R. Ludwig and G.

Bogdanov
RF Circuit Design: Theory and Applications
2nd edition
Figures for Appendices

Table A-1
Quantity

Physical constants

Symbol

Units

Value

Permittivity in vacuum

F/m

8.85418 10

Permeability in vacuum

H/m

4 10

Speed of light in vacuum

m/s

2.99792 10

Boltzmanns constant

J/K

1.38066 10

23

Electron charge

1.60218 10

19

Electron rest mass

m0

kg

0.91095 10

30

Electon volt

eV

1.60218 10

19

12

Table A-2
Quantity

Relevant quantities, units, and symbols

Units

Value

femto

1015

pico

1012

nano

109

micro

106

milli

103

kilo

103

mega

106

giga

109

tera

1012

mil

mil

0.001 inch = 25.4 m

International System of Units

Symbol

Units

Dimensions

Electric Charge

coulomb

As

Current

ampere

Cs

Voltage

volts

JC

Frequency

Hz

hertz = cycles per second

1s

Electric field

V/m

Magnetic field

A/m

Magnetic flux

Wb

weber

Vs

Energy

joule

Nm

Power

watt

Js

Capacitance

farad

CV

Inductance

henry

Wb A

Resistance

ohm

VA

Conductance

siemens

AV

Conductivity

S/m

Resistivity

Table A-3

Relative permittivity and loss tangent for different dielectric materials

f = 1 kHz

f = 1 MHz

f = 100 MHz

f = 3 GHz

Aluminum oxide

9.8

0.00057

0.00033

0.0003

0.001

Barium titanate

37

0.00044

0.0002

Porcelain

0.0140

0.0075

0.0078

Silicon dioxide

4.5

0.00075

0.0001

0.0002

0.00006

Araldite CN-501

3.35

0.0024

0.0190

0.0340

0.0270

Epoxy resin RN-48

3.52

0.0038

0.0142

0.0264

0.0210

Foamed polystyrene

1.03

<0.0002

<0.0001

<0.0002

0.0001

Bakelite BM120

3.95

0.0220

0.0280

0.0380

0.0438

Polyethylene

2.3

<0.0002

<0.0002

0.0002

0.00031

Polystyrene

2.5

<0.00005

<0.0001

0.00033

Teflon

2.1

<0.0003

<0.0002

<0.0002

0.00015

Sodium chloride

5.9

<0.0001

<0.0002

Water (distilled)

80

Material

0.00007

0.0400

0.0023

<0.0005
0.0050

0.1570

Table A-4

American wire gauge chart

Wire Size
(AWG)

Diameter
in mils

Diameter
in millimeters

Area
in square mils

Area
in square
millimeters

289.3

7.34822

262934

169.6345

257.6

6.54304

208469

134.4959

229.4

5.82676

165324

106.6606

204.3

5.18922

131125

84.59682

181.9

4.62026

103948

67.06296

162.0

4.1148

82448.0

53.19212

144.3

3.66522

65415.8

42.20364

128.5

3.2639

51874.8

33.46752

114.4

2.90576

41115.2

26.52585

10

101.9

2.58826

32621.1

21.04581

11

90.7

2.30378

25844.2

16.67370

12

80.8

2.05232

20510.3

13.23244

13

72.0

1.8288

16286.0

10.50709

14

64.1

1.62814

12908.2

8.327859

15

57.1

1.45034

10242.9

6.608296

16

50.8

1.29032

8107.32

5.230518

17

45.3

1.15062

6446.83

4.159237

18

40.3

1.02362

5102.22

3.291754

19

35.9

0.91186

4048.92

2.612199

20

32.0

0.8128

3216.99

2.075474

21

28.5

0.7239

2551.76

1.646293

22

25.3

0.64262

2010.90

1.297354

23

22.6

0.57404

1604.60

1.035224

24

20.1

0.51054

1269.23

0.818860

Table A-4

American wire gauge chart (Continued)

Wire Size
(AWG)

Diameter
in mils

Diameter
in millimeters

Area
in square mils

Area
in square
millimeters

25

17.9

0.45466

1006.60

0.649417

26

15.9

0.40386

794.226

0.512403

27

14.2

0.36068

633.470

0.408690

28

12.6

0.32004

498.759

0.321780

29

11.3

0.28702

401.150

0.258806

30

10.0

0.254

314.159

0.202683

31

8.9

0.22606

248.846

0.160545

32

8.0

0.2032

201.062

0.129717

33

7.1

0.18034

158.368

0.102172

34

6.3

0.16002

124.690

0.080445

35

5.6

0.14224

98.5203

0.063561

36

5.0

0.127

78.5398

0.050671

37

4.5

0.1143

63.6173

0.041043

38

4.0

0.1016

50.2654

0.032429

39

3.5

0.0889

38.4845

0.024829

40

3.1

0.07874

30.1907

0.019478

y
r
v

w
|w|

w
0

Figure C-1

Circle representation in the complex z-plane.

Conversion between Z, Y, h, and ABCD representations

[Z]

[Y]

[h]

[ ABCD ]

[Y]

Z 11 Z 12
Z 21 Z 22

Y 22
------Y
Y 21
-------Y

Y 12
-------Y
Y 11
-------Y

Z 22
------Z
Z 21
-------Z

Z 12
-------Z
Z 11
------Z

Y 11 Y 12
Y 21 Y 22

[h]

[ ABCD ]

Z Z 12
-------- ------Z 22 Z 22

Z 11 Z
-------- -------Z 21 Z 21

Z 21 1
-------- -------Z 22 Z 22

1 Z 22
-------- ------Z 21 Z 21

Y 12
1
-------- ------Y 11 Y 11

Y 22 1
-------- -------Y 21 Y 21

Y 21 Y
------- -------Y 11 Y 11

Y Y 11
-------- -------Y 21 Y 21

h h 12
------- ------h 22 h 22

h 12
1
------- ------h 11 h 11

h 21 1
------- ------h 22 h 22

h 21 h
------- ------h 11 h 11

h 21 h 22

A ABCD
---- -------------------C
C
1
D
------C
C

D ABCD
---- -------------------B
B
1
A
-- --B
B

B ABCD
---- -------------------D
D
1
C
--- ---D
D

Z = Z 11 Z 22 Z 12 Z 21 ,

h 11 h 12

Y = Y 11 Y 22 Y 12 Y 21 ,

h = h 11 h 22 h 12 h 21 , ABCD = AD BC

h
------h 21

h 11
------h 21

h 22 1
------- ------h 21 h 21

A B
C D

Conversion from S-parameters to Z, Y, h, or ABCD representations

2S 12
Z 12 = Z 0 ----------1

2S 21
Z 21 = Z 0 ----------1

( 1 S 11 ) ( 1 + S 22 ) + S 12 S 21
Z 22 = Z 0 -----------------------------------------------------------------1

where 1 = ( 1 S 11 ) ( 1 S 22 ) S 12 S 21
( 1 S 11 ) ( 1 + S 22 ) + S 12 S 21
Y 11 = -----------------------------------------------------------------Z0 2
[Y]

2 S 12
Y 12 = -------------Z0 2

2 S 21
Y 21 = -------------Z0 2

( 1 + S 11 ) ( 1 S 22 ) + S 12 S 21
Y 22 = -----------------------------------------------------------------Z0 2

where 2 = ( 1 + S 11 ) ( 1 + S 22 ) S 12 S 21
( 1 + S 11 ) ( 1 + S 22 ) S 12 S 21
h 11 = Z 0 -----------------------------------------------------------------3
[h]

2S 12
h 12 = ----------3

2 S 21
h 21 = -------------3

( 1 S 11 ) ( 1 S 22 ) S 12 S 21
h 22 = -----------------------------------------------------------------Z03

where 3 = ( 1 S 11 ) ( 1 + S 22 ) + S 12 S 21

[ ABCD ]

( 1 + S 11 ) ( 1 S 22 ) + S 12 S 21
A = -----------------------------------------------------------------2S 21

( 1 + S 11 ) ( 1 + S 22 ) S 12 S 21
B = Z 0 -----------------------------------------------------------------2S 21

( 1 S 11 ) ( 1 S 22 ) S 12 S 21
C = -----------------------------------------------------------------2S 21 Z 0

( 1 S 11 ) ( 1 + S 22 ) + S 12 S 21
D = -----------------------------------------------------------------2S 21

Conversion from Z, Y, h, and ABCD representations to S-parameters

2Z 12 Z 0
S 12 = ----------------4

2Z 21 Z 0
S 21 = ----------------4

( Z 11 + Z 0 ) ( Z 22 Z 0 ) Z 12 Z 21
S 22 = ------------------------------------------------------------------------4

where 4 = ( Z 11 + Z 0 ) ( Z 22 + Z 0 ) Z 12 Z 21

[Y]

S 11

( 1 Z 0 Y 11 ) ( 1 + Z 0 Y 22 ) + Y 12 Y 21 Z 02
= --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5

S 22

( 1 + Z 0 Y 11 ) ( 1 Z 0 Y 22 ) + Y 12 Y 21 Z 02
= --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5

2 Y 12 Z 0
S 12 = --------------------5

2 Y 21 Z 0
S 21 = --------------------5

where 5 = ( 1 + Z 0 Y 11 ) ( 1 + Z 0 Y 22 ) Y 12 Y 21 Z 02
( h 11 Z 0 1 ) ( h 22 Z 0 + 1 ) h 12 h 21
S 11 = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
[h]

2h 12
S 12 = ----------6

2 h 21
S 21 = -------------6

( h 11 Z 0 + 1 ) ( 1 h 22 Z 0 ) + h 12 h 21
S 22 = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------6

where 6 = ( h 11 Z 0 + 1 ) ( h 22 Z 0 + 1 ) h 12 h 21
A + B Z 0 CZ 0 D
S 11 = -------------------------------------------------7
[ ABCD ]

A + B Z 0 CZ 0 + D
S 22 = ------------------------------------------------------7

where 7 = A + B Z 0 + CZ 0 + D

2 ( AD BC )
S 12 = -----------------------------7

2
S 21 = ------7

Table E-5

Properties of Ge, Si, GaAs, InP, 4H-SiC, GaN and SiGe at 300 K

Properties
Dielectric constant
Energy gap, eV
Intrinsic carrier concentration, cm3
Intrinsic resistivity, cm
Minority carrier lifetime, s

Ge

Si

GaAs

InP

4H-SiC

GaN

Si.5Ge.5

16

11.9

13.1

12.5

10

9.5

13.9

0.66

1.12

1.424

1.344

3.23

3.39

0.945

2.40 10

13

10

1.79 10

1.30 10

1.50 10

3.00 10

10

1.20 10

1.00 10

8.60 10

1.00 10

12

1.00 10

10

1.15 10

1.00 10

2.00 10

1.00 10

1.00 10

1.75 10

2.30 10

47
1.00 10

1.45 10

2.50 10

Electron mobility (drift), cm2/ ( V s )

3900

1350

8500

4600

1140

1250

7700

Normalized effective mass of the electron

0.55

1.08

0.067

0.073

0.29

0.2

0.92

Hole mobility (drift), cm2/ ( V s )

1900

480

400

150

50

850

1175

Normalized effective mass of the hole

0.37

0.56

0.48

0.64

0.8

0.54

Saturated electron velocity, cm/s

6.00 10

1.00 10

1.00 10

1.00 10

2.00 10

Breakdown electric field, V/cm

1.00 10

3.00 10

6.00 10

5.00 10

3.50 10

Electron affinity , V

13

2.20 10

1.00 10

2.00 10

2.00 10

4.05

4.07

4.38

3.7

4.1

4.025

Specific heat, J/ ( g K )

0.31

0.7

0.35

0.31

0.69

0.49

0.505

Thermal conductivity, W/ ( cm K )

0.6

1.5

0.46

0.68

3.7

1.3

0.083

Thermal diffusivity, cm2/s

0.36

0.9

0.24

0.372

1.7

0.43

0.63

np0

pn(dn)

np(dp)

pn0
x

(dp + Wp)

Figure F-1

dp

dn

dn + Wn

Pn-junction under forward bias.

/4

Port 2

Z0

2Z 0
Z0

Port 1

2Z0

2Z

Port 3

Z0

/4
(a) Transmission line model
/4
2Z0
Port 1

Z0

Z0

Port 2

Z0

Port 3

2Z0
2Z0

/4
(b) Microstrip line realization

Figure G-1

3 dB Wilkinson power divider.

3.0

10
RL1 and IL23, dB

CP12, dB

IL23

3.1

3.2

3.3
0.5

0.75
1.0
1.25
1.5
Normalized frequency, f /f0

Figure G-2

15
20

RL1

25
30
0.5

0.75
1.0
1.25
1.5
Normalized frequency, f /f0

Frequency response of Wilkinson power divider.

Port 2 Z0
2Z0 Port 1

2Z 0

VS /2 VS /2
+

Z0
Z0

2Z0 Port 1
2Z
0

VS /2 VS /2

Port 3 Z +
0

even mode

odd mode

Port 2 Z0

2Z 0

2Z0

Z0
o.c.
o.c.
(a) Even mode

Figure G-3

Port 2 Z0
+
VS /2

2Z 0

2Z0

Z0

(b) Odd mode

Even and odd mode representation of Wilkinson divider

VS /2

Z0 / 2
Port 1

Z0
Z0

Port 4

Z0
/4
/4

Z0

Port 2

Z0
Z0

Port 3

Z0 / 2

Figure G-4

Microstrip line realization of quadrature hybrid.

VS /2

VS /2

Port 1

Z0

VS /2 VS /2
+

/8

Z0

/8 Z0

/8

Z0

/8

Z0/ 2

/4

Z0 Port 4

Z0

Z0

Port 3

Odd mode
Z0 Port 1

Port 2

Z0

Z0/ 2

Even mode
Z0 Port 1

Port 2

Z0/ 2

Z0/ 2

Port 2

+
VS /2

/8

Z0

(a) Even mode

Figure G-5

/8 Z0

Z0

VS /2

/8 Z0

(b) Odd mode

Building blocks of branch line coupler.

/8 Z0

Z0

Port 1

Z0

Port 2
/4

/4

/4
Port 3

Z0

Z0

Z0
2Z0
3 /4

Figure G-6

A 180 ring coupler.

Port 4

Port 1

Z0

Z0

Port 2

/4

Port 4

Z0

Figure G-7

Z0

A 3dB Lange coupler.

Port 3

RS

+
Vn

RL = RS

Figure H-1

Noise voltage of a circuit.

R
(noise free)
R
(noisy)

+
Vn

Figure H-2

In

R
(noise free)

Equivalent voltage and current models for noisy resistor.

I1
+
V1

I1

I2
+
Noisy
network

V2

Figure H-3

I2

+
V1 In1

+
Noise free
network

In2 V2

Noisy two-port network and its equivalent representation.

I1
+
V1

Vn
+

In

I2
+
Noise free
network

V2

Noisy network

Figure H-4

Transformed network model with noise source at the input.

V
+ ns

+
Rs

Rs
V2

Vs

Vs

Vn

I2

Rin +
In

Vin

+
+ g V V2
V in

Figure H-5

Amplifier model and network representation with noise source.

P1
Zs

Vns
+

Vs

Vn
+

In

Pn1

Figure H-6

P2

Noise free
network

ZL

Pn2

Generic noise model for noise figure computation.

Vn
+
Ins

Figure H-7

YS

Inc

Inu

Noise source modeled at network input.

1
P1

GA1

P2

Pni1
Pn1

2
GA2

Pk

Pnik

Pni2
Pn2

Figure H-8

GAk

Pnk

Cascaded network representation.