Report Final

PART I
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1. 1 INTRODUCTION
Infrastructure is the tiny world which encompasses the profit and pride of a nation. Infrastructure
includes energy, transportation and communication. Infrastructure facilitates are also called as social
overhead and belong to the core sector of the economy. Adequate quantity, quality and reliability of
infrastructure are the key factor of an economy. Power is needed to turn the wheels of machine. Vehicles
are necessary and essential to transport goods and services. Communication links are vital to talk to
suppliers, customers and creditors. Economy growth of any country depends on these factors. Due to
the effective infrastructure India has gained competitive strategies that have placed firmly in the midst
of the most advance nation in the world. Electricity is also a part of Indians lifetime achievement. The
availability of electricity is very much needed in our nation now days. Electricity in Kerala is sold out to
others states the availability of electrical energy and its per capita consumption is regarded as an index
of national standard of living. Electricity has become synonymous with progress of lack of inadequate
Cochin University Of Science And Technology, CUSAT
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measure which can throttle the entire economic activity and well being of the country. An organization
is a social unit of people, systematically structured and managed to meet a need or to pursue collective
goals on a continuing basis.
I consider myself fortunate enough to get an opportunity to undergo my study with Transformers
And Electricals Kerala Ltd. This progressive and forward looking organization constantly strives for
improvement in its systems and procedures so as to improve the organizational effectiveness.
1.2 NEED OF THE STUDY
The study was to have a general awareness of the functioning of the various departments and
management of TELK. The study helps to analyze each department and to attain information regarding
the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats of various departments.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
To know about the organization functioning of the company.

To know the functions of the various departments.
To understand organization structure of the company and chain of command.
To analyze the SWOT of company.
To know the strategies of the company.
1.4 METHODOLOGY
Research in common parlance refers to a search for knowledge. One can also define research as a
scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic. In fact, research is an art of
scientific investigation. The Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English lays down the meaning
of research as a careful investigation or inquiry specially through search for new facts in any branch of
knowledge.1 Redman and Mory define research as a systematized effort to gain new
knowledge.Research is an academic activity and as such the term should be used in a technical sense.
According to Clifford Woody research comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating
hypothesis or suggested solutions; collecting, organizing and evaluating data; making deductions and
reaching conclusions; and at last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the
formulating hypothesis.
Method of data collection:
Primary data: It can be collected either through experiment or through survey. If the researcher
conducts an experiment, he observes some quantitative measurements, or the data, with the help
of which he examines the truth contained in his hypothesis. The data were collected through
direct interview with officials of TELK and through keen observation.

Secondary data: It means data that are already available i.e., they refer to the data which have
already been collected and analyzed by someone else. Thus the data were collected from
departmental manuals, enquiry, past records and from companys website.
1.5 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The time frame was limited ie there was lack of time for the study
Lack of sufficient data.
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CHAPTER 2
INDUSTRIAL PROFILE
2.1. INDIAN POWER SECTOR

Indias power generation of installed capacity at the end of XI Five-Year Plan (March 31, 2012) stood at
approximately 200 GW. Of the total, approximately 78 GW of power generation capacity addition was
planned during the XI Five-Year Plan period, which was subsequently revised to 62 GW, of which only
55 GW of capacity was added. Acute fuel shortage (both coal and natural gas), high coal prices and
delay in commissioning of new units, affected capacity addition plans. Although India has the fifth
largest power generation capacity, globally (trailing behind China, US, Japan and Russia), a power
deficit scenario has been plaguing the sector for more than a decade. Indias per capita power
consumption of around 700 kilowatt hour (kwh) per annum is significantly below the world average of
2,600 kwh and developed countries average of 8,000 kwh. India needs to rapidly increase its generation
capacity to achieve 1,000 kwh per capita consumption annually, in order to achieve the goal set by the
Ministry of PowerPower for All. Power deficit at the end of XI Plan reached 8.5 per cent, whereas
peak deficit was to the tune of 10.5 per cent. Key reasons (apart from missing out on power generation
capacity addition targets) for the continued power deficit scenario in the country are: Dismal conditions
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and inappropriate maintenance of existing T&D equipment/infrastructure Rampant power theft, leading
to high T&D losses (at the end of XI Plan, T&D losses were to the tune of 23.3 per cent) impacting
financial condition of power T&D utilities (discoms and transcos) A robust and efficient power T&D
infrastructure is imperative for effective transfer of power from generation source to the consumption
points / demand centers. Thus, expanding the T&D infrastructure to transmit the power generated to
consumer points across the length and breadth of the country becomes imperative. Transformers are
critical components of the power T&D network that are used to change voltage in the power
transmission and distribution process, and hence play a key role. Transformers can be broadly classified,
based on the output rating as:
Distribution transformers (31.5 KVA to 5,000 KVA).

Power transformers (5.1 MVA to 500 MVA).
Special transformers (depending on the type of application like welding, traction, furnace, etc.).
Power is a critical infrastructure on which the socio-economic development of the country depends.
Recognizing that the electricity is one of the key drivers for rapid economic growth and poverty
alleviation, the Indian government decided to bring all new power generation, transmission and
distribution in rural and urban centers, under the purview of state and central government agencies.
Accordingly state electricity boards were formed in all states. The central government was giving
priority to this sector, while fixing plan outlays. Commencing with the fifth plan (1974-1979) the
government increased its direct role in the generation and bulk transmission of power to supplement the
efforts of the states.
2.2. TRANSFORMER INDUSTRIES IN INDIA
The Indian transformer industry is more than five decades old, hence mature. Domestic manufacturers
have developed capabilities to manufacture all types of equipment to meet the countrys demand for
transformers up to 800kV and going up to 1,200kV. The industry enjoys a good reputation in terms of
quality, price, and delivery in the domestic as well as overseas markets. Indias transformer market is
predominantly unorganized with many small participants catering to the smaller distribution transformer
markets. However, many are slowly graduating to the medium-sized category, thus expanding the
organized participants base. There are 300+ transformer companies in India, with an overall annual
installed capacity of over 370,000 MVA. The market is fragmented with around 20 organized players
such as Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd (BHEL), ABB Ltd, Crompton Greaves Ltd (CGL), Areva T&D,
EMCO Ltd, Bharat Bijlee Ltd (BBL), Vijai Electricals, Transformers & Rectifiers India Ltd (TRIL),
Voltamp Transformer sLtd, and others. In the power transformers category, companies in the high-end
segment (400kV and above) mainly include international players such as ABB Ltd, Alstom T&D
(erstwhile Areva T&D India), and Siemens; and Indian manufacturers such as BHEL, CGL, TRIL, and
Vijai Electricals. Majority of other companies in this sector are present in the 220kV segment in power
and distribution transformers. Leading players have significant presence in both power and distribution
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transformermarket.
Fig.2.1: Transformer
Large players such as BHEL, ABB Ltd, Alstom T&D (erstwhile Areva T&D India), and CGL have
installed capacities exceeding 15,000 MVA per annum. However, these are diversified power equipment
players and the transformer segment is not a major revenue contributor. Among players who primarily
manufacture transformers, TRIL is the largest in capacity followed by EMCO, Vijai Electricals, Voltamp
Transformers, and Bharat Bijlee. The unorganized sector primarily caters to smaller rating transformer
requirements.
Apart from catering to domestic demand, India exports transformers to over 100 nations including
the US, Europe, Malaysia, Singapore, Bangladesh, African countries, and Gulf countries. India is also
an importer of transformers; the major source countries include China, Germany, USA, Korea, and
Japan.
2.3. TRANSFORMER MARKET
2.3.1. TRANSFORMER MARKET SIZE IN INDIA
The transformer market in India can be pegged at more than Rs.13,000 crore. Power transformers
contribute 45 per cent of the total market and distribution transformers 55 per cent. Over the last two
years the market has grown at a very moderate rate at less than 4 per cent, due to the slowdown of
power generation capacity addition and T&D infrastructure expansion. Anticipating the huge domestic
(due to a power deficit scenario, requirement of power sector expansion) and overseas demand, the
transformer industry in India has more than doubled its manufacturing capacity over the last five years.
Transformer manufacturing capacity in India stands at ~370 GVA with capacity utilization rates
hovering around 60-70 per cent on an average over the last five years. Transformer over-capacity in the
Indian market has led to immense pricing pressure scenario severely impacting the profit ability of the
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market players. New entrants Indias huge power shortage, need to ramp up power T&D infrastructure,
economic slowdown of developed markets like Europe and North America and excess Transformer
manufacturing capacity in China has resulted in India being an attractive destination for transformer
companies globally to tap the Indian market opportunity. Anticipating this, many foreign players are
already in the process of setting up base in India. Over the last 12-15 months, new players have entered
the market either through acquisitions or through setting up of facilities within India. A few notable
examples are: Canadian company, Hammond Power Solutions Inc. had acquired 70 per cent equity
stake in the Hyderabad based transformer supplier Pan- Electro Technic Enterprises Pvt. Ltd in
February 2012.
Chinese manufacturer, TBEA has set up transformer manufacturing unit in Gujarat in order to
qualify for the bids from PGCIL.

Another Chinese player, Baoding Tianwei Baodian Electric Co. (TWBB) has set up a joint
venture (JV) with Anand-based Atlanta Electricals Private Limited for setting up a transformer
factory in India.
South Korea's Hyundai Heavy Industries is also planning a facility for manufacturing
transformers in Sanand, Gujarat.
2.3.2. MARKET DRIVERS
Power generation capacity augmentation and Power T&D infrastructure expansion to be in-line
with power generation capacity addition. According to the XII Plan, Rs.12,00,000-13,00,000
crore is likely to be invested in the power sector. This spending on the power sector is expected
to be equally distributed between generation and T&D. Spending on power T&D infrastructure
is expected to boost demand for transformers.

Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY) scheme to improve rural electricity
infrastructure and rural household electrification. The electrification drive is expected to provide
impetus to demand for distribution transformers.

Increasing focus on Rural Electrification Accelerated Power Development and Reform Program
(APDRP 1-2) in order to minimize aggregate technical and commercial (AT&C) losses at the
distribution level and improve the financial health of the state electricity boards.
Industrial sector Growth.
Replacement of ageing equipment.
These reforms are expected to significantly affect demand for transformers over the next four to
five years.
2.3.3. MARKET CHALLENGES
CRGO: Inadequate supply of prime quality Cold Rolled Grain Oriented (CRGO) steel is the
biggest challenge faced by transformer manufacturers in the country. CRGO requirement is
completely met through imports; it is in fact challenging to assess the true quality of the material
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that is used by the transformer manufacturers in India. India needs 2.5 lakh tonnes of CRGO
every year and an appalling 70 per cent of this is scrap grade material.
Failure rate of Transformers: High failure rate of distribution transformers is a big concern for
the transformer industry in India. The average operational life of a transformer is between 25 to
30 years; however, transformers in India are known to be recalled for repair in as early as three
years. The failure rate of distribution transformers in India is estimated at 10-15 per cent (in
stark contrast to the less than 2 per cent in developing countries). This is due to the low entry
barriers in the distribution transformer market leading to unorganized players entering the
market, and competing on the price factor. SEBs historically follow a L1 vendor selection
criteria, which has led to proliferation of many small players, that compromise on the quality of
transformers manufactured.
Financial condition of state utilities: State power utilities have been facing losses due to the
supply of subsidized power to agricultural farmers, theft of power, and inefficient T&D
infrastructure. This has restricted private investment in the power T&D sector, thereby reducing
the quality of service from SEBs. This, in turn, is affecting the capacity building program and
transmission of power.
Lack of testing facilities: The growth in testing infrastructure has not kept pace with that of
production, both, quantitatively and qualitatively. Testing infrastructure available at India's
premier agency, the Central Power Research Institute (CPRI) is proving short of demand.
Manufacturers of large power transformers at times need to send their equipment for testing to
overseas facilities like Korea Electro technology Research Institute (KERI) and KEMA which is
expensive. Apart from this, huge logistical costs and lead time are also involved.
2.4. THE WAY FORWARD

The Indian power and distribution transformer markets are highly dependent on investments planned by
the Government of India for the T&D segment and reform programs like the Revised Accelerated
Power Development and Reform Program and Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana. These
programs, when fully implemented as scheduled, are expected to drive the demand for both power and
distribution transformers. The Government of India currently plans to strengthen transmission lines and
create a National Grid interconnecting the five regions (northern, southern, eastern, western and
northeastern) through the creation of Transmission Super Highways; this is expected to drive the
demand for higher-rated power transformers. With T&D companies actively striving to reduce
aggregate technical and commercial (AT&C) losses, the demand for energy efficient transformers would
get a boost. The financial bailout package for SEBs announced by the Cabinet Committee on Economic
Affairs (CCEA) in September 2012 is expected to improve the commercial viability of distribution
utilities. This restructuring scheme expected to improve the liquidity position of the discoms, since 50
per cent of short term liabilities would be taken over by state governments. The restructuring of the
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balance 50 per cent of liabilities is to be accompanied by concrete and measurable action (performance
linked) by the discoms/states to improve operational performance of discoms. Power tariff increase is
one of the metrics, which the utilities have to undertake as part of their structuring package. The
improvement in SEBs financial condition would enable them to undertake power T&D infrastructure
expansion in line with the requirement resulting in driving transformers demand. With huge investments
proposed across sectors such as power, infrastructure, etc., the transformers market in India is slated for
strong growth. The excess capacity in the Transformer industry in India, and entry of new players is
further expected to increase market competitiveness. Market consolidation over the next few years is
inevitable. Electric equipment industry contributes over 2% of GDP which is projected to increase to
about 12% in 2015 according to a study by Frost & Sullivan. During the period, consumption of
electrical equipment is estimated to increase from over USD 28 bn now to USD 363 bn, growing at a
CAGR of about 30%. It is also expected that during 2010-2015, the Indian equipment manufacturing
will grow at 5.5 times the growth rate of global electronic equipment production.
The electrical equipment and accessories industry, with its highly diversified content, may be broadly
segmented into (i) generation equipment, (ii) transmission equipment, and (iii) distribution equipment.
The equipments and accessories under these segments include motors, turbines, gene-rators,
switchgears, transformers, circuit breakers, induction motors, power capacitors, meters, transmission
towers. Besides these, the spectrum covers a whole range of power cables including XLPE and AAC
and ACSR conductors and electrical consumer products like fans, electric lamps, exhausts and domestic
appliances and accessories. Inverters, gensets, UPS also fall under its domain. The electrical industry
has been showing signs of recovery after poor performance in the recent years. The domestic electrical
industry, which includes equipment for generation, transmission, distribution and use of power in
industrial units, constitutes a major part of the electrical products. The growth of the industry is directly
related to the development of power generation and distribution. India's generation capacity of 2,300
MW in 1950 expanded to over 116,500 MW including non-utilities at the end 2000-01. The total
installed capacity of electric power generation further increased to 141,080 MW in 2007-08 (upto
January 2008) compared to a capacity of 128,000 MW during the same period in 2006-07. The Eleventh
Plan has targeted a capacity addition of 78,570 MW. The five years (2007-2012) may be the best of
times for power equipment makers with the power sector on a expansion spree. With order-book growth
expanding over the last three years, there is a good chance that this will continue. Close to 82% of the
planned generation capacity for the Tenth Plan was either implemented or was in the process of being
implemented. Even assuming a 70% implementation ratio for the Eleventh Plan, close to 55,000 MW
will be added. Five ultra mega power projects, totaling 20,000 MW are coming up in 2008. In the
transmission sector, for example, Power Grid Corporation is planning a capex of Rs 710 billion by
2010.
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Earlier, the shortfalls in achieving the Plan targets of addition to power generation and up-gradation of
transmission and distribution had adversely affected the electrical equipment industry. The peak
shortage which was over 11% of the requirement in 2003-04 increased to 11.7% in 2004-05 and to over
12% in 2005-06. The shortage further rose to about 14% in 2006-07. In the ten months of 2007-08 the
peak shortage had risen to over 15% of the peak demand of 107,010 MW.
According to the Power Ministry, the power sector has tied up Rs 2,240 billion worth of investments
to build power plants with 70,000 MW capacities in the next three years. India's capacity to
manufacture power equipment is set to increase four-fold to around 43,000 MW over the next 5 years,
through investments of over Rs 300 bn. The additional capacity of 33,000 MW is expected to be added
by 2015. Companies like L&T, JSW, and Reliance are in process of setting up equipment manufacturing
capacities. Apart from the addition of indigenous capacity, this will also lead to up gradation of
technology in the equipment sector. There is also a significant presence of the small scale and mediumsized companies in the electrical equipment industry, the share of which is estimated at around 35%.
to build power plants with 70,000 MW capacities in the next three years. The Indian government has set
ambitious goals in the 11th plan for power sector owing to which the power sector is poised for
significant expansion. In order to provide availability of over 1000 units of per capita electricity by year
2012, it has been estimated that need-based capacity addition of more than 100,000 MW would be
required. This has resulted in massive addition plans being proposed in the sub-sectors of Generation
Transmission and Distribution. Investment is also expected to flow into different segments of the value
chain, covering the segments of power generation, transmission and distribution and allied sectors such
as equipment, technology and services. The private sector is expected to play a more active role in
investment and capital productivity. The government has undertaken a number of initiatives to facilitate
private sector participation.
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With some fast moves at launching fast track projects to augment supplies, the Indian industry
needs to improve its competitiveness. The Indian market is growing and multinationals with newer
technologies are now more active.
Power Transformer
Power Transformers are used in Transmission network so they do not directly connect to the
consumers. These are not loaded fully at all time so iron losses takes place 24hr a day and cu losses
takes place based on load cycle. Average loads are about only 75% of full load and these are designed
in such a way that max efficiency occurs at 75% of full load. These are independent of time so in
calculating the efficiency only power basis is enough. Power transformers are used for transmission as
a step up devices so that the I to R loss can be minimized for a given power flow. These transformers
are designed to utilize the core to maximum and will operate very much near to the knee point of B-H
curve (slightly above the knee point value). This brings down the mass of the core enormously.
Naturally these transformers have the matched iron losses and copper losses at peak load (i.e. the
maximum efficiency point where both the losses match). Bulk AC power transmission necessitates the
use of high voltages. Progressively, the transmission voltages have risen to 400 kV AC in India. In
India, system voltages up to 400 kV are well established and 800 kV AC transmission systems are
being planned. This will require manufacturing of 800 kV transformers. Most of the major
transformer manufacturers in India had collaborations with reputed international companies, such as
Associated Electrical Industries (AEI,) U.K.; Alsthom, France; Hawker Siddely, U.K.; Hitachi, Japan
and Siemens, Germany. Market Survey Electric equipment industry contributes over 2% of GDP
which is projected to increase to about 12% in 2015 according to a study by Frost & Sullivan. During
the period, consumption of electrical equipment is estimated to increase from over USD 28 bn now to
USD 363 bn, growing at a CAGR of about 30%. It is also expected that during 2010-2015, the Indian
equipment manufacturing will grow at 5.5 times the growth rate of global electronic equipment
production. The electrical industry has been showing signs of recovery after poor performance in the
recent years. The domestic electrical industry, which includes equipment for generation, transmission,
distribution and use of power in industrial units, constitutes a major part of the electrical products.
India's capacity to manufacture power equipment is set to increase four-fold to around 43,000 MW
over the next 5 years, through investments of over Rs 300 bn. The additional capacity of 33,000 MW
is expected to be added by 2015. With some fast moves at launching fast track projects to augment
supplies, the Indian industry needs to improve its competitiveness. The Indian market is growing and
multinationals with newer technologies are now more active. The industry, as a consequence, needs
strategic alliances and tie-ups with technology suppliers to upgrade their supplies. The technology for
the manufacture of transformers, for instance, is largely European. As a result, most players have the
same level of technology. Even prices do not differ substantially. Lately, encouraging sign are
emerging. The entry of private sector in the power area and the emergence of captive power plants
have changed the scenario for the transformer segment. Earlier, the business revolved around power
utilities such as the State Electricity Boards. As against this, the customers in the private sector prefer
contracting out the entire substation to a single vendor, in the process thus reducing costs as well as
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avoiding problems of logistics. As more and more MNCs and specialized industries make India their
business destination, special economic zones have been allocated and feeding mega projects of robust
Distribution Transformer
PRODUCT PROFILE: The transformers are a device that transfers electricity or energy
from one electric circuit to another without change of frequency and usually, but not
always, with a change in voltage. In India the role of transformers assumes an added
significance since in most of the states; electric supplies are not only erratic but are also
characterized by wide variations in frequencies or voltages. These causes enormous damage
to the electrical appliance like refrigerators, television and other industrial machinery
engaged in the production of commodities. The transformer industry with the help of
innovative methods, up gradation in technology etc., will have to manufacture transformers
which offer maximum functional efficiency and are at the same time less hazardous or
dangerous and economically viable. Over the past hundred years Transformers have played
a major role in the growth of almost all industries in the world. The foundation for the ideal
of a "Transformer" was laid by Michael Faraday in the year 1931. Due to continuous efforts
of physicists and engineers in the past year, Transformers, underwent many changes, to keep
pace with the rapid growth of electrical industries. Now there exists a variety of
transformers each differing from the other in its operation, construction, size and
applications. Applications In India the role of transformers assumes an added significance
since in most of the states; electric supplies are not only erratic but are also characterized by
wide variations in frequencies or voltages. These causes enormous damage to the electrical
appliance like refrigerators, television and other industrial machinery engaged in the
production of commodities. The transformer industry with the help of innovative methods,
up gradation in technology etc., will have to manufacture transformers which offer
maximum functional efficiency and are at the same time less hazardous or dangerous and
economically viable. Global demand Indias Power and Distribution Transformers Market
to Grow Exponentially by 2012 Realizing the importance of private participation in the
power sector, India is strengthening its policies to encourage private investments. The
countrys Electricity Act of 2003 caused the compulsory unbundling of the state electricity
boards to improve their operational efficiencies, thus creating new market demand for better
transmission equipment. As a result the Indian power and distribution transformers market
is growing rapidly, according to a recent study by Frost & Sullivan, a global growth
consulting company. The Frost & Sullivan studies found that revenues in this industry
totaled US$1.04 billion in 2005 and are likely to reach $5.31 billion in 2012. Governments
emphasis on the transmission and distribution sector reforms and investments are showing
signs of fruition, thus creating a phenomenal growth opportunity for the Indian transformer
market. Due to rapid economic development and governments target of power for all by
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2012, the Indian power sector will need to replicate what has been achieved during the last
50 years in the next 10 years. During the period, consumption of electrical equipment is
estimated to increase from over USD 28 billion now to USD 363 billion, growing at a
CAGR of about 30%. The demand of Transformers in the market is immense and therefore
its market position is splendid. Hence it is an excellent field to venture.
Plant capacity: 900 No.s/Annum
DT(100KVA),
600No.s/Annum DT(100KVA)
Plant & machinery: 245 Lakhs
Working capital: -
T.C.I: Cost of project: 527 Lakhs
Return: 43.00%
Breakeven: 60.00%
2.5. TRANSFORMER OIL

Transformer oil, or insulating oil, is usually a highly-refined mineral oil that is stable at high
temperatures and has excellent electrical insulating properties. It is used in oil-filled transformers,
some types of high voltage capacitors, fluorescent lamp ballasts, and some types of high voltage
switches and circuit breakers. Its functions are to insulate, suppress corona and arcing, and to serve as a
coolant. These are mineral oils and are used to dissipate the heat generated in electric transformers,
switches, circuit breakers and motor starters etc. They also act as electrical insulators. As transformers
consume maximum amount of such oils, most these are also called Transformer oil. This oil can also
be used as electrical cable oil. The main consuming industries for transformer oil are the electrical
industries for transformers. In transformers it is used as an insulating fluid as wells as cooling media.
The lubricating oil and grease market in India is of the order of 1.3 mn tonnes and is growing at around
4.5% annually. The moderate growth is paradoxically due to the supply of better quality of lubricants
which have longer servicing capability. The lubricant market is estimated to grow to the level of 1.42
mn tonnes in 2006-07 and to approximately 2.00 mn tonnes in 2014-15. The Indian lubricants industry
claims to be the sixth largest in the world. It has the presence of almost all major MNCs which include
Shell, Mobil, Gulf Oil, and Caltex. Some of these oil majors have even tied up or renewed old ties with
public sector undertakings, thereby gaining the advantage of distribution and infrastructural networks.
The industry is being constrained by high petroleum prices. Until the 1980s, lubricants produced in the
country were basically simple blends based on low and medium level technologies. More sophisticated
lubricants were imported and these accounted for a relatively small market. Product variation is fairly
extensive depending on the requirements of the segment served. In many cases, specific customers
have their own special requirements. The lubricants market was dominated by three public sector
refinery companies: (i) Bharat Petroleum (ii) Indian Oil Corporation, and (iii) Hindustan Petroleum.
Small contributions came in from BPL and private players like Castrol. Lubrizol India and Indian
Additives came into existence for manufacturing sophisticated lubricant additives with the
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collaboration of Lubrizol and Chevron, respectively. The demand of transformer oil is increasing year
by year due to increase in demand of transformers. There is good scope to venture in to this project for
new entrepreneurs. Few Indian Major Players are as under: Apar Industries Ltd. Apar Ltd. [Merged]
Electra (Jaipur) Ltd. M P Petrochem Ltd. Madras Petrochem Ltd. Powerlink Oil Refinery Ltd. R T S
Power Corpn. Ltd. Raj Lubricants (Madras) Ltd. Rams Transformers Ltd. Savita Oil Technologies Ltd.
Vijai Electricals Ltd.
Plant capacity: 30000.00 KLS/annum
Plant & machinery: 1294 Lakhs
Working capital: -
T.C.I: 3675 Lakhs
Return: 43.00%
Breakeven: 34.00%
Transformer Industry, a segment of Heavy Electrical Industry depends solely on the power
development in the country in particular and of the world in general. That is, demand for Transformers
and related products are a derived demand dependent on Power Sector Development. The power
generating capacity in India increased almost 50 times during the past fifty years. The transformer
Industry mainly comprises the Power Transformers Segment and the Industrial Transformer Segment.
The industry is monopolistic in nature with the bulk of the demand for Power Transformer being
generated by State Electricity Boards and Central Government undertakings, Independent Power
producers and Turnkey Projects. Power is a basic input for growth and development of a country and it
is essential ingredient for improving the standard of living of the people. As such, in developing
economies, the importance of growth of power sector cannot be over emphasized. India, with its
planned economy, was giving ample importance to the power sector in the five-year plans.
Transformer industry is divided into distribution, power and other types of transformers. The demand
for transformers comprises of new demand as well as replacement demand. About 95% of transformers
used in the Indian power network are of indigenous make. New demand is dependent on the new power
generation capacities added. Currently, India has an installed capacity of approximately 115,000 mw. As
per the planning estimates, the installed capacity should be increased to 200,000 mw by 2012, majority
of which is to be installed within next 3 years. The replacement demand depends on the life of the
transformer and the existing capacity in the economy. At the end of the sixth five-year plan (1980-1985)
a total of 337,584 MVA of transformer capacity was added. Since these transformers' life exceeds 20
years, they are due for replacement. Also, Indian players in the engineering segment, foraying into
turnkey projects overseas, are further adding to the demand for transformers. The demand is expected to
experience double digit growth over the next few years.
Large players such as BHEL, ABB, Areva T&D, Crompton Greaves, and Siemens have capacity
of more than 15,000 MVA p.a. However, they are diversified power equipment players and the
transformer segment is not a major revenue contributor. Among players who primarily
manufacture transformers, TRIL is the largest by capacity followed by EMCO, Vijai Electrics,
Voltamp, and Bharat Bijlee. Most players have significantly expanded capacity to tap demand.
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Over the past four years, capacity utilization has improved to 80%, on the back of strong
demand and as expansion projects were under construction for majority of the companies.
Demand for Power Sector:
Indias power demand is likely to cross 300GW, in the next 10 years earlier than the most estimates.
Meeting this demand will require a fivefold to tenfold increase in the pace of capacity addition. The
profile of planned capacity will also need to be suitably modified to fulfil peak demand, keep emissions
under check, reduce dependence on imported fuels and provide affordable power. The Indian power
transformers market has grown by leaps and bounds for over five decades and has a well-matured
technology base up to the 800 kV class. As there is a demand upswing for reliable power in the country,
the transformers market is witnessing a growth trend. With huge demand for power evacuation from
large generating stations and strengthening of the inter-regional transmission grid, the transmission and
distribution (T&D) utilities are the major end users of power transformers in India. The Indian economy
is witnessing a restoration and so is the electrical industry and its various segments including the
transformer industry. High demand arising from the energy intensive oil and gas, and cement segments
has buoyed prospects for the Indian power transformer market. Developments in the power sector will
have huge ramifications for the Indian transformer industry. The transformer industry which had more
than doubled its capacity over the last five years anticipating huge domestic and overseas demand is
today suffering from overcapacity, notes the analyst of this research service. However, a shift in the
governments focus to strengthen the power T&D system has unleashed abundant opportunities for the
power and distribution transformer market. The Government of India is encouraging investments at the
T&D level to increase access to reliable power supply and reduce technical and commercial losses in
the system through schemes such as Revised Accelerated Power Development and Reform Program (RAPDRP) and Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY). The R-APDRP scheme aims to
bring down the Aggregate Technical and Commercial (AT&C) losses in the T&D network. This entails
huge investments in the T&D sector including use of energy efficient transformers, besides renovation,
modernization, restructuring, and up gradation of the T&D infrastructure. Evidence points to a
conscious effort to upgrade the grid voltages to 765 kV to minimize the transmission losses and the
corridor width. Major participants are gearing up their manufacturing facilities to this changing
paradigm with MNCs bringing technology from their parent companies, while local participants are
obtaining the technology through acquisition and technology transfer. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency
(BEE), Ministry of Power, is actively working to ensure that quality products are procured by the
electricity boards and has accordingly stipulated mandatory star rating for distribution transformers.
Distribution transformer procurement for R-APDRP is likely to be set at a minimum of 3 star rating. A
large number of distribution transformer manufacturers have already applied to BEE for acquiring star
ratings.
Page| 15
Several transformer companies in the small and unorganized sector are slowly graduating to the
medium-sized category, thus expanding the base of organized participants.
India is on the verge of becoming an emerging power nation among developing economies. The
availability of electricity is directly linked to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth of developing
economies, India being no exception. Growth of the Indian electrical industry and its investment appeal
primarily depends on government policies. Timely capacity additions to electricity generation,
transmission and distribution are necessary to improve and sustain GDP growth and reduce the
electricity demand-supply gap.
to build power plants with 70,000 MW capacities in the next three years. The Indian government has set
ambitious goals in the 11th plan for power sector owing to which the power sector is poised for
significant expansion. In order to provide availability of over 1000 units of per capita electricity by year
2012, it has been estimated that need-based capacity addition of more than 100,000 MW would be
required. This has resulted in massive addition plans being proposed in the sub-sectors of Generation
Transmission and Distribution. Investment is also expected to flow into different segments of the value
chain, covering the segments of power generation, transmission and distribution and allied sectors such
as equipment, technology and services. The private sector is expected to play a more active role in
investment and capital productivity. The government has undertaken a number of initiatives to facilitate
private sector participation.
With some fast moves at launching fast track projects to augment supplies, the Indian industry needs
to improve its competitiveness. The Indian market is growing and multinationals with newer
technologies are now more active.
Page| 16
Table.2.1: Existing Transmission Lines And Expansion During 2012-2017

The typical manufacturing process of an LPT consists of the following steps:
1. Engineering and design: LPT design is complex, balancing the costs of raw materials (copper, steel,
and cooling oil), electrical losses, manufacturing labor hours, plant capability constraints, and shipping
constraints.
2. Core building: Core is the most critical component of an LPT which requires highly-skilled work
force and cold-rolled grain-oriented (CRGO) laminated electrical steel.
3. Windings production and assembly of core and windings: Windings are predominantly copper and
have an insulating material.
4. Drying operations: Excess moisture must be removed from the core and windings, because moisture
can degrade the dielectric strength of the insulation.
5. Tank production: A tank must be completed before the winding and core assembly finish the drying
phase so that the core and windings do not start to reabsorb moisture.
6. Final assembly of the LPT: The final assembly must be done in a clean environment; even a tiny
amount of dust or moisture can deteriorate the performance of an LPT.
7. Testing: Testing is performed to ensure the accuracy of voltage ratios, verify power ratings, and
determine electrical impedances.
In the manufacturing process, certain parts can be produced either at the transformer plant or at
another vendor or subsidiary location, depending on how vertically integrated the particular plant is,
whether the plant has the necessary tools and capabilities, as well as economic reasons.
Page| 17
CHAPTER 3
ORGANISATIONAL PROFILE
Page| 18
3.1. COMPANY PROFILE

TELK, Transformers and Electricals Kerala Limited was incorporated in 1963 under an agreement with
Government of Kerala, Kerala state Industrial Development Corporation and M/s. Hitachi Limited,
Japan to set up a full-fledged unit for designing and manufacturing Extra High Voltage Electrical
equipments in India. TELK set an example by venturing into the area of manufacturing high capacity
transformers in India at a time when nation relied mostly on imported equipments to meet its power
transmission requirements. Located at Angamaly, near Cochin in Kerala, the first product rolled out
from TELK in 1966. TELK has established its own brand image for quality and reliability. Since 23rd
June 2009, Telk is a Joint Venture Company of Government of Kerala and NTPC Ltd. TELK
transformers are designed to suit the exacting requirements of customers and to meet the relevant
international standards. Experts at TELKs R&D department are engaged in product engineering and
research activities. Owing to which TELKs product line is constantly evolving. In India, TELK had
bagged several prestigious contracts for power transformers against International competitive bidding,
facing severe competition from international giants.
A sweeping glance at TELKs prestigious clientele will provide a clear view of the corporate
achievements. It includes National Thermal Power Corporation, Nuclear Power Corporation, Power
Grid Corporation, Bhakra Beas Management Board, Tata Electric Company etc. along with all the State
Page| 19
Electricity Boards and many major industrial firms in India. Besides being the choice of the nations
discerning customers of exacting requirements, TELK Transformers has also won over clients from
countries such as Tanzania, Nepal, Oman, Indonesia, Nigeria and Malaysia. TELK has been exporting
its products right from the 1970s. However, a real boost to TELKs Export Marketing efforts came with
the recent opening up of the Indian Economy and the subsequent globalization measure of the Indian
Government. The first major export of TELK consisted of two 50MVA transformers to Tanzania in
1972.
TELK has bagged and executed many sizable exports contracts to customers like PLN of Indonesia,
TNB of Malaysia, MEW of Oman, NEPA of Nigeria etc. some of the export contracts are still under
execution. TELK had been following a very stringent quality standard laid down by their collaborators
M/s Hitachi, Japan and this has enabled TELK to penetrate new overseas markets against stiff
competition from Multinational Giants. The fruitful collaboration with Hitachi helped TELK to bring
out the latest innovations in power transmission technology. This has enabled the company to become a
prominent one in the manufacturer of power transformers and allied products. TELK has earned a
reputation for outstanding technical expertise; excellent quality and dedicated service back up. Catering
to the deserving requirements of international standards, TELK has gained many first to its credit. Since
the companys quality system fully comply with the requirements of ISO 9001 Certification during
September 1995. This is the first Kerala Government undertaking getting ISO certification. The
machinery and equipment of TELK are up to the international standards. Imported vertical winding
machine, totally air conditioned winding assembly shops that ensure precision humidity controlled and
dust free atmosphere etc. are some of the features that lend structural base for TELK quality. TELK has
a professional and efficient marketing set up and they have a very efficient Project Engineering
Division.
Between 1966 and 1980 the company worked profitably and afterwards it began to show loss trend
mainly due to the substantial dip in the companys products leading to severe in working capital. As a
result the company was declared a sick unit by the Board of Industrial and Financial Reconstruction
(BIFR). On the basis of the recommendations made by BIFR various relief and concessions were
granted by various banks, institutions and the Government of Kerala. As per the rehabilitation packages
the company is taking all efforts to reduce the losses to the minimum by achieving operational
efficiency and cutting down costs in all areas. Now the company has become a profit making unit.
A Business collaboration and shareholders agreement was entered into between the Government of
Kerala, M/s. NTPC Ltd. and the company on 23-06-2007. This is a landmark in the history of TELK.
By joining hands with NTPC, a Navaratna company, TELK will be able to attain the path of high
growth and will be able to beat competition in the industry in the highly changing industrial scenario.
TELK in the Power Transformer field in India as follows:
Page| 20
First 40 KV Power Transformer manufacturers in India.

First 315 MVA capacities, 400 KV Transformer manufactured in India.
Largest capacity Generator Transformer manufactured In India (630 MVA).
First 400 KV Gas Circuit Breaker manufactured in India.
The largest capacity Isolated Phase Bus duct (IPB) in the Indian grid was supplied for the first
500 MW units at Trombay.

First PSU in India having successfully short circuit tested 400 KV, 315 MVA transformers with
basic emulation level point.

First 400 KV Condenser Bushing manufacturers in India etc.
3.1.1. Stages of Expansion In TELK

TELK has made its growth through value addition and expansion projects done within the company.
The most important 4 stages of project expansions done in TELK are as follows:
In the first stage, initial capacity was 1080 MVA Power Transformer.
Current Transformers (CT), Potential Transformers (PT), Voltage Transformers (VT), On Load
Tap Charger (OLTC), Bushing etc. are produced.

In 1974, the public issue of equity share capital of Rs.2crores increased to Rs.5crores. At that
time the capacity increased to 3000 MVA.

The capacity was increased to 4500 MVA. The fourth stage expansions are the turning point of
TELK.
3.1.2. Achievements & Awards

1963- Year of Incorporation.
1963- Technical and financial collaboration with M/s. Hitachi Ltd, Japan.
1966- Installed first power transformer (4MVA, 66/11 KV) to KSEB.
1972- Entered into international business; exported first power transformer to Tanzania.
1975- Installed first 400kv class Power Transformer and CTs.
1976- Listed on Bombay stock exchange.
1982-Iinstalled 600kv (3 x Single phase) for Indias first 500MW, 220KV Thermal Power
Station at Trombay for TATA.

1995- Accredited with ISO 9001-1994 certification.
1998- Sub Divided190 MVA 3 phase transformer foe APSEB.
1999- Accredited ISO 2008 certificate.
2003- Installed largest capacity transformer in India.
630MVA Transformers (3x Single Phase bank) Indias first 400KV, 500 MW Nuclear Power
Station at Tarapur.
2009- NTPC Ltd acquired 44.6% stake in TELK from Govt. of Kerala for business
collaboration.
2009-TELK won the awards instituted by Government of Kerala.
Outstanding Achievement in Enterprise performance for the year 2008-09, among the state
owned enterprises under the department of industries and commerce.

Outstanding achievement in corporate leadership award for the best PSU CEO in 2008-2009.
2009- Accredited with ISO 9001:2008 Certification.
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2010-TELK has become the first power equipment manufacturer in India who have conducted
the short circuit test on 315 MVA(400/220/33KV) transformer having 1425 basic kvp insulation
level at KEMA Netherlands.

2010-TELK won award instituted by Government of Kerala for outstanding
achievement in corporate Leadership award for the best PSU CEO in 2010-2011.
2011-TELK Acquired NABL accreditation (ISO/IEC 17025:2005) for its Electrical Test
Laboratory.
2011-TELK obtained Export House status from Govt of India.
2012-TELK won Kerala safety award for very large factories in engineering category.
2013-TELK became Kerala safety award runner up.
3.2. LEGAL FRAME WORK OF THE ORGANIZATION
TELK Transformers and Electricals Kerala Limited was incorporated in 1963 under an agreement with
Government of Kerala, Kerala state Industrial Development Corporation and M/s. Hitachi Limited,
Japan to set up a full- fledged unit of designing and manufacturing Extra High Voltage Electrical
equipments in India. Now TELK is a joint venture between Government of Kerala and NTPC Ltd.
3.3. CAPITAL OF THE COMPANY
Capital of TELK made up of shareholders Fund & loan funds. Share holders funds include equity share
capital and resource and surplus whereas loan Funds consist of Secure Loans. Also it contains sales tax
dues amounting to 219.54 lakhs which has been differed by the Government of Kerala up to 2002
without interest.
Authorized Capital
Subscribed, issued & paid up
Sales
Net profit for the last year
: Rs.10, 000.00 crores

: Rs.8, 245, 46 crores
: Rs.210 crores
: Rs.23 crores
3.4. MANAGEMENT SET UP OF TELK

The management of the Company subject to the control & supervision of directors. Managing Director
is the Chief Executive of the Company.
As per the business collaboration and shareholders agreement and upon transfer of 44.6% of paid up
share capital by Govt. of Kerala to NTPC Ltd, the company was reconstituted with the new board of
directors in 2009 with 4 nominees of Govt. of Kerala and 4 nominees of NTPC Ltd. Presently The board
of Directors are under the chairmanship of Shri. V. Somasundharam IAS and Shri. Arun Kumar Gupta is
the Managing Director.
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CATEGORY
PERCENTAGE OF SHARES
NO. OF SHARES
Govt. of Kerala
54.56
23444102
NTPC ltd
44.60
19163438
Others
0.84
359810
Total
100
Table.3.1: Present Capital Structure of TELK
42967350
Fig.3.1: Percentage of Shares

3.4.1. Vision
Best among Indias Power equipments manufacturer with an increased share in global market.
3.4.2. Mission
Achieve market leadership and generate surplus to ensure growth by providing quality products and
services that delight customer.
3.4.3. Quality Policy
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TELK is committed to provide products and services that meet customer and regulatory requirements
and to continually strive for business excellence.
3.4.4. Quality Objective
Continual improvement of business excellence through
Reducing business cycle time.

Achieving lowest manufacturing cost.
Technology up gradation.
Reducing rework level.
Increased customer satisfaction.
All products coming out of TELK are subject to stringent quality check to ensure relevant international
quality standards and have been bestowed with ISO 9001. The company presently is aiming at attaining
total quality management.
TELK has got the position in India as the manufacturer of Best Quality Equipment in Extra
Voltage field. This unique position in respect of Quality was imbibed in TELKs culture right
from the beginning, with cent per cent Japanese technology and manufacturing methods that we
adopted from the world famous Hitachi, Japan.

The Company has got ISO 9001-2008 Accreditation.
3.4.5. Service
Customer service forms the basis of TELKs strong success. TELK enjoys the patronage of a large
number of valued customers.
3.4.6. Value
Good value for money is the basis for pricing of TELKs products and many of the customers are aware
of the premium price, which TELK is eligible. TELK has successfully served a number of prestigious
projects at fairly differentiated from the reputed companies such as M/s NTPC, TATA etc.
3.4.7. Safety policy of TELK
TELK believe that Safety and Health of its employees and safe working environment are fundamentals
to the companys operation.
Objectives:
Manufacturing of Heavy Electric Equipment such as transformers, turbines and other allied
electrical machinery.
To Manufactures, import, export deal in wholesale or retail radiographs, photographs,
Dictaphones, television sets and sorts of electrical and wireless seta instruments and articles.
To construct, maintain and alter any building, works manufacturing roads, railways, docks and
other convince, necessary for the business of the company.
Page| 24
To undertake and execute any trusts the undertaking where of any seen desirable, either
gratuitously or otherwise.
To acquire and undertake the whole or any part of the business properly and liabilities of any
person or company carrying on any business which he company is authorized to carry on or
possessed to properly suitable for the purpose of the company. To take part in the management,
supervision or control of the business or operation of any company or undertaking and for that
purpose to appoint and remunerate any Directors, Accountants or other Exports or officers.
To invest and deal with the moneys of the company not immediately required in such manner, as
many from time to time be determined.
Reducing business cycle time and achieving lowest manufacturing cost.
Technology up gradation and reducing rework level.
3.4.8. Objectives
Manufacturing of Heavy Electric Equipment such as transformers, turbines and other allied electrical
machinery.To Manufactures, import, export deal in wholesale or retail radiographs, photographs,
Dictaphones, television sets and sorts of electrical and wireless seta instruments and articles.
To construct, maintain and alter any building, works manufacturing roads, railways, docks and
other convince, necessary for the business of the company.
To undertake and execute any trusts the undertaking where of any seen desirable, either
gratuitously or otherwise.
To acquire and undertake the whole or any part of the business properly and liabilities of any
person or company carrying on any business which he company is authorized to carry on or
possessed to properly suitable for the purpose of the company. To take part in the
management, supervision or control of the business or operation of any company or
undertaking and for that purpose to appoint and remunerate any Directors, Accountants or
other Exports or officers.
To invest and deal with the moneys of the company not immediately required in such manner,
as many from time to time be determined.
Page| 25
Reducing business cycle time and achieving lowest manufacturing cost.

Technology up gradation and reducing rework level.
3.5. PRODUCT PROFILE
1. Power transformers:
Power transformers are vital equipment needed for high voltage power transmission. The design and
manufacturing processes followed by TELK are based on the latest techniques developed by our
collaborators Hitachi Ltd, Japan, who have over sixty years experience in this field.
2. Current transformers
TELKs current transformers are sturdy and extremely reliable which is proven with their more than
30 years in the field. They are required for protection and metering in generating stations, receiving
stations and power transmission networks. We are adopting Hitachis designs and latest manufacturing
techniques. These porcelain type current transformers are hermetically sealed and are fitted with surge
diverters which protect CTs from surges.
3. Potential transformers.
They are also required for protection and metering in transmission networks. The voltage
transformers are designed and manufactured based on the techniques followed by Hitachi Ltd. These
voltage transformers are hermetically sealed and provided with adequate shields to protect them against
over voltages.
4. Bushing
TELK manufactures bushings as per Indian and international standards. These are not susceptible to
ageing and have excellent thermal stability and low dielectric losses even at high temperatures and over
voltage which make them superior to other types of bushings. TELKs bushings are more compact,
sturdy, and non-susceptible to impurities and humidity. These bushings are hermetically sealed.
5. On -load tap changer
High-speed resistor transition type on-load tap changers consisting of diverter switch, tap selector,
driving mechanism and control panels. The use of this built-in-type changer makes the trnsformer more
compact.
3.6. CUSTOMERS OF TELK
Major customers in India:All large Electrical Power utilities in India are customers of TELK (both public and private sector
utilities). Some important customers are
Nuclear Power Corporation.

National Thermal Power Corporation.
Power grid Corporation of India Ltd.
Page| 26
TATA Electric Company.

Indian Railways.
Kerala State Electricity Board.
National Hydro Electric Power Corporation.
Other major private utilities.
International Customers of TELK Ministry of electricity and water, Oman.

Nepal electricity authority.
Tanzania electric company.
Perushan Umum Listric Nigra Pusat, Indonesia.
Tanaga National Berhad, Malaysia.
Central electricity board. Mauritius.
Hitachi power systems, Indonesia.
Hitachi, Singapore.
National Electric Power Authority (NEPA), Nigeria.
ABB, Finland.
TELK-ISO 9001 Company
TELK Is an ISO 9001 accredited Company and it has got its benefits such as:
Clear and transparent system which everybody can follow.
Improved efficiency & effectiveness of the organization.
Better understanding about the customer requirements & perceptions.
Effective internal communication.
Improved awareness about quality within the organization.
3.7. COMPETITORS
3.7.1. National Competitors
1. Bharat Heavy Electrical Ltd. (BHEL).
It wins ICAI National awards for excellence in cost management for the 7th consecutive year
registered Office BHEL House, Siri Fort New Delni-110049 India.
2. Crompton and Greaves Ltd (CGL).
CGL is a pioneering leader in the management and application of electrical energy with a presence
in 10 countries. CG is achieved in the global power transmission and distribution.
3. General Electrical Ltd Company (GEC).
This is an American multinational conglomerate corporation incorporated in Schenectady, Newyork
and head quarted in Fairfield, Connecticut, United States.
4. Bharat Bijili, Andrew Yule Company, Eswar and son, Kirloskar, New Govt Electrical Company.
It is one of the leaders in the electrical engineering industry in India.
3.7.2. International Competitors
1. Asian Brown Boveri (ABB).
It is a leader in power and automation technologies that enables utility and industry customers to
improve their performance ABB ltd, registered office PIOL No 22 a Shah Industrial Estate, 1st
Floor Finland.
2. SIEMENS (Germany).
German multinational conglomerate Company head quarter in Munich Germany. It is the largest
Europe based electronics and electrical engineering company.
Page| 27
3. AROWAY (Canada).
Aroway OR the company is an oil Focused Canadian based exploration, acquisition and
production company with operations on the profile peace River Arch Region of North Alberts
Canada.
4. AE Power System (Japan).
This is one of the International Company. Japan AE Power System was discovered into its separate
parent company.
3.8. ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE
An organizational structure consists of activities such as task allocation, coordination and supervision,
which are directed towards the achievement of organizational aims. It can also be considered as the
viewing glass or perspective through which individuals see their organization and its environment.
Organizations are a variant of clustered entities. An organization can be structured in many different
ways, depending on their objectives. The structure of an organization will determine the modes in which
it operates and performs.
Organizational structure allows the expressed allocation of responsibilities for different functions and
processes to different entities such as the branch, department, workgroup and individual. Organizational
structure affects organizational action in two big ways. First, it provides the foundation on which
standard operating procedures and routines rest. Second, it determines which individuals get to
participate in which decision-making processes, and thus to what extent their views shape the
organizations actions.
Communication is an essential part for the success of any organization. In TELK two ways of
communication exist. One is formal and other is informal. Company provides extension phones and
parallel connections to every department. Written order in the form of circular, memos etc. are used for
communication. Common matters of the company are displayed in the notice board.
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Fig.3.2: Organizational Structure

3.9. ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF EXECUTIVES
Authority and Responsibility, their interrelation is defined and communicated within the organization.
The organization structure of the company is given below.
Board of Directors manages the company and one among them will be the Chairman. At present there
are 7 Directors out of which 3 are nominated by the Government of Kerala and 4 by the NTPC. The
management of the company is subject to control and supervision of the director board and the routine
affairs are handled by Managing Director. He is the chief executive of the company. The board is
primarily a policy making body. It is on the basis of the policies enunciated by the board that day to day
administration of the company is carried out.
(a) Chief Executive Officer (CEO)
Responsible for the following functions:1. Overall responsibility, authority & control of companys various activities including, product
quality and ensuring sustained growth & business excellence.
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2. Responsible for providing resources required for the operations of the company.
(b) General Manager (GM)
Responsible for the following functions:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Overall control of Marketing, & Customer servicing activities.

Overall control of planning, Industrial Engineering.
Overall control over Design & Development and R & D.
Overall control of Production & dispatch of products.
Overall control of installation, maintenance of plant, Equipment & Utilities including in house
construction work.
6. Overall control over customer supplied products.
(c) Joint General Manager finance and accounting (JGM(F&A)
Responsible for the following functions:1. Overall control of the financial operations of the company and preparation and maintenance
various books of accounts of the company in line with the companys rules and relevant Acts.
(d) Deputy General manager (DGM (C&M))
2.
3.
4.
Contract review.
Vendor evaluation & approval.
Purchasing.
Stores management.
(e) Company Secretary and Deputy General Manager (Human Resources and New business
Development) (CS and DGM (HR/NBD)
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Secretarial functions.
Corporate affairs.
Company estate & guest house.
Procurement of furniture & inventory control of TELK office building.
Record room, dispatch etc.
Recruitment of Human Resources.
Selection of Human Resources.
Training and development of the different Human Resources.
Welfare activities for the staff.
(f) Manager safety (MGRSF)

Responsible for the following functions:1. Coordinate all safety related activities.
2. Coordinate all legal complaints.
(g) Head of Marketing (AGM)
2.
3.
4.
5.
Market study and environmental scanning.

Tender review and order/contract review.
Liaison with customers.
Order execution, installation, commissioning and arrange for the after sales service.
Redress of customer complaints.
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6. Control over customer supplied products and collection of receivables/payments.

7. Control of documents and coordination within the department / with other depts. and different
selling Agents.
8. Collection of C Forms and TDS certificates and arrange for its submission to the concerned
departments.
(h) Head of Customer Service Division (AGM (SD)
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Tender review and order review.

Liaison with customers.
Order execution, installation, commissioning and servicing of products.
Collection of receivables/Payments.
Control of Customer supplied products.
Control of documents and coordination within the department / with other departments etc.
(i)Head of EDP (DGM IT)

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Control of electronic data processing.

Application system development / procurement & implementation.
Computer installation / maintenance / upkeep of computer system.
Back up of data / programs in the centralized server and periodic integrity checkup of back up.
Security against unauthorized access of systems.
Control of documents & related records etc.
(j) Head of Switchgear Design (SMRD)

Responsible for the following functions:1. Control of design assignment.
2. Tender & design assignment.
3. Approval of design outputs, review / verification /validation of design & control of design
changes.
4. Training of design staff, preventive action review and co-ordination within the department / with
other depts. etc.
(k) Head of Quality Assurance (AGM (QA & I)
2.
3.
4.
Verification/Inspection/Testing of products.
Stage/final inspection of products.
Calibration (electrical), servicing and maintenance of QA equipments.
Control over further processing, delivery or installation of Non conformity product until the
deficiency or unsatisfactory condition has been corrected.

5. Release of final products.
6. Corrective action review.
7. Control over documents, co-ordination within the department/with other departments etc.
(l) Head of Transformer Production (AGMP))
Responsible for the following functions:1. All activities related to product realization of the division.
2. Maintenance of plant, equipment, utilities and safety activities related to production.
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3. In house construction work.

4. Liaison/Co-ordination with marketing and other departments etc.
(m) Head of Tender Design (AGM D)
Responsible for the following functions:1. Control of design & development.
2. Tender & Design assignment.
3. Approval of design outputs, review/verification/validation of design & control
4. Training of design staff, preventive action review, co-ordination within the department / with
other departments etc.
(n) Head of Planning (AGM N)
2.
3.
4.
Chalk out Companys production plans & schedules as per the strategy.
Materials requirement planning for transformers.
Liaison/Co-ordination with marketing, design & production centers.
Control of documents / records and MIS etc.
(o) Head of Store

2.
3.
4.
Receipt, Identification, Storage, Issue & Control of materials.

Disposal of scrap / obsolete materials.
Control of documents & related records.
Overall planning of store activities & Co-ordination / liaison with other depts. /scrap dealers etc.
(p) Head of R & D and standards (AGME)

2.
3.
4.
R & D activities planning.

Assignment of R & D projects, review & Surveillance of R&D activities.
Issue & control of design outputs as generated in the section.
Preparation/Collection & Control of company standards / drafting manuals and national,
international & HKS standards.

5. Codification of materials.
6. Drawings & other documents control etc.
(q) Head of Factory service (AGM FS)
Responsible for the following functions:1. Coordinates all maintenance activities of the equipment.
2. Coordinate all utility services.
3.10. DEPARTMENT ANALYSIS
In large organization, it is usually easier to identify separate functional areas because people work
together in departments. Each department carries out the tasks that relate to its particular area. The main
purpose of functional areas is to ensure that all important business activities are carried out efficiently.
This is essential if the business is to achieve its aims and objectives. In addition, specific areas will be
responsible for supporting specific type of aims and objectives, for example: sales and marketing will
be involved in achieving targets linked to developing new markets or increasing sales human resources
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will be involved in arranging staff training activities and supporting the continuous professional
development of all staff.
The main functional departments of TELK are,
Production department.
Human resources department.
Purchase and materials department.
Production planning and control department.
Project engineering department.
Marketing department.
Quality assurance and testing department.
Finance department.
3.10.1. Production Department

The production department is headed by assistant general manager (technical). Under the production
wing, these are the various dealing with Design and planning (material and production), production,
assembly, inspection and testing, Factory service dispatch of transformers etc. each department is
headed by managers who are responsible to general managers.
CEO
GM
AGMP
SMRP2
SMRP1
AGMP1
MGRP1
AMP2
AMP1
Chart No:1
The various shops under this department are:
CT/PT/BUSHING.
OLTC.
MACHINE SHOP.
PLATE WORKSHOP.
CORE SHOP.
COIL INSULATION.
FINAL ASSEMBLY.
OIL AND DRYING.
3.10.2. Human Resources Department

The success of any organization lies in its human resources. TELK has an effective and efficient, fully
fledged Human Resources department. The company has separate orders for both workmen and office
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men. The selection processes of the employees are taking place through the public service commission
and the work men are selected through employment exchange. After selecting the employees the Human
Resources department gives proper training for the job.
CEO
CS& DGM (HR/NBD)
AMHR1
AO (HR)
AO (HR)
AMHR2
Chart No:2
3.10.2.1. Human Resources planning:
The Human Resources requirement of each department, to achieve the target is determined first.
Manpower requirements of production and administration departments are planned in such a way to
meet the future expansion and development of the company. The department prepares manpower
planning schedule every year. In TELK, future demand is usually accessed based on the number of
people likely to be retired. This year however some additions are also made along with usual
replacement. This is mainly because the management has raised the expected annual output to 6000
MVA, when the installed capacity is only 4500 MVA (assuming only 50% employee
efficiency)annually.
3.10.2.2. Functions of Human Resources Department:
1. Actual promotion of both workmen and officers.
2. Referendum.
3. Recruitment procedure of Contract employees.
4. Labor Welfare.
5. Prepare Officers Rating Report.
6. Issue of Salary to Employees.
7. Retirement Arrangements.
8. Advertisements.
9. Transfer and Posting.
10. Recruitment of apprentices.
11. First Aid Treatment.
12. Disciplinary Action.
3.10.2.3. The Areas Covered Under This Department:
1. Recruitment and Selection.
2. Induction, training and Development.
3. Promotion.
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4. Wages and Salary administration.

5. Time office.
6. Performance Appraisal.
7. Welfare Measures.
8. Employee grievance.
9. Industrial relation.
10. Public Relations.
3.10.3. Purchase And Materials Department
Purchase of material is one of the most important functions of material management. At times material
account for more than 50% of production costs. Ignoring this function can be very expensive. Purchase
may differ from firm to firm.
In an Industry purchase means buying of equipment, materials, tools, parts, stores etc. required for
industry. In manufacturing the first step is to purchase raw materials is required. Careful buying reduces
the cost of materials & thereby increasing profits. Hence purchasing is one of the delicate activities. The
head of purchase departments of TELK controls all purchase for the company production and also
responsible for the evaluation of vendors & for the development of new and existing vendors.
ROLE: To ensure timely delivery of raw materials and components conforming to the required
specifications and at the optimum cost.
OBJECTIVE:
Annual reduction in procurement cost by 3% depending on market condition

Reduction in rejection percentage of incoming materials
Reduce internal lead times of materials, receiving, documentation & storage.
Proper protection/validation/re-valid of materials
Identification and maintenance of stores to enhance customer satisfaction
Receive and identify scrap materials and disposing off at the earliest as per the direction of
management.
THE MAIN RAW MATERIALS AND ITS SUPPLIERS

Copper conductors
Bhandari Power Lines Private Ltd., Karnataka.
KSH International Maharashtra.
Asta India Private ltd, Gujarat.
Delta Trans conductors, Maharashtra.
Craft Paper
Weidman- Sweden.
Crape Paper
Amotfors Sweden.
Muntso- Sweden.
Press Board
Weidman- Sweden.
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Tetron Ribbon
Nisselon Japan.
Tetron String
Nisselon Japan.
CRGO
KRYFS- Power components Ltd Mumbai.
NEXUS, Pondicherry.
Power core Bangalore.
Transformer oil
Power Oil- APAR industries, Silvassa.

Transol- Savitha oil Technologies Ltd.
Chart No:3
3.10.3.1. The purchase procedure of TELK
Acceptance of order & detailed designs as per customers.

Forwarding order details to production & planning department.
Preparation of detailed designs as per customers specifications order & bill of materials by the
design department.
Preparation of product wise production schedule & product budget by production & planning
department.
Calculation of net requirement each items by material planning department.
Preparations of material indent.
Receipt of the order by the purchase department.
Inviting quotations from various sources of supply.
Seller selection.
Internal audit and financial approval.
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Order is placed.
3.10.3.2. Responsibility and Authority

i. Chief of Operation
Overall control of all matters related to procurement.
ii. Head of Materials
General Administration, inter departmental co-ordination, data analysis, implementation of corrective.
Communicating and initializing measures to implement management review and approval of purchase
order.
iii. Senior Manager/ Manager
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Vender Evaluation.
Implementing corrective action.
Control of Records.
Authorized person for review and approval.
Purchase function as assigned by the Head.
iv. Engineers/Asst. Engineers/ junior engineers

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Review of indent.
Releasing enquiries.
File processing.
Review of purchase orders.
Follow up with vendors.
Any other work assigned by Head of materials/ Group In-Charges.
3.10.3.3. Material Chart Of Movement

The various materials obtained from different sources are passed through different processes before
getting the finished product. The movement from the initial stage of material procurement up to the
final stage sales is shown in the following chart:
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Chart No:4
3.10.3.4. Production Planning And Control
CEO
GM
AGMNF
MGRP
ENGINEERS
SMRP
Chart No.5: Structure of Planning Department
DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES:
1. Head & Sub Head of Planning Department:Cochin University Of Science And Technology, CUSAT
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Strategic planning of production.
Plan & arrange materials in time.
Prepare annual production plan & schedule.
Prepare & submit statutory reports.

Strategic planning of transformer production.
Inter departmental/division co-ordination.
Plan & Co-ordinate the activities in each production centers.
Highlight delays, ship pages & other problems in production meetings.
Co-ordinate the facilities, materials & components for the production.
To receive order intimation from sales department.
Implement management instruction & ISO requirement in Planning.
Furnish data to the management on Production Performance.
Carry out & implement management instructions & decisions from time in planning.
2. Engineers in planning
Follow-up of materials with purchase & co-ordinate inspection.

Attend review meetings & report material position.
Keep records & registers related to the areas.
Report production problems to higher authorities.
Co-ordinate the activities of various shops involved in the manufacture of the product in this
area.
Arrange works contract, issues & receive materials against work contract.
Prepare production schedule & programmers allocate materials & components to the various
jobs in his area in consultation with his superiors.

Timely arrangement of materials, parts & components in their respective areas.
Monitor stock & status of purchase requisitions.
Get clarification from Design, regarding material & specification.
Various jobs in his area in Consultation with Superiors.
3.10.3.5. Material Requirements Planning
Materials requirement planning & scheduling including communications of requirements and
specifications to purchase department.

Management reporting.
To maintain quality records related to planning department.
Regular liaison with purchase, inspection & stores for making materials available as per the
plan.
3.10.3.5. Functions
To plan Yearly/Quarterly/Monthly Production & Schedule manufacturing activities of various

products.
Receipt of drawings/specs from design.
Distribution and control of drawings, specifications, instructions etc. among Manufacturing,

Inspection & Purchase Departments.
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Liaison with Sales, Manufacturing & Quality Department for Customer Inspection/Clearance.
Control of release of materials to various manufacturing sections, including inter-shop

transportation of materials & parts wherever necessary. Required documents are maintained for
control of release of materials to various manufacturing sections.
Co-ordination for review of deviations & non conformities observed during production &
inspection.
Co-ordination & control of production activities including periodic review with the concerned
Human Resources & modification of production programmes wherever necessary according to
the customer requirements, availability of materials etc.
Preparation of productivity Earning Report based on the accepted norms on standard man hours
& as per the terms and conditions of production
Agreement mutually agreed up on by the management & unions from time to time.
3.10.4. PROJECT ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

The function of Project Engineering Department is:
Undertakes turnkey contracts involving planning, executing and commissioning substations for
electricity utilities and industries, with stress on total service to customers. With the vast expertise and
sound track record in the field of manufacture of EHV substation equipments, TELK extended its field
of activity to yet another specialized area in 1985. TELK Project engineering division was set up with a
view to cater to the needs of a fast developing power sector to the Indian Economy. TELKs Project
engineering division (PED), has accomplished some remarkable feats in the span of twenty years of its
operation. Having already executed a long series of EHV substations on turnkey basis from concept to
commissioning for Indian Railways, Oil Refineries, Steel Plants, Power Supply Undertakings and
Electricity Boards.
TELKs Project engineering division has received ISO 9001 certification for substation installation,
an inevitable end result of years of uncompromising endeavours to ensure peak perfection and highest
possible standards of quality.
Some of the prestigious projects executed by TELKs project engineering division are:
230kV substation foe Salem Steel Plant.
220kV switch yard extension for Nuclear Power Station, Kalpakkam.
132kV substation for Jindal Iron and Steel Co. Bombay.
110kVsubstation for MRF, Kottayam.
Traction substation for Indian Railways etc.
3.10.5. MARKETING DEPARTMENT
3.10.5.1. Responsibilities & Authorities
1. Chief of Marketing Department
Overall responsibility for:
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I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
Co-ordination within the department, inter department & regional offices.

Co-ordination of dispatch, shipment etc.
Monitor order execution/ processing, collection of receivables etc.
Tender review & order review.
Handling of customer complaints.
Control of department manual instructions and standards.
Study internal quality reports and initiate timely corrective actions.
2. Head of marketing (asst to Chief of Marketing Dept.)

Direct responsibility relating toI.
Preparation & issue of Department Manual.
II.
Handling of Customer Complaints.
III.
And any other works as assigned by the Chief of Marketing Departments.
3. Product Group/Export/Area officer
I.
Preparation of offer/Quotation.
II.
Correspondence with customers.
III.
Review of Orders.
IV. Co-ordination with other Departments.
V. Co-ordination of after sales service (Export).
VI.
Invoicing & Payment Collection.
VII.
Maintain records related to Contract Review & Co-ordination Activities.
4. Engineers & Other Officers
I.
Assist In charge Product\Export\Area In charge in their respective area.
5. Regional Manager
I.
II.
Liaison between Head Office & Customers in the concerned region in marketing related works.
Co-ordination of other functions like Purchase, Finance etc. between Head Office & other
organizations.
Administrations of Regional Office.
III.
The role of Marketing Division is to book sufficient orders from domestic and International market
to feed factorys production, proper liaising & interaction with customers directly & through Regional
offices, interfacing customers & various departments in the factory for the execution of contracts
including the related commercial work.
OBJECTIVESThe objectives of marketing department are as follows:Continual Improvement of business through On time delivery of quality products.
Rapid response to customers.
Attend customer complaints within one month.
Analysis of customer perception & appropriation corrective action.
3.10.5.2. MARKETING PRINCIPLES
Prompt delivery-
When the cost of delay is so punishing, you need a supplier like TELK who understands the
importance of timely delivery.
Excellent Service to Customers-
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TELK realizes that customers are their strength and thus services to customer are of highest
priority to TELK.
Value for CustomerGood value for money is the basic priority for pricing of TELK products and many of their
customers are aware of the premium price which TELK is eligible for.
Uncompromising Quality StandardsTELK is a synonym for quality in the EHV power field in India and at TELK quality is way
of life.
3.10.6. FINANCE DEPARTMENT

Finance department is another important depatment of TELK. Finance department is headed by
Manager (Finance). He deals with the whole financial aspects of the company. Under his control, there
are departments like Books & Accounts, Tax Affairs, Bill department, Costing, Cash, and Wage
Administrations & Final Accounts.
3.10.6.1. Capital Structure of TELK:
Capital structure of TELK is made up of shareholders funds & loan funds. Shareholders funds include
equity share capital & resources & surplus whereas loan funds consist of secure loans. Also it contains
sales tax dues amounting to 219.54lakhs which has been deferred by the Government of Kerala up to
2002 without interest.
3.10.6.2. Performance of TELK:
During the year 1966-1980, the company is in a profitable stage.

During the year 1972-1980, 12% dividend was declared.
During the years 1980-1990, the company faced a loss stage.
During the year 1987, TELK incurred a loss of Rs9crores.
During the year 1991-1998, again the company incurs a loss stage.
During the year 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 & 2006 the company shows a profitability stage.
In the year, BIFR (Board for Industrial & Finance Reconstruction) declared sick unit & appointed
IDBI as operating agency. So at that time, the TELK is under the control of BIFR.
3.11. CUSTOMERS OF TELK
Major Customers in India:
All large Electrical Power Utilities in India are the Customers of TELK (both Public Sector and Private
Sector Utilities).
Few important customers of TELK are:
Nuclear Power Corporation Limited.

National Thermal Power Corporation.
Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd.
National Hydro Electric Power Corporation.
All state Electricity Boards.
Tata Power Company.
Reliance Energy Limited.
Siemens Ltd.
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Asia Brown Boveri Ltd.

Larsen & Toubro Limited.
Damodar Valley Corporation.
Neyveli Lignite Corporation.
National Competitors:
Peer Group Sharing of Actual Production (MVA)
International Competitors:
ABB-(Asia Brown Boveri), Finland.

SIEMENS- Germany.
AROWAY-France.
AE Power System Japan.
VATECH (Austria).
Function/ Process:
The various processes that are dealt with the Marketing Department are as follows:
Reviewing enquiries for adequacy & capability to measure requirements.

Reviewing orders in association with design.
Interacting with the customer for resolving conflicting measurements of the contract.
Handling of customer complaints.
After sales service of Export Contracts.
Maintaining records of contract review.
TELK had made record in export turn over by supplying Transformers worth Rs.2633lakhs to Oman
only (125 MVA).TELK had been following a very stringent quality standard laid down by their
collaborators M/S Hitachi, Japan & this has enabled TELK to penetrate new overseas markets against
stiff competition from Multinational giants
Tender processing process chart:
Chart No:6
Customer complaints:
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All the customer complaints received during the guarantee period shall be resolved. All after sales
service of export contracts is processed by Marketing Division. Appropriate offer/ Contract is made &
reviewed separately along with main order.
Customer service division:
For giving better after sales service & customer care TELK has a separate wing Rapid Response
Customer Service Department. They will give quick response / reply for attending the
repair/rectification work for TELK products.
3.12. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND TESTING
Quality assurance (QA) is a process-centered approach to ensuring that a company or organization is
providing the best possible products or services. It is related to quality control, which focuses on the end
result, such as testing a sample of items from a batch after production. Although these terms are
sometimes used interchangeably, quality assurance focuses on enhancing and improving the process that
is used to create the end result, rather than focusing on the result itself. Among the parts of the process
that are considered in QA are planning, design, development, production and service.
For TELK Quality Assurance is the keyword. And TELK is accredited with ISO 9001:2008 by M/s
Dekra certification B.V Netherlands. At TELK quality checks are mandatory at each phase of
production. TELKs testing department is equipped with the multitude of sophisticated testing
equipments apart from NABL accreditation for TELKs transformer testing lab w.e.f 06.06.2011. every
product of telk goes through stringent quality tests before reaching the customer. Being one of the first
Indo- Japanese ventures in the country. TELK has imbibed Total Quality concepts.
Quality control
Quality control is a process that is used to ensure a certain level of quality in a product or service. It
might include whatever actions a business deems necessary to provide for the control and verification of
certain characteristics of a product or service. Most often, it involves thoroughly examining and testing
the quality of products or the results of services. The basic goal of this process is to ensure that the
products or services that are provided meet specific requirements and characteristics, such as being
dependable, satisfactory, safe and fiscally sound. TELK have a team of workers who focus on testing a
certain number of products or observing services being done. The goal of the quality control team is to
identify products that do not meet a company's specified standards of quality. If a problem is identified,
the job of a quality control team or professional might involve stopping production or service until the
problem has been corrected. Depending on the particular service or product as well as the type of
problem identified, production might not cease entirely.
Quality Circles
Quality circle activities are motivated and monitored by QMS department to promote employees
involvement and participation in identifying and solving their problems in their operational areas.
Testing
Page| 44
Facilities in TELK testing lab:

TELK has the state of the art testing facilities, like Extra High voltage testing laboratory and fully
equipped insulating material testing laboratory enable to conduct all routine and type tests as laid down
in international standards.800 kV Cascaded Testing Transformer 500 kV Testing.
TELK has NABL accreditation (ISO/IEC 17025:2005) which gives its test reports more international
acceptance.
3.13. ANALYSIS
3.13.1. SWOT Analysis
3.13.1.1. Strengths
Pioneer and prominent player in the organized segment.
Well known for its quality.
Strong brand equity.
Cost competitiveness.
Better price realizations.
Diversified client base.
Sharper focus on core operations.
Higher demand leading to operations at full and over capacity.
Healthy working environment.
3.13.1.2. Weaknesses
High dependence on SEBs.
High investment lying in material.
Highly working capital intensive.
High debtor base in government projects.
Absence of technical tie up to build knowledge on designing transformers.
Does not possess capabilities to manufacture higher rating transformers.
Absence of advanced quality assurance facilities even ineligible to qualify for bidding in those
classes.
3.13.1.3. Opportunities
Large and growing domestic demand.
Various Governments being undertaken for additional generation capacities.
Replacement market expected to supplement demand for fresh capacity additions.
Concentrates on power transformers which account for 65-68 % of total value of the industries.
Strong industrial demand to fuel order intake.
Exploring new business sectors.
Expanding product profile.
Expanding transformer capacity to steer growth.
Better co-ordination between centre and state for infrastructure development in power sector is a
step in the right direction.

Scope for improving procurement cycle.
Outsourcing of components with back to back arrangements or long term tie-ups.
3.13.1.4. Threats
Slow down in Govt. programs and industrial capex.

Change in technology.
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Low capital required to sector a facility which could induce foreign players to enter the market.
Increases number of players leading in price war.
Threat from other smaller players who are into expansions/tie-ups.
High depleting margins.
3.14. FINDINGS
MNC like ABB, Siemens have started their operation in India. However TELK could sustain
their market share as the demand for their products has been live owing to the impeccable
quality of the product and the setting up of more are more power projects within India and
abroad as well. The products are well accepted in the market due to accreditation of the
international quality standards.
Gas circuit breaker has been removed from the manufacturing range which was contributing to
10% of the turnover.
The efforts on the part of the company to fill up the vacancies are found to be not up to the mark.
But it has been observed that the company has recently made strong effort in this ground noting
the above lacunae.
Majority of the machinery are 40 years old and require immediate replacement.
Promotions of the employees are not up to the satisfaction of the staff since the same is not done
in a time bound manner.
Highly qualified employees are not promoted suitably and are found to be disregarded.
Recruitments are not being effected for a long time, both in officer workmen categories.
Company is running profit for the past so many years and is seems to be surpassed the
turnaround situation.
Some of the supervisory cadre posts are yet to be filled. Engineers and Professionals with more
than 20 years of experience are still in the middle Management level.
The signing of Joint venture agreement with one of the Maharatna company called National Thermal
power corporation in 23 June 2009, as per the effort of the Government of Kerala, has been a landmark
to the company for its prospective advancements in the capacity addition as well as for the overall
development of the company in future and the marks in this line are found to be obvious as per the
functioning of the company now.
3.15. SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Timely recruitment of staff and imparting those selected a fresh are found to be vital.
Environmental scanning in the proper level to cope with the changing market scenario and
technical advancement are required in a suitable manner.

The R& D Department is to be strengthened.
The purchasing and stores have to work in such a manner that the scheduled production can be
fulfilled with in the period envisaged by the customer.
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The marketing department has to be some more alert enough to collect the full payment in such
a way that there should not be any sort of deductions from the bills, and to collect the due
certificate.
3.16. CONCLUSION
TELK is a leading manufacturer for quality transformers in India & Abroad. TELK meets the huge
competition by way of quality of the products. This company strives towards excellence through the
combined efforts of its management and the dedicated work force. The main positive aspect of the
company is that it maintains a better relationship between the management and employees. The trade
unions are maintaining a better relationship to the company.
To sum up, TELK had adapted to a culture of meeting customer requirements and puts in place the
system and practices aiming customer delight.
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PART II
CHAPTER 4
PROBLEM ANALYSIS
PRESENT LIMITATIONS OF ATTENDANCE

RECORDING IN TELK AND ITS REMEDIES
Page| 48
4.1. LIMITATIONS AND REMEDIES

Time plays an important part in business. It is very essential especially when maintaining quality
standards and remaining competitive. Being able to manage time also means the difference between
profit and loss. And businesses that are able to do so efficiently stand to reap the benefits. So, you can
see that time and attendance tracking is one of the most important concerns of businesses today.
The old methods of tracking employees rely heavily on the employees' willingness to be honest with
their time. It also requires accuracy, something that can be subject to human error from time to time. But
without a reliable time and attendance tracking method businesses stand to lose a lot of money and this
is a problem. In this case they could overpay their employees or fail to determine the productivity of
certain tasks that lead to desired results. However, an employer wont be able to determine easily how
well employees perform.
For thousands of years, devices have been used to measure and keep track of time. The
current sexagesimal system of time measurement dates to approximately 2000 BC, in Sumer.
The Ancient Egyptians divided the day into two 12-hour periods, and used large obelisks to track the
movement of the Sun. They also developed water clocks, which were probably first used in the Precinct
of Amun-Re, and later outside Egypt as well; they were employed frequently by the Ancient Greeks,
who called them clepsydrae. The Shang Dynasty is believed to have used the outflow water clock
around the same time, devices which were introduced from Mesopotamia as early as 2000 BC. Other
ancient timekeeping devices include the candle clock, used in China, Japan, England and Iraq; the time
stick, widely used in India and Tibet, as well as some parts of Europe; and the hourglass, which
functioned similarly to a water clock. The sundial, an early clock, relies on shadows to provide a good
estimate of the hour on a sunny day. It is not so useful in cloudy weather or at night and requires
recalibration as the seasons change (if the gnomon was not aligned with the Earth's axis). The earliest
known clock with a water-powered escapement mechanism, which transferred rotational energy into
intermittent motions, dates back to 3rd century BC ancient Greece; Chinese engineers later invented
clocks incorporating mercury-powered escapement mechanisms in the 10th century, followed by Arabic
engineers inventing water clocks driven by gears and weights in the 11th century.
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4.1.1. PRESENT LIMITATIONS OF ATTENDENCE RECORDING IN TELK

Inventions of machines have led us to optimize productivity. Automated attendance system is a very
good example of automation of modern era. Automated attendance system is the best replacement to
bulky, time consuming manually fed attendance system. Automated attendance system is considered to
be the most efficient and trustworthy invention and has a noteworthy impact on both large and small
scale industries.
Automated attendance system is not only used for recording attendance of official personnel but is
also used for security purposes. There are various automated attendance systems available in the market.
Few examples of these automated attendance systems include biometric attendance system, punch card
attendance system, swipe card attendance system etc.
(1) The attendance system used in TELK is swipe card system.
OrgSync's card swipe technology integrates into the events module to help you seamlessly track
attendance and assign timesheet hours for each student. OrgSyncs card swipe platform is compatible
with most magnetic card readers, as well as proximity scanners or bar code scanners, where Telk
assesses bar code scanner. Additionally, it works in both wired and wireless environments.
Using card swipe is easy. Rather than set up a similar in-house attendance tracker which would
require constant attention from your campus IT department, making the process expensive and timeconsuming your campus can use card swipe at any event with little to no IT involvement.
Advantages:
1. Easy and quick to use.
2. Security.
Disadvantages:
Many industries rely upon time punching to help keep track of the hours worked by employees. Time
punching is common, because time clocks are relatively cheap and offer a reliable way of tracking the
hours worked by employees. However, despite the advantages offered by time punching, there are
distinct disadvantages that must be considered.
1. Time Card Processing can take up valuable time.
Though employees can quickly punch their time cards, much more time is required to compile and
record the time card data. This is especially true of businesses with a larger number of employees.
Because of the sheer number of time cards and associated time data, it may be necessary to have an
employee dedicated to the collection and processing of time data.
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2. Buddy Punching.
The simplicity of time punching creates a situation where the system can be abused by employees.
Employees can take advantage of the time-punching system by having friends "punch" for them in the
event of absence or late arrival. When this happens, companies are paying for work that is not actually
being done. While there are systems available to discourage buddy punching, they increase the cost
of doing business.
3. Ongoing Cost of Time Cards.
Unlike digital time-keeping systems, time punching requires the constant purchase of time cards.
While the cost of time cards may be insignificant for smaller companies, the cost of time cards can
quickly add up for larger companies with many employees.
4. Data Entry Errors.
After all of the time card data is collected and processed, it still must be entered into some sort
of database in order for employees to receive paychecks. Because of the sheer amount of data being
manually entered into a database, there is a high chance of entry error.
(2) Another big limitation in attendance recording system in Telk is the software used. Telk
presently uses FoxPro, which was an old version.
FOXPRO:
FoxPro is a text-based procedurally oriented programming language and DBMS, originally
published by Fox Software and later by Microsoft, for MS-DOS, Windows, Macintosh, and UNIX. The
final published release of FoxPro was 2.6. Development has continued under the Visual FoxPro label,
which in turn was discontinued in 2007.The Visual FoxPro software development system is used in
designing sophisticated database applications. Visual FoxPro is an optimal software development
platform for many situations and work environments. According to C I Corporation, a Washington DC
based software Development Company; the following are the advantages and disadvantages of using
Visual FoxPro for your software development. Although FoxPro is a Database Management System
(DBMS) and it does support relationships between tables, it is not considered a Relational Database
Management System (RDBMS), lacking transactional processing. Sold and supported by Microsoft,
there is an active worldwide community of FoxPro users and programmers. FoxPro 2.6 for UNIX
(FPU26) has even been successfully installed on Linux and FreeBSD using the Intel Binary
Compatibility Standard (ibcs2) support library.
Why convert from FoxPro:
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As hardware and operating system software continue to advance, the 32-bit architecture of FoxPro is
not guaranteed to work with emerging systems.
1. Over time, companies using FoxPro applications will find changes to their system to be more
difficult and potentially more costly as the skilled resources to do so become drastically
diminished.
2. In addition to the technical aspects of the software and hardware, there is the human element.
Since Microsoft has now retired Visual FoxPro, there are fewer remaining skilled professionals
who really understand and are proficient with this development tool. As time moves on it is safe
to expect that this trend will continue.
3. While the conversion of FoxPro application may not be an immediately pressing problem, it is
still prudent to plan ahead. Making plans sooner means having adequate time for redevelopment,
testing and deployment for your new solution.
4. The important thing to understand here is that a major system which was formerly written in
FoxPro is going to require significant effort to be redeveloped with a new programming tool.
Alternatives to Visual FoxPro
While there is no simple conversion utility to convert your existing FoxPro application to another
platform, the good news is that there are many ways to successfully move your FoxPro data to other
database formats such as Microsoft SQL Server. The programs and user interface, on the other hand,
will have to be redesigned in the new development tool.
i.
Converting to Microsoft Visual Studio .NET.

One of the benefits of .NET is that it is a family of related development technologies and not just an
individual language. Another plus is that the .NET technologies are the most popular Microsoft
development products which translate to a great resource pool of talented programmers capable of
working within that environment.
With .NET it is possible to create both traditional desktop applications as well as browser-based
applications capable of running on an internet server. Browser-based applications can potentially extend
the reach of your application by providing access to a wider geographic area as opposed to your
traditional internal office network.
ii.
For the back-end data storage, Microsoft SQL Server.
This is available as both a free version (Express) and pay version (SQL Server Enterprise). SQL
Server has quickly become an industry standard being used by companies around the globe. Its
interoperability makes it capable of working with other products and technologies and at the same time
it is highly secure and scalable.
4.2. REMEDIES
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4.2.1 Automatic Attendance System

In the era of automation, by replacing manual attendance and payroll system automatic attendance
system has captured a smart position. Many elegant, tidy, easy to use, user friendly and
powerful automatic attendance systems have been introduced by various suppliers. An automatic
attendance system includes almost all biometric attendance systems, smartcard attendance systems,
swipe card attendance systems, web based attendance systems, etc. These automatic attendance
systems are now-a-days used in various organizations from police stations to banking to world business.
Automatic attendance system brings the convenience of accessibility at any time, from anywhere via
internet. With the introduction of automatic attendance system, some of the work load has been reduced,
due to which HR personnel, supervisors or the responsible concerns can pay more attention on
productivity for the organization.
Five Advantages of Automating your Time and Attendance System:
1) Reduce errors.
Time and Attendance software reduces the risk of human error and ensures and easy, impartial, and
orderly approach in addressing specific needs without any confusion. In fact, Time and Attendance
software has been shown to have an accuracy rate of more than 99% versus manual systems by
eliminating errors in data entry and calculations.
2) Increase security.
Time and attendance software together with biometric data collection devices may be used to control
employee access to certain areas within a facility and track employee entry. Biometric data collection
devices eliminate buddy punching and also helps reduce costly liabilities, including theft of equipment
or property.
3) Increase productivity.
Productivity increases because the process is seamless and makes day-to-day operations more
efficient and convenient. Eliminating legacy practices frees up employees time, decreases staffing
overhead, and provides supervisors with timely labor data to more effectively manage their operations.
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4) Save money.
Implementing a technology based time and attendance solution with biometric devices will
immediately help to reduce your labor costs. Manually collecting, managing, calculating and processing
time data to process payroll can take a lot of time, but with an automated time and attendance solution,
companies are able to increase efficiency and save money.
5) Increase employee satisfaction.
Employees will be happier because time and attendance software guarantees timely and accurate pay.
Further, by eliminating manual preparation of time sheets, or mechanical time cards employers are able
to improve employer-employee relations by giving employee secure access at their discretion to
personal data.
4.2.2. Emerging Systems
1. Smart Card Attendance System.
Smart card attendance system is an important part of almost all large scale organizations that allows
HR people to keep track of attendance of their employees. Because of this, organizations works become
easier as automated attendance system consumes lesser time and least maintenance. Smart card
attendance system is produces accurate results and does not require any salary paid employee for
maintenance. Smart card attendance systems function is based on microcontroller.
Companies that use smart card attendance system provide their employees a special card called
smart card in which employees information along with the access code is stored. What employees need
to do is just to enter the smart card into the smart card attendance system device (also referred to as
Smart Card Reader), where the assigned code is generated to enroll their attendances.
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Fig.4.1: Smart Card Machine

The Advantages of Using Smart Cards:
1. More Secure.
This simple technology has revolutionized the payment card industry and increased the level of card
security. These cards use encryption and authentication technology which is more secure than previous
methods associated with payment cards. The microprocessor chip embedded at the heart of the smart
card requires contact to the card reader and certain areas of the chip can be programmed for specific
industries.
2. Safe to Transport.
Another advantage to having a smart card is their use in the banking industry (and many other
sectors). These cards give the holder freedom to carry large sums of money around without feeling
anxious about having the money stolen. In this regard, they are also safe because the cards can be easily
replaced, and the person would have to know the pin number to access its stored value. This takes care
of the problem with cash; once it is stolen it is nearly impossible to trace and recover it.
3. Double as an ID Card.
A third advantage of using a smart card is that they can provide complete identification in certain
industries. There are numerous benefits of using smart cards for identification. A driver's license that has
been created using smart card technology can give the police the ability to quickly identify someone
whose been stopped for speeding or reckless driving. These cards can be used by health professionals to
identify someone who is brought in by an ambulance but unconscious or unable to speak.
4. Prevents Fraud.
Other benefits of using smart cards for identification can be used by governments to prevent benefits
and social welfare fraud to ensure the right person is receiving the welfare benefit. Some countries are
using the smart cards to identify temporary workers who have been given work permits. This has the
potential to reduce immigration fraud.
Smart cards are just as easy to use as a credit or debit card, but considerable more secure. They are
lightweight and easy to carry. This makes it easy to have one card to pay for parking, access to the
office, and for buying lunch at the office cafeteria.
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Possible Disadvantages:
1. Easily Lost.
Like a credit card, smart cards are small, lightweight and can be easily lost if the person is
irresponsible. Unlike credit cards, smart cards can have multiple uses and so the loss may be much more
inconvenient. If you lose a card that doubles as a debit card, bus pass and key to the office, you could be
severely inconvenienced for a number of days.
2. Security.
A second disadvantage of the using smart cards is their level of security. They are more secure than
swipe cards. However, they are not as secure as some in the general public would believe. This creates a
false sense of security and someone might not be as diligent as protecting their card and the details it
holds.
3. Slow Adoption.
If used as a payment card, not every store or restaurant will have the hardware necessary to use these
cards. One of the reasons for this is since the technology is more secure, it is also more expensive to
produce and use. Therefore, some stores may charge a basic minimum fee for using smart cards for
payment, rather than cash.
4. Possible Risk of Identify Theft.
When used correctly for identification purposes, they make the jobs of law enforcement and
healthcare professionals easier. However, for criminals seeking a new identity, they are like gold, based
on the amount of information it can contain on an individual.
2. Timestation.
TimeStation is a quick-to-setup, easy-to-use time and attendance system that runs on iPhone, iPad
and iPod Touch with a front-facing camera.
Using our Fast-Scan technology, employees can punch In & Out in less than a second, and because
TimeStation runs in the cloud, theres no software or servers to maintain. Managers can see whos in
and run time and attendance reports anytime, anywhere.
TimeStation is the perfect solution for small and medium businesses looking to track time and
attendance without the usual costs and overhead of traditional systems.
The versatility of TimeStation allows for a wide variety of applications:
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Track employee time and attendance for your business.

Track student attendance for your school.
Track member attendance for your club or group.
Track time spent across multiple projects or clients.
Fig.4.2: Timestation
3. Biometric Attendance System.
There have never been more accurate technologies as helpful to people in search of a way to keep
track of group activity as biometric time and attendance technology. There have never been more
accurate technologies as helpful to people in search of a way to keep track of group activity as biometric
time and attendance technology. We have been in search of a way to track the way groups and
individuals spend their time in various capacities for ages, and the ability to keep track
of attendance has implications for the business sector, law enforcement and government as well.
So what is biometrics? Biometrics takes your unique physical characteristics and uses them for
identification of your identity and verification that you are doing something youve been authorized to
do. Your vascular patterns, hand print, finger print, iris patterns, and even your voice can be used to
ensure that you are who you say you are, and to let people know that youve been given permission to
do whatever it is youre attempting to do. These technologies allow an employer an unparalleled means
of knowing who was doing what, and when they were doing it, and others in charge of large groups the
ability to know who is in attendance at any given point in time. Tracking of time and
attendance becomes a breeze.
The simplest application in this sense is for an employee to use an iris scan or thumb print to let an
employers system know when s/he enters and leaves the office. There will be an automatic log of the
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hours worked, and when exactly the employee was in attendance. Even if the employee works offsite,
the technology can be used electronically over the internet to ensure that an employees time is tracked.
The employer can have the system tell not only when the employee was working, but also what they
were working on and how long they spent at a given task.
There are also applications for an employer to track an employees activities when in the office. The
employee may be putting in time at work, but through use of physical identifiers, the employer can tell
what the employee was doing at any given point in time, or if the person was accessing business
documents with a biometric marker used to open the file rather than a password. Biometrics can be used
to ensure that a given person is where they are supposed to be, accurately. Whether it be for business or
law enforcement, you can make sure someone is in attendance at any given point in time by having
them use a hand or thumb print to verify their identity every so often. A biometric marker cannot be
forged or faked in some way. It becomes much easier to keep track of a prisoner on parole when they
must check in at given intervals through the use of unique physical markers. For people dealing with
large groups, I.E. teachers with a class of students, biometrics can be used to mark attendance and
ensure that everyone who is supposed to be with the group is accounted for in a fool proof method.
Even the government has found a use for biometric methods of taking attendance. Some governments
are now using physical markers to identify who is voting in elections. This lets the government know
who is attending, and keeps voting fraud to a minimum. This is important in the days when people are
beginning to question the methods of ensuring the validity of election data. Biometrics technology has
advantages for tracking time and attendance not only for the private sector, but also for law enforcement
and government. Whether on or off site, employee activity and attendance can be tracked, as well as
their access to secured data. The task of keeping large groups of people safe and together is made easier
through the use of biometrics for identification of individuals.
Biometrics authenticates and determines an individuals identity by utilizing the uniqueness of his or her
biometrical and behavioral and behavioral characteristics. Other authentication method often used are
PIN method and Token (ID Card) method Biometics is superior to PIN or Token method in the
following ways:
1) Increased security.
2) Increased Conenience.
Biometrics can be classified according to the type of biometric data used, eg., face. Iris, vioce,
signature, or hand geometry identification. However, all these methods take the same authentication
process. The biometric authentication process is as shown below:
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Fig.4.3. Biometric
Keeping time and attendance records have become much easier of late through the advances in the
ability to verify and identify individuals through the use of these biometrics suppliers devices.
Biometric system includes:
a) Facial Recognition
A facial recognition device is one that views an image or video of a person and compares it to
one that is in the database. It does this by comparing structure, shape and proportions of the face;
distance between the eyes, nose, mouth and jaw; upper outlines of the eye sockets; the sides of the
mouth; location of the nose and eyes; and the area surrounding the check bones. Upon enrolment in
a facial recognition program, several pictures are taken of the subject at different angles and with
different facial expressions. At time of verification and identification the subject stands in front of the
camera for a few seconds, and then the image is compared to those that have been previously
recorded. To prevent a subject from using a picture or mask when being scanned in a facial
recognition program, some security measures have been put into place. When the user is being
scanned, they may be asked to blink, smile or nod their head. Another security feature would be the
use of facial thermography to record the heat in the face. The main facial recognition methods are:
feature analysis, neural network, eigenfaces, automatic face processing.
Some facial recognition software algorithms identify faces by extracting features from an image of a
subjects face. Other algorithms normalize a gallery of face images and then compress the face data,
only saving the data in the image that can be used for facial recognition. A probe image is then
compared with the face data. A fairly new method on the market is three-dimensional facial
recognition. This method uses 3-D sensors to capture information about the shape of a face. This
information is then used to identify distinctive features on the face, such as the contour of eye sockets,
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nose and chin. The advantages of 3-D facial recognition are that it is not affected by changes in lighting,
and it can identify a face from a variety of angles, including profile view.
Another new technique in facial recognition uses the visual details of the skin, as captured in
standard digital or scanned images. This technique is called skin texture analysis, turns the unique lines,
patterns, and spots apparent in a persons skin into a mathematical space. Preliminary tests have shown
that using skin texture analysis in facial recognition can increase performance in identification by 20 to
25 percent. The benefits of facial recognition are that it is not intrusive, can be done from a distance
even without the user being aware they are being scanned. (i.e.: bank or government office).
What sets apart facial recognition from other biometric techniques is that it can be used for
surveillance purposes; as in searching for wanted criminals, suspected terrorists, and missing children.
Facial recognition can be done from far away so with no contact with the subject so they are unaware
they are being scanned.
Facial recognition is most beneficial to use for facial authentication than for identification purposes,
as it is too easy for someone to alter their face, features with a disguise or mask, etc. Environment is
also a consideration as well as subject motion and focus on the camera.
Facial Recognition Solution Providers:
FaceFirst provides a fully automated, user friendly, turnkey mobile and live-video surveillance facial
recognition system which generates automated alerts whenever a face match above a user defined
probability is reached. FaceFirst has completely open and scalable, system architecture. FaceFirst
technology excels in low resolution environments enabling real-world performance. Products and
services: Facial recognition, Justice & Law Enforcement, Physical Access, Mobile Biometrics and
Financial Transactional.
ZKTeco is a leading global developer and manufacturer of security and time management solutions
headquartered in Shenzhen. It is subdivided into 5 business segment/divisionsZKSoftware, ZKAccess,
ZKiVision, ZKBiolock and ZKAFIS. Its products range from Multi-biometric and RFTD identification
Time & Attendance solutions to Access Control solutions like IP-based standalone access control,
networked access control panel, readers, and tripod turnstile, from IP Cameras and total surveillance
solutions to consumer products, such as intelligent biometric lock, RFID hotel lock. ZKAFIS is
engaging in providing economic and reliable AFIS solutions. Products and Services: Biometric Sensors
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and Detectors, Fingerprint Readers, Facial Recognition, Middleware / Software, Consumer / Residential
Biometrics, Fingerprint and Biometric Locks, Logical Access Control, Mobile Biometrics , Other Uses
of Biometrics, Physical Access Control, Time and Attendance.
NEC has been at the forefront of defining leading-edge biometric identification solutions for over 40
years. NECs identification technologies include finger/palm print, DNA and face recognition solutions.
NEC has developed some of the worlds largest and most complex identification infrastructure projects
for government and law enforcement. Products & Services: Fingerprint Readers, Mobile Biometrics,
Facial Recognition, Justice/Law Enforcement, Financial and Transactional, Border Control/Airports,
Healthcare Biometrics, Multi-modal Biometrics, Logical Access Control, Physical Access Control.
b) Hand Scanner
Hand scanner works by creating and storing the templates of hand geometry in a biometric device,
which are later used for identification and verification processes. Used mainly as employee attendance
clocks, these devices have completely changed the scene of business organizations. Due to its
association with biometric technology, a hand reader is capable of providing accurate results.
Fig.4.4: Hand Scanner Machine

Features of Hand Scanner:
A hand scanner takes into account more than 90 different hand measurements, including
thickness of palm and its surface area.

Based upon hand recognition, these devices are capable of preparing different templates on the
basis of distinct geometrical shapes.
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Hand swipe feature doesnt allow the user to directly contact the hand reader, thereby
maintaining its integrity.

Huge capacity to store templates captured from thousands of users.
Facilitates easy mounting on the wall or over the desktop.
Tampering protection switches are installed in these devices to ensure against misuse.
Backups and restore features are also integrated with these devices.
Applications of Hand Scanner:

Hand recognition devices are used in offices to keep an eye on employees and maintain all necessary
records associated with them for instance
Employee attendance is facilitated by a hand reader to evaluate the presence of employee in the
office.
Entry and exit to and from office is maintained by these devices.
The devices can also be used for access control to various sensitive areas in an office.
Keeping track of leaves, lateness, overtime and extended lunch breaks is made easy by a hand
scanner.
Time regulation reports can be generated with the help of data accumulated by these biometric
devices.
Advantages of Hand Scanner:
Dirty or greasy hands dont hamper the quality of templates recorded by a hand reader.
Buddy punching, the problem faced by most of the organizations, is solved by these biometric
devices.
Employee card systems are completely eliminated, thereby saving the cost of maintaining
employee records and removing the possibility of frauds.

Cost for manual preparation of reports like worked hours, lateness, leaves etc is also reduced by
hand recognition devices.

These devices are fast, accurate and can be easily integrated in the existing environment.
c) Iris Scanners
Iris cameras perform recognition detection of a persons identity by mathematical analysis of the
random patterns that are visible within the iris of an eye from some distance. It combines computer
vision, pattern recognition, statistical inference and optics.
Of all the biometric devices and scanners available today, it is generally conceded that iris
recognition is the most accurate. The automated method of iris recognition is relatively young, existing
in patent since only 1994. The iris is the colored ring around the pupil of every human being and like a
snowflake, no two are alike. Each are unique in their own way, exhibiting a distinctive pattern that
forms randomly in utero, n a process called chaotic morphogenesis. The iris is a muscle that regulates
the size of the pupil, controlling the amount of light that enters the eye. Iris recognition is rarely
impeded by glasses or contact lenses and can be scanned from 10cm to a few meters away. The iris
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remains stable over time as long as there are no injuries and a single enrolment scan can last a lifetime.
Fig.4.5: Iris Scanner Machine

Some medical and surgical procedures can affect the overall shape and color of an iris but the fine
texture remains stable over many decades. Even blind people can use this scan technology since iris
recognition technology is iris pattern-dependent not sight dependent. Iris scanning is an ideal way
of biometric identification since the iris is an internal organ that is largely protected by damage and
wear by the cornea. This makes it more attractive then fingerprints which can be difficult to recognize
after several years of certain types of manual labor.
The iris is also mostly flat and controlled by 2 muscles so it helps make the iris movements more
predictable then facial recognition. Even genetically identical twins have completely different iris
patterns. Iris cameras, in general, take a digital photo of the iris pattern and recreating
an encrypted digital template of that pattern. That encrypted template cannot be re-engineered or
reproduced in any sort of visual image. Iris recognition therefore affords the highest level defense
against identity theft, the most rapidly growing crime. The imaging process involves no lasers or bright
lights and authentication is essentially non-contact. Todays commercial iris cameras use infrared light
to illuminate the iris without causing harm or discomfort to the subject. Before scanning of the iris takes
place, the iris is located using landmark features. These landmark features, and the distinct shape of the
iris allow for imaging, feature isolation and extraction. Localization of the iris is an important step in
iris recognition because, if done improperly, resultant noise (i.e.: eyelashes, reflections, pupils and
eyelids) in the image may lead to poor performance.
The general uses of iris recognition so far have been: substituting for passports (automated
international border crossing); aviation security and controlling access to restricted areas at airports;
database access and computer login; premises access control; hospital settings including mother-infant
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pairing in maternity wards; "watch list" screening at border crossings; and it is under consideration
for biometricallyenabled National Identity Cards. Having only become automated and available within
the last decade, the iris recognition concept and industry are still relatively new. Through the
determination and commitment of the iris industry and government evaluations, growth and progress
will continue.
There are mainly two kinds of iris recognition attendance management system on the market. One is
on-line iris recognition attendance management system and the other is off-line iris recognition
attendance management system. On-line system always needs to connect with a PC or workstation and
all the iris recognition templates of people to be verified must stored in the database in the PC or
workstation. Thereby, matching iris recognition needs the support of the background PC. This kind of
attendance management system is easy to paralyses in case of malfunctions of iris recognition
attendance machines, transmission line or PC. Once several systems connect to form a network, burden
of PC and theresponse time of the system will be added. On the contraries, an off-line iris recognition
attendance management system can finish all the process includingcapturing the image of iris
recognition, extracting minutiae, storing and matching. All the operating of matching iris recognition
needs no support of PC and the burden of PC is lightened. The same systems can connect to form a 485
network and finally connect to the center PC of management system. With the development of wireless
techniques such as RFID, GPS, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth etc, many companies manufacture wireless modules.
So we can adopt the wireless techniques to solve the abovementioned questions.
Iris Scanner Solution Providers:
Anviz Global Inc. is a pioneering company in the intelligent-biometric security industry. The U.S.based company specializes in Biometrics, RFID and Surveillance devices. The company has been
providing solutions to a broad range of partners in commercial, industrial, and governmental sectors. In
all, Anvizs network of partners and consumers consists of over 160 million users and spans 100
countries. Products and Services: Logical Access Control, Physical Access Control, Time and
Attendance, Facial Recognition, Fingerprint Readers, Iris Scanners & Recognition.
Smart Sensors continues to innovate in technology for iris biometrics feature extraction, key creation
and matching. We work closely with our customers to build iris recognition engines, both through
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collaborative development and by supplying development tools for various product, camera and
processor platforms. Let us help you realize the benefits of highly competitive solutions. Products &
Services: Iris Scanners & Recognition, Financial and Transactional, HealthCare Biometrics, Mobile
Biometrics.
Iris ID has been the key developer and driver of the commercialization of iris recognition technology
since 1997. IrisAccess, now in a 4th generation, is the worlds leading deployed iris recognition
platform. Found on 6 continents, in thousands of locations, authenticating the identities of millions and
millions of persons, more people in more places authenticate with IrisAccess than with all other iris
recognition products combined. Products & Services: Iris Scanners & Recognition, Physical Access
Control, Time and Attendance, Border Control/Airports, Financial and Transactional.
d) Finger scanning
Finger scanning is extremely efficient and accurate. With the use of a fingerprint time clock, you can
say goodbye to buddy punching which can cause your business to lose a considerable amount of
money. These clocks help to eliminate the mistakes and glitches in any payroll system, no matter the
size of the business. These systems are remarkably efficient at verifying identities even in the case of
dry, wet, cracked, or dirty fingers.
So What Exactly Is Fingerprint Identification?
Quite simply, fingerprint sensors work by taking a photograph, a snapshot of an employees
fingerprint and producing an image. From the image a fingerprint recognition algorithm extracts the
unique features of each fingerprint and saves them as a template. The fingerprints are then compared to
the features of the fingerprint templates in the database. By comparing the similarity between two
feature sets, it is decided whether the two fingerprints match. By using this method no individuals'
fingerprint is stored in the database, eliminating the risk of identity fraud.
What Are The Benefits of Fingerprint Identification for Time and Attendance Purposes?
A staggering 75% of businesses lose money each year as a result of false time and attendance
records. Time and Attendance Software with integrated fingerprint identification removes any chance of
'buddy' clocking, whereby another member of staff clocks in for you, leaving a trail of false attendances.
A growing problem for all organizations regardless of size is the money that false clocking costs the
business. By installing this new type of technology it could save businesses up to 2.5% of gross annual
payroll. Fingerprint identification is also fraud proof as well as user friendly. The need for swipe cards
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or ID cards for clocking is eliminated as the software will require the person being authenticated to be
present at the time and point of authentication. This is beneficial as ID Cards can easily be lost and
forgotten. Password based time management has its disadvantages too. Passwords can be compromised,
forgotten and can cause many lost hours due to passwords having to be reset and reassigned. New staff
can easily be assigned in the system with a simple fingerprint scan. All in all, the system will provide
accurate information on the exact clocking in time of all employees. Traditional methods of clocking
such as time sheets and using a clocking in card system still cause a huge amount of lost time in
administration for businesses using these types of methods. Time and Attendance Fingerprint
identification allows staff to be more accountable, which in turn will lead to a more productive and
efficient work force. Choosing the right fingerprint solution, coupled with a flexible and user-friendly
Time and Attendance software could drastically reduce the amount of time spent on inappropriate work
reducing the overall costs in an organization.
e) Palm print recognition
Palm print recognition inherently implements many of the same matching characteristics that have
allowed fingerprint recognition to be one of the most well-known and best publicized biometrics. Both
palm and finger biometrics is represented by the information presented in a friction ridge impression.
This information combines ridge flow, ridge characteristics, and ridge structure of the raised portion of
the epidermis. The data represented by these friction ridge impressions allows a determination that
corresponding area of friction ridge impressions either originated from the same source or could not
have been made by the same source. Because fingerprint and palms have both uniqueness and
permanence, they have been used for over a century as a trusted form of identification. However, palm
recognition has been slower in becoming automated due to some restraints in computing capabilities
and live-scan technologies.
f) Voice Recognition Identification Technology (VRIT)
Biometric Voice Identification focuses on analyzing who is speaking rather than on what is being
spoken. Before access can be granted, an individual must train the system to recognize their voice
characteristics (i.e., their voice print).
4.3. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BIOMETRIC TECHNOLOGIES
4.3.1. Facial recognition:
Advantages:
a. Non intrusive.
b. Cheap technology.
Disadvantages:
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a. 2D recognition is affected by changes in lighting, the persons hair, the age, and if the person wear
glasses.
b. Requires camera equipment for user identification; thus, it is not likely to become popular until most
PCs include cameras as standard equipment.
4.3.2. Voice recognition:
Advantages:
a. Non intrusive. High social acceptability.
b. Verification time is about five seconds.
c. Cheap technology.
Disadvantages:
a. A persons voice can be easily recorded and used for unauthorized PC or network.
b. Low accuracy.
c. An illness such as a cold can change a persons voice, making absolute identification difficult or
impossible.
4.3.3. Iris recognition scanning:
Advantages:
a. Very high accuracy.
b. Verification time is generally less than 5 seconds.
c. The eye from a dead person would deteriorate too fast to be useful, so no extra precautions have to
been taken with retinal scans to be sure the user is a living human being.
Disadvantages:
a. Intrusive.
b. A lot of memory for the data to be stored.
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c. Very expensive.
4.3.4. Fingerprint:
Advantages:
a. Very high accuracy.
b. Is the most economical biometric PC user authentication technique.
c. it is one of the most developed biometrics.
d. Easy to use.
e. Small storage space required for the biometric template, reducing the size of the database memory
required.
f. It is standardized.
Disadvantages:
a. For some people it is very intrusive, because is still related to criminal identification.
b. It can make mistakes with the dryness or dirty of the fingers skin, as well as with the age (is not
appropriate with children, because the size of their fingerprint changes quickly).
c. Image captured at 500 dots per inch (dpi). Resolution: 8 bits per pixel. A 500 dpi fingerprint image at
8 bits per pixel demands a large memory space, 240 Kbytes approximately Compression required (a
factor of 10 approximately).
4.3.5. Hand Geometry:
Advantages:
a. Though it requires special hardware to use, it can be easily integrated into other devices or systems.
b. It has no public attitude problems as it is associated most commonly with authorized access.
c. The amount of data required to uniquely identify a user in a system is the smallest by far, allowing it
to be used with SmartCards easily.
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Disadvantages:
a. Very expensive.
b. Considerable size.
c. It is not valid for arthritic person, since they cannot put the hand on the scanner properly.
Key Benefits of Biometric Time and Attendance:
Prevents the borrowing of cards to gain access to controlled areas.

Reduces time and attendance fraud, prevents buddy clocking - where one employee clocks on
for another.
Can be used for identity verification - to ensure that the person using the card is the person
authorized to use it.

Protects employees security - copies of fingerprints are not stored and cannot be retrieved from
the terminals.
4.4. TIME AND ATTENDENCE TRACKING SOFTWARES
Attend HRM Attendance Software has a complete attendance management solution that automates all
your attendance processes. Just configure your attendance, payroll rules, and leave the rest to Attend
HRM. Close integration among payroll, attendance, and leave management allows you to define your
payroll formulae with ease. You can pay your employee for every minute of overtime he does. Also, you
can cut pay for every minute he is late. Attendance Software is the best solution for managing
attendance efficiently.
How much time your employees, your managers and your payroll staff spend on simply managing
time? The costs associated with this one task can stagger. Between punching clocks, setting schedules,
enforcing schedules, absence management, and payroll processing etc, inefficient time attendance
management will turn out to be a black hole that sucks a companys bottom line of earnings. Attend
HRM is the best solution for managing attendance efficiently. It will be a one-time investment for
lifelong usage. Look at the advantages and features of Attendance Software.
Advantages:
Time saving.
Manage critical employee information easily.
Easy work force scheduling.
Monitoring the attendance efficiently.
Monitoring absence, leaves, overtime, late comers, early goers etc.
Monitoring employees performance.
Integrate with payroll for easy and faster payroll processing.
Integrate with biometric/swipe card devices to generate attendance information automatically.
Features:
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Graphical Attendance Views (Day, Work Week, Week, Month, Year views).
Automated Overtime Calculation.
Automated Late-In/Early-Out Calculation.
Grace Periods for Work Start/End Times.
Attendance Data Re-processing.
User defined Attendance Types.
Real-time and Editable Attendance.
Overtime Management.
User-defined Leave Types.
Entitlements.
Late-In, Early-Out Reports.
Overtime Reports.
Sickness Reports.
Actual & Planned Work time Reports.
Daily/Monthly/Yearly Attendance Reports.
Settings for Customization.
Modification History for attendance data.
Top Attendance Tracking Software Providers:

1. TIME CHECK
TimeCheck is web-based attendance tracking software used for tracking employees Time and
Attendance. By installing our biometric time attendance system you can process the time recorded at the
smartcard / biometric terminal across the organization, even remote locations over the intranet or
Internet can be performed. With TimeChecks configuration ability to fit your organizations business
rules you can Track and monitor employee attendance accurately in real-time.
This software reduces labor-intensive works like attendance monitoring, shift time tracking, leave
management, payroll processing and improves workforce productivity. With this employee time
tracking software you can easily view the attendance data compliance with that of their shift timing &
leave approvals. We can integrate this attendance tracking software with that of Payroll software and
make certain that the salary payments are done on-time. It helps to avoid discrepancy and lets
administrator & HR to easily process employee pay. Based on Organization hierarchy you can have
comprehensive security layers to protect data from access of unauthorized personnels.
2. REPLICON TIMEATTEND
Replicon TimeAttend is a cloud-based solution that makes it easy to collect attendance and time off
data to process payroll accurately and ensure labor compliance for all types of employees. Our cloud
solution is so hassle-free; you can get started in minutes. Sign up for a free trial today. More than 7,800
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customers including The Wallstreet Journal, RBC financial Group, HP, Compaq, AT&Twireless, Sony
Music and Hyatt.
3. TIME-OFF MANAGER
Time-Off Manager is a fully automated, 100% web-based solution to easily track and manages
employees' paid time-off, vacation, sick days or other custom time-off types. With 3 types of users
(admins, managers, employees), our solution is suitable for any types of companies. Email notifications
are sent to all designated users upon approvals, rejections and cancellations. All requests must be
submitted through the system, which eliminate manual time-off processes and the risk for errors.
4. MANAGE WITH SUCESS
HRIS System. With Manage with Success, you can fill that void with a 'virtual professional':
Efficiently, Effectively and Affordably.
5. ATTEND HRM
HRM solution with integrated payroll and time attendance module; automates attendance and
payroll/salary processing.
6. THE GREENEST OFFICE
Manage your expenses, absence & timesheets online and via your mobile.
7. TSHEETS
Ready-to-use software for employee time and attendance tracking; add employees, review timesheets
online and streamline payroll.
8. TIMEFLOW ONLINE
9. LABOUR VIEW
10.Etss
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Biometrics makes it almost impossible for employees to defraud a time and attendance system. Other
returns on investment can be gained through the use of the biometric system as a security access
monitor, as well. In this case, the biometric system is used to grant or deny access to restricted areas.
The cost of purchasing and maintaining magnetic or proximity identification cards, which do not
prevent fraudulent access, can be eliminated.
Several factors can help you determine whether to invest in biometric time recorders.
First determine whether there is a need for biometric technology in the workplace. Then consider the
potential return on investment. Finally, make sure that the work environment is physically suitable for
biometric devices, and that employees can accept and use the technology.
1) Evaluate the need for authentication or identification: As mentioned earlier, a workplace with
employee time fraud problems, like buddy punching, can benefit greatly from the use of biometric time
recorders. A need to control security access to portions of a building can be answered with biometrics,
as well. Alternately, a workplace with no security concerns or hourly workers may not need biometrics
to maintain accurate employee time and attendance records.
2) Consider the cost/benefit ratio: If there is a need for biometrics, consider the cost. For a smaller
organization, the cost of biometric equipment may be greater than any gains from the elimination of
time theft. However, the price for biometric technology is dropping as technological advances are made
and adoption becomes more widespread. Economies of scale and sophisticated engineering continue to
lower the cost of biometric devices. Lower cost biometric time clocks have begun to enter the market,
and may be an option for many organizations. Your time and attendance provider can help you weigh
the benefits of installing biometric time clocks.
3) Assess the compatibility of the biometric technology with the work Environment: It is essential
that biometric readings be as accurate as possible. For this reason, the environment in which biometric
sensors are used is crucial to ensure good reads of employee biometric characteristics. An environment
that is too humid or dirty can obscure the fingerprint on a finger reader platen (or reading surface),
making it more difficult to correctly scan the finger. A noisy environment can disrupt the proper
collection of voice data.
4) Be sensitive to the concerns of employees: When considering the purchase of biometric time
recorders it is important to address the privacy concerns of employees. For example, explain to
employees that a finger or hand reader does not store or recognize employee fingerprintsit uses hand
or finger measurements to create a template for the employee. These measurements are used only for incompany authentication and security access. They cannot be used to recreate biometric data such as a
persons actual fingerprint.
4.5. HOW TO OVERCOME EMPLOYEES GRIEVENCE
HOW TO OVERCOME EMPLOYEES RESISTANCE TO TIME TRACKING SOFTWARE:
Effective time management is critical to the success of any company, but employees arent always
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thrilled about having to track their time. Fortunately, advances in time tracking software make it easier,
but there are other ways to get buy-in from your workforce and motivate them to get timesheets
completed consistently and on time. A key tool for eliminating much of the transactional, manual
activities related to payroll is time tracking software. APA estimates that 7 minutes is spent entering
each employee timesheet, and more time is wasted tracking down late submissions and fixing timesheet
errors. But historically, people have been resistant to time tracking, for a number of reasons:
They cant remember to do it.

They find it tedious watching the clock and reporting their hours.
They feel its intrusive and takes too much time away from their real work.
The time tracking software interface is not intuitive or easy to use.
They cant access their time tracking software on the road or in the field.
Fortunately, time tracking software is changing, and new cloud-based solutions make access and use
easier than ever. Many time management offerings have mobile apps that can be used to log time over a
Smartphone or other mobile device, while on the road or in the field. And time tracking software
interfaces are getting friendlier, too.
Despite all this progress, overcoming resistance among employees may require additional tactics.
1. Educate employees on why theyre doing it.
If you bill clients for your hours, this ones easy. Without time tracking software, its harder to get
paid for all the time you spend on a project. Many clients will want to see a list of time spent on various
activities before they write a check. If you dont get paid, employees wont stay employed for long.
Explain that the livelihood of the company and all of its employees depends on accurate time tracking
and management. If youre using time tracking software for project costing, youll have to explain to
your employees that its needed to account for time spent completing project activities. Inaccurate time
tracking can lead to unnecessary overtime, bad planning, exceeding the budget, or cancelling the
project.
2. Send Email Reminders.
Many time management software solutions provide automated email reminders to users to fill out,
submit or approve timesheets. This feature virtually eliminates the need to personally contact or chase
down employees regarding late timesheet submissions or delayed approvals. And, it removes worry
from the users mind, since they dont have to remember to do it on their own.
3. Account for time spent on projects and tasks.
Keeping track of how much time people spend on various tasks encourages productivity and is a
great tool for employee reviews. If employees understand that youll be using time tracking software in
their evaluations, theyll be motivated to fill out timesheets with accuracy and consistency.
4. Provide Incentives.
Using bonuses or other perks as incentives, or creating healthy competition among office teams, is a
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positive way to enforce consistent, complete data collection of any kind, and can be used for time
tracking as well. Try offering a free lunch to the team that consistently turns in timesheets on time for a
fiscal quarter, or hand out gift cards to employees that have no errors on their timesheets for a month.
This method doesnt just encourage camaraderie among co-workers; it rewards them for being
conscientious.
4.5.1 KEY FEATURES OF A TIME AND ATTENDANCE SOFTWARE:
The Software should work with all type of access made attendance recorder having all different
type of communication options including TCP/IP.

Software is Network environment compatible. Should Work on all type of Windows Network.
Multi User environment with selected rights allocation facility.
Online Data Capturing and processing the same data in real online mode.
Single software can be used for multiple companies. Facility for creating multiple companies
and setting different rules for them.

Easy Master data creation facility for employee, department, category, section, shift, Holidays,
Leaves etc.
All types of schedule generation and maintenance capability.
Short Leaves, Half day and Outwork entry provisions through software.
Various type of Leave Application entry forms with balance and other rules checking.
Must generate option to summarize the monthly attendance and generate the output, which can
be used as input for any payroll system.

Data posting and Retrieving Facility for keeping data easily and quickly available for reporting
and processing.
Data Export facility for using it in other payroll system.
Built in Daily, monthly, Yearly and Leave reports.
Facility for users to create reports as per their requirement and then to take output as per their
requirements.
Different types of Graphical Reports are also available for Management decision-making
process.
Data security and easy data management of data in bulk size.
Database can be on any OS like WinNT, Win2000, UNIX, SOLARIS etc.
Processing and Reports printing must be very fast.
Software available on almost all known database: Oracle, SQL Server, MSDE, Visual FoxPro ,
MS Access.
Report can be generated in Rich Text Format, MS Word, MS Excel.
Holiday and Absence Planning & Monitoring.
Personnel Records.
User friendly Windows based System.
ODBC & ASCII Import AND Export Facility.
Links to Payroll, HR, Accounting and Manufacturing Systems
Many shorting parameters and selection parameters are integrated
4.5.2. REPORTS TO BE GENERATED BY ATTENDANCE TRACKING SOFTWARE:
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4.5.2.1. Daily Reports

This report can be generated after transferring the data from the Attendance machine into your
computer. Management for making quick decisions may require these reports. All the following reports
can be taken just after the shift start time:
1. Late Arrival
This report provides the information of all the employees who have come late on the date specified.
2. Absenteeism
It provides the information of the employees who are absent on the date specified
3. Attendance
This report shows the attendance of all the employees on the date specified. This report shows
department wise analysis: showing number of employees present, absent, on leave and having weekly
off on the date specified.
4. Department Summary
This report shows the department wise attendance details of employees like total employees in the
department, number of presents, absent, on leave and on weekly off.
5. Early Arrival
This report shows the information of employees who have come earlier than the shift in time on the
date specified.
6. Shift Wise Presence
This report shows the attendance details of employees shift wise. It shows the number of days
present, absent, weekly off, leave, OT and OT amount.
7. Machine Raw Punch
This report shows all the punches of that day including the manual punches (suffixed by the
character "M" which distinguishes it from the machine punch).
8. Manual Punch Audit
This report can only be generated if authorized personnel do any manual punch on that day.
9. Daily Performance
This report shows the performance of all the employees on the selected date. The informations
includes Employees name, shift of the employee, shift start time, details of all the punches, total hours
worked, OT, OT amount etc.
10. Early Departure
This report shows total loss hours for the company, employee wise, on account of their early
departure. It also shows the no of days the employee has left early.
11. Time Loss
If an employee comes after the permissible late arrival time or takes excess time for lunch than the
allowed lunch duration time or goes before the permissible early departure time then the case is
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considered as a time loss. Details of such employees are obtained through this kind of report.
12. Over Time Register
Generated for Employees who work more than the working hours; the excess working hours is
considered as over time (if allowed in Employee Master) and reflected in this report.
13. Over Time Summary
This report shows the department wise over time status of employees on that day.
14. Shift Change Statement
In case an employee is allowed to work in a shift other than his/her usual shift (through the
authorized shift assignment of the Employee Master) the automatic shift change checks the arrival time
of the employee and allocates the shift nearest to it. This change is notified through the shift change
statement as it indicates the actual shift and changed shift of that employee.
15. Out Work
In case the software is set to calculate two punches, this report shows the punches in between the in
punch and out punch, as our work of the employees on that day.
16. Missing & Revivification
This report shows the details of employees whos in or out punch is missing and of the employees
who have worked more than the permissible maximum working hours etc. Our Software brings to your
notice the abnormalities for correction.
17. Continuous Late Arrival
This report shows the name of the employee who is coming continuous late (after permissible late
arrival time) by more than the specified days.
18. Continuous Early Departure
This report shows the information of employees who are leaving before the permissible early
departure time continuously.
19. Continuous Absenteeism
This report shows the information of employees who have been absent continuously for specified
number of day(s) till the current date.
4.5.2.2. Monthly Reports
These reports are generated monthly:
1. Performance
This report shows the Monthly performance of an employee.
2. Employee Wise Attendance
This report shows the attendance details of employees like total present, absent, leave, weekly off,
OT and OT amount for a month.
3. Department Wise attendance
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department, number of presents, absent, on leave and on weekly off.
4. Shift Wise Attendance
This report shows the attendance details of employees shift wise. It shows the number of, absent,
weekly off, leave, OT and OT amount.
5. Muster Roll
This report shows the entire months attendance details of all the employees in a single chart. This
report can be generated on 80 columns or 132-column stationery. This specimen is for 80 columns. The
same report in a better manner can be generated in 132 columns.
6. Form No-12
This report provides information of attendance of each and every employee date wise divided into
two parts. This report also shows the total working hours, over time hours and details of all deductions.
7. Over Time Register
Employees who work more than the working hours; the excess working hours is considered as over
time(if allowed in Employee Master) and reflected in this report.
8. Over Time Summary
This report shows the department wise over time status of employees on that day.
9. Shift schedule
This report shows the shift chart of the employees of a month. This report can be generated for all
shifts (fixed, rotational, ignorable) / rotational shifts only / fixed shifts only. This chart shows shift
pattern, weekly off (First and second) and the shift of each day employee wise.
10. Employee Wise
This report shows the attendance details of employees like total present, absent, leave, weekly off,
OT and OT amount for a month.
11. Department Wise
department, number of presents, absents, leaves and weekly off.
12. Regularity Chart
This report shows the regularity chard of the employee.
13. Early Departure
This report shows total loss hours for the company, employee wise, on account of their early
departure before permissible time limit. It also shows the no of days the employee has left early.
14. Time Loss & Over Stay
Only those employees name will be shown in this report that have come after the permissible late
arrival time and worked more than the working hours. This report consists of the total late hours,
number of days late and total over stay employee wise.
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15. Late and Over Stay

This report shows the information of all the employees who have come late on the date specified.
You can take this report any time after the shift start time.
16. Leave Card
This is the card which can be given to employees showing his / her leave status (Accrued, consumed
and balance) till date.
17. Sanctioned Leaves
This report shows the details of leaves sanctioned like sanctioned leave date, leave amount, and
voucher number etc. employee wise.
18. Accrued Leaves
This report shows employee wise leave wise accrued leaves till date.
19. Consumed Leaves
This report shows employee wise balance of each leave till date.
20. Balance Leaves
This report shows employee wise accrual, date wise consumption with reason and balance of each
leave.
4.5.2.3. Yearly Reports
This report shows the all Yearly Report according to your selection like, Form14, Form B etc.
1. Notice Board Report Late Arrival Notice / Memo
After capturing the date from the TIMEWATCH machine you can get the information of late arrival
of the Employee. For this report you have select a particular date and then press the generate button for
generation of report and send theNotice/Memo.
2. Absenteeism
This report shows the attendance chart of the Employees on the desired date. It is used for any date
of which data has been captured from the terminal.
3. Continuous Late Arrival
This report shows continuously how many days the Employee is late.
4. Continuous Early Departure
This report shows continuously how many days the Employees is early Departure.
5. Continuous Absenteeism
This report shows how many days the Employee is Continuous Absenteeism.
6. Master Reports
This report shows the all Master information according to your selection like, Declared Holiday,
Company, Department, Category, Shift, Employee, and Personal Information of Employee.
SOME TOP SOFTWARES USED AND ITS FEATURES:
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Page| 79
4.6. FINDINGS
Findings obtained by analyzing the problem are:
1. The software used in TELK was an old version, which the Microsoft has stopped dealing.
2. The software used cant catch up with the modern services.
3. Buddy punching is a usual issue in the company.
4. Employees forget to take their swipe cards.
5. They have to provide each new employee with new cards which are costly.
4.7. CONCLUSION
Since swiping card technology is an old method of attendance taking, and due to continence reasons and
security reasons it is better to use Biometric method of attendance taking in TELK. Among the
Biometric technologies it is advisable to use punching method due to harmlessness, convenience etc.
Since TELK is using old version software Foxpro it is advisable to change the software from
Foxpro to some other higher and better software suggested above.
Page| 80

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PART I

To know about the organization functioning of the company.

direct interview with officials of TELK and through keen observation.

1.5 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Cochin University Of Science And Technology, CUSAT

Cochin University Of Science And Technology, CUSAT

2.1. INDIAN POWER SECTOR

Distribution transformers (31.5 KVA to 5,000 KVA).

qualify for the bids from PGCIL.

2.3.2. MARKET DRIVERS

is expected to boost demand for transformers.

impetus to demand for distribution transformers.

2.3.3. MARKET CHALLENGES

Cochin University Of Science And Technology, CUSAT

2.4. THE WAY FORWARD

Cochin University Of Science And Technology, CUSAT

Cochin University Of Science And Technology, CUSAT

Cochin University Of Science And Technology, CUSAT

Cochin University Of Science And Technology, CUSAT

Plant & machinery: 245 Lakhs

T.C.I: Cost of project: 527 Lakhs

2.5. TRANSFORMER OIL

Cochin University Of Science And Technology, CUSAT

Plant & machinery: 1294 Lakhs

T.C.I: 3675 Lakhs

Cochin University Of Science And Technology, CUSAT

Cochin University Of Science And Technology, CUSAT

Cochin University Of Science And Technology, CUSAT

Table.2.1: Existing Transmission Lines And Expansion During 2012-2017

Cochin University Of Science And Technology, CUSAT

3.1. COMPANY PROFILE

Cochin University Of Science And Technology, CUSAT

First 40 KV Power Transformer manufacturers in India.

500 MW units at Trombay.

basic emulation level point.

3.1.1. Stages of Expansion In TELK

Tap Charger (OLTC), Bushing etc. are produced.

time the capacity increased to 3000 MVA.

3.1.2. Achievements & Awards

Station at Trombay for TATA.

owned enterprises under the department of industries and commerce.

Cochin University Of Science And Technology, CUSAT

level at KEMA Netherlands.

: Rs.10, 000.00 crores

3.4. MANAGEMENT SET UP OF TELK

Cochin University Of Science And Technology, CUSAT

Fig.3.1: Percentage of Shares

Cochin University Of Science And Technology, CUSAT

Reducing business cycle time.

adopted from the world famous Hitachi, Japan.

Cochin University Of Science And Technology, CUSAT

Reducing business cycle time and achieving lowest manufacturing cost.

Nuclear Power Corporation.

Cochin University Of Science And Technology, CUSAT

TATA Electric Company.

National Hydro Electric Power Corporation.

Other major private utilities.

International Customers of TELK Ministry of electricity and water, Oman.

Cochin University Of Science And Technology, CUSAT