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Wireless Communication Systems

Praveen Kumar.P.V

Akshit Nanda
J.B.I.E.T

Abstract

This paper discusses two different aspects of

iFi, which is an important tool in wireless

communication systems, this paper emphasis on the basic technology that makes WiFi networking
possible, the hardware you need to create a WiFi network, and help you understand how to set up
and access a WiFi hotspot in your home. Main aspect of WiFi is that you can connect computers
anywhere in your home or office without the need for wires. The computers connect to the network
using radio signals, and computers can be up to 100 feet or so apart. Second layout of this paper is on
WiMAX which are capable of forming wireless connections between them to permit the carrying of
internet packet data. It is similar to WiFi in concept, but has certain improvements that are aimed at
improving performance and should permit usage over much greater distances. It allows for fixed wireless
and mobile Non Line of Sight (NLOS) applications primarily by enhancing the OFDMA (Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing Access). And on WiBro which is a new of

its kind in wireless

communication but has a impact on WiFi and WiMax.

1. Introduction
If you have a network in your home or office, there are several different ways to connect the
computers on your network together. There are a new ways of wireless communications which use
networking as their base .Below discussed are few new techiniques like WiFi , Wimax and WiBro.
WiFi is the wireless way to handle networking. It is also known as 802.11 networking and wireless
networking. The big advantage of WiFi is its simplicity. You can connect computers anywhere in your
home or office without the need for wires. The computers connect to the network using radio signals, and
computers can be up to 100 feet or so apart

In this paper , we will discuss two different aspects of WiFi. First we will discuss the basic technology that
makes WiFi networking possible. Then we will discuss the hardware you need to create a WiFi network,
and help you understand how to set up and access a WiFi hotspot in your home.
WiMax IEEE 802.16-2005, approved December, 2005, (formerly named 802.16e), the WiMAX mobility
standard, is an improvement on the modulation schemes stipulated in the original standards.
WiBro a wireless broadband internet technology being developed by the Korean telecoms industry

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2. Understanding wireless networking

If you want to understand wireless networking at its simplest level, think about a pair of walkie-talkies.
These are small radios that can transmit and receive radio signals. When you talk into a Walkie-Talkie, your
voice is picked up by a microphone, encoded onto a radio frequency and transmitted with the antenna.
Another walkie-talkie can receive the transmission with its antenna, decode your voice from the radio
signal and drive a speaker. Simple walkie-talkies like this transmit at a signal strength of about 0.25 watts,
and they can transmit about 500 to 1,000 feet.

Let's imagine that you want to connect two computers together in a network using walkie-talkie
technology:

You would equip each computer with a walkie-talkie.

You would give each computer a way to set whether it wants to transmit or receive.

You would give the computer a way to turn its binary 1s and 0s into two different beeps that the

walkie-talkie could transmit and receive and convert back and forth between beeps and 1s/0s.
This would actually work. The only problem would be that the data rate would be very slow. A walkietalkie is designed to handle the human voice (and it's a pretty scratchy rendition at that), so you would not
be able to send very much data this way. Maybe 1,000 bits per second.

3. WiFi's Technology
The radios used in WiFi are not so different from the radios used in walkie-talkies. They have the ability to
transmit and receive. They have the ability to convert 1s and 0s into radio waves and then back into 1s and
0s. There are three big differences between WiFi radios and Walkie-talkies:

WiFi radios that work with the 802.11b and 802.11g standards transmit at 2.4 GHz, while those

that comply with the 802.11a standard transmit at 5 GHz. Normal walkie-talkies normally operate at 49
MHz. The higher frequency allows higher data rates.

WiFi radios use much more efficient coding techniques that also contribute to the much higher

data rates. For 802.11a and 802.11g, the technique is known as orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
(OFDM). For 802.11b, it is called Complementary Code Keying (CCK). See this page for details.

The radios used for WiFi have the ability to change frequencies. 802.11b cards can transmit

directly on any of three bands, or they can split the available radio bandwidth into dozens of channels and
frequency hop rapidly between them. The advantage of frequency hopping is that it is much more immune
to interference and can allow dozens of WiFi cards to talk simultaneously without interfering with each
other.

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Because they are transmitting at much higher frequencies than a Walkie-Talkie, and because of the
encoding techniques, WiFi radios can handle a lot more data per second. 802.11b can handle up to 11
megabits per second (although 7 megabits per second is more typical, and 802.11b may fall back as low as
1 or 2 megabits per second if there is a lot of interference). 802.11a and 802.11g can handle up to 54
megabits per second (although 30 megabits per second is more typical).
You might be wondering where the funny 802.11 nomenclature comes from. The Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE) creates standards, and they number these standards in unique ways. The
802.11 standard covers wireless networks. The a, b and g notations identify different flavors of the 802.11
standard:

802.11b was the first version to reach the marketplace. It is the slowest and least expensive of the

three. As mentioned above, 802.11b transmits at 2.4 GHz and can handle up to 11 megabits per second.

802.11a was next. It operates at 5 GHz and can handle up to 54 megabits per second.

802.11g is a mix of both worlds. It operates at 2.4Ghz (giving it the cost advantage of 802.11b) but

it has the 54 megabits per second speed of 802.11a.

Fortunately, all of this radio technology is hidden in a WiFi card and is completely invisible. WiFi, in fact,
is one of the easiest technologies that you will ever use.

3.1. What is 802.11 ?

802.11 refers to a family of specifications developed by the IEEE for wireless LAN technology. 802.11
specifies an over-the-air interface between a wireless client and a base station or between two wireless
clients. The IEEE accepted the specification in 1997.
There are several specifications in the 802.11 family:

802.11 -- applies to wireless LANs and provides 1 or 2 Mbps transmission in the 2.4 GHz band

using either frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) or direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS).

802.11a -- an extension to 802.11 that applies to wireless LANs and provides up to 54 Mbps in the

5GHz band. 802.11a uses an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing encoding scheme rather than
FHSS or DSSS.

802.11b (also referred to as 802.11 High Rate or Wi-Fi) -- an extension to 802.11 that applies to

wireless LANS and provides 11 Mbps transmission (with a fallback to 5.5, 2 and 1 Mbps) in the 2.4 GHz
band. 802.11b uses only DSSS. 802.11b was a 1999 ratification to the original 802.11 standard, allowing
wireless functionality comparable to Ethernet.

802.11g -- applies to wireless LANs and provides 20+ Mbps in the 2.4 GHz band.

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3.2. Techniques Implemented in 802.11

3.2.1. FHSS
Frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) is one of two types of spread spectrum radio, the other being
direct-sequence spread spectrum. FHSS is a transmission technology used in LAWN transmissions where
the data signal is modulated with a narrowband carrier signal that "hops" in a random but predictable
sequence from frequency to frequency as a function of time over a wide band of frequencies. The signal
energy is spread in time domain rather than chopping each bit into small pieces in the frequency domain.
This technique reduces interference because a signal from a narrowband system will only affect the spread
spectrum signal if both are transmitting at the same frequency at the same time. If synchronized properly, a
single logical channel is maintained.
The transmission frequencies are determined by a spreading, or hopping, code. The receiver must be set to
the same hopping code and must listen to the incoming signal at the right time and correct frequency in
order to properly receive the signal. Current FCC regulations require manufacturers to use 75 or more
frequencies per transmission channel with a maximum dwell time (the time spent at a particular frequency
during any single hop) of 400 ms

3.2.2 DSSS
Acronym for direct-sequence spread spectrum. DSSS is one of two types of spread spectrum radio, the
other being frequency-hopping spread spectrum. DSSS is a transmission technology used in LAWN
transmissions where a data signal at the sending station is combined with a higher data rate bit sequence, or
chipping code, that divides the user data according to a spreading ratio. The chipping code is a redundant
bit pattern for each bit that is transmitted, which increases the signal's resistance to interference. If one or
more bits in the pattern are damaged during transmission, the original data can be recovered due to the
redundancy of the transmission.

3.3. Techniques Implemented in 802.11 a

3.3.1. OFDM
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, an FDM modulation technique for transmitting large
amounts of digital data over a radio wave. OFDM works by splitting the radio signal into multiple
smaller sub-signals that are then transmitted simultaneously at different frequencies to the receiver.
OFDM reduces the amount of crosstalk in signal transmissions. 802.11a WLAN, 802.16 and WiMAX
technologies use OFDM.
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a multi-carrier transmission technique that
has been recently recognized as an excellent method for high speed bi-directional wireless data
communication. Its history dates back to the 1960s, but it has recently become popular because

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economical integrated circuits that can perform the high speed digital operations necessary have
become available. OFDM effectively squeezes multiple modulated carriers tightly together,
reducing the required bandwidth but keeping the modulated signals orthogonal so they do not
interfere with each other. Today, the technology is used in such systems as asymmetric digital
subscriber line (ADSL) as well as wireless systems such as IEEE 802.11a/g (Wi-Fi*) and
IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX*). It is also used for wireless digital audio and video broadcasting. It is
based on frequency division multiplexing (FDM), which is a technology that uses multiple
frequencies to simultaneously transmit multiple signals in parallel. Each signal has its own
frequency range (subcarrier) which is then modulated by data. Each sub-carrier is separated by
a guard band to ensure that they do not overlap. These sub-carriers are then demodulated at the
receiver by using filters to separate the bands.

Figure 1: FDM with Nine Sub-carriers Using Filters

OFDM is similar to FDM but much more spectrally efficient by spacing the sub-channels much
closer together (until they are actually overlapping). This is done by finding frequencies that are
orthogonal, which means that they are perpendicular in a mathematical sense, allowing the
spectrum of each sub-channel to overlap another without interfering with it. In Figure 2, the effect
of this is seen as the required bandwidth is greatly reduced by removing guard bands and
allowing signals to overlap. In order to demodulate the signal, a discrete Fourier transform (DFT)
is needed. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) chips are commercially available, making this a relatively
easy operation.

Figure 2: OFDM with Nine Sub-carriers

In the below case we have 256 OFDM with 192 data sub-carriers, eight pilot sub-carriers and 56
nulls. In its most basic form, each data sub-carrier could be on or off to indicate a one or zero bit
of information. However, either phase shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation

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(QAM) is typically employed to increase the data throughput. So in this case, a data stream would
be split into n (192) parallel data streams, each at 1/n (1/192) of the original rate. Each stream is
then mapped to the individual data sub-carrier and modulated using either PSK or QAM. Pilot
sub-carriers provide a reference to minimize frequency and phase shifts during the transmission
while null carriers allow for guard bands and the DC carrier (center frequency).

Figure 3: OFDM with 256 Sub-carriers

Orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) allows some sub-carriers to be assigned
to different users. For example, sub-carriers 1, 3 and 7 can be assigned to user 1 and subcarriers 2, 5 and 9 to user 2. These groups of sub-carriers are known as sub-channels. Scalable
OFDMA allows smaller FFT sizes to improve performance (efficiency) for lower bandwidth
channels. This applies to IEEE 802.16-2004 which can now reduce the FFT size from 2048 to
128 to handle channel bandwidths ranging from 1.2520 MHz. This allows sub-carrier spacing to
remain constant independent of bandwidth which reduces complexity while also allowing larger
FFT for increased performance with wide channels.
Another advantage of OFDM is its resilience to multipath, which is the effect of multiple reflected
signals hitting the receiver. This results in interference and frequency-selective fading which
OFDM is able to overcome by utilizing its parallel, slower bandwidth nature. This makes OFDM
ideal to handle the harsh conditions of the mobile wireless environment. OFDMs high spectral
efficiency and resistance to multipath make it an extremely suitable technology to meet the
demands of wireless data traffic. This has made it not only ideal for such one technologies like
WiMAX* and Wi-Fi* but also currently one of the prime technologies being considered for use in
future fourth generation (4G) networks.

3.4. How WiFi Works

One of the best things about WiFi is how simple it is. Many new laptops already come with a WiFi card
built in -- in many cases you don't have to do anything to start using WiFi. It is also easy to add a WiFi card
to an older laptop or a desktop PC. Here's what you do:

Take a 802.11a, 802.11b or 802.11g network card. 802.11g has the advantage of higher speeds and

good interoperability on 802.11b equipment.

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For a laptop, this card will normally be a PCMCIA card that you slide into a PCMCIA

slot on your laptop. Or you can get a small external adapter and plug it into a USB port.
For a desktop machine, you can buy a PCI card that you install inside the machine, or a

small external adapter that you connect to the computer with a USB cable.

Install the card

Install the drivers for the card

Find an 802.11 hotspot

Access the hotspot.

A hotspot is a connection point for a WiFi network. It is a small box that is hardwired into the Internet. The
box contains an 802.11 radio that can simultaneously talk to up to 100 or so 802.11 cards. There are many
WiFi hotspots now available in public places like restaurants, hotels, libraries and airports. You can also
create your own hotspot in your home, as we will see in a later section.

4. WiMAX
Is an acronym that stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, a certification mark for
products that pass conformity and interoperability tests for the IEEE 802.16 standards.
Products that pass the conformity tests for WiMAX are capable of forming wireless connections between
them to permit the carrying of internet packet data. It is similar to WiFi in concept, but has certain
improvements that are aimed at improving performance and should permit usage over much greater
distances.

4.1. IEEE 802.16e

IEEE 802.16 is working group number 16 of IEEE 802, specializing in point-to-multipoint broadband
wireless access.
IEEE 802.16-2005, approved December, 2005, (formerly named 802.16e), the WiMAX mobility standard,
is an improvement on the modulation schemes stipulated in the original WiMAX standard. It allows for
fixed wireless and mobile Non Line of Sight (NLOS) applications primarily by enhancing the OFDMA
(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Access).
Many think that by stipulating a new modulation method called Scalable OFDMA (SOFDMA), 802.162005 will make the older 802.16-2004 which uses OFDM-256 obsolete. However, several manufacturers
plan for a migration path from the older version of the standard to the more robust, mobile modulation
scheme. In any case, manufacturers are working through the WiMAX Forum to achieve compatibility
between similar system profiles.
SOFDMA will improve upon OFDM256 for NLOS applications by:

Improving NLOS coverage by utilizing advanced antenna diversity schemes, and hybrid-

Automatic Retransmission Request (hARQ)

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Increasing system gain by use of denser sub-channelization, thereby improving indoor penetration

Introducing high-performance coding techniques such as Turbo Coding and Low-Density Parity

Check (LDPC), enhancing security and NLOS performance

Introducing downlink sub-channelization, allowing administrators to trade coverage for capacity

or vice versa

Improving coverage by introducing Adaptive Antenna Systems (AAS) and Multiple Input Multiple

Output (MIMO) technology

Eliminating channel bandwidth dependencies on sub-carrier spacing, allowing for equal

performance under any RF channel spacing (1.25-14 MHz)

Enhanced Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm can tolerate larger delay spreads, increasing

resistance to multipath interference

4.2. Uses for WiMAX

WiMAX is a wireless metropolitan area network (MAN) technology that can connect IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi)
hotspots with each other and to other parts of the Internet and provide a wireless alternative to cable and
DSL for last mile (last km) broadband access. IEEE 802.16 provides up to 50 km (31 miles) of linear
service area range and allows connectivity between users without a direct line of sight. Note that this
should not be taken to mean that users 50 km (31 miles) away without line of sight will have connectivity.
Practical limits from real world tests seem to be around "3 to 5 miles" (5 to 8 kilometers). The technology
has been claimed to provide shared data rates up to 70 Mbit/s, which, according to WiMAX proponents, is
enough bandwidth to simultaneously support more than 60 businesses with T1-type connectivity and well
over a thousand homes at 1Mbit/s DSL-level connectivity. Real world tests, however, show practical
maximum data rates between 500kbit/s and 2 Mbit/s, depending on conditions at a given site.
It is also anticipated that WiMAX will allow interpenetration for broadband service provision of VoIP,
video, and Internet accesssimultaneously. Most cable and traditional telephone companies are closely
examining or actively trial-testing the potential of WiMAX for "last mile" connectivity. This should result
in better pricepoints for both home and business customers as competition results from the elimination of
the "captive" customer bases both telephone and cable networks traditionally enjoyed. Even in areas
without preexisting physical cable or telephone networks, WiMAX could allow access between anyone
within range of each other. Home units the size of a paperback book that provide both phone and network
connection points are already available and easy to install.
There is also interesting potential for interoperability of WiMAX with legacy cellular networks. WiMAX
antennas can "share" a cell tower without compromising the function of cellular arrays already in place.
Companies that already lease cell sites in widespread service areas have a unique opportunity to diversify,
and often already have the necessary spectrum available to them (i.e. they own the licenses for radio
frequencies important to increased speed and/or range of a WiMAX connection). WiMAX antennae may be

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even connected to an Internet backbone via either a light fiber optics cable or a directional microwave link.
Some cellular companies are evaluating WiMAX as a means of increasing bandwidth for a variety of dataintensive applications. In line with these possible applications is the technology's ability to serve as a very
high bandwidth "backhaul" for Internet or cellular phone traffic from remote areas back to a backbone.
Although the cost-effectiveness of WiMAX in a remote application will be higher, it is definitely not
limited to such applications, and may in fact be an answer to expensive urban deployments of T1 backhauls
as well. Given developing countries' (such as in Africa) limited wired infrastructure, the costs to install a
WiMAX station in conjunction with an existing cellular tower or even as a solitary hub will be diminutive
in comparison to developing a wired solution. The wide, flat expanses and low population density of such
an area lends itself well to WiMAX and its current diametrical range of 30 miles. For countries that have
skipped wired infrastructure as a result of inhibitive costs and unsympathetic geography, WiMAX can
enhance wireless infrastructure in an inexpensive, decentralized, deployment-friendly and effective manner.
Another application under consideration is gaming. Sony and Microsoft are closely considering
the addition of WiMAX as a feature in their next generation game console. This will allow gamers
to create ad hoc networks with other players. This may prove to be one of the "killer apps" driving
WiMAX adoption: WiFi-like functionality with vastly improved range and greatly reduced network
latency and the capability to create ad hoc mesh networks.

4.3. Technical advantages of WiMax over WiFi

Because IEEE 802.16 networks use the same LLC layer (standardized by IEEE 802.2) as other LANs and
WANs, it can be both bridged and routed to them.
An important aspect of the IEEE 802.16 is that it defines a MAC layer that supports multiple physical layer
(PHY) specifications. This is crucial to allow equipment makers to differentiate their offerings. This is also
an important aspect of why WiMAX can be described as a "framework for the evolution of wireless
broadband" rather than a static implementation of wireless technologies. Enhancements to current and new
technologies and potentially new basic technologies incorporated into the PHY (physical layer) can be
used. A converging trend is the use of multi-mode and multi-radio SoCs and system designs that are
harmonized through the use of common MAC, system management, roaming, IMS and other levels of the
system. WiMAX may be described as a bold attempt at forging many technologies to serve many needs
across many spectrums.
The MAC is significantly different from that of Wi-Fi (and ethernet from which Wi-Fi is derived). In Wi-Fi,
the MAC uses contention access all subscriber stations wishing to pass data through an access point are
competing for the AP's attention on a random basis. This can cause distant nodes from the AP to be
repeatedly interrupted by less sensitive, closer nodes, greatly reducing their throughput. By contrast, the
802.16 MAC is a scheduling MAC where the subscriber station only has to compete once (for initial entry
into the network). After that it is allocated a time slot by the base station. The time slot can enlarge and
constrict, but it remains assigned to the subscriber station meaning that other subscribers are not supposed

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to use it but take their turn. This scheduling algorithm is stable under overload and oversubscription (unlike
802.11). It is also much more bandwidth efficient. The scheduling algorithm also allows the base station to
control Quality of Service by balancing the assignments among the needs of the subscriber stations.
A recent addition to the WiMAX standard is underway which will add full mesh networking capability by
enabling WiMAX nodes to simultaneously operate in "subscriber station" and "base station" mode. This
will blur that initial distinction and allow for widespread adoption of WiMAX based mesh networks and
promises widespread WiMAX adoption.
The original WiMAX standard, IEEE 802.16, specifies WiMAX in the 10 to 66 GHz range. 802.16a added
support for the 2 to 11 GHz range, of which most parts are already unlicensed internationally and only very
few still require domestic licenses. Most business interest will probably be in the 802.16a standard, as
opposed to licensed frequencies. The WiMAX specification improves upon many of the limitations of the
Wi-Fi standard by providing increased bandwidth and stronger encryption. It also aims to provide
connectivity between network endpoints without direct line of sight in some circumstances. The details of
performance under non-line of sight (NLOS) circumstances are unclear as they have yet to be
demonstrated. It is commonly considered that spectrum under 5-6 GHz is needed to provide reasonable
NLOS performance and cost effectiveness for PtM (point to multi-point) deployments. WiMAX makes
clever use of multi-path signals but does not defy the laws of physics.

5. WiBro
It is a wireless broadband internet technology being developed by the Korean telecoms industry. In
February 2002, the Korean government allocated 100MHz of electromagnetic spectrum in the 2.3GHz
band, and in late 2004 WiBro Phase 1 was standardized by the TTA (Telecommunications Technology
Association) of Korea. The approval of the IEEE 802.16e standard for mobile wireless broadband raises
many unanswered questions about the future of Wi-Fi. WiBro base stations will offer an aggregate data
throughput of 30 to 50 Mbit/s and cover a radius of 1-5 km allowing for the use of portable Internet usage
within the range of a base station. The technology will also offer Quality of Service. The inclusion of QoS
allows for WiBro to stream video content and other loss-sensitive data in a reliable manner. In contrast to
WiMax, an American Wireless technology, WiBro uses licensed radio spectrum. From one point of view
this is a stronger advantage for the technology; the spectrum it uses is licensed and correspondingly
protected from un-licensed use, negating any potential interference from other sources using the same
spectrum. These all appear to be (and may be) the stronger advantages over the WiMax standard, but the
proprietary nature of WiBro and its use of licensed spectrum that may not be available across the globe may
keep it from becoming an international standard. While WiBro is quite exacting in its requirements from
spectrum use to equipment design, WiMAX leaves much of this up to the equipment provider while
providing enough detail to ensure interoperability between designs.

6. Conclusion
Will Mobile Broadband Kill Wi-Fi? The replace for this is that its very competitive, but not a replacement,
many belive that, while technologies such as mobile WiMAX will be competitive with Wi-Fi, they won't

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replace hotspots. So, even though there r many new technologies there might be a supplementary but cant
replace these technologies.

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7. References
1.

Fixed Wireless, WiMax, and WiFi Market Opportunities, Strategies, and Forecasts, 2005 to 2010

by WinterGreen Research .
2.

Wi-Fi Handbook : Building 802.11b Wireless Networks by Frank Ohrtman, Konrad Roeder .

3.

Implementing 802.11, 802.16, and 802.20 Wireless Networks: Planning, Troubleshooting, and

Operations by Ron Olexa .

4.

802.11 Wireless Networks: The Definitive Guide, Second Edition by Matthew Gast.

5.

Going Wi-Fi: A Practical Guide to Planning and Building an 802.11 Network by Janice Reynolds.

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