11-1

Chapter 11
REFRIGERATION CYCLES

The Reversed Carnot Cycle

11-1C Because the compression process involves the compression of a liquid-vapor mixture which
requires a compressor that will handle two phases, and the expansion process involves the expansion of
high-moisture content refrigerant.

11-2 A steady-flow Carnot refrigeration cycle with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid is considered. The
coefficient of performance, the amount of heat absorbed from the refrigerated space, and the net work input
are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) Noting that TH = 30qC = 303 K and TL = Tsat @ 160 kPa = -15.60qC = 257.4 K, the COP of this
Carnot refrigerator is determined from
COPR,C

1
TH / TL  1

303 K  / 257.4 K   1
1

5.64

(b) From the refrigerant tables (Table A-11),

h3
h4

h g @30qC
h f @30qC

qH

h3  h4

Thus,
and
qH
qL

266.66 kJ/kg
93.58 kJ/kg

TL
qH
TH

3
30qC

266.66  93.58 173.08 kJ/kg

TH

o q L
TL

QH

160 kPa
1 QL
2

257.4 K

173.08 kJ/kg  147.03 kJ/kg

303 K

(c) The net work input is determined from

wnet

qH  qL

173.08  147.03 26.05 kJ/kg

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11-2

11-3E A steady-flow Carnot refrigeration cycle with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid is considered.
The coefficient of performance, the quality at the beginning of the heat-absorption process, and the net
work input are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) Noting that TH = Tsat @ 90 psia = 72.78qF = 532.8 R and TL = Tsat @ 30 psia = 15.37qF = 475.4 R.
COPR,C

s f

1
TH / TL  1

1
8.28
532.8 R / 475.4 R   1

 @ 90 psia

0.07481  0.050.14525

(b) Process 4-1 is isentropic, and thus

s1

x1

s4

 x 4 s fg

0.08207 Btu/lbm R

s1  s f

s fg

@ 30 psia

0.08207  0.03793
0.18589

QH

0.2374
1

QL

(c) Remembering that on a T-s diagram the area enclosed

represents the net work, and s3 = sg @ 90 psia = 0.22006 Btu/lbmR,
wnet,in

TH

 T L s 3  s 4  (72.78  15.37)0.22006  0.08207  Btu/lbm R

7.92 Btu/lbm

Ideal and Actual Vapor-Compression Cycles

11-4C Yes; the throttling process is an internally irreversible process.
11-5C To make the ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle more closely approximate the actual
cycle.
11-6C No. Assuming the water is maintained at 10qC in the evaporator, the evaporator pressure will be
the saturation pressure corresponding to this pressure, which is 1.2 kPa. It is not practical to design
refrigeration or air-conditioning devices that involve such extremely low pressures.
11-7C Allowing a temperature difference of 10qC for effective heat transfer, the condensation temperature
of the refrigerant should be 25qC. The saturation pressure corresponding to 25qC is 0.67 MPa. Therefore,
the recommended pressure would be 0.7 MPa.
11-8C The area enclosed by the cyclic curve on a T-s diagram represents the net work input for the
reversed Carnot cycle, but not so for the ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle. This is because the
latter cycle involves an irreversible process for which the process path is not known.
11-9C The cycle that involves saturated liquid at 30qC will have a higher COP because, judging from the
T-s diagram, it will require a smaller work input for the same refrigeration capacity.
11-10C The minimum temperature that the refrigerant can be cooled to before throttling is the temperature
of the sink (the cooling medium) since heat is transferred from the refrigerant to the cooling medium.

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11-3

11-11 A commercial refrigerator with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid is considered. The quality of
the refrigerant at the evaporator inlet, the refrigeration load, the COP of the refrigerator, and the theoretical
maximum refrigeration load for the same power input to the compressor are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From refrigerant-134a tables (Tables A-11 through A-13)
P1
T1
P2
T2

60 kPa
h1
34qC

230.03 kJ/kg

1200 kPa
h2
65qC

T3

1200 kPa
h3
42qC

h4

h3

P3

P4
h4

295.16 kJ/kg

QH
Condenser

111.23 kJ/kg
3

x4
111.23 kJ/kg
60 kPa

Expansion
valve

Win
Compressor

0.4795

Using saturated liquid enthalpy at the given

temperature, for water we have (Table A-4)
h f @ 18qC

60 kPa
-34qC

1
Evaporator

75.47 kJ/kg

h f @ 26qC

hw2

1.2 MPa
65qC

42qC

111.23 kJ/kg

hw1

Water
18qC

26qC

QL

108.94 kJ/kg

(b) The mass flow rate of the refrigerant may be determined from an energy balance on the compressor
m R (h2  h3 )

m w (hw 2  hw1 )

m R (295.16  111.23)kJ/kg

(0.25 kg/s)(108.94  75.47)kJ/kg


o m R

0.0455 kg/s

The waste heat transferred from the refrigerant, the compressor power input, and the refrigeration load are
m R (h2  h3 )

Q H
W in
Q L

(0.0455 kg/s)(295.16  111.23)kJ/kg

m R (h2  h1 )  Q in

Q H  W in

(0.0455 kg/s)(295.16  230.03)kJ/kg  0.45 kW

8.367  2.513 5.85 kW

(c) The COP of the refrigerator is determined from its

definition
Q L
W

COP

in

8.367 kW

5.85
2.513

2.513 kW

QH

Win

2.33
3

(d) The reversible COP of the refrigerator for the

same temperature limits is
COPmax

1
TH / TL  1

1
(18  273) /(30  273)  1

5.063

QL

1
s

Then, the maximum refrigeration load becomes

Q L,max

COPmax W in

(5.063)(2.513 kW) 12.72 kW

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11-4

11-12 An ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid is
considered. The rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space, the power input to the compressor, the
rate of heat rejection to the environment, and the COP are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) In an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, the compression process is isentropic, the
refrigerant enters the compressor as a saturated vapor at the evaporator pressure, and leaves the condenser
as saturated liquid at the condenser pressure. From the refrigerant tables (Tables A-12 and A-13),
P1 120 kPa h1
s
sat. vapor
1
P2
s2

0.7 MPa
s1

h2

P3 0.7 MPa
h3
sat. liquid

h4 # h3

h g @ 120 kPa
s g @ 120 kPa

236.97 kJ/kg
0.94779 kJ/kg K

273.50 kJ/kg T2

34.95qC 

hf

88.82 kJ/kg throttling 

and
W in

m h2  h1 

QH

3 0.7 MPa
@ 0.7 MPa

Win

88.82 kJ/kg

Then the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated

space and the power input to the compressor are
determined from
Q
m h  h  0.05 kg/s 236.97  88.82 kJ/kg
L

0.12 MPa
4s

QL

1
s

7.41 kW

0.05 kg/s 273.50  236.97  kJ/kg

1.83 kW

(b) The rate of heat rejection to the environment is determined from

Q H

Q L  W in

7.41  1.83 9.23 kW

(c) The COP of the refrigerator is determined from its definition,

Q L
7.41 kW
COPR
4.06

Win 1.83 kW

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11-5

11-13 An ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid is
considered. The rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space, the power input to the compressor, the
rate of heat rejection to the environment, and the COP are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) In an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, the compression process is isentropic, the
refrigerant enters the compressor as a saturated vapor at the evaporator pressure, and leaves the condenser
as saturated liquid at the condenser pressure. From the refrigerant tables (Tables A-12 and A-13),
P1 120 kPa h1
s
sat. vapor
1
P2
s2

0.9 MPa
s1

h2

P3 0.9 MPa
h3
sat. liquid

h4 # h3

h g @ 120 kPa
s g @ 120 kPa

236.97 kJ/kg
0.94779 kJ/kg K

278.93 kJ/kg T2

44.45qC 

hf

101.61 kJ/kg throttling 

and
W in

m h2  h1 

QH

3 0.9 MPa
@ 0.9 MPa

Win

101.61 kJ/kg

Then the rate of heat removal from the

refrigerated space and the power input to the
compressor are determined from
Q
m h  h  0.05 kg/s 236.97  101.61 kJ/kg
L

0.12 MPa
4s

QL

1
s

6.77 kW

0.05 kg/s 278.93  236.97  kJ/kg

2.10 kW

(b) The rate of heat rejection to the environment is determined from

Q H

Q L  W in

6.77  2.10 8.87 kW

(c) The COP of the refrigerator is determined from its definition,

Q L
6.77 kW
COPR
3.23

Win 2.10 kW

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11-6

11-14 An ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid is
considered. The throttling valve in the cycle is replaced by an isentropic turbine. The percentage increase
in the COP and in the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space due to this replacement are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis If the throttling valve in the previous problem is replaced by an isentropic turbine, we would have
s4s = s3 = sf @ 0.7 MPa = 0.33230 kJ/kgK, and the enthalpy at the turbine exit would be
s3  s f
0.33230  0.09275

0.2802
x4s
T
s fg
0.85503

@ 120 kPa
h4 s

h f

 x 4 s h fg

@ 120 kPa

22.49  0.2802214.48 82.58 kJ/kg

m h1  h4 s  0.05 kg/s 236.97  82.58 kJ/kg

Q L
7.72 kW
COPR
4.23

W
1.83 kW

Then, Q L
and

7.72 kW

QH

Then the percentage increase in Q and COP becomes

'Q L 7.72  7.41
Increase in Q L
4.2%
7.41
Q L
'COPR
COPR

4.23  4.06
4.06

Win

0.12 MPa

in

Increase in COPR

3 0.7 MPa

4s

QL

4.2%

11-15 [Also solved by EES on enclosed CD] An ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with
refrigerant-134a as the working fluid is considered. The quality of the refrigerant at the end of the
throttling process, the COP, and the power input to the compressor are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) In an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, the compression process is isentropic, the
refrigerant enters the compressor as a saturated vapor at the evaporator pressure, and leaves the condenser
as saturated liquid at the condenser pressure. From the refrigerant tables (Tables A-12 and A-13),
P1 140 kPa h1 h g @ 140 kPa 239.16 kJ/kg
s
sat. vapor
1 s g @ 140 kPa 0.94456 kJ/kg K
P2
s2

0.8 MPa
h2
s1

P3 0.8 MPa
sat. liquid

h3

275.37 kJ/kg
hf

QH

95.47 kJ/kg

h4 # h3 95.47 kJ/kg throttling 

The quality of the refrigerant at the end of the throttling process is
h4  h f
95.47  27.08

x4
0.322
h fg
212.08
@ 140 kPa

@ 0.8 MPa

3 0.8 MPa

Win

0.14 MPa
4

QL

(b) The COP of the refrigerator is determined from its definition,

qL
h1  h4
239.16  95.47
COPR
3.97
win h2  h1 275.37  239.16
(c) The power input to the compressor is determined from
Q L
(300 / 60)kW
W in
1.26 kW
COPR
3.97

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11-7

11-16 EES Problem 11-15 is reconsidered. The effect of evaporator pressure on the COP and the power
input is to be investigated.
Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below.
"Input Data"
{P[1]=140 [kPa]}
{P[2] = 800 [kPa]
Fluid$='R134a'
Eta_c=1.0 "Compressor isentropic efficiency"
Q_dot_in=300/60 "[kJ/s]"}
"Compressor"
x[1]=1 "assume inlet to be saturated vapor"
h[1]=enthalpy(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=x[1])
T[1]=temperature(Fluid$,h=h[1],P=P[1]) "properties for state 1"
s[1]=entropy(Fluid$,T=T[1],x=x[1])
h2s=enthalpy(Fluid$,P=P[2],s=s[1]) "Identifies state 2s as isentropic"
h[1]+Wcs=h2s "energy balance on isentropic compressor"
Wc=Wcs/Eta_c"definition of compressor isentropic efficiency"
h[1]+Wc=h[2] "energy balance on real compressor-assumed adiabatic"
s[2]=entropy(Fluid$,h=h[2],P=P[2]) "properties for state 2"
T[2]=temperature(Fluid$,h=h[2],P=P[2])
W_dot_c=m_dot*Wc
"Condenser"
P[3]=P[2] "neglect pressure drops across condenser"
T[3]=temperature(Fluid$,h=h[3],P=P[3]) "properties for state 3"
h[3]=enthalpy(Fluid$,P=P[3],x=0) "properties for state 3"
s[3]=entropy(Fluid$,T=T[3],x=0)
h[2]=q_out+h[3] "energy balance on condenser"
Q_dot_out=m_dot*q_out
"Valve"
h[4]=h[3] "energy balance on throttle - isenthalpic"
x[4]=quality(Fluid$,h=h[4],P=P[4]) "properties for state 4"
s[4]=entropy(Fluid$,h=h[4],P=P[4])
T[4]=temperature(Fluid$,h=h[4],P=P[4])
"Evaporator"
P[4]=P[1] "neglect pressure drop across evaporator"
q_in + h[4]=h[1] "energy balance on evaporator"
Q_dot_in=m_dot*q_in
COP=Q_dot_in/W_dot_c "definition of COP"
COP_plot = COP
W_dot_in = W_dot_c

P1 [kPa]
100
175
250
325
400

COPplot
3.216
4.656
6.315
8.388
11.15

Win [kW]
1.554
1.074
0.7918
0.5961
0.4483

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11-8

R134a

T-s diagram for K= 1.0

125
100
75
50

]
C
[
T

800 kPa

25
0

140 kPa

-25
-50
0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1,2

s [kJ/kg-K]

10 4

R134a
P-h diagram for K = 1.0

10 3

P [kPa]

31.33 C

-18.8 C

10 2

10 1
0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0,8

1,0

1,2

h [kJ/kg]

125
100

R134a

T-s diagram for K = 0.6

75
50

]
C
[
T

800 kPa

25
0

140 kPa

-25
-50
0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

s [kJ/kg-K]

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11-9

COP vs Com pressor Efficiency for R134a

4.0
3.8
3.6
3.4

COP

3.2
3.0
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
0.60

0.65

0.70

0.75

0.80

0.85

0.90

0.95

1.00

Com pressor efficiency

12
11
10

COP plot

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
100

150

200

250

300

350

400

P[1] [kPa]
1.6
1.4

W in

1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
100

150

200

250

300

350

400

P[1] [kPa]

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11-10

11-17 A nonideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid is
considered. The quality of the refrigerant at the end of the throttling process, the COP, the power input to
the compressor, and the irreversibility rate associated with the compression process are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) The refrigerant enters the compressor as a saturated vapor at the evaporator pressure, and
leaves the condenser as saturated liquid at the condenser pressure. From the refrigerant tables (Tables A12 and A-13),
P1 140 kPa h1

sat . vapor s1
P2 0.8 MPa
s 2 s s1

KC

h2 s

h g @ 140 kPa 239.16 kJ/kg

s g @ 140 kPa 0.94456 kJ/kg K

h4 # h3

h3

QH

275.37 kJ/kg
h1  h2 s  h1  / K C
239.16  275.37  239.16  / 0.85
281.76 kJ/kg

h2 s  h1

o h2
h2  h1

P3 0.8 MPa
sat. liquid

95.47 kJ/kg throttling 

@ 0.8 MPa

Win

3 0.8 MPa

0.14 MPa
4

hf

2s

QL

95.47 kJ/kg

The quality of the refrigerant at the end of the throttling process is

x4

h4  h f

h fg

@ 140 kPa

95.47  27.08
212.08

0.322

(b) The COP of the refrigerator is determined from its definition,

COPR

qL
win

h1  h4
h2  h1

239.16  95.47
281.76  239.16

3.37

(c) The power input to the compressor is determined from

Q L
5 kW
W in
1.48 kW
COPR
3.37
The exergy destruction associated with the compression process is determined from
X destroyed

T0 S gen

q
T0 m s 2  s1  surr

T0

Q L
h1  h4

5 kJ/s
239.16  95.47  kJ/kg

T m s  s 
0
2
1

where
m

Q L
qL

P2

0.8 MPa

h2

s2
281.76 kJ/kg

Thus,
X destroyed

0.0348 kg/s

0.96483 kJ/kg K

298 K 0.0348 kg/s 0.96483  0.94456 kJ/kg K

0.210 kW

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11-11

11-18 A refrigerator with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid is considered. The rate of heat removal
from the refrigerated space, the power input to the compressor, the isentropic efficiency of the compressor,
and the COP of the refrigerator are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the refrigerant tables (Tables A-12 and A-13),
0.14 MPa h1
s
10qC
1

P1
T1

0.7 MPa
h2
50qC

P2
T2
P2 s
s2s
P3
T3

246.36 kJ/kg
0.97236 kJ/kg K

h4 # h3

0.65 MPa
24qC

288.53 kJ/kg

0.7 MPa
h2 s
s1

0.65 MPa
h3
24qC

hf

@ 24qC

84.98 kJ/kg throttling 

and
W in

m h2  h1 

2s

QH

2 0.7 MPa
50qC

Win

281.16 kJ/kg

0.15 MPa

84.98 kJ/kg

QL

0.14 MPa
-10qC
s

Then the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space and
the power input to the compressor are determined from
Q
m h  h  0.12 kg/s 246.36  84.98 kJ/kg
L

19.4 kW

0.12 kg/s 288.53  246.36 kJ/kg

5.06 kW

(b) The adiabatic efficiency of the compressor is determined from

KC

h2 s  h1
h2  h1

281.16  246.36
288.53  246.36

82.5%

(c) The COP of the refrigerator is determined from its definition,

Q L 19.4 kW
COPR
3.83
W in 5.06 kW

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11-12

11-19E An ice-making machine operates on the ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, using
refrigerant-134a as the working fluid. The power input to the ice machine is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis In an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, the compression process is isentropic, the
refrigerant enters the compressor as a saturated vapor at the evaporator pressure, and leaves the condenser
as saturated liquid at the condenser pressure. From the refrigerant tables (Tables A-12E and A-13E),
P1 20 psia h1

sat. vapor s1
P2
s2

80 psia
s1

h2

P3 80 psia
h
sat. liquid 3
h4 # h3

h g @ 20 psia
s g @ 20 psia

102.73 Btu/lbm
0.22567 Btu/lbm R

QH

115.00 Btu/lbm
hf

3 80 psia

33.39 Btu/lbm

33.39 Btu/lbm throttling 

m ice 'h ice

@ 80 psia

Win

20 psia
4

15/3600 lbm/s169 Btu/lbm

QL

1
s

The cooling load of this refrigerator is

Q L

0.7042 Btu/s

Then the mass flow rate of the refrigerant and the power input become
m R

and
W in

Q L
h1  h4

0.7042 Btu/s
102.73  33.39 Btu/lbm

m R h2  h1 

0.01016 lbm/s

0.01016 lbm/s115.00  102.73 Btu/lbm

1 hp

0.7068 Btu/s

0.176 hp

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11-13

11-20 A refrigerator with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid is considered. The power input to the
compressor, the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space, and the pressure drop and the rate of heat
gain in the line between the evaporator and the compressor are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the refrigerant tables (Tables A-12 and A-13),
h1
140 kPa
s
10qC 1

P1
T1

v1

P2 1.0 MPa
h2 s
s 2 s s1

P3
T3

246.36 kJ/kg
0.97236 kJ/kg K
0.14605 m 3 /kg

1 MPa

2s

QH

Win

3
@ 30 qC

93.58 kJ/kg throttling 

T5 18.5qC P5
h
sat. vapor
5

0.95 MPa
30qC

289.20 kJ/kg

0.95 MPa
h3 # h f
30qC

h4 # h3

93.58 kJ/kg
0.15 MPa
4

QL

0.14165 MPa
239.33 kJ/kg

0.14 MPa
-10qC
-18.5qC
s

Then the mass flow rate of the refrigerant and the power input becomes
m
Win

V1
v1

0.3/60 m3/s
0.14605 m3/kg

m h2 s  h1  /KC

m h5  h4 

0.03423 kg/s

0.03423

kg/s >289.20  246.36 kJ/kg @/ 0.78 1.88 kW

0.03423 kg/s 239.33  93.58 kJ/kg

(b) The rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space is

Q L

4.99 kW

(c) The pressure drop and the heat gain in the line between the evaporator and the compressor are
'P

and
Q gain

P5  P1

141.65  140 1.65

m h1  h5 

0.03423 kg/s 246.36  239.33 kJ/kg

0.241 kW

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.

11-14

11-21 EES Problem 11-20 is reconsidered. The effects of the compressor isentropic efficiency and the
compressor inlet volume flow rate on the power input and the rate of refrigeration are to be investigated.
Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below.
"Input Data"
"T[5]=-18.5 [C]
P[1]=140 [kPa]
T[1] = -10 [C]}
V_dot[1]=0.1 [m^3/min]
P[2] = 1000 [kPa]
P[3]=950 [kPa]
T[3] = 30 [C]
Eta_c=0.78
Fluid$='R134a'"
"Compressor"
h[1]=enthalpy(Fluid$,P=P[1],T=T[1]) "properties for state 1"
s[1]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[1],T=T[1])
v[1]=volume(Fluid$,P=P[1],T=T[1])"[m^3/kg]"
m_dot=V_dot[1]/v[1]*convert(m^3/min,m^3/s)"[kg/s]"
h2s=enthalpy(Fluid$,P=P[2],s=s[1]) "Identifies state 2s as isentropic"
h[1]+Wcs=h2s "energy balance on isentropic compressor"
Wc=Wcs/Eta_c"definition of compressor isentropic efficiency"
h[1]+Wc=h[2] "energy balance on real compressor-assumed adiabatic"
s[2]=entropy(Fluid$,h=h[2],P=P[2]) "properties for state 2"
T[2]=temperature(Fluid$,h=h[2],P=P[2])
W_dot_c=m_dot*Wc
"Condenser"
h[3]=enthalpy(Fluid$,P=P[3],T=T[3]) "properties for state 3"
s[3]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[3],T=T[3])
h[2]=q_out+h[3] "energy balance on condenser"
Q_dot_out=m_dot*q_out
"Throttle Valve"
h[4]=h[3] "energy balance on throttle - isenthalpic"
x[4]=quality(Fluid$,h=h[4],P=P[4]) "properties for state 4"
s[4]=entropy(Fluid$,h=h[4],P=P[4])
T[4]=temperature(Fluid$,h=h[4],P=P[4])
"Evaporator"
P[4]=pressure(Fluid$,T=T[5],x=0)"pressure=Psat at evaporator exit temp."
P[5] = P[4]
h[5]=enthalpy(Fluid$,T=T[5],x=1) "properties for state 5"
q_in + h[4]=h[5] "energy balance on evaporator"
Q_dot_in=m_dot*q_in
COP=Q_dot_in/W_dot_c "definition of COP"
COP_plot = COP
W_dot_in = W_dot_c
Q_dot_line5to1=m_dot*(h[1]-h[5])"[kW]"

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.

11-15

COPplot

Win
[kW]
0.8149
0.6985
0.6112
0.5433
0.4889

2.041
2.381
2.721
3.062
3.402

Kc
[kW]
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1

Qin
[kW]
1.663
1.663
1.663
1.663
1.663

V 1 m /m in
1.0
0.5

8
7

0.1

W in

6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0.6

0.65

0.7

0.75

0.8

Kc

0.85

0.9

0.95

4
3.5
3

COP plot

2.5

V 1 m /m in
1.0

1.5

0.5

0.1

1
0.5
0
0.6

0.65

0.7

0.75

0.8

Kc

0.85

0.9

0.95

0.95

18

V 1 m /m in

Q in [kW ]

14.4

1.0

10.8

0.5

0.1

7.2

3.6

0
0.6

0.65

0.7

0.75

0.8

Kc

0.85

0.9

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.

11-16

11-22 A refrigerator uses refrigerant-134a as the working fluid and operates on the ideal vaporcompression refrigeration cycle. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant, the condenser pressure, and the COP
of the refrigerator are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) (b) From the refrigerant-134a tables (Tables A-11 through A-13)
P4
x4
h3
h3
x3
P2
P2
T2
P1
x1

120 kPa
h4
0.30

h4

.
60qC

86.83 kJ/kg
P3
0 (sat. liq.)
P3
671.8 kPa
h2
60qC

120 kPa
h1
1 (sat. vap.)
P4

QH

86.83 kJ/kg

Condenser
3

671.8 kPa

298.87 kJ/kg

Expansion
valve

W in
h2  h1

Compressor
1

4
Evaporator

236.97 kJ/kg

0.45 kW
(298.87  236.97)kJ/kg

120 kPa
x=0.3

The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is

determined from
m

.
Win

QL
T

QH

0.00727 kg/s
3

Win

(c) The refrigeration load and the COP are

Q L

m (h1  h4 )
COP

(0.0727 kg/s)(236.97  86.83)kJ/kg 1.091 kW

Q L
W

in

1.091 kW
0.45 kW

0.12 MPa
4s

2.43

QL

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.