SUBJECT

: HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

(use of approved HMT Data Book and Steam Table is permitted in the University
Examinations)
QUESTION BANK
UNIT I
PART A
1. Delineate Heat Transfer.
2. List out various modes of heat transfer.
3. State Fouriers law of conduction
4. Define Thermal conductivity.
5. List down the three types of boundary condition.
6. Write down the equation for conduction of heat through a hollow sphere.
7. Discuss the mechanism of heat conduction in solids.
8. State Newtons law of cooling of convection law.
9. Write down the equation for heat transfer through a composite plane wall.
10. Define overall heat transfer co-efficient.
11. Write the poissons equation for heat conduction.
12. What do you understand by critical radius of insulation and give its expression?
13. What is the function of insulating materials?
14. Write down the three dimensional heat conduction equations in Cartesian co ordinate system.
15. Write down the three dimensional heat conduction equations in cylindrical co ordinate system.
16. What are the factors affecting the thermal conductivity?
17. What is meant by thermal resistance?
18. Give some examples of heat transfer in engineering field.
19. Define heat flux.
20. What is the effect of temperature on thermal conductivity of solids, liquids and gas?

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PART B

1. Derive the general heat conduction equation in Cartesian co-ordinates.

2. The wall of furnace is made up 250mm fire clay of thermal conductivity 1.05W/mK, 120mm
thick of insulation brick of conductivity 0.15W/mK, and 200mm thick red brick of conductivity
0.85W/mK. The inner and outer surface temperature of wall is 8500C and 650C respectively.
Calculate the temperatures at the contact surfaces.
3. A composite wall consists of 10 cm thick layer of building brick, k = 0.7 W/mK and 3 cm thick
plaster, k = 0.5 W/mK. An insulating material of k = 0.08 W/mK is to be added to reduce the
heat transfer through the wall by 40%. Find its thickness.
4. Derive the general heat conduction equation for a hollow cylinder.
5. A steel tube (k = 43.26 W/mK ) of 5.08 cm inner diameter and 7.62 cm outer diameter is covered
with 2.5 cm layer of insulation ( k= 0.208 W/mK ) the inside surface of the tube receivers heat
from a hot gas at the temperature of 316 C with heat transfer co-efficient of 28 W/ m 2K . While
the outer surface exposed to the ambient air at 30 C with heat transfer co-efficient of 17 W/ m2
K. Calculate heat loss for 3m length of the tube.
6. A hot steam pipe having an inside surface temperature of 250 C has an inside diameter of 80
mm and a wall thickness of 5.5mm. It is covered with a 90 mm layer of insulation having
thermal conductivity of 0.5 W/mK followed by a 40 mm layer of insulation having thermal
conductivity of 0.25 W/mK. The outside surface temperature of insulation is 20 C. Calculate
heat loss per meter length. Assume thermal conductivity of the pipe as 47 W/mK.
7. A hollow sphere has inside surface temperature of 300C and then outside surface temperature
of 30C. If K=18W/mK. Calculate (i) heat lost by conduction for inside diameter 5cm and
outside diameter of 15cm. (ii) heat lost by conduction, if equation for a plain wall area is equal
to sphere area.
8. A wire of 6mm diameter with 2mm thick insulation (K=0.11W/mK) if the convective heat
transfer co-efficient between the insulating surface and air is 25W/mK, find the critical
thickness of insulation. And also find the percentage of change in heat transfer rate if critical
radius is used.
9.

A copper wire of 1 m long is used as a heating element in a 13 kW heater. The copper surface
temperature is 1300 C, ambient air temperature is 22 C, outside surface co efficient is 1.1
kW /mK. Thermal conductivity and resistance of the copper are 15 W/mK and 0.21
respectively. Calculate the following
1. Diameter of copper wire
2. Rate of current flow.

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10. A plane wall 10 cm thick generates heat at the rate of 4x10 4 W/m3 when an electric current is
passed through it. The convective heat transfer co efficient between each face of the wall and
the ambient air is 50 W/mK. Determine
(a)
(b)

the surface temperature

the maximum air temperature on the wall. Assume the ambient air temperature to be
20 C and the thermal conductivity of the wall material to be 15 W/mK.

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UNIT II
PART A
1. Delineate fins and classify it.
2. Define Fin efficiency
3. State the applications of fins.
4. Define fin effectiveness.
5. What is meant by unsteady state conduction?
6. What do you understand by lumped heat analysis ?
7. What is meant by infinite solid?
8. Define Semi-infinite solids?
9. What is the significance of Biot number?
10. Compare periodic and non periodic heat flow.
11. State thermal diffusivity and its significance.
12. Differentiate steady state conduction?
13. Write down the heat transfer equation for infinitely long fin?
14. What is meant by Newtonian heating or cooling process?
15. Give example for transient heat transfer.
16. Write down the Equation for lumped parameter system?
17. Give governing differential equation for the one dimensional transient heat flow?
18. What are heisler chart?
19. Express the significance of Fourier number.
20. What is the Equation of semi-infinite solid?

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PART B
1. An aluminium rod (k = 204 W/mK ) 2 cm in diameter and 20 cm long protrudes from a wall
which is maintained at 300 C. The end of the rod is insulated and the surface of the rod is
exposed to air at 30 C. The heat transfer co-efficient between the rod surface and air is 10
W/mK. Calculate the heat lost by the rod and the temperature of the rod at a distance of 10 cm
from the wall.
2. Obtain an expression for the temperature profile of an infinitely long fin of uniform cross section
from basic principles and hence calculate the heat transfer by fin
3. A heating unit made in the form of a cylinder is 6 cm diameter and 1.2m long. It is provided with
20 longitudinal fins 3mm thick which protrude 50mm from the surface of the cylinder. The
temperature at the base of the fin is 80C. The ambient temperature is 25C. The film heat
transfer co-efficient from the cylinder and fins to the surrounding air is 10 W/mK.Calculate the
rate of heat transfer from the finned wall to the surrounding. Take k = 90 W/mK.
4. An aluminium cube 6cm on a side is originally at a temperature of 500 C. It is suddenly
immersed in a liquid at 10 C for which h is 120 W/mK. Estimate the time required for the cube
to reach a temperature of 250 C. For aluminium = 2700 kg/m 3, Cp = 900 J/kgK, k =204
W/mK..
5. A 12cm diameter long bar initially at a uniform temperature of 40C is placed in a medium at
650C with a convective co-efficient of 22W/mK. Determine the time required for the center to
reach 255C. For the material of the long bar, K=20W/mK, density = 580 kg/m, specific heat =
1050 J/kg K.
6. Alloy steel ball of 1.5cm diameter heated to 700C and quenched in a bath at 100C. The
material properties of the ball are thermal conductivity K = 200 KJ/mhrC, density =
7865kg/m, thermal diffusivity = 0.06m/h, specific heat Cp = 0.45KJ/kgC, convective heat
transfer co-efficient h =140KJ/hr mC. Determine the temperature of the ball after 10 seconds.
7. A large concrete high way initially at a temperature of 70 C and stream water is directed on the
high way so that the surface temperature is suddenly lowered to 40C. Determine the time
required to reach 55C at a depth of 4cm from the surface.
8. A large block of steel is initially at 35C. The surface temperature is suddenly raised and
maintained at 250C. Calculate the temperature at a depth of 2.5 cm after a time of 30 s. The
thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity of steel are 1.4 x 10 -5 m2/s and 45 W/mK
respectively.
9. A semi infinite slab of aluminium is exposed to a constant heat flux at the surface of 0.25
MW/m2. Initial temperature of the slab is 25 C. Calculate the surface temperature after 10
minutes and find the temperature at a distance of 30 cm from the surface after 10 minutes.
10. A large wall 2cm thick has uniform temperature 30C initially and the wall temperature is
suddenly raised and maintained at 400C. Find
a.
The temperature at a depth of 0.8 cm from the surface of the wall after 10s.
b.
Instantaneous heat flow rate through that surface per m2 per hour.
Take = 0.008 m2 / hr , k = 6 W/m C.
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UNIT III
PART A
1.
2.
3.
4.

What is dimensional analysis?

State Buckingham - theorem.
What are all the advantages and limitations of dimensional analysis?
What do you mean by Reynolds number (Re)? what are the significance of Reynolds
number?
5. State Prandtl number
6. State Nusselt number (Nu).
7. What is Grashoff number (Gr).
8. State Stanton number (st).
9. What is meant by Newtonion and non-newtonion fluids?
10. What is hydrodynamic boundary layer
11. What is thermal boundary layer?
12. Enumerate convection.
13. State Newtons law of convection.
14. What is meant by free or natural convection?
15. What is meant by laminar flow and turbulent flow?
16. What is forced convection?
17. Enumerate the applications of boiling heat transfer?
18. Differentiate between pool boiling and forced convection
19. Give the applications of boiling and condensation
20. What are the modes of condensation
PART B
1.

Air at 20C at atmospheric pressure flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 3m/s. If the plate
is 1m wide and 80C, Calculate the following at x = 300mm.
a. Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness
b. Thermal boundary layer thickness
c. Local friction co-efficient
d. Average friction co-efficient
e. Local heat transfer co-efficient
f. Average heat transfer co-efficient
g. Heat transfer

2.

Atmospheric air at 300k with a velocity of 2.5m/s flows over a flat plate of length L=2m,
width W=1m maintained at uniform temperature of 400k. Calculate the local heat transfer
co- efficient at 1m length and average heat transfer coefficient from L=0 to L=2m. Also find
the heat transfer.

3.

Air at 40C flows over a tube with a velocity of 30m/s. The tube surface temperature is
Calculate the heat transfer co-efficient for the following cases
(a) Tube could be square with a side of 6cm.
(b)Tube is circular cylinder of diameter 6cm

4.

Water flows inside a tube of 20 mm diameter and 3m long at a velocity of 0.03 m/s. The Water
gets heated from 40C to 120C while passing through the tube. The tube wall is maintained at
constant temperature of 160C. Find heat transfer.

120C,

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5.

205 kg/hr of air is cooled from 100 C to 30 C by the flowing through a 3.5cm inner diameter
pipe coil bent in to a helix of 0.6m diameter. Calculate the value of air side heat transfer
coefficient if the properties of air at 65 C are K= 0.0298 W/mK, = 0.003 kg/hr-m, Pr = 0.7,
= 1.004 kg/m

6.

Castor oil at 300 C flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 1.5m/s. the length of the plate is 4
m. The plate is heated uniformly and maintained at 900C. Calculate the following.
a). Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness,
b). Thermal boundary layer thickness,
c) Total drag force per unit width on one side of the plate,
d) Heat transfer rate.
At the mean temperature Tf = 600 C, physical properties are taken as follows:
= 956.8 kg/m3; Kinematic Viscosity= 0.65x10-4 m2/s; K = 0.213 W/mK ;
= 7.2 x 10-8 m2/s.

7.

Air at 300C flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 2 m/s. The plate is 2m long and 1.5 m wide
.calculate the following.
i. Hydrodynamic and Boundary layer thickness at the trailing edge of the plate,
ii. Total drag force
iii. Total mass flow rate through the boundary layer between x=40cm and x=85cm.

8.

Air at 300c, flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 4m/s. The plate measures 50x30cm2 and is
maintained at a uniform temperature of 900C. Compare the heat loss from the plate when the
air flows
i. parallel to 50cm
ii parallel to 30 cm.

9.

An aluminum pan of 15 cm diameter is used to boil water and the water depth at the time of
boiling is 2.5 cm. The pan is placed on an electric stove and the heating element raises the
temperature of the pan to 110 0C. Calculate the power input for boiling and the rate of
evaporation. Take Csf = 0.0132.

10.

Briefly explain various regimes of pool boiling

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UNIT IV
PART A
1. Define Radiation Heat transfer.
2. What is meant by absorptivity?
3. Define emissive power
4. State Stefan-Boltzmann law.
5. What is black body?
6. Enumerate Emissivity.
7. Define monochromatic emissive power.
8. State Wien's displacement law.
9. State Lamberts cosine law.
10. State Kirchoffs law of radiation.
11. What is meant by shape factor?
12. List out any two applications of radiation shields?
13. Define view factor
14. What is heat exchanger and classify it?
15. Define LMTD?
16. What is meant by Effectiveness?
17. Compare direct heat exchanger and indirect heat exchanger
18. Differentiate the cross flow and counter flow heat exchanger?
19. What is meant by parallel flow heat exchanger?
20. Define fouling factor
PART B
1. A black body at 3000K emits radiation. Calculate the following:
a. Monochromatic emissive power at 1m wave length
b. Wave length at which emission is maximum
c. Maximum emissive power
d. Total emissive power
e. Calculate the total emissive of the furnace if it is assumed as a real surface having
emissivity equal to 0.85.
2. Derive radiation exchange between
(i) Large parallel gray surfaces and
(ii) Small gray bodies.
3. Two large parallel plates of 1m1m spaced 0.5m apart in a very large room whose walls are at
27C. The plates are at 900C and 400C with emissivities 0.2 and 0.5 respectively. Find the net
heat transfer to each plate and to the room.
4. (i) Calculate the net radiant heat exchange per m2 area for two large parallel plates at
temperatures of 427C and 27C respectively. The emissivity of hot and cold plate is 0.9 and 0.6
respectively. If a polished aluminium shield is placed between them, find the percentage reduction in
the heat transfer. The emissivity of shield is 0.4
(ii) The radiation shape factor of the circular surface of a thin hollow cylinder of 10 cm diameter
and 10 cm length is 0.1716. What is the shape factor of the curved surface of the cylinder with
respect to itself?
5. Explain briefly the following:
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(i) Thermal radiation

(ii) Specular and diffuse reflection
(iii) Reciprocity rule and summation rule.
6.

Deduce the generalized equation for heat transfer of a system of two parallel plates separated
by "n" screens

7.

In a counter flow double pipe heat exchanger, oil is cooled from 85C to 55C by water
entering at 25C.The mass flow rate of oil is 9,800 kg/hr and specific heat of oil is 2000
J/kgK. The mass flow rate of water is 8,000kg/hr and specific heat of water is 4180 J/kg k.
Determine the heat exchanger area and heat transfer rate for overall heat transfer co-efficient
of 280W/m2K.

8.

Water flows at the rate of 65kg/min through a double pipe, counter flow heat exchanger.
Water is heated from 50C to 75C by an oil flowing though a tube. The specific heat of oil is
1,780 kJ/kgK. The oil enters at 115C and leaves at 70C. The overall heat transfer coefficient is 340 W/m2K. Calculate the following
1. Heat exchanger area
2. Rate of heat transfer.

9.

In a double pipe heat exchanger, hot fluid with a specific heat of 2300J/kgK enters at 380C
and leaves at 300 C. Cold fluid enters at 25C and leaves at 210C. Calculate the heat
exchange area required for
1. Parallel flow
2. Counter flow. Take overall heat transfer co-efficient is 750 W/m 2 k. and mass flow
rate of hot fluid is 1 kg/s.

10.

Derive the heat transfer equation of a parallel flow Heat exchanger stating the assumptions.

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UNIT V
PART A
1. Illustrate the mass transfer with examples?
2. What is molecular diffusion?
3. Define Scherwood Number.
4. State Eddy diffusion.
5. What is convective mass transfer?
6. State Ficks law of diffusion
7. What is free convective mass transfer?
8. How the mass fraction and molar concentration were defined.
9. Name two examples of convective mass transfer.
10. Define Schmidt Number.
11. What is meant by steady state diffusion?
12. Mention the two mechanisms of mass transfer?
13. Narrate mass transfer co-efficient.
14. Define Lewis number. Write its significant
15. State any two applications of mass transfer in day to-day life.
16. Define mass diffusion co-efficient.
17. What is effect of temperature in concentration?
18. How silica cell used for cooling apparatus
19. How the energy transfer is affected by mass transfer
20. How diffusivity is affecting the pressure in the cycle tube
PART B
1. Ammonia & air are in equimolar counter diffusion in a cylindrical tube of 2.5 mm diameter &
15 m length. The total pressure is 1 atmosphere & the temperature is 25C. One end of the
tube is connected to a large reservoir of ammonia & other end of the tube is open to
atmosphere. If the mass diffusivity for the mixture is 0.28 x10-4 m2/s. calculate the following
a. Mass rate of ammonia in kg/h
b. Mass rate of air in kg/h
2. CO2& air experience equimolar counter diffusion in a circular tube whose length & diameter are
1.2 m & 60 mm respectively. The system is at a total pressure of 1atm & a temperature of
273K. The ends of the tube are connected to large chambers. Partial pressure of CO 2 at one
end is 200 mm of Hg while at the other end is 90 mm of Hg. Calculate the following
a. Mass transfer rate of CO2
b. Mass transfer rate of air
3. Two large tanks, maintained at the same temperature & pressure are connected by a circular
0.15 m diameter direct, which is 3 m in length. One tank contains a uniform mixture of 60
mole % ammonia & 40 mole % air and the other tank contains a uniform mixture of 20 mole
% ammonia & 80 mole % air. The system is at 273K & 1.013 x10 5 pascal. Determine the
rate of ammonia transfer between the two tanks. Assuming a steady sate mass transfer.

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4.

CO2 & air experience equimolar counter diffusion in a circular tube whose length & diameter
are 1 m & 50 mm respectively. The system is at a total pressure of 1atm & a temperature of
25C. The ends of the tube are connected to large chambers in which the species
concentration is maintained at fixed values. Partial pressure of CO2 at one end is 190 mm of
Hg while at the other end is 95 mm Hg. Estimate the mass transfer rate of CO 2 & air through
the tube.

5.

Determine the diffusion rate of water from the bottom of a test tube of 25mm diameter & 35
mm long into dry air at 25C. Take diffusion co-efficient of water in air is 0.28 x 10-4 m2/s

6.

Estimate the rate of diffusion of water vapour from a pool of water at the bottom of a well
which is 6.2 m deep & 2.2 m diameter to dry ambient air over the top of the well. The entire
system may be assumed at 30C & one atmospheric pressure. The diffusion co-efficient is
0.24x10-4 m2/s

7.

An open pan 210 mm in diameter & 75 mm deep contains water at 25C & is exposed to dry
atmospheric air. Calculate the diffusion co-efficient of water in air. Take the rate of diffusion
of water vapour is 8.52x10-4 kg/h

8. Helium diffuses through a plane membrane of 2mm thick. At the inner side the concentration of
helium is 0.025 kg mole/m3. At the outer side the concentration of helium is 0.007 kg
mole/m3. What is the diffusion flux of helium thorough the membrane. Assume diffusion
co-efficient of helium with respect to plastic is 1 x 10-9 m2/s.
9. Gaseous hydrogen is stored in a rectangular container. The walls of the container are of steel
having 25 mm thickness. At the inner surface of the container, the molar concentration of
hydrogen in the steel is 1.2 kg mole/m 3 while at the outer surface of the container the molar
concentration is zero; calculate the molar diffusion flux for hydrogen through the steel. Take
diffusion coefficient for hydrogen in steel is 0.24 x 10-12 m2/s
10. Oxygen at 250C and pressure of 2 bar is flowing through rubber pipe of inside diameter 25mm
and wall thickness 2.5mm. The diffusivity of O2 through rubber is 0.21 x 10-12 m2/s and the
solubility of O2 in rubber is 3.12 x 10-3 Kg-mole/m3-bar. Find the loss of O2 by diffusion per
metre length of pipe.

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