11 Chapter 5

CHAPTER V
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
5.1
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter an attempt has been made to identify the perception level of the
employees working in paper industry and their level of stress in the study area. For
this purpose, a field survey method was employed to collect the first-hand
information from 1052 sample respondents (TNPL-580 and SPB-472). The
respondents have been chosen randomly from the different sections of the selected
paper industries.
The data thus collected were arranged a simple tabular form. The level of
perception and their stress level of the selected respondents working in paper
industries was considered as a dependent variable. The Independent variables selected
for the study were Age, Sex, Educational qualification, Designation, Department,
Salary, Marital status, Number of dependents, Family system, Year of experience,
Working company and Working time.
The data were analyzed by using simple statistical tools like Percentage,
Average, Range, Standard Deviation, Two-way tables and Chi-Square test and Anova
test. In addition to these tests, Multiple Regression, Multi-Discriminant analysis and
Factor analysis were used appropriately. Henry Garrett Ranking Technique was also
used to find out the ranking position to know the different causes of stress among the
employees.
130
This chapter was divided into seven sections, for ease of analysis and
understanding. The seven sections of this chapter are as follows :
I.
II.
Chi-Square Test
Anova Test
III.
Percentage Analysis
IV.
Henry Garrett Ranking Technique
V.
VI.
VII.
5.2.
Multiple Regression Analysis

Discriminant Function Analysis and
Factor Analysis
LEVEL
OF
PERCEPTION
AMONG
EMPLOYEES
TOWARDS JOB AND THEIR LIFE : CHI-SQUARE TEST
The level of perception among the employees of paper industries was

measured based on their opinion on perception against their perception in job and in
their life. The respondents opinion were measured based on scale and scoring
technique. Likerts five points scaling was employed and the employees level of
perception was classified as low (below 90 points), medium (90-110 points) and high
(111-140 points) based on mean (100) and standard deviation (10.1).
131
TABLE NO. 5.1

LEVEL OF PERCEPTION AMONG EMPLOYEES TOWARDS
JOB AND THEIR LIFE
S.
No.
Category
No. of
Respondents
Percentage
(%)
1.
Low (below 90)
170
16.1
2.
Medium (90-110)
307
29.2
3.
High (111-140)
575
54.7
1052
100.0
Total
It is observed from the above table that 16.1 percent of the respondents were
expressed their level of perception at the low level. It is followed by 29.2 percent of
the respondents were expressed as medium level of perception and 54.7 percent of the
respondents were expressed their perception level as high. The two-way analysis was
prepared based on these three strata for data analysis and through this method chisquare test was employed to test the relationship between the selected independent
variables and dependent variable.
132
AGE AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB

Age is an important factor to ascertain the level of perception towards job in paper
industries. For the purpose of the study, age was studied under four classification viz.,
below 25 years, 25-35 years, 36-45 years and above 45 years. The sample consists of 270
(25.7%) respondents belonged to below 25 years age group, 284 (27.0%) respondents
were between 25 and 35 years age group, 304 (28.9%) respondents were between 36 and
45 years and age group. On the other hand, 194 (18.4%) respondents belonged to above
45 years age group.
The distribution of sample respondents according to the age of the respondents
and their level of perception towards job in paper industries are shown in the following
table.
TABLE NO. 5.2
S.
No.
1
Age
Below 25 yrs.
No. of
Respondents
270
25.7
Ave
rage
92.7
Range
Min
Max
47.0
129.0
S.D
9.2
25-35 yrs.
284
27.0
92.9
71.0
126.0
9.7
36-45 yrs.
304
28.9
92.8
67.0
128.0
9.6
Above 45 yrs.
194
18.4
92.6
74.0
131.0
9.0
1052
100.0
Total
It is observed from the above table that the level of perception towards job in
paper industries perceived by the respondents belong to the age group of below 25 years
ranged between 47 and 129 with an average of 92.7. The respondents with the age group
between 25 and 35 years revealed their level of perception towards job in paper industries
133
ranged between 71 and 126 with an average of 92.9. The level of perception towards job
in paper industries perceived by the respondents between 36 and 45 years age group
ranged between 67 and 128 with an average of 92.8. Finally, the level of perception
towards job in paper industries perceived by the respondents of above 45 years age group
ranged between 74 and 131 with an average of 92.6. From the analysis, it is inferred that
the maximum level of perception was among the age group between 25 and 35 years
towards their job.
With a view to find the degree of association between age of the respondents and
the level of perception towards job in paper industries, a two-way table is prepared and
depicted in the following table.
TABLE NO. 5.3
(TWO-WAY TABLE)
S.No.
Age
Below 25 yrs.
25-35 yrs.
36-45 yrs.
Above 45 yrs.
Total
Level of Perception towards job

Low
Medium
High
40
74
156
(14.8%)
(27.4%)
(57.8%)
60
68
156
(21.1%)
(23.9%)
(54.9%)
37
106
161
(12.2%)
(34.9%)
(53.0%)
33
59
102
(17.0%)
(30.4%)
(52.6%)
170
307
575
Total
270
284
304
194
1052
It is found from the above table that the percentage of high level of perception
towards job in paper industries was the highest (57.8) among the respondents of below 25
years age group and the same was the lowest (52.6) among the respondents of above 45
years group. The percentage of medium level of perception towards job in paper
134
industries was the highest (34.9) among the respondents between 36 and 45 years of age
group and the same was the lowest (23.9%) among the respondents between 25 and 35
years age group.
The percentage of low level of perception towards job in paper
industries was the highest (21.1) among the respondents between 25 and 35 of age group
and the same was the lowest (12.2%) among the respondents between 36 and 45 years
age group.
In order to find the relationship between the age of the respondents and level of
perception towards job in paper industries, the following null hypothesis was framed and
tested with the help of Chi-square test and the result is shown in the following table.
H0
There is no significant relationship between age of the respondents and

level of perception towards job in paper industries.
H1
There is a significant relationship between age of the respondents and

TABLE NO. 5.4
(CHI-SQUARE TEST)
Factor
Calculated
2 Value
Table Value
D.F
Remarks
Age
14.947
12.592
Significant at 5%
level
It is evident from the above table that the calculated chi-square value is greater
than the table value and the result is significant at 5% level. Hence, the hypothesis, Age
of the respondents and the level of perception towards job in paper industries are not
associated does not hold good. From the analysis, it is found that there is a close
135
relationship between the age of the respondents and their level of perception towards job
in paper industries.
GENDER AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB
Genderwise discrimination is not practiced much in India. However, the level of
perception differs according to masculine and feminine gender. For the purpose of this
study, gender has been classified into two strata viz., male and female. The sample
consists of 877 (83.4%) respondents belonging to male category and 175 (16.6%)
respondents belonging to female category.
The distribution of sample respondents according to the gender and their level of
perception towards job in paper industries are shown in the following table.
TABLE NO. 5.5
S.
No.
1
2
83.4
Ave
rage
92.8
Range
Min
Max
47.0
131.0
175
16.6
92.4
75.0
1052
100.0
Male
No. of
Respondents
877
Female
Total
Gender
S.D
123.0
9.7
8.1
It is inferred from the above table that the level of perception towards job in paper
industries by the male respondents ranged between 47 and 131 with an average of 92.8
and the level of perception of the female respondents ranged between 75 and 123 with an
average of 92.4. From the above analysis it concluded that the maximum level of
perception towards job in paper industries was perceived by the male respondents.
136
With a view to find the degree of association, gender of the respondents and their
level of perception towards job in paper industries, a two-way table was prepared and it is
shown in the following table.
TABLE NO. 5.6

(TWO-WAY TABLE)
S. No.
Gender
Male
Female
Total

Low
Medium
High
133
248
496
(15.2%)
(28.3%)
(56.6%)
37
59
79
(21.1%)
(33.7%)
(45.1%)
170
307
575
Total
877
175
1052
It is found from the above table that the percentage of high level of perception
towards job in paper industries was the highest (56.6) among the male respondents and
the same was the lowest (45.1) among the female respondents. The percentage of
medium level of perception towards job in paper industries was the highest (33.7) among
the female respondents and the same was the lowest (28.3) among the male respondents.
The percentage of low level of perception towards job in paper industries was the highest
(21.1) among the female respondents and the same was the lowest (15.2) among the male
respondents.
In order to find the relationship between the gender of the respondents and level
of perception towards job in paper industries, the following hypothesis was framed and
tested with the help of Chi-square test and the result is shown in the following table.
137
H0
There is no significant relationship between gender and level of perception

towards job in paper industries.
H1
There is a significant relationship between gender and level of perception

TABLE NO. 5.7

(CHI-SQUARE TEST)
Factor
Calculated 2
Value
Table Value
D.F
Remarks
Gender
8.180
5.991
Significant at 5%
level
It is divulged from the above table that the calculated chi-square value is greater
than the table value and the result is significant at 5% level. Hence, the hypothesis,
Gender of the respondents and the level of perception towards job in paper industries are
not associated does not hold good. From the analysis, it is found that there is a close
relationship between the gender of the respondents and their level of perception towards
job in paper industries.
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS
JOB
Education shapes the personality and sharpens the mind of an individual.
According to their qualification, the level perception towards job in paper industry has
fluctuated. For the purpose of the study, the education has been classified into four
categories namely school level, ITI & diploma, graduate level and professional education.
The sample consists 340 (32.3%) respondents having done their school level education,
273 (26.0%) having dont their ITI & diploma level education, 185 (17.6%) having done
138
their graduate level education and 254 (24.1%) having done their professional level
education.
The distribution of sample respondents according to the educational qualification
of the respondents and their level of perception towards job in paper industries are shown
in the following table.
TABLE NO. 5.8

JOB
32.3
Ave
rage
92.6
Range
Min
Max
67.0 129.0
273
26.0
92.5
68.0
128.0
9.0
Graduation
185
17.6
92.0
74.0
120.0
9.7
Professional
254
24.1
93.7
47.0
131.0
10.5
1052
100.0
S.
No.
1
Educational
Qualification
School level
No. of
Respondents
340
ITI & Diploma
3
4
Total
S.D
8.8
It could be discerned from the above table that the level of perception towards job
in paper industries at school level respondents ranged between 67 and 129 with an
average of 92.6.
It could be analysed that the level of satisfaction revealed by the
respondents of ITI & Graduate level ranged between 68 and 128 with an average of 92.5.
The level of perception towards job in paper industries at graduate level ranged between
74 and 120 with an average of 92.0. On the other hand, the level of perception towards
job in paper industries among professionals ranged between 47 and 131 with an average
of 93.7. From the analysis it is identified that maximum level of perception towards job
in paper industries at SPB and TNPL was attained by the professional level category
respondents.
139
With a view to find out the degree of association of educational qualification of

the respondents and level of perception towards job in paper industries, a two-way table
was prepared and it is shown in the following table.
TABLE NO. 5.9

EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION AND LEVEL OF
PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB (TWO-WAY TABLE)
S.No.
Educational
Qualification
School level
ITI & Diploma
Graduate
Professional
Other

Low
Medium
High
52
107
181
(15.3%)
(31.5%)
(53.2%)
37
86
150
(13.6%)
(31.5%)
(54.9%)
48
46
91
(25.9%)
(24.9%)
(49.2%)
33
68
153
(13.0%)
(26.8%)
(60.2%)
170
307
575
Total
340
273
185
254
1052
It is determined from the above table that the percentage of high level of
perception towards job in paper industries was the highest (60.2) among the respondents
of professionals and the same was the lowest (49.2) among the respondents of graduate.
The percentage of medium level of perception towards job in paper industries was the
highest (31.5) among the respondents of school level and ITI& Diploma and the same
was the lowest (24.9) among the respondents of graduate. The percentage of low level of
of graduate and the same was the lowest (13.0) among the respondents of professionals.
In order to find the relationship between the educational qualification of the
respondents and their level of perception towards job in paper industries, the following
140
hypothesis was framed and tested with the help of Chi-square test and the result is shown
in the following table.
H0
There is no significant relationship between educational qualification and

their level of perception towards job in paper industries.
H1
There is a significant relationship between educational qualification and

TABLE NO. 5.10

JOB (CHI-SQUARE TEST)
Factor
Calculated 2
Value
Table Value
D.F
Remarks
Educational
Qualification
19.236
12.592
Significant at 5%
level
It is examined from the above table that the calculated chi-square value is greater
Educational qualification of the respondents and the level of perception towards job in
paper industries are not associated does not hold good. From the analysis, it is found that
there is a close relationship between the educational qualification of the respondents and
141
DESIGNATION AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB

Designation plays a major role in paper industries. According to the designation,
the level of perception will differ. For the purpose of the study, the designation has been
classified into three categories namely manager, staff and worker. The sample consists of
250 (23.8%) respondents who are managers, 284 (27.0%) respondents who are staff and
518 (49.2%) respondents who are workers.
The distribution of sample respondents according to the designation and level of
TABLE NO. 5.11
S.No.
Designation
Range
No. of
Respondents
Ave
rage
Min
Max
S.D
Manager
250
23.8
92.1
71.0
129.0
9.1
Staff
284
27.0
93.2
67.0
128.0
9.5
3.
Worker
518
49.2
92.8
47.0
131.0
9.5
1052
100.0
Total
It is surmised from the above table that the level of perception towards job in
paper industries of the manager ranged between 71 and 129 with an average of 92.1. The
level of perception among staff ranged between 67 and 128 with an average of 93.2.
Finally, the level of perception among workers ranged between 47 and 131 with an
average of 92.8. From the analysis it identified that maximum level of perception towards
job in paper industries was attained by the employer belonging to staff category.
142
With a view to find the degree of association, educational qualification of the

respondents and level of perception towards job in paper industries, a two-way table was
prepared and it is shown in the following table.
TABLE NO. 5.12

DESIGNATION AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB (TWO-WAY
TABLE)
S.No.
Designation
Manager
Staff
Worker
Total

Low
Medium
High
54
66
130
(21.6%)
(26.4%)
(52.0%)
47
78
159
(16.5%)
(27.5%)
(56.0%)
69
163
286
(13.0%)
(31.5%)
(55.2%)
170
307
575
Total
250
284
518
1052
It is implied from the above table that the percentage of high level of perception
towards job in paper industries was the highest (56.0) among the respondents of staff and
the same was the lowest (52.0) among the respondents of manager. The percentage of
the respondents of worker and the same was the lowest (26.4) among the respondents of
manager. The percentage of low level of perception towards job in paper industries was
the highest (21.6) among the respondents of manager and the same was the lowest (13.0)
among the respondents of worker.
In order to find the relationship between the designation of the respondents and
their level of perception towards job in paper industries, the following hypothesis was
framed and tested with the help of Chi-square test and the result is shown in the following
table.
143
H0
There is no significant relationship between designation and their level of

perception towards job in paper industries.
H1
There is a significant relationship between designation and their level of

TABLE NO. 5.13
(CHI-SQUARE TEST)
Factor
Calculated 2
Value
Table Value
D.F
Remarks
Designation
9.510
9.488
Significant at 5%
level
It is discerned from the above table that the calculated chi-square value is greater
than the table value and the result is significant at 5% level. Hence the hypothesis,
Designation of the respondents and the level of perception towards job in paper
industries are not associated does not hold good. From the analysis, it is found that there
is a close relationship between the designation of the respondents and their level of
DEPARTMENT AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB
Department is very essential in paper industry. The work was allotted to different
departments in the industry. Based on that, the level of perception varies among the
respondents in paper industries. For the purpose of this study, department has been
studied into four groups viz., administrative, marketing and production. The sample
consists of 292 (27.8%) respondents who are working in administrative department, 318
144
(30.2%) respondents who are working in marketing department and 442 (42.0%)
respondents who are working in production department.
The distribution of sample respondents according to the department and their
level of perception towards job in paper industries are shown in the following table.
TABLE NO. 5.14

S.No.
Department
No. of
Respondents
292
27.8
Ave
rage
94.0
Range
Min
Max
71.0 129.0
S.D
Administrative
Marketing
318
30.2
91.6
71.0
131.0
8.7
3.
Production
442
42.0
92.7
47.0
123.0
9.7
1052
100.0
Total
9.7
It is witnessed from the above table that the level of perception towards job in
paper industries of the administrative department ranged between 71 and 129 with an
average of 94.0 and the level of perception of the marketing department ranged between
71 and 131 with an average of 91.6. Finally, the level of perception towards production
department ranged between 47 and 123 with an average of 92.7. From the analysis it is
identified that maximum level of perception towards job in paper industries was attained
by the administrative department.
With a view to find the degree of association, department and level of perception
towards job in paper industries, a two-way table was prepared and it is shown in the
following table.
145
TABLE NO. 5.15

DEPARTMENT AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB (TWO-WAY
TABLE)
S.No.
Department
Administrative
Marketing
Production
Total

Low
Medium
High
40
75
177
(13.7%)
(25.7%)
(60.6%)
64
97
157
(20.1%)
(30.5%)
(49.4%)
66
135
241
(14.9%)
(30.5%)
(54.5%)
170
307
575
Total
292
318
442
1052
It is scrutinized from the above table that the percentage of high level of
of personnel department and the same was the lowest (49.4) towards marketing
department. The percentage of medium level of perception towards job in paper
industries was the highest (30.5) among the respondents of marketing and production
department and the same was the lowest (25.7) amongst the respondents of
administration department. The percentage of low level of perception towards job in
paper industries was the highest (20.1) among the respondents of marketing department
and the same was the lowest (13.7) amongst the respondents of administration
department.
In order to find the relationship between the department of the respondents and
table.
146
H0
There is no significant relationship between department and their level of

H1
There is a significant relationship between department and their level of

TABLE NO. 5.16

(CHI-SQUARE TEST)
Factor
Calculated 2
Value
Table Value
D.F
Remarks
Department
9.821
9.488
Significant at 5%
level
It is extrapolated from the above table that the calculated chi-square value is
greater than the table value and the result is significant at 5% level. Hence, the
hypothesis, Department of the respondents and the level of perception towards job in
there is a close relationship between the department and level of perception towards job
in paper industries.
MONTHLY INCOME AND LEVEL OF SATISFACTION
Monthly income is very needful to run their family and to stand upon the society.
The level of perception towards job has varied according to their monthly income in
paper industry. For the purpose of this study, monthly income has been studied into four
groups viz., Below Rs.9000, between Rs.9000 and 12000, between 12000 and 15000 and
above Rs.15000. The sample consists 223 (21.2%) respondents who are earning Below
Rs.9000, 239 (22.7%) respondents earning between Rs.8001 and 12000, 280 (26.6%)
147
respondents earning Rs.12000 and 15000 and 310 (29.5%) respondents earning above
Rs.15000.
The distribution of sample respondents according to the monthly income and their
level of perception towards job in paper industries are shown in the following table.
TABLE NO. 5.17

MONTHLY INCOME AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB
S.
No.
1
21.2
Ave
rage
90.9
Range
Min
Max
47.0 123.0
239
22.7
93.3
68.0
129.0
9.9
Rs.12001-15000
280
26.6
93.0
71.0
131.0
9.0
Above Rs.15000
310
29.5
93.4
67.0
126.0
9.7
1052
100.0
Below Rs.9000
No. of
Respondents
223
Rs.9001-12000
3.
4.
Monthly Income
Total
S.D
8.9
It is highlighted from the above table that the level of perception towards job in
paper industries among the respondents of their monthly income of Below Rs.9000
ranged between 47 and 104 with an average of 90.9. The level of perception towards job
in paper industries among the respondents of their monthly income level of Rs.900112000 ranged between 68 and 129 with an average of 93.3. The level of perception by
the respondents of their monthly income level of Rs.12001-15000 ranged between 71 and
131 with an average of 93.0. Finally the level of perception towards job in paper
industries of their monthly income of above Rs.15000 ranged between 67 and 126 with
an average of 93.3. From the analysis it identified that maximum level of perception
towards job in paper industries perceived by the respondents earning their monthly
income of above Rs.15000 in paper industries.
148
With a view to find the degree of association between the monthly income and
level of perception towards job in paper industries, a two-way table was prepared and it is
exhibited in the following table.
TABLE NO. 5.18

MONTHLY INCOME AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB (TWOWAY TABLE)
S.No.
Monthly Income
Below Rs.9000
Rs.9001-12000
Rs.12001-15000
Above Rs.15000
Total

Low
Medium
High
44
82
97
(19.7%)
(36.8%)
(43.5%)
39
61
139
(16.3%)
(25.5%)
(58.2%)
45
72
163
(16.1%)
(25.7%)
(58.2%)
42
92
176
(13.5%)
(29.7%)
(56.8%)
170
307
575
Total
223
239
280
310
1052
It is corroborated from the above table that the percentage of high level of
of their monthly income of Rs.9001-12000 and also Rs.12001-15000 and the same was
the lowest (43.5) among the monthly income of Below Rs.9000. The percentage of
the respondents of their monthly income of Below Rs.9000 and the same was the lowest
(25.5) among the respondents of their monthly income of Rs.9001-12000. The percentage
of low level of perception towards job in paper industries was the highest (19.7) among
the respondents of their monthly income of Below Rs.9000 and the same was the lowest
(13.5) among the respondents of their monthly income of above Rs.15000.
149
In order to find the relationship between the monthly income of the respondents
and their level of perception towards job in paper industries, the following hypothesis
was framed and tested with the help of Chi-square test and the result is shown in the
following table.
H0
There is no significant relationship between monthly income and their

H1
There is a significant relationship between monthly income and their level

of perception towards job in paper industries.
TABLE NO. 5.19
MONTHLY INCOME AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB

(CHI-SQUARE TEST)
Factor
Calculated 2
Value
Table Value
D.F
Remarks
Monthly
Income
16.270
12.592
Significant at 5%
level
hypothesis, monthly income of the respondents and the level of perception towards job
in paper industries are not associated does not hold good. From the analysis, it is found
that there is a close relationship between the monthly income and level of perception
MARITAL STATUS AND LEVEL OF SATISFACTION
It is an important factor to know about the married and unmarried respondents
level of perception towards job in paper industries. For the purpose of this study, marital
150
status has been studied under two categories namely married and unmarried. The sample
consists 304 (28.9%) unmarried respondents and 748 (71.1%) married category.
The distribution of sample respondents according to the marital status of the
respondents and their level of perception towards job in paper industries are shown in the
following table.
TABLE NO. 5.20
MARITAL STATUS AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB
S.
No.
1
2
28.9
Ave
rage
92.3
Range
Min
Max
68.0
126.0
748
71.1
92.9
47.0
1052
100.0
No. of
Respondents
304
Unmarried
Total
Marital Status
Married
131.0
S.D
8.9
9.6
It is scrutinized from the above table that the level of perception towards job in
paper industries of the married respondents ranged between 68 and 126 with an average
of 92.3 and the level of perception of the unmarried respondents ranged between 47 and
131 with an average of 92.9. From the above analysis it concluded that the maximum
level of perception towards job perceived by the unmarried respondents in paper
industries.
With a view to find the degree of association between the marital status and level
of perception towards job in paper industries, a two-way table was prepared and it is
151
TABLE NO. 5.21

(TWO-WAY TABLE)
S. No.
Marital Status
Married
Unmarried
Total

Low
Medium
High
36
110
158
(11.8%)
(36.2%)
(52.0%)
134
197
417
(17.9%)
(26.3%)
(55.7%)
170
307
575
Total
304
748
1052
It is determined from the above table that the percentage of high level of
perception towards job in paper industries was the highest (55.7) among the unmarried
respondents and the same was the lowest (52.0) among married respondents.
The
percentage of medium level of perception towards job in paper industries was the highest
(36.2) among the married respondents and the same was the lowest (26.3) among
unmarried respondents. On the other hand, the percentage of low level of perception
towards job in paper industries was the highest (17.9) among unmarried respondents and
the same was the lowest (11.8) among married respondents.
In order to find the relationship between the marital status of the respondents and
table.
H0
There is no significant relationship between marital status and their level

of perception towards job in paper industries.
152
H1
There is a significant relationship between marital status and their level of

TABLE NO. 5.22

(CHI-SQUARE TEST)
Factor
Calculated 2
Value
Table Value
D.F
Remarks
Marital Status
12.678
5.991
Significant at 5%
level
marital status of the respondents and the level of perception towards job in paper
is a close relationship between the marital status and level of perception towards job in
paper industries.
NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS IN THE FAMILY AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION
TOWARDS JOB
Based on the number of dependents in their family, the respondents level of
perception varies in their job in paper industries. For the purpose of the study, number of
dependents in the family has been classified into three categories namely 1-3 members, 45 members and above 5 members. The sample consists 332 (31.6%) respondents having
to 1-3 members in their family, 462 (43.9%) respondents having to 4-5 members in their
family and 258 (24.5%) respondents having to above 5 members in their family.
153
The distribution of sample respondents according to the number of dependents

and level of perception towards job in paper industries are shown in the following table.
TABLE NO. 5.23
NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS IN THE FAMILY AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION
TOWARDS JOB
S.
No.
1
31.6
Ave
rage
92.8
Range
Min
Max
67.0 131.0
462
43.9
93.0
71.0
129.0
9.0
258
24.5
92.2
47.0
123.0
9.7
1052
100.0
1-3 members
No. of
Respondents
332
4-5 members
Above 5 members
No. of Dependents
Total
S.D
9.8
It is extrapolated from the above table that the level of perception towards job in
paper industries among the respondents of 1-3 dependents in their family ranged between
67 and 131 with an average of 92.8. The level of perception among the respondents of 45 dependents in their family ranged between 71 and 129 with an average of 93.0. The
level of perception by the respondents of more than 5 dependents in their family ranged
between 47 and 123 with an average of 92.2. From the analysis it identified that
maximum level of perception towards job in paper industries perceived by the
respondents of 4-5 dependents in a family.
With a view to find the degree of association between the number of dependents
in the family and level of perception towards job in paper industries, a two-way table was
prepared and it is exhibited in the following table.
154
TABLE NO. 5.24

NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS IN THE FAMILY AND LEVEL OF
S.No.
No. of Dependents
1-3 members
4-5 members
Above 5 members
Total

Low
Medium
High
57
95
180
(17.2%)
(28.6%)
(54.2%)
56
149
257
(12.1%)
(32.3%)
(55.6%)
57
63
138
(22.1%)
(24.4%)
(53.5%)
170
307
575
Total
332
462
258
1052
of 4-5 dependents in their family and the same was the lowest (53.5) towards the
respondents of above 5 dependents in their family. The percentage of medium level of
of 4-5 dependents in their family and the same was the lowest (24.4) towards the
respondents of above 5 dependents in their family. The percentage of low level of
of above 5 dependents in their family and the same was the lowest (12.1) towards the
respondents of 4-5 dependents in their family.
In order to find the relationship between the number of dependents in the family
and level of perception towards job in paper industries, the following hypothesis was
table.
155
H0
There is no significant relationship between number of dependents in the

family and their level of perception towards job in paper industries.
H1
There is a significant relationship between number of dependents in the

family and their level of perception towards job in paper industries.
TABLE NO. 5.25
PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB (CHI-SQUARE TEST)
Factor
Calculated 2
Value
Table Value
D.F
Remarks
No. of
dependents
14.182
9.488
Significant at 5%
level
number of dependents in the family and level of perception towards job in paper
is a close relationship between the number of dependents in the family and level of
FAMILY SYSTEM AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB
Family system is one among the important factor to analyse the respondents level
of perception towards job in paper industry. For the purpose of the study, family system
has been classified into two categories namely nuclear and joint family. The sample
consists 611 (58.1%) respondents belonged to nuclear family and 441 (41.9%)
respondents belonged to joint family.
156
The distribution of sample respondents according to the family system and level
of perception towards job in paper industries are shown in the following table.
TABLE NO. 5.26
FAMILY SYSTEM AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION
S.
No.
1
2
Family System
Nuclear
Joint Family
Total
58.1
Ave
rage
93.1
Range
Min Max
47.0 131.0
10.0
441
41.9
92.3
67.0
8.6
1052
100.0
No. of
Respondents
611
123.0
S.D
It is speculated from the above table that the level of perception towards job in
paper industries among the respondents of nuclear family ranged between 47 and 131
with an average of 93.1 and the level of perception among the respondents of joint family
ranged between 67 and 123 with an average of 92.3. From the analysis it identified that
maximum level of perception towards job perceived by the joint family respondents in
paper industries.
With a view to find the degree of association between the family system and level
of perception towards job in paper industries, a two-way table was prepared and it is
157
TABLE NO. 5.27

FAMILY SYSTEM AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB
(TWO-WAY TABLE)
S.
No.
Family System
Nuclear
Joint Family
Total

Low
Medium
High
110
156
345
(18.0%)
(25.5%)
(56.5%)
60
151
230
(13.6%)
(34.2%)
(52.2%)
170
307
575
Total
611
441
1052
It is extrapolated from the above table that the percentage of high level of
belonging to nuclear family system and the same was the lowest (52.2) among the
respondents belonging to joint family system.
The percentage of medium level of
belonging to joint family and the same was the lowest (25.5) among the respondents
belonging to nuclear family system. The percentage of low level of perception towards
job in paper industries was the highest (18.0) among the respondents belonging to nuclear
family system and the same was the lowest (13.6) among the respondents belonging to
joint family system.
In order to find the relationship between the family system to which the
employees belongs to and level of perception towards job in paper industries, the
following hypothesis was framed and tested with the help of Chi-square test and the
result is shown in the following table.
158
H0
There is no significant relationship between family system to which the

employees belong to and their level of perception towards job in paper
industries.
H1
There is a significant relationship between family system to which the

employees belong to and their level of perception towards job in paper
industries.
TABLE NO. 5.28

FAMILY SYSTEM AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB (CHISQUARE TEST)
Factor
Calculated 2
Value
Table Value
D.F
Remarks
Family
system
10.592
5.992
Significant at 5%
level
family system of the respondents and their level of perception towards job in paper
is a close relationship between the family system of the respondents and their level of
EXPERIENCE AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB
Experience makes everyone to lead a comfortable life in society. According to
the respondents year of experience, their level of perception towards job will be vary.
For the purpose of this study experience gained by the individual has been classified into
four strata viz., upto 5 years experience, between 6 and 10 years experience, between 11
159
and 15 years experience and above 15 years experience. The sample consists of 287
(27.3%) respondents having 1-5 years experience, 322 (30.6%) respondents having
between 6 and 10 years experience, 276 (26.2%) respondents having 11 and 15 years
experience and 167 (15.9%) respondents having above 15 years experience.
The distribution of sample respondents according to the experience and level of
TABLE NO. 5.29
S.
No.
1
27.3
Ave
rage
92.1
Range
Min
Max
47.0 125.0
322
30.6
92.7
68.0
131.0
9.9
11 to 15 years
276
26.2
93.3
67.0
123.0
9.4
Above 15 years
167
15.9
93.0
71.0
128.0
8.5
1052
100.0
Upto 5 years
No. of
Respondents
287
6 to 10 years
3
4
Experience
Total
S.D
9.4
It is speculated from the above table that the level of perception towards job in
paper industries among the respondents who gained upto 5 years of experience ranged
between 47 and 125 with an average of 92.1. The level of perception among the
respondents who gained 6 to 10 years of experience ranged between 68 and 131 with an
average of 92.7. The level of perception by the respondents who gained 11 and 15 years
of experience ranges between 67 and 123 with an average of 93.3. The level of
perception by the respondents who gained above 15 years of experience ranged between
71 and 128 with an average of 93.0. From the analysis it identified that maximum level of
160
perception towards job was perceived by the respondents who gained between 11 and 15
years of experience in paper industries.
With a view to find the degree of association between the experience and level of
perception towards job in paper industries, a two-way table was prepared and it is
TABLE NO. 5.30

(TWO-WAY TABLE)
S.
No.
Experience
Upto 5 years
6 to 10 years
11 to 15 years
Above 15 years
Total

Low
Medium
High
50
89
148
(17.4%)
(31.0%)
(51.6%)
67
84
172
(20.7%)
(26.0%)
(53.3%)
28
94
154
(10.1%)
(34.1%)
(55.8%)
25
41
101
(15.0%)
(24.6%)
(60.5%)
170
308
575
Total
287
322
276
167
1052
It is observed from the above table that the percentage of high level of perception
towards job in paper industries was the highest (60.5) among the respondents who gained
above 15 years of experience and the same was the lowest (51.6) among the respondents
who gained 1-5 years of experience. The percentage of medium level of perception
towards job in paper industries was the highest (34.1) among the respondents who gained
between 11 and 15 years of experience and the same was the lowest (24.6) among the
respondents who gained above 15 years of experience. The percentage of low level of
161
who gained between 6 and 10 years of experience and the same was the lowest (10.1)
among the respondents who gained between 11 and 15 years of experience.
In order to find the relationship between the experience and level of perception
towards job in paper industries, the following hypothesis was framed and tested with the
help of Chi-square test and the result is shown in the following table.
H0
There is no significant relationship between experience and their level of

H1
There is a significant relationship between experience and their level of

TABLE NO. 5.31

(CHI-SQUARE TEST)
Calculated 2
Factor
Table Value
D.F
Remarks
Value
Significant at 5%
17.445
12.592
6
Experience
level
It is conjectured from the above table that the calculated chi-square value is
hypothesis, experience of the respondents and their level of perception towards job in
there is a close relationship between experience and level of perception towards job in
paper industries.
162
COMPANY AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB

The respondents are working in several paper industries. According to their job in
particular company, the level of perception has fluctuated. For the purpose of this study
company has been classified into two strata viz., SPB and TNPL. The sample consists
474 (45.1%) respondents who were working in SPB and 578 (54.9%) respondents who
were working in TNPL.
The distribution of sample respondents according to the company and level of
perception towards job in paper industry are shown in the following table.
TABLE NO. 5.32
S. No.
Company
SPB
TNPL
Total
45.1
Ave
rage
92.5
Range
Min Max
47.0 125.0
578
54.9
92.9
67.0
1052
100.0
No. of
Respondents
474
131.0
S.D
9.1
9.7
It is surmised from the above table that the level of perception towards job in
paper industries of the respondents who worked in SPB ranged between 47 and 125 with
an average of 92.5 and the level of perception of the respondents who worked in TNPL
ranged between 67 and 131 with an average of 92.9. From the above analysis it implied
that the maximum level of perception towards job was perceived by the respondents who
worked in TNPL.
163
With a view to find the degree of association between the company and level of
perception towards job in paper industry, a two-way table was prepared and it is
TABLE NO. 5.33

(TWO-WAY TABLE)
S.No.
Company
SPB
TNPL
Total

Low
Medium
High
56
138
280
(11.8%)
(29.1%)
(59.1%)
114
169
295
(19.7%)
(29.2%)
(51.0%)
170
307
575
Total
474
578
1052
perception towards job in paper industry was the highest (59.1) among the respondents
who worked in SPB and the same was the lowest (51.0) among the respondents who
worked in TNPL. The percentage of medium level of perception towards job in paper
industry was the highest (29.2) among the respondents who worked in TNPL and the
same was the lowest (29.1) among the respondents who worked in SPB. The percentage
of low level of perception towards job in paper industry was the highest (19.7) among the
respondents who worked in TNPL and the same was the lowest (11.8) among the
respondents who worked in SPB.
In order to find the relationship between the company and level of perception
towards job in paper industry, the following hypothesis was framed and tested with the
164
H0
There is no significant relationship between company and level of

perception towards job in paper industry.
H1
There is a significant relationship between company and level of

TABLE NO. 5.34
(CHI-SQUARE TEST)
Factor
Calculated 2
Value
Table Value
D.F
Remarks
Company
13.157
5.991
Significant at 5%
level
It is witnessed from the above table that the calculated chi-square value is greater
company where the respondents are working and their level of perception towards job in
paper industry are not associated and does not hold good. From the analysis, it is found
that there is a close relationship between company where the respondents are working
and their level of perception towards job in paper industry.
WORKING TIME AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB
In every company, the working time is very essential. The level of perception of
the respondents towards job will differ according to their working time in paper industry.
For the purpose of this study working time has been classified into two strata viz., 5-8
hours and more than 8 hours. The sample consists 719 (68.3%) respondents who are
working for 5-8 hours and 333 (31.7%) respondents who are working for more than 8
hours.
165
The distribution of sample respondents according to the working time and level of
perception towards job in paper industry are shown in the following table.
TABLE NO. 5.35
S.
No.
1
2
Working time
5-8 hours
68.3
Ave
rage
92.5
Range
Min
Max
67.0 131.0
333
31.7
93.2
47.0
1052
100.0
No. of
Respondents
719
More than 8 hours

Total
128.0
S.D
9.1
10.1
It could be inferred from the above table that the level of perception towards job
in paper industry of the respondents who worked for 5-8 hours ranged between 67 and
131 with an average of 92.5 and the level of perception of the respondents who worked
for more than 8 hours ranged between 47 and 128 with an average of 93.2. It is implied
from the above analysis that the maximum level of perception towards job in paper
industry was perceived by the respondents who worked for more than 8 hours.
With a view to find the degree of association between the working time and level
of perception towards job in paper industry, a two-way table was prepared and it is
166
TABLE NO. 5.36

(TWO-WAY TABLE)
S.No.
Working time
5-8 hours
More than 8 hours

Total

Low
Medium
High
105
229
385
(14.6%)
(31.8%)
(53.5%)
65
78
190
(19.5%)
(23.4%)
(57.1%)
170
307
575
Total
719
333
1052
It could be examined from the above table that the percentage of high level of
perception towards job in paper industry was the highest (57.1) among the respondents
who worked for more than 8 hours and the same was the lowest (53.5) among the
respondents who worked for 5-8 hours. The percentage of medium level of perception
towards job in paper industry was the highest (31.8) among the respondents who worked
for 5-8 hours and the same was the lowest (23.4) among the respondents who worked for
more than 8 hours. The percentage of low level of perception towards job in paper
industry was the highest (19.5) among the respondents who worked for more than 8
hours, and the same was the lowest (14.6) among the respondents who worked for 5-8
hours in paper industry.
In order to find the relationship between the working time and level of perception
towards job in paper industry, the following hypothesis was framed and tested with the
167
H0
There is no significant relationship between working time and level of

H1
There is a significant relationship between working time and level of

TABLE NO. 5.37

(CHI-SQUARE TEST)
Factor
Calculated 2
Value
Table Value
D.F
Remarks
Working
Time
9.454
5.991
Significant at 5%
level
hypothesis, working time of the respondents and their level of perception towards job in
paper industry are not associated and does not hold good. From the analysis, it is found
that there is a close relationship between working time of the respondents and their level
of perception towards job in paper industry.
168
5.3
LEVEL OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AMONG EMPLOYEES

TOWARDS THEIR WORK - ANOVA ANALYSIS
The level of occupational stress among the employees of paper industries was
measured based on their opinion about the occupational stress level while in working in
the paper industry. The respondents opinion were measured based on scale and scoring
technique. Likerts five points scaling was employed and the employees level of
occupational stress was classified as low (below 27 points), medium (27-30 points) and
high (31-40 points) based on mean (30) and standard deviation (4).
TABLE NO. 5.38
LEVEL OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AMONG EMPLOYEES TOWARDS
THEIR WORK
S.
No.
1.
Low (below 27)
No. of
Respondents
189
Percentage
(%)
18.0
2.
Medium (27-30)
390
37.0
3.
High (31-40)
473
45.0
1052
100.0
Category
Total
It is noted from the above table that 18.0 percent of the respondents were having
low level of stress while in working. It is followed by 37.0 percent of the respondents
were having medium level of stress and remaining 45.0 percent of the respondents were
having high level of stress while in working in paper industry. The two-way analysis was
prepared based on these three strata for data analysis and through this method Anova test
was employed to test the significant difference between the selected independent
variables and dependent variable.
169
AGE AND IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS

The distribution of sample respondents according to the age of the respondents
and their impact of occupational stress in paper industry are shown in the following table.
TABLE NO. 5.39

S.
No.
1
Age
Below 25 yrs.
No. of
Respondents
270
25.7
Ave
rage
29.9
Range
Min
Max
12.0
45.0
S.D
4.5
25-35 yrs.
284
27.0
30.2
17.0
45.0
4.1
36-45 yrs.
304
28.9
30.1
12.0
44.0
4.0
Above 45 yrs.
194
18.4
30.5
21.0
41.0
3.8
1052
100.0
Total
It could be observed from the above table that the impact of occupational stress in
paper industry perceived by the respondents who belong to the age group of below 25
years ranged between 12 and 45 with an average of 29.9. The respondents with the age
group between 25 and 35 years revealed that their impact of occupational stress in paper
industry ranged between 17 and 45 with an average of 30.2. The impact of occupational
stress in paper industry perceived by the respondents between 35 and 45 years age group
ranged between 12 and 44 with an average of 30.1. Finally, the impact of occupational
stress in paper industry perceived by the respondents who are above 45 years age group
ranged between 21 and 41 with an average of 30.5. It is inferred from the analysis that the
maximum impact of occupational stress was among the age group of above 45 years.
170
With a view to find the degree of association between age of the respondents and
the impact of occupational stress in paper industry, a two-way table is prepared and
depicted in the following table.
TABLE NO. 5.40

(TWO-WAY TABLE)
S.No.
Age
Below 25 yrs.
25-35 yrs.
36-45 yrs.
Above 45 yrs.
Total
Impact of occupational stress

Low
Medium
High
56
94
120
(20.7%)
(34.8%)
(44.4%)
52
100
132
(18.3%)
(35.2%)
(46.5%)
53
117
134
(17.4%)
(38.5%)
(44.1%)
28
79
87
(14.4%)
(40.7%)
(44.8%)
189
390
473
Total
270
284
304
194
1052
It could be found from the above table that the percentage of high impact of
occupational stress in paper industry was the highest (46.5) among the respondents
between 25 and 35 years of age and the same was the lowest (44.1) among the
respondents between 35 and 45 years age. The percentage of medium impact of
occupational stress in paper industries was the highest (40.7) among the respondents of
above 45 years of age and the same was the lowest (34.8) among the respondents of
below 25 years of age. The percentage of low impact of occupational stress in paper
industry was the highest (20.7) among the respondents of below 25 years of age and the
same was the lowest (14.4) among the respondents of above 45 years of age.
171
In order to find the relationship between the age of the respondents and impact of
occupational stress in paper industry, the following hypothesis was framed and tested
with the help of Anova test and the result is shown in the following table.
H0
There is no significant difference between age of the respondents and

impact of occupational stress in paper industry.
H1
There is a significant difference between age of the respondents and

impact of occupational stress in paper industry.
TABLE NO. 5.41
(ANOVA TEST)
Source
Between
Groups
Within
Groups
Total
SS
DF
MS
4.307
2.153
1.920
1176.412
1049
1.121
1180.719
1051
S
Not significant
It is examined from the above table that the calculated F value is less than the
table value and the result is not significant. Hence, the hypothesis, Age of the
respondents and the impact of occupational stress are not associated is accepted. From
the analysis, it is found that there is no significant difference between the age of the
respondents and the impact of occupational stress.
GENDER AND IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS
The distribution of sample respondents according to the gender and the impact of
occupational stress in paper industry are shown in the following table.
172
TABLE NO. 5.42

S.
No.
1
2
83.4
Ave
rage
30.1
Range
Min
Max
12.0
45.0
175
16.6
30.3
21.0
1052
100.0
Male
No. of
Respondents
877
Female
Total
Gender
S.D
45.0
4.2
4.0
It is inferred from the above table that the impact of occupational stress in paper
industry by the male respondents ranged between 12 and 45 with an average of 30.1 and
the impact of occupational stress of the female respondents ranged between 21 and 45
with an average of 30.3. It is concluded from the analysis that the maximum impact of
occupational stress in paper industry was perceived by the male respondents.
With a view to find the degree of association between gender of the respondents
and impact of occupational stress in paper industry, a two-way table was prepared and it
is shown in the following table.
TABLE NO. 5.43
(TWO-WAY TABLE)
S. No.
Gender
Male
Female
Total

Low
Medium
High
159
319
399
(18.1%)
(36.4%)
(45.5%)
30
71
74
(17.1%)
(40.6%)
(42.3%)
189
390
473
Total
877
175
1052
It is found from the above table that the percentage of high impact of occupational
stress in paper industry was the highest (45.5) among the male respondents and the same
173
was the lowest (42.3) among the female respondents. The percentage of medium impact
of occupational stress in paper industry was the highest (40.6) among the female
respondents and the same was the lowest (36.4) among the male respondents. The
percentage of low impact of occupational stress in paper industry was the highest (18.1)
among the male respondents and the same was the lowest (17.1) among the female
respondents.
In order to find the relationship between the gender of the respondents and the
impact of occupational stress in paper industry, the following hypothesis was framed and
tested with the help of Anova test and the result is shown in the following table.
H0
There is no significant difference between gender and impact of

occupational stress in paper industry.
H1
There is a significant difference between gender and impact of

TABLE NO. 5.44
(ANOVA TEST)
Source
Between
Groups
Within
Groups
Total
SS
DF
MS
.153
7.675E-02
.552
S
Not significant
145.735
1049
145.889
1051
.139
It is witnessed from the above table that the calculated F value is less than the
table value and the result is not significant. Hence, the hypothesis, Gender of the
174
the analysis, it is found that there is no significant difference between the gender of the
respondents and the impact of occupational stress.
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION AND IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL

STRESS
The distribution of sample respondents according to the educational qualification
of the respondents and impact of occupational stress in paper industry are shown in the
following table.
TABLE NO. 5.45
STRESS
S.
No.
1
Educational
Qualification
School education
No. of
Respondents
340
32.3
Ave
rage
30.4
Range
Min Max
19.0 45.0
S.D
4.0
ITI & Diploma
273
26.0
29.6
12.0
45.0
4.0
Graduate
185
17.6
30.3
21.0
41.0
3.9
Professional
254
24.1
30.1
12.0
41.0
4.5
Total
1052
100.0
It could be discerned from the above table that the impact of occupational stress in
paper industry of school level respondents ranged between 19 and 45 with an average of
30.4. It could be analysed that the level of satisfaction revealed by the respondents of ITI
& Graduate level ranged between 12 and 45 with an average of 29.6. The impact of
occupational stress in paper industry of graduate level respondents ranged between 21
and 41 with an average of 30.3. On the other hand, the impact of occupational stress in
paper industry among professionals ranged between 12 and 41 with an average of 30.1.
175
From the analysis it is identified that the maximum impact of occupational stress in paper
industry was attained by the respondents who did their schooling.
respondents and impact of occupational stress in paper industry, a two-way table was
TABLE NO. 5.46
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION AND LEVEL OF
S.No.
Educational
Qualification
School education
ITI & Diploma
Graduate
Professional
Total

Low
Medium
High
49
136
155
(14.4%)
(40.0%)
(45.6%)
56
105
112
(20.5%)
(38.5%)
(41.0%)
30
67
88
(16.2%)
(36.2%)
(47.6%)
54
82
118
(21.3%)
(32.3%)
(46.5%)
189
390
473
Total
340
273
185
254
1052
It could be determined from the above table that the percentage of high impact of
occupational stress in paper industry was the highest (47.6) among the graduates and the
same was the lowest (41.0) among the ITI and Diploma holders.
The percentage of
medium impact of occupational stress in paper industry was the highest (40.0) among the
respondents who did their schooling and the same was the lowest (32.3) among the
professionals. The percentage of low impact of occupational stress in paper industry was
the highest (21.3) among the respondents of professionals and the same was the lowest
(14.4) among the respondents who did their schooling.
176
In order to find the relationship between the educational qualification of the

respondents and the impact of occupational stress in paper industry, the following
hypothesis was framed and tested with the help of Anova test and the result is shown in
the following table.
H0
There is no significant difference between educational qualification and

their impact of occupational stress in paper industry.
H1
There is a significant difference between educational qualification and

their impact of occupational stress in paper industry.
TABLE NO. 5.47

STRESS (ANOVA TEST)
Source
Between
Groups
Within
Groups
Total
SS
DF
MS
6.984
3.492
2.588
S
Not significant
1415.566
1049
1422.550
1051
1.349
It could be determined from the above table that the calculated F value is less than
the table value and the result is not significant. Hence, the hypothesis, educational
qualification of the respondents and the impact of occupational stress are not associated
is accepted. From the analysis, it is found that there is no significant difference between
the educational qualification of the respondents and the impact of occupational stress.
177
DESIGNATION AND IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS

The distribution of sample respondents according to the designation and impact of
TABLE NO. 5.48
S. No.
Designation
No. of
Respondents
250
27.0
Ave
rage
30.1
Range
Min Max
12.0
44.0
S.D
Manager
Staff
284
23.8
30.4
21.0
44.0
4.0
3.
Worker
518
49.2
30.0
17.0
45.0
4.0
1052
100.0
Total
4.6
It could be inferred from the above table that the impact of occupational stress in
paper industry of the managers ranged between 12 and 44 with an average of 30.1. The
level of perception among the staffs ranged between 21 and 44 with an average of 30.4.
Finally, the level of perception among workers ranged between 17 and 45 with an
average of 30. From the analysis it is identified that maximum impact of occupational
stress in paper industry was attained by the staffs.
respondents and impact of occupational stress in paper industry, a two-way table was
178
TABLE NO. 5.49

(TWO-WAY TABLE)
S.No.
Designation
Manager
Staff
Worker
Total

Low
Medium
High
44
93
113
(17.6%)
(37.2%)
(45.2%)
50
104
130
(17.6%)
(36.6%)
(45.8%)
95
193
230
(18.3%)
(37.3%)
(44.4%)
189
390
473
Total
250
284
518
1052
It is implied from the above table that the percentage of high impact of
occupational stress in paper industry was the highest (45.8) among the staffs and the
same was the lowest (44.4) among the respondents of worker. The percentage of medium
impact of occupational stress in paper industry was the highest (37.3) among the workers
and the same was the lowest (36.6) among the staffs. The percentage of low impact of
occupational stress in paper industry was the highest (18.3) among the workers and the
same was the lowest (17.6) among the managers and staffs.
In order to find the relationship between the designation of the respondents and
the impact of occupational stress in paper industry, the following hypothesis was framed
and tested with the help of Anova test and the result is shown in the following table.
H0
There is no significant difference between designation and impact of

H1
There is a significant difference between designation and the impact of

179
TABLE NO. 5.50

DESIGNATION AND IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS (ANOVA TEST)
Source
Between
Groups
Within
Groups
Total
SS
DF
MS
6.997E-02
3.498E-02
0.052
699.656
1049
0.667
699.726
1051
S
Not significant
It could be determined from the above table that the calculated F value is less than
the table value and the result is not significant. Hence, the hypothesis, designation of the
the analysis, it is found that there is no significant difference between the designation of
the respondents and the impact of occupational stress.
DEPARTMENT AND IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS

The distribution of sample respondents according to the department and impact of
TABLE NO. 5.51
DEPARTMENT AND IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS
S.No.
Department
No. of
Respondents
292
27.8
Ave
rage
30.3
Range
Min Max
20.0
41.0
S.D
Administration
Marketing
318
30.2
29.7
12.0
41.0
4.3
Production
442
42.0
30.4
12.0
45.0
4.2
1052
100.0
Total
180
3.8
It could be witnessed from the above table that the impact of occupational stress
in paper industry of the administrative department ranged between 20 and 41 with an
average of 30.3.
And the level of perception of the marketing department ranged
between 12 and 41 with an average of 29.7.
Finally, the level of perception towards
production department ranged between 12 and 45 with an average of 30.4. From the
analysis it identified that the maximum impact of occupational stress in paper industry
was attained by the production department.
With a view to find the degree of association between department and the impact
of occupational stress in paper industry, a two-way table was prepared and it is shown in
TABLE NO. 5.52
(TWO-WAY TABLE)
S.No.
Department
Administration
Marketing
Production
Total

Low
Medium
High
39
119
134
(13.4%)
(40.8%)
(45.9%)
70
120
128
(22.0%)
(37.7%)
(40.3%)
80
151
211
(18.1%)
(34.2%)
(47.7%)
189
390
473
Total
292
318
442
1052
It could be observed from the above table that the percentage of high impact of
occupational stress in paper industry was the highest (47.7) among the respondents of
production department and the same was the lowest (40.3) towards marketing
department. The percentage of medium impact of occupational stress in paper industry
was the highest (40.8) among the respondents of administration department and the same
181
was the lowest (34.2) towards production department. The percentage of low impact of
occupational stress in paper industry was the highest (22) among the respondents of
marketing department and the same was the lowest (13.4) towards administration
department.
In order to find the relationship between the department of the respondents and
the impact of occupational stress in paper industry, the following hypothesis was framed
and tested with the help of Anova test and the result is shown in the following table.
H0
There is no significant difference between department and the impact of

H1
There is a significant difference between department and the impact of

TABLE NO. 5.53
DEPARTMENT AND IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS (ANOVA TEST)

Source
Between
Groups
Within
Groups
Total
SS
DF
MS
2.667
1.333
1.970
709.945
1049
.677
712.612
1051
S
Not significant
It is noted from the above table that the calculated F value is less than the table
value and the result is not significant. Hence, the hypothesis, department of the
the analysis, it is found that there is no significant difference between the department of
182
MONTHLY INCOME AND IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS

The distribution of sample respondents according to the monthly income of the
respondents and the impact of occupational stress in paper industry are shown in the
following table.
TABLE NO. 5.54

S.
No.
1
21.2
Ave
rage
29.8
Range
Min Max
12.0
45.0
239
22.7
30.2
19.0
40.0
4.1
Rs.12001-15000
280
26.6
30.3
20.0
41.0
4.0
Above Rs.15000
310
29.5
30.2
12.0
45.0
4.5
Total
1052
100.0
Below Rs.9000
No. of
Respondents
223
Rs.9001-12000
3.
4.
Monthly Income
S.D
3.8
It could be highlighted from the above table that the impact of occupational stress
in paper industry among the respondents of the monthly income of Below Rs.9000
ranged between 12 and 45 with an average of 29.8. The impact of occupational stress in
paper industry among the respondents of the monthly income of Rs.9001-12000 ranged
between 19 and 40 with an average of 30.2. The level of perception by the respondents
of the monthly income level of Rs.12001-15000 ranged between 20 and 41 with an
average of 30.3. Finally the impact of occupational stress in paper industry of the
monthly income of above Rs.15000 ranged between 12 and 45 with an average of 30.2. It
is identified from the analysis that the maximum impact of occupational stress in paper
industry was perceived by the respondents earning their monthly income of Rs.12001 and
Rs.15000 in the paper industry.
183
With a view to find the degree of association between the monthly income and
impact of occupational stress in paper industry, a two-way table was prepared and it is
TABLE NO. 5.55

(TWO-WAY TABLE)
S.
No.
Monthly Income
Below Rs.9000
Rs.9001-12000
Rs.12001-15000
Above Rs.15000
Total

Low
Medium
High
36
102
85
(16.1)
(45.7)
(38.1)
40
83
116
(16.7)
(34.7)
(48.5)
50
97
133
(17.9)
(34.6)
(47.5)
63
108
139
(20.3)
(34.8)
(44.8)
189
390
473
Total
223
239
280
310
1052
It is corroborated from the above table that the percentage of high impact of
occupational stress in paper industry was the highest (48.5) among the respondents of the
monthly income of Rs.8001 and 12000 and the same was the lowest (38.1) among the
respondents of monthly income which is Below Rs.9000. The percentage of medium
impact of occupational stress in paper industry was the highest (45.7) among the
respondents of the monthly income of Below Rs.9000 and the same was the lowest (34.6)
among the respondents of the monthly income between Rs.12001-15000. The percentage
of low impact of occupational stress in paper industry was the highest (20.3) among the
respondents of the monthly income of above Rs.15000 and the same was the lowest
(16.1) among the respondents of the monthly income of Below Rs.9000.
184
In order to find the relationship between the monthly income of the respondents
and the impact of occupational stress in paper industry, the following hypothesis was
framed and tested with the help of Anova test and the result is shown in the following
table.
H0
There is no significant difference between monthly income and the impact

of occupational stress in paper industry.
H1
There is a significant difference between monthly income and the impact

of occupational stress in paper industry.
TABLE NO. 5.56
MONTHLY INCOME AND THE IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS

(ANOVA TEST)
Source
Between
Groups
Within
Groups
Total
SS
DF
MS
6.871
3.436
2.771
S
Not significant
1300.455
1049
1307.326
1051
1.240
It is inferred from the above table that the calculated F value is less than the table
value and the result is not significant. Hence the hypothesis, monthly income of the
the analysis, it is found that there is no significant difference between the monthly
income of the respondents and the impact of occupational stress.
185
MARITAL STATUS AND IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS

The distribution of sample respondents according to the marital status of the
respondents and the impact of occupational stress in paper industry are shown in the
following table.
TABLE NO. 5.57
28.9
Ave
rage
30.2
Range
Min
Max
17.0
45.0
748
71.1
30.1
12.0
1052
100.0
S.
No.
1
Marital
Status
Married
No. of
Respondents
304
Unmarried
Total
44.0
S.D
4.0
4.2
It is scrutinized from the above table that the impact of occupational stress in
paper industry of the married respondents ranged between 17 and 45 with an average of
30.2 and the level of perception of the unmarried respondents ranged between 12 and 44
with an average of 30.1. From the above analysis it concluded that the maximum impact
of occupational stress was perceived by the married respondents in paper industry.
With a view to find the degree of association between the marital status and the
186
TABLE NO. 5.58

(TWO-WAY TABLE)
S. No.
Marital
Status
Married
Unmarried
Total

Low
Medium
High
45
(14.8%)
144
(19.3%)
189
126
(41.4%)
264
(35.3%)
390
133
(43.8%)
340
(45.5%)
473
Total
304
748
1052
It is determined from the above table that the percentage of high impact of
occupational stress in paper industry was the highest (45.5) among the unmarried
respondents and the same was the lowest (43.8) among the married respondents. The
percentage of medium impact of occupational stress in paper industry was the highest
(41.4) among the married respondents and the same was the lowest (35.3) among
unmarried respondents. On the other hand, the percentage of low impact of occupational
stress in paper industry was the highest (19.3) among the unmarried respondents and the
same was the lowest (14.8) among the married respondents.
In order to find the relationship between the marital status of the respondents and
their impact of occupational stress in paper industry, the following hypothesis was
table.
H0
There is no significant difference between marital status and the impact of

187
H1
There is a significant difference between marital status and the impact of

TABLE NO. 5.59
MARITAL STATUS AND THE IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS

(ANOVA TEST)
Source
Between
Groups
Within
Groups
Total
SS
DF
MS
.972
.486
2.368
215.181
1049
.205
216.152
1051
S
Not significant
value and the result is not significant. Hence the hypothesis, marital status of the
the analysis, it is found that there is no significant difference between the marital status of
NUMBER
OF
DEPENDENTS
IN
THE
FAMILY
AND
IMPACT
OF
OCCUPATIONAL STRESS
The distribution of sample respondents according to the number of dependents
and impact of occupational stress in paper industry are shown in the following table.
188
TABLE NO. 5.60

NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS IN THE FAMILY AND THE IMPACT OF
OCCUPATIONAL STRESS
S.
No.
1
31.6
Ave
rage
29.9
Range
Min Max
17.0
40.0
462
43.9
30.4
12.0
45.0
4.3
258
24.5
30.2
19.0
44.0
4.0
1052
100.0
1-3 members
No. of
Respondents
332
4-5 members
Above 5 members
No. of Dependents
Total
S.D
4.1
It could be identified from the above table that the impact of occupational stress in
paper industry among the respondents of 1-3 dependents in their family ranged between
17 and 40 with an average of 29.9. The level of perception among the respondents of 4-5
dependents in their family ranged between 12 and 45 with an average of 30.4. The level
of perception by the respondents of more than 5 dependents in their family ranged
between 19 and 40 with an average of 30.2. It is identified from the analysis that
maximum impact of occupational stress in paper industry was perceived by the
respondents of 4-5 dependents in their family.
With a view to find the degree of association between the number of dependents
in the family and the impact of occupational stress in paper industry, a two-way table was
prepared and it is exhibited in the following table.
189
TABLE NO. 5.61

S.No.
No. of Dependents
1-3 members
4-5 members
Above 5 members
Total

Low
Medium
High
64
116
152
(19.3%)
(34.9%)
(45.8%)
79
176
207
(17.1%)
(38.1%)
(44.8%)
46
98
114
(17.8%)
(38.0%)
(44.2%)
189
390
473
Total
332
462
258
1052
It is scrutinized from the above table that the percentage of high impact of
occupational stress in paper industry was the highest (45.8) among the respondents of 1-3
dependents in their family and the same was the lowest (44.2) towards the respondents of
above 5 dependents in their family. The percentage of medium impact of occupational
stress in paper industry was the highest (38.1) among the respondents of 4-5 dependents
in their family and the same was the lowest (34.9) towards the respondents of 1-3
dependents in their family. The percentage of low impact of occupational stress in paper
industry was the highest (19.3) among the respondents of 1-3 dependents in their family
and the same was the lowest (17.1) towards the respondents of 4-5 dependents in their
family.
In order to find the relationship between the number of dependents in the family
and impact of occupational stress in the paper industry, the following hypothesis was
table.
190
H0
There is no significant difference between the number of dependents in the

family and the impact of occupational stress in paper industry.
H1
There is a significant difference between the number of dependents in the

family and the impact of occupational stress in paper industry.
TABLE NO. 5.62
PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB (ANOVA TEST)
Source
Between
Groups
Within
Groups
Total
SS
DF
MS
.393
.196
.352
584.402
1049
.557
584.795
1051
S
Not significant
It is indicated from the above table that the calculated F value is less than the table
value and the result is not significant. Hence the hypothesis, number of dependents in
the family and the impact of occupational stress are not associated is accepted. From the
analysis, it is found that there is no significant difference between the number of
dependents in the family and the impact of occupational stress.
FAMILY SYSTEM AND IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS
The distribution of sample respondents according to the family system and the
impact of occupational stress in paper industry are shown in the following table.
191
TABLE NO. 5.63

S.No.
Family System
No. of
Respondents
611
58.1
Ave
rage
30.2
Range
Min Max
12.0
45.0
30.0
12.0
Nuclear
Joint Family
441
41.9
Total
1052
100.0
44.0
S.D
4.2
4.0
It could be noted from the above table that the impact of occupational stress in
paper industry among the respondents of nuclear family ranged between 12 and 45 with
an average of 30.2 and the level of perception among the respondents of joint family
ranged between 12 and 44 with an average of 30.0. From the analysis it identified that the
maximum impact of occupational stress was perceived by the respondents of nuclear
family in the paper industry.
With a view to find the degree of association between the family system and
TABLE NO. 5.64
(TWO-WAY TABLE)
S.No.
Family System
Nuclear
Joint Family
Total

Low
Medium
High
109
215
287
(17.8%)
(35.2%)
(47.0%)
80
175
186
(18.1%)
(39.7%)
(42.2%)
189
390
473
192
Total
611
441
1052
It could be inferred from the above table that the percentage of high impact of
occupational stress in paper industry was the highest (47.0) among the respondents
belonging to nuclear family and the same was the lowest (42.2) among the respondents
belonging to joint family. The percentage of medium impact of occupational stress in
paper industry was the highest (39.7) among the respondents belonging to joint family
and the same was the lowest (35.2) among the respondents belonging to nuclear family.
The percentage of low impact of occupational stress in paper industry was the highest
(18.1) among the respondents belonging to joint family and the same was the lowest
(17.8) among the respondents belonging to nuclear family.
In order to find the relationship between the family system and the impact of
H0
There is no significant difference between family system and the impact of

H1
There is a significant difference between family system and the impact of

TABLE NO. 5.65
(ANOVA TEST)
Source
Between
Groups
Within
Groups
Total
SS
DF
MS
.662
.331
1.359
S
Not significant
255.470
1049
256.132
1051
.244
193
It is evident from the above table that the calculated F value is less than the table
value and the result is not significant. Hence the hypothesis, family system and the
impact of occupational stress are not associated is accepted. From the analysis, it is
found that there is no significant difference between the family system and the impact of
occupational stress.
EXPERIENCE AND IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS
The distribution of sample respondents according to the experience and impact of
TABLE NO. 5.66

S.
No.
1
Experience
1-5 years
No. of
Respondents
287
27.3
Ave
rage
30.0
Range
Min
Max
12.0
44.0
S.D
4.2
6 to 10 years
322
30.6
30.3
12.0
45.0
4.4
11 to 15 years
276
26.2
30.2
20.0
41.0
3.8
Above 15 years
167
15.9
30.0
20.0
41.0
4.0
1052
100.0
Total
paper industry among the respondents who gained 1-5 years of experience ranged
between 12 and 44 with an average of 30. The level of perception among the respondents
who gained 6 to 10 years of experience ranged between 12 and 45 with an average of
30.3. The level of perception by the respondents who gained between 11 and 15 years of
experience ranges between 20 and 41 with an average of 30.2. The level of perception by
194
the respondents who gained above 15 years of experience ranged between 20 and 41 with
an average of 30. From the analysis it identified that the maximum impact of
occupational stress was perceived by the respondents who gained between 6 and 10 years
of experience in the paper industry.
With a view to find the degree of association between the experience and the
TABLE NO. 5.67
(TWO-WAY TABLE)
S.No.
Experience
1-5 years
6 to 10 years
11 to 15 years
Above 15 years
Total

Low
Medium
High
61
100
126
(21.3%)
(34.8%)
(43.9%)
52
117
153
(16.1%)
(36.3%)
(47.5%)
39
113
124
(14.1%)
(40.9%)
(44.9%)
37
60
70
(22.2%)
(35.9%)
(41.9%)
189
390
473
Total
287
322
276
167
1052
It is observed from the above table that the percentage of high impact of
occupational stress in paper industry was the highest (47.5) among the respondents who
gained 6 and 10 years of experience and the same was the lowest (41.9) among the
respondents who gained above 15 years of experience. The percentage of medium impact
of occupational stress in paper industry was the highest (10.9) among the respondents
who gained 11 and 15 years of experience and the same was the lowest (34.8) among the
respondents who gained 1-5 years of experience. The percentage of low impact of
195
gained above 15 years of experience and the same was the lowest (14.1) among the
respondents who gained 11 and 15 years of experience.
In order to find the relationship between the experience and impact of
H0
There is no significant difference between experience and the impact of

H1
There is significant difference between experience and the impact of

TABLE NO. 5.68
(ANOVA TEST)
Source
Between
Groups
Within
Groups
Total
SS
DF
MS
.753
.377
.349
1131.075
1049
1.078
1131.828
1051
S
Not significant
value and the result is not significant. Hence the hypothesis, experience and the impact
of occupational stress are not associated is accepted. From the analysis, it is found that
there is no significant difference between the experience of the respondents and the
impact of occupational stress.
196
COMPANY AND IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS

The distribution of sample respondents according to the company and impact of
TABLE NO. 5.69
S.No.
Company
SPB
TNPL
Total
45.1
Ave
rage
30.1
Range
Min Max
12.0
44.0
578
54.9
30.2
12.0
1052
100.0
No. of
Respondents
474
45.0
S.D
4.2
4.1
It is noted from the above table that the impact of occupational stress in paper
industry of the respondents who worked in SPB ranged between 12 and 44 with an
average of 30.1 and the level of perception of the respondents who worked in TNPL
ranged between 12 and 45 with an average of 30.2. It is implied from the analysis that the
maximum impact of occupational stress was perceived by the respondents who worked in
TNPL.
With a view to find the degree of association between the company and the
197
TABLE NO. 5.70

(TWO-WAY TABLE)
S.No.
Company
SPB
TNPL
Total

Low
Medium
High
95
168
211
(20.0%)
(35.4%)
(44.5%)
94
222
262
(16.3%)
(38.4%)
(45.3%)
189
390
473
Total
474
578
1052
It is noted from the above table that the percentage of high impact of occupational
stress in paper industry was the highest (45.3) among the respondents who worked in
TNPL and the same was the lowest (44.5) among the respondents who worked in SPB.
The percentage of medium impact of occupational stress in paper industry was the
highest (38.4) among the respondents who worked in TNPL and the same was the lowest
(35.4) among the respondents who worked in SPB. The percentage of low impact of
occupational stress in paper industries was the highest (20) among the respondents who
worked in SPB and the same was the lowest (16.3) among the respondents who worked
in TNPL.
In order to find the relationship between the company and impact of occupational
stress in paper industry, the following hypothesis was framed and tested with the help of
Anova test and the result is shown in the following table.
H0
There is no significant difference between company and impact of

H1
There is significant difference between company and impact of

198
TABLE NO. 5.71

(ANOVA TEST)
Source
Between
Groups
Within
Groups
Total
SS
DF
MS
.675
.337
1.363
259.755
1049
.248
260.430
1051
S
Not
significant
value and the result is not significant. Hence the hypothesis, company and the impact of
occupational stress are not associated is accepted. From the analysis, it is found that
there is no significant difference between the company and impact of occupational stress.
WORKING TIME AND IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS
The distribution of sample respondents according to the working time and impact
of occupational stress in paper industry are shown in the following table.
TABLE NO. 5.72
S.
No.
1
2
68.3
Ave
rage
30.1
Range
Min Max
12.0
44.0
333
31.7
30.1
12.0
1052
100.0
No. of
Respondents
719
More than 8 hours

Total
Working time
5-8 hours
45.0
S.D
3.9
4.6
paper industry of the respondents who worked for 5-8 hours ranged between 12 and 44
with an average of 30.1 and the level of perception of the respondents who worked for
199
more than 8 hours ranged between 12 and 45 with an average of 30.1. It is implied from
the above analysis that the maximum impact of occupational stress in paper industry was
perceived by the respondents who worked for 5-8 hours and more than 8 hours.
With a view to find the degree of association between the working time and
TABLE NO. 5.73
(TWO-WAY TABLE)
S.No.
Working time
5-8 hours
More than 8 hours

Total

Low
Medium
High
119
(16.6)
70
(21.0)
189
278
(38.7)
112
(33.6)
390
322
(44.8)
151
(45.3)
473
Total
719
333
1052
It could be examined from the above table that the percentage of high impact of
worked for more than 8 hours and the same was the lowest (44.8) among the respondents
who worked for 5-8 hours. The percentage of medium impact of occupational stress in
paper industry was the highest (38.7) among the respondents who worked for 5-8 hours
and the same was the lowest (33.6) among the respondents who worked for more than 8
hours. The percentage of low impact of occupational stress in paper industry was the
highest (21.0) among the respondents who worked for more than 8 hours and the same
200
was the lowest (16.6) among the respondents who worked for 5-8 hours in the paper
industry.
In order to find the relationship between the working time and impact of
H0
There is no significant difference between working time and the impact of

occupational stress in the paper industry.
H1
There is significant difference between working time and the impact of

TABLE NO. 5.74
(ANOVA TEST)
Source
Between
Groups
Within
Groups
Total
SS
DF
MS
.887
.444
2.053
226.705
1049
.216
227.592
1051
S
Not significant
It is contemplated from the above table that the calculated F value is less than the
table value and the result is not significant. Hence, the hypothesis, working time and the
impact of occupational stress are not associated is accepted. From the analysis, it is
found that there is no significant difference between the working time and the impact of
occupational stress.
201
5.4
PERCENTAGE ANALYSIS
In this section percentage analysis was employed to ascertain the results and the
details are furnished as follows:

DISTANCE BETWEEN THE WORKING COMPANY AND RESIDENCE
This factor is very important to distinguish their traveling time in working days of
employees working in paper industry. In this study, an attempt was made to know about
the distance between the working company and the residence of the employees.
The
details are furnished in the following table.

TABLE NO.5.75
DISTANCE BETWEEN THE WORKING COMPANY AND RESIDENCE
S.No.
Distance
No. of respondents Percentage
Less than 2 kms
295
28.0
2 to 4 kms
267
25.4
4 to 6 kms
310
29.5
6 kms and above
180
17.1
Total
1052
100.0
It is surmised from the above table that 28 percent of the respondents were
travelling less than 2 kms distance between the working company and their residence,
25.4 of the respondents were travelling for 2-4 kms to the working company from their
residence, 29.5 percent of the respondents were travelling from 4 to 6 kms distance
between the working company and their residence and 17.1 percent of the respondents
were travelling above 6 kms to the working place from their residence. From the analysis
202
it is noted that majority (29.5%) of the respondents were travelling 4 to 6 kms to the
working place from their residence.
FACTOR
MOTIVATED
THE
EMPLOYEES
IN
CHOOSING
THEIR
PROFESSION
Everyone has the reason in choosing their profession with their at most level of
interest and sincerity.
In this study, an attempt was made to know about the factors
motivating the employees in choosing their profession. The details are furnished in the
following table.
TABLE NO.5.76
FACTOR MOTIVATED THE EMPLOYEES IN CHOOSING THEIR
PROFESSION
Respect in society
No. of
Respondents
293
High pay packages
303
28.8
Comfort
263
25.0
Convenient working hours
128
12.2
Challenging profession
65
6.1
1052
100.0
S.No.
Factors
Total
Percentage
27.9
It is corroborated from the above table that 27.9 percent of the respondents were
motivated to choose their profession because of respect in society, 28.8 percent of the
respondents preferred their profession because of high pay packages, 25 percent of the
respondents selected their profession because of comfort, 12.2 percent of the respondents
preferred their profession because of convenient working hours and 6.1 percent of the
respondents selected their profession since it was a challenging one. From the analysis it
203
is noted that majority (28.8%) of the respondents preferred their profession because of
high pay packages.
FACTORS INFLUENCED THE EMPLOYEES IN JOINING THEIR EXISTING
ORGANIZATION
In this study, an attempt was made to know about the factors influenced the
employees in joining the present organisation. The details are furnished in the following
table.
TABLE NO.5.77
FACTORS INFLUENCED THE EMPLOYEES IN JOINING THEIR EXISTING
ORGANIZATION
S.
Factors
No.
1 Family situation
No. of
respondents
249
Percentage
23.7
Nearness to house
289
27.5
Attractive Pay
301
28.6
Conducive working environment
136
12.9
Change for promotion and

personal development
Total
77
7.3
1052
100.0
From the above table it is discerned that 23.7 percent of the respondents joined
the existing organization because of their family situations, 27.5 percent of the
respondents stick on with the existing organization since it was nearness to their home,
28.6 percent of the respondents adhered to their organization because of attractive pay,
12.9 percent of them joined in their organization because of conducive working
environment and 7.3 percent of the respondents joined the existing organization due to
promotion prospects and personal development. From the analysis it is noted that
204
majority (28.6%) of the respondents adhered to the existing organization because of

attractive pay offered to them.
OPINION OF EMPLOYEES TOWARDS STRESSFUL EVENT
Every human being is having many problems in both formal and informal way. In
this study, an attempt was made to know about opinion towards stressful event. The
details are furnished in the following table.
TABLE NO.5.78
OPINION TOWARDS STRESSFUL EVENT
S.
Factors
No.
1 Work related issues
No. of
respondents
211
Percentage
261
24.8
Relationships with superior, peers and

subordinates
Family events
263
25.0
Health problems
317
30.1
1052
100.0
Total
20.1
It is substantiated from the above table that 20.1 percent of the respondents felt
stress related with the work issues, 24.8 percent of the respondents were undergone
stressful events with their superior, peers and subordinates, 25 percent of the respondents
have experienced the stress mostly with their family events and 30.1 percent of the
respondents felt stress because of their health problems. From the analysis it is noted that
majority (30.1%) of the respondents have experienced stress because of their health
problems.
205
PERCEPTION OF RESPONDENTS TOWARDS OCCUPATIONAL STRESS

An attempt was made to know about the perception of respondents towards
occupational stress. The details are furnished in the following table.
TABLE NO. 5.79

PERCEPTION OF RESPONDENTS TOWARDS OCCUPATIONAL STRESS
(in percentage)
S.No.
Statements
My job is stressful
My experience stress very often
3
4
Agree Neutral Disagree
Occupational Stress has a negative impact on my

performance
Occupational stress does not have any impact on
my performance at work
573
(54.5)
310
(29.5)
402
(38.2)
315
(29.9)
248
(23.6)
484
(46.0)
294
(27.9)
412
(39.2)
231
(22.0)
258
(24.5)
356
(33.8)
325
(30.9)
From the above table it is conjectured that the respondents have agreed with the
statements that job is stressful and occupational stress has a negative impact on their
performance to the extent of 54.5 and 38.2 percent respectively. The respondents were
neutral towards the statements of they being experiencing stress very often and
occupational stress does not have any impact on their performance at work as 46 and 39.2
percent respectively. From the analysis it is noted that the most (54.5%) of the
respondents have agreed to the statement that job is stressful.
OPINION OF RESPONDENTS TOWARDS OCCUPATIONAL STRESS
In this study, an attempt was made to know about the opinion of respondents
towards occupational stress. The details are given in the following table.
206
TABLE NO. 5.80

OPINION OF RESPONDENTS ON OCCUPATIONAL STRESS
(in percentage)
S.No.
Statements
Do you have self-confidence
Are you able to adapt to changes
Are you aggressive
Are you competitive
Do you have positive image of your self
Do you have patience
Do you mild mannered
Do you have high self-esteem
Are you suspicious of others
10
Do you have tolerance
Agree
Disagree
988
(93.9)
619
(58.8)
475
(45.2)
752
(71.5)
648
(61.6)
665
(63.2)
710
(67.5)
678
(64.4)
453
(43.1)
568
(54.0)
64
(6.1)
433
(41.2)
577
(54.8)
300
(28.5)
404
(38.4)
387
(36.8)
342
(32.5)
374
(35.6)
599
(56.9)
484
(46.0)
From the above table it is surmised that the respondents opinion towards
occupational stress. The respondents were agreed with the statements like having selfconfidence, able to adapt for the changes, very competitive, having positive image of
their self, having patience, very mild mannered, having high self-esteem and having
tolerance as the percentage of 93.9, 58.8, 71.5, 61.6, 63.2, 67.5, 6.4 and 54.0 respectively.
The respondents were not agreed with the statements like very aggressive and suspicious
of others as 54.8 and 56.9 percent respectively. It is analysed from the above table that
the maximum (93.9%) of the respondents were agreed with the statement of having self
confidence.
207
PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB

In this study, an attempt was made to know about the perception about job. The
details are given in the following table.
TABLE NO. 5.81
PERCEPTION ABOUT JOB
(in percentage)
S.No.
Statements
SA
SD
94
(8.9)
88
(8.4)
38
(3.6)
On the whole, I get well along with

others at work
520
312
(49.4) (29.7)
No conflict within my team
347
171
163
185
186
(33.0) (16.3) (15.5) (17.6) (17.7)
I am able to share my feelings with my

boss/colleagues
363
225
209
167
(34.5) (21.4) (19.9) (15.9)
88
(8.4)
I am confidence to succeed in the job
436
184
166
195
(41.4) (17.5) (15.8) (18.5)
71
(6.7)
The shift work is a main source of stress

for me
200
147
221
279
205
(19.0) (14.0) (21.0) (26.5) (19.5)
Intellectual / Technical demands of a

job are the source of stress for me
320
155
202
229
146
(30.4) (14.7) (19.2) (21.8) (13.9)
The work assigned is monotonous
259
(24.6)
Interruption makes it difficult to

complete all my works
286
195
200
224
147
(27.2) (18.5) (19.0) (21.3) (14.0)
I am satisfied by the corrective

measures given by the organisation
321
189
175
245
122
(30.5) (18.0) (16.6) (23.3) (11.6)
10
I feel the leadership style in the

organisation is appropriate
378
209
160
158
147
(35.9) (19.9) (15.2) (15.0) (14.0)
11
Ability to complete the work assigned

to me
345
205
164
209
129
(32.8) (19.5) (15.6) (19.9) (12.3)
12
Information received about the things

need to know for me
365
185
192
181
129
(34.7) (17.6) (18.3) (17.2) (12.3)
208
90
(8.6)
182
289
232
(17.3) (27.5) (22.1)
S.No.
Statements
SA
SD
104
(9.9)
64
(6.1)
13
I have too many work demands at the

same time
436
262
186
(41.4) (24.9) (17.7)
14
I feel anxious and apprehensive when at

work
311
169
156
207
209
(29.6) (16.1) (14.8) (19.7) (19.9)
15
For all new tasks, receive adequate

training
319
184
243
204
(30.3) (17.5) (23.1) (19.4)
16
My opinion is not sought in solving

organisation problems
285
178
189
263
137
(27.1) (16.9) (18.0) (25.0) (13.0)
17
The levels of physical effort required in

job is stress for me
286
171
195
231
169
(27.2) (16.3) (18.5) (22.0) (16.1)
18
Job stress leads to physical as well as

mental health problems
290
158
197
256
151
(27.6) (15.0) (18.7) (24.3) (14.4)
102
(9.7)
From the above table it is contemplated that the respondents opinion about their
job. The respondents were strongly agreed towards the respective statements like on the
whole, get well along with others at work, conflict within their team, able to share their
feelings with the boss/colleagues, having confidence that will succeed in their job,
intellectual / Technical demands of a job are the source of stress, interruption makes it
difficult to complete all their work, satisfied by the corrective measures given by the
organization, the leadership style in their organisation is appropriate, able to complete
the assigned work, informed the things need to know, having too many work demands at
the same time, feel anxious and apprehensive in their work, for all new tasks, they are
receiving adequate training, their opinion is not sought in solving organisation problems,
the levels of physical effort required in job are stress for them and job stress leads to
physical as well as mental health problems as the percentage of 49.4, 33.0, 34.5, 41.4,
30.4, 27.2, 30.5, 35.9, 32.8, 34.7, 41.4, 29.6, 30.3, 27.1, 27.2 and 27.6 respectively.
On the other hand, the respondents were disagreed with the respective statements like the
209
shift work leads to source of stress and the work assigned is monotonous as 26.5 and 27.5
percent respectively. It is analysed from the above table that the maximum (49.4) of the
respondents were strongly agreed with the statement of get well along with others at
work.
PERCEPTION ABOUT FAMILY
An attempt was made to know about the respondents perception about their
family. The details are given in the following table.
TABLE NO. 5.82
PERCEPTION ABOUT FAMILY
(in percentage)
S.No.
Statements
Drugs have become part of my life
My work is cutting into my family life
Problems in my family gives me stress
Financial problems gives me stress
Low social support leads me to stress
6
7
8
9
10
I feel uncomfortable to adjust with the

society when I am in stress
I agree that my qualification is more for
the present job
I have a close and warm relationship
with family and friends
I am satisfied with my family members
co-operation in my work life
My journey to work place is stressful
210
SA
SD
365
(34.7)
267
(25.4)
264
(25.1)
297
(28.2)
286
(27.2)
312
(29.7)
295
(28.0)
410
(39.0)
480
(45.6)
202
(19.2)
131
(12.5)
133
(12.6)
159
(15.1)
178
(16.9)
150
(14.3)
176
(16.7)
161
(15.3)
202
(19.2)
171
(16.3)
136
(12.9)
151
(14.4)
127
(12.1)
224
(21.3)
193
(18.3)
206
(19.6)
186
(17.7)
164
(15.6)
182
(17.3)
118
(11.2)
216
(20.5)
173
(16.4)
255
(24.2)
254
(24.1)
247
(23.5)
252
(24.0)
238
(22.6)
284
(27.0)
184
(17.5)
145
(13.8)
300
(28.5)
232
(22.1)
270
(25.7)
151
(14.4)
137
(13.0)
158
(15.0)
140
(13.3)
148
(14.1)
74
(7.0)
138
(13.1)
198
(18.8)
From the above table it is extrapolated that the respondents were strongly agreed
with the statement about their family like, drugs becoming part of their life, work is
cutting into their family life, Problems in their family gives stress, financial problems
gives stress, low social support leads to stress, feel uncomfortable to adjust with the
society when they are in stress, agree that their qualification is more for their present job,
having a close and warm relationship with family and friends and satisfied with their
family members co-operation in their work life as the percentage of 34.7, 25.4, 25.1,
28.2, 27.2, 29.7, 28.0, 39.0 and 45.6 respectively. The respondents were disagreed with
the statement of their journey to work place is stressful as 28.5 percent. It is witnessed
from the above analysis that maximum (45.6%) of the respondents were satisfied with
their family members co-operation in their work life.
IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS

An attempt was made to know about the impact of occupational stress towards the
respondents in paper industry. The details are given in the following table.
211
TABLE NO. 5.83

IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS
(in percentage)
S.No.
Statements
SA
SD
I feel completely exhausted at the

end of the day at my work place
477
(45.3)
192
(18.3)
166
(15.8)
99
(9.4)
118
(11.2)
I look irritated, nervous, angry and

tensed while performing my job
236
(22.4)
154
(14.6)
253
(24.0)
190
(18.1)
219
(20.8)
I feel dissatisfied with my job
326
(31.0)
136
(12.9)
250
(23.8)
187
(17.8)
153
(14.5)
I often think of quitting my job
248
(23.6)
150
(14.3)
235
(22.3)
223
(21.2)
196
(18.6)
I feel calm and relaxed at work
304
(28.9)
184
(17.5)
242
(23.0)
187
(17.8)
135
(12.8)
I have taken a number of days of

leave due to severe stress
274
(26.0)
131
(12.5)
251
(23.9)
224
(21.3)
172
(16.3)
I am able to complete my work in

the stipulated time
393
(37.4)
221
(21.0)
192
(18.3)
143
(13.6)
103
(9.8)
I feel that I am doing work in the

best way
348
(33.1)
218
(20.7)
188
(17.9)
183
(17.4)
115
(10.9)
I feel that my official assignments

are more important than my
personal interests
335
(31.8)
233
(22.1)
227
(21.6)
152
(14.4)
105
(10.0)
It is speculated from the above table that the effect of occupational stress towards
the respondents in their company. In the work, the respondents were strongly agreed
towards the statements like feel completely exhausted at the end of the day in their work
place, feel dissatisfied with their job, very often think about quitting their job, feel calm
and relaxed at work, number of days of leave have taken due to severe stress, able to
complete their work in the stipulated time, feel that they are doing their work in the best
way and feel that their official assignments are more important than their personal
212
interests as the percentage of 45.3, 31.0, 23.6, 28.9, 26.0, 37.4, 33.1 and 31.8
respectively.
The respondents were neutral with the statement towards their look
irritated, nervous, angry and tensed while performing their job as 24.0 percent.
It is
implied from the above analysis that maximum (45.3%) of the respondents were strongly
agreed towards the statement that feel completely exhausted at the end of the day in their
work place.
EMPLOYERS TO REDUCE STRESS AT WORK PLACE
An attempt was made to know about employers to reduce stress at workplace.
The details are given in the following table.
TABLE NO. 5.84

EMPLOYERS TO REDUCE STRESS AT WORK PLACE
(in percentage)
S.
No.
1
2
3
Statements
The equipment you use within my job is out dated
There is risk of physical injury/illness in your working
environment.
The top management commitment and support for the
problems will only tend to more positive results.
Do you think changes in the work place will prevent stress
Do you feel improving communication will prevent stress
6
7
8
Do you feel that developing strategies that DO NO

HARM will prevent stress
Do you feel that stress management programmes and
training for employees will reduce the stress?
Do you feel providing opportunities for social interaction
among employees?
213
Yes
No
621
(59.0)
575
(54.7)
581
(55.2)
595
(56.6)
493
(46.9)
558
(53.0)
632
(60.1)
631
(60.0)
431
(41.0)
477
(45.3)
471
(44.8)
457
(43.4)
559
(53.1)
494
(47.0)
420
(39.9)
421
(40.0)
From the above table it is scrutinized that the respondents were agreed with the
employers to reduced the stress in their work place of the respective statements like the
equipment they use within their job is out dated, there is risk of physical injury/illness in
their working environment, the top management commitment and support for the
problems will only tend to more positive results, think changes in the work place will
prevent stress, feel that developing strategies that DO NO HARM will prevent stress,
feel that stress management programmes and training for employees will reduce the stress
and providing opportunities for social interaction among employees as the percentage of
59.0, 54.7, 55.2, 56.6, 53.0, 60.1 and 60.0 respectively. On the other hand, the
respondents were disagreed with the statement that improving communication will
prevent stress as 53.1 percent. It is noted from the analysis that maximum (60.1) of the
respondents were agreed with the statement of the employers to reduced the stress in their
work place by conducting the stress management programmes and training for employees
will reduce the stress.
5.5
HENRY GARRETT RANKING TECHNIQUE
WORK RELATED CAUSES FOR STRESS

In paper industry, each and every person has to experience the stress in their
work. Many factors cause the stress in related with respondents work in the paper
industry. For the purpose of this study, work related causes are categorized into nine
issues viz., temperature, noise, lightening, technology, accident at work place,
cleanliness, health hazards, air pollution and excess work load. The factors are studied
with the help of Henry Garrett ranking technique and the details are shown in the
following table.
214
TABLE NO. 5.85

WORK RELATED CAUSES
S.
No.
1
Temperature
Total
Score
50816
Mean
score
48.3
Noise
56655
53.9
Lighting
53066
50.4
IV
Technology
51327
48.8
VI
Accidents at work place
51153
48.6
VII
Cleanliness
52231
49.6
Health hazards
51026
48.5
VIII
Air Pollution
53730
51.1
III
Excess work load
56609
53.8
II
Factors
Rank
IX
It is identified from the above table that from among the work related causes
noise was ranked first with the total Garrett score of 56655 points. It is followed by the
excess work load which was ranked second with the Garrett score of 56609 points. The
work related causes such as Air pollution, Lightning and Cleanliness were ranked
in the third, fourth and fifth ranks with the Garrett scores of 53730, 53066 and 52231
points respectively. The sixth, seventh and eighth ranks were placed to the work related
causes such as technology, accidents at work place and health hazards with the
Garrett scores of 51327, 51153 and 51026 points respectively. The last rank was placed
to temperature with the score of 50816 points. From the analysis, it is concluded that
the respondents who have faced the maximum work related causes of paper industry are
because of noise and excess work load.
215
ORGANIZATION RELATED CAUSES OF STRESS

In paper industry, mainly respondents have experienced the stress due to problems
faced in their organisations. For the purpose of this study, organization related causes are
categorized into nine issues viz., interpersonal relations, poor organization structure, job
turnover, low morale, poor organization climate, low self-esteem, rare promotions,
insufficient holidays and financial problems. The factors are studied with the help of
Henry Garrett ranking technique and the details are shown in the following table.
TABLE NO. 5.86
ORGANIZATION RELATED CAUSES OF STRESS
Interpersonal relations
Total
Score
51203
Poor organization structure
53248
50.6
III
Job turnover
55243
52.5
Low morale
52467
49.9
VI
Poor organization climate
51848
49.3
VII
Low self-esteem
52791
50.2
Rare promotions
52900
50.3
IV
Insufficient holidays
50913
48.4
IX
Financial problems
53707
51.1
II
S. No.
Factors
Mean
score
48.7
Rank
VIII
It is inferred from the above table that from among the organization related causes
of stress job turnover was ranked first with the total Garrett score of 55243 points. It is
followed by the financial problems and poor organization structure which were
ranked second and third with the Garrett scores of 53707 and 53248 points respectively.
The organization related causes such as rare promotions, low self-esteem and low
morale were ranked in the fourth, fifth and sixth ranks with the Garrett scores of 52900,
216
52791 and 52467 points respectively. The seventh and eighth ranks were placed for the
organization
related causes such as poor organization climate and interpersonal
relations with the Garrett scores of 51848 and 51203 points respectively. The last rank
was placed to insufficient holidays with the score of 50913 points. From the analysis,
it is concluded that the respondents who have faced the maximum organization related
causes in paper industry are job turnover and financial problems.
PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF STRESS
Due to stress, the respondents were unable to concentrate in their work. This will
lead to stress in their work place. For the purpose of this study, psychological
consequences are categorized into eight issues viz., anxiety, boredom, low self esteem,
forgetfulness, depression, angry, apathy/worry and insomnia (sleepless). The factors are
studied with the help of Henry Garrett ranking technique and the details are shown in the
following table.
TABLE NO. 5.87
PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF STRESS
Anxiety
Total
Score
48590
Boredom
53538
50.9
IV
Low self esteem
52595
50.0
Forgetfulness
51601
49.1
VI
Depression
53905
51.2
III
Angry
54038
51.4
II
Apathy / worry
51529
49.0
VII
Insomnia (Sleeplessness)
55254
52.5
S.No.
Factors
217
Mean
score
46.2
Rank
VIII
It is identified from the above table that the psychological causes Insomnia
(Sleeplessness) was ranked first with the total Garrett score of 55254 points. It is
followed by the consequence of being angry which was ranked second with the Garrett
score of 54038 points. The factors such as depression, boredom and low selfesteem were ranked in the third, fourth and fifth ranks with the Garrett scores of 53905,
53538 and 52595 points respectively. The sixth and seventh ranks were placed to
forgetfulness and apathy/worry with the Garrett scores of 51601 and 51529 points
respectively. The last rank was placed to anxiety with the score of 48590 points. From
the analysis, it is concluded that the respondents who have faced the most psychological
consequences of the paper industries are Insomnia (Sleeplessness) and being angry.
PHYSICAL CONSEQUENCES
Physical health is very important for every human being. The depression of stress
makes ones physical body to undergo many problems. For the purpose of this study,
physical consequences are categorized into seven issues viz., headache, diabetes,
hypertension, skin disorder, ulcers, hair loss and stomach upset. The factors are studied
with the help of Henry Garrett ranking technique and the details are shown in the
following table.
218
TABLE NO. 5.88

PHYSICAL CONSEQUENCES OF STRESS
Headache
Total
Score
53703
Diabetes
55053
52.3
II
Hypertension
55229
52.5
Skin disorder
53895
51.2
III
Ulcers
50796
48.3
VII
Hair loss
51216
48.7
Upset stomach
51082
48.6
VI
S.No.
Factors
Mean
score
51.0
Rank
IV
It could be identified from the above table that from among the physical causes
hypertension was ranked first with the total Garrett score of 55229 points. It is
followed by the diabetes which was ranked second with the Garrett score of 55053
points. The factors such as skin disorder and headache were ranked in the third and
fourth ranks with the Garrett scores of 53895 and 53703 points respectively. The fifth and
sixth ranks were placed to hair loss and ulcers with the Garrett scores of 51216 and
51082 points respectively. The last rank was placed to ulcers with the score of 50796
points. From the analysis, it is concluded that most of the respondents who have faced
the most physical consequences of hypertension and diabetes.
COPING STRATEGIES FOR STRESS

Everyone should live in present and enjoy the life happily and peacefully without
any kind of stress. To overcome the stress, the employees should handle certain type of
strategies to reduce the stress. For the purpose of this study, coping strategies are
categorized into twelve issues viz., prayer, laugh, listening to music, share with
219
colleagues, moving from the place, meditation, exercise, smoking/chewing, drinking

water, rest and feel fresh, ignoring the problems and keeping quite and cool. The factors
are studied with the help of Henry Garrett ranking technique and the details are shown in
TABLE NO. 5.89
COPING STRATEGIES
Prayer
Total
Score
67445
Laugh
60881
57.9
III
Listening to Music
57683
54.8
VI
Share with colleagues
48755
46.3
XI
Moving from the place
49564
47.1
Meditation
55235
52.5
VII
Exercise
49779
47.3
IX
Smoking/Chewing
61274
58.2
II
Drinking water
58397
55.5
IV
10
Rest and feel fresh
58297
55.4
11
Ignoring the problems
43332
41.2
XII
12
Keeping quite and Cool
50857
48.3
VIII
S.No.
Sources
Mean
score
64.1
Rank
I
It could be inferred from the above table that from among the coping strategies
prayer was ranked first with the total Garrett score of 67445 points. It is followed by
smoking/chewing and laugh with the Garrett score of 61274 and 60881 points and
occupies second and third rank respectively. The factors such as drinking water, rest
and feel fresh and listening to music were ranked in the fourth, fifth and sixth ranks
with the Garrett scores of 58397, 58297 and 57683 points respectively. The seventh,
eighth and ninth ranks were placed to meditation, keeping quite and cool and
220
exercise with the Garrett scores of 55235, 50857 and 49779 points respectively. The
factors such as moving from the place and sharing with colleagues were ranked in
the tenth and eleventh ranks with the Garrett scores of 49564 and 48755 points
respectively. The last rank was placed to ignoring the problems with the score of 43332
points. From the analysis, it is concluded that from among the coping strategies to reduce
the stress prayers and smoking/chewing at the time of work in paper industry has
been opted by most of the respondents when compared to others.
5.6
MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS LEVEL OF STRESS

In the following analysis, the relationship between the level of stress among the
employees who are working in paper industry in Tamilnadu and twelve independent
factors were studied. It was found that out of twelve factors, ten factors were closely
associated with the level of stress by the selected sample respondents.
Selected twelve independent factors are.
1.
Age
2.
Gender
3.
Educational status
4.
Designation
5.
Department
6.
Salary
7.
Marital Status
8.
Number of dependents
9.
Family System
221
10.
Experience
11.
Company working
12.
Working Time
In order to measure the interdependence of independent factors and their level of

stress while working in paper industry in Tamilnadu, the results were subjected to
multiple regression analysis. The results of multiple regression analysis are shown in
Table No. 5.90.
TABLE 5.90
MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS
(Constant)
Unstandardized
coefficients
Std.
B
Error
0.960
0.114
Age
-0.003
0.011
-0.009
-0.292
NS
Gender
0.218
0.095
0.070
2.293
5%
0.068
0.025
0.085
2.758
1%
Educational
Qualification
Designation
-0.410
0.040
-0.303
-10.33
1%
Department
0.101
0.044
0.068
2.332
1%
Salary
0.053
0.023
0.070
2.247
5%
Marital Status
0.024
0.015
0.049
1.579
NS
8.
0.142
0.072
0.060
1.985
5%
Family system
0.111
0.047
0.071
2.337
5%
10
Experience
0.433
0.078
0.169
5.524
1%
11
Company working
0.072
0.033
0.069
2.161
5%
12
Working time
0.023
0.010
0.072
2.293
5%
F Value
Significance
711.90
1% Level
Sl.
No.
Variables
R-Value
R2 -Value
0.944
0.892
Degree of
freedom V1
12
Standardized
coefficients
Degree of
freedom V2
1039
222
Sig.
Beta
The multiple linear regression co-efficient (dependent variable) is found to be

statistically good fit as R2 is 0.892. It shows that independent variables contribute about
89.2 per cent of the variation in their level of stress and this is statistically significant at
1% level and 5% level respectively.
The table indicated that the co-efficient of Gender, Educational Qualification,
Department, Salary, Number of dependents, Family system, Experience, Company
Working and Working time are positively associated with the level of stress among the
employees in paper industry. On the other hand, the co-efficient of Designation is
negatively associated. The co-efficient of age and marital status are not associated with
the level of stress among the employees in paper industry. Further, it is indicated that the
contribution of Gender, Educational Qualification, Department, Salary, Number of
dependents, Family system, Experience, Company Working and Working time are
statistically significant implying that their level of stress is stronger than other variables.
Thus from the above analysis, the following observation could be made. The level
of stress is positively associated with their Gender, Educational Qualification,
Department, Salary, Number of dependents, Family system, Experience, Company
Working and Working time among the selected employees in the paper industry of
Tamilnadu.
5.7
DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION ANALYSIS

Opinions of employees towards their stress according to their experience in paper
industry of Tamilnadu were collected. In the study area 1052 respondents were divided
into two groups, one showing low level of stress and the other showing high level of
223
stress. The difference of opinion among the respondents in one group with the other was
studied with the help of discriminant function analysis. For the purpose of the study
twelve variables were selected.
1.
Age
2.
Gender
3.
Educational status
4.
Designation
5.
Department
6.
Salary
7.
Marital Status
8.
9.
Family System
10.
Experience
11.
Company Working
12.
Working Time
The discriminant function analysis was attempted to construct a function with

these and other variables, so that the respondents belonging to these two groups are
differentiated at the maximum. The linear combination of variables is known as
discriminant function and its parameters are called discriminant function coefficients. In
constructing this discriminant function, all the variables which contribute more to
differentiate these two groups were examined.
224
Mahalanobis minimum D2 method is based on the generalized squared Euclidean

distance that adjusts for unequal variances in the variables. The major advantage of this
procedure is that it is computed in the original space of the predictor (independent)
variables rather than as a collapsed version which is used in the other method.
Generally, all the variables selected will not contribute to explain the maximum
discriminatory power of the function. So a selection rule is applied based on certain
criteria to include those variables which best discriminate. Stepwise selection method was
applied in constructing discriminant function which selects one variable at a time to
include in the function. Before entering into the function, the variables are examined for
inclusion in the function.
The variables which have maximum D2 value, if entered into the function are
selected for inclusion in the function. Once entered, any variable already in the equation
is again considered for removal based on certain removal criteria. Likewise, at each step,
the next best discriminating variable is selected and included in the function and any
variable already included in the function is considered for removal, based on the selection
and removal criteria respectively.
DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS FOR THE PROBLEM UNDER STUDY

Since discriminant function analysis involved classification problem also, to
ascertain the efficiency of the discriminant function analysis all the variables which
satisfy the entry and removal criteria were entered into the function. Normally, the criteria
used to select the variables for inclusion in the function is minimum F, to enter
225
into the equation (i.e) F statistic calculated for the qualified variable to enter into the
function is fixed as 1.
Similarly, any variable entered in the equation will be removed from the function
if F statistic for the variable calculated is <1. The two groups are defined as
Group 1
Low level of Stress
Group 2
High level of Stress
The mean and standard deviation for these groups and for the entire samples are
given for each variable considered in the analysis.
TABLE NO. 5.91
GROUP MEANS (BETWEEN LOW & HIGH STRESS GROUPS)
LOW
Mean
SD
HIGH
Mean
SD
TOTAL
Mean
SD
Age
2.424
1.066
2.386
1.056
2.401
1.060
Gender
1.119
0.324
1.198
0.399
1.166
0.373
Educational Qualification
2.269
1.136
2.380
1.180
2.336
1.163
Designation
2.219
0.820
2.278
0.813
2.255
0.816
Department
2.281
0.783
2.051
0.837
2.143
0.823
Salary
2.581
1.110
2.685
1.118
2.644
1.115
Marital Status
1.645
0.479
1.755
0.431
1.711
0.454
1.924
0.775
1.934
0.727
1.930
0.746
Family system
1.419
0.494
1.419
0.494
1.419
0.494
10
Experience
2.226
1.036
2.361
1.036
2.307
1.038
11
Company Working
1.533
0.499
1.560
0.497
1.549
0.498
12
Working time
1.236
0.425
1.370
0.483
1.317
0.465
S.
No.
1
Factor
226
The overall step wise D.F.A. results after all significant discriminators have been
included in the estimation of discriminated function is given in the following table.
TABLE NO. 5.92
SUMMARY TABLE BETWEEN LOW AND HIGH STRESS GROUPS
Step
Variable entered
Wilks
lambda
0.980
Minimum D2
Significance
0.085
1.
Working time
2.
Department
0.962
0.163
3.
Marital Status
0.949
0.223
4.
Sex
0.939
0.269
5.
Experience
0.935
0.290
Significant at 1% level
The summary table indicates that the variable working time entered in step 1,
department entered in step 2, variable marital status entered in the step 3, variable sex is
entered in the step 4 and the variable experience is entered in the step 5. The variables
working time, department, marital status, sex and experience are significant at 1% level.
All the variables are significant discriminators based on their Wilks Lambda and D2
value. The multivariate aspect of the model is given in the following table.
TABLE NO. 5.93
CANONICAL DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION
(BETWEEN LOW AND HIGH STRESS GROUPS)
Canonical
correlation
Wilks
Lambda
Chi-square
D.F.
Sig
0.255
0.935
70.458
Significant at
1% level
The canonical correlation is 0.255 when squared is 0.065 that is 6.5% of the
variance in the discriminant group can be accounted for by this model, Wilks Lambda
227
and chi-square value suggested that D.F. is significant at 1% level. The variables given
above are identified finally by the D.F.A. as the eligible discriminating variables. Based
on the selected variables, the corresponding D.F. coefficients are calculated. They are
given in the following table.
TABLE NO. 5.94
DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION COEFFICIENTS
Gender
1.096
Department
-0.671
Marital Status
1.049
Experience
0.260
Working Time
1.094
Constant
-3.677
Z
= - 3.677
+ 1.096
(Gender)
- 0.671
(Department)
+ 1.049
(Marital Status)
+ 0.260
(Experience)
+ 1.094
(Working Time)
Using this D.F. coefficients and variables, discriminating scores for 2 groups are
found out which are called group centroids or group means.
For low stress (Z1 ) it is 0.323
For high stress (Z2) it is + 0.215
228
Discriminating factor is the weighted average of Z1 and Z2.

(420 Z1) + (632 Z2 )
(ie.) Z =
420 + 632
If it is represented diagrammatically it will be
Z1
Z2
+0.215
-0.323
Low level
High level
Thus, to classify any respondents as to low or high stress level respondents, the Z
score for the respondents is found out by using the equation. If the score found out for
any respondents is Z0 and if the value is >Z (i.e. Z0> Z ) then it is classified into high
stress employees and if Z0<Z then (i.e. Z0< Z ) it is classified in the low stress employees.
Now the questions remain to be answered are
1.
How efficient are the discriminating variables in the D.F.A. ?
2.
How efficient the D.F. itself is ?

The first question cannot be answered directly however, the discriminating power
or the contribution of each variable to the function can sufficiently answer the question.
For this, the following table is considered.
229
TABLE NO. 5.95

RELATIVE DISCRIMINATING INDEX
1.096
Ij = ABS (K j)
Mean
(Xjo x ji)
0.946
Rj = Ij /
sum
Ij j*100
33.5
2.051
-0.671
0.310
11.0
1.645
1.755
1.049
0.617
21.8
Experience
2.226
2.361
0.260
0.113
4.0
Working Time
1.236
1.370
1.094
0.840
29.7
2.826
100.0
Group 1
Mean X1
Group 2
Mean X2
Unstandardized
dic. Coeff. (kj)
Gender
1.119
1.198
Department
2.281
Marital Status
Variables
Total
RELATIVE DISCRIMINATING INDEX
For each variable, the respective D.F. co-efficient, its mean for each group and R j
are given. Rj called relative discriminating index is calculated from the discriminant
function coefficient and group means. Rj tells how much each variable is contributing
(%) to the function. By looking at this column it is found that Gender is maximum
discriminating variable and Experience is the least discriminating variable.
The second question is answered by reclassifying the already grouped individuals
into low or high level of stress the D.F.(Z) defined in the equation. This reclassification is
called predictor group membership. In short, the efficiency of the D.F. is how correctly it
predicts the respondents into respective groups.
230
TABLE NO. 5.96

CLASSIFICATION RESULTS (BETWEEN LOW
AND HIGH STRESS GROUP)
Actual group
Group I
(Low Stress level)
Group 2
(High Stress level)
No. of cases
420
632
Predicted group membership

Group I
261
(62.1%)
249
(39.4%)
Group II
159
(37.8%)
383
(60.6%)
Percent of grouped cases correctly classified : 61.2%.

The above table gives the results of the reclassification. The function, using the
variables selected in the analysis classified 61.2% of the cases correctly in the respective
groups.
Discriminate Function Analysis was applied to the respondents based on the low
and high stress level. The following factors significantly discriminate the two groups.
They are
1.
Gender
2.
Department
3.
Marital Status
4.
Experience
5.
Working Time
231
5.8
FACTOR ANALYSIS
Factor analysis is a branch of multivariate analysis that is concerned with the
sharp internal relationship of a set of variables. The numerous variables used in a multi
item scale such as that utilized in the thesis, can be analyzed of those variables could be
seen approximately explaining a single factor. Both Exploratory Factor Analyses (EFA)
and Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) were used in this thesis. EFA refers to the
determination of the number of common factors necessary and sufficient to account for
the inter correlations of a given set of variables. It is traditionally used to explore the
possible underlying structure of a set of items without imposing any structure.
CFA on the other hand is where the number of factor is assumed to be known and
the main issue is to fit a postulated pattern of zero and non zero loading to a given
correlation matrix. CFA more of a theory testing, rather than a theory rating method as it
is based on strong theoretical and empirical foundation. Data obtained were investigated
by an exploratory factor analysis to determine the number of latent constructs underlying
the variables. This was then used in the CFA carried out by utilizing the first or second
order CFA for the various scales used in the tests.
232
TABLE NO. 5.97

VARIABLE WITH EXTRACTED COMMUNALITY
FACTOR VALUE PERCEPTION OF THE JOB
Variables
Initial
Extraction
FACTOR 1
1.000
0.385
FACTOR 2
1.000
0.992
FACTOR 3
1.000
0.992
FACTOR 4
1.000
0.655
FACTOR 5
1.000
0.704
FACTOR 6
1.000
0.987
FACTOR 7
1.000
0.934
FACTOR 8
1.000
0.626
FACTOR 9
1.000
0.992
FACTOR 10
1.000
0.611
FACTOR 11
1.000
0.992
FACTOR 12
1.000
0.843
FACTOR 13
1.000
0.859
FACTOR 14
1.000
0.992
FACTOR 15
1.000
0.971
FACTOR 16
1.000
0.619
FACTOR 17
1.000
0.981
FACTOR 18
1.000
0.667
Where,
Factor 1
On the whole, they get well along with others at work
Factor 2
There is conflict within team
Factor 3
They are able to share their feelings with boss/colleagues
Factor 4
They have confidence that they will succeed in their job
Factor 5
The shift work creates stress
233
Factor 6
Intellectual / Technical demands of a job are the source of stress

for them
Factor 7
The work assigned to them is monotonous
Factor 8
Interruption makes it difficult to complete all their work
Factor 9
They are satisfied by the corrective measures given by the

organization
Factor 10
The employees feel that the leadership style in their organization is

appropriate
Factor 11
They are able to complete the work assigned to them
Factor 12
The things they need to know they are getting informed
Factor 13
They have too many work demands at the same time
Factor 14
They feel anxious and apprehensive when they are at work
Factor 15
For all new tasks, they are receiving adequate training
Factor 16
Their opinion is not sought in solving organization problems
Factor 17
The levels of physical effort required in job are stress for them
Factor 18
Job stress leads to physical as well as mental health problems
The following table reveals that the extraction has been undertaken by using
principal-component method and the initial Eigen values are formulated from the
communalities table and the same has been developed as extraction sums of squared
loadings with percentage of variance and the relative cumulative percentage. From the
initial Eigen values and the extraction sums of squared loadings values, the rotation sums
of squared loadings has been formulated and shown in the following table.
234
TABLE NO. 5.98

TOTAL VARIANCE PERCEPTION OF THE JOB
Extraction Sum./s of Squared
Loadings
Component
percentage
percentage
Cumulative
Cumulative
Total
of
Total
of
percentage
percentage
Variance
Variance
1
9.125
50.695
50.695
9.125
50.695
50.695
2
1.854
10.300
60.995
1.854
10.300
60.995
3
1.477
8.207
69.202
1.477
8.207
69.202
4
1.259
6.994
76.197
1.259
6.994
76.197
5
1.088
6.046
82.243
1.088
6.046
82.243
6
.845
4.694
86.936
7
.728
4.042
90.978
8
.632
3.508
94.486
9
.576
3.199
97.685
10
.274
1.521
99.206
11
.072
.400
99.607
12
.043
.238
99.844
13
.013
.071
99.916
14
.011
.062
99.978
15
.004
.022
100.000
16
.000
.000
100.000
17
.000
.000
100.000
18
.000
.000
100.000
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis
Initial Eigen values
235
Rotation Sums of Squared

Loadings
percentage
Cumulative
Total
of
percentage
Variance
8.961
49.786
49.786
1.788
9.931
59.717
1.386
7.700
67.417
1.383
7.684
75.101
1.286
7.142
82.243
The extraction process has been carried out by using principal-component

method, and it is found from the rotation sums of squared loadings and the total sum
of twenty five variables has been extracted and the same has been grouped into five
components which have Eigen value of more than one. It ranges from component no.
1 to component no. 5 with the cumulative percentage from 50.695 percent to 82.243
percent.
The
percentage
of
variance
ranges
from
49.786percentage
to
7.142percentage. For the fifth component of initial Eigen values, the total, percentage
of variance and the cumulative percentage values are 1.088, 6.046 percentage and
82.243 respectively. The extracted sum of squared loadings for the same are 1.088,
6.046 percentage and 82.243 percentage respectively. The rotation sums of squared
loadings for the above are 1.286, 7.142 and 82.243 respectively.
From the analysis, it is inferred that the factor analysis has been supported up
to 82.243 percentage in this study. This is an excellent result and made the study
reliable to the analysis.
The following table has been formulated by using principal-component
method for extraction of variables into components and Varimax with Kaiser
Normalization has been done by using rotation method. All the eighteen variables
have been grouped into five components and each component consists of sets of
factors and the analysis has been made to identify the influence of one variable over
another.
236
TABLE NO. 5.99

ROTATED COMPONENT MATRIX a
PERCEPTION OF THE JOB
Variable No.
Component
3
FACTOR 1
FACTOR 2
.992
FACTOR 3
.992
FACTOR 4
.750
FACTOR 5
-.838
FACTOR 6
.989
FACTOR 7
.952
FACTOR 8
FACTOR 9
.760
.992
FACTOR 10
FACTOR 11
.744
.992
FACTOR 12
.912
FACTOR 13
.924
FACTOR 14
.992
FACTOR 15
.977
FACTOR 16
FACTOR 17
.780
.986
FACTOR 18
.809
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis

Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization
a. Rotation converged in 5 iterations
It is observed from the above table that the following are the results extracted
from the rotated component matrix among eighteen variables. Among the eighteen
variables the Component factor 1 consisted of nine variables which have high
influence with one another. They are variable no. 2,3,6,7,9,11,14,15 and 17.
237
Component factor 2 consisted of two variables which have high influence with one
another and they are 12 and 13. Component factor 3 has two closely influencing
variables and the numbers are 4 and 5. Component factor 4 has two high influencing
variables and the variable numbers are 16 and 18 respectively. Component factor 5
consisted of two closely related variables and their numbers are 8 and 10.
From the above factor analysis, it has been identified that all the eighteen
factors are very much closely associated with one another and the same has been
analyzed by using factor analysis and the influence of one factor with another has
been tested and the same has succeeded in measuring the correlation between the
particular variable and the factor with 82.243 percent reliability and the factor
analysis supported the study.
CONCLUSION
In this chapter, the researcher discussed about the socio-economic conditions
of the employees, the level of perception of the employees, occupational stress of the
employees and different category of causes in different situations who are working in
paper industries in Tamilnadu.
From the analysis, majority of the employees are
having high level of perception while working in Paper Industries. From the selected
independent factors, the factors like age, gender, educational qualification,
designation, working department, monthly income level, marital status, number of
dependents, family system, working experience, working company and working time
are closed associated with their level of perception. On the other hand, the selected
238
independent factors are not having any significant difference with the occupational
stress of them.
While in the case of work related causes, the respondents are facing the
problems like loud sound and excess work load. In analyzing with organization
related causes, the respondents caused by job turnover problem and financial
problems. The respondents attend the psychological problems like Insomnia
(sleeplessness) and angry while in working in the company. Physical problems like
hypertension and diabetes are also faced by the selected respondents.
From the selected twelve coping strategies, majority of the respondents are
using Prayer for reducing the problems followed by Smoking / Chewing for
managing the stress.
239

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CHAPTER V

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Henry Garrett Ranking Technique

Multiple Regression Analysis

TOWARDS JOB AND THEIR LIFE : CHI-SQUARE TEST

The level of perception among the employees of paper industries was

TABLE NO. 5.1

Low (below 90)

AGE AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB

Level of Perception towards job

The percentage of low level of perception towards job in paper

There is no significant relationship between age of the respondents and

There is a significant relationship between age of the respondents and

TABLE NO. 5.6

Level of Perception towards job

There is no significant relationship between gender and level of perception

There is a significant relationship between gender and level of perception

TABLE NO. 5.7

TABLE NO. 5.8

ITI & Diploma

It could be analysed that the level of satisfaction revealed by the

With a view to find out the degree of association of educational qualification of

TABLE NO. 5.9

ITI & Diploma

Level of Perception towards job

There is no significant relationship between educational qualification and

There is a significant relationship between educational qualification and

EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS

DESIGNATION AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB

With a view to find the degree of association, educational qualification of the

TABLE NO. 5.12

Level of Perception towards job

There is no significant relationship between designation and their level of

There is a significant relationship between designation and their level of

TABLE NO. 5.14

TABLE NO. 5.15

Level of Perception towards job

There is no significant relationship between department and their level of

There is a significant relationship between department and their level of

TABLE NO. 5.16

TABLE NO. 5.17

TABLE NO. 5.18

Level of Perception towards job

There is no significant relationship between monthly income and their

There is a significant relationship between monthly income and their level

MONTHLY INCOME AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB

TABLE NO. 5.21

Level of Perception towards job

There is no significant relationship between marital status and their level

There is a significant relationship between marital status and their level of

MARITAL STATUS AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB

The distribution of sample respondents according to the number of dependents

TABLE NO. 5.24

Level of Perception towards job

There is no significant relationship between number of dependents in the

There is a significant relationship between number of dependents in the

TABLE NO. 5.27

Level of Perception towards job

The percentage of medium level of