may
be extra&cl 011 both 5idcsl nlid t11crc will come out ,*x Jr
&c+Q2--OJnx/s-~l,

or ~~~3.~4-4~~~3~

I,
213
5x +

3 ; and the Root being again extra8ed,

swfg
zz 2

-21xq3

17&------a

-t-

Thus,

if there was proposd the Equation

x 4 .-9x
r
z o, by writing -9,
+ I 5, - 27, a
refpetiively,
there will come out
& = p, and 2& = 1. The common Dia$< and $L; are 3, 5, p, 5, 27,45,
and 135 ; but 9 is a Squaie Number,
and 3, 15, 27, 135,
divided
by the Number 4, do not leave Unity, as, by reafon
of the odd Term p they ought to do. Thefe therefore being reje&d,
there remain only 5 and 45 to be rryd for n.
Let us put therefore, firit n = 5, and the odd Divifors of
B
2 being halvd, zk,. .& $, C, l;, 4, are to be
- orn *
If k be made 4, the -Quotient - y,
which
tryd for k.
B
comes out by dividing - by k, fubtra&d from $pk J or

---f,

leaves

18 for 1, and

a-l--nkk
-,

or -

2,

is 2,

and.

may be divid2ed by IZ or 5 ; but the

QQ-,
or -5,
Root of the Negative Quotient - I is impbfiible, which yet:
ought to be 18. Wherefore I conclude k notto be 3, and
then I try if it be +. The Quotienr which a&es by dividP
ing - by k, or - $! by +, wk. the Quotient - i;; ,I iubn
tra& from gpk; or .- -$, and there remains o ; whence
now I will be norhing.

a+nkk

But: 12-,

or 3,

is equal

to

Q, and Q Q-I
is nothing ; whence again I, which is
the Root of p py
.I, divided by. n, is found to be nothing.
Wherefbre
th;fe T)III;
tlr agreeing,
I conclule
n to be
3 ; and therefore by adding to
az5,k=$,
= 7
the Terms n k k xx +
each Part of the EquatiGi~oposd,
42 XX, and by extra&.ng on both
anlkx+n/l,
thatis,
Sides the Square Root, there comes out x .V -+ $p x + 4, ==:

ynX,?x+l,

thatis,
XX-~~X+~=~~X-$X.
By the fame Method, Literal Equations

As if there was x4 -

2ux3

+zafz
Q-CC
- -

are alfo reducd.

xx=-2cJ~f4-~/E4~0*
.~_
bY

i?s

2141

byfubi?ituthg
.-2a,
2aa--cc,
-26,
ad
+a4
for y;
q, r, and s refpecttivcly, you obtain aa - cc = d, - ac cm
The commoll Di63 =p, and -j&-j- ~~ncc----$c~~~.
vifor of the Quantities
fi and 2 < is GIGI-t- CC, which then
P
has the Divilors
I and a, gut
willben;
and -or
-a,
n
becaufe n is of two Dimenfiorls,
and K~n ought to be of
no more than one, therefore k Gil be OF IIOIIC, and colliequenrly

camlot be 4.

Let therefore R bc I,

wided by ,4, take the Quotient

-=--a

and i being di.

from

$pk,

and

there

cL+nkk

will remain

nothing

for 1.

Moreover,

----,2

or ak+ is

Q,
and QQ - .r, or a 3 -a.
is o ; and thence agait
there comes out nothing for 1. Which fhcws the Qalltities
in, /$ 1, and Q,, ro he rightly Found; and adding to each Iart
nkkxx
+ znklx
+
of the .rEq ua t10n prOpOsJ, the Term
~11, that ,is, atizx j- CCXX. the Root may be extratied on
there will come out:
.both Sides ; and by that -..-Extra&on
xx+ ;px+Q=-#/n%Rx-+l,
that is, xx-ax+
ad
E

& x daa

youll

have

And the ICoot bcirlg

-.,Xz $a -I- $ v/da + cc :\____--_. ~~- ..---2
+ cc.

again extra&d,

aa-k$ndt/AIt$cc~

Hitherto I[ have applyd the Rule to ~IICExtraGion of

Surd Roots ; the &me may alfo he applyd to tire ExtraEtion
of Rational
Roots, if fi>r the Quantity
n you make Ufe
of Unity : ani1 after tllar Manner we may examine, l&ether an ficptihn
th r w:tf 11sFraRed or Surd Terms call ad..
mit of ally I.ivifor, Cithcr I{atiollal or Sun.!, of tcvo Dimeax.1 ---xl -5xx+
12x-6
~fiOllS. As if the &quarion
z Q VJ;ISproposd, hy fiubflituting - I, - 5, + 12, and
- 6 for p, 9, r, and 5 refp&ivcly,
yo~tll fired - 5 $ z: CL)
3 --IJ
and+-10
+$ z 3. The commorl Divifor of the
f&zs
p arid 2<, or of -,- and (c t-, !).?7 is only Unity.
Wherefore

X put n E I.

or

I, ZJ,~,

V,

odd)

are

The Divifors

I 5, 25,p

arc to be tryd for k.

5,

!
12
; the Halves whereof iif p be
And if for & rve try +, you11

and

of

its halE y

the Qnntity

;- = 1,

AK0

G--j-nkk

c
6-/-nkk
------

of

=+Q,

215

and Q+&,

1
the Row wherg?

2
agrees

a, k, I,
part of
thar is,
on both

With 1. I therefore cdncIude,

that the Quantities
Q are rightly found ; and having added to,each
nkkxx+znklx+nlI,
thefiqultion
theTerms
6 $ xx - I 2 $ x + 6 4, the Root may be extraEted
Sides ; and by that &ra&ion
there will come out

%x+

$px+82~Jr*/nx
jEx+1,
thatis,
~K--$x+
-+.=&I%
zfx--2$,or~x-~x+3=:0,
a.ndxx+
and fo by there two Quadratick
&quariona
2.x-- 2 ZQ.
the Biquadratick
one proposd may be divided.
But Rational Diviiors of Cl& Sort may III& expeditiously be found
by the other Method deliverd above.
If at any Time there are many Divifiirs of the Quantity
!-,

fo that

it may be too di&uIt

to try .a11 af &em for 1,

$eir Number may be foon diminilhd,

by feeking all the Di;
vifors of the Quantity,
a~--- $+r. For the Qzntity
ought to be equal to fame one of thefe, or to the half 4Q,
fame odd one.
Thus, in the lafl Example,
LLI--$+Y 2
-&fime
one of whofe Divifors, I, 3, 9, or of them h&/d,
by trying fin& tbq
h, f, &, ought to be Q, Wherefore,
halpd Divifors

4 -*pp=zL.
y-$aa&

of the Qantit~~

i 1
, vta,r,$-,$,

:, ;,and

Lb-y.
r--$pa--,B.
s---?p
t+ap-!f*
,v--$$pPzd.
2. he
Is -$lfIf

Then take f;rr n fame common.Integer

pivifor, that is not,
a S&tare, out of the Terns 2 t, Al, 20, and that likewife ii

not

2x6
mat diviiiblc by a Square Numlxr, and which alfo divided
by the Number 4, fhdll leave Unity ; if but any one of the
For k take lomc lrlteger Divifor of
,Terms p, I, t be odd.
the Quantity

&

if p bc cvcn ; or the half of an odd Di..

yifor if p be odd ; or c) if h be 0. For QV [taks] the

rQua&ty $ d -t f n k k. For 1 Come Diviror ok the Quaff..

_Qr-Q&p-t

. if cbe
an Integer ; or the half of
,n
an odd Divifor,
if Q be a Fraaiorl that has for its Deno[as the
minator the Number 2 ; 6r o, X the Dividual
$+-Q!Jp---t
be nothing.
And fox R the
Qantity]
b
aity -

ThentryifRR--vcarlbe
rQ_uantity $ r -$:p+$skI.
divided by n, and the Root of the C&c,ticnt extra&ted ; and
j&&s,
if that Root be equai as well to the Quanrity

Qil-i-

CRcl$t
zL..--..-..-

pR-dl--

as to the Quantity
--Lo. 1E
2 nk
t.21
all there happen, call that Root M ; and in room of the & ,
quation proposd, write this, X + f p x x + ~~1.x+ r = 2
qn

--

x k XX

1% +

FOT fhis fi:qtlatioJl,

M.

by fquaring

its

Parts, and taking from both Sides the lcrms on the Iii&tprrrposd.
Now if all
Hand,
will produce the ,&quhm
th& Things do not happen in tile Cafe. pmpnsd,
the ReduF3ion will bc impoable,
if it appears beforehand that
Hhc ,+33jUatioJl CdIlllOt be Tec1uh'J. by a rational Divifor.
For Example,
let rherc IT pmposd the &(7uatioll xe --aLldlJb
2ax'

2bbx4

-I-2abb.v'

2a;l,

Lp?L'

xx

+ 3aa64
..-.@b/)

=O?

and by writing -2a,

+ ztb, + 2nGG, -2naLb
$2aJb
0, and 3 aah
-4&b,
- a4 bL for p, q, r, 5, t, an3 2, refpe-eRively, there will come out 2 bb - +tl= (!. 4 4 bb 2a ?(l Jr zaalb
- q.fib.--- d = y. --1* +
+n~ -al/,/~=cr,and
:2aL +~;4b~b-4tib~
--+a~ =(.
-La =O.
qnnb
And the CONJOIN Divifor of

a'=&

tlic Terms

2 I, N, aid 2 0, is A R -266,

cording as ad or 2blt is the greater,

thaII 2 /I4

and 61j -

Aflirmativc

Moreover

2 Lb

will be n.
P is =--$aa

or 2LL-44,

ac-

But let. aa be greater

For n mufi always be
-b 2rGJr

&ul,

; is

'7.4
$a',

$43,

0
and -is

--$d4

+. Rti Gb,

and corlfequently

2k x

$ a A b .A, the Divifors whereof are I, a, A 4 ) but becaufe

l/n x k cannot be of more than one Dimenfion,
and the
qt/n is of one, therefore K will be of none ; and confequently
can only be a Number.
Wherefore,
rejcEting u and da,
there remains only I for K. Bplides, $ cc+ $nkk gives 0.
IS dfo nothing ; and confe-;
n
will be. nothiog.
quently 1, which ought to be its Divifor,
Laftly, $r-$p Q+ + nkl gives abb for R. And RR-v
is - 2aalr4 +alrb,
which may bedivided
by n, or 44
and the Root of the quotient
a&G be extraaed,
-224
and that Root taken Negatively,
ei.c, - Ab, is rmt mequal
to the ii&finite

Quantity

PRI--BF,

nl

or _O but eq.uaI to

the definite Quantity

will be TB, and in the room of the &qua-
that Root --nb
tion proposd, there may be writ XJ -~ppxx+Qx-+P
-=I/n
x Lxx-t-lx
-t-m, that is, xi--RXS
+ abb=
L.
The
Truth
of
which
JZquation
ad-26b
X
xx-a
J
you may prove by fqaaring the Parts of the &qustion
found, and taking away the Terms on the Right Hand fiom
both Sides. From rhat Operation will be producd the 6
quation x p.- 24X< + 2bbx"S-2lbhbx'-2*abbxxCrzabxx --4nbix~~q/da~cn4bb=o,
whichwasto
be reducd.
If the Equation
is of eight Dimenfions,
let it be X +
px7Jrqx6~rxi+sx4~~tX1+VXX+mX-'-z,-r0,

and mxkeq--$pp=c.
r.-$pa=~.
s-.-$pp--$~~~
p=s.
v--$ffid--$$PPC.
w-$pp
tc
$pu--$a
;<
and 2. - $7 T= II. And Feek a common Divifor of
the Terms 2 d', 2s, 2 (, 8 H, that &all be an Integer, and
neither a Square Number, nor divifible by a %ua.re Number ;
and which alfo divided by 4 fiall leave Unity,
if any of
the alternate Terms p, r, t, Wbe odd, If there be no fuch
common Divifor,
it is certGn.
that the Equation cannot
be reducd by the ExtraCtion of; fC&adtatick
5.~3 Root,
an&

..-

E.2x93

Numbers, whidl 1 fuppofe to be ready at &uxl.

And ip p-19
fu& Square Number bccurs before the Square Root of rha
Sum, auglnented by the Square Root of the Excels bf &tit:
Sum above the lafi Terni of the Equation,
is four tixtics
greater than the greatefi of the Terms of the proposd. fiquation p, q, T, J, t, vu, @c. there will te no Occafion rcr f=?rY
any farrher.
For then the Equation
camrot be reduc=d.
But if li~h a Square Number does accordin$y occur,. ]et ;TS.
Root be S if n is even, or 2s if n be Od~lj and call tile
ssi
= h. But J and h ougHt to be Irliegers if v. id
J
even, but it n is oJd, they may be Fra&ions that hav-& $.
AIKI if one is a FraEtion, the o&ller
for their Denominator.
Which alfo is to be ol&r~d of the
ought, to be fo too.
Numbers R and M, Q and 1, P and k hereif& to be foun&*
And all the Numbers s and h, that call be found wit&-i- t$q
muit be colle&d in a [Table or] C&z;:
prefcribd ,Limit,
.Iogwt.
,,
.
Afrerwatds, for (K) all the Numbers are to I;e fuccefi?v&I~
tryd; which do IMC make rrzk 2 .i p faur Gm& greater tfi%r~
Fhe greatefi Term of the Equ.rtion,
arId you mu@ in
alI
G&es .put nkk-e~,~

Tj len j Ou are! to
try fii&efideI~

for 1 all*rhe NuZlnbers that db II& make ,$1-t- Q four tiLn&

greater than the greatefi Term of t!!e. /EqGtion;
and in

-npkk-l-

aB

+ n-,4
id.
Ldtly, fora... m
every Tryal j put -you muft try fi~cc@Iivd y tli the Numbers which do no;t ,$ ake
n m +, R four times grkater #t&n the g~eaieit of the Ter&s
of
the &quation,
and you quit fee whe$ler.irt arly Cafe if .you
Hi-qRtr/z
5,
nake I -Q~-PR~nll=z.~i.:.a~~d
l&t 8 bk fooirie ol! the Nuinb&
which GCB@&f&e hrot@lt
ipro the Catalogue for S; and befide!, if the other NulxxIx~
anfwerifig rb .t:hat ,S, wlii&X&llgTet
do~trnfor h in thd, 12ai-n~
2 x.3 y+&
(,:ata]@&j~~ x611 bd ecpd
to: th&e -8three,
. .. - c 3
2gf.n;
*,
2TQS+RR-

v-y?m?nm ,

PLs+2QG-t~.2alm;

.; and
ra-i..
-51
a]l^thefe Thitigs ihaIl> h&&n in aily. Cafe,- inftead of thtquation:propos$
you-tntil+rite
this x =?,?- +PX -t; e

-yRxf,$&&
.1

x ~iy-%fx+?h~
Ff2

-f-b,

:I- _,

If.

JE!+
x3z

%:.:
LIFor

cz20 II

For Example,
let there be proposcl the LEquation x8 +
4X--x510x +~l!-.-~43roxx--IIo.~-.~
~0,
and youll have q-$pp=-t--q.=--4
z a.
tro~O=P.
5-+-$au.~~&pcLZZ -10-k
2.c
-$ =--j=2.
t+pr -.$aP=--, $$ =T-.+-d.
-+&yp-.-$pp=c
IQ--!,:
zI;.,.
w --;.a.r=nro={.
z--~3.r=-5-~.~=--;;!F=IJ.
I hcrefore
9!, 2 E, 2 I, 8 H sefpeCtively are -5;
- I-$, -20,
aud
i ;.$q, and their common Divifor 5> wllich divided by 4,
becaufe, the Term s is odd. Sitice
leaves I, as it ought,
therefore the common Divifor YI, or 5, is foutrd, which gives
hope to a future Redu&ion, and b~caufe it is odd to ~1.5, or
- 20, 1 ru,-cefhvely add n, 3 ~1,rjn, 7 n, 9 II, &c. or 5, 15,.
25, 3545, &c., and there arifes - I 5, O, 25, 60, 105, I 60,

300, 385, 480, ~$5, 70% 8iS,

1425, r6oo.
Of which only o, 25,

225,

9b

1105,

1260,

are
Squares. And the Halves of there ROOCS 0, G, v, 2~;. collea in a Table for the Values of S, and fo the Values of.
, that is, z, +, {., 9, ,for 6.

225,

and 16op

But becat&

if 20 be taken fors and 9 for h, becomes 65,

greater than four, times the great& Term OF the
therefore 1 rejeR 20 and 9, aud write only the
Table as follo~vs :
h 1 I.-+.?.
s ] 0.;.
,s *
Then try for k all the N,umbcrs which do not
irk, or 2 & 5 F; greater than 40, (four times
Term of the ,&quatioti) thar is, the Numbers--8,
;I
,. 5, -4,
-3, -2,
--I, 0, I; 2, 37 4, 5,
tiug

nkk,+ CL
--

-- k , or S

5, t&

ii, the Numbers

i. + n h,

a Number
Equation,
refi,in the
,.,
make 4-P
the great;fi
L7, -6,

,6,7,, I?
32~
i 7 rzo9

G., 60, ,;*:; 20,;q 0

( .-J; ;:, 2Q r 60 I-$', 12%
refj3eOivel; for QY B:~~t~?& ivhcn 6 -c x 1 and much
pore Q, a~iglit not lo be great(er than @,-I
;exceiw
I an)
to rcjw
.$, 12o,,..y,
and 60, aoct their Corrcf~ondents
-CLthat only
-j 5; 5, 6, 71, and coufeqaently
; 8, - 7, -3;
-4, - 3, -. 2, y I, o, I, 2,3," 4, muft rqf&IiveIy be
rryd for K, and .v,$: so,., r;< 6, --+;
a, 4, 20, 7;; refpcEtiyely8for.
. @ us therefore try: v, L for k, and o for Q,
and in this PC sfe for 1 there will .be EuccefKively tobe tryd
all the Numbers whicl~do not make 2 & n 1 gteatcr than
,

4%

c 231
&O, that

is,

all the Numbers

IO and 2~0
2Bto try the Phdxrs

for R you are refpdtively

4-U
-3%

==J

berween

;,,:and

npkk

.4
5 ,-- 5 I, that is, -55,1~o;-~r,u40,-35,

Or 225,

-20,

-I$--IO)

-5,

0,s; 10;1pj,20,

zFj, 35, 40, 45, thethree former of,>vhich and thelafi, be-.
eaufe t!lcy are great&r than 40, may be ,negle&ed,
Let us
try thereFore
- 2 for 1, and 5 for R, ind in this Cafe far
m there lvill be bcfides to be rryd ,all,the Nulnbers tirhich do.
not ,make R -km n. or ,5 km n, &re@er than 40,; that is, all
the Numbers
hetwcen 7 and -2-9,
and. fee whether or not
by putting
f F-QQpR + pll, that,is 5 - 20 + 20, or
thatis? ifanyof
5= ZH, letN+~km,or~-~~~~,

-65.

thefe Numcers
e-5,.

-----,

15

-55

w-45,

->---------

$35

&

,----3s,

65

55'

-25

-15,

2
72584 2
is

2~~~~-~-~-py~~qJ

equal.

to ally:

of the Numbeis 0, +--$ rtr_-4, which were: fir&

brought into the Caralogue for 5. And we meet witH four
Of the fc - 4,I - f, .& 4, to whicl% a.dwer S,+, rf;:-& &
$, -+ 3. P&g writ for h in the fame Table, as ali% 2, I, 0,
* I {ubfiituted fos tn., : Eut, let; us Fry -4
fo; s, I f?!: ,mi

and ..k 4 for h, and

Y;

=--$,

and

&S
--

yotill

RS-IT,.2nm

-55+
w-c_

JO

.I0

+ R $2 -Vnim~
an1

L- i;

have

~l,~~p5+.2QR----2n
-7
:., --'23 K

.i5 + IO,- 5
= -29 !, T.
>,fo++&
! .
I&
= - ..-I0 --s-T."
'

--;. ~hereforc
fincctherezcomes
&~%%I1 Caky z .& or
/j, .Ircoficlude as1 the Numbersto bekightly found; andcc%
iequel~tly that ,in room:of the Equation, proposd,,;y?p ~ufi
write
x+
$p$++
sL,:X+
Rx,+
S z Yn XW r,
1x3

+IX.CC-+@-$$~,

thatis,
x~+~.~~.JY~~!~~$,=z
- For by fquaring the Parts
$*
v5 x -32
of this, there will be prorlucd that.Equation
of eight, ui:
menfibns,
which, wq<.jit firit propo?$
-. NO,+ if by tryingill the Cafes of ~the Numbers,
ail-the.
&r&$h
Values of b, do not in any Cafe confentj <It Wouldl
be an Arg&-nent that the Equation
c$d
not be Wd by
t;hk.!&&&ioli.of
&e Surd Qg&ati~~
ROOb. *
_ r
i
1
..i)
-*
,r?I,;z
r
r:,
,
. .I( iA ,;,:;
. I
I
,,
Ii inight
:A.
., :,/
-2xX+x--I

222

L*mi$lit n& j&u the ReduCEions BEA$luatiails by tile

&tra&on
of the Surd Cubick Root,
but thefe, as being
Geldom of Ufe, I pafs by.
Yet there are fcrtnc ReduQions
of Gubick &uarions
commonly known,, which, if I fl;ould.
~~holly pail over, the Reader might perhaps think us deficient;
&.tt there be prop&d
the Cubick Equation
2~ %. +
the fecond Term whereof is wantirlg : For
~x+r=o;
that &erp Cubick Equation may be redacd too this F~Q is:
&dent
from what we hive faid above.
Let .V bi: iupposd
&A + G. Then will dj + 3 n&t -P 3 ab b $ L f (that is tin )
Let 3a&-+
qn66 (that is, 3crBx) +
+-qx-+v30.
93

O,!

&qua$olT

,271

alld tIlfX~ Will

B- is z -

62; -+- t i +

TV and
3

aJ]d by the Extra&on

r z

01

By the f&In&

cubically t ~--..---- 4
2762Y*

of the adf&ed Qladrati&

.-Root; A3 *tijr*-k
I
,

cq aildJio~Il
c !

I/
lia~e

the Cubi&

EXtraG

r?;

And

ago&,

,YOU

,/

and 4.4 k ;= Y? ThtGfore

$&,,,
proposd~
: .

had

-b,

A~----?+ ii t;he Root of the &

la
I
I

For, Ex&lpI$;
lek.there ,bd proposd the-AEqciatior!, y ! To take away, the fecond Zerti tif
69+ dy + 12.z~ o.
rhjs @cJu.&ioJ+ make ;.q+ 2 zgr, ,and thqe will arife: pJ #
T$,Li~$ ?i;;3ix
Wbewq
is,*.-+,
,r&i;,
$rr=;16j

I,

.tJyt y&e

9 is Ncgatjve,

arld $-

at the Came,time greater

than

II 223

-I_c_

becomes

an

impofible

Qn&itti

Squation
x or y will, in this Qfe,
uiz: in this Cafe there are thtee @fible
be impofiible,
Roots, which all of them are alike with refppe@ to the Terms
of tjle &pa~i~~~s q and r, and are indiSer&tly
denoted by
all of them may be
&e Letters x and rl and confequently
extrafled by the fame Method,
and exprefsd the fame Way
as any one is extraEted or exprefsd ; but 3 is impoll%le
to
The Quan&y A,..=.,
exprefs all three by the Law aforefaid.
2,
whereby x is denoted,
3
that Reafon the Suppofition
is triple,

cannot

be

manyfold,

and for

that .r, in this c&i% \$er$n

may be equal to the Binon+l

&

2
or B + 11~
3
the Cubes of whofe Terms af $- 63 are togcrh& c r, and
I rhe triple Retiangle 3 1 b is = 4, is plainly impofflble ; and,
it is no Wonder that from an impoffibIe Hypothefi,
an im,
Fofiible ConcIufion ihou!d follow.
There is, moreover,
another Way
of exprefing
thefe
Roots, wk. frqm tij+ b3 + r, that is, fiolp no+ing, take
&q-r,
-F$r

or +rt
T

$rr

$-+-

-j- 91.
27

q3
-1
27

and there will remain 213=

Therefore

R is =

QrA=:

and

--

R-

conGzq,uentlg

tie

SI&

of

'
c 224
1
&foreovey, the Roots of Eiquadratick
Equations
may be
Ijut crft
extraRed and expr&tl by tneans of Cubick ones.
Let
you mu.B take away the Cccond Term of the fiquation,
the Equation
that [then] refiilts be x * + q.t.r + rx + J
to:
Suppoie this t?-be generated Ijy the Multiplication
of theEe,two XX+C$+~~=O,
and xx-ec+ggo,
+I
that is, to be the fame with this x4 96 -j-g
xx _ e
,--ee
+fg =,o, and comparing
the Terms you 11 have f + g -.
eczq,
eg-ef=r,
zind fg=s,
Wherefore fjVj- cEz

f&g,*++,

q+t+

1. 2

-.g,

s-i-

ce--

e =f,

= I, and by RcduEtion
For cc write

y,

e6

and youll

whole iecond Term may be taken away, and then the Root
Then
extra&led either by the precedent Rule or otherwifc.
by putting
that Roat being had, you muit go back again,
+-;

,+4-;

.=f,

rjl=e,

. I g,

and the two

~quationsX~~~ex+f=O
Roars being extratied,
quadratick
Equation

and2ti~---es-j-REo
their
will &ve rhe four Hoots of &c Bi~4 + 4 XX + rx + j = 0, viz,,. x--,
P-T
Where
-$ek
diet--f,
and x=--:-e 4-.s/$ec-4,
note, that it the four Roots ot thFBiquadrati&
,gquation
are pofible, the. three Roots of the Cubick Equation
r 3+

hqyy

-4J
+ q4 y-

rr5-0

will

be pofiblo

alfo,

and

confe- ,

And
quently cannot be extraaed by the preccddnt
Rule.
thus, if the aII%ted Roots cf an Equation
of five or more
Dimcnfions
are converted into Hoots that are not affefied,
the middle Terms of the bquation
being taken away,
that
Exprcfion
of the Roots will be always impoflible,
where
more

Of

the Surd quadratick

225

Root,

-)

by the &thoJ

laid down

ZLbOVC.

y 3 +

quivalcnt,

0.

yy

-ksq
--45

J -

r r = o,

YOUVE have

Wlzcre

Wing

yl-

and Lrbitituting

172yy + ~&oy

360000

the Iafi Term

I~
5, - 5, and fo onwards to
1, 2, - 27 ?i - 3Y41 -4,
you11 Lirrd at Icngth y = 103. Which yet may be
IGO,
f0UJ-d
far more expeditiouflg
by our IMethod above &Iiverd.
Then having got 7, its Root IO will be C, and

q+--9
, that is,
2

all the Divifors

what is el

of

-.sq- 100-h
-,

or -

23,

will

be

-9-k ee-kr
f, and

- , or 37 will beg,

and confequently

the

Equations
x x + cg + f I 0: and x.r - e .Y -i- g c 0,
and writing
2 for cd, and fubitrtuting equivalent Quantities,
xvi11 becomezz+rot-2~~o~andzz-10e~37~0.
l&&xc
v in the raom of $2, and there will arife ~uz, +
Reitore, more-
0, and VV- 2 iv +%=a.
a$v-++=
over, x - t for u, and there will come out xx + 2 x - 2
3 x + 3 z o, two Equations ; the four
EC 0, and x .vRoots xvhercof ~~-1443,
and .t=z=x+-\-4--f,
ard
the &me with the four Roots of the Biqundratick Equation
x * -x3
- 5 xx + I 2 x - 6
proposd
at the Beginning,
But there might have been more eafrly found by the
ze$md
of finding Divifors, expIaind bt.fore.

Hitherta it will Cuffice, f~~~&j to havegiventhe&z

&aiogs of Equations a T a more eafy and more general
Way than what has been done by others.
~~~&xtYda;on0f: But iince among thefe Operations we oftell
&ootscat of Bino- meet with complex radical Qantities,
mid Qpntities.
which may be xeducd to more Ample ones,
it is convenient to explain the Redufiion
eoftbofe alfo. They are performd by the Extratiions of Roots
or out of Qantities
more
yut of Binomial Qjantities,
+Npounded, which may be confiderd as Einomiai ones.
[But fincc ;thls is already done in the Chapter of the
NEtionof Radicals to vjore &de RadieAs, by medns of the
r&5%mof Roars,we 4liallfay 110morq of it @re.j

T M E

THE

IT HE RT 0

I have fhewn the Properties,

Tranfmutations,
Limits, and Redu&oils of all
I have not always joynd
Sorrs of Bquations.
the Demonffrations,
becaufe they feemd too eafy
to need it, and iometimes cannot be laid down
without too much Tedioufilefi. It remains now only to ihew,
how, afrer Equations
are reducd to their mofi commpdiAnti
ous Form, their Roots may, be extratied in Numbers,
here the chief Difficulty lies in obtaining
the two or three
firit Figures ; which may be mofi commodiously
done by
either the Geometrical or Mechanical ConflruEtion of an
equation.
Wherefore
I illall fibjbin forn& of theie Cop
flruEtions.
The Antients,
as we learn %om Pnppm, in vain endeaP:
vourd at the TrifeEtion of an Angle, and the finding 0x11:
of two mean Proporrionals
by a right Line and a Circled
Afterwards they began to confider the Propertics
of feveral
other Lines, as the Conchoid, the Ciifoid,
and the. Co&k
Seeions, and by fomc of thefe to folve thofc Prolzlems.
At length,
having more throughly examind
the Matter,
and the Conick Se&tions being receivd into Geometry, they
diftinguilhd
Problems into three Kinds, vie. (I.) Jnto Plane:
ones, which deriving thdir Original from Lines on a Plane,
ITYZYbe iblvd by a right Line and n Circle ,; (2.) Into SOlid qnes, which were fqlved by -1,izvq.deTividlg the& [email protected]

;Qilw

nz$

OF

c: 228 3
naI from the Confideration of a Solid? that is,
a Cone ;
(3.) And Liuear ohes, to the Solutron of Which were reAm1 according to this (Jiquird Lines more com$mnded,
&iottion
IVVParc not to COlVC iolicf Prol~lcrUs ty 0th
Lines
than t]Te &tick Se&ions ; efpe:ially if no other Liucs buti
sight ones, a Circle, and tliti Corricli SiEliotrs, in& be r&
ceivd
illto C;comctry.
l.3~ the MX~CI.I~S
advancing yet much
fartl]cr.
11;4vcreccivd into Geometry all l.ilrcs that Latl be
arrd lrnve dillinqiihd,
according to
exprefsd by Equitions,
the Dimcufiens of r11c fEc/uatiolls, ttiofL: Lilacs into Kinds ;
and have made it a Law, chat yJLl arc tmr to col,ffrLltt a
problelti 11~a Line of a fupcrior ICiri~l, that m:ly be cob.
Xlt the CollCeruplatio~*
firu&ed by one of an inferior one.
of Lines, arid finding odt tkeir Propcrrics, I like their Di.
fiin%tion of tljem into #ilids, ac~*orJirrg t0 the Dilrreniious
if .t11e &uapious
by which they a.rc dcfilld.
ht it is uot
&e Eqtxttion,
but: rhe DeGriplinn
rhar m:lkrs the Curve
to be a Geomctrii;ll one. 711~(,irLlc IS a ~.conrctricaI Liue,
l]Qt bccaL]fc it may be e.vprefiJ by a11 t&luntiorr,
but becaufe its Dcfcriprion is a ~Ioflul~tte. It is IlOt the Simplicity
of the ,&patiorl,
but the Eafinefs of the Dcfcription, which
$3 to dexcrnline the Choi<c of our Lines 6 lr the CouRrufiion
For the &quation
that exprelEs a Parabcdq
of Problems.
is Ipore dimple tharr Tlrat that exprcil?s a Cir::lc, and yet the
Circle;
by rearon of its more dimple CouItruBiorr,
is sdJnitred before it, The Circle and the &lick
SeEtious, if
ydtl regard the Dinrer$iotl
of the E:(ltr.~ti~~lls, arc of the
rf~mc Orrlcr, and yet the Circle is not numbcrd with them
but I?y ZT;lt-CJf~0f its fimin the CorlltruEtioll
of ~Jrnldcnls,
pie Defcription,
is dcprefsd to ;1 lower Order, vie. tht of
a ri,qht Lilre ; fo thau ic is I!OC improper to cxprefi rhnt
by a Circle that may be cxprelj;d by a right Liuc.
but it;
is a Fault to cdtruit
that by the Conicak Sc0ions which
lnay be conltruficd by a Circle.
Eirhcr therefore you mufi
t,\ko your Law and Rule From the l>imculinrrs of iEquaand f% take away the Diltirreions as obfervd in a Cirsle:
G~OII bctweerr Plane and Solrcl Problems j or clfe you muR
rirrt, that thar IJW is not fb W5tly ro be ohfervtl iu
f iues of fuperiox Kinds, but th.\t Gmc, by reafon of their
Inore firnplc Dcfcription,
may be prcfhrrcl to nths
nf the
61~2 Orclcri and may hc nrWl!icrtl tvith Lines of inferior
Qrilcrs in the Confiru&on
of Problems.
III Coi~ltrdtions
that arc equ,rlly Geometrical,
the moft limplc are slways to
l.x prefi2rrd, lliis Larva is fo urriverfal, aii ca.be without Ex,:
ccption,

c 229 1
ceptian.
But p&dmick
Ex prefions add nothing to the
Simplicity
of the Confiru&ioll
; the bare Dcfcriptions of the
Rifles cm1 y are here to be confiderd ; and thefe alone were
confidcrd
by thofe Geometricians
who joynd a Circle with
Anif. 3s thefe are eafy or hard,
the Cona right
Line.
firu:&l
becomes eafy or hard : And therefore it is foreign
to the N:tture
of the Tl!ing,
frOll1 any Thing elfe to eAablilh La ws about COnfiruAions.
Either therefore let us,
with the Antients,
exch.& all Lines befidcs the Circle, and.
perhaps
the Conick c1eEt.ions, out of Geometry, or admit al],
If the Troaccording
to the SimpliSty
of the Defcription.
choid \vere atimitted into. Geometry, we might, by its Means,
divide an Angle in any given Ratla. Would you therefore
blame
thofe who ih0~1d make Ufe of this Line to divide
an Angle
in the Ratis of one Number to another, and con.
rend that
this Line ~VRSnot defind by an fiqultion,
but
that you muit make UTc of fuch Lines as are defind by &quations
? lf therefore, when an Angle was to be divided,
for Initance, into 10001. Parts, we fiould be obligd to
bring a Curve def~nd by an Equation
of above an hundred
Dimer>fions
to do the &fin&
; which no Mortal coullf defiribe,
much Iefs underffand
; and fhould p&r
this to the
Trochoid,
which is a Line well known, and dekribd eatiy
by tile Motion of a Wheel or a Circle, who would not fee
the Abfurdity
? Either therefore the Trochoid is not to be
admitted
at all into Geometry,
or elfe, in the ConPrru&iorq
of Problems,
it is to be preferrd to all Lines of a more diFAnd there is the fame Hmfon for other
Reaion we approve of the TriCe&Kons
which &c&~edci
in his Lemof an Angle by a Conchoid,
mas, alld ~~ppcl~in his ColleRions,
have preferrd to the Inventions
of all others in this Cafe; becaufe we ought either
to exclude all Lines, beiidcs the Circle and right Line, out of
Geometry,
or admit them
according to the Simplicity
of
in wl$ch Cafe the Conch&! yields to
aheir l3eicriptions,
&quatiolls
are Exprefions
of Anone,
except the Circle.
rithmetical
Compuraricm,
and properly have no Place hGe ometry,
except as far as Qantities
truly Geometrical (that
is, Li:les,
Surfaces, Solids, and Proportions)
may be faid to
be fame
equal to others.
Multiplications.
Divifions,
and
fuel-, fort of Computations,
are newly receivd into Geomeand contrary to the firit Defign of
rry, arld that unwarily,
For whoibever
confiders the ConAru&tion of
this Science.
Ppbjems
by a. right Line and a Circle; found out by $;ogf
I

c 239 3
&3metri&ns,
will eafily perceive that Geomelry was ini
vented that we might cxpeditiou~ly avoid, by drawing l&s,
the Tedioufilefs of Computation.
ThereFore there two kiences ought not to be
The Atltienc did fo ill..
&firioufly
cIiflingui0~ them from 011e another, that they never introdu;d
&3hmetical
Terms into Geometry.
Aud
the Moderns, by confounding both, have lofi the Simplicity
in which all the Elegancy of Gcomctry
confiffs.
Where&e that is Arirhmeticnlly
more fimplc which is determind
bytbe more dimple &uatioJTs,,
but thar is Gcomcrrically
more dimple which is derermln d by the more dimple drawing of Lines ; and in Geometry, chat ought to be rcckond
befi which is Gcomctrica.lly mni? dimple.
Whcrcfore,
I
ought not to be blamed, if, with that P&cc of Mathematicians, ,tImhmf~s, and other Antietlts, II make Ufe of the
&n&id
for thn ConfiruGion of fi,Jitl Irobl~~n~.
But if
any one thilllrs otherwifc, Ict llim know, that I am here folicitous not for a Cieolnctric,4
COIIH~IK%~II hur ally one
yhate:eves; by which 1 may the llcarefi Wny find the J<oot
For C!ICf&e whereof I here
of the &quation in Notnl~33,
jpremiie rllis Lcmmlztical h-ObhJ.

co~~F~u

231

Line AC, prodccd tcWx2s A, h.t fall tl;e ~cr~~d~c~]a~

c, aJ (; C;1.
d,
E H,
and JU;I~~II~ .d D = if, 1)jJ r=:b, 1; I: =....

AU=* v, and AC= y, you!1have A J3 : /j G : : .,;Ic ; &,

~forcwcr,

yc,iYt hrn~-e14 1; :

AC?: : PD : Cl?, or 2: y : : b : ~-.-y.

-I!rrcE re &,y=w.ti
which 1s 311 ,*~~lltiCXl cxilTt:fliye of ail Hy~:T:~-,;rr,
;\;;z:gain,
by the x ; til of rho ,d j3cV;, 8Clr rvrl~ Ebp=:

ACq + ABq - 2 FAB, fht is, cc =YJ + Y.T,2!Ya

f;th

Sides ok the former

i%~u~tion beir:g multiply\;by

_-.._ take them from both Sidls of this,

A
main

2bdY

CCY- --A =yy

-l- XX -

2d.v,

any &re

v$rll rz-

an ,Equation

exP

preffing a Circle, where x and J arc at right Am&s. JVl~erefore, if you make theie tlvo Lines an Hyperbola ;~~:d a cbde, by the Help of there &quations,
by their lnrerfi&on
youll have x and y, Or AR and A C, Which determine the
of the right Line BC. But thofe right Lines rvill
Pofition
be compounded after this Way.
Draw any two right Lines, K L equal to AD? and x,11
equal to P D, containirlg the ri@t Ang!e iti k L. cornpleat the Parallelogram kL MN,
and with the
;l.i
MN, defcrlbe through the Point li the H~~erEnla
K .
On KM producd towards K, take KP equal to AG,
and I<Q equal to B C. And on KL producci row~rds IC,
take K R equal to A H, and R S equal to R Q. Complra t
the Parallelogram P kic T, and from the Center T, at the
Interval TS, defcribe a Circle.
Let that cut the Hyperbola
in the Point ,Y. Let fall to K P the Perpendicular ..Xir;and
JJ will be equal to AC, and K r equal to AB.
Wh+h
t~vo Lines, AC and AE, or ODE:
Of: them: with the Pomt
P, determine the Polition iought of the Tl ht Line B c TO
demonfixate which ConffruEtion,
and its E a%, according
Caies of the Problem, I fall not here in:

Aijit

think fit, YOUmxy

fitlve the Problem,
is too compunde;l to
firve for any [particular] Ufes.
It is only a Speculation,
?nd Geometric??
Specul$~n~
have
jufi as much Elegancy as
- -___ Fimpliiity,

~~x~ic~~

aud clefe~ve juit fo much Praife as they can pro&X~OII,

1 prefer the Cohchoid, as
. For wld~
much the fimpler, and not Icfs eeometricai ; atl~i whi& is Of
efpecial
Ufc in the Rcfolution
of A$.rations
as by USproposd.
Premiiing therefore Cluepreceding Lemtnn, we Geemetrically
coufhuti Cub&k and Biqu~Aatick
Problems ens

which may GCrcddd to Gbick owef] as fOhw92 and 33*1

[Vi& Pgtircf

Sides, take IZB =- q to the fame Side

if q be pofi-

Let tJ]en: be proposcl

the Gbick lfTqmation .-vi s + 13
but the third is
-4-f-z 0, whofe fecond Term is wantq,
denoted under its Sign -\- q, ami the fourth by + P-. Draw
any right Line, KA, which call n. 011 KA, producd on both

as KA,

otherwife
to the contrary
Part.
R&R BA in C, and
err K, as a Center with the Radius I< C., dcfiribe the Circle
CX, aud in it accommodate
the right Line CX equal to

tive,

.- , producirq

3oiu A X, which produce alfo

it each Way.

FZh Ways ; then

between

the

Lines CX and AX iufcribe

and which b,iug producd;
may pail through the Point .A; then tixll XT be the Root
[ViAc Figurc 91.3 And of thefe Roots,
of the Equation,
thofi will be &l?rm.ative which fall from X towards C, aud
rhofe Negative which fall on the contrary Side, if it be $ r,
but contrarily if it be -r.

E r of the fame Length as CA,

Demv

To demonitrate

which,

flratim.

I prcmifc

thcfe Lemmas.

LEMMA
I.
TX:
AK::
CX : K E. Draw ICF parallel
to CX ; then becaufe of the fitnilar Triangles ACX, AKF, and ETX, EKF, thrrc is AC : AR : : CX: K F, and TX
:: YE, or AC : : I<F : K E ; and therefore by Equality TX :
A K : : CX: RE.
C& E. D,

JhMhf~

Gompofition
-_ --.

0)

II.

TX

AX

of Proportion

: AK-j- RE,

: :

CY

: AK-+ ._Ic
ti.
--..

YX : AK

Q E. D.

For by
; : TX + CX (i, e,

LEMMA
12.

That

E/em.

II!.
2.)

ICE--BI(:iX::TJ:AIi,
~~~q-cI~g=c~q-ccT~CX=CY~~~.

is, if the Theorem

For(b$

be rcfo1v.d into ProportionaJs,

cr

: r I<-CIC : : rx + CK : TX. Eut r I<-CI(=

TIC-
;rE $ CA--CK=
ICE-B I.
And TI( + CI(~I<
-2E+CA+CI~zI~EJrAIC.
Wherefore
Cr:IiE
-BIi
: : ICE +AK:
TX. But hy Lcmp,g 2. Q- : IcE
+ AK: : rx : AK
A IC : TX ;
BK::
Q. E. D.

Wherefore
or\ IC E -

hy Equality

TX:

B I$ : 1X : : rx

I( E -

: A K.

Thefe Things being prcmifed,

the Theorem will be thus
.demonff rated.
In the firfl &VP+
rx :,4 K: : CX: ICE, or ICE x
TX=
AK x CX; and in the third Lcmmn it was provd,
chat ICE-- R IC : 7X : : r. X : I$ K
Wherefore,
if the
Terms of the fir0 Ratio of the lafi Proportion be muJtipJyd
byYX,
itwill
be liExTX-B23!;xTX:XT~::TK:

AK-

that

is? A~C~CX--BBK~~*X:TX~~:

:TX:

AK,

and by mulclpt ying the Extremes and Mearx illto themfelvcs,

it will be A Kq x SCA K x B X x 2X z T Xc&.
Therefore for TX, AK, BK, tind CX, re-fubffituting
x,
n., : , and 2,

this &~uation

will arife,

zliz. r -4.x

2).
Q E. D.
I need not flay to flxw you the Variations of the Signs, for they will be deterinind according to
\ the di&rent Cafes of the Problem.
Let then an &$ation
be proposd wanting the third
Term, as xi + pxx + Y =: o ; in order toconftrufi which,
take n for any Number of equal Parts ; take alfo, in arly
L, and I<B = p, and let
nn
them be taken the fame Way if + and p have like Signs ;
but otherwife,
take them towards contrary Sides. ISif&
BA in,~, and on x, as a Center, with the Radius KC, dtfcribe a Circle, inrb which accommodate CX= n, producing
it both Ways.
]oin A .X, produce it both bVays. Then,
between the Lines CX and AX draw ET=CA,
fo that if
producd it may pafs through the Point K; 2nd JiE will
And the Roots will be
be. the Root of the IfEquation.
Affirmative,
when the Point Y falls on that Side of 2 which
lies tolvar& Cj and Negative,
when it fdjk OA the contr&y
e
.. jzi h
rightline,

two Lengths

KA=

234
Side of X, provided it be + Y ; but if it be L P, it will be
the Reverie of this.
To demorlfiratc ,this Propolition,
look back to the Figures
and Lenlmas of the former ; and thtl you will find it
thus.

BY Lemma 1. TX: AK::

CX: KE,

01 ~XX KE =

&xx cX,
and by Lemwa 3, KE - KB : TX: : TX:
AK, or, (taking XB towards contrary Parts) K E Jr rCB
I TX : : y~ : AZ<, and therefore KE -t- KB multiplyd by
KE will be to TXx ICE : (or AK% CX) :: rX: AK,
.or as (;x : KE.
Wherefore multiplying the Extreams and
MeaIls into thcmfeives,
KE de j- KB x KEq =AKx
c xq ; and rhen for KE, KR, AK, and CK, refiorillg their
$&fiitutcs,
you will fifed the laA &quation to be the &me
with what was proposd, x 3 + p XX z Y, or X 3 p x x

ctU=:O.

Let all xquation,

having

three Dimenfions,

and wanting

no Term, be oropos~I in this ]FO~III, ,r3 -k pxx + qvt + Y

and fame
c 0, falne ot wllofe Roots ihall hc Aflirmarive,
Negative
And firit iuppole 1 a %gativc
$$t

Line,

as KB, let two Lengths

Quantity,
be taken,

then

in any

as KA=

1,
9
if p atld

2nd KB=p,
an3 take them the fitme Way,
r
- have contrary Signs ; but ii! their Signs arc alike,
LC

then

the Len~rhs

contrary Ways from the Point K

IMcEt
crctf tile Pcrpcn&ular
CX equal to
the Square Root: nf chc Tcrrn ~1; thell bCWmn the ]Lines
AX alld C,Y9 protluiJ
illiirlitcly both Ways, infcribc the
right Line E rz AC, fa rliat: being producd, ic may pafi
tIiroug1~ ZC; ii> fflall KE
be tllc Ihot
of thr, &quation,
which will he Atirmatlvc
wheu the Point ,Y G& hetwecn
A arld E ; but Neqitivo wlmi the Point 15 FdIu on that
Side of the Paint j which is towards A. [Vi& Fipm g5.l
IF q had ~CCII au ARrmative
Qmtity,
then in the Lirle
/I [j

il.1 C,

Ad

Z(H

YOU lllllfl
._-.-

tiim

hilVC

~&kCll thOff2 tW0

hJgdlS

thUS,

viz;.

he

e 235 3

be bife&d
in C; and there the Perpendicular
CX ereaea
%ual to the Term e ; and between the Lines AS and GJ~
infillitely
drawn out both Ways,
the right J&e E ? n-d?
alfo be infcribed equal to dC and made to pail through
&e
Point
IC, as before ; then v&Id X2 be the Root of the Bquati0I-r
i Negative
when the Point X fl~ouId fall betwee*
A and E, and Affirmative when the Point Y falls on chc Side
of the Point X towards C.

By the firfi Lemma, R E was ro f,Y as n K to TX,

and
(by Compofition)
fo KE + A.& i. e. IcL?-j-ICC is to CJY
+ TX, i. e. CT. But in the right-angled Triangle
KC?+I,
2-q
Z mq -KC.
= ~iirq?
x J??I~C;
and bysem
folving
the equal -;i erms into Proportionals,
Kr-/K C is
to CT as CT is to KTICC; 01 ICE -+- AK is to CT as
Wherefore fince KE was to XC in
c2 is to E I<- I(B.
this Proportion,
by Duplication
KEq will be to CXq as
ICE -I- Alto
ICE--KB,
and by multiplying the Extreams
and Means by themrelves .I( E cwbe- KB x XEq E CXq
X -KE + C Xg x A I(. And by reff oring the former Var
lues x: --pxx~qx+r.

The Demonfhntio1s

of the Second (A/e.

Ejt the fir3 Lemma, ICE is to CX a$ AK is to ?X2 tj~ta

by multiplying
the Extreams and Means by themfelves,
ICE
Therefore in the preceding Caf~,~ yut:
x TX ti CX x AR.
KE x TX for CX x AK, and ic will he ICE c&KU x
KE~zCX~
x I<E+CXxKEx
TX; and by dividing
all by K E, there will be K E q - KB x K E = CXy -p C X
x TX;
rhen multiplying
all by d IC, and,youll have n K x

IrEq-

IiB x KA >cICE =AI<x

CXtj -I- AK

x CX x

And again, put KE x TX in&ad of its equal CX x

then AKx KEq--A#%
KB x KE= E 1Cx t.S
x rx+
Kg x TX9 ; whence all being divided by KE
there
will arife AK x KE - AI< x K B -, TX x CX +
rxq
; and when all are multiplyd by TX there will be
-AK%
KR xr~=rxqxcx-lTX
AKxKExTX
.And infiead of KE y, TX in the firA Term,
put
CX
cube.

TX.
AK,

x.&K,

af3dt!lenCXxAKqcAKxBKxTX;=
Hhz

CXx

+ppxxz:-q:2+r5h

fjur there .&Qua&xx WC ah-r) fi>lvd. Ihy drawing a right

ill liu:11 a hlrrnner
that the Part
&tie from a given Point,
of it; which is il,ecrccptcd l?ctwee~~ allother right Lilac and
a Circle, both given in Icjjirioil, nlriy be Of a glvcIl Ecllgth,
[Fi!e Figwrc36 3
For, let there be pmposd a Cu\ick &qu,lrion s3 ~6+ qx
Draw the right
0, whofe ficconil Term is wanring.
In ICA, producd
, tvhicli call n.
j,&Wayags, take KB f= f 011 the fi~nc Side of the point

Jas the Point n is if q be h&gative,

if Ilot, 011 the conararjiO ]t3ife& BII in C, arid from the Center 4, with the
Diflance AC, defcribe a Circle CX. To rhis u~fcr~be the
xjght Line C X=

&,

and through

the Points

K, C, a11d x

&$ribc the Circle .KC.XG. Join AX,

and produce it till
it again cuts ths Circle KC X G laft defcribd in the Point
Q. Lafijy, between this Circle KCJYG, and the right Liue
intiribe
the right Line ET=
XC producd both Ways,
AC, So that E !T prodocd pafs through the Ioint G. And
But thofe
E:G wilj be OII~ cS the Roots of the IEquation.
Roots are Affirmative whic*h fall in the ~rea~cr Scqxnt
of
the CircIe KG C, and Wcp,nrive: which f;dl in the lefir
.JiiFC, if r is NelJative, and tlie corltrlry will be whari T is
,fWmative.
11: order to d~JIloKhJtc
this
Cod?ruBio~~,
let LIB prcm&
the following Lemcwta.
C E 1~1ar A 1.
AlI
Things beillg f~~jlposd as in the ConArucition, CE is to KA as CE Jr C X is to AT, and as C x
to Jr?:
For the right Line KG I citig dr:iw,
AC is to A & as CX
fs to /iG,
becaufe the Triangles
ACX and A KG are Six$ar,
The Triangles
2E C, TKG arc alfo Similar;
for
the AugIc at r is common to,both irizllglcs, ;ud the Aogles
% ;tpd C q,rcPI t@ ijmc ~yneu~ XC G pfchc CkcIc E G CR

I,
.. .

yJ

C2?7Y

Whence C E will be to E T as kG to
xq
Xhat is, CE to AC as AG to XT, becauic ETand AC
were fuppokd
equal,
And by comparmg this with the ProPortibrlality
above, it will follow by Equality of Proportion
that: CE is to 1.A as C,Y to X T, and alrernarely CE is co
c.3~ as iTA to i; r.
Whence, by Compofition,
CE + CX
will bc to C X as IcA-j- KT to XT, that is, AT to rCT,
and aLtcrnately
CE J,- C s is to AT as L.J/ is to 1~r, that
is, as CE to YA.
QE,D.

and thrtfcwe

equal.

C H upon the
L E M M A 11. Let fall the, Perpendicular
ril;ht Line G T, and the R&angle
2 HE
r will be equal to
the Rectangle

CE x Cx.

For the Perpendicular

GL being let fall upon thk Line
,A r, the Triangles Ii G L, EC H have right Anqles at L and
and the AN&
at I( and Eare in tile fame Segment
H,
C G # of the Circle C ZCE G, and are therefore equal ; con-:
And therefore K G is
fequently
the Trianglrs are Similar.
to EI, as E C to E H. Moreover, A A4 being let falf from
the Point
A perpendicular to the Line i(G, becaufe AK is
equal to AG, KG will be bife&d in M ; and the Triangles
liA M and KG ,5 are Similar, becaufe the Angle at K is
and the Angles at M and L are right ones ; and
axnmon,
therefore
A Ii is to I( M as KG is to XL, But as AK is
to I< &$ fo is 2 .A K to 2 I< M, 01: I< G j (and becaufe the
Triangles
A li G and A CX are Similar) ib is 2 A C to Cx;
Therefore
alfo (becaufe
AC= E r) io is 2 ET to CX.
2 ET is to C,Y as KG to I( L. Rut /cG was to KL as
EC to EAT, therefore zE?is to CX as EC to E E7, and fo,
the &&angle
2HEr
(by multiplying
the Extreams and
Means by themfelves) is equal to E C x CX.
Q E. D.
For the
Here
we took the Lines AK and AG equal.
Re&angles
CAK and SA G are equal (by Car. to 36 Puop.
of tbo gd Gook of Euc.) and therefore as CA is to XA fo is
AG to A I(. Bur XA and CA are equal by Hypothefis ;
therefore
A G z A I(.
L E M bt A III.
AIL Things being as above, the three
Lines Br; C E, Ii A are contiiiuaL ~roportionah%
For (by Prop. 12+ Rook 2. Elem.) CJ-g = E rq + c 6 q +
2 E -J-- x E ~1. And hy taking E Tg from both Sides, CQ I
=CJ+~-~ETXEH.
BurzEYxEH=CExC.X
ETq
{by Lcpn. 2;) a$ by ad(@i $+g $? &h $-de% 6 E;&.

238 3

iEYxEIrT~CEq-kCExC.K
zCEq

-+CE

x CA that

CEq 4-qCE x I:x,

hd

Therefore CI*~.-.--~~
cr-jE? x m&

is,

by rcfdving the equal ~e~;~~~g~cs

into proportional
Sides, it will be as CE + CX is to CT+
ET, ii, ia Cr.--Er
to c E. 13~ the three Ijnes ET, C,$,
C,$ are quaI, alld thence CI-\ E I= C2 -b CA= A y,
and CY-EET=rC2-iB~B2~
Write AI for Cr.+
E k; and 13I for CT,E 21 and it will be as CE + CX is
But (by Lem. I.) CE is ro ZiAas
to XA fo is BY to CE.
therefore CE is to KA as B Y is to
GE+
Cx is to iit;
CE, that is, the thr; ?I;
B U, CE, arld KA are colltinual
proportion&;
. . .

Now,
by t,he Help of there three Lemmas,
we may deponfirate
the CZonAruAion of the preceding Problem, thus :
By Len? E. CE is to KA as CXis to KU, fo RAx CX
=

CE x $ r, and by dividing
thefe equal

e__;__
CE

= BX

IL4 x cx

both Sides by CE, -CE

Sides

add

B Ii,

and I3 K +

IiiAx cx
Whence (by Lem. 3,) B .U+ 7

is to C E as GE is to KA, and thence, by multiplying

the
Extreams and Means by thcmfclvcs,
CE 4 z BI( x Xkl+

KAq x cx
-----and both Sides being m&iplyd
by CE, CE
CE

t,d. = KB x KA x CE -+-PCAq x CX: C E rvas called x,

the Root Of the ,!Equatim

$h.

?kk

bcinS Wlitutcd

KA z VI, ICB=r: 2 and CXn

ilAzxi

ol-.CE, Ii A, KB, ancl

Cx7, rlrero will arifc tllis &qL~;itkq 2; z 12 -k r, or ,2; * wher1 q ml ) ;1rc NCj~:ltlVm JCL4 :ud Iicn
iKiii~~iZZ
ikccrl 011 tlir, ~~L~JJC
C;iilc t:f the IJoi,,t I< IlIlcl
tilt &?ir1~hvc Iloot boilr!: in t11e #seater Strgmc~~t i:G I(
This is one C;~fc of the Car IftruQion to be tIcrnnnfrrated.
Draw
KB 011 the contrary Side, that is, let its Sign bc
or the Sign of -, or, wlkh
is the i;dmc Thing,
n
the Sign of the Icrm q, and thcrc will be h:id rhe Con&u5tioli of the .Zqrr*~eiofl;cJ $- q,u--r
z 0. Which is the
other Cafe.
111 thefe Cafes CAY, a.nd the Afirmative
Kook
Let
CX
CE, fall towards the hmc Parts
OF
rhc,
Lint
AK
.. and
chtulged,

239 1

c
and

the

the Sign

Negative
of

cx,

ROG~ fall

or fl-,

towards

the fame Parts

or (which is the fame Thipg)

V&II
,. is

changed
; and this will be the third Cafe x; + qx $ r =o,
where all the Roots are Negative.
And again,
when the
Sign Of

XB,

or 2, or only I, is changed,

it will be the

fourth
cafe x 3 -$+r=o.
The ConiirnBions
of al1
and particularly dethei% Cafes may be eafily ruil through,
monitrated
afrer the fame Manner as the firlt was ; and
~4th the fame Words, by changing only the Situation of the
Lines.
NOW
let the Cubick Equation
xi -j- p xx 96 + r = 0;
whole third Term is wanting, be to be conRruEted.
411 the fame Figure n being raken of any Length, take in
any i&nire

right

Line AT, KA, and KB=

L and p, aid
n 12

take them on the iameSide of the Point I<, if the Signs of

the Terrlxs p and r are the fame, otherwife on contrary
Sides.
BifiA BA in C, and from the Center K with the
Diitaxe
KC defcribe the Circle CXG. And to it infcribe
the right Line CJ equal to n the affumed Length.
Joirx
AX and produce it to G, fo that AG may be equal to AK,
and through
the Points I<, C, X, G cleiicribe a Circle.
And,
IaAlg, between
this Circle and the right Line KC, producd
draw the right Line ET= AC, fo that being
both Ways,
produced
it may pafs through the Point G ; then the right
Line KT
being producd, will he one OF the Roots of the
Equation.
And thofe Roots are AfIirmative which Ed1 OII
that Side of the Point Ron which the Point A is on, if r
is Affirrrlative
; bur if r is Negative,
then the AfErmatfve
Rpots
fall on the contrary Side,
And if the AfErmztive
fall OKIone Side, the Negarive fall on the other.
This Conftru&tion
is demonitrated
by the Help of the
;three 1 ;i ft ~cmmn~ after this Manner :
By rhe third Lienma, Ii r, CE, KA are cc&null
Proportionals
; and by Lemma I. as CE is to KA PO is CXto
J<T.
Therefore
B r is to CE as CX to KT. BZz .i?cT
- R.23.
Therefore
KT--I<
B is to C E ns CX is to Km

BLGss
x &T,

RX-.KB
ty prq

is to CE fo is KmrCBXKT
to c E
I. BOOA
6 ENC. and. bECaufe of the Propor-

c 240 1
Tlierefote KP;l. KB x KT is to Kn x CX (as PC?-KB
the
to CE, that is, as CX to -42. And by multiplyillg
-.Ic_
Extrcariis
and Means by themfelves KT---KB x 2iirrl =
RAx
CXq;
that is, I(Tcr4b. -KB
x .K2
+9=RAxLX9.
But in the ConfiruBion
KT was .V the Koot of the &quation, RB was put tip,
therefore

2, p, L,

and

.KAz;;~,

and CXzu.

Write

n for X-2-,, IC B, I< A, and Cx re+

fpe&ively,
xf zp,z x will be equal to Y, orx~-p~x
+-r~Q.
This Conltru&Iioll may be refolvd into $0~ Cafes of &quations, xi --p~x~v~o,
X1 --pxx+
r=O,
x3 +
0, and 3 -j- p x.z^ + r K o. The firlt Cafe I
pxx--r~
with
have already d3nonltrated
; the rcfi arc dcmollflratcd
the fame Words,
only changing the Situation, of the Lines,
To wit, as in tnJrirlg I<// and IiB
011 the fim~ Side OF the
Point I(, and the Afirmative
Root K .?on the contrary Side,
has already producd IC?cub, - ZCB x KTq .Z ICA x CXq,
and thence XT - p ,XX- r z o ; fo by taking ICI3 on the
other Side the I-oint IC, it will prodtlcc,
by the like Reaftming,
ICTC~.
-t KT~ x KU% ICA x CXq,
and thence
And in theft two Cafes, if the Situ3 + pxx-rro.
ation of the Affirmative Root ICI be ChJgd,
by taking it
on the other Side of the Point K, by R like Series of Arguments, it will fanllillto the other two C&3, .8<TCUf!L
j- Icfi ,
+ r=o,
and
x m-q C - rcn x Lxq, or xc3pxx
KY-q-z -KAx
Icrcuk. ---Rex
CXq,
or b1 -p.rx
-fWhich were all the Unfcs to bc dcmonfIrared.
r=o
Now let this Cubick &quation x3 -i- p ,YZ+X 9 x -I- Y=o
be proposd, wanting no Term (u&f perhaps the third),
Which
is confiru&d
afccr this Manner : [,Vdc Figtires 97

and 98.-J
Take

n at

Flealure,

Drnw

any right

Lint G CZ :V

-7.
-., and
v
P
if the Terms p and r have contrary
Sifins, from the
Ccntcr C, with the Interval Cl) dcfcrihc a Circle PB E. If
they have the fame Signs from the Ccntcr 22, with the Space
G C, defiribc an occult Circle, cul:tirlg the right Line GA in
IJ;
and at the Point

G crcEt a Pcrpcndicular

GD z

H ; then

from

c
the Ce&r

24x 3
C, with the DiRance G H,

fcribe the Circle P B E.

Then make GA F -

the fame Side the Point

G that C is on,

tity -3

--I

(1t le s-g
I ns of the Terms

de?

9 - L on
n
nP
if now the C&ran{
P, q, r in the &i

quation 70 be%nltruaed
being well obfervd) fflould come
out Aflirmative ; otherwife, draw GA on the other Side of
the Point G, and at the Point A crc0 the perpendicular
Ar, between which and the Circle PB E already defiribd,
draw the right Line E I equal to p, io that being producd,
it may pafs through the Point G ; which being done, the
Line EG will be one of the Roots of the &quntion
to be
conltru6ted,
Thoie Roots are Affirmative
where the Point
E falls between the Points G and r.; and Negative, where
the Point E falls without;
if p IS Affirmative ; and the
contrary, if Negative.
In order to demonitrate this Confhutiion,
let us premifc
the following Lemmas.
I. Let E F be let fall perpendicuIar to AG. and
Line E C be drawn ; E G y + G Cg = E Cq +
2CG F. For (by Prop. 12. Bad 2. Elm.)
EG q = ECq+
Let G Cq be added on both Srdrs,
GCg + 2GCF.
and EG9 + GC9 = EC?S + 2GC9
+ 2GCF.
But
LEMMA

the right

2GCq+
2GCF=2GCxGC+
fore EGq3GCq=ECq+-

CF =zCGF.
2CGF.
Q.E.D.

There-

LEMMA II. In the firA Cafe of the Conitrurition,

where
the Circle P BE paffes through the Point IJ, G EqG Dq
~zCGF.ForbythefiritLemma~Gq~GCq=ECq42 CG F, and by taking GG q from both Sides, EG q t E Cq
-GCq+2CGF.
But ECq - GCq ciz CDg-GCcj
2CGF, and by
Therefore
EG 9 = GDq+
=GDq.
taking G D9 from both Sides, FG 9- G D q z 2 CG F.
QE.D.
LEMMA III.
In the fecond
where the Circle P CD does not
2 CG F. For,
EGq+GDq=:
E Cq + 2 C G F. Take
+GCq=
EGq+Gq-.+KJq=;;2&GFn,r

Cafe of the ConflruBi0n.j

pafs through the Point D,
by the firit Lemma, EG q
EC q from both Sides, and
EuC $&A&%
anz$
1

242

=GDq,

GCq-ECq=DHq-GHq
EGq-/-GDq=zCGF.
(2,E.D.

&CP=Gfl.

Therefore
andfo

LEMMA IV.
Gux 2CGFz2CGxAGEFor, by
reafon of the fimilar Triangles GE F and G 1A, as GF is
to G E io is A G to G r, that is, (by Prop. I. Book 6. Elem.)
as 2 CG x AG is to 2 CG x GK
Let the Extreams and
Means be multiplyd by themfelves,
and 2 CG x G TX G F

zz2C:GxAGxGE.

Q.E.D.

NOW, by the Help of there Lemmas, the ConitruEtion of

the Problem may be thus demollfirated.
In the firfiCafe, .EG q - G D q = 2 CC-F (hy Lemma 2.)
alidbymUltiplyil:gallbyG1;
EGq%G1'--GDq
XGr
2= 2 CG F x G 1= (by Lemma 4.) 2 CG x A G E. InRead
of GYwrire
EG+E<
and EGcuG. 3 Er%EGq--GD~xEY~zCGAXEG,
orEGcsrb.+
Gllqx
EG .--.- -

E~xEG'I--GD~-

zCGAXEG-GGqxsr=iy

In the iecorld cafe, E Gq + GDII = 2 CG F (by Lemma 3.) and by multiplying all by GY, EGO x GY -k GDr]!
2CGF x Gr=
2CG x AGE,
by Lemma &
- xGY=
InfIeadof
GYwrirerG+EY,andEGcub.+
EYxEGq

-tGDq+G+GDqxEY=2CGAxEG,orEGcwtt.
EG+GDgx=-,o.
-f-ET%EGij$GDq- --mx
But the Root

E G= x, G D ;= d 2,
P

of the Equation

E1= p, 2iG=n,

alld GA=

-.

1,
that is, in
nP
the firlt Cafe, whue the Sirins of the Terms p and Y are
Whent
; but in the fecond LCafe, where the Sign of one of
the t\VO, p or r, is changed, there is therefore

E G be put z

x, G D z c/T

zI

%Jr :p = GA Let
El c-p, 2&G=n,

P
andGA~-

nI- + ;Tr

and in the firit Cafe it will

be

43
Therefore in both Cafes E G is the true Value Of thC
Root x. Q E. D,
But either cafe may be diffinguiihd into its feveral Par=
ticulars ; as the former into there, XT + ps + 1x-r
zo,
*2+pY~-qX-;-Y~o,
x-p,t?-+qX^+rd~
=o,
xi +.pxz
-+so,
and&
the latter into there, x + px -t- 12.2
r=o,
x+pX*-qx-+r=o
xj--px-+-qT--+
= c, P~--~x-~x-T~o,
x;+p~~+r=o,
and
.x3 - px*-r=o.
TIIC D~monflration of ail which CT&S
may be carryd on in the f:lrne Words with the two already
demonitrated,
by only changing
the Situation
of the
Lines.
There are the chief Conff r&ions of Problems, by infcribing a right Line given in ~Length fo between a Circle and
a right Line given in Poficion~ that the infcribd right Line
And fuch a right
producd may pafu through a given Poirrr;
Liue may be inrcribd by dkfcribing a Cbnchoid,
of which
let that Point, througli which the right Line given ought
to pars, be rhe Pole, the other right Line given III I-oririorr ;
the Ruler orAfymptote, and the Interval, the Length of the
infcribd Line. For this Conchbid will cutitle CircIc air :he
Point E, through which the right Line To .be inf2riltl in&
be drawn.
But it will. be fuf%ient in PraEti~e co iit:cvir
the right Line between a Circle and a right, Line givcnin
Pofition by any Mechanick Methcd.
But in thefe ConAruttions obfirve, that the Quantity n is
undetcrmind and left to be taken at Pleafur+, thar the Cork
&u&on ma) be more conveniently
fitted to particular, Problems.
Wts fhall give Examples of this in filiding two mean
Proportion&,
and irr trife&ing an Angle, :
Let x and 1 be .two mearr.Proportionais
ta. be found betwieh; A and 21. Becaufe al.x, y, 6 are continual Proportionals; a! will be t3 xi as ,% to b, therefore x; = bcaU, or
x3 --ailt30.
Mere the Terms p and q of the &qoatioti
are wanting, ,and Laabis
in the room of the Term T;
therefore in the firfi Form of the ConRruRions,
where the
right LtiiiO EY tending to the given Point I<, 1s drawn between other two right Lines, E X, iird C, given in Pafition,
-aa b
Y
and fup$& *the right Line C%= - T --let n be
tan
nn
taken equal to a, and theb CX wil be =3 b 6. Eroari
whgnce the Iike Gonltru$Iion comes out.
[T/i& Figare 99.3
IO.

a&P

I draw

344
f draw any Line, KA= a, and bifiEt it in C, and from
with the Defiance i, C, dekribe the Circle
the Center
GX, to whit!, I ilK,ribe the right Line CS,
G, and bewren
AX and CX, infinitely prod&d,
I io inicribe E r
ECA,
that E r being prodwd, may pais through the Point
&I. So KA, XT, KE, CX will l-e contimx4 Proportionals,
betrveen u
that is, XT and ICE two mean Proportionnk
and b. This CorlRruR~on is know. _[r/& P@& JOG]
Bur in the other Form OF the ConAruRiotls,
where the
right Line E 2 converging to the given Poitlr G is infcribd
between the Circle G E CX and the right Line AI;, and
1 put, as
nn
before, n = a, and then CX 41 he = 6, aud the reit are
done as follows.
[me FipYC IO1 *)
I draw any right. Line KA,
d, and bifefi it in C,-and from
the Center A, with the Dikwce AK, I defcrihe the Circle
KG, to which .I inicribe the right Line KG = 211, conit i;
ruing the /loJcclrs Triangle AXG.
Then, through the Points
G, I<, G I dekribe the Circle, between the Circumference
of
which and the right Line AK producd, 1 infcribe the right;
Line E TZ C I< rending to the Point G. Which. being done,
AK, E C, XT, 4 KG ire continual Proportionals,
that is,
E C and .KT are two mean. Proportionals betwtm.the
given
:
Quantities a and 6. b
/_.,
Let there be an Angle to be divided. into:.tke
equd
Parts - [GA Figwe Io2.1 and let that Angle. bd ACB,
md the Parts thereof to ke found be AC D, E C,D; and
ECB;
from the Center C. with the Uiftance 6A,,,let
the
Circle AD E 8 be zdefcribd, cutting the right ;LinFs Ci9,
be
CD, CE, CB in +D;
E, R. Let AD, DEil!EB
joind,
aild AB cuttq
the right Lines CD, CE at B. kmd
H, and let D G, meeting AB .in G, be draws N!parJM. to
C E. BecauCe the Triangles CAD, AD F, and,.13FG- ax
Similar, CA, AD, D F, and FG rire c6ntinual l?roportiorrals. Therefore if AC= a, and AD.= x, :DlF will be
CX=

3k,

ecpI

LO xx
-7

that is, (in this Problem)

andFG=c

PA--GF~~AD-GF=Jx-~~

au

And AB=:

b,

BW+NG$
:. /
,LetAg+b,

,
then

cond Term of the Equation,

is wanting,
and in&ad of QT
Therefore in the firft Form
and aal.
and r we have -3b~
of the ConffruEtions,
where p was = o,QKA=
n, KB =
g4ca
that is, in this Problem, KB = - -3
g, andCX&?l
n n
n
anb
may come out as fimand cx=
q---, that there Quantities
pie as pof?ible, I put n = a, and fo KB = - 3 A, and C X
= b.. Whence
this ConitruRion
of the Problem
c&nes
out.
Draw any Line, RAZZ d, and on the contrary Side make
KB=
3 A, [Vi& Figwh x03.]
KiTea R-4 in ;-, and from
the Center K, with the Diftantik KG, defcribe a Circle, to
which infcribe the right Line CX= t, and the right Line
AX~lxing
drawn bet.wren that infinuely
producd and the
right.Line
CX, itifcribe the right Line E T= AC, and fo
that Jt being producd, will pafs through thk Point: K. .So
XT will be = x. But (fee the lafi Figure) becaufe the CircIe A D E B = Circle CXA, and the Subtenfe A B r= Subi
ienfe CJ, and the Parts of the Suhtenfes B H and XT are
will be eqilai,, as alfo
equal ; the Angles ACB, and CKX
BCH, XICT; aild fo the Angle XI( Y will be on! third
Therefsre the third Part $33
Part of the Angle. CIC X.
of any given Angle CKX is found by infcribing the righi
Line E rAC, the piamcter
of the Circle between the
Choids it2 gkd A X it6nice.l y pyo$$d; and co/lverging at:
I< the Center of thkcircle;
Hence, if from K, the Center of the CirCle, you Jet fall
tlie Perpendicular,
,x H upon ,the Chord CX, rhe Angle
HZKT will be qie third Part of ~the Angle H KX; fo that
if anjr Angle HKX
were siven,
the third ,Part $ereof
H+?<p may be fdu!ld by letting faIl.from any Poiut :X of
ai;y Side K &, jh+, Line H X perpkaicular
td the, othkr Side
H K, and by d:+++g .X{, , par&j
to 23 I<, and by it&cribing the right Llhe TE & 2 $ IcT.bgtwqen XH -2nd X E, f@
that it being pipducd. r@y ,pyfs th!ough the Ppint IC. Or
thus.
[ride Figure ib+]
.
LeranyAngle ,A!JfR be giveh I 2% one of its SidesAX
r$ik d .Te$3irid2tqIirX H, alnd from. ai-ry Point Kof the
other Side Jk lett&e
be drawn &I& Line IfE, the Part;
of which E r (lyihg between ,rhd Side AX prod&l,
and
the Perpendicular
XH). isdouble the.Side XI<, and the Angle K E A $11 be one third bf !he given ,@gle A.XIC.
Again,
:,!E .:

c 246 3
Again, the Perpendicular
EZ being raisd, and KF being
drawn, whofe Part Z F, between E I- and E 2, let.be dnul-de to KE, and the Angle I( FA will he one third of the
TriAngle KE A : and fo you may go on by a sonrinual
tiQion of an Angle Ed i@&j~~~O This Method is in the 3id
PTCP. of the 4th Book of PJIP~JIS.
If you would trifea an A@e by rbe~orber Pnrm of ConflruAions,
where the right Liue is to be.intiribd
between
another right Line and a Circle,

here dfo will Zi3 ti

asd CX = kfi, that is, in the Problem

-9,
n

we are now about,

? aa
and CZEr, ; and To by putting n =A,
nn
34, and CX= b. Wheilce this CbnitruKB xvi11 bz =&on con1e.S out.
From any Point K let thsre be drawn Ato.rightLines
towards the fame way,
KA = A, and KP G ~,a,
[Yide
~j~qvve;jq.]
B&R n Rin C, and~from~tli? Center 4 with
the Diffance AC defbribe a Circle,
To whichir~fc~ibe the
fight Line cX=S.
Join JIX, and proliuce it till it cuts
the Circle again in G. Then betwe& this Circle and the
& ht Line AC, illfinit~lji prBducd, ir&xibe,,,the Li~ie E r I,
Point G i and the right Line
np1C; and $tfing through.&
E C being rirawvli, will be equal to x .tlie Q&antity fought,
by wifi& the third Pfrr or the given+;Ai#e
ail1 be fub.
send cd.
4
This Conffru8ion arifes f&m the F&I nbove i &ich
Plowever,, romes out better thus : &xabf~~the~irclp~ AI)E B
and RXG
tijre equal, an@ alfo fhe Sdbterifes CX an$ k 8,
the Angles CA.?, orKA G, and AC23 are equal, therefore
GE, is the Swbtenfe of.orie third Part,ofthe
Angle KtiG+
Whence -in any given; Anple Krjl(;;, :. t,$& its thrrd. Part
CAE may be found, rr&rlbe the tight Lifit: E r equal to
rhe Semi-Diameter
,4G of the. Circle KCG, between the
Circle and the Side &I, of the Angle
ilifillitely..~r~d~cd,
and tending to the Point G. Thus&&meAe~;
ii~i,,t+&bl8,
Zaught to triik& an Angle. TIie ias&. CXinfirtiti.\ons&raj be
more eafily explaind flitin I have dotie here ; -but in the&
1 would ihtiw IIOW~ it0111 the general Cori&,&ons
of Problems I have already eti$air?d,
tie. may derive the mod
liimple Conff ruCfbns of @t&ilaf ..,-,P~L+lkfias, , ,_
KB--,

-
-, 3itd

Befidej

EMides the ConAruEtions here fet down, we might add

many more.
As if there were two
[Vide Fipre 106.3
mean Proporrionals
to be found between a and 21. Draw
any right Lirle AK=
b, and perpendicular
to it A B =rl.
Biftti
A K in Z, and in AK put AN equal to the Subtellfe B I j and a&o in the I,ine AB producd, AC= Subter-tie I-: H.
Then in the Line AK on the other Side of the
Point
A take A D of any Length and DE equal to it, and
from the centers
D and E, with the Difiances DBand EG
defuibe PQVOCircles,
B F and CG, and between them draw
the right Line F G equal to the right Line AI,
and convergillg
at the Point A, and AF will be the firR o$ the
two mean Proportion&
that were to be found.
Tile Ancients
taught
how to find two mean Proportionals
by the (%&id ; but no Eody that 1 know of hath given a[JWe Figure I 07.3
good manual Defcription
of this Curve.
Let A G be the Diameter,
and F the Center of a Circle to
which the CiKoid belongs,
At the Point F let the Perpendicular
FD be erefied, and producd in inf$aitum. And let
F G Ee producd to P, that F P may be equal to the Djameter of the Circle.
Let the Ruler P ED be moved, fo
that
the Leg E P mayalways pail through the Point P, and
the other Leg E D muit be equal to the Diameter AG, or
F IJ, wit11 its End .?I, always moving in the Line F D ; and
the miildle
Point C of this Leg will defcribe the C&id
G I K which
was defired, as has been already fhewn.
Whcrcfore,
if between 81-1~two Quantities,
lz and 1, there
be two
mean Proportionals
to be found : Take An4 = a,
rai&
the Perpendicular
M Nc b. Join AiV,
and move
dye Ruler PE I?, as was juit now fhewn, until its Point C
fall upon
the rlghr Line AN.
Then let fall CB perpendicular
to A P, take c to B H, and v to B G, as MN is to
B C, and becaufe A B, R H, BG, B C are continual Propor;
tionals,
d, t, V, L will alfo be continual Proportionals.
By the Application
of fuch a Ruler other folid Problems
nrtay be conitruQed.
let there be propofcd the Cubick Equation x3 Qiv xm
where y is always Negative,
r Affirmative,
qx+r=:o;
alld p of
take FRz-$
not .- towards
_ .

any Sign,
aed

&lake AG = a, and bifia

that

it in F, and

towards A if p is Affirmative,

if

B._.

Mwweb,

make AB
~+d-&
.

and ereEt the

Perpen-

c 248 3
FerPendiculars F D and B C, And in the Leg E D of the
R.uler, take E 33 z A G and E C=: A R ; then let the Leg of
de hkr he applyd to the Scheme; fo that the Point D
Inay touch the Line F D, and the Point C the right Line B C,
and B C will be the Root of the fiquation fought, = f.
T~LIS far, I think, 1 have expounded the Conitlu6Iion
of
folid Problems .by Operations whofe &mual PraCfice is moij
fimple and expeditious.
So the Antients,
after they had obtaind a Method of folving there Problems by a Compofi-tion of Solid Places,
thinking the Conflrutiions
by the
Conick
Se&ions ufelefi,
by reaion of the DXculty
of defcribing them,
fought eafier ConfiruRions
by the Conchoid, Ciifoid,
the Extenfion
of Threads, and by any Mechanick Application
of Figures,
Since ufeful Things, though
Mechanical,
are juitly preferable to &clefs Speculations in
Geometry,
as we learn from Pqpus. So the greatArchi~-e&-s him&If neglefied
the -1 &&on
of an Angle by the
which had been handled by other GeomeConick Setiions,
tricians before him, and taught how to trifeEt an Angle in
his Lemmas
as we have already explaind.
If the Antients had ratller confiru6t Problems by Figures not receivd
in Geometry in that Time, how much more ought thefe Figures now to be prcferrd which are receivd by many into
Geometry
as well as the Conick SeQions.
I dont agree to this new Sort of GcometriciHowever,
am, who receive all Figures into Geometry.
Their Rule
of admitting
all Lines to the Conitrutiion
of Problems
in that Order in which the Equations,
whereby the Lines
are dcfincl, afcend to the humber of DimenGons,
is arbitrary and has no Foundation
in Geometry.
Nay, it is ftlfe;
for according to this Rule, the Circle should be joined with
the Coni&
Sefliotls,
but all Geometers join it with the
right Line ; and this being an inconfiant Rule, takes away
the Foundation
of admitting
into Geometry
all Analytiik
Lines in a%certain Order.
Tn my Judgment,
no Lines ought:
to be admitted
into plain Geometry
befidcs the right Line
and the Circle.
Unlefi fome Diflinaion
of Lines @+
be
firR invented,
by which a circular Line might be Joilied
and feparared from all the rei?. But
avith a right Line,
truly plain Geometry
is not to be augmerlted by the Numnor all Figures are plain that are admitted
her of Lines.
into plain Geometry,
that*is thofe which the Geometers
poffulate to be defcribed in p/ mo. And every plain Prob!em
is that mhich
mag
Fe fo+lruEted
Figures.
so
-_- _.~..- by p@
. .-.
there_..

c 2493
therefore admitting
the Coni& Se..?+ns a:~1 o~h;r Frg;lrcs
more conlpOullliccl iura ;+&l GcotnWy,
all tli? f&f and
mm than fi>li~J Prok~lrnis thrt cnn by coi~flru3ecl i y thefe
Fiqurcs will bcsomc p!aiie.
Cut all plane Profh~s are of
the cameOrder.
A right Line Analytisally is more fimplc
tharl a Circle ; neverthelefs, Prsblcms which are conflruQe~
by right Lines alone, and thok that arc conJ%uZteJ by Circles, are of the Ome Order.
Thrfe Things bein? pofluhxcd, a Circle is rcducd to the f,unc Or&r with a ;ight Line,
And mnch more the Hlipfe, which di%s tnu;h lefi from a
Circle than a Circle frcm a right Line, by pofluhatirrg the
right Lkicription thereof in p/tin!, will be rcduzd to the
If any, in cor&&ring
fame Order with the Circle.
Ellipfe,
1houlJ fJ! upon fimc fo1i.i Problem, and fhould
~ordiruQ it by the I-kip of t!re F;ime ElJipfe, and a Circle :
This would be counted a plane ProSem,
bc~auk the Elfipfe
was iupposd to be dekribd in $~e,
and every Canfiru3i0t1 befidcs will bc folvd by the Dskription af the Circk
only.
Wher~forc, for the fanx Ikaf&r, every $2nc Problcm whatever my be conltrt.r&d by a.givcr~ Ellipfe,
For Exrmpk, [Vidr Fi,o:werc8.) If theCenter 0 of the
given Ellipk AD F ti be requircl, I would drazv the Par.&
lels AB, CD meetir:g the Ffhpfc in A, R, C, II ; and a%
two other Parallels E F, G 11 meeting the Fhipfc in E, F, I?,
H, and I would biiCt them in I, KYL, A4, and ~~ro&rceI K,
Z Ad, till they meet in 0. This is a real ConiiruQion ef a
plane Problem hy an Hlipfe.
There is no fkaion that an E!lipfe muff he Analytically defind by an Equation of nve TX*
meniions.
Nor that it ihould be generated Geometrically f:~
the Se&ion of a folid Figure.
The Hy~ethcGs, onlv co::lTin ykno, redu:es ~11i&J Prodcring it as already d&ibd
blems confhu&d by it to the 01 Jcr nF pj:me ones, and concludes, that all plane ones may be rightly cunfrufl~:.! by ir.
And this is the State of the l@l,~te.
I!ut pcr!l:r;,s, by
the Power oF Poitu!ares it is lawful to misth.~c mikh is
now done, and ihat which is given.
Thercfkz let this be
a Poflujatc to dci;:ribe an ElliprE ia ~Jhno, ard chell all theft
Problems that can be conflriltteil by an Elit$:,
nrxy be reducd .to the Orler of plane ones, an11 all plane kroblems
may be conflru&d by the J3lipfr.
It is neee&g therefore that tither r$anc amI f&d Pr<3blems be confcfid among one another, or thar all Lines b;:
flung our of plane Geomerry, Midcs the right Lin:: and the
Circle,
Kk

tht

c 2503
Circle, unlefs it happens that fometime Come other is given
in theState of confiru~ing Come Problem. But certainly nune
lci]] pcxn)jt the Orders OF Problems to be ConfuW
Thercfore the Cc#l,jsk SeEtiol:s and all ~thcr Figures nmfi Ec cafi
exccp the right Line and the CirClUt of FlJfle Geometry,
&, and ti:oli: whirl1 happen to be given in the State of the
Pr&ms.
Th;rcElre all thefe Defcriptions of the Conicks
in plflncj, which the Moderns are fo feud of, arc foreign to
Neverthelefs, the Conick Sefiions ought not to
Geometry,
Thy
indeed are not dcfcribed
Ix flung out of tieometry.
Gcomctri~ally in {JRnO, l,ut are gencrnted in the plane Sup&+
of a geometrical Solid.
A Cone is conflicuted peanlctrically,
and cut by a Geometrical Plaue.
Such a Segment of a Cone is a Geometrical Figure, and has the fime
Place ;II folid Geometry, as the Segmeur of a Circle has in
&t:e, alld for this Renfon its Bafe, which they call a Conick Se&or), is a Geometrical Figure.
Therefore a Conick
S&ion hath a llacc in C;eomctry f0 fitr as the Superficies is
of a (;eometri<al Solid ; but is Geometrical for no other
Reafon than that it is generated by the SeEtion of a Solid,
h!ld therefore was not in former Times admitted only into
&lid Geometry,
But fuch a Generation is difficult, and gero which Geometry ought to be
tierally ufilcfi in Im&x,
I;lofl ferviceable.
Thcreforc rhe Antients betook thcmfelves
to various Mechanical Drfiriptions
of Figures in plano. And
have handled in the preceding
we, after their Example,
Conflruff ions. Let thefe ConltruCtions be Mechatlical ; and
fo the ConffruRions by Conick S&ions
defcribd in plan0
be Mechanisal.
Let the ConflruQions
by Conick SeBiotls
given be Geometrical ; and io the ConfIruRions by any other p;iven Figures are Geometrical,
and of the fame Order
with the Confiru8ions of plane Pr,o~lems. There is no Reaion that the Couick S4ions fhould be preferrd in Geometry before any other Figures, unlefs fo far as they are derivd from the Sc&on of a Cone ; they being generally unierviceable in Pra&e
in the Solution of Problems.
But
leafi I fllould altogether negI& Co&rn~ions
by the Conick
Sefiiolls, it will be proper to fay Comething concerning
them, in which alfo we will confider iome commodious
manual Defcription.
The Ellipfe is the ~nofl dimple of the Conick Seffions,
~IWI k~lo~vll, and ~lcarelt of Kin to a Circle, alld eafiefi
&fcribd by the Hyd
in $KZO~~ Though many prefe;;:;
*

Parabola before it, for the Simplicity

of the Equation by.
which it is exprefsd.
But by this Reaf0n the Parabola
ought to be prcferrd before the Circle it feIF, which it never
is. Tlxrefore the reafoning from the Simplicity of the XThe modern Geometers are too fond
quatioli will not hold.
of the Specularion of Xquatiolls,
The Simpiicity of thefe
is of an Allnlytick Confideration,
We treat of C0nlpOfiti0n, and Laws are not given to Compofition from Ana1~6 ; Analyfis does lead to Compofition : But it is not true
Compi6tion
before its freed from Analyfis.
If there be
never fo little Aualyfis in Cotnpofition,
that Compnfirion
is not yet true.
Compofition
in it Glf is pfeB,
and fa:from a. Mixture of Analytick SpccuIations.
The Siinplicity
of Figures depend upon the Simplicity
of their GemAi~
and Ideas, and an &quation is nothing elfi than a D&ription (either Gcomctricai or Me~ha~licaI) by which a Figure
is gelicrated and rendered more eafy to. the ConceptiOn.
Therefore Eve give th: Ellipfe the firfi Place, and lh~~lnorv
fnorJ how to conftruti Equations by it,
.Let there be any Cubick aqoation
proposd, s; = p,t=i
+ q.v 3 r, where p, T, and T dignify given Co eticients
of the Terms of the fiquarions,
rvitb their Signs q and
and either of the Terms p and 9, or bnth of them, ma$
bewanting.
For fO we fidli exhibit the Conltru~ions of
all Cubick.&ustions
in one Operation, which follows :.
From the Point B in any given right Line, takeany two
right Liiles, R C and BE, 011 the fauieSide the Point 23;
and alfo .B D, fo that it may be a mean Proportional
between them,
[Vine Figure 1091 And call BC, n, in the
fame tight Lille tilfo take B,4 = !,

and that t&&ds

the:

At the Y?oinc
Point (; if - q, iE not, tlie contGry Way.
ad in it take AF=p,
FG.=
A erea a PerpendicuIar,
AF,

FIy;,

and FHto

FZ asl?CiscoBE.

Eut FH

and F I are to betaken on the fame Side OFthe Poir~t F towards G, if the Terms p and I have the fame Signs ; and
if they have not the f4me Signs, towards the Point A. Let
the Paid~eIograms IAC
HA E I; be compleated,
Diitailce KG, let a Cirarrd from the Center A, I+
cle bedefiribd,~ Then in
HL I& there be taken

252
zi D to B E ; 1st G R be drawn, cutrjng E <, in S, and let
the Line G R S be moved wvlth Its Point R falling on the
Line H L, and the Point S upon rhe Line EL, until the
Point G in defcribiog the Elfipfe, meet the Cirdc, as is to
be ken in the Poficron of 7 p 6. Foe half the teipcndicular
7.X let fall, from 7 the Point of n!ceting, to AE wil! be
BIIK
G
or ; is the End of the
the Root of the &quation.
Rule G R S, or ?rfV, meeting the Circle in as qlany Points
as there are po.OiSJe Roots. And thofe Roots are Afiknative
~vhich fall towards the fame Parts of the Line E A, as the
Line F 2 drawn from the Point F does, and thofe are Negative which f~~11towards the contrary Parts of the Line
A,% if + is &&m:~tivc ; and contrarily if r is Negative.
But this Conifru@ion
following Lemmas,

is demonflrated

LEMM.~ 1. All being

zC4X-.~~q=~~9--zAZx
For from the Nature
TX--&AI

1 z.

iupposd

by the +lp

as in the ConfiruEtion,

rd+

of the Circle,

Bur K>q=GZq-$.

of the

ACq,

SAG% Fi.
Krg

C Xq =:

andCXq

2CA.X -/- j?Cq, a&l

fo their Differerrce G I9 + 2 CAX--AXq,rXA! ii
A-1

:,

that is, = XT--

~~~~7-2~1x~~j-Alq.
andthere will reniain
GIq.
7x+AZq-

SubtraC;t Giq from both,

- AYq = 2 Xq - ,2 AI x
But (by prop. +Buok 2. E/e&.) Al$

2CAX

id .- foAIq-GlqF=AG~
z AGq+2i4Gf+dGqq,
+ 2AGI; thatis, =2AG x $AG+GZ;~
nr=iAbx
Fl, aniithe~~ce.zCAX-A;Yq=zzXq-2AlX~X~
2.iGxFZ,
QED.

For it is known, that the Point 7; by the Motion of the

2 rv aflignd above, drfcrihcs an Ellipfe.
the Center
&xreof
is L, and the cwo Axis coiiklc
with the two
&lx Lines L E and L l?, of which that which is in LE
9 G R, and, the othqmhich
is in Z, Hz 2 2 c,
or'==_
--27p,
or=2GS.,
Aird the R . f tlfife to oiie another is the
&me as that: of the Line
b the Line HL, or of the
~Lne HD to ehc L.iL~ E
hepefcre the Lafw ~ran/vhr~
; : I,
: ..R.
.)
: : . zp:
A:
Sdci

aCExAX=7-

2%
.

yg;.q-

;+m

x S;j-2Alr,.yJ,.

k,y FH, and 2FH x CE x

FixAHxX~+2~!lrFHx
X2.
But AI=
HI+APf,
d
fa 2 Fix AH-2f
H
~A~=~FI%I~~H-~~HA--~HHI,
Bur 2Fix
HA-2
FHA,- 2.dEIl. and zAHI-2
FHI=
?.Hi
x AF.
Thercfxe
2Flx
AI-I2FN x AI = 2511 x
x
AF, and 6.3a FH x CE x AX = HI x .A>9- 2HI
AF x X;.
And thence as FI1 is to FH, fo is 2 CE x
But by CooitruAion HI is to
A9toXdp-2x4Fx~3..

Let both

Sides be multiplyd

dXqHl%

x29 -2

FjCIasCE
istoBC,
:wclio as 2LEXAXisto
2BCx
AX, and thence 2BCx ,4X=X;
q2AFX
Xp,
(by
pug. 9. Book 5. Elcm,) Cut hecjuie the Re&wg\es are equal, the SiJes are proprtior:
41. dSro
X;
2 AF,
(th;tt
is,

.TT7--ACT)

as .I;

is fo

L BC:

QE*D.

LE 11bl A Iv.
The fame Things bfing Itill fupposd,
aFl is to A,$zIdj; :IS ,I;, is to zL~C
For if from the Eqwls in the ttiiiii Lemma, to wit, 2 B !:
2,dF x ,I,:, the EqU,ds in the fira Lcmmn
%4X=X,]-be fubtrazted,
thcrz will re:n:liil - 2 AR X AX+
AX+

=zFI
,2Flx

2 AG
x F I, that is, AX x AX-a-B
x ,a
.---;,+--are Equal,
X; - AG. .&It bctauk the kthngles

the Sides are Prop%-tional,

th3t is,
is to .x-z -AG,
tozBC.
C&E.D.

2F I is to AX2 AB as AX
(by the third Lemma)
as X2 is

At length, by the Help of chrfe Lemmas, the Co&u&on

of the Problem is thus demnnftrdted;
Gy the.fourtb Lemma, X 2 is to 2 B C as 2 F I isto A X
- 2&B, that is, (by Prop. I. Boo,&6. ,&WJ.)
as 2 B C x
-aFI ism 2BCx AX2AB,
or
to
2BC%AX-213C
X2h.B.
But by the third Lcmm?., AX is to X2 - 2AF
asX7 is to iBC, or ~BCXAX~X~~-~AFXXT,
an~foXzisto2BCaszBCx2FIistoX~q-2.4Fx
BCx 2A B. And by mtiltiplyinp, the Means and
x7-2
Xyccrrb. - 2 lrlF x XP q - 4 B C
Extreams into themklves,
~AR~XT=~BC~XFI.
Andbyadding2AFx
X;,q
$q E C x A3 x X Y to both Sides X 7 cult. z 2 A F x X;.q

.+.+BC

x ABxX7

+ $3Cq x FL

3311r$Xr

i;;:e

~G~ol.~Het~ce if AF and AR Ee f.~pp~-~sdequal to nothing by the third aTid fi-,urtJi 1 emma, 2 FI wiJ] J.x to A,y
as AX is to X;, ani -I: tc9 2 B2
From whcn:e ariks the
invention c,f two mean Prspxti~nals
tetwcen any two givcn Qiantities,
FI and II C;
the Cot&&&~M~:w. HItherto 1 IXW 011ly CX~XII&~
on ot a Cu?iiJi /Equation lig tiie E3Jicie ; 1 ut the I&.& ka of
a more univerfal Nature, esteiitiing it lX i:xJifF&entJg to
all t!?e Coni
Wires,
For, if in&ad nf tile EJJipfe you
would uk tile Hyperbola, takt: the Lhes B c an,1 B E on tJle
contrary Side of the Joint I!, tJ:e:l Iit the Points,+& in, I;,
I, I-I, I\*, L, and R he dercrmin~~ as brfore, except anJy that
F H Ooght to be t3kcn 011 tilt Side of t: rkl: tawlr& I, ;u!d
that M R OUglit to Ix taken in the Line A I li0t in HL, cn
each Side the Pnir:t 1;T, and inffcari of tile right Line G R,Y+
two other ri$t Lines xc to be drawn from the &oint i!. tk,
the two Points R a1.d R fk Afymprotes to thr: Hypers ol:~,
With thefe Afymptotrs
L R, L R cM6bz an k-i:,;,4 jilr
rhrouqh the Point G, a:ld a Circle from tlx Cenrcr ri rvith
the lklaxe
G R : And the halves of the PcrJ-endicuiars
Jet fall from their InterfeCtions to the right J.ir:e .zI E will lx
the Roots of tile Equation yroposd. All which. the Sigrts
being riyhtly changd,
are demWflrated
as
+ and above.
But if you would ufe the Parabola, thi: Point E will be
removd to an infinite Diflance, and fo not to be taken my
where, and the Point N will coincide with the Pcint F,
aild the Parabola will be to Jx deicrihd about the Axis IiL
ivith the principal ,k~r h$hJ
8 c
though
th
hi:lts
G
a11t.lA, the Vertex being $acJ on the fame Side of the
Point F, ciln which the Point E is in @pea of the lkint
6.
TIIUS the ConflruQions 1,~ the ParnboJ+ if you regard At;aJytick ,$impficity, are the moit fim@e of all. 1 hdc hy
:he blyperbola next, and thofc r&i& are kWd by the El-

li$,

256

But iF in deicribtig OF Figuies

1iPfi be
Ihe third Place.
the Simplicity of the manual Opetatioll he rcfpeQcd, thi
Chler mui? be changd.
But it is to be obiervd in thcieConltru&ons,
that by the
PrQjortion of the ptincipnl Lncm R&m to iiie Laws TrdnJi
~erjrtm, the Species of the Ellipfe and Hypcrl-ola may be determifid, and that Proporrion is the Gme as that of the Lines
3 C and E E, and thetef%re may be affumd : But there is
but oh Species of the Parabola,
whi:h is obtsind by putting B E infuiitcly long, So therffore we may ConltruR any
Cubick Equation
by a Conick S&ion of any given Specicsr
TO
change F%ures given in Specie into Figures giveI! in
Magnitude,
1s done by ericreafillg or dirniniihing
all the
Lit&s in a given Ratio, by which the Figures were given
in Specie, and Co we may conflrutt all C&isk &qwtions
by any given Canick Sctiion rvhatevcr.
Wlich is more
Fully explaind thus.
Lee tlierc be propnsd any Cu!+ck Equation
x = px.r .
to conflru& it by the Help of any given Conick
!$iYihT; , [Vi& Fiprer I Ir, and 1 II.]
From any Point B in any infinite right Lir:e B C E, take
any two Lengths 13C, and i3 E towar& the lame Way, if
the Conick S&ion is an Ellipie, but towards contrary Ways
But let B C be to BE as the princiif it be an WyperhoIa.
pal LatdMum
of &e.given ScQion, is 10 the Lams rmnfvtrjHm,

and call B C, n,

take 13A zz 2, and that towards

At the
C, if 1 be Negative,
alld contrarily if &%narive.
Point A ere3 a Perpendicular
A I, and in it take A F=;= p,
and FG z
wards

A F ; and F I=

L.

nn

But ler FI be taken

to-

G if the Terms p and r have the fame Signs, if not,

Then make as FH is to FI fo is B C to BE,
;uld rake this FH from the Point F totvards I, if the SeEtion is an Ellipfe, but towards rhe contrary Way if ir is an
But let the Parallelograms UClc and HAE L
t-lyperbola.
and, all thefe Lines already defcribd transbe cornpleated,
ferrd to the given Conick S&ion j or, which is the fame
Thing,
let the Curve be C:ccrlbd about them, TO that its
Axis or principal tranfverfc Di,jmeter might agree with the
righr L~IIE LA,
and the Center with the Point L., 7kfe
Things bei& done, Iet the Lines KL and G 15 be drawn,
cutring

towards A.

LI 257 3
dhttit$ the &lick SeQiorlin g. In C IC take Lk, WG
let be to LIC as Lg to LG. ad from the Center k, with
the Diff ante A ,P, dekiibe a Circle.
Frorti the Pbints *here
! cuts the give11 Curve,
let fall Perpendiculars
to the Linb
LH,
whereof let 7? be one. iaitly,
towards 2 take rr,
which let be to IT as LG to Lg, and tltis7r
prodacd
Will cut AB in ;X, and JT will be one of the Roots
of the
fiquation.
Eur thofe Roots are Affirmative
Which lie towards iuch Parts of AR as ~1 lies from F and
thofe are Negative which lie on the contrary Side, ifr is 3-5
and the contrary if r is -.
After
this Manner are Cubick xquations
cot&u&Xl
by
given El&pies and Hyperbolas : &t if a Parabola lhodd
be given? the Line BC is to be taken equal to @~c LaW
%%m
It felf. Then the Paints A, F, G I and K,. being
foulId as above, a Circle mult be defcriKdf&m
the Genter
K wirh the Diffance KG, and the Parabola muit be fo 8pg
g!yd tq the Scheme already defcribd, (or the Scheme to thd
Parabola > that it may pafs through the Points ,4 and Gi and
its Axis through the Point F parajlei io AC, the Vertex
falling on the fame Side of the Point F as the Point I3 falls
off the Point C; there being done, if Perpendiculars
were
let fall from the points where the ParaEola ir1rerfeQ.s the
circle to the Line BC, their Halves will be eqtial to thP!
ROOKSof rhe Equation
to be conftruBed.
And take Notice, that where, the Cecorlrl Term OF the kg
quation
is wanting, and fo the Lattis Re&tum bfthe ParaboIt
is the Nurnbef 2, the ConAruEIion ctimes oiit thE &me ad
that: which Der &yes qrovd in his Gedmetry, ,with thia
Difference dy, that there Lines are.& double of them.
But whale pai<
This i$ a general Rule of CpnflruRions.
titular Problems are ptoposd, we ought to confult fhc moit.
dimple FOF~IISof ConRruffions.
For,the Q.uantitf h rEmainsi
free, by the taking of which the fiqtiation
may,
for rk
noA part, be rend&d rriore dimple, One E&ample OF WhScb

I will give.
Let there be given an IXipf~,

;ind let there be ttiiro tiead

P~opcmionals to be found between the given Lines A and fr.

Gt

t&z firR of them be x, and A. x . y.

I will be c@r~W&

258

and the Term r = da G, and therefore BA and A F

nab
are = o, and FI= nn . That the lafi Term may be more

wanting,

dimple, let fr be afim~d = a, and let FIZZ 6. AmI then

the ConAruRion will be thus :
From any Point A in any infiuitc right Line A E, take
AC t q~d ou the fame Side of the Point A take A E to AC,
as the principal Latus Ke&rm of the Ellipfe is to the Latus
Tranfverfum.
Then in the P)erpeudicular Al take A I z G,
znd AH to 111 as ilC to AE. [Vide Figure I I 2.. Let the
Parallelograms lACKi
HA E L be cornpleated.
oin 1, A
3
and L I<. Upou this Scheme lay the given EIlipfe, and it
will cut the right Line AI., in the Point R, Make L R to
EK as Lc tn LA. From the Center 1, with the Diitance
RR, defcribe a Circle cutting the Ellipfe in 2.
Upon A E
let fill the Perpendicular 7 X, cutting H L in r, and I& that
be producd to ?, that 71* may be to 7-p as IA to Tg.
Aud io XT= ,V fill be equal to the firlt of the two mean
Proportionals.
Q E. I.

A -New9
i?g
nnd
By

fkd&,

the

thJt

&/Jts

m.zd Ekafi M&od,

ojT my

witho7tt

my

of j%wb

1/Eprntio?rs ~~GenePnlly,
p,ef&Q

&&4&Q7?.

Ed 111.H-I[~
lley, Snvjlinrr jpofij%p of GLTO-

naet~y. CP,zdblijgqia the Philofophical

aEkions, Numb. 2 10. A. D. f694eJ

Trade,

HE principal Ufc of the Annlyrick Art, ii TV

bring Mathematical
Problems to &quations;
and to exhibit thofe lEtEquations in the moA
dimple Terms that can be. I-;ut this Are wowId
juitly feem in fame Degree drfetiive, .and not
Wficiently Analytical, if there were not fame
Methods,
by the Help of which, the Roots (be they Lines
or Numbers)
might be gotten from the Equations
that are
The
found, and io the Problems in that refieEt%e folved.
Antients
Earce knew any Thing in ,thefe Matters beyoqd
Quadratick
&Q,uations. And what they writ: of the Geometrick ConfiruEtion
of folid Problems,
by the Help of the
J-arabola,
CiGid,
or any other Curve, were only particular
Things. defignd for fame particular Cafes, But as to NW
rnerical
ExtraFcion, there is every where a profound Silence ;
ib: that whatever we perform now in this Kind, is entirely
owirrg to the Enventions of the Moderns.
And firit of all, that great Difcoverer and Rcflorcr of the
Mqdern Algebra, 1crmcis Ceta, about IOU Years $rce,
fllewd a general Method for extraEting;the Roots of any AZqqation,
which he publifhd under the Tide of, A Numevicd RcJolthon of!Papers, SCC. Harrlot, Oqhtrcd, and others,
as, well of our own Country, as For$gners, ought to acknowJcdge whatfoever they have written up011 this SubjeLI, as
>,alren. from Vjeta. Rut what the Sagacity of Mr. .N.wo~s
,Gcr+is has perForn$l in -this Bufinefs we may rather conje&we
(than be fully affurd of) frarn,,$har kort Speclmerk
giVCB
L12,
,., .,f

-f++2&o

of his ~[g&d;
&veil by Dr. Walfir in the gL$ Chapter
And we QUA be fw:l to cxpea it, tili his great Modefty
0~41 yield to the Inrreatics of his Friends,
alld fuffei ih$ii
curious
DifcOverics
to fee the Light.
r$ot long fhce, (viz. A. 0. I 6q0,) tllat excellent PerfOn,

blr* JoJqh

bdpb] ow, F. R. s. publ1htl luu L.Gwfill

An&fis

Method by Plcnry of ExaQple$ ; by all whjch he has given lndicat~sns of a Mathe.,

mat&l Genius, froq which the greatcfi Thitlgs may be
e,qx&cl.
By his Eaample, IN de L;q;finry; an itlgenious Profcffar OF

of

~&,p~tio~~~,

&fatbetnaticks

and illuAratd

at Pfwb,

his

IvxS crlc0ur:~gtl

to artempt

tllc fame

Arg&qent ; but he hcitlg ahnofl altogether t:tkell up in Cxtfatiing

the Roots of pure Powers (efpccially the Cubick)
affcQer1
Eqwriozzs,
:rz~d that pretry
adds but littleabout
~.Iemonltr;~rcd : Yet
much perplcxd too, ant1 not iuf%icntly
he gives two very compcrdious
I<uh
for the ApproximClti&A of a Cubical Itoot ; one a R,\tional, Xld the orhcr an Ir,
ET, gr. That tlie Side of the Cube ~~62 + b
yational
one.
A--..

nltY and the Remamd!

,Z6Zil? = the other Membersr:of
ec c
e c;be,
3aae -+34tp =+)E~c. Whence rejeaing
UP011 the Account of its Srnallnefs, we have L Z.Z3 d A e +
3 Ace,
tirY

And fince II a e is much greater than Ac e, the @an:

-

will not much exceed c ; To that putting

3 aa

then

the Quantity

wilf

be

found

=iye

(ro which

31~

Cagney.
Number
after

is,

And Co the Side of the Cube

+b==*

be a-j-

that

) or -9
34-

at

e is nearIy equal]

= -

e zz 3dd

AAI + I wil%

lr
which is the Rational Form& of Id. de
gzqz
But IXNJ, if do a were the next greater Cubkk
to that given, the Side of the Cube R AA- G, will,

the fame Manner,

be found to be A-

RG
--b;

And

this
eafy and expeditious
Approximation tt*the
Cubick
Root,
is ,only (a very CmaIl Matter) erroneous in point 0E
PefeE-t, the Quantity c, the Remainder of the Root thus
found,
coming ibmething lefs than really it is.
As for the lrr&onnl
Principle,

Formtl/a, tis derivd from the

T~jk. G-3aae+gace,

Or--!! rde+ee,
\
3

fame,
and!

f0 J$~A+.-!the
ter

=+a+~,
and~+~~+b+$n-ra+e~
A
Aa c2.-. b, a&
Root iougll t. AGo the Side of the Cd:
the fame Manner,
will be found to be $4 -k

v $&a-.-

6
-.

And this Formuk

comes Comething

nearer

$Q the stop? being erroneous in point of E$ccJ, as tile other

was in D&h,
and is more accommodated to the Ends of
praaice,
fince the Reftitution
of rhe CXdus
is
c]fe but the continual Addition or Subtraltion of the
ccording

as the Qantity

c can be kppwn,

SO
&ha&
-

,I

b---that we ffiould rather write J $,a + z

3
former Cafe,

and in the latter,

+ + R, in the

$an+-.

5d+

.cee--b

by either of the t.~vo Fovdn~

the Fi,o&s3Lcadp
in the Root: to be extra&ted are at leafi tripled ;
.rvhich II conclude ,ryill be very grateful to all the Students ira
Arirhmetick,
and I[ congratulate the ,Inventor upon the Account al? hisDifcovery.
But that the Ufe of thele Kules may he the better perceivd,
1 think it proper to iubjoyn an Example or two.
Let: it by: proposd to find the Side of the double Cube,
or
,..
I , and !- = $, and fo $Jr?/&,,
dna$i~2,
Herea,OF
.
3
1,26, be found to be the true Side nea
Now the Cube
-2
I_,
,rJsoc;7(j
of,*,&, is 2,000376, and Eo 0,6j -+
396y----L
3278
But

k110~rl

43,d,63

-+ty,&dhb~;j;&,;pi

1.

~,2~$+72~@~$9895

mhich, in 13 Fipures gives the Side of the double Cube

with. very littlt Trouble, viz. by one only DIvifion,
and the
ExtrtitiioQ of the Square Root ; when as by the,coalmon
Way of working,
how much Pains it would have co& the
This Calculus a Man may continue
SkillFul very well -knaw.
as far as he ple&es, by en&ealingithe Square by the Addition
of the Quantity

?-!

; which Corr&ion,

in this Care,

will

of Uniry iu the 14th Figure of the

give but the l$iafe
Hoor.
Exdmp/e IT. Let it be proposd t3 find the Sides of a Cube
equal ,to that Eng\ifll Meafure ~:omnonly ,calld aGallon,
Ghich contains
231 fohd Qunccs, . The next lefs &3u?e is
216, whole Side 6 z n, and the Remainder I 5 = b ; and I%
-for the firit Approximation;
we have 3 =+ $19 + + = the
Root.
And ijnce 1/p,833j.
. . is 3,1358. : . , cis plain,
z d ; and .we fi;all
dhat .43 58 = a+ k, NOW, let 6,13$
rhefi have for ita Ct+e 23 J .0za8g$j~+712,
and acmrdr!xg
:
&c&5839471
2 *
7 9,qraoro41
to the Rule, 3,e679+
A----__
----.
1s
1894070
mofi accurately equal to the $di of the given Cube, which,
tvithin the Space of.an Hour, I derermind by Calculation ro
be

i;e ~i;1357924391;6195897,: which is exaR in the ;&th,Fi:

gum, defeAive in the rgth,
And this Formdcr is deiervedJy
preferable to the R&male, upon the Account of the great
Divifor, which is not to be managd without a great deal of
kabour ; whereas the Extra&on of the Square Root proceeds
much more eafily, as manifold Experience has taught me.
wit the Rule for the Root of a pure Surfolid, or the 5th
Power, is of fomething
a higher Enquiry,
and does much
more perfe&ly yet do the Bufinefs ; for it does at leafi Qu&
tuple the given Figures of the Root, neither is the calcu]ua
Very large or operofe.
Tho the Author no where ihews hia
Method of Invention,
or any Demonffration,
&ho it fiema
to be very much wanting ; efpecially iiuce all Things are
not right in the printed Book, which may eafily deceive the
Unfkilful..
Now the 5th Power of the, Side n + c is corn-posd of thefe Members,
4 + 5d4e-lIOA~~* fIode3
=a$ -t-b;fromwhenceb=5~e+10~;~
=+-5ae4+e
Jr Iode3 + 5 L e4, rejeEting CT becauie of its Smallnefs;
t
Whence -=ase+
2@eZ
+ 2tieJ +e4,
and adding on
both Sidi
~+*ae~

,a!,. we,,fhkll have f$

a4+

&,z

~+#=+-a~e

+2ac~-+-e~*&$~~-+-de+ee.

Thenfubtraaiog
---_
b
$ tiu from both Sides, 4 A -j- e will = v=-- q$ n+--$A;
5a
to which,
if $ n be added,
then wiII A + 0 = $a +
-.
-b
---$a&
= the Root of the Power rl$ + It.
$vq-

I3ut if it had5g: -b

(the Quantity

Rule would have been thus,

a being too great)

d.--.----

the

d ~$+&L-$A&

Arrd this Rule approaches wonderfully, ,,fo th.at thzzis hardly

any need of Refiitution.
But while I,,confiderd the&Things.
with my felf, I &$E
upon a generai Method for the Formulas of all Powers whatfoever, and (which being handfome and concife enough) 4
: thought I would not coPnceal from the Publick

Tbsfc

[:

264

TheE Formulas, (as well the KationAj as the hariond

ones) are thus.

But if a were
And fo affo of the other higher Powers.
affiimd bigger than the Root fought, (which is donewith
fame Advantage, as often as the Power to he refolvd is
much nearer, the Power of the PICX;g~acc~ whole Number,
than of the next lelj) in this Cafk, Mrrtarlk A4t4tandtis
we
fiall have the fame Exprefions of the Roots, T&G.
qtiti-Gz=+/Aff--L,

or A-

ab

2aA-$

e 265
3
And within there two Terms the true Root is ever found;
than the &$zAi
being fomething
nearer to the hhmd
But the Quantity e found by the Irrational FOP
Expreflion.
nlH/a, is always too great, as the Quotient refulting from
the Rational Formda, is always too little.
And confiquenrly, if we have + b, the lvrationnl Fwmula gives he ,koot
romething greater than it fhould be, and the Ratjon fomcq
thing lefs.
But contrarywife if it be -/J.
And thus much may i&ice ta be faid concemirig $e Extra&ion of the Roors of pure Powers ; which notwith&ndT
ing, for common Ufes, may be had much more eafily by
But when a Root is to be dethe HeIp of the Logarithms.
tertnind very accurately, and the Logarithmick Tables will
not reach fo far, then we muA neceflarilp have Recourie to
Farther, the Invention and
there, or fich like Methods,
Contemplation
of thefe Formukas leading me to a certain
univerral Rule for adfeacd Equations,
(which I hope will
be of Ufe to all the Students in AIgPbra and Geometry) I was
willing here to give fame Account of this Difcovery, which
I will do with all the Perfpicuity 1 can. I had given at
NO I 88, of the 7%flznjrflions, a very eafy and general ConW&on
of all adfeeaed Equations,
not exceeding the Biquadratick Power ; f rom which Time I had a very great DeBut quickly after, Mr.
fire of doing the fame in Numbers.
Ralphfin iPemd in great MeaCure to have fatisfyd this De&e,
till Mr. LA ney, by what-he had performd in his Book, intimated, t flat the Thing might be done more compendloufly
jet.
Now, my Method is thus :
Let t,
the Root, of any iEquation,
be imagind to be
composd of the Parts a +, or -e,
OF which, Iet a be aC
fumd as near t as is poi%ble ; which is notwithitanding not
tieccaary, but only commdioas~.Then from the Quantity
a-l-e, or da-e,
let there be fdfmd all the Powers of 4
found in the Equation,
and the Numerical Co-&Gents be
refpeaively
affixd to rhem : Then let the Power to be rc$lvd be &btra&ed from the Sum of the given Parts (in the
firR Column where e is not ftiund) which they call the HOand let the Difference be yb. In
mogeneumComparationif,
the next Place, take thz Sum of all the Co-efficients of c in
the fecond Column,
to which put = 5.
LaRly, in the third
Column let there be put down the Sum of all tbc Co-efficia
ents df c e, which Sum call ti Then will the Root z iland

which perhaps it may be worth while to ill&ate

by fame
Examples. And infiead of an InJ?vtlment let this Tkbleferve,
which ihews the Gene& of the feveral Powers of A-&C*
and if need be, may ealily be continued farther ; which, for
its ufe,
P may rightly call a Generd &za,!y&d Specuhm.
The forementiond Powers arifing from a conrinual Multiplication by a + e (=z> come out thug with their adjoynd
Co-efficients.
+scL-hkle-pktYBN@lrNP

11
i
tihi
tiii
a.++mY
a-+aaaaaaa

a-+?+
~~",,
-saasb.pa~
Q * h"c 2 an2
+-t--l-+-t--l-

E: 3

267
B&now, if it be A-e=
z, the Table is composd o
the fame Members, ouly the odd Bowers of c, as c, es7 e,
e7 are Negarive,
and the even Powers, as e, e4?e6, Affirmative.
Alfo, let the Sum OF the Co-efficients of the Side
e, be=J;
the Sum of the Co-efficients of the Square ec
the Sum of the Co-efficient of et z !t, of es z w? of
Et,
er =X, Of es=y,
8~. But: now, fince c 1s fupposdonly a
finall Part of rhe Root that is to be enquird, afl the Powers
OF e will be much lefi than the correfpondent Powers of RI,
and fo far the firIt Hypothefis ; all the fuperior ones may be
rejeCted ; and forming a nelv Equation, by fubffituting
a*e=
e, we ihall have (as was fiid) k b= +-s e & t e ee
The following Examples lvill make this more clear.
EXAMPLE 1, Let the &$tation
t4 -3
z IOOOO
be proposd. For the firfi Hypothefis,
and fo we have this Equation ;
-g;
-i-c2

-+ -.-da
~~+-cf

4ae -I-baer
qac3e+e
da e dee
ce
.

=. + 10000 4x00; + 6ooee

3,ec
g- :;:
75e *
- IO000
-t-

450-

D + 754
let A-Z IO,

40~9+ t 4

4015c-t 597ee-+40ei
t
s
H

+c4~0

The Signs + and --, with refpeR to the Quantities c and

er, ate left, as doubtful,
till it be known whether c be Nee
gative or Mirmative
; which Thing creates fame Diticulty,
iince that in Equations that have ieveral Roots, the Horn&=
genea Compnr,&nis (as they term them) are oftentimes encreafed by the minute Quantity A, and on the contrary, that
beiirg encreafed, they are diminifud. But the Sign of c ia
detcrmind from the Sign of the.Qantity
6. For taking away the RrfilTetid from the H&WogeneAl formd of a .; the:
Sign of J e (and confequently of the prevailing Parts an the
Compofition of it) will always be contrary to the Sign of
the Difference G. Whence twill be plain, whether it IIIU~~
and confequendy,
whether A be taken
be+t,
or or;
greater or Iefs than the. trHe Root, Now the Quzntity c is
,
$w---br
&.-;. s- J ----,
when b and t have the fame Sign, but
t

when the Signs

e:
268
9
$.rs+6tare different, c is = y
t

5 J. Ihlt

after it is found that it will be .-c,

let the Powers e, eip
ET, Qc. ill the affirmative h?embers of the &quation be
and in the N gative be made Affirmative ;
made Negative,
that is, let them be written wrh the contrary Sign. On
the other hand, if it be + e (let thofe forementiond Powers)
be made Affirrmt&e
in thz Aftirmttive,
and Negative
$1 the Negative Members of the .&ration.
Now we have in this Example OF ours, 10~159 in&ad of
the Kefolvend
roooo,
or 6= -I- 450, whence its plain,
that i is taken greater than rile Truth, and confequently,
Hence the ~Equation comes to be, so-so=-that tis -e.
4015e -+597ee--4e;
+ el=
1c000. Thar is, -150~
gorge+ $27ce=Q
j and h +50=4315e--Cjy7ee,
Or
/j&KG,
or i
E=ii---tee,
WhOfe IiGGt e=$$-f

2t-

d
JJ
d ---j
4tt
e---

6
t

ZOG$$ -

that is, in the prefent Cafe,

4376 1406 $

, from whence we have the Root

fought, g,SX6~?hich
is near the Truth.
But then fiubftituting this for a feconi Suppofition, there comes rl + e = t9
niofi accurately,
9,88626og936+g5.,
. , fcarce exceeding the
Truth

by

2 $1 the laff Figure,

vjt.

when

)fy$G-pi

.- )1
iJ = e. And this (if need be) may be yet muchC fardher verifyd,
by fubtraging
(if it be + e) the Quantity
.$tde3 -I- !je4
. from the Root before found ; or (if it be --e)

d$$J-+fb

. flea -$rS
by addinf$J, --- I J - f 6 to that Root. Which Compendium
3s fo much rhe more valtiabIe, in that fometimes from the
firit Suppofition
alone, but always from the fecond, a l&n
may conrinue the Calculus (keeping the &me Co-efficients)
as far as he pIcafes,
it may, be noted, that the fore-mentiond rEquation has .alfo a Negative Root,&.
z= 10,26, *. .
which any QIKthat has a Mind, may determine more aq:
cprately.
.
.:
:
i

SAMPLE
d;

HI. Suppofe G] - 17i $ Q.ti & 35s;

any
TO. Then according to the PreCcript OF the Rule,

ExAhwLE

Ilet (zr

a3=+3ae-i-gaee+e3
j-ci

= ck

+-cc

That is,

Or,

51o+

s4e+3gee+e3=o

Now, lime we have - 510, it is plain, that rt is a&m&

Zefs than the Truth, and confiquently
that c is Affirmative,
And from (the &quation)
510 = 14~ -f- 13 e, comes e=

~h+f.f+-+
t

&

4/6679--J7
*3

Whence
=

;t

=15,7-eep

I?

which is too much, becaufe of fl taken wide.

Therefore;
Secondly, let cl = 15, and by the like Way of Reafoning we

d/tss-tb
t .-=

109$--1/117rt~$
-,
and
28
confequently, 2 = 14,954068.
If the Operation were to be
repeated the third Time, ehe Root will be found conforma
ble to the Truth as far as the 25th Figure ; but he that is
contented with fewer, by writing t b If;: te 3 initead of t b, OE
he3
$btraRing
or adding
to the Root before found,
?/:ss$tt
will prefintly obtain his End.
Note, the AZquation proposd
ii not explicable by any other Root, becaufe the R&lvcndl
d
or -.
350 is greater than the Cube of y,
3

fhali finde=@

EXAMPLE
IIT.
Let us talie the Equation
z,4--8ox,:
3 1998 4 L 1.4937 c $ 5000 = o, which Dr. Walllsu&
Chap. 62. of his Algrltrrl, in the Refolution of a very difficult,
Arithmetical
Problem,
where, by Vieras Method, he has
obraind the Root molt accurately ; and Mr. R&h&n brings
it alfo as an Exhmple of his Method, Page 25, 26. Now
this Equation is of the Form which may ,have feveral AfErrnative Roots, an4 (which jncreafes
fhe Di!?icu&y) the
Gwj%ents yr% very great t,fi fefpee pf the Rejuluend given.
1:
1
&lt

Eut.tXat it may be the eaiicr managd, let- it be divided,

and according to the known Rules of Paiizrin~, let - EL*+
(where the,Qanrity
ZI is .& of
8 rc.l
23 ta -f- 15 t = 0,
z, in the fiquation
propos 2 ) and for the firlt Suppofition,
fete2:1.
Then +Z~5e-~ee2~qej-e~-o,e;~o; -thatis,

1:~5~+2ee;

henceez

d$fs$bt-+

is

Y- .r/37-5,

whence tis manifX,

that
a~laior,=I.q73 ,4
proposd. Now,
42,7 is near the true Root OF the Equation
Secondly, let us fuppoiE $ = 1q7, and then acco!ding to the
Dire&ons
of the Table of Powers, rhere arifes
.
.ti
b
.s!
,.t
z6314,4641s-j- 143870,640
-32=Y7,42
-+~W99~9

8Ig;,y3ze-g67,74e --yo,8e3
e $30
e3
+38709,60
e-j- 3049
e2
- .TQ719,2 8 4 1yp8
4- *493-h
e

8z,xW

q+ 2g,ze3 - e*z

o.

-f-

~9%6JSY -

52g6,I p

And

fo

5296,122 e + 82,26 e e, whore

+-4$z=Ft
, comes
to the Rule) = L-t

29%%59

Root. e (according
to 2648,066

e4

= -

-dd&i86,106022

=1,0564408033~
**a--i&S
But that it may be corre&ed, tis
--,e lefi than the Truth.
oo26zor
. . . . . .
$ tie --fe4
or 2.-----IS
to be confiderd, that .
++---b;
2643,423
. . .-.. ,OOOOO~~~,
and confequently e corre&ed, is z o~64.4704+8,
hd
if YOU cleiire yet more Figures of the Root, from the E
corretlted, let there bemade t~e3-th~~~,431~~602423...,
, ---__~-*-S-d$fS-bt-tt4ei+te4

--

ppd 3

-,

or which is all one,

264a,c66
-----

.-

~05644r7944~074.4.02
=;T:P ; whence +a+ e = G the Root is
rnol3 ,accurarely 12,,75644179q48074~02
, . . , as Dr. Wah
found in the forenxnriond
Race ; ivhere it mly be obfervd,
chat the Repetition
of the czZIcp1/1~~
dots ever triple the true
$%gures in Qhe a%md ds which the fir0 CorreEfion, or

$tie

$=.j($ a-ape4
-+$ s s - by does quintuple

whkll is ah

commodimQ

But: the other CorreEtion after the

done by the LogarirbmJ,
fir% dots a&o d&&
the Number of Figures, To that it
renders the a/lwmed altocgether Seven-fold ; yet the fir0 Car~&km
is aburldar&y &ic+mt
for Arithmetical
Ufes, fat the
mofi Fart.
But as to lvhat is raid concerning the Number
of Places
rightly
taken in the Root, I would have underflood fo, that
when R is but & Parr diffant from the true Root, then
the firit Figure is rightly afiumecl-; if it be within +F Part,
the11 the two firfi Figures are rightly a&med ; lf withm
I
and then the three firit are fo ; which confequently,
according to our Rule, do prefintly
Gikd
become nine

Figures.
It

remains

Jhiod

now

that

F~rn;nla,viz.

1 add fomething

e = A,

concerning

OUE

which feemsexpeditious

enough,
and is not much infeiior to the former,
fince it
NOW, having
will triple the given NunIber
of Places.
formd an Equation
from ,a & e = C, as before, it will pre*
fintly appear, whether A be taken greater or lefir than the
Truth
; fince 5 e ought always to have a Sign contrary to the
S&n of the Difference of the Refilvend, and its Hamogeneal
producd from A. The11 fuppnfing + G+ J e + ti - t e e = O,
the LDiviCor is r;t t, as offen as t and G have the Came
Signs j but it is ss + bt, when they have different ones.
But it feems mofi commodious
for PraEtice, to write the
I
tb
-+ T, ,t;nce this Way the Thing is done
Theorem thus, e ;
by one Muhiplicatian
and two Divifions,
which otherwife
would require three Multiplications,
and one Divifion.
Zet US take now one Example of this Method, from the
Root (of the foxementiond Equation)
x2,7 . , , . , where,

298,6559 -52g6,1pe
-tb.
--J.
and fro !-!!.m;;
5
tZI
-I=

ire

-f 82,26ee+ap,ae
-i-t is,
rhat

let
it be as 1

-e4

=a~

to, F, fo b to

.s

1j296,132) 2g8,655g into 82,26

the Divifor
_
_ is
.-.- J-

(4&875

- l -W h e r e *

y E 52$11,49325 1 I t i 8) 29%659
(0,~ 5644X

~~+yQ.4~ ZZ,ii a E e, that is, to five true Fi&xes, added

But this Formulae cannot be
PO the Root thati ivai tdken;
corre&ed, as the. foregoivg hatiorzal one was ; and fo if
jmore Figures.of the Root are delired, tis the beit to snake
a new Suppoiition, and &peat the C&lur again : And then
a new Qotient,
triplini the known Figures of the Root$
iwBIabundantly fatisfy eveh tHk moA Scrupulous.

.+..,

New and Cornpleat Treatife OF the DoBrine of Fr&ions;

Vulgar and Decimal ; containing not only all that hach hitherto been publilhd on this Subje& ; but aIfo many other comPendious Ufages and Applications df the&
never before extant;
Together wit-5 a compleat Management
of Circulating Numbers,
which is entlreIy News and abfolhceIg neceirdry to the right hfing
of Fraaions.
To which is added, an Epitome bf Duodecimals,
The whole is adapted to the nleaneti
and an Idea of Meafuring.
Capacity, and very ufcful to Book-keepers, Gairgerss Surveyorsg
and to all Perfons whofc Bufinefs requires Skill in Arichmetick.
- Ry Samuel Clunti,Teacher of the Mathematicks
in Lirc/$dd-/?reet
XEW Newport-Market. The 2d Editi~i.
Printed for yY Sellex at
the Globe in Sdisbury Court; W.Taylor at the Ship, and 2.Warntr
it the &ark-Boyin PamwolferRdw, Price bound a r.