Now consider the shaded square in Figure 3.

Figure 3

Figure 4

UK Junior Mathematical Olympiad 2009

If the path joined this square to the square below, then a closed loop would be formed and the
ant could not complete a circuit of the board. Hence the path joins the shaded square to the
square on its left (Figure 4).

Organised by The United Kingdom Mathematics Trust

There are now only two squares which the ant's path has not visited. If a path through all the
squares did not join these two, then two loops would be formed instead of a single circuit. We
deduce that the path joins these two squares and then there are only two ways of completing
the path, as shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5

Tuesday 16th June 2009

RULES AND GUIDELINES :

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE STARTING
1.

Time allowed: 2 hours.

2.

The use of calculators and measuring instruments is forbidden.

3.

All candidates must be in School Year 8 or below (England and Wales), S2 or below
(Scotland), School Year 9 or below (Northern Ireland).

4.

For questions in Section A only the answer is required. Enter each answer neatly in the relevant
box on the Front Sheet. Do not hand in rough work. Write in blue or black pen or pencil.

B6 I want to choose a list of n different numbers from the first 20 positive integers so that no two
of my numbers differ by 5. What is the largest value of n for which this is possible? How
many different lists are there with this many numbers?
Solution
Any such list contains at most two numbers from the set {1, 6, 11, 16}, at most two numbers
from the set {2, 7, 12, 17}, and likewise from each of the sets {3, 8, 13, 18}, {4, 9, 14, 19} and
{5, 10, 15, 20}. Hence there are at most 5 2 = 10 numbers altogether. The list of ten
numbers, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 shows that a selection is indeed possible.
From each of these sets of four numbers of the form {a, a + 5, a + 10, a + 15}, there are three
pairs which do not differ by 5, namely (a, a + 10}, {a, a + 15} and {a + 5, a + 15}. Since
we are choosing a pair from each of five such sets, there will be 35 = 243 different lists.

For questions in Section B you must give full written solutions, including clear mathematical
explanations as to why your method is correct.
Solutions must be written neatly on A4 paper. Sheets must be STAPLED together in the top
left corner with the Front Sheet on top.
Do not hand in rough work.
5.

Questions A1-A10 are relatively short questions. Try to complete Section A within the first 45
minutes so as to allow well over an hour for Section B.

6.

Questions B1-B6 are longer questions requiring full written solutions.

This means that each answer must be accompanied by clear explanations and proofs.
Work in rough first, then set out your final solution with clear explanations of each step.

7.

These problems are meant to be challenging! Do not hurry. Try the earlier questions in each
section first (they tend to be easier). Try to finish whole questions even if you can't do many. A
good candidate will have done most of Section A and given solutions to at least two questions
in Section B.

8.

Answers must be FULLY SIMPLIFIED, and EXACT using symbols like , fractions, or
square roots if appropriate, but NOT decimal approximations.

DO NOT OPEN THE PAPER UNTIL INSTRUCTED BY THE INVIGILATOR TO DO SO!

The United Kingdom Mathematics Trust is a Registered Charity.

Section A - 2009
A1 What is the value of 2002 + 92?

B4 The diagram shows a polygon ABCDEFG, in which

FG = 6 and GA = AB = BC = CD = DE = EF.
Also BDFG is a square. The area of the whole
polygon is exactly twice the area of BDFG.
Find the length of the perimeter of the polygon.

A2 The diagram shows a regular hexagon inside an

equilateral triangle. The area of the larger triangle is

60 cm2. What is the area of the hexagon?

A3 The positive whole numbers a, b and c are all different and a2 + b2 + c2 = 121.
What is the value of a + b + c?

A4 The sum of three numbers is 2009. The sum of the first two numbers is 1004 and the sum of
the last two is 1005. What is the product of all three numbers?

Solution
The area of square BDFG is 6 6 = 36 square units.
So the total area of the three triangles ABG, BCD and DEF is also 36 square units.
These three triangles are congruent and so each has an area of 12 square units.
The area of each triangle is 12 base height and the
base is 6 units and hence we have 12 6 height = 12,
so the height is 4 units.

Let X be the midpoint of BD Then CX is perpendicular

to the base BD (since BCD is an isosceles triangle).

A5 Andrea's petrol tank holds up to 44 litres of fuel. She goes to the garage when her tank is a
quarter full and puts more petrol in the tank until it is two-thirds full. How many litres of petrol
does she put in the tank?

4
B

By Pythagoras' Theorem, BC =

32 + 42 = 5 units.

Therefore the perimeter of ABCDEFG is 6 5 + 6 = 36 units.

A6 The shorter sides of a right-angled isosceles triangle are each 10 cm long. The triangle is folded
in half along its line of symmetry to form a smaller triangle. How much longer is the perimeter
of the larger triangle than that of the smaller?

A7 Dean runs on a treadmill for thirty minutes. To keep his mind active as well as his legs, he
works out what fraction of the total time has passed at each half minute and minute from the
1
start. How many of the results of his calculations can be expressed in the form , where n is an
n
integer greater than 1?

A8 The diagram shows a curve made from seven

semicircular arcs, the radius of each of which is 1 cm,
2 cm, 4 cm or 8 cm. What is the length of the curve?

B5 An ant wishes to make a circuit of the board shown, visiting each

square exactly once and returning to the starting square. At each
step the ant moves to an adjacent square across an edge. Two
circuits are considered to be the same if the first follows the same
path as the second but either starts at a different square or follows
the same path in reverse. How many such circuits are possible?

Solution
From Figure 1, we see that there is only one possible route through each of the corner squares,
shown shaded, so the ant's path through these squares is as indicated.
There is then only one possible route through square X, giving Figure 2.

A9 A book has 89 pages, but the page numbers are printed incorrectly. Every third page number
has been omitted, so that the pages are numbered 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, and so on. What is the
number on the last printed page?

A10 Gill piles up fourteen bricks into the shape shown in the
diagram.
Each brick is a cube of side 10 cm and, from the second
layer upwards, sits exactly on top of the brick below.
Including the base, what is the surface area of Gills
construction?

Figure 1

Figure 2

B1 In 2007 Alphonse grew twice the number of grapes that Pierre did. In 2008 Pierre grew twice
the number of grapes that Alphonse did. Over the two years Alphonse grew 49 000 grapes,
which was 7600 less than Pierre. How many grapes did Alphonse grow in 2007?
Solution
Suppose Pierre grew p grapes in 2007. Then, in 2007, Alphonse grew 2p grapes.
Thus, in 2008, Alphonse grew 49 000 2p and so Pierre grew 98 000 4p.
Over the two years, the number of grapes Pierre grew was
p + (98 000 4p) = 49 000 + 7600
so
and

Section B
Your solutions to Section B will have a major effect on your JMO results. Concentrate on one or
two questions first and then write out full solutions (not just brief answers).

B1 In 2007 Alphonse grew twice the number of grapes that Pierre did. In 2008 Pierre grew twice
the number of grapes that Alphonse did. Over the two years Alphonse grew 49 000 grapes,
which was 7600 less than Pierre. How many grapes did Alphonse grow in 2007?

41 400 = 3p

B2 ABCD is a square. The point E is outside the square so that CDE is an equilateral triangle.

p = 13 800.

Find angle BED.

Hence, in 2007, Alphonse grew 2 13 800 = 27 600 grapes.

B3 Tom left a motorway service station and travelled towards Glasgow at a steady speed of
B2 ABCD is a square. The point E is outside the square so that CDE is an equilateral triangle.
Find angle BED.
Solution
Since ABCD is a square, BCD = 90; and since
CDE is an equilateral triangle, DCE = 60.
Thus BCE = BCD + DCE = 90 + 60 = 150.
Because CDE is an equilateral triangle, EC = DC and
also, because ABCD is a square, DC = CB. Hence
EC = CB and ECB is an isosceles triangle.
So CEB = CBE = 12 (180 150) = 15, and hence
BED = CED CEB = 60 15 = 45.

60 mph. Tim left the same service station 10 minutes after Tom and travelled in the same
direction at a steady speed, overtaking Tom after a further 1 hour 40 minutes. At what speed
did Tim travel?

E
C

B4 The diagram shows a polygon ABCDEFG, in which

D

FG = 6 and GA = AB = BC = CD = DE = EF.
Also BDFG is a square. The area of the whole
polygon is exactly twice the area of BDFG.
Find the length of the perimeter of the polygon.

B
A

B3 Tom left a motorway service station and travelled towards Glasgow at a steady speed of
60 mph. Tim left the same service station 10 minutes after Tom and travelled in the same
direction at a steady speed, overtaking Tom after a further 1 hour 40 minutes. At what speed
did Tim travel?
Solution
Tom travels for 10 minutes longer than Tim, a time of 1 hour and 50 minutes.
Travelling at a speed of 60 mph (or 1 mile per minute), Tom travels a distance of 110 miles.
Tim travelled the same distance in 1 hour and 40 minutes (1 23 hours),
so his speed, in mph, was 110 1 23 = 110 35 = 22 3 = 66 mph.

E
G

B5 An ant wishes to make a circuit of the board shown, visiting each

square exactly once and returning to the starting square. At each
step the ant moves to an adjacent square across an edge. Two
circuits are considered to be the same if the first follows the same
path as the second but either starts at a different square or follows
the same path in reverse. How many such circuits are possible?

B6 I want to choose a list of n different numbers from the first 20 positive integers so that no two
of my numbers differ by 5. What is the largest value of n for which this is possible? How
many different lists are there with this many numbers?

UK Junior Mathematical Olympiad 2009 Solutions

A5

18 13

A1 40081 2002 + 92 = 40000 + 81 = 40081.

The volume of petrol that Andrea put in, as a fraction of the volume of the tank, is the
5
difference between 23 and 14 , which is 125 . So she put in 125 of 44 litres and
44 =
12
5 44 5 11 55
=
=
= 18 13 .
12
3
3

A6 10 cm Since the original triangle is isosceles and right-angled, folding it produces a smaller
triangle, also isosceles and right-angled. By Pythagoras' Theorem, the hypotenuse of
the original triangle is 200 = 10 2 cm. Hence the difference between the
perimeters of the two triangles is (10 + 10 + 10 2) (5 2 + 5 2 + 10) = 10 cm.
Alternatively: Let the length of the shorter sides of the new triangle be x cm, shown
below. Then the perimeter of the original triangle is (20 + 2x) cm and the perimeter
of the new triangle is (10 + 2x) cm. Hence the difference between the perimeters of
the two triangles is 10 cm.

A2 40 cm2 Since the hexagon is regular, it has interior angles of

120 and can be dissected into six congruent triangles.
The small triangles have three angles of 60 and are
therefore equilateral with side equal to that of the
hexagon. The three triangles inside the large triangle
but outside the hexagon are also equilateral with the
same side length as the hexagon. So the area of the
hexagon is 69 (= 23 ) of the area of the original triangle.

10

10

10
x

A3

17

It is clear that each of a, b and c must be less than or equal to 10. A brief inspection
will show that the only combination of different square numbers which total 121 is
81 + 36 + 4.
More formally, the problem can be analysed by considering the remainders after
dividing the square numbers less than 121 (1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81 and 100) by
three: the remainders are 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0 and 1.
When 121 is divided by 3, the remainder is 1. Therefore a2 + b2 + c2 must also leave
a remainder of 1. Now we can deduce that two of the three squares must leave a
remainder of 0 and so be multiples of 3. There are three square numbers below 121
which are multiples of three: 9, 36 and 81. Checking these, we see that 81 and 36 are
the only pair to have a sum which differs from 121 by a perfect square, namely 4. So
a + b + c = 9 + 6 + 2 = 17.

2x

A7

11

As a fraction of 30 minutes, 30 seconds is 601 . So we are considering fractions with a

denominator of 60. To obtain a fraction of the required form, the numerator must be
a factor of 60 (and less than 60). The numerator can therefore be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12,
15, 20 or 30.

A8 22 cm The length of a semicircular arc of radius r is r and so the total perimeter is

(2

A4

The sum of the first two numbers and the last two numbers is 1004 + 1005 = 2009.
This counts the middle number twice. But the sum of all three numbers is 2009, so the
middle number is 0. Hence the product of all three numbers is 0.

A9

133

(1 + 2 + 4) + 8) = 22 cm.

After every two numbers, one is omitted. Because 89 = 2 44 + 1, there must be

44 page numbers missing and so the number on the last page is 89 + 44 = 133.

[Alternatively: Let the three numbers be a, b and c.

a + b = 1004,

We have

b + c = 1005
and

Views from the front and back, the top and bottom, and the two sides are as shown
A10
2 below:
5000 cm

a + b + c = 2009.

Adding the first two equations gives

a + 2b + c = 2009
and subtracting the third equation from this gives
b = 0.
Thus the product abc = 0.]

2 lots of 10 faces

2 lots of 7 faces

2 lots of 8 faces
(one hidden from each side)

Each square face has a surface area of 100 cm2. Hence the total surface area of Gills
shape is (20 + 14 + 16) 100 cm2 = 5000 cm2.