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    Chapter 2 SDH Basics: Objective

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    lvsaru
    This document discusses Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) basics. It describes the SDH standards and frame structure, including multiplexing techniques used to map lower rate signals into higher rate containers and frames. The hierarchy and components involved in SDH multiplexing are explained, from containers that hold individual signals up through administrative units, tributary units, and finally synchronous transport modules which make up the transmitted digital signal. Advantages of SDH over older Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy techniques are also listed.

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    Chapter 2 SDH Basics: Objective

    Uploaded by

    lvsaru
    81 views10 pages
    This document discusses Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) basics. It describes the SDH standards and frame structure, including multiplexing techniques used to map lower rate signals into higher rate containers and frames. The hierarchy and components involved in SDH multiplexing are explained, from containers that hold individual signals up through administrative units, tributary units, and finally synchronous transport modules which make up the transmitted digital signal. Advantages of SDH over older Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy techniques are also listed.

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    SDH

    Original Title

    15790155-SDH-2

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    This document discusses Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) basics. It describes the SDH standards and frame structure, including multiplexing techniques used to map lower rate signals into higher rate containers and frames. The hierarchy and components involved in SDH multiplexing are explained, from containers that hold individual signals up through administrative units, tributary units, and finally synchronous transport modules which make up the transmitted digital signal. Advantages of SDH over older Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy techniques are also listed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    81 views10 pages

    Chapter 2 SDH Basics: Objective

    Uploaded by

    lvsaru
    This document discusses Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) basics. It describes the SDH standards and frame structure, including multiplexing techniques used to map lower rate signals into higher rate containers and frames. The hierarchy and components involved in SDH multiplexing are explained, from containers that hold individual signals up through administrative units, tributary units, and finally synchronous transport modules which make up the transmitted digital signal. Advantages of SDH over older Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy techniques are also listed.

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    of 10

    Chapter 2

    SDH Basics

    Objective

    Standards
    Frame Structure
    Multiplexing
    Section Hierarchy
    Regenerator Section Overhead
    Multiplex Section Overhead
    Path Overhead
    Advantages

    Basic data rate

    CommonCharacteristics

    E1andT1

    Audiblefrequencyrange(fm)

    0-3.4kHz4kHz

    Samplingfrequency(fs)

    2Xfm=8kHz

    Numberofsamplespersignal

    8000persecond

    LengthofPCMframe

    1/c=125s

    Numberofbitsineachcodeword

    Telephonechannelbitrate

    cXe=8000/sX8bit=64kbps

    Limitations of PDH
    Inability to identify individual channels in a higher-order bit stream.
    Multiplexing / Demultiplexing is cumbersome (Stage wise).
    Insufficient capacity for network management as limited OAMP operation.
    Theres no standardized definition of PDH bit rates greater than 140 Mbit/s.
    There are different hierarchies in use around the world. Specialized interface
    equipment is required to interwork the two hierarchies.

    Standards
    The hierarchy is as follows:
    Optical Signal
    STM-0
    STM-1
    STM- 4
    STM-16
    STM-64
    STM-256

    Bit Rate
    51.84 Mbps
    155.52 Mbps
    622.080 Mbps
    2488.320 Mbps
    9953.280 Mbps
    39813.12 Mbps

    Abbreviated as
    51 Mbps
    155 Mbps
    622 Mbps
    2.4 Gbps
    10 Gbps
    40 Gbps

    STM-1 Frame Format

    Frame=125s

    Frame=125s

    Frame=125s

    STM-1=270Columns(2430bytes)
    1
    2
    3

    Pointers

    Regenerato
    Sectio
    Overhea
    H1 H2 H

    H1H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3

    5
    6
    7

    Multiple
    Sectio
    Overhea

    8
    9

    Overheadwidth=9columns

    STM-1 Frame Format

    Administrative
    Unit
    Capacityof
    the
    Virtual
    Container
    +
    Pointer
    s

    9
    Rows

    STM-N Frame Format

    Frame = 125s
    Frame Format
    STM - Section overhead and Administrative unit
    Section overhead Regenerator section overhead and Multiplex section overhead
    Administrative unit Virtual container and pointers
    Virtual container - Payload and Path overhead information

    STM-N

    Section
    Overhead

    Regenerator
    Overhead

    Administrative
    unit

    Multiplex
    overhead

    Pointer

    Path
    Overhead

    Virtual
    Container

    Payload

    Mapping Elements

    Container
    Virtual Container
    Tributary Unit
    Tributary Unit Group
    Administrative Unit
    Administrative Unit Group
    STM-N Frame

    SDH Multiplexing

    Container

    Input signals are placed into the containers


    It adds stuffing bytes for PDH signals,which compensates for the permitted
    frequency deviation between the SDH system and the PDH signal

    C12 (2 Mbps G.703)


    C11 (1.5 Mbps)
    C2 (6 Mbps)
    C3 (34 / 45 Mbps)
    C4 (140 Mbps

    Virtual Container
    MAPPING : It is a process from Containers to Virtual containers.

    POH

    PAYLOAD

    POH

    PAYLOAD

    ANALOGY:

    Packing C2 carton box with some more packing material and labeled as VC2 box
    It adds overheads to a container or groups of tributary units, that provides
    facilities for supervision and maintenance of the end to end paths
    VCs carry information end to end between two path access points through the
    SDH system
    VCs are designed for transport and switching sub-SDH payloads

    VC12 (C12 + POH)


    VC11 (C11 + POH)
    VC2 (C2 + POH)
    VC3 (C3 + POH)
    VC4 (C4 + POH)

    At each level, subdivisions of capacity can float individually between the payload
    areas of adjacent frames. Each subdivision can be readily located by its own
    pointer that is embedded in the overheads.
    The pointer is used to find the floating part of the AU or TU, which is called a
    virtual container (VC).
    The AU pointer locates a higher-order VC, and the TU pointer locates a lowerorder VC. For example, an AU3 contains a VC3 plus a pointer, and a TU2
    contains a VC2 plus a pointer.
    A VC is the payload entity that travels across the network, being created and
    dismantled at or near the service termination point.

    Tributary Unit

    It adds pointers to the VCs


    This pointer permits the SDH system to compensate for phase differences within
    the SDH network and also for the frequency deviations between the SDH
    networks
    TUs acts as a bridge between the lower order path layer and higher order path
    layer

    TU12 (VC12 + pointer)


    TU2 (VC2 + pointer)
    TU3 (VC3 + pointer)

    Tributary Unit Group

    It defines a group of tributary units that are multiplexed together


    As a result, a TU group could contain one of the following combinations

    Three TU-12s (TUG 2)


    Seven TUG-2s (TUG 3)

    Administrative Unit
    It adds pointer to the HO Virtual containers(similar to the tributary unit)

    AU - 3 (VC-3 + pointer)
    AU - 4 (VC-4 + pointer)

    Administrative Unit Group

    It defines a group of administrative units that are multiplexed together to form


    higher order STM signal

    Synchronous Transport Module n

    It adds section overhead (RSOH & MSOH) to a number of AUGs that adds
    facilities for supervision & maintenance of the multiplexer & regenerator sections
    This is the signal that is transmitted on the SDH line
    The digit n defines the order of the STM signal

    SDH Multiplexing

    4
    columns
    1 2 3 4

    1 2 3

    Stuffing and
    POH

    TU 12
    9X4
    9 rows

    TUG-2
    9 X 12

    TUG-3
    9 X 84
    Section Over
    Head

    P
    O
    H

    P
    O
    H

    P
    O
    H

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
    TUG - 3

    TUG - 3

    (9 X 9)

    TUG - 3

    9 X 261

    Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N


    2.048 Mbps
    (E1)

    32

    1 2 3
    32 Bytes

    Stuffing Bytes
    C-12

    1 23

    32
    34 Bytes

    POH (LowerOrder)
    VC-12

    1 23

    32
    35
    Bytes

    Pointer
    TU-12
    36 Bytes

    TU 12 is arranged
    Into Matrix of 9 X 4

    9 Rows

    4 Columns

    TU-12

    TU-12

    TU-12

    9 Rows

    4 Columns

    4 Columns

    4 Columns

    Multiplexing

    TUG-2

    9 Rows

    12 Columns

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