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for/since, just, yet, and already
Use this tense to emphasize that something not only

happened but is still true.
English Grammar Review

Nouns, adjectives and adverbs
me
yo
u
yo
u
he
hi
m
sh
e
he
r
it
we
it
us
yo
u
yo
u
they
the
m
Reflexive pronouns
Shall I/we; Will he/she/it/you/they.
Possessive adjectives and pronouns
VERB FORMATIONS
The passive
noun/pronoun + to be + past participle
Someone washes the car every week
The car is washed every week
The definite article the
Comparatives and superlatives

Comparatives: er; Superlatives: the + adj. + est.
too, enough + to
It's too cold to swim today.
(We can't swim today - it's too cold.)
It isn't warm enough to go to the beach.
(We can't go to the beach - it's not warm enough.)
Adverbs of manner
Regulars (add ly): quick > quickly; polite > politely.
Irregulars: good > well; hard > hard; fast > fast;
early > early; late > late; loud > loud or loudly.
Verbs
THE PRESENT TENSE
Present Simple and Present Continuous

THE PAST TENSE
Past Simple and Past Continuous
Past Continuous
I had had some unhappy times, and then I met your
mother.
Use this tense to emphasize that something happened but
is not true anymore.
Present Perfect
used to
I used to work at night.
(I often worked at night, some time ago)
I'm used to working at night.
(It is normal for me to do this)
The indefinite article a
the is used when a word is used a second time, when only

one object exists, before the places we visit in a town,
before names of seas, rivers, groups of islands or
mountains, kingdoms, republics, deserts and plural
names of countries and with musical instruments when
we talk about playing them or listening to them.
Future Perfect
Use this tense to emphasize that something has not
happened but it will happen.
a is used with countable nouns to indicate one or when

talking about cost, speed or how often we do something..
when + Present Simple to describe the future

Ill phone you when/as soon as//after I see him.
No articles
No article before names of academic subjects, languages,
sports, meals, villages, towns, streets, cities, countries or
continents.
THE FUTURE TENSE
Present Continuous + time word
going to
Future Simple
The object is the same person or thing as the subject.

myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself,
ourselves, yourselves, themselves
The possessive adjective is always followed by its noun
and the possessive pronoun is never followed by its noun.
hi
it
my
your
her
our your their
s
s
min
your hi her
our your their
e
s
s
s
s
s
s
Present Perfect Continuous

I've been studying English since I was a child.
'You look tired.' 'Yes, I've been working all night.'
Subject and object pronouns

I
The imperative
Conditionals
The first conditional

If she works harder, she will pass the exams.
Neutral condition: might happen, might not.
The second conditional

If she worked harder, she would pass the exams.
Unlikely, hypothetical: probably will not happen.
The third conditional

If she had worked, she would have passed the exams.
She didnt pass the exams because she didnt work.
Zero conditional
if has the same meaning as when
Modals
Modals
Shouldn't we stay? Should we not stay?
can, could
may, might
may is occasionally used to mean to be allowed to
should, must
have + to + infinitive
Gerunds and infinitives
The gerund
The gerund is used like a noun.
When a verb follows a preposition, it takes the gerund.
The infinitive
Certain verbs take the infinitive.

Can express purpose: to + infinitive, in order to +
infinitive and so as to + infinitive.
Reported speech
DIRECT SPEECH
Writing direct speech

He said, 'I'm going home.'
'I'm going home,' he said.
say, tell
tell has a personal direct object (e.g. me, hint, her, etc)
and say never has a personal direct object.
INDIRECT SPEECH
Reported statements with no change of tense

Reporting verb in present, present perfect, or future.
Reported statements with a change of tense

Reporting verb in past tense.
Sentence structure
WORD ORDER
Direct object and indirect object
Frequency adverbs with the Present Simple
Link words: and, but, so, then, before, after,

because
Link words: because, as, since
both ... and, neither... nor

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Making questions
Who asked you? Who did you ask?: question

words as subject or object
Short responses using so, neither, nor
Short responses: / think so, I hope so

RELATIVE CLAUSES
Relative clauses with who and that
Prepositions
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE
at in, on
Prepositions of movement
Prepositions of position and movement
Prepositions of position and movement
Certain verbs with to or at

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
at, in, on
until
until, before, after
Prepositions of time
Phrasal Verbs
Some common phrasal verbs

More phrasal verbs
Phrasal verbs that don't take an object
Phrasal verbs that take an object: separable
Phrasal verbs that take an object but do not
separate

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for/since, just, yet, and already

Use this tense to emphasize that something not only

English Grammar Review

Shall I/we; Will he/she/it/you/they.

Possessive adjectives and pronouns

The definite article the

Comparatives and superlatives

Present Simple and Present Continuous

Past Simple and Past Continuous

The indefinite article a

the is used when a word is used a second time, when only

a is used with countable nouns to indicate one or when

when + Present Simple to describe the future

THE FUTURE TENSE

Present Continuous + time word

The object is the same person or thing as the subject.

Present Perfect Continuous

Subject and object pronouns

The first conditional

The second conditional

The third conditional

Gerunds and infinitives

Certain verbs take the infinitive.

Writing direct speech

Reported statements with no change of tense

Reported statements with a change of tense

Direct object and indirect object

Frequency adverbs with the Present Simple

Link words: and, but, so, then, before, after,

Link words: because, as, since

both ... and, neither... nor

Who asked you? Who did you ask?: question

Short responses using so, neither, nor

Short responses: / think so, I hope so

Relative clauses with who and that

Prepositions of position and movement

Prepositions of position and movement

Certain verbs with to or at

until, before, after

Some common phrasal verbs

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