The Art of Knowledge Exchange Revised

THE ART OF
KNOWLEDGE
EXCHANGE
A Results-Focused Planning Guide For
Development Practitioners
Are you
looking to
Connect clients to new information and opportunities across
countries and regions?
Encourage innovation and the sharing of practical experience?
Inspire collaboration between countries?
Help development practitioners get results out of their
knowledge exchange?
Facilitate new methods of capacity development?
Be a resource for others who want to do development
differently?
The Planning Guide Whats Inside?

Designing and implementing knowledge exchange initiatives can be a
big undertaking. This guide takes the guesswork out of the process by
breaking it down into simple steps and providing tools to help you play
a more effective role as knowledge connector and learning facilitator.
It will help you:

Identify & Assess capacity development needs
Design & Develop an appropriate knowledge exchange initiative
that responds to those needs
Implement the knowledge exchange initiative

Measure & Report the results
Authors: Shobha Kumar and Aaron Leonard, WBI Knowledge Exchange

Creative Director: Vladimir Herrera (Independent Consultant)
Editor: Dan Kulpinski (Independent Consultant)
For any questions, please contact:
Shobha Kumar: [email protected] or Aaron Leonard: [email protected]
Table of
Contents
Introduction
Illustrative Case Study: Got Milk? How Tanzania Learned from India....................... 0
Knowledge Exchange Can Lead to Results................................................................ I
Figure 1. Five Steps to a Successful Knowledge Exchange....................................... II
Step 1. Anchor the Knowledge Exchange .................... 1

1.1. Identify the Development Goal (and How to Achieve It) ........................................ 2
1.2. Identify the Institutional Capacity Challenge(s) ....................................................... 2
Table 1. Institutional Capacity Challenges & Characteristics..................................... 3
1.3. Consider the Capacity-development Objective(s) .................................................. 5
Step 2. Define the Knowledge Exchange........................ 7

2.1. Identify the Ideal Participant Profiles ........................................................................ 8
Table 2. Selecting Participants .................................................................................... 9
2.2. Consider the Desired Capacity Outcomes ............................................................... 10
Table 3. Capacity Outcomes & Change Types ........................................................... 11
Table 4. Identifying Desired Change Types ................................................................ 12
2.3. Identify the Most Appropriate Knowledge Providers ............................................. 13
Step 3. Design and Develop the

Knowledge Exchange ............................................................... 17
Figure 2: Designing and Developing the Knowledge Exchange Initiative....... 18
3.1. Select the Participants................................................................................................. 19
3.2. Agree on the Capacity Objective and Outcomes.................................................... 20
3.3. Assemble the Knowledge Exchange Initiative.......................................................... 21
Figure 3. Assembling the Knowledge Exchange Initiative................................. 21
A. Consider the Operating Constraints.................................................................... 23
Table 5. Knowledge Exchange InstrumentsA Brief Overview........................ 24
B. Select the Knowledge Exchange Instrument(s) .................................................. 25
1. Community Of Practice .................................................................................... 26
2. Conferences And Fora...................................................................................... 28
3. Dialogues .......................................................................................................... 30
4. Expert Visits ....................................................................................................... 32
5. Peer Consultation ............................................................................................. 34
6. Study Tours ........................................................................................................ 36
7. Twinning Arrangements ................................................................................... 38
Table 6. Knowledge Exchange ActivitiesA Brief Overview............................. 40
C. Select and Sequence the Activities...................................................................... 42
1. Action Planning.................................................................................................. 44
2. Brainstorming..................................................................................................... 46
3. Demonstration................................................................................................... 48
4. E-discussion........................................................................................................ 50
5. Group Discussion............................................................................................... 52
6. Panel of Experts................................................................................................. 54
7. Presentation....................................................................................................... 56
8. Role Play............................................................................................................. 58
9. Simulation .......................................................................................................... 60
10. Survey............................................................................................................... 62
Figure 4. Sequencing of a Study Tour.................................................................. 64

D. Design the Activities.............................................................................................. 65
E. Activity Delivery Modes......................................................................................... 66
3.4. Plan the Results Measurement .................................................................................. 67
Table 7. Examples of Indicators for Capacity Outcomes................................... 68
Table 8. The Basics of Measuring Results............................................................ 69
Step 4. Implement the Knowledge Exchange................71

Step 5. Report the Results ...................................................73
Case studies
Bolivia:
Brazil, Indonesia, and Mexico Converge
to Help Bolivia With Extreme Poverty ..............................................................................74
Haiti:
Learning to Deal With Devastation....................................................................................76
Cambodia:
A lesson from China: Dont put all your clothes in one basket........................................78
the world bank and knowledge .....................................81
Illustrative CASE STUDY
Got Milk? How Tanzania Learned

from Indias White Revolution
Examples from the
Tanzanian Story are
used throughout this
toolkit to show you
how to write each step
of your Knowledge
Exchange design. While
based on a true case,
The Tanzanian Story as
represented herein has
been modified for the
purpose of learning
and should not be
considered factual.
For more information
about the actual
exchange, please visit
http://wbi.worldbank.
org/sske.
Although Tanzanias child mortality rate has been falling steadily in recent
decades, it remains 77 percent above the world average, at 108 deaths per
1,000 children. In order to address this problem, the Tanzanian government
sought to improve nutrition and incomes in rural areas by restructuring its
agriculture sector, particularly the struggling dairy industry.
Tanzania wanted to follow the best model and learn how India carried out its
renowned white revolution, during which it increased its milk production
by a factor of five to become the worlds largest single milk producer.
Last year, the World Bank funded a Knowledge Exchange between the two
nations, aimed at improving the performance of Tanzanias dairy sector
by promoting favorable policies, incentives and efficient dairy supply
chains, as well as improving the operational efficiency of the National Dairy
Development Board (NDDB) and the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA).
The initiative involved a number of Knowledge Exchange Instruments and
activities and was highly successful. A working group from Tanzania and
India met in a series of videoconferences to plan the exchange, which was
anchored by a 10-day expert visit to Tanzania by six officials from the Indian
National Development Dairy Board and the Gujarat Federation. Then a
small delegation of 14 Tanzanian officials, chosen from the MoA, NDDB,
dairy producers, processors, and distributors, visited India on a study tour
to see first-hand how India had transformed its dairy industry. The exchange
participants held a follow-up videoconference and developed a brochure and
videos summarizing the lessons learned.
The outcomes included:

Enhanced knowledge and skills

Improved consensus and teamwork
New implementation know-how
Using their new insights, Tanzanian dairy officials have not only developed
policies based on the Indian model, they have also successfully implemented
dairy reforms and built consensus among stakeholder groups for a blueprint
of further reforms. The NDDB has implemented the rapid results approach
learned from India to scale up the reforms across the country.
Even though Tanzania may not see its milk production quintuple in the near
future, it has started to make progress in revamping and improving its agriculture
sector. Boosting nutrition and incomes in rural areas cannot be far behind.
Introduction
Knowledge
Exchange
And Results
Knowledge exchange, or peer-to-peer learning, is a powerful way to
share, replicate, and scale up what works in development. Development practitioners want to learn from the practical experience of others who have gone through, or are going through, similar problems.
They want to be connected to each other and have ready access to
knowledge and solutions.
This guide emphasizes empowering local agents through experiential
learning with peers from their own and other countries, by following
a strategic, results-oriented approach to learning based on the World
Bank Institutes Capacity Development and Results Framework.
This approach helps you to:

Consider knowledge exchange within a broader programmatic and
development context
Ensure your initiative is stakeholder-owned and demand-driven
Determine capacity challenges impeding the achievement of a
specific development goal
Reflect on the change processes needed to achieve a development objective
Identify individuals or groups who can play effective roles in
bringing about these changes
Choose the right mix of knowledge exchange instruments and
activities needed to help your participants to learn, grow, and act
Measure the results of your knowledge exchange initiative
II
Introduction
Figure 1. Five Steps to a Successful Knowledge Exchange
III
Introduction
Anchor It
- Identify the development goal (and how it will be reached)
- Identify the institutional capacity challenge(s)
- Consider the capacity-development objective(s)
Define It
- Identify the ideal participant profiles
- Consider the desired capacity outcomes
- Identify the most appropriate knowledge providers
Design and Develop It

- Select the participants
- Agree on the capacity objective and outcomes
- Assemble the knowledge exchange initiative (consider the operating constraints, select
the knowledge exchange instrument(s), and select, sequence and design the activities)
- Plan the results measurement
Implement It
Report the Results
Anchor the
Knowledge
Exchange
Anchor the
Knowledge
Exchange
Knowledge exchange can be used as part of a change process to
powerful effect. But like any good capacity building approach, it
should be anchored in the broader development context and your
clients needs should drive the agenda. Before committing to a fullfledged knowledge exchange initiative, ask yourself these questions:
What is the development goal and how will this initiative contribute
towards its achievement?

What are the major constraints limiting your clients achievement of
this goal?
What will change as a result of this knowledge exchange? How is
this change going to happen?
Anchor the
Knowledge
Exchange
1.1. Identify the Development Goal (and How to

Achieve It)
The Development Goal focuses on the major objective your clients
hope to achieve. It derives from a long-term regional, national, or local development strategy. The knowledge exchange initiative should
bring your clients closer to realizing this goal, by targeting the institutional constraints preventing its achievement. The development goal
therefore guides the design of your knowledge exchange.
An effective development goal is locally owned and provides clear
economic and social value to targeted beneficiaries. Its important to
recognize that a knowledge exchange initiative will not result in the
development goal, but should contribute to it. In some instances,
knowledge exchange can be used to build group consensus on a development goal itself.
Tanzanias Development Goal

The development goal in Tanzania was to improve nutrition and income in Tanzanias
rural areas and increase economic growth by restructuring its agricultural sector.
1.2. Identify the Institutional Capacity Challenge(s)

Three main factors often block the way to realizing the development goal.
1. Weak stakeholder ownership

2. Inefficient policy instruments
3. Ineffective organizational arrangements
It helps to break down the institutional capacity challenges into sets of
characteristics. (See Table 1). Work with your clients and other stakeholders to identify the most important capacity challenges. Doing
this will help you design a knowledge exchange initiative that yields
meaningful results.
Anchor the
Knowledge
Exchange
Table 1. Institutional Capacity Challenges & Characteristics1

Capacity Challenge
Weak stakeholder
ownership
Definition of Terms
Stakeholder ownership refers to
the political and social forces that
determine the priority government,
civil society, and the private sector
give to a development goal.
Characteristics
Lack of commitment from
leaders
Incompatibility of social norms
and values
Lack of stakeholder participation
in setting priorities
Lack of information transparency
Insufficient stakeholder demand
for accountability
Inefficiency of policy
instruments
Policy instruments refer to

the administrative rules, laws,
regulations, standards, and other
formal incentives that a society uses
to guide stakeholder actions to
achieve development goals.
Ambiguity in defining rights and

responsibilities of stakeholders
Inconsistency
Lack of legitimacy
Lack of incentives for compliance
Difficulty of administration/
implementation
Failure to minimize unintended
negative impacts
Insufficient flexibility
Susceptibility to corruption
Ineffectiveness
of organizational
arrangements
Organizational arrangements
are the systems, rules of action,
processes, personnel, and other
resources that state or non-state
stakeholders bring together within
a specific organization to achieve a
development goal.
Ambiguity of mission
Failure to achieve outcomes
Operational inefficiency
Lack of financial viability & probity
Lack of stakeholder
communications and support
Lack of adaptability to anticipate
and respond to change
1.3. Consider the Capacity-development Objective(s)

The capacity-development objective is the institutional change your clients and participants seek to realize in society. It should describe the desired results to which the
1
From The Capacity Development Results Framework: A Strategic and Results-Oriented Approach to
Learning for Capacity Development, World Bank Institute, Washington D.C. (See http://wbi.worldbank.org/
wbi/about/capacity-and-results.)
Anchor the
Knowledge
Exchange
Anchor the
Knowledge
Exchange
TANZANIAS CAPACITY CHALLENGES

This exchange sought to address two interrelated capacity challenges faced by
Tanzania:
Inefficient policy instruments: Policies implemented by Tanzanias National Dairy
Development Board (NDDB) and stakeholders had been unsuccessful at establishing
effective dairy cooperatives and supply chains.
Ineffective organizational arrangements: The operational efficiency of the NDDB
and the Ministry of Agriculture were weak due to poorly focused missions, weak
extension services, and insufficient technical knowledge.
knowledge exchange initiative will contribute and how these changes

will address the key institutional capacity challenge(s). Indicating the
contributing characteristics targeted for improvement will make the
capacity development objective more specific. In the event that the
knowledge exchange is part of a broader development program, the
capacity development objective should complement your program
objective. While you and your clients should have a fairly clear idea
of this from the beginning, it will be important to revisit the objective
with all the participants once they have been determined.
TANZANIAS CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE

The knowledge exchange initiative focused on improving the performance of
Tanzanias dairy sector by:
Promoting favorable policies and incentives and the efficient organization of dairy
supply chains
Improving the operational efficiency of the National Dairy Board and the Ministry of
Agriculture
Define the
Knowledge
Exchange
Define the
Knowledge
Exchange
In Step 1 you Anchored your knowledge exchange
initiative by:
Tying it to the development goal
Identifying the constraints to reaching the development goal
And considering the capacity development objective with your
clients
In Step 2 you will:

Identify the groups of people who can achieve the capacity objective
Consider the specific outcomes participants will seek from the
exchange
Identify groups and individuals with relevant and transferable
knowledge and experience to share
Define the
Knowledge
Exchange
Step 2.1. Identify the Ideal Participant Profiles

Which people/groups are most likely to make this change
happen?
Why are they best placed to do so?
The success of this knowledge exchange initiative depends on having
the right kinds of people involved. Consider those who can and
will initiate and manage the changes needed to reach the capacity
development objective. These change agents can be either a
homogenous or diverse mix of individuals, groups, and institutions.
Most likely one or more of your clients will be involved. But who else
should participate?
When considering participants, dont just think about how they might
behave or what they can contribute as individuals. Also consider how
and what they add to the group dynamic. Putting different kinds of
people together with diverse backgrounds and perspectives can result
in a powerful learning experience.
Selecting the participants is a juggling act. The list of knowledge exchange

participants will change again and again as you move deeper into planning.
This is a natural part of the process, so dont get discouraged. Tailoring the
exchange to the capacity needs of the participants is what is most important. At
the same time, be careful not to lose sight of the objective.
Define the
Knowledge
Exchange
Table 2: Selecting Participants
Talk to your clients when considering participants

(individuals and groups):
Who will champion the cause and make the envisioned changes happen?
Will the knowledge they gain enable them to act or behave in a new way? Will
this help them realize the capacity development objective?
How does the persons role or status help him/her contribute to the exchange
and its aftermath?
Does this person or group have prior experience in the topic?
Can the inclusion of this person or group improve the likelihood of realizing
the capacity development objective?
Are different change agents needed to achieve different outcomes?
Does this person bring a new or different perspective to the group?
Sometimes a diverse mix of people can achieve what others with a similar
background, role, or status cannot.
Are the prospective participants operating in an environment that lets them
act on the knowledge and experience they receive?
What incentives do they have to apply their learning as expected?
Tanzanias Participant Profiles

Ideal groups of people included:
Representatives from Tanzanias National Dairy Board and the Ministry
of Agriculture: These institutions are responsible for dairy policies and sector
oversight and are uniquely suited to improve the operational efficiency of dairy
supply chains.
Leading dairy producers, processors, and distributors: These are the people
who can help push for greater reforms and will eventually benefit from having a
better system.
10
Define the
Knowledge
Exchange
Step 2.2. Consider the Desired Capacity Outcomes

What specific, measurable changes are desired?
Will these changes help measure progress towards the capacity
development objective?
In Step 1 you considered the context for this exchange, including the
development goal and the institutional capacity challenges preventing
its achievement. You also discussed the capacity development objective
with your clientswhat will change in society as a result of the knowledge gained through this initiative. While the capacity objective could
be reached through a single knowledge exchange initiative, it is not
very likely. However, progress towards the capacity objective is measurable. These intermediate steps, or capacity outcomes, are what we expect to see, measure and report after a knowledge exchange initiative.
The capacity outcomes reflect the specific changes the participants are
looking to achieve at the individual and group levelwhat they want to
learn and how they want to change. Six general capacity outcomes form
the basis of all change processes. The capacity outcomes will vary depending on the challenges your clients and participants aim to address,
how they want to address them, and who is involved. Getting the capacity outcomes right is really importantthe outcomes are how we define
and measure progress toward the capacity development objectives.
Again, while you and your clients should establish the capacity outcomes at the beginning, it will be important to revisit them with all the
participants once they have been determined. At that time, you will ask
them, What do you want to learn? and How do you hope to grow?
11
Define the
Knowledge
Exchange
Table 3. Capacity Outcomes & Change Types3

Capacity Outcomes
Definition
Raised awareness
A person is more likely to act because of an

improved understanding, attitude, or motivation.
Enhanced knowledge and

skills
A person is more capable of acting because of

what (s)he has learned or how (s)he has applied new
knowledge or skills.
Improved consensus and

teamwork
A group with a common task is more likely or

able to act because they collaborate better,
i.e. there is greater agreement, coordination,
communication or cohesion--or because group
members make better contributions.
Strengthened coalitions
A group with diverse objectives but a common

action agenda is more likely or able to act
because they collaborate better, i.e. there is
greater agreement and trust among members,
increased commitment to the agenda, or members
are better at leveraging their diverse strengths.
Enhanced networks
A group with a common interest but no formal

action agenda is more likely or able to act
because they collaborate better, i.e. there are
better processes, stronger incentives to participate,
or members communicate more or are more active.
Increased implementation
know-how
A person or group is more likely or able to

formulate or implement plans, strategies or
policies because of hands-on experience
Change Type
Action and
behavioral
change
Altered
processes and
relationships
New products
and services
From The Capacity Development Results Framework: A Strategic and Results-Oriented Approach to
Learning for Capacity Development, World Bank Institute, Washington D.C. (See http://wbi.worldbank.org/
wbi/about/capacity-and-results.)
12
Define the
Knowledge
Exchange
Use the table below to help participants identify their desired capacity outcomes. A NO indicates a possible learning gap. Consider
whether this is something that the knowledge exchange should address in order to achieve the capacity development objective.
Table 4. Identifying Desired Change Types4
No indicates a possible learning gap
Change Type
Is it clear how the capacity-development objective ties into

the overall development goal?
Are roles well defined and are you clear on what you need to
do to address the capacity challenge?
Action and behavioral change
Do you have the knowledge and/or skills to achieve the

capacity-development objective?
Is your work situation conducive to collaboration?
Is working together important for you and your colleagues?
If you belong to a network, are you connected to other
members in a way that promotes collaboration?
Is there a policy or strategy already in place that supports
the envisioned changes related to the capacity-development
objective?
Altered processes and relationships
New implementation know-how
Has the policy, strategy, or plan been implemented?
Capacity Outcomes Sought by Tanzania

Enhanced Knowledge and Skills: Officials in the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), National Dairy
Development Board (NDDB), dairy producers, processors, and distributors will have a better
understanding of the constraints facing Tanzanias dairy sector and be better equipped to develop
effective policies to improve performance.
Improved Consensus: Exchange participants will reach agreement on a blueprint of potential dairy
sector reforms appropriate in Tanzania.
Increased Implementation Know-how: NDDB participants gain first-hand experience attempting
reforms through a rapid results approach. This helps them identify constraints and challenges before
rolling out reforms on a larger scale.
Ibid.
13
Define the
Knowledge
Exchange
Step 2.3. Identify the Most Appropriate Knowledge

Providers
Which individuals or groups have the most relevant and
transferable knowledge and experience to share?
Do they have the resources and capacity to share it?
Having the right knowledge providers is key to a successful knowledge
exchange. Knowledge providers can be individuals, groups, or institutions
hailing from the private, public, or civil sectors. Knowledge providers can
come from the same country or region, or from somewhere completely
different. In many instances, the roles of knowledge providers and knowledge recipients are not very distinct. Some knowledge exchange instruments are designed specifically for this mutual learning and knowledge
sharing. This is addressed in greater detail in Step 3.
When selecting knowledge providers, consider whether they can claim
the following:
Demonstrated success in effectively addressing similar development
challenges
Relevant experience in providing this knowledge, receiving
delegations, and applying the proposed knowledge exchange
methods (See Step 3)
Available resources that the proposed institution(s) can mobilize to plan
and implement the knowledge exchange in the proposed timeframe
Readiness to deliver, as evidenced by confirmed commitment and a
clear distribution of responsibilities
Prior relationships between proposed delegations in the knowledgeprovider and knowledge-receiving institutions, groups, or individuals
Understanding of potential logistical issues and risks, such as how to
address language issues, potential travel challenges, and so on
As in participant selection, try to find a good mix of knowledge providers that can share different perspectives on the issue. You want to expose
participants to many points of view, to allow them to see how something
has worked at all levels, including operational, social, and political.
14
Define the
Knowledge
Exchange
15
Define the
Knowledge
Exchange
Tanzanias Knowledge Providers

Indias National Dairy Development Board: This preeminent oversight agency was
instrumental in catalyzing the countrys White Revolution, which led to an increase in
Indias milk production from 20 to 100 million metric tons in only 40 years . The NDDB
is interested in sharing its experiences in analyzing constraints and restructuring dairy
operations, and brings a proven track record in undertaking exchanges worldwide.
The Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation: Can provide direct linkages
to a cooperative that dramatically scaled up its operations, especially through its
global brand, AMUL.
Both organizations have confirmed resources to deliver all exchange activities within
the noted timeframe.
The knowledge provider(s) may change for any number of reasons as planning
progresses. This is a natural part of the process, so dont get discouraged.
Finding the right match for your clients and participants is what counts. The ideal
knowledge provider must both be available and willing to share the details of
their development experience.
17
Design and Develop the

Knowledge Exchange
Design and
Develop the
Knowledge
Exchange
If you feel you are ready for designing and developing without
having thought through the development context and defining key
components of your knowledge exchange, you should stop! Take
a few minutes to look at Steps 1 and 2. Getting the beginning
right will dramatically increase the chances that the time and effort
from you, your clients, the participants, and the knowledge providers is well spent
This is when the initiative starts to take shape. In designing and developing the knowledge exchange, you will tighten up your participant
list, work with your key stakeholders to determine the capacity objective and expected outcomes, assemble your exchange, and plan how
to measure the results of your exchange.
18

Knowledge Exchange
Figure 2: Designing and Developing the Knowledge Exchange

Initiative
Select the participants
Verify the desired capacity outcomes
Assemble your Knowledge Exchange Initiative

a) Consider the operating constraints
b) Select the Knowledge Exchange Instrument(s)
c) Select and sequence the activities (building blocks of the
knowledge exchange instrument)
d) Design the Activities
Plan your Results Measurement
19

Knowledge Exchange
Step 3.1. Select the Participants

Which individuals are best placed to benefit from the knowledge
exchange and act on what is learned?
When considering who to invite (and who not), work with your clients
and any participants already identified. Your knowledge exchange
participants should be well positioned to leverage the learning and
experience they will gain. Seek the championsthose who are open
to reform and who will drive the desired change. Ask yourself the
question, Who from my target participant groups is best placed to
benefit from the knowledge exchange and act on what is learned?
Consult Table 2 (Page 9) again for help in selecting participants.
Once you have the perfect list, know that it may still change! As plans
firm up, some participants wont be available, some will drop out,
and others will want to join. Dont get discouraged. This is part of the
process. The important thing is to maintain the momentum and regularly involve your participants in the planning. By the time its ready to
launch, you and your participants will have formed a strong sense of
the knowledge exchange objectives and expected outcomes. If a new
participant can help to achieve these or even expand the outcomes,
he or she will be a good addition to the team.
Participants from Tanzanias National Dairy Board

and Ministry of Agriculture
These individuals are responsible for dairy policies and sector oversight and are
uniquely suited to improve the operational efficiency of dairy supply chains. They
are proven champions of reform and were selected because of their desire to
apply learning and share it with others.
J.M. Gray, Director of Operations, Ministry of Agriculture
E. Mulholland, Secretary General, Ministry of Agriculture
D. Kuyeri, Program Manager, National Dairy Board
A. Maranatha, Operations Specialist, National Dairy Board
M. Williams, Deputy Director of Engineering, National Dairy Board
20

Knowledge Exchange
Step 3.2. Agree on the Capacity Objective

and Outcomes
What do the participants want to learn?
How do they hope to grow?
Now that you have identified the participants (or at least many of them),
verify that you and your clients assumptions regarding the development goal, institutional challenges, and capacity objective are accurate.
If not, work with your participants and clients to determine these before
tackling the capacity outcomes.
The capacity outcomes are the specific changes clients and participants
seek to realize as a result of the knowledge exchange. It is therefore
critical that your participants be involved in determining them. The success of the exchange depends on having participants own the results.
Determining the expected capacity outcomes can be done in a number
of ways, including:
Meeting face-to-face or virtually with all the participants, or a
representative sample, to discuss and produce a draft list.

Circulating the proposed capacity outcomes, drafted by you and
your clients, for inputs from the participants. If taking this approach,
encourage your clients to own the outcomes by writing new ones if
necessary. The capacity outcomes should be theirs, or it is doubtful
the knowledge exchange will result in anything substantial. Please
refer to the example on Capacity Outcomes ( Page 11)
It is important to check in with the knowledge provider(s) during this
time. What they know and are able to share can help shape the capacity outcomes. These conversations may also highlight the need for an
additional knowledge provider or a replacement of the original(s).
6 Capacity Outcomes (More information on page 11)

1. Raised awareness
2. Enhanced knowledge and
skills
3. Improved consensus and
teamwork
4. Strengthened coalitions
5. Enhanced networks
6. Increased implementation
know-how
21

Knowledge Exchange
Step 3.3. Assemble the Knowledge Exchange Initiative

Every knowledge exchange initiative consists of an integrated blend of
instruments, activities, and delivery modes. Selecting the right mix of
these will help participants realize their capacity development outcomes.
When assembling your initiative follow the steps in figure 4 below.
Figure 3. Assembling the Knowledge Exchange Initiative
a) Consider
the operating
constraints
b) Select
one or more
knowledge
exchange
instruments
c) Select and
sequence the
activities
d) Design the
activities
22

Knowledge Exchange
For example, if you were planning an Expert Visit, the process

would look like this:
Brainstorm through video

conference to meet and agree on the
scope of the mission
e-Discussion to prepare a concept
note
-
Group Discussion, in person, with

visiting experts, local government
and implementing agencies
Panel of Experts, in person and
webcast with visiting experts,
government officials, implementing
agencies, civil and private sector
representatives
Demonstration, in person, with
visiting experts and implementing
agencies
Action Planning session in person

and online to develop blueprint of
sector reforms
23

Knowledge Exchange
3.3a. Consider the Operating Constraints

What are the human, environmental, budgetary, and time
constraints limiting the knowledge exchange initiative?
Among the first things to consider at an early design stage are the
operating constraints. Think about:
The time available to plan and complete the exchange
Is this a longer-term learning initiative? Or do the participants
have an immediate learning need?
The participants and their availability and ability to contribute to the
initiative
Can the Vice Minister of Finance take a full week off from her
regular duties?
Are extra preparation sessions needed to get the results your

participants seek?
The number of people participating
Is 80 really the right number? Can you be more selective?

The operating environment
Are your participants located in a conflict-affected area?

If technology is needed, is it accessible?
Your budget
Can you afford to fly 80 people across the world? Is there a more
cost-efficient way to get the same result?
What other trade-offs will be needed to make the most efficient
use of budgetary and human resources?
Tanzanias Operating Constraints

Time available
9 months
Participants
Mix of decision makers and operational level people

from government, private sector, and civil society
Operating
Environment
The operating environment in both Tanzania and India

is conducive to this knowledge exchange.
Number of people
14
Budget
$75,000
24
Table 5. Knowledge Exchange InstrumentsA Brief Overview

Knowledge Exchange
COMMUNITY OF PRACTICE
CONFERENCES AND FORA
A community of practice is a group

of people who interact regularly on
a common topic of shared interest
with the goal of learning from one
another. A CoP can be formal, with a
detailed mission, structure, funding,
arrangement, etc.or informal,
driven by peer-to-peer exchange of
knowledge and information.
These events are opportunities for

a large number of stakeholders
to engage on a specific topic with
a high level of interaction among
participants.
EXPERT VISITS
A subject matter expert (or group)
goes to a requesting country, city, or
organization to impart knowledge
in their area of expertise. The visits
allow for in-depth consideration
of an issue or problem and the
localization of practical knowledge
and experience to address it.
PEER CONSULTATION
A process by which peers work
together in small groups for mutual
benefit providing critical, yet
supportive, feedback.
TWINNING ARRANGEMENTS
A process that pairs an
organizational entity in a developing
country with a similar but more
mature entity in another country.
DIALOGUES
An exploration of participants
knowledge on a common subject
from which new or stronger
understanding, meaning, and
possibilities can emerge. Dialogues
raise awareness, support consensus
building, and encourage informed
action.
STUDY TOURS
Visits by an individual or a group
to one or more countries/areas for
knowledge exchange. Study tours
provide an opportunity for key
stakeholders to learn relevant, good
development practice from their
peers.
25

Knowledge Exchange
3.3b. Select the Knowledge Exchange Instrument(s)

Which instrument(s) will work within the operating constraints
and help participants achieve the capacity outcomes?
Most knowledge exchange initiatives consist of one or more instruments. They can be used alone or in combination. Each instrument
has its own strengths and limitations, with some more suitable for
particular types of learning than others. The choice of instrument
will also be affected by participant profile, group size, time, logistical
constraints, and the resources available. Each knowledge exchange
instrument should be designed in a way that helps achieve the capacity outcomes the group has set out for itself.
Selecting an instrument or mix of instruments for your participants is
like considering what menu to prepare for a group of important dinner guests. Knowing these people, you should have a fairly good idea
of what will be appreciated, and what will not (especially since youve
already met and discussed expectations in Step 3.2). Suppose you decide on a hearty soupit would be enough by itself, but by complementing it with good bread you make a meal. Similarly, you may find
that one knowledge exchange instrument will meet your participants
basic needs, but by mixing it with another instrument you can leave
them fully satisfied.
Tanzanias Selection of Knowledge Exchange Instruments

A working group from Tanzania and India planned the exchange together. It
was anchored by a 10-day expert visit to Tanzania by six officials from the Indian
National Development Dairy Board and the Gujarat Federation. Then a small
delegation of 14 Tanzanian officials from the Ministry of Agriculture, National
Development Dairy Board, dairy producers, processors, and distributors visited
India on a study tour to see first-hand how the Indians had implemented these
recommendations in their own countryand the results of their work.
26
Knowledge
Exchange
INSTRUMENT
WHAT IS A
COMMUNITY
OF PRACTICE?
A community of practice (CoP) is a group of people who

interact regularly on a shared topic with the goal of learning from one another. A CoP can be formal, with a detailed
mission, structure, funding arrangement, etc.or informal,
driven by peer exchange of knowledge and information.
For a given KE initiative, consider developing a CoP if
the group sees a need for ongoing, participant-driven
knowledge exchange over the medium-to-long term.
Although a CoP requires planning at the inception, its
ongoing success depends on the participants commitment for mutual learning and on a dedicated person(s)
to manage/encourage group interaction. A key strength
of CoPs is the peer networks that are formed (and grown)
through the sharing of knowledge, experiences, and
expertise. It is important that members recognize the
benefit of their participation, and that the interaction
continues to support members learning needs.
COMMUNITY
OF PRACTICE
WHEN
SHOULD I USE
A COMMUNITY
OF PRACTICE?
Why Should
I Use a
Community
of Practice?
Things to
Consider
3.3.b.1
There is a need for ongoing, participant-driven

knowledge exchange over the medium-to-long term
Participants are committed to mutual learning
Participants recognize the benefits of their
participation
Participants have an opportunity to meet (physically
or virtually) at the beginning
In-depth, face-to-face or virtual exchanges (both

synchronous and asynchronous) among peers.
Adaptable in terms of delivery platforms and
organization (formal, informal).
Continuous learning.
Network building and expansion.
Relationship building.
Allows mobilization of new ideas.
Increases visibility for issues of common concern.
How will you ensure that the participants are

committed to the ongoing interaction necessary for a
vibrant CoP?
Have you set aside resources to hire a community
manager to manage/encourage group interactions?
Is the CoP component an integral part of your overall
program design?
27
Things to
Consider

How do you plan to involve the participants
in planning
Knowledge
Exchange
sessions before the launch of the CoP? (Please consider
the exchanges capacity-development objective and
ICOs as you plan its activities.)
The following questions may help you fine-tune your
planning of KE activities under a CoP:

What types of communication technologies and

delivery tools will you use for the activities (before,
during, and after)?
Will the CoP include both face-to-face and virtual
interaction?
Will there be a need for translation services either
during a face-to-face activity or online?
How do you plan to monitor and assess the learning
outcomes of KE activities throughout the duration
of the CoP and after (please include quantifiable
indicators whenever possible)?
Is there a beginning and an end to the CoP?
Is the CoP working toward a time-sensitive
deliverable/output?
How will you assess the results of the CoP?
How do you plan to capture the tacit knowledge

that is exchanged in the CoP?
What opportunities will there be to adjust the CoP
design, if the desired outcomes are not being
achieved?
Monitoring Methods:
Other
Factors to
Consider
Participant questionnaire.
Online discussions/Q&A.
Participation rates as measured by overall
membership, daily visits, length of stay, click-thru rates,
site activity, etc.
Internet access needed for electronic knowledge

exchanges.
Cost (depending on structure of CoP implemented).
Time-intensive.
Commitment (depending on the goals of the CoP,
commitment may need to be at multiple levels:
individual, institutional, national, etc.).
There is a risk of lack of participation.
28
Knowledge
Exchange
INSTRUMENT
What Are
Conferences* are an opportunity for key stakeholders to enConferences? gage in knowledge exchange activities that further locally
driven institutional change and meet broader development

agendas. Conferences provide a high level of interaction
among stakeholders around specific topics. The reasons
for hosting large events may include launching a global
initiative, or communicating program impact or changes in
strategy. Depending on their structure, conferences may include one or more Knowledge Exchange activities: plenary
sessions, dialogues, parallel workshops and sessions, world
cafs, and field visits.
CONFERENCES
AND LARGE
OR HIGH-LEVEL
EVENTS
Conferences require in-depth planning, in terms of not only

the selected venue and logistics, but also of the engagement with partners before and during the conference. For
a successful conference, a participatory approach should be
considered during the planning of the event, with adequate
lead time; this will ensure that all activities and logistical arrangements get the necessary support for timely completion.
When Should
I Use a
Conference?
3.3.b.2
There is a need for global high visibility and impact of

the selected topic(s).
Outreach to large or high-level audiences is needed
for awareness and consultation purposes.
There is a need for in-depth interaction among
participants.
Why Should
I Use a
Conference?
In-depth, face-to-face exchanges.

Immersion in select topics.
Network building.
High potential for media attraction.
Broad dissemination of ideas and knowledge.
Builds commitment of key stakeholder groups.
Things to
Consider
when
Planning and
Monitoring
How do you plan to involve internal and external

partners in the planning sessions before the
conference? Consider the following:
Keep in mind the capacity development goal as you
plan the various KE activities.
Keep in mind the ICOs being supported by the KE
activities.
Do you need private investors (sponsors), and
would that create an institutional conflict?
*Conference is broadly defined here to include any form of large and/or high-level event such as
forum, symposium, summit, or congress.
29
Things to
Consider
when
Planning and
Monitoring
How will you operationalize the various KE activities for the

conference instrument? Consider the following:
What type of audience are you seeking?
Host country: know the country protocol, professional
level of your contact in government, your local partner
institutions, etc.
Type of venue, room capacity for various activities/types
of participants (plenary, break-out or workshop rooms,
secretariat, media/interview room, high-tech room, etc.).
Conference capacitytotal number of participants
(including staff) needed for logistics and budgeting.
Resource mobilization: who pays for what?
Session format: plenary, presentation, facilitated dialogue,
panel discussion, talk show, working sessions, networking
sessions, etc.
High-tech needs: audiovisual setup, videoconferencing,
video recording, interviews, Internet, special delivery tools.
Will you need simultaneous interpretation during the
event? How many languages?
Will you need to arrange for any on-site protocol with the
presence of high-level officials?
What human resources are available in your unit to work
on content preparation and logistics?
How do you plan to gauge the learning that occurs during the
various conference activities and document the experiences?
How will you monitor progress in achieving the targeted
ICO(s)?
What opportunities will there be to adjust the program design
if the desired outcomes are not being achieved?
How will you assess/evaluate the results of the conference?
What Other
Factors Do
I Need to
Consider
When
Assembling a
Conference?
High financial costs; resources must be available

BEFORE the preparation stage.
Need for human resources to support content
preparation and logistics coordination.
Timeline sensitive.
Host country/institutional constraints (infrastructure,
policies/protocol, including procurement, visa issuance).
Can you attract/retain high-level participants/speakers?
Are there competing conferences on the same issue(s),
in the same year, same region?
Risk of the host country protocol/host institution
policies limiting participation of participants from
certain nationalities or organizations.
30
Knowledge
Exchange
INSTRUMENT
What Is a
Dialogue?
DIALOGUES
Dialogues engage participants in an exploration of their

own knowledge toward a shared experience, from which
new or stronger relationships, meanings, and possibilities
can emerge. Dialogues promote respect and equality and
deepen understanding. Ultimately, a dialogue is meant to
encourage action that is informed and linked to the values
of those engaged in it. Because dialogues allow for a disciplined conversation among development practitioners or
policymakers on a specific topic, those involved learn from
each other on a technical as well as a policy level. Consider
using dialogues when the exchange could lead to a common position on global, regional, or in-country issues.
At the core of the dialogues instrument is the linkage of
diverse sources of knowledge, which can be facilitated
through both face-to-face and virtual exchanges. Participants may use videoconferencing (up to six connections recommended), social networking sites, discussion
forums, and other online environments to support this
knowledge exchange. To ensure a rich dialogue, careful
consideration must be given to the number of participants and/or countries involved.
When Should
I Use a
Dialogue?
3.3.b.3
The topic/issue under discussion requires multiple

perspectives to either raise awareness or reach
consensus.
Many people possess expertise on the topic/issue,
and by sharing their expertise they can enhance the
knowledge and skills of all.
Why Should
I Use a
Dialogue?
Strong interactivity
Spontaneous conversations
Just-in-time peer exchanges (synchronous)

Cost-effective
Can be recorded and reused later
Can reach a globally spread audience synchronously
Things to
Consider
when
Planning
and
Monitoring
How do you identify the right audience and the right

speaker/s?
How will you design the session to ensure the Dialogue
will be interactive and beneficial to all stakeholders?
Who should moderate? Should you have a moderator/
facilitator at each location?
If the dialogue is held using videoconferencing, how many
sites will you be connecting to? What kinds of facilities/ AV
setup do you need given the format of your event?
31
Things to
Consider
when
Planning
and
Monitoring
Who contacts the speakers/participants?

What are the follow-up actions?
In terms of logistics:
Contact and test the sites / visit physical location
Consider if interpretation is needed
Establish budget
Draft running order
Monitoring Methods:
What Other
Factors Do
I Need to
Consider
When
Assembling a
Dialogue?
Participant questionnaire
Facilitator evaluation
Summary of key points
Both virtual and face-to-face dialogues can require

significant planning and coordination
Can rely heavily on technology: availability of
equipment and connectivity
Need for strict/disciplined moderation
Limited in scope and depth in the absence of follow-up
Risks include: Equipment failure, quality of

connection (including interruption), dialogue
can become chaotic without a good moderator,
participants not familiar with engagement methods,
and can become overly political; dialogue is replaced
with prepared speeches.
32
Knowledge
Exchange
INSTRUMENT
What Is an
Expert Visit?
An expert visit is just like it sounds: When a subject matter

expert (or group) goes to a requesting country, city, organization, etc. to impart knowledge in the area of expertise.
Expert visits can be used to help recipient institutions
think through a particular development challenge. Expert
visits allow for in-depth consideration of an issue or problem and for the localization of practical knowledge and
experience to address it.
Visiting experts have a strong educational and professional
background in the relevant issue area, and the exchange is
about determining ways to solve a problem.
EXPERT VISITS
When Should
I Use an
Expert Visit?
Why Should I
Use an Expert
Visit?
3.3.b.4
In-depth interaction among small groups is needed.

Expert-to-expert interaction is desirable.
The topic requires diagnosis and analysis through
problem solving.
An expert is needed to help address a problem or issue.
An external opinion or recommendation is needed.
Strong interactivity.
Garners high level of respect/ prestige.
Spontaneous conversations.
Immediate and timely peer exchanges.
Can be cost-effective (especially when used in place of a
study tour to achieve similar outcomes).
Can be documented and re-used later to support
further reflection.
33
Things to
Consider
when
Planning
and
Monitoring
What Other
Factors Do
I Need to
Consider
When
Assembling
an Expert
Visit?
How will you ensure a productive exchange?

What is your plan for the preparatory sessions before the
actual visit?
planning of KE activities under expert visits:
delivery tools will you use for the activities?
Will the visit include both face-to-face and
videoconference-based interaction?
Will there be a need for translation services during
either type of discussion?
Is the visit working on a time-sensitive deliverable/output?
How will you assess the results of the visit?
How do you plan to document and disseminate the
learning of the expert visit among those driving change
in the recipient countries (i.e., change agents, key
stakeholders) and/or other audiences?
Cost can be prohibitive (depending on the cost of the

expert).
Can be time consuming.
Risks include: Not enough advance planning and
preparation; the right expert is not identified; the right

audience is not identified; the duration of the expert
visit is not sufficient to yield results; there is inadequate
follow-up to help with implementation.
34
Knowledge
Exchange
INSTRUMENT
What Is Peer
Peer consultation is a process by which peers work together
Consultation? in small groups for mutual benefit, providing critical, yet
supportive, feedback. The peer consultation process supports the diagnosis and analysis of a subject through reflective exchanges and practice. The key advantage of peer
consultation is the contextual relevance and application of
the feedback sought from peers.
Peer consultation can be organized in a face-to-face mode
or via videoconference or an online discussion forum. With
videoconferencing, participants should carefully consider
the number of sites to be connected for a live exchange:
more than five or six could be hard to manage and generate the desired interaction. For greater effectiveness, peer
consultation sessions can be preceded by an exchange
of e-mails or a series of regional face-to-face peer discussions and followed up by additional asynchronous modes
of exchange such as online discussions. This type of
before-and-after exchange allows for a deeper contextual
reflection.
PEER
CONSULTATION
When Should
I Use Peer
Consultation?

Why Should
I Use Peer
Consultation?
Things to
Consider
when
Planning
and
Monitoring
3.3.b.5
In-depth interaction among small groups is needed.

The interaction is meant to be that of a peer support
group.
The issue under study requires diagnosis and analysis
through reflective exchanges and practice.
Confidentiality of the discussion is ensured, facilitating
trust and open conversation.
To expose participants to new perspectives, different
ideas, increase access to additional resources/
practitioners to consult
Use of peers as role models
Strong interactivity
Spontaneous conversations
Immediate and timely peer exchanges
Cost-effective (if online tools used)
Can be recorded and reused later to support further
reflection
Can reach a global audience
How will you ensure that the participants are committed

to, or have motivation for, the ongoing interaction
necessary for a vibrant peer consultation?
How do you plan to involve the participants in local/
regional face-to-face discussions before the peer
consultation?
35
Things to
Consider
when
Planning
and
Monitoring

planning of KE activities under peer consultations:
Have participants clarified their expectations? Is there
an agreement on the rules of engagement?
Do you have an experienced facilitator/moderator?
delivery tools will you use for the activities (before,
during, and after)?
Will the peer consultation include both face-to-face
and videoconference-based interaction?
Will either type of discussion require translation
services?
Is the consultation working toward a time-sensitive
deliverable/output?
How will you assess the results of the consultation?
How do you plan to document and disseminate the
learning of the consultation (keeping in mind the trust and
confidentiality issues) among those driving change in the
recipient countries (i.e., change agents, key stakeholders)
and/or other audiences?
Monitoring Methods:
What Other
Factors Do
I Need to
Consider
When
Assembling
a Peer
Consultation?
Producer evaluation
Formative techniques for generating follow-up actions
Videoconference-based peer consultations rely

heavily on technology: availability of equipment and
connectivity
Face-to-face peer consultations are costly
Need for strict/disciplined moderation and rules of
engagement
Risks include: Equipment failure; connectivity
interruption; quality of connectivity; poor moderation/
wrong mix of participants; participants may not be open
to suggestions from peers; breach of confidentiality
reduces trust in peers/ facilitator; supportive feedback
must be emphasized while deemphasizing the tendency
to evaluate.
36
Knowledge
Exchange
INSTRUMENT
What Is a
Study Tour?
A study tour is a visit by an individual or group to one or

more countries/areas for knowledge exchange. Study tours
provide an opportunity for key stakeholders to learn relevant, good development practice from their peers. Study
tours allow for a high level of interaction among participants and exposure to the topic of study. Consider using
a study tour if you are looking for a personal and in-depth
learning experience.
Study tours require in-depth planning, not only in terms
of the venue and logistics, but also in terms of the overall
assembly of activities and participant engagement before
the actual visit. For a study tour to be successful, it is best to
involve all participants (hosts and visitors) in the planning,
in order to understand the expectations of both knowledge
recipients and providers, and reach consensus on the objectives of the exchange. This requires sufficient lead time
as well as appropriate activities that support the identified
capacity development goal.
STUDY TOUR
When Should
I Use a Study
Tour?
Why Should
I Use a Study
Tour?
Things to
Consider
when
Planning
and
Monitoring
3.3.b.6
There is a need for in-depth interaction among

participants.
Decision-makers need to see first-hand what is
possible.
Technical people need to learn first-hand how to do
something.
In-depth, face-to-face exchanges with peers
First-hand experience
Immersion in a topic
Builds networks
Builds commitment/excitement
How will you ensure that the participants from the

knowledge-receiving and knowledge-providing
countries are the right leaders, coalitions, or institutions
to achieve the exchanges capacity development
objective and influence its overall development goal?
How do you plan to make sure that the design of
the study tour will meet participants expectations?
(Please consider the exchanges capacity development
objective and intermediate capacity outcomes as you
plan its activities.)
planning of KE activities under study tours:
Have you included at least one planning session to
finalize your study tour design and preparations?
37
Things to
Consider
when
Planning
and
Monitoring
Have you considered introducing knowledge providers

and recipients before the actual exchange? (This can be
done via videoconference or online social networking sites
like Facebook or LinkedIn.)
What type of communication technologies and delivery
tools will you use for the planning sessions? Will you have
simultaneous translation during the events?
Will you need to arrange visas for your participants?
How do you plan to document and disseminate the learning
from the study tour among those driving change in the
recipient countries (i.e., change agents, key stakeholders) and/
or other audiences?
What opportunities will there be to adjust the program design
if the desired outcomes are not being achieved?
How will you monitor and assess the results of the study tour?
Monitoring Methods:
What Other
Factors Do
I Need to
Consider
When
Assembling a
Study Tour?
Participant interviews / testimonials (pre- and post-visit)
Cost intensive
Time intensive (for preparation and actual visit)
Requires intensive coordination and logistical support
Requires high degree of planning and coordination
Language barriers; translation often needed
Scheduling is difficult
Risks Include: Participant mix not optimal; dropouts may significantly affect achieving the goals of the
study tour; visit fails to meet participant expectations/
considered a waste of time; knowledge/ideas get lost
in translation; no follow-up actions taken
38
Knowledge
Exchange
INSTRUMENT
What Is
Twinning?
TWINNING
The World Bank defines twinning as a process that pairs an

organizational entity in a developing country with a similar
but more mature entity in another country. Twinning is most
effective when it is used to transfer operational knowledge
between two organizations similar in function and structure,
and complemented with other capacity-development initiatives
such as formal training and technical assistance. Twinning can
take the form of secondment of experts from one organization to the other; participation in a formal or informal network
or association; direct interaction and collaboration of staff from
the twinning organizations; exchange of specific information or
resources; mentoring and knowledge sharing from the mature
organization to the learning organization; exchange of staff to
improve knowledge and skills; and collaboration on a particular
project/task, with each organization capitalizing on its comparative advantages and strengths.
Twinning arrangements are typically characterized by (a) an
institution-to-institution relationship; (b) achievement of sustainable organizational capacity building; (c) long-term cooperation
that continues after project completion; (d) a high degree of
flexibility; (e) use of diverse modes of activity to ensure sustainability; and (f) a notion of learning.
Key issues to consider when developing a twinning arrangement are the selection of appropriate partners and the design of the arrangement and relationship. Factors promoting
success include (a) strong commitment of the parties; (b) high
competence and flexibility of the provider; (c) high feasibility of
designated tasks; (d) periodic follow-ups after project completion; and (e) positive work relationships.
When
Should I Use
Twinning?
Why Should
I Use a
Twinning?
3.3.b.7
For an institution-to institution relationship, based on a

partnership between two organizations
For sustainable organizational capacity building;
For long-term cooperation that continues after project
completion;
For a high degree of flexibility;
With diverse modes of activity to ensure sustainability
Strategically integrates training and technical assistance
Offers flexible work plans and long-term cooperation
Engaging a provider through competitive bidding can
lower costs and/or result in higher quality of offers
Promotes immediate engagement of the provider and
recipients
Catalyzes positive impacts and benefits because of the
depth of interaction between provider and recipient
Provides first-hand experience and engages key
stakeholders
39
Things to
Consider
when
Planning
and
Monitoring
What Other
Factors Do
I Need to
Consider
When
Assembling a
Twinning?
Need to adapt the content to the exact needs of the

recipient.
Need for strong commitment at all levels.
Twinning should be an investment in a long-term
relationship.
Organization should facilitate informal and interpersonal
contacts beyond the formal contract.
Find the right scale: is the receiving institution ready
to move at full speed? Does it have sufficient human
resources?
Communication, flexibility, and trust are crucial.
Twinning is a joint project and a partnership, not a oneway delivery of technical assistance.
Actors must follow the structure of the project.
The Task Team Leader (TTL) has a crucial supervising role,
especially in supporting and monitoring the program and
approving changes.
Provider must dedicate key staff to the twinning, and
financial and operational impacts must be clear and
accepted by all parties.
The planning and design of the twinning arrangement
should take into consideration in early phases any
arrangements that might be needed to assist the
recipient institution in retaining newly trained employees.
Both virtual and face-to-face dialogues can require

significant planning and coordination
Can rely heavily on technology: availability of equipment
and connectivity
Need for strict/disciplined moderation
Limited in scope and depth in the absence of follow-up
Risks include: Equipment failure, quality of connection

(including interruption), dialogue can become chaotic
without a good moderator, participants not familiar with
engagement methods, and can become overly political;
dialogue is replaced with prepared speeches.
40

Knowledge Exchange
Table 6. 10 Knowledge Exchange ActivitiesA Brief Overview
ACTION PLANNING
An action plan describes how
participants will implement the
knowledge gained during the
exchange. Its a road map for followup actions. Usually, a facilitator helps
the participants create the action plan.
BRAINSTORMING
Brainstorming is a group problem
solving technique used for
generating many ideas about
a specific topic or issue. A
brainstorming session should tap
into the wisdom of peers, encourage
novelty, and be done at the initial
stages of a project or process.
DEMONSTRATION
In a demonstration activity, an expert
or presenter shows participants how
to perform an activity or procedure or
introduces a new process or innovation.
Ultimately, learners should be able to
perform the demonstrated task on
their own and apply it in their specific
work environment. This activity is
frequently followed by a discussion.
E-DISCUSSION
This is an online dialogue in which
people discuss a topic in an
open setting. E-discussions are
asynchronous; communication does
not have to occur at the same time,
so participants can engage when it
is convenient for them. E-discussions
are managed online through a
discussion forum or similar tool.
GROUP DISCUSSION
They can be very informal to
highly structured and challenging
conversations as part of learning and
knowledge-sharing events. Group
discussions include topic-based
discussions, case-based discussions,
or discussions where the objective is
to solve a problem, make a decision
or create something together.
PANEL OF EXPERTS
A panel of experts is a group of
people with specialized knowledge
who are invited to discuss a topic/
issue before an audience. It requires
a coordinator and moderator.
41

Knowledge Exchange
PRESENTATION
A presentation is an oral report of
information in which the pattern of
communication is mainly a one-way
transmission from the presenter
to participants. The presenters
communication and delivery skills
and the presentation format are
important factors in ensuring the
audience stays engaged.
SURVEY
A survey is a way to gather
information from participants.
Surveys can be used to prompt
discussions, surface areas for
consensus or stakeholder ownership,
and prioritize important next steps
from knowledge-exchange activities.
ROLE PLAY
A highly interactive activity in which
participants act out situations and
problems and then analyze the
situation with the help of other
participants and observers. Role-play
requires an experienced facilitator.
SIMULATION
A simulation exercise presents a
realistic situation and invites learners
to interact in that setting with
objects and/or people (i.e., through
role-play, building models, and
computer games). Many simulations
are in the form of games; the most
successful one is the real-estate game
Monopoly.
42

Knowledge Exchange
3.3c. Select and Sequence Activities

Which activities will most help participants achieve the desired
capacity outcomes?
Whats the best sequence for the activities?
Knowledge exchange activities are the actions through which learning takes place. Common activities are presentations, group discussions, brainstorms, and action planning sessions. Each activity should
contribute to the participants desired capacity outcomes. Like the
instruments, each activity has its own strengths and limitations, with
some more suitable for particular types of learning than others. Activity choice will also be affected by participant profile, group size, time,
logistical constraints, and the resources available.
Going back to our cooking analogy, the activities are like the special
ingredients that make up your soup. These ingredients can be added
to the knowledge exchange instrument in different orders. This sequencing, or deciding when to use one activity in relation to another, is
another factor to consider when selecting activities. Some activities are
more suitable in the knowledge exchange planning phase, while others are more effective in delivery and follow-up.
Well-designed activities will allow participants to:
Experience something new
Internalize the significance of the new experience
Engage in observations, ask questions, share reflections, and
contribute their own experience
Have opportunities for substantive interaction/dialogue with
experts, other participants, and new learning materials
Create a new collective understanding based on knowledge
exchange
Translate the knowledge into action plans
Summarize newly created knowledge in written documents,
transcripts, and audiovisual materials and make them available as
references for both participants and broader groups of stakeholders.
43

Knowledge Exchange
EXAMPLE: Sequencing of Knowledge Exchange Activities for

Tanzanias Study Tour to India
Planning:
To plan for the second phase of their knowledge exchange initiative, the study tour,
Tanzania and India organized a preliminary brainstorm through videoconference to
define the scope of the visit and an e-discussion to prepare a concept note for the
visit.
Delivery:
The study tour included presentations and field visits aimed at learning about
Indias dairy revolution and how it was implemented, from both a political and
practical standpoint. In addition, group discussions were arranged with Indian
business leaders to promote future partnerships for improving Tanzanias dairy
sector.
Follow up:
A series of presentations to colleagues and decision makers back home provided
an opportunity for the Tanzanians to share lessons learned and propose a way
forward.
Activities should be considered for each phase of the knowledge

exchange instrument
1. Planning
2. Delivery
3. Follow-up
44
Knowledge
Exchange
Activity
3.3.c.1
Action planning
What Is Action Planning?
An action plan is a personal or group agenda that describes how a participant, or participants,
will implement the knowledge gained in a given knowledge exchange activity. A participant or
group usually creates an action plan with the assistance of a facilitator. An action plan provides
participants with a tangible output and road map for follow-up actions.
When
Should I
Use Action
Planning?
Following up on the knowledge exchange initiativei.e. when planning next

steps
The learning objective is to apply knowledge
Supporting the transfer of learning to workplace environment
Localizing knowledge to a participants setting
Encouraging ownership by the learner
How Do I
Create an
Effective
Action
Planning
Activity?
What Is the
Facilitators
Role?
The facilitators role is to support the learner(s) in creating an action plan. The
facilitator should:
Provide guidelines to participants about how to create an action plan.
Guide the participants in writing a realistic action plan.
What Is the
Learners
Role?
Define what you hope to accomplish.

Assign roles and responsibilities.
Identify resources and key stakeholders.
Prioritize.
Break down activities into discrete steps that are measurable
Estimate costs.
Decide what is feasible.
Create a timeline with major milestones.
Reflect on the actions that need to be completed to achieve a goal.

Write the actions as discrete tasks that are realistic and attainable.
Identify who is responsible for completing various tasks.
Identify resources needed to complete tasks.
Create a timeline for completing tasks.
Discuss the action plan with key stakeholders who are a part of the enabling
environment to successfully implement the action plan.
45
Which Knowledge Exchange Instruments Utilize Action Planning?
Study visits/
tours
Communities
of practice
Peer
consultations
Conferences
What Does an Action Plan Look Like?
Many formats can be used to create an action plan. For a learning setting, an action plan may
include the following categories:1
ACTION PLAN
Learner:
Date:
Specific focus of the action plan:
Areas of opportunity as well as challenges:
Detailed specific actions
Responsible
person(s)
Resources required Date/time
Step 1.
Step 2.
Step 3.
This format is adapted from Johns Hopkins University: www.reproline.jhu.edu/English/6read/6training/tol/pdf/actionplan_c.pdf
46
Knowledge
Exchange
Activity
3.3.c.2
Brainstorming
What Is Brainstorming?
Brainstorming is a powerful knowledge-exchange activity that can be used for generating ideas
or solutions about a specific topic, or for problem-solving, team-building, and creative processes.
A brainstorming session should tap into the wisdom of peers; encourage novel, out-of-the-box
ideas; and be done at the initial stages of a project or process.
The key goal of brainstorming sessions is to generate as many ideas as possible from
participantsoriginal ideas or ideas that build from each other. Quantity is what counts at this
stage, not quality. For this reason it is important that participants be aware that no idea is a bad
idea. Participants should refrain from judging ideas as they are shared. A successful brainstorm
should result in many bold and unique ideas that can then be analyzed, prioritized, and applied in
relevant contexts.
When
Planning your knowledge exchange initiative i.e., in thinking about
Should I Use
capacity challenges, objectives, or outcomes
Brainstorming?
Implementing your knowledge exchange initiative i.e., when thinking

about how to address problems based on whats been learned
Following upi.e., when thinking about how to apply whats been learned
Facilitating consensus and teamwork, and raising awareness around a
specific area of interest
Generating new ideas or working toward operationalizing something (i.e.,
coming up with tasks)
Engaging participants to come up with ideas to solve a specific problem
Motivating participants to get them to invest in an idea or solution
How Do I
Create an
Effective
Brainstorming
Activity?
Have a dedicated facilitator for the brainstorming session.

Select a brainstorming topic that is relevant to participantssomething on
which participants will have an opinion. This will result in a more appropriate
and useful output.
Organize the session well: Make sure the brainstorm questions and
guidelines are clear and that all participants understand the question and
process.
Dont judge suggested ideas and solutions, either directly or indirectly,
through body language. Judging stifles creative thinking and inhibits the
fullest possible contributions.
Encourage solutions from all participants; one or two people should not
dominate the conversation.
Write down every suggestion and in participants own words. If needed, have
participant clarify meaning. Always check that the idea is correctly reflected.
47
What Is the
Facilitators
Role?
Introduce the topic or problem facing the group.

Manage the process by establishing ground rules: Suggest solutions in rapid
succession, share ideas as they come to mind, and respect others ideas.
Appoint a person to record all suggestions
Establish a time limit.
Assist group to broaden the scope of responses, if necessary.
After the initial idea-sharing phase, provide a method for organizing and
evaluating suggested ideas and solutions.
Provide an approach for how suggested ideas and solutions can best be put
into effect after the brainstorm session.
What Is the
Learners
Role?
Think creatively.
State ideas that come to mind, regardless of how ridiculous they seem.
Refrain from expressing an opinion on other participants ideas and solutions
during the idea-sharing phase.
Assist in evaluating the solutions after the initial idea-sharing phase.
Determine how best to use the information.
Help evaluate the groups learning experience.
Which Knowledge Exchange Instruments Utilize Brainstorming?
Communities
of practice
Twinning
arrangements
Conferences
Dialogues
Study tours
Peer
consultations
48
Knowledge
Exchange
Activity
3.3.c.3
demonstration
What Is a Demonstration?
In a demonstration activity, an expert or presenter shows participants how to perform an activity
or procedure or introduces a new process or innovation. Ultimately, learners should be able to
perform the demonstrated task on their own and apply it in their specific work environment. This
activity is frequently followed by a discussion.
When Should Implementingi.e., when a knowledge provider wants to show participants
I Use a
a new technology, method, etc.
Demonstration?
Knowledge is codified and can be presented in a standardized format.

Addressing learning objectives that are geared toward applying knowledge
or mastering a process.
Sharing practical experience or process steps with the objective of
transferring expertise or good practices.
Sharing an innovation.
Transforming theoretical concepts into practice.
How Do I Create It generally helps to have two people for a demonstration activityone to
an Effective
run the demonstration and the other to present.
Demonstration?
Every presentation should be as customized as possible.

The demonstration should be followed by a brief question-and-answer session.
Each member of the group must be given an opportunity to practice process steps.
The technique works best in smaller groups (5 to 20 people).
Individual guidance during the practice session is important.
The expert should have good pedagogical skills and should adapt the
demonstration for the needs of the audience.
Sufficient time should be made available for all the steps, including
discussion after practice.
Follow-up performance support should be made available to help with the
practical application in the participants contexts.
What Is the
Facilitators
Role?
Demonstrations often require substantive preparation time. The experts or

presenters role is to:
Prepare for the demonstration in advance.
Help the audience understand the context of the demonstration and how it
relates to them.
49
What Is the
Facilitators
Role?
Be confident in his/her ability to perform the task.

Present the solution to address the problems, showing only the features,
benefits, and capabilities that relate to those issues.
Describe the steps of the process as it is being demonstrated.
Proceed slowly and methodically so all can understand.
Lead the discussion after the demonstration.
Embrace questions and concerns, delve deeper to clarify, ask the rest of the
audience how they see the issue.
Provide follow-up performance-support tools and options.
What Is the
Participants
Role?
Good demonstrations should have a high level of participant involvement.

Participants need to:
Understand the purpose of the demonstration.
Listen actively and watch carefully.
Ask questions when the information or process is not clear.
Practice the process steps.
Decide how to best adapt or apply the new knowledge in their own context.
Which Knowledge Exchange Instruments Utilize a demonstration?
Study tours
Expert visits
Communities
of practice
Conferences
Other Key
Are the expected outputs of the demonstration session clear?
Considerations:
Twinning
arrangements
Have you decided how to run the demonstration session?

Did you establish the ground rules for the session?
Have you considered the logistical, resource, and equipment needs for this
session?
50
Knowledge
Exchange
Activity
3.3.c.4
e-Discussions
What Is an e-Discussion?
An e-discussion is a knowledge exchange activity that permits the participants to consider a
question or topic online in an open setting, formal or informal. E-discussions are asynchronous
that is, communication does not have to occur at the same time. E-discussions are managed
online through a discussion forum environment or tool. This kind of knowledge exchange is
flexible, as participants do not need to be available at a fixed time to discuss something, but can
engage when available within the established parameters of the e-discussion.
When Should
I Use an
e-Discussion?
Planningi.e., planning the introductory sessions

Implementingi.e., examining topics in depth or carrying out long-term
collaboration independent of location
Following upi.e., discussing what was learned, coaching / mentoring as
teams try to apply knowledge gained
How Do I
Create an
Effective
e-Discussion?
Provide moderator and participants with how-to documentation on the use of

the e-discussion tool/ environment.
Develop and provide guidelines for participation.
Provide clear instructions on when participants can post and when they can
expect replies.
Define clear expectations as to the outcomes of discussion.
What Is the
Facilitators
Role?
What Is the
PartiCipants
Role?
Follow guidelines and instructions.

Read and respond to postings by moderator and peers in a thoughtful way.
Share information, resources, opinions, and examples, and pose questions.
Choose and invite additional e-discussion moderators as needed.

Clarify the topics and procedures with participants.
Answer questions directed to you within the allotted timeframe.
Keep the discussion on topic.
51
Which Knowledge Exchange Instruments Utilize an e-discussion?
Dialogues
Communities
of practice
Expert visits
Other Key
Are the expected outputs of the e-discussion clear?
Considerations:
Have you decided how to conduct the e-discussion session?

How involved should the moderator be in the e-discussion?
Is this going to be an open-ended, free-flow discussion? Or are specific
outcomes expected?
How have you ensured that all participants can access the e-discussion?
Will the selected tool accommodate the number of participants wanting to
participate?
How will you capture the results of the e-discussion session?
52
3.3.c.5
Knowledge
Exchange
Activity
group Discussions
What Is a Group Discussion?
Group discussions occur in many different formats from very informal ones to highly structured
and challenging discussions included as an integral part of learning and knowledge-sharing
events. Some examples of group discussions include topic-based discussions, case-based
discussions where information about the situation is given to the group and they are asked as
a group to resolve the situation, or discussions where the objective is to solve a problem, make
a decision or create something together. Group facilitation is highly recommended to manage
group dynamics and get the most out of the discussions. The format of facilitation will depend
upon the size of the group and how you plan to structure the group report.
When
Should I
Use a Group
Discussion?
Planningi.e., in thinking about capacity challenges, objectives, or outcomes

Implementingi.e., when thinking about how to address problems based
on whats been learned, or delving deeper into issues
Following upi.e., when thinking about how to apply whats been learned
Allowing richer opportunities for reflection and sharing of ideas, as
compared to question-and-answer sessions
Encouraging inputs and tapping into the wisdom of a broader set of
participantsincluding participants who tend to be reticent in plenary sessions
Enriching plenary discussions
How Do I
Create an
Effective
Group
Discussion?
Participants must have some background information or experience in a topic

to ask informed questions.
The resource person must be able to adapt his/ her content to fit the audience.
The resource person needs to be comfortable speaking to large groups.
The moderator should try to involve participants through different types of questions:

Fact-finding questions
E.g. What kind of project are you involved with currently?

E.g. How would you describe the current situation in your department?

Contextualizing questions
E.g. How might these ideas apply to your projects?

E.g. Is this feasible in your situation?

E.g. What difficulties might arise?

Elaboration questions

E.g. Can you elaborate on that?

E.g. Can you be more specific?

Feeling questions
E.g. Do you and your colleagues feel comfortable with the new mission?
53
What Is the
Facilitators
Role?
Prepare participants ahead of time

Provide background information or instruction
Encourage learners to research the topic
Discuss the topic prior to the full group discussion
Encourage participants to clarify ideas that they dont understand or that
are unclear
Facilitate the discussion among participants and the resource person(s)
Encourage participants to ask questions
Encourage the resource person(s) to connect their knowledge to the needs
and interests of participants
What Is the
Participants
Role?
Read and research background notes, articles and other resources in order to
be prepared for the group discussion
Listen, think, and take notes
Ask questions to each other and the resource person(s)
Respond to questions if asked to do so
Contribute ideas and observations
Which Knowledge Exchange Instruments Utilize Group Discussions?
Study Tours
Communities
of Practice
Conferences
Twinning
Arrangements
Peer
Consultations
Other Key
Are the expected outputs of the group discussion clear?
Considerations:
Have you decided how to run the group discussion?

Will you involve resource person(s)?
Who will moderate?
How will you capture the outcomes of the discussion?
Dialogues
54
Knowledge
Exchange
Activity
3.3.c.6
panel of experts
What Is a Panel of Experts?
A panel of experts is a group of people with specialized knowledge who are invited to discuss a
topic/issue before an audience. Requires a coordinator and moderator.
When
Should I Use
a Panel of
Experts?
How Do I
Create an
Effective
Panel of
Experts?
Implementingi.e., providing detailed, highly specialized information on

a topic
Introducing or raising awareness about a topic or an issue
Lending credibility to a topic or providing an expert perspective
Emphasizing the importance of a topic
Providing multiple perspectives on a topic
Making presentations more engaging and maintaining a higher level of
interest from the audience
A panel of experts is not useful by itself when the learning objective is to
apply, analyze, or integrate knowledge, or to create information.
Choose panelists for their knowledge, communication skills, and effectiveness
as speakers.
Provide panelists with background information about participants and the
relevance of the topic area for them.
Encourage participants to learn about the panel discussion topic before the
event; provide or suggest appropriate background documents to them.
Hold a pre-event briefing with panelists at least two weeks before the event
to familiarize the moderator and all the panelists with the content of the
presentations.
Strongly encourage panelists to prepare for the event in advance.
Strongly encourage panelists not to use PowerPoint but rather to engage in
dialogue with the other panelists and the audience (if it is small enough).
Obtain short bios (3-4 sentences) from each panelist.
Have participants apply new information through follow-up activities.
What Is the
Choose and invite panel members.
Moderators
Clarify the topics and procedures (e.g., time allotment, order of
Role?
presentations, how questions will be handled) with panel members.

Introduce panel members and moderate discussion.
55
What Is the
Moderators
Role?
Keep the panelists to their allotted time and ensure relatively equal exposure for all panelists.
Facilitate question-and-answer session.
Act as the participants advocate by reading their reactions and making necessary adjustments,
ensuring that their questions are answered, and managing the overall pace of the presentations.
Ask questions of the panelists, as appropriate, to further understanding or enhance relevance for the participants.
Stay actively engaged during the panelists presentations rather than checking phone, shuffling
papers, or holding a side conversation.
What Is the
Participants
Role?
Listen, think, take notes, and ask questions of panelists.
Which Knowledge Exchange Instruments Utilize a Panel of Experts?
Study visits/
tours
Dialogues
Conferences
Other Key
Are the expected outputs of the panel of experts session clear?
Considerations:
Have you decided how to run the panel of experts session?
Will there be a question-and-answer period after each panelist or at the end of the presentations with
all panelists?
Will the panel of experts be in a face-to-face environment, streamed online / via video, or all of the above?
Will the panel of experts presentations be recorded for later viewing?
Have you adequately advertised this event?
Have you considered the following what-ifs and decided on a contingency plan?
What will you do if you are running out of time?
What will you do if there are too many participants? What if there are not enough?
What if your desired panelists require compensation? Do you have adequate budget?
What if you are unable to get enough panelists to participate?
What will you do if one or more panelists are unavailable at the last minute?
What will you do if the equipment malfunctions?
56
Knowledge
Exchange
Activity
3.3.c.7
Presentation
What Is a Presentation?
A presentation is an oral report of information in which the pattern of communication is mainly
a one-way transmission from the presenter to participants. The presenters communication and
delivery skills and the presentation format are important factors in ensuring that the participants
stay focused and engaged.
When
Should I Use a
Presentation?
Planningi.e., introducing or raising awareness about the knowledge

provider experience
Implementingi.e., providing detailed information on a topic to a group
of people
Following upi.e., presenting findings and recommended actions to a
large number of people
Knowledge is codified and can be presented in a standardized format
You want to establish learner interest in a subject
You want to control the message
The information is unavailable anywhere else, or is difficult to obtain
How Do I
Create an
Effective
Presentation?
Determine the audiences needs and decide how to make the topic most
relevant to them.
Determine what you want the audience to do as a result of the presentation.
Develop one overarching theme or key message and support that with no
more than 2-3 secondary points.
Keep the presentation to 20-30 minutes; shorter presentations tend to be
more effective.
To keep the audience engaged, integrate interactive techniques into the
presentationquestions, polls, small group exercises, and report-outs.
Use illustrations, examples, and stories that contextualize the information for
the audience.
Create a strong opening that will engage the audience immediately (e.g., a
story, a startling statistic, a rhetorical question).
Prepare transitions to move smoothly from one section of the presentation to
the next to help the audience follow the flow.
Do not end the presentation by asking if there are any questions; rather, end
by summarizing or highlighting the key message.
Prepare a detailed presentation outline and choose any support tools
(PowerPoint, props, handouts) only after developing this outline.
57
How Do I
Create an
Effective
Presentation?
Use notes, not PowerPoint slides, to keep on track and ensure that all relevant points are covered.
PowerPoint is the most overused and misused presentation tool. Ask yourself if PowerPoint will add any value
to the presentation. If you do use PowerPoint slides, create them for the audience, not for the presenter.
Use PowerPoint slides for visuals (graphics, pictures, graphs and charts).
Use PowerPoint slides to keep the audience focused and highlight main points by simply showing a headline
or a few key words.
Do not create text-heavy presentations with every word a presenter says written on the slide.
Never read the PowerPoint slides verbatim.
Schedule time to review the presentation and rehearse it out loud at least twice before presenting.
What Is the
Presenters
Role?
To communicate meaningful and relevant information in accessible

language.
What Is the
Participants
Role?
To listen, think, take notes, and ask questions.
Which Knowledge Exchange Instruments Utilize Presentations?
Study tours
Communities
of practice
Conferences
Twinning
arrangements
Other Key
Are the expected outputs of the presentation clear?
Considerations:
Dialogues
Have you decided how to run the presentation session?

Will there be a question-and-answer period after the presentation, or will questions be taken throughout
the presentation, or both?
Will there be handouts for the participants?
Will the presentation be in a face-to-face environment, streamed online / via video, or all of the above?
Will the presentation be recorded for later viewing?
Have you adequately advertised this event?
Have you considered the following what-ifs and decided on a contingency plan?
What will you do if there are too many participants? What if there are not enough?
What if your desired presenter requires compensation? Do you have adequate budget?
What will you do if your presenter is unavailable at the last minute?
What will you do if there is an equipment failure?
58
Knowledge
Exchange
Activity
3.3.c.8
Role-play
What Is a Role-Play?
Role-playing is a highly interactive activity in which participants act out situations and problems
and then analyze the situation with the help of other role-players and observers. This type of
activity requires an experienced facilitator.
When
Should I Use
a Role-Play?
Planningi.e., considering different perspectives before multi-stakeholder

negotiations
Implementingi.e., learning procedural knowledge, particularly how to
interact with people in customer or client relations, counseling situations,
peer dynamics, interviews, and conflicts
Following upi.e., the knowledge outcome is to implement a plan or
strategy, or enhance skills
Applying information and knowledge
Gauging how participants respond to a scenario
Encouraging different or new behavior
How Do I
Create an
Effective
Role-Play?
Roles and scenario have to be realistic and relevant to the group.

Create and run the role-play scenario by using case studies from literature or
personal experience, or ask participants to decide on the scenario themselves.
The scenario must provide enough context to orient role-players and observers.
To be effective, role-play should be unscripted, not a scripted dramatization:
spontaneous action and dialogue are key to effective role-playing.
Create at most five roles for any scenario; many role-plays are done with just two people.
Cast people who will be able to execute the role and will not feel threatened or exposed.
Have the facilitator play the difficult or unpopular role, if required, in a scenario.
Have participants endorse different roles during the activity.
Set a time limit and clear objectives.
Stop the role-play when
1. The desired situation has been adequately demonstrated, so that the group can
analyze the situation,
2. The role-players have reached an impasse.
3. The role-players have been miscast.

4. There is a natural closing to the dialogue or actions.
5. The time limit has been reached.
59
What Is the
Facilitators
Role?
Identify an overall objective for the role-play.

Define the problem and establish a real-life scenario that is relevant to participants.
Determine which roles are needed for the scenario, and establish the characteristics of each role.
Cast the roles, either by soliciting volunteers or suggesting individuals to play particular roles.
Provide participants a synopsis of the role they are to play.
Advise remaining participants what they should look for and note as observers.
Perhaps serve as a role-player, particularly for a difficult or unpopular role.
Facilitate the discussion and analysis of the role-play.
In the discussion and analysis phase ask the role-players to comment first on the enactment to set
the tone of the discussion.
In the discussion and analysis phase ask observers to
1. Discuss what took place during the role-play.
2. Offer their own related experience and knowledge, not just their opinions
3. Discuss how the role-play situation or problem relates to their work and
4. Suggest how the situation could have been addressed differently or more quickly.
In the discussion and analysis phase ask all participants to discuss what has been learned in
relation to the overall objective stated at the outset.
What Is the
Learners
Role?
Volunteer to play a role, if volunteers are sought; accept a role if assigned.

Be an observer who comments on the role-play when it is completed.
Help create the role-play problem and scenario, if requested.
Which Knowledge Exchange Instruments Utilize Role-Play?
Study tours
Communities
of practice
Conferences
Dialogues
Are the expected outputs of the role-play activity clear?

Other Key
Considerations: Have you decided how to run the role-play session?
Have you identified a facilitator?
Do the actors know their parts?
Did you establish the ground rules for the activity for
the participants?
Have you thought through a clear debrief plan?
Twinning
arrangements
Have you considered the following what ifs and

decided on contingency plans?
What will you do if there are too many
participants?
What if the players do not understand their roles?
Or the participants do not understand whats
happening?
How will the analysis take place?
60
Knowledge
Exchange
Activity
3.3.c.9
Simulation Exercise or Immersive Learning

What Is a Simulation Exercise?
A simulation exercise presents a realistic, structured situation and invites learners to interact in
that setting with objects and/or people (i.e., through role-play, building models, and computer
games). Simulation overlaps with and differs from role-play: In both, the goal is to create realistic
situations, but in role-play, the focus is on realistic human relations. Many simulations are in the
form of games; the most successful simulation is the real-estate game Monopoly.
Simulations vary in how simple or complex they are, and how large a role they have in a learning
event: They can be the bulk of an event (e.g., simulated cadavers as a course at some medical
schools) or partial (e.g., financial planning games).
When
Should
I Use a
Simulation
Exercise?
Planningi.e., to analyze or evaluate an existing situation

Implementingi.e., to provide an immersive experience to gain crucial
intrinsic motivation and meaningful learning
Following upi.e., to help create or evaluate a model or plan for a new
system or encourage application of knowledge and skill development
through reinforcement and conditioning
Knowledge is codified and can be presented in a standardized format
A simulation is not useful by itself in creating a deep understanding of the skill
or content.
How Do I
Create an
Effective
Simulation
Exercise?
Clearly defining the learning objective(s) is crucial to building a better learning

impact evaluation system.
To prolong learners attention span, set up a controlled facility by providing the right
social context that facilitates asking the right questions and going to the right places.
Lay down simple rules of the game and provide written directions to start the
simulation; remember that complicated rules only frustrate learners.
Ensure that adequate resources and time are available to complete the exercise.
Do a run-through of the simulation or game in sequence before the learning event.
Establish a termination point for the game.
Set criteria for success in using the simulation or game; a feeling of mastery
from completing a level is an intrinsic motivation in learning.
As appropriate, act as a referee or guide in the game so that participants will
not reach an impasse.
Debrief and encourage learners to evaluate their experience; this captures
learners feedback so it can enhance the simulation scenario and better align
it with learning objectives.
Illustrate the possible implications of available courses of action; learners can
take these into account and build new schemas.
61
What Is the
Facilitators
Role?
The facilitator should establish criteria for evaluating an existing, or creating a new, simulation or
game. The criteria should focus on achieving specific learning objectives.
What Is the
Participants
Role?
Facilitators are encouraged to search for existing simulations or games on topics as diverse as the following:
Decision-making games for senior managers running a company.
How to organize and do chemistry experiments online (created by Carnegie Mellon University).
How to weld online (created by College Boreal in Ontario).
SimCity as a videogame for urban planners.
Understand and analyze the situation.
Make decisions and act on those decisions.
Learn from the consequences of their decisions and evaluate alternatives.
Do the best to strive against obstacles to reach a predetermined goal.
Learn the advantages of competition and cooperation in appropriate situations.
To empathize and understand the roles and concepts assigned in the simulation.
Learn how an individuals behavior and actions can change the environment.
Learn the consequences of poor judgment or lack of skill.
Learn the role of external variables and chance.
Learn the value of creating alternate problem-solving strategies.
To test ideas in the crucible of events, conditions, and personalities.
Which Knowledge Exchange Instruments Utilize Simulations?
Communities
of practice
Conferences
Twinning
Other Key
What is the problem to be resolved?
Considerations:
Who and what will a simulation teach?

Is the game at the right level for my participants?
What preparations will be necessary to play the game?
How long will the game take, and how will it fit into the learning event?
How will I be able to determine what students have learned?
Are the expected outputs of the simulation or game clear?
Have you decided how to run the simulation or game?
Did you establish the ground rules for the activity for the participants?
Do you have clear assessment criteria?
62
Knowledge
Exchange
Activity
3.3.c.10
survey
What Is a Survey?
A survey is a way to gather information from participantsfor example, about what their
knowledge needs are, how well they understand content presented to them, or what their
opinions are on the usefulness of what has been presented. Surveys can be used before,
during, or after a knowledge exchange to make learning more relevant, interactive, and useful
for learners. Surveys are also effective as a polling tool to prompt discussions, surface areas
for consensus or stakeholder ownership, and prioritize important next steps or action items
and outputs from knowledge-exchange activities. Simple polling tools are available that allow
participants to respond to questions from a facilitator in real time.
When
Should I Use
a Survey?
Planningi.e., capturing participants perspectives and opinions to inform

the design of KE activities
Implementingi.e., creating an interactive dynamic with increased learner
participation or gauging how well participants understand the subject matter
Following upi.e., evaluating the achievement of planned follow up
activities
How Do I
Create an
Effective
Survey?
Limit the scope of the survey.

Include simple instructions.
Use brief, tightly focused questions that cover one subject and are not general
or ambiguous, nor leading.
Follow good practice in designing the response options:
Use closed-ended questions when appropriate and if aggregation
of responses is required. Developing the questions is more timeconsuming up front, but analysis of results is simpler.
Pretest your survey before distributionideally, with individuals similar
to your respondents.
Use open-ended questions when a narrative response is required, and
limit the number of response options. In using such questions, consider
your capacity to process the responses and how they will be used;
narrative responses require more intensive data analysis for processing the
responses and understanding and interpreting the results.
Use balanced rating scales and labels for each option on the rating scale
to enhance the likelihood that respondents understand the scale.
Provide space for additional explanation at the end of your survey.
63
What Is the
Facilitators
Role?
To understand how the responses will be used.

To decide when it is useful to survey participants.
To work with the survey developer to create the appropriate questions according to the timing
and purpose of the survey. Including:
Factual questions (about participants current knowledge).
Conceptual questions (about whether participants understand a concept).
Opinion questions.
Data-gathering questions (about demographics and experiences).
Ensure that respondents understand the instructions, and answer any questions related to the
survey.
Collect responses.
Forward the survey to appropriate staff to analyze and/or summarize the responses.
Encourage group discussion before, during, or after the survey as appropriate for the KE activity.
What Is the
Participants
Role?
To listen to/read the survey questions carefully.

To ask for clarification when needed.
To ponder each question and answer it to the best of his/her ability.
Which Knowledge Exchange Instruments Utilize Surveys?
Study tours
Communities of
practice
Conferences
Dialogues
Twinning
arrangements
Expert visits
Here is one example of how to use a survey as a learning method:

Other Key
Considerations:
1. The facilitator surveys participants by posing a multiple-choice question.
2. Participants respond to the question. There are three common tools for answering the question:
Raising hands (participants often feel inhibited in responding candidly).
Raising a flash card. All participants are given flash cards numbered 1 to 4 or with different colors/
symbols. When asked the question, all respond at the same time with their choice. Participants are
less likely to feel watched by others while responding and more likely to be candid with their answers.
Submitting an answer using a hand-held polling tool that looks like a remote control. A polling tool provides
anonymous responses, encouraging a candid response.
3. Survey information is collected. The facilitator is responsible for noting the response trend when
participants raise their hands or flash cards. With a polling tool, software on the facilitators computer
collects responses and produces a chart showing what choices participants made.
4. The survey responses are used to inform the activity and guide the next steps.
64

Knowledge Exchange
Figure 4. Example Sequencing of a Study Tour

Brainstorm through video
conference to meet and agree on the
scope of the mission
e-Discussion to prepare a concept
note
E-DISCUSSION
Presentation, in person, to learn

how blueprint was implemented in
another country
Field Visit, in person, to see how
blueprint was implemented and
meet the beneficiaries
Demonstration, in person, with local
business leaders to consider possible
partnerships
Presentation, to colleagues and

officials back home about lessons
learned and steps forward
Designing a Group Discussion for the Tanzanian Delegation and Indian Business Leaders
Prior to delivering this activity, the following will need to be considered:
Guest list: Which companies should be invited and why?
Timing: When should they meet? For how long?
Format: Will there be a moderator? What can be done to help both groups get what
they want out of the exchange?
Location: Where is the most convenient place for everyone to meet? Is this location
conducive to promoting networking and conversation?
Next steps: What can be done to ensure this activity leads to something useful?
65

Knowledge Exchange
3.3d. Design the Activities

How should each activity be designed and delivered?
Once youve selected and sequenced your activities, you should think
about how youre going to design and deliver them. For example,
when designing an action planning session, you would start with a
preparatory meeting to:
Define what you hope to accomplish
Assign roles and responsibilities (facilitator, key participants, other
resource people for content preparation etc.)
Prepare the agenda and the list of materials needed
Create a timeline with major milestones leading up to the session
Review budget and logistics
A single knowledge exchange initiative will consist of many activities.
Some activities are more complex than others and will require greater
planningfor example, an immersive learning experience will take
some serious thought and may require additional staff support to pull
off, whereas a group discussion is probably something you can organize quite quickly with little help.
Another thing to consider while designing your activities is the way in
which they will be delivered. Delivery can be in real time or staggered,
in person or virtual. Some methods are better for building trust and
consensus, whereas others promote greater participation and deeper
reflection. Some are cheap, others expensive. See Annex III for more
on delivery modes.
Keep in mind that the success of a knowledge exchange initiative rests
on the achievement of the targeted capacity outcomes rather than on
the delivery of a predetermined set of activities or even instruments.
Individual activities within a knowledge exchange instrument, or even
the instrument itself, might need to be adjusted during implementation to better ensure that learning goals are met.
66

Knowledge Exchange
3.3e. Activity Delivery Modes

The way in which knowledge exchange participants interact with one
another or with learning content is called the delivery mode. A delivery
mode is either synchronous (occurring at the same time) or asynchronous (occurring at different times).
Synchronous knowledge exchange: Formats include face-to-face,
audio, online chat, and video conferencing. Synchronous delivery
modes are useful for encouraging dialogue, and when trying to
build trust and consensus.
Asynchronous knowledge exchange: Formats include e-learning,
online discussion forums, online social networking, and email. These
methods are increasingly being blended with face to face delivery,
as they provide participants with greater flexibility in access and
participation, allow for sustained interaction in a cost-effective way,
and encourage deeper reflection.
The choice for one delivery mode or another is usually determined by
a number of constraints.
Cost: Face-to-face and video conferencing behave very similarly in
terms of cost. It costs less per participant to use video conferencing
than face-to-face, but for both modes there are no economies of scale.
E-learning, on the other hand, requires a lot of preparation time, but
once it is ready it becomes by far the cheapest delivery mode.
Access to technology: Video conferencing, e-learning and other
online knowledge exchange activities require access to certain
technologies. Most online platforms are free to use or cost very
little. Video conferencing requires special equipment and facilities.
Audience characteristics: The schedules and profiles of high level
people are best suited for synchronous delivery modes such as faceto-face sessions and video conferencing, while large or distributed
audiences are best reached through asynchronous delivery modes.
Literacy (including digital literacy): Your participants should
feel comfortable with the technology used for delivery in order to
engage effectively in the activity.
Language: Accommodating multiple languages can be challenging.
Simultaneous interpretation is easier for presentations and in KE
activities where there is more structure. Asynchronous activities
allow time for translation.
67

Knowledge Exchange
Cultural background and individual learning styles: Some people
prefer learning passively (i.e., through presentation, demonstration,

etc.) and others prefer active or experiential learning (i.e., through
role play, simulation, or dialogue).
External environment: Natural disasters can affect the possibility of
travel, of convening, or of access to technology.
Step 3.4. Plan the Results Measurement

How will you know whether the exchange is successful or not?
A knowledge exchange without results is not fruitful. The main purpose of this planning guide is to help you ensure that your knowledge
exchange initiativeand all the work you and others put into itleads
to results.
Each capacity outcome targeted by the knowledge exchange initiative
can and should be measured. As the knowledge exchange organizer,
you want to know and be able to demonstrate how participants have
been empowered to achieve the capacity outcomes they set for themselves, and how this contributes toward the institutional change your
clients and participants seek to realize.
Capacity outcomes can be assessed in numerous ways. The following
table illustrates a few possibilities.
68

Knowledge Exchange
Table 7. Examples of Tanzanias Indicators for Capacity Outcomes

Capacity Outcome
Specific Outcome
Measurable Indicators
Enhanced knowledge
and skills
Officials in the Ministry of Agriculture,

National Dairy Development Board,
leading dairy producers, processors,
and distributors have a better
understanding of the constraints facing
Tanzanias dairy sector and are better
equipped to develop effective policies
to improve performance.
Tanzanian officials develop new

policies based on the Indian
model. They apply specific
lessons learned from India as
they implement the reforms in
Tanzania.
Improved consensus
and teamwork
Exchange participants reach agreement

on a blueprint of potential dairy sector
reforms appropriate in Tanzania.
Key stakeholder groups including

leading dairy producers,
processors, and distributors
publish the blueprint or otherwise
make it available to the public.
New implementation
know-how
NDDB participants gain first-hand

experience attempting reforms
through a rapid results approach. This
helps them identify constraints and
challenges before rolling out reforms
on a larger scale.
An official report or other

documented proof that the
National Dairy Board tried to
implement the rapid results
approach and applied lessons to
scale up reforms.
The process of selecting and assigning measures should always include the consideration
of existing data sources and the feasibility of collecting relevant data. Whenever possible,
it is important to establish the following for any measure(s) used. (See table 8, page 69)
69

Knowledge Exchange
Table 8: The Basics of Measuring Results

The baseline
value at the start
of the initiative
A quantitative or qualitative statement that explains the value of a measure

before the knowledge exchange is implemented or at its beginning. Identifying
the baseline value for each measure allows practitioners to later assess any
changes in the measured value that could be attributed to the program.
Targets or
benchmarks
for progress at
various intervals
or stages (e.g.,
after specific
events)
Targeted outcomes can only be confirmed if target value(s) are established at

the beginning of the initiative. The target value should be expressed in terms
that are comparable to the baseline value. Consider what is feasible given the
people involved, the instruments, activities, and delivery modes used, and the
available timeframe of the exchange.
Methods, tools,
and roles/
responsibilities
for collecting
and analyzing
the monitoring
information
The achievement of capacity outcomes can be analyzed by monitoring changes

in the indicators over time. This is why regularly tracking program progress
is critical. The data collection methods and the tools necessary to utilize
them should be clarified and responsible agents identified in order to ensure
implementation. Example monitoring methods and tools include:
Specify the estimated confirmation date of each capacity outcome. Some

capacity outcomes can be assessed during the program (i.e. after a specific
event), whereas others might need more time to be confirmed.
Method: Rapid appraisal, participatory method

Data Collection Tools: Surveys, focus groups, structured interviews, network
analysis, awareness campaign effectiveness measures/analysis, monitoring the
passing of certain laws for reform
Monitoring
and evaluation
outputs to
improve the
knowledge
exchange
initiative
Regularly review the results of activity surveys or feedback sessions with

participants. Make adjustments as necessary to make sure participants are
getting the most out of each activity. This will better help participants reach
their desired capacity outcomes.
Plans for
disseminating
the performance
information at
regular intervals
Develop a clear dissemination and consultation plan with your stakeholders to

discuss lessons, findings, and evidence.
The documentation of capacity outcomes and results, coupled with the detailed
description of project activities, lets you, your clients and others know what
interventions have been effective and under what conditions. This information
can be used to ensure better planning in the future.
71
Implement the
Knowledge
Exchange
Implement the
Knowledge
Exchange
There are plenty of issues to address at the implementation phase,
and usually the planning for this phase starts well before the initiative is
ready for implementation. A great deal depends on the delivery modes
that have been selected, but mostly implementation involves project
management and logistics or fine-tuning of the activities and agenda.
Visit the World Bank Institutes Knowledge Exchange website at:
http://wbi.worldbank.org/sske/guide/implement
72
Report the
Results
73
Report the
Results
Report the
Results
The documentation of capacity outcomes and results, coupled with
the detailed description of project activities, lets you, your clients,
donors and others know what interventions have been effective and
under what conditions. This information can be used to ensure better
planning in the future.
Visit the World Bank Institutes Knowledge Exchange website at:
http://wbi.worldbank.org/sske/guide/results
74
74
CASE STUDIES
case study
expert visits
Bolivia
dialogUEs
Problems in Common: Brazil,

Indonesia and Mexico Converge to
Help Bolivia with Extreme Poverty
Study visits/
tours
New Measures
will Help
Maternal
and Infant
Healthcare
and Lower
Infant
MortalitY
Despite Bolivias best efforts to alleviate poverty

through targeted social programs, vast populations
of the nation 59% of the indigenous and 62% of
rural populations still live in extreme poverty. Bolivias Ministry of Development Planning approached
the World Bank to help identify countries that have
successful poverty reduction programs focusing on
indigenous and rural populations.
Brazil, Mexico, and Indonesia were identified as
nations who had made strides towards alleviating
poverty among rural populations by using innovative
Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) and CommunityDriven Development (CDD) programs, and a knowledge exchange was arranged by the Bank between
officials, planners, and experts from the four countries in order to explore ways to improve the operational effectiveness of Bolivias social programs.
75
CASE STUDIES
Through expert visits, global dialogues and a study tour, the

knowledge and skills that Bolivian planners gained from the exchange
saved a great deal of trial and error in how to better design and
implement social programs for Bolivias neediest people. Bolivian officials also became aware of how social programs could be improved
through smart monitoring and evaluation (M&E) systems. The exchange was almost derailed when Bolivias elections and subsequent
changes in government made communications difficult, but the team
coalesced on multiple levels within the Bank and worked in collaboration with the Bolivian government to overcome the challenges. The
Knowledge Exchange triumphed, resulting in a large number of ongoing social program improvements.
Outcomes included:
Raised awareness about innovative social programs.
Improved consensus about the importance of M&E.
Enhanced the skills of Bolivian officials to design and implement
social programs.
Increased implementation
Bolivia now plans to apply rigorous M&E techniques that have been
used successfully in Mexico to enact a conditional cash transfer program for maternal and infant healthcare. The new M&E approach has
the potential to lower infant mortality rates by ensuring that mothers
and children receiving program benefits follow program requirements,
such as attending doctor visits, taking medications, and getting vaccinations.
The Bolivians
were able to
understand that
conditional
cash transfers
are not very
effective
without
ensuring that
conditions for
receiving funds
are being met.
Samuel Freije-Rodriguez, a Senior
Economist in the World Banks Latin
American region.
76
76
CASE STUDIES
case study
Study visits/
tours
Haiti
Peer
consultations
LEarning to deal with Devastation
Conferences
Using Lessons
from Horrific
Tsunami,
Indonesia Helps
Haiti Shore
up Housing
Infrastructure
after
Earthquake
through
Knowledge
Exchange
The earthquake that struck Haiti in January 2010 left

most of the countrys housing infrastructure in shambles. While the Haitian government strove to provide
emergency and temporary shelters, it was unable
to focus adequate attention on long-term housing.
The Haitian government turned to Indonesia for
information, as the nation had successfully adopted
transparent community-based approaches to housing reconstruction after the devastation of the 2004
tsunami. The World Bank subsequently fostered an
exchange of experience between Haitian decisionmakers and Indonesian reconstruction experts, government officials, and community members.
Through the Knowledge Exchange, peer consultations, conferences and a study tour provided opportunities to discuss the similarities and differences
of both nations experiences. Haitian officials sought
to enhance their knowledge of ways to respond to
disasters, focusing on planning and implementation
tools for community-based housing reconstruction.
77
CASE STUDIES
Haitian authorities received knowledge from public officials, community members, and representatives of international communities
engaged in Indonesias reconstruction process.
Capacity outcomes included:
Raised Awareness
Improved Consensus and Teamwork
Enhanced Networks
The Indonesian concept of Gotong Royong (meaning mutual help)
was key to Indonesias community housing reconstruction, and this
same concept helped the Haitian government in promoting community development and forming coalitions to assist in implementing community based housing projects. Importantly, Haitian officials leveraged
the learning from this exchange to develop a blueprint for the first set
of housing units. In addition, the exchange made the government of
Haiti aware of the needs to amend housing policy and establish and
implement new policies to facilitate the reconstruction process.
The exchange also fostered international ties between Haitian decision makers and community members and their Indonesian counterparts, and strengthened linkages with experts in urban planning and
housing reconstruction. This contributed to the rebuilding process in
Haiti, and is expected to enable more effective management of the
urban landscape over the medium-to-long term.
The Indonesian
concept of
Gotong Royong
(meaning mutual
help) was key
to Indonesias
community
housing
reconstruction,
and this same
concept helped
the Haitian
Government
78
78
CASE STUDIES
case study
Study visits/
tours
cambodia
Communities
of practice
A Lesson from China: Dont Put All

Your Clothes in One Basket
Peer
consultations
Conferences
From the
Knowledge
Exchange:
Nurturing
Special
Economic
Zones (SEZs)
and Clusters
in Cambodia
Garment production alone accounts for nearly 90

percent of annual Cambodian exports, leaving the
country vulnerable to economic shocks such as the
recent global economic downturn, which halted
nearly a decade of consistent economic growth in
Cambodia. In order to shore up the Cambodian
economy against such shocks, the Banks Cambodia
Office team organized a multi-tiered Knowledge
Exchange between Cambodia and China. Through
the Knowledge Exchange, Cambodian economic
and planning officials travelled to China in order to
learn about the Peoples Republic of Chinas industrial cluster policies and Special Economic Zones
(SEZs), which played a major role in facilitating the
growth of Chinas now famous export industries. The
Cambodian delegation came away from China with:
Increased implementation know-how by
highlighting how some of Chinas reform
experiences might be adapted and applied in
Cambodia.
79
CASE STUDIES
Raised awarenesss about the multidisciplinary nature of SEZ
development requiring input from many Ministries

Improved consensus about the potential for SEZs to stimulate
economic growth and private sector investment.
Impressed with public administration reforms they had seen in China,
the Cambodian Development Council (CDC) expressed a desire to
begin implementing a computerized system to automate SEZ investment approvals. Several Chinese government officials and entrepreneurs expressed interest in cooperating with or potentially investing in
Cambodia in the future.
This type of
bottom-up
learning is
really important.
I wanted to
join the activity
and make sure
all Cambodian
officials see
and hear the
thinking behind
these policies.
H.E. Sok Chenda, Minister attached to
the prime minister in charge of Special
Economic Zones.
81
The World Bank

and Knowledge
THE WORLD
BANK &
KNOWLEDGE:
Connecting Globally, Enabling Locally
The World Banks role as a knowledge institution has evolved to include three distinct functions
Producing and disseminating high-quality global and country
knowledge
Working with clients to customize policies and programs to meet
specific challenges based on the best available knowledge
Connecting governments, civil society, and private actors with
others that have faced similar challenges
Because of its scale and diversity, the World Bank can play any or all of
these roles as needed to address development challenges:
Knowledge producer. Knowledge is produced all across the World
Bank. One example is the Development Economics Unit, which provides intellectual leadership and analytical services to the Bank and the
development community.
Knowledge customizer. World Bank task teams and country offices
interact directly with clients organizing and applying knowledge from
a wide range of sources to help countries address their development
challenges.
82
The World Bank

and Knowledge
Knowledge connector. The World Banks engagement through global

partnerships and facilitation of South-South exchanges highlights its
role as connector. Operational units perform this role as a part of their
client services, while the World Bank Institute (WBI) focuses mainly on
this role. WBI facilitates regional and global knowledge exchange by
linking country practitioners and policy makers to sources and centers
of cutting-edge knowledge and innovation across the world.
The only
source of
knowledge is
experience
Albert Einstein
THE ART OF
KNOWLEDGE
EXCHANGE
A Results-Focused Planning Guide
For Development Practitioners
http://wbi.worldbank.org/sske/guide/

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THE ART OF

The Planning Guide Whats Inside?

It will help you:

that responds to those needs

Implement the knowledge exchange initiative

Authors: Shobha Kumar and Aaron Leonard, WBI Knowledge Exchange

Step 1. Anchor the Knowledge Exchange .................... 1

Step 2. Define the Knowledge Exchange........................ 7

Step 3. Design and Develop the

Figure 4. Sequencing of a Study Tour.................................................................. 64

Step 4. Implement the Knowledge Exchange................71

the world bank and knowledge .....................................81

Illustrative CASE STUDY

Got Milk? How Tanzania Learned

Enhanced knowledge and skills

This approach helps you to:

Figure 1. Five Steps to a Successful Knowledge Exchange

Design and Develop It

Report the Results

towards its achievement?

1.1. Identify the Development Goal (and How to

Tanzanias Development Goal

1.2. Identify the Institutional Capacity Challenge(s)

1. Weak stakeholder ownership

Table 1. Institutional Capacity Challenges & Characteristics1

Policy instruments refer to

Ambiguity in defining rights and

1.3. Consider the Capacity-development Objective(s)

TANZANIAS CAPACITY CHALLENGES

knowledge exchange initiative will contribute and how these changes

TANZANIAS CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE

In Step 2 you will:

Step 2.1. Identify the Ideal Participant Profiles

Selecting the participants is a juggling act. The list of knowledge exchange

Table 2: Selecting Participants

Talk to your clients when considering participants

Tanzanias Participant Profiles

Step 2.2. Consider the Desired Capacity Outcomes

Table 3. Capacity Outcomes & Change Types3

A person is more likely to act because of an

Enhanced knowledge and

A person is more capable of acting because of

Improved consensus and

A group with a common task is more likely or

A group with diverse objectives but a common

A group with a common interest but no formal

A person or group is more likely or able to

Is it clear how the capacity-development objective ties into

Action and behavioral change

Do you have the knowledge and/or skills to achieve the

Altered processes and relationships

New implementation know-how

Has the policy, strategy, or plan been implemented?

Capacity Outcomes Sought by Tanzania

Step 2.3. Identify the Most Appropriate Knowledge

Tanzanias Knowledge Providers

Design and Develop the

Design and Develop the

Figure 2: Designing and Developing the Knowledge Exchange