CHAPTER

Creating and
Working with
Solid Model
Details
Learning Objectives
After completing this chapter, you will be able to:
Change properties on solids.
Align objects.
Rotate objects in three dimensions.
Mirror objects in three dimensions.
Create 3D arrays.
Fillet solid objects.
Chamfer solid objects.
Thicken a surface into a solid.
Convert planar objects into surfaces.
Slice a solid using various methods.
Construct details on solid models.
Remove features from solid models.

Properties of 3D objects can be modified using the Properties palette, which is

thoroughly discussed in AutoCAD and Its ApplicationsBasics. This palette is displayed
using the PROPERTIES command. You can also double-click on a solid object or select
the solid, right-click, and pick Properties from the shortcut menu.
The Properties palette lists the properties of the currently selected object. For
example, Figure 11-1 lists the properties of a selected solid sphere. AutoCAD offers
some parametric solid modeling options. A parametric solid modeling program
allows you to change the parameters, such as a spheres diameter, in the Properties
palette. You can also change the spheres position, linetype, linetype scale, color, layer,
lineweight, and visual settings. The categories and properties available in the Properties
palette depend on the selected object.
To modify an object property, select the property. Then, enter a new value in the
right-hand column. The drawing is updated to reflect the changes. You can leave the
Properties palette open as you continue with your work.

Ribbon
View
> Palettes

Properties Palette

Type
PROPERTIES
PR
[Ctrl]+[1]

PROPERTIES

Changing Properties

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Figure 11-1.
The Properties
palette can be used
to change many of
the properties of a
solid.

Type of object
selected

Category
Selected property
to modify

Properties within
the category

History
settings

Solid Model History

AutoCAD can automatically record a history of a composite solid models construction. The control of the history setting is found in the Solid History category of the
Properties palette. By default, the History property in the Properties palette is set to
Record, which means that the history will be saved. See Figure 11-1. It is generally a
good idea to have the history recorded. Then, at any time, you can graphically display
all of the geometry that was used to create the model.
If the SOLIDHIST system variable is set to a value of 1, all new solids have their History
property set to Record. This is the default. If the system variable is set to 0, all new solids
have their History property set to None (no recording). With either setting of the system variable, the Properties palette can be used to change the setting for individual solids.
To view the graphic history of the composite solid, set the Show History property
in the Properties palette to Yes. All of the geometry used to construct the model is
displayed. If the SHOWHIST system variable is set to 0, the Show History property is set
to No for all solids and cannot be changed. If this system variable is set to 2, the Show
History property is set to Yes for all solids and cannot be changed. A SHOWHIST setting
of 1 allows the Show History property to be individually set for each solid.
An example of showing the history on a composite solid is provided in Figure 11-2.
The object appears in its current edited format in Figure 11-2A. The Conceptual visual
style is set current and the Show History property is set to No. In Figure 11-2B, the
Show History property is set to Yes. Isolines have also been turned on. You can see the
geometry that was used in the Boolean subtraction operations. Using subobject editing
techniques, the individual geometry can be selected and edited. Subobject editing is
discussed in detail in Chapter 12.
Ands jspois a thspo
cnb angoxu ig
cuostues tre poiust
piod agousgas on
few ousi zougosa eos
sougsgo.

NOTE
If the Solid History property is set to Yes to display the components
of the composite solid, as seen in Figure 11-2, the components will
appear when the drawing is plotted. Be sure to set the Show History
property to No before you print or plot.

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Figure 11-2.
AThe object appears in its current edited format with Show History property turned off.
BThe Show History property is set to Yes and the display of isolines has been turned on.

Aligning Objects in 3D
AutoCAD provides two different methods with which to move and rotate objects
in a single command. This is called aligning objects. The simplest method is to align
3D objects by picking source points on the first object and then picking destination
points on the object to which the first one is to be aligned. This is accomplished with
the 3DALIGN command, which allows you to both relocate and rotate the object. The
second and much more versatile method allows you to not only move and rotate
an object, but also to scale the object being aligned. This is possible with the ALIGN
command.

The basic function of moving and rotating an object relative to a second object or
set of points is done with the 3DALIGN command. It allows you to reorient an object in
3D space. Using this command, you can correct errors of 3D construction and quickly
manipulate 3D objects. The 3DALIGN command requires existing points (source) and
the new location of those existing points (destination).
For example, refer to Figure 11-3. The wedge in Figure 11-3A is aligned in its new
position in Figure 11-3B as follows. Set the Intersection or Endpoint running object
snap to make point selection easier. Refer to the figure for the pick points.

3DALIGN

Move and Rotate Objects in 3D Space

Ribbon
Home
> Modify

3D Align

Type
3DALIGN

Select objects: (pick the wedge)

1 found
Select objects:
Specify source plane and orientation
Specify base point or [Copy]: (pick P1)
Specify second point or [Continue] <C>: (pick P2)
Specify third point or [Continue] <C>: (pick P3)
Specify destination plane and orientation
Specify first destination point: (pick P4)
Specify second destination point or [eXit] <X>: (pick P5)
Specify third destination point or [eXit] <X>:

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Figure 11-3.
The 3DALIGN command can be used to properly orient 3D objects. ABefore aligning. Note
the pick points. BAfter aligning.

P3
P1

P2

P5

P4

PROFESSIONAL TIP
You can also use the 3DALIGN command to copy, instead of move,
an object and realign it at the same time. Just select the Copy option
at the Specify base point or [Copy]: prompt. Then, continue selecting
the points as shown above.

Exercise 11-1
Complete the exercise on the student website.
www.g-wlearning.com/CAD

ALIGN

Move, Rotate, and Scale Objects in 3D Space

Type
ALIGN

The ALIGN command has the same functions of the 3DALIGN command, but adds
the ability to scale an object. Refer to Figure 11-4. The 90 bend must be rotated and
scaled to fit onto the end of the HVAC assembly. Two source points and two destination points are required, Figure 11-4A. Then, you can choose to scale the object.
Select objects: (pick the 90 bend)
1 found
Select objects:
Specify first source point: (pick P1)
Specify first destination point: (pick P2; a line is drawn between the two points)
Specify second source point: (pick P3)
Specify second destination point: (pick P4; a line is drawn between the two points)
Specify third source point or <continue>:
Scale objects based on alignment points? [Yes/No] <N>: Y

The 90 bend is aligned and uniformly scaled to meet the existing ductwork object.
See Figure 11-4B. You can also align using three source and three destination points.
However, when doing so, you cannot scale the object.

PROFESSIONAL TIP
Before using 3D editing commands, set running object snaps to
enhance your accuracy and speed.

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Figure 11-4.
Using the ALIGN
command. ATwo
source points and
two destination
points are required.
Notice how the bend
is not at the proper
scale. BYou can
choose to scale the
object during the
operation. Notice
how the aligned
bend is also properly
scaled.

P1
P3

P2
P4

Exercise 11-2
Complete the exercise on the student website.
www.g-wlearning.com/CAD

The 3DMOVE command allows you to quickly move an object along any axis
or plane of the current UCS. When the command is initiated, you are prompted to
select the objects to move. After selecting the objects, press [Enter]. The move grip tool
is displayed in the center of the selection set. By default, the move grip tool is also
displayed when a solid is selected with no command active.
The move grip tool is a tripod that appears similar to the shaded UCS icon. See
Figure 11-5A. You can relocate the tool by right-clicking on the tool and selecting
Relocate Gizmo from the shortcut menu. Then, move the tool to a new location and
pick. You can also realign the tool using the shortcut menu.
If you move the pointer over the X, Y, or Z axis of the grip tool, the axis changes
to yellow. To restrict movement along that axis, pick the axis. If you move the pointer
over one of the right angles at the origin of the tool, the corresponding two axes turn
yellow. Pick to restrict the movement to that plane. You can complete the movement by
either picking a new point or by direct distance entry.

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3DMOVE

3D Moving
Ribbon
Home
> Modify

3D Move

Type
3DMOVE

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Figure 11-5.
AThe move grip tool is a tripod that appears similar to the shaded UCS icon. BThis is the
rotate grip tool. The three axes of rotation are represented by the circles. The origin of the
rotation is where you place the center grip.

Ands jspois a thspo

cnb angoxu ig
cuostues tre poiust
piod agousgas on
few ousi zougosa eos
sougsgo.

NOTE
If the GTAUTO system variable is set to 1, the move grip tool is
displayed when a solid is selected with no command active. If the
GTLOCATION system variable is set to 0, the grip tool is placed on
the UCS icon (not necessarily the UCS origin). Both variables are set
to 1 by default.

3DROTATE

3D Rotating
Ribbon
Home
> Modify

3D Rotate

Type
3DROTATE

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As you have seen in earlier chapters, the ROTATE command can be used to rotate
3D objects. However, the command can only rotate objects in the XY plane of the current
UCS. This is why you had to change UCSs to properly rotate objects. The 3DROTATE
command, on the other hand, can rotate objects on any axis regardless of the current
UCS. This is an extremely powerful editing and design tool.
When the command is initiated, you are prompted to select the objects to rotate.
After selecting the objects, press [Enter]. The rotate grip tool is displayed in the center
of the selection set. See Figure 11-5B. If the 2D Wireframe visual style is current, the
visual style is temporarily changed to the 3D Wireframe because the grip tool is not
displayed in 2D mode. The grip tool provides you with a dynamic, graphic representation of the three axes of rotation. After selecting the objects, you must specify a location for the grip tool, which is the base point for rotation.
Now, you can use the grip tool to rotate the objects about the tools local X, Y, or Z
axis. As you hover the cursor over one of the three circles in the grip tool, a vector is
displayed that represents the axis of rotation. To rotate about the tools X axis, pick the
red circle on the grip tool. To rotate about the Y axis, pick the green circle. To rotate
about the Z axis, pick the blue circle. Once you select a circle, it turns yellow and you
are prompted for the start point of the rotation angle. You can enter a direct angle at
this prompt or pick the first of two points defining the angle of rotation. When the
rotation angle is defined, the object is rotated about the selected axis.

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The following example rotates the bend in the HVAC assembly shown in
Figure 11-6A. Set the Midpoint object snap and turn on object tracking. Then, select the
command and continue:
Current positive angle in UCS: ANGDIR= (current) ANGBASE= (current)
Select objects: (pick the bend)
1 found
Select objects:
Specify base point: (acquire the midpoint of the vertical and horizontal edges, then

pick to place the grip tool in the middle of the rectangular face)
Pick a rotation axis: (pick the green circle)
Specify angle start point or type an angle: 180

Note that the rotate grip tool remains visible through the base point and the angle of
rotation selections. The rotated object is shown in Figure 11-6B.
If you need to rotate an object on an axis that is not parallel to the current X, Y, or
Z axes, use a dynamic UCS with the 3DROTATE command. Chapter 5 discussed the
benefits of using a dynamic UCS when creating objects that need to be parallel to a
surface other than the XY plane. With the object selected for rotation and the dynamic
UCS option active (pick the Allow/Disallow Dynamic UCS button on the status bar),
move the rotate grip tool over a face of the object. The grip tool aligns itself with the
surface so that the Z axis is perpendicular to the face. Carefully place the grip tool over
the point of rotation using object snaps. Make sure that the tool is correctly positioned
before picking to locate it. Then, enter an angle or use polar tracking to rotate the object
about the appropriate axis on the tool.
Figure 11-6.
AUse object
tracking or object
snaps to place
the grip tool in
the middle of the
rectangular face.
Then, select the axis
of rotation.
BThe completed
rotation.

Rotate grip
tool

Axis of
rotation

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PROFESSIONAL TIP
By default, the move grip tool is displayed when an object is selected
with no command active. To toggle between the move grip tool and
the rotate grip tool, select the grip at the tools origin and press the
space bar. Then, pick a location for the tools origin. You can toggle
back to the move grip tool using the same procedure.

Exercise 11-3
Complete the exercise on the student website.
www.g-wlearning.com/CAD

3DMIRROR

3D Mirroring
Ribbon
Home
> Modify

3D Mirror

Type
3DMIRROR

The MIRROR command can be used to rotate 3D objects. However, like the ROTATE
command, the MIRROR command can only work in the XY plane of the current UCS.
Often, to properly mirror objects with this command, you have to change UCSs. The
MIRROR3D command, on the other hand, allows you to mirror objects about any plane
regardless of the current UCS.
The default option of the command is to define a mirror plane by picking three
points on that plane, Figure 11-7A. Object snap modes should be used to accurately
define the mirror plane. To mirror the wedge in Figure 11-7A, set the Midpoint running
object snap, select the command, and use the following sequence. The resulting
drawing is shown in Figure 11-7B.
Select objects: (pick the wedge)
1 found
Select objects:
Specify first point of mirror plane (3 points) or
[Object/Last/Zaxis/View/XY/YZ/ZX/3points] <3points>: (pick P1, which is the mid-

point of the boxs top edge)

Specify second point on mirror plane: (pick P2)
Specify third point on mirror plane: (pick P3)
Delete source objects? [Yes/No] <N>:
Figure 11-7.
The MIRROR3D command allows you to mirror objects about any plane regardless of the
current UCS. AThe mirror plane defined by the three pick points is shown here in color.
Point P1 is the midpoint of the top edge of the base. BA copy of the original is mirrored.

P1

P2

P3

A
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B
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There are several different ways to define a mirror plane with the MIRROR3D
command. These are:
Object. The plane of the selected circle, arc, or 2D polyline segment is used as
the mirror plane.
Last. Uses the last mirror plane defined.
Zaxis. Defines the plane with a pick point on the mirror plane and a point on
the Z axis of the mirror plane.
View. The viewing direction of the current viewpoint is aligned with a selected
point to define the plane.
XY, YZ, ZX. The mirror plane is placed parallel to one of the three basic planes
of the current UCS and passes through a selected point.
3points. Allows you to pick three points to define the mirror plane, as shown
in the above example.

Exercise 11-4
Complete the exercise on the student website.
www.g-wlearning.com/CAD

Creating 3D Arrays
The ARRAY command can be used to create either a rectangular or polar array of
a 3D object on the XY plane of the current UCS. You probably used this command to
complete some of the problems in previous chapters. The 3DARRAY command allows you
to array an object in 3D space. There are two types of 3D arraysrectangular and polar.

In a rectangular 3D array, as with a rectangular 2D array, you must enter the

number of rows and columns. However, you must also specify the number of levels,
which represents the third (Z) dimension. The command sequence is similar to that
used with the 2D array command, with two additional prompts.
An example of where a rectangular 3D array may be created is the layout of structural steel columns on multiple floors of a commercial building. In Figure 11-8A, you
can see two concrete floor slabs of a building and a single steel column. It is now a
simple matter of arraying the steel column in rows, columns, and levels.
To draw a rectangular 3D array, select the 3DARRAY command. Pick the object to
array and press [Enter]. Then, specify the Rectangular option:

3DARRAY

Rectangular 3D Arrays
Ribbon
Home
> Modify

3D Array

Type
3DARRAY
3A

Enter the type of array [Rectangular/Polar] <R>: R

Enter the number of rows (- - -) <1>: 3
Enter the number of columns () <1>: 5
Enter the number of levels () <1>: 2
Specify the distance between rows (- - -): 10
Specify the distance between columns (): 10
Specify the distance between levels (): 128

The result is shown in Figure 11-8B. Constructions like this can be quickly assembled
for multiple levels using the 3DARRAY command only once.

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Figure 11-8.
ATwo floors and
one steel column
are drawn. BA
rectangular 3D array
is used to place all
of the required steel
columns on both
floors at the same
time.
A

3DARRAY

Polar 3D Arrays
Ribbon
Home
> Modify

3D Array

Type
3DARRAY
3A

A polar 3D array is similar to a polar 2D array. However, the axis of rotation in a 2D

polar array is parallel to the Z axis of the current UCS. In a 3D polar array, you can define
a centerline axis of rotation that is not parallel to the Z axis of the current UCS. In other
words, you can array an object in a UCS different from the current one. Unlike a rectangular 3D array, a polar 3D array does not allow you to create levels of the object. The
object is arrayed in a plane defined by the object and the selected centerline (Z) axis.
To draw a polar 3D array, select the 3DARRAY command. Pick the object to array
and press [Enter]. Then, specify the Polar option:
Enter the type of array [Rectangular/Polar] <R>: P

For example, the four mounting flanges on the lower part of the duct in
Figure 11-9A must be placed on the opposite end. However, notice the orientation of
the UCS. First, copy one flange and rotate it to the proper orientation. Then, use the
3DARRAY command as follows. Make sure polar tracking is on.
Select objects: (select the copied flange)
1 found
Select objects:
Enter the type of array [Rectangular/Polar] <R>: P
Enter the number of items in the array: 4
Specify the angle to fill (+=ccw, =cw) <360>:
Rotate arrayed objects? [Yes/No] <Y>:
Specify center point of array: CEN
of: (pick the center of the upper duct opening)
Specify second point on axis of rotation: (move the cursor so the ortho line projects

out of the center of the duct opening and pick)

The completed 3D polar array is shown in Figure 11-9B. If additional levels of a polar
array are needed, they can be created by copying the array just created.

Exercise 11-5
Complete the exercise on the student website.
www.g-wlearning.com/CAD

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Figure 11-9.
AA ductwork elbow with four flanges in place. Copies of these flanges need to be located
on the opposite end. Start by creating one copy as shown. BBy creating a 3D polar array,
the flanges are properly oriented without changing the UCS.

A fillet is a rounded interior edge on an object, such as a box. A round is a rounded

exterior edge. The FILLET command is used to create both fillets and rounds. Before
a fillet or round is created at an intersection, the solid objects that intersect need to be
joined using the UNION command. Then, use the FILLET command. See Figure 11-10.
Since the object being filleted is actually a single solid and not two objects, only one
edge is selected. In the following sequence, the fillet radius is set at .25, then the fillet
is created. First, select the FILLET command and then continue as follows.

FILLET

Filleting Solid Objects

Ribbon
Home
> Modify

Fillet

Type
FILLET
F

Current settings: Mode = current, Radius = current

Select first object or [Undo/Polyline/Radius/Trim/Multiple]: R
Specify fillet radius < current>: .25
Select first object or [Undo/Polyline/Radius/Trim/Multiple]: (pick edge to be filleted or

rounded)

Enter fillet radius <0.2500>:

Select an edge or [Chain/Radius]: (this fillets the selected edge, but you can also

select other edges at this point)

1 edge(s) selected for fillet.

Examples of fillets and rounds are shown in Figure 11-11.

Figure 11-10.
APick the edge where two unioned solids intersect to create a fillet. BThe fillet after
rendering.
Pick the
edge

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Figure 11-11.
Examples of fillets
and rounds. The
wireframe displays
show the objects
before the FILLET
command is used.

PROFESSIONAL TIP
You can construct and edit solid models while the object is displayed
in a shaded view. If your computer has sufficient speed and power,
it is often much easier to visualize the model in a 3D view with the
Conceptual or Realistic visual style set current. This allows you to
realistically view the model. If an edit or construction does not look
right, just undo and try again.

CHAMFER

Chamfering Solid Objects

Ribbon
Home
> Modify

Chamfer

Type
CHAMFER
CHA

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Ch11.indd 242

A chamfer is a small square edge on the edges of an object. To create a chamfer

on a 3D solid, use the CHAMFER command. Just as when chamfering a 2D line, there
are two chamfer distances. Therefore, you must specify which surfaces correspond
to the first and second distances. The detail to which the chamfer is applied must be
constructed before chamfering. For example, if you are chamfering a hole, the object
(cylinder) must first be subtracted to create the hole. If you are chamfering an intersection, the two objects must first be unioned.
After you enter the command, you must pick the edge you want to chamfer. The
edge is actually the intersection of two surfaces of the solid. One of the two surfaces
is highlighted when you select the edge. The highlighted surface is associated with
the first chamfer distance. This surface is called the base surface. If the highlighted
surface is not the one you want as the base surface, enter N at the [Next/OK] prompt
and press [Enter]. This highlights the next surface. An edge is created by two surfaces.
Therefore, when you enter N for the next surface, AutoCAD cycles through only two
surfaces. When the proper base surface is highlighted, press [Enter].
Chamfering a hole is shown in Figure 11-12A. The end of the cylinder in Figure 11-12B
is chamfered by first picking one of the vertical isolines, then picking the top edge. The
following command sequence is illustrated in Figure 11-12A.

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Figure 11-12.
AA hole is chamfered by picking the top surface, then the edge of the hole. BThe end of
a cylinder is chamfered by first picking the side, then the end. Both ends can be chamfered at
the same time, as shown here.
Edge 1

Edge 2

A
Edge 2

Edge 1
Edge 3

(TRIM mode) Current chamfer Dist1 = current, Dist2 = current

Select first line or [Undo/Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/mEthod/Multiple]: (pick edge 1)
Base surface selection

(if the side surface is highlighted, change to the top surface as follows)
Enter surface selection option [Next/OK (current)] <OK>: N

(the top surface should be highlighted)

Enter surface selection option [Next/OK (current)] <OK>:

Specify base surface chamfer distance < current>: .125
Specify other surface chamfer distance < current>: .125
Select an edge or [Loop]: (pick edge 2, the edge of the hole)
Select an edge or [Loop]:

PROFESSIONAL TIP
If you improperly create a fillet or chamfer, it is best to undo and try
again as opposed to trying to fix it with editing methods. Faces and
edges can be edited using the SOLIDEDIT command. Grips can also
be used to edit solids. This procedure is discussed in Chapter 12;
the SOLIDEDIT command is discussed in Chapter 13.

Exercise 11-6
Complete the exercise on the student website.
www.g-wlearning.com/CAD

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Figure 11-13.
AThis surface will be
thickened into a solid.
BThe thickened
surface is a 3D solid.

THICKEN

Thickening a Surface into a Solid

Ribbon
Home
> Solid Editing

Thicken

Type
THICKEN

A surface has no thickness. The value of the THICKNESS command does not affect
the thickness of a planar surface, unlike for entities such as lines, polylines, polygons,
and circles. But, a surface can be quickly converted to a 3D solid using the THICKEN
command.
To add thickness to a surface, enter the command. Then, pick the surface(s) to
thicken and press [Enter]. You are then prompted for the thickness. Enter a thickness
value or pick two points on screen to specify the thickness. See Figure 11-13.
By default, the original surface object is deleted when the 3D solid is created with
THICKEN. This is controlled by the DELOBJ system variable. To preserve the original
surface, change the DELOBJ value to 0.

CONV TOSURFACE

Converting to Surfaces

Ribbon
Home
> Solid Editing

Convert to Surface

Type
CONVTOSURFACE

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AutoCAD provides a great deal of flexibility in converting and transforming

objects. For example, a simple line can be quickly turned into a 3D solid in just a few
steps. Refer to Figure 11-14.
1. Use the Properties palette to give the line a thickness. Notice that the object is
still a line object, as indicated in the drop-down list at the top of the Properties
palette.
2. Select the CONVTOSURFACE command.
3. Pick the line. Its property type is now listed in the Properties palette as a
surface extrusion.
4. Use the THICKEN command to give the surface a thickness. Its property type
is now a 3D solid.
In this process, the CONVTOSURFACE and THICKEN commands were instrumental
in creating a 3D solid from a line. Other objects that can be converted to surfaces using
the CONVTOSURFACE command are 2D solids, arcs with thickness, open polylines
with a thickness and no width, regions, and planar 3D faces.

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Figure 11-14.
The stages of converting a line into a solid. First, draw the line. Next, give the line a thickness
using the Properties palette. Then, convert the line to a surface using the CONVTOSURFACE
command. Finally, use the THICKEN command to give the surface a thickness.

Exercise 11-7
Complete the exercise on the student website.
www.g-wlearning.com/CAD

Additional flexibility in creating solids is provided by the CONVTOSOLID

command. This command allows you to directly convert certain closed objects into
solids. You can convert:
Circles with thickness.
Wide, uniform-width polylines with thickness. This includes polygons and
rectangles.
Closed, zero-width polylines with thickness. This includes polygons, rectangles, and closed revision clouds.
Mesh primitives. Keep in mind that the smoothness level applied to the mesh
primitives appears on the object when it is converted to a solid
First, select the command. Then, select the objects to convert and press [Enter]. The
objects are instantly converted with no additional input required. Figure 11-15 shows
the three different objects before and after conversion to a solid.
If an object that appears to be a closed polyline with a thickness does not convert
to a solid and the command line displays the message Cannot convert an open curve, the
polyline was not closed using the Close option of the PLINE command. Use the PEDIT
or PROPERTIES command to close the polyline and use the CONVTOSOLID command
again.
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Ribbon
Home
> Solid Editing

Convert to Solid

Type
CONVTOSOLID

CONV TOSOLID

Converting to Solids

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Figure 11-15.
AFrom left to
right, two polylines
and an edited mesh
sphere primitive that
will be converted
into solids.
BThe resulting
solids.
A

PROFESSIONAL TIP
To quickly create a straight section of pipe, draw a donut with the
correct ID and OD of the pipe. Then, use the Properties palette to
give the donut a thickness equal to the length of the section you
are creating. Finally, use the CONVTOSOLID command to turn the
donut into a solid.

SLICE

Slicing a Solid

Ribbon
Home
> Solid Editing

Slice

Type
SLICE
SL

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A 3D solid can be sliced at any location by using existing objects such as circles,
arcs, ellipses, 2D polylines, 2D splines, or surfaces. Additionally, you can specify a
slicing line by picking two points or specify a slicing plane by picking three points.
After slicing the solid, you can choose to retain either or both sides of the model. The
slices can then be used for model construction or display and presentation purposes.
The SLICE command is used to slice solids. When the command is initiated, you
are asked to select the solids to be sliced. Select the objects and press [Enter]. Next, you
must define the slicing path. The default method of defining a path requires you to
specify two points on a slicing plane. The plane passes through the two points and is
perpendicular to the XY plane of the current UCS. Refer to Figure 11-16 as you follow
this sequence:
1. Select the command and pick the object to be sliced.
2. Pick the start point of the slicing plane. See Figure 11-16A.
3. Pick the second point on the slicing plane.
4. You are prompted to specify a point on the desired side to keep. Select anywhere
on the back half of the object. The point does not have to be on the object. It
must simply be on the side of the cutting plane that you want to keep.
5. The object is sliced and the front half is deleted. See Figure 11-16B.

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Figure 11-16.
Slicing a solid by
picking two points.
ASelect two points
on the cutting plane.
The plane passes
through these points
and is perpendicular
to the XY plane of
the current UCS.
BThe sliced solid.

Pick midpoints

When prompted to select the side to keep, you can press [Enter] to keep both sides.
If both sides are retained, two separate 3D solids are created. Each solid can then be
manipulated for construction, design, presentation, or animation purposes.
There are several additional options for specifying a slicing path. These options
are listed here and described in the following sections.
Planar Object
Surface
Zaxis
View
XY
YZ
ZX
3points

NOTE
Once the SLICE command has been used, the history of the solid
to that point is removed. If a history of the work is important, then
save a copy of the file or place a copy of the object on a frozen layer
prior to performing the slice.

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sougsgo.

Planar Object
A second method to create a slice through a 3D solid is to use an existing planar
object. Planar objects include circles, arcs, ellipses, 2D polylines, and 2D splines. See
Figure 11-17A. The plane on which the planar object lies must intersect the object to be
sliced. The current UCS has no effect on this option.
Be sure that the planar object has been moved to the location of the slice. Then,
select the SLICE command, pick the object to slice, and press [Enter]. Next, select the
Planar Object option and select the slicing path object (the circle, in this case). Finally,
specify which side is to be retained. See Figure 11-17B. Again, if both sides are kept,
they are separate objects and can be individually manipulated.

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Figure 11-17.
Slicing a solid with
a planar object.
AThe circle is
drawn at the proper
orientation and in
the correct location.
BThe completed
slice.

Surface
A surface object can be used as the slicing path. The surface can be planar or
nonplanar (curved). This method can be used to quickly create a mating die. For
example, refer to Figure 11-18. First, draw the required surface. The surface should
exactly match the stamped part that will be manufactured, Figure 11-18A. Then, draw
a box that encompasses the surface. Next, select the SLICE command, pick the box, and
press [Enter]. Then, enter the Surface option and select the surface. You may need to
do this in a wireframe display. Finally, when prompted to select the side to keep, press
[Enter] to keep both sides. The two halves of the die can now be moved and rotated as
needed, Figure 11-18B.

Z Axis
You can specify one point on the cutting plane and one point on the Z axis of the
plane. See Figure 11-19. This allows you to have a cutting plane that is not parallel to
the current UCS XY plane. First, select the SLICE command, pick the object to slice, and
press [Enter]. Next, enter the Zaxis option. Then, pick a point on the XY plane of the
cutting plane followed by a point on the Z axis of the cutting plane. Finally, pick the
side of the object to keep.

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Figure 11-18.
Slicing a solid with
a surface. ADraw
the surface and
locate it within
the solid to be
sliced. The solid is
represented here
by the wireframe.
BThe completed
slice with both sides
retained. The top
can now be moved
and rotated as
shown here.

Figure 11-19.
Slicing a solid using
the Zaxis option.
APick one point
on the cutting plane
and a second point
on the Z axis of the
cutting plane.
BThe resulting
slice.

Point on the
Z axis

Point on the XY plane

of the cutting plane

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View
A cutting plane can be established that is aligned with the viewing plane of the
current viewport. The cutting plane passes through a point you select, which sets the
depth along the Z axis of the current viewing plane. First, select the SLICE command,
pick the object to slice, and press [Enter]. Next, enter the View option. Then, pick a point
in the viewport to define the location of the cutting plane on the Z axis of the viewing
plane. Use object snaps to select a point on an object. The cutting plane passes through
this point and is parallel to the viewing plane. Finally, pick the side of the object to
keep.

XY, YZ, and ZX

You can slice an object using a cutting plane that is parallel to any of the three
primary planes of the current UCS. See Figure 11-20. The cutting plane passes through
the point you select and is aligned with the primary plane of the current UCS that
you specify. First, select the SLICE command, pick the object to slice, and press [Enter].
Next, enter the XY, YZ, or ZX option, depending on the primary plane to which the
cutting plane will be parallel. Then, pick a point on the cutting plane. Finally, pick the
side of the object to keep.
Figure 11-20.
Slicing a solid using the XY, YZ, and ZX options. AThe object before slicing. The UCS origin is in
the center of the first hole and at the midpoint of the height. BThe resulting slice using the XY
option. CThe resulting slice using the YZ option. DThe resulting slice using the ZX option.
Note UCS
orientation

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Figure 11-21.
Slicing a solid using
the 3points option.
ASpecify three
points to define the
cutting plane.
BThe resulting
slice.

Point on the
cutting plane

Point on the
cutting plane

Point on the
cutting plane

Three Points
Three points can be used to define the cutting plane. This allows the cutting plane to
be aligned at any angle, similar to the Zaxis option. See Figure 11-21. First, select the SLICE
command, pick the object to be sliced, and press [Enter]. Then, enter the 3points option.
Pick three points on the cutting plane and then select the side of the object to keep.

Exercise 11-8
Complete the exercise on the student website.
www.g-wlearning.com/CAD

Removing Details and Features

Sometimes, it may be necessary to remove a detail that has been constructed. For
example, suppose you placed a R.5 fillet on an object based on an engineering sketch.
Then, the design is changed to a R.25 fillet. The UNDO command can only be used in
the current drawing session. Also, even if the command can be used, you may have
to step back through several other commands to undo the fillet. In another example,
suppose an object has a bolt hole that is no longer needed. You will need to remove
this feature.
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Figure 11-22.
Removing fillets. AThe original object. BA new base is added and the new fillets are
created. CThe hole no longer passes through the object. DThe corrected object.
The hole extends
only to the top
surface

The hole passes

through the
object

In Chapter 2, solid modeling is described as working with modeling clay. If you

think in these terms, you can remove features by adding clay to the object. Then, the
new clay can be molded as needed.
For example, look at the object in Figure 11-22A. There are R.5 rounds (fillets) on
the top surface of the base. However, these should be R.25 rounds. You cannot simply
place the new fillets on the object. You must first add material to create a square edge.
Then, the new fillets can be added.
1. Draw a solid box with the same dimensions as the base without the rounds.
Center the new box on the base.
2. Use the UNION command to add the new box to the object. This, in effect,
removes the rounds.
3. Use the FILLET command to place the R.25 rounds on the top edge of the base,
Figure 11-22B.
The rounds have now, in effect, been changed from R.5 to R.25. However, there is an
unseen problem. Display the object in wireframe. Notice how the hole no longer passes
through the object, Figure 11-22C. To correct this problem, draw a solid cylinder of the
same dimensions as the hole and centered in the hole. Then, subtract the cylinder from
the object. The hole now passes through the object, Figure 11-22D.
This technique of adding material can be used to remove any internal feature and
some external features, such as fillets (rounds). Other external features, such as a boss,
can be removed by drawing a solid over the top of the feature. The feature to be removed
must be completely enclosed by the new solid. Then, subtract the new solid from the
original object. Be sure to redrill holes and other internal features as needed.

PROFESSIONAL TIP
There are several other methods for editing solids. These are covered
in detail in Chapters 12 and 13. The above procedure can be simplified with these editing methods.

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Constructing Details and Features on Solid Models

A variety of machining, structural, and architectural details can be created using
some basic solid modeling techniques. The features discussed in the next sections are
just a few of the possibilities.

Counterbore and Spotface

A counterbore is a recess machined into a part, centered on a hole, that allows the
head of a fastener to rest below the surface. Create a counterbore as follows.
1. Draw a cylinder representing the diameter of the hole, Figure 11-23A.
2. Draw a second cylinder that is the diameter of the counterbore and center it at
the top of the first cylinder. Move the second cylinder so it extends below the
surface of the object to the depth of the counterbore, Figure 11-23B.
3. Subtract the two cylinders from the base object, Figure 11-23C.
A spotface is similar to a counterbore, but is not as deep. See Figure 11-24. It
provides a flat surface for full contact of a washer or underside of a bolt head. Construct
it in the same way as a counterbore.

Figure 11-23.
Constructing a counterbore. ADraw a cylinder to represent a hole. BDraw a second cylinder
to represent the counterbore. CSubtract the two cylinders from the base object.
Counterbore

Hole

Figure 11-24.
Constructing a spotface. AThe bottom of the second, larger-diameter cylinder should be
located at the exact depth of the spotface. However, the height may extend above the surface
of the base. Then, subtract the two cylinders from the base. BThe finished solid.
Subtract

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Figure 11-25.
Constructing a countersink. ASubtract the cylinder from the base to create the hole.
BChamfer the top of the hole to create a countersink.
Edge to
chamfer

Countersink
A countersink is like a counterbore with angled sides. The sides allow a flat-head
machine screw or wood screw to sit flush with the surface of an object. A countersink
can be drawn in one of two ways. You can draw an inverted cone centered on a hole
and subtract it from the base or you can chamfer the top edge of a hole. Chamfering is
the quickest method.
1. Draw a cylinder representing the diameter of the hole, Figure 11-25A.
2. Subtract the cylinder from the base object.
3. Select the CHAMFER command.
4. Select the top edge of the base object.
5. Enter the chamfer distance(s).
6. Pick the top edge of the hole, Figure 11-25B.

Boss
A boss serves the same function as a spotface. However, it is an area raised above
the surface of an object. Draw a boss as follows.
1. Draw a cylinder representing the diameter of the hole. Extend it above the
base object higher than the boss is to be, Figure 11-26A.
2. Draw a second cylinder the diameter of the boss. Place the base of this cylinder
above the top surface of the base object a distance equal to the height of the
boss. Give the cylinder a negative height value so that it extends inside of the
base object, Figure 11-26B.
3. Union the base object and the second cylinder (boss). Subtract the hole from
the unioned object, Figure 11-26C.
4. Fillet the intersection of the boss with the base object, Figure 11-26D.
Figure 11-26.
Constructing a boss. ADraw a cylinder for the hole so it extends above the surface of the
object. BDraw a cylinder the height of the boss on the top surface of the object. CUnion
the large cylinder to the base. Then, subtract the small cylinder (hole) from the unioned
objects. DFillet the edge to form the boss.

A
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O-Ring Groove
An O-ring is a circular seal that resembles a torus. It sits inside of a groove
constructed so that part of the O-ring is above the surface. An O-ring groove can be
constructed by placing the center of a circle on the outside surface of a cylinder. Then,
revolve the circle around the cylinder. Finally, subtract the revolved solid from the
cylinder.
1. Construct the cylinder to the required dimensions, Figure 11-27A.
2. Rotate the UCS on the X axis (or appropriate axis).
3. Draw a circle with a center point on the surface of the cylinder, Figure 11-27B.
4. Revolve the circle 360 about the center of the cylinder, Figure 11-27C.
5. Subtract the revolved object from the cylinder, Figure 11-27D.

Architectural Molding
Architectural molding details can be quickly constructed using extrusions. First,
construct the profile of the molding as a closed shape, Figure 11-28A. Then, extrude
the profile the desired length, Figure 11-28B.
Corner intersections of molding can be quickly created by extruding the same
shape in two different directions and then joining the two objects. First, draw the molding
profile. Then, copy and rotate the profile to orient the local Z axis in the desired direction,
Figure 11-29A. Next, extrude the two profiles the desired lengths, Figure 11-29B. Finally,
union the two extrusions to create the mitered corner molding, Figure 11-29C.
Figure 11-27.
Constructing an O-ring groove. AConstruct a cylinder; this one has a round placed on
one end. BDraw a circle centered on the surface of the cylinder. CRevolve the circle 360
about the center of the cylinder. DSubtract the revolved object from the cylinder. EThe
completed O-ring groove.

Figure 11-28.
AThe molding profile. BThe profile extruded to the desired length.

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Figure 11-29.
Constructing corner molding. ACopy and rotate the molding profile. BExtrude the
profiles to the desired lengths. CUnion the two extrusions to create the mitered corner.
Note: The view has been rotated. DThe completed corner.
Copy and rotate
the profile

Exercise 11-9
Complete the exercise on the student website.
www.g-wlearning.com/CAD

Chapter Test
Answer the following questions. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper or
complete the electronic chapter test on the student website.
www.g-wlearning.com/CAD

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

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Which properties of a solid can be changed in the Properties palette?

What does the History property control?
What is the purpose of the ALIGN command?
How does the 3DALIGN command differ from the ALIGN command?
How does the 3DROTATE command differ from the ROTATE command?
How does the MIRROR3D command differ from the MIRROR command?
Which command allows you to create a rectangular array by defining rows,
columns, and levels?
How does a 3D polar array differ from a 2D polar array?
How many levels can a 3D polar array have?
Which command is used to fillet a solid object?
Which command is used to chamfer a solid object?
What is the purpose of the THICKEN command and which type of object does it
create?
Which system variable allows you to preserve the original object when the
THICKEN command is used?
List four objects that can be converted to surfaces using the CONVTOSURFACE
command.
Briefly describe the function of the SLICE command.

AutoCAD and Its ApplicationsAdvanced

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Drawing Problems
1. Construct an 8 diameter tee pipe fitting using the dimensions shown below.
Hint: Extrude and union two solid cylinders before subtracting the cylinders for
the inside diameters.
A. Use EXTRUDE to create two sections of pipe at 90 to each other, then UNION
the two pieces together.
B. Use FILLET and CHAMFER to finish the object. The chamfer distance is .25 .25.
C. The outside diameter of all three openings is 8.63 and the pipe wall thickness
is .322.
D. Save the drawing as P11_01.

Drawing Problems - Chapter 11

2. Construct an 8 diameter, 90 elbow pipe fitting using the dimensions shown

below.
A. Use EXTRUDE or SWEEP to create the elbow.
B. Chamfer the object. The chamfer distance is .25 .25. Note: You cannot use
the CHAMFER command.
C. The outside diameter is 8.63 and the pipe wall thickness is .322.
D. Save the drawing as P11_02.

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Problems 36. These problems require you to use a variety of solid modeling functions to
construct the objects. Use all of the solid modeling and editing commands you have learned
so far to assist in construction. Use a dynamic UCS when practical and create new UCSs as
needed. Use SOLIDHIST and SHOWHIST to record and view the steps used to create the solid
models. Create copies of the completed models and split them as required to show the internal
features visible in the section views. Save each drawing as P11_(problem number).
3.

Drawing Problems - Chapter 11

Thrust Washer

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4.

Collar
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5.
.875
2
45 .062

8 30
.375

.500

.562

.312

2.375

.125
1.750
90

.437

.187
.500

2.937

3.000

2.500

.250
.625
.625

.250

1.000
MED .DIAMOND KNURL
1.500

Diffuser

Bushing

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Drawing Problems - Chapter 11

6.

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Drawing Problems - Chapter 11

7. In this problem, you will add legs to the kitchen chair you started in Chapter 2.
In Chapter 9 you refined the seat and in Chapter 10 you added the seatback. In
this chapter, you complete the model. In Chapter 17, you will add materials to the
model and render it.
A. Open P10_07 from Chapter 10.
B. Using the LINE command, create the framework for lofting the legs and crossbars as shown below. The crossbars are at the midpoints of the legs. Position
the lines for the double crossbar about 4.5 apart.
C. Using a combination of the 3DROTATE and 3DMOVE commands in conjunction
with new UCSs, draw and position circles as shapes for lofting the legs and crossbars. The legs transition from 1.00 at the ends to 1.25 at the midpoints. The
crossbars transition from .75 at the ends to 1.00 at a position 2 from each end.
D. Create the legs and crossbars. The completed model is shown below.
F. Save the drawing as P11_07.

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Completed Model
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