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    Reinforced Soil Structures:Lecture-1

    Uploaded by

    Sukumar Baishya
    This document provides an outline of a lecture on geosynthetics and reinforced soil structures. It begins with introductory remarks and discusses the historical background of reinforced soil, including early examples from beavers building dams to structures like Ziggurats in Mesopotamia that incorporated reinforcement. It then defines what geosynthetics are, both natural and artificial varieties, and reviews some of the benefits they provide for geotechnical engineering. The document outlines different types of geosynthetics like geotextiles, geogrids, and geomembranes and their various functions such as reinforcement, separation, drainage and filtration. It closes by providing examples of geosynthetic applications in India and around the world.

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    Reinforced Soil Structures:Lecture-1

    Uploaded by

    Sukumar Baishya
    232 views48 pages
    This document provides an outline of a lecture on geosynthetics and reinforced soil structures. It begins with introductory remarks and discusses the historical background of reinforced soil, including early examples from beavers building dams to structures like Ziggurats in Mesopotamia that incorporated reinforcement. It then defines what geosynthetics are, both natural and artificial varieties, and reviews some of the benefits they provide for geotechnical engineering. The document outlines different types of geosynthetics like geotextiles, geogrids, and geomembranes and their various functions such as reinforcement, separation, drainage and filtration. It closes by providing examples of geosynthetic applications in India and around the world.

    Original Description:

    IIT Madras Course by Prof. Rajagopalan

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    This document provides an outline of a lecture on geosynthetics and reinforced soil structures. It begins with introductory remarks and discusses the historical background of reinforced soil, including early examples from beavers building dams to structures like Ziggurats in Mesopotamia that incorporated reinforcement. It then defines what geosynthetics are, both natural and artificial varieties, and reviews some of the benefits they provide for geotechnical engineering. The document outlines different types of geosynthetics like geotextiles, geogrids, and geomembranes and their various functions such as reinforcement, separation, drainage and filtration. It closes by providing examples of geosynthetic applications in India and around the world.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    232 views48 pages

    Reinforced Soil Structures:Lecture-1

    Uploaded by

    Sukumar Baishya
    This document provides an outline of a lecture on geosynthetics and reinforced soil structures. It begins with introductory remarks and discusses the historical background of reinforced soil, including early examples from beavers building dams to structures like Ziggurats in Mesopotamia that incorporated reinforcement. It then defines what geosynthetics are, both natural and artificial varieties, and reviews some of the benefits they provide for geotechnical engineering. The document outlines different types of geosynthetics like geotextiles, geogrids, and geomembranes and their various functions such as reinforcement, separation, drainage and filtration. It closes by providing examples of geosynthetic applications in India and around the world.

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    You are on page 1of 48

    GEOSYNTHETICS AND

    REINFORCED SOIL STRUCTURES

    Prof K. Rajagopal
    Department of Civil Engineering
    IIT Madras, Chennai 600 036
    e-mail: [email protected]

    OUTLINE OF THE LECTURE


    Introductory remarks
    Historical background
    Types and functions of geosynthetics

    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    2/48

    What is a geosynthetic ?
    Natural or artificial product that is used along
    with soil in geotechnical constructions.
    Natural: coir, jute, hemp, etc.
    Artificial: p
    polymeric
    y
    or metallic

    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    3/48

    Why geosynthetics ?
    Geosynthetics have entirely changed the way
    geotechnical engineering is practiced.
    practiced
    Innovative solutions to solve difficult problems
    economically and expediently
    Enables the use of local materials sustainable
    solutions
    Unskilled labour can be employed
    Installation does not require heavy machinery

    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    4/48

    Use of coir mat to


    promote vegetation
    growth to prevent
    surface erosion
    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    5/48

    Use of stone filled rope net gabions for shoreline stabilization at


    S
    Swami
    i Narain
    N i Temple,
    T
    l Tithal,
    Tith l Gujarat
    G j t
    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    6/48

    Irrigation canal lining by


    using grout filled geocells

    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    7/48

    Narrow
    stretch of
    road

    22m high geosynthetic soil retaining wall to widen a ghat road at Vijayawada
    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    8/48

    Landfill construction using geosynthetics


    at HZL,
    HZL Visakhapatnam to contain jerosite waste

    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    9/48

    Flexible Break water unit made of


    geosynthetics
    th ti beach
    b
    h sand
    d filled
    fill d
    bags in rope net gabions
    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    10/48

    REINFORCED SOIL
    Soil + reinforcement = reinforced soil
    Reinforcement:
    Ancient: Tree branches, grass reeds, straw, roots of
    vegetation bamboo
    vegetation,
    bamboo, tree trunks
    Modern: Steel, polymeric, natural materials
    Soil is strong in compression & reinforcement is strong
    in tension
    Combined product has much better engineering
    properties than the individual constituents
    Reinforced soil concept is similar to that of reinforced
    concrete
    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    11/48

    HISTORICAL
    APPLICATIONS OF
    REINFORCED SOIL

    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    12/48

    IS BEAVER THE FIRST CIVIL


    ENGINEER ?
    Semi-aquatic rodent
    Expert
    E pert builder
    b ilder of Under
    Underwater
    ater d
    dwellings/dams
    ellings/dams
    Its dwellings use natural reinforcements

    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    13/48

    Ziggurats of Mesopotamia

    Constructed of clay
    A
    Agar-Quf
    Q f ziggurat,
    i
    t
    bricks 130-400 mm high,
    near Baghdad 3000
    reinforced with woven
    years
    yea
    so
    old
    d
    mats
    t off reed
    d laid
    l id
    Originally believed to
    horizontally on a layer of
    be 80 m tall, now it is
    sand and gravel at
    40
    0 m high
    vertical spacing of 0.5 to
    2m
    Reeds were also used to
    form plaited ropes
    approximately 100 mm
    in diameter which pass
    through the structure
    and
    d actt as reinforcement
    i f
    t
    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    14/48

    Ziggurats of Mesopotamia
    ((source from Reco web site))
    15/48

    Great Wall of China

    7th century
    y BC to about 17th century
    y AD

    Sections in eastern China were mainly made


    with bricks and chiseled stones, those in
    western China were made with less durable
    materials (often with clay or pounded earth
    reinforced with tree branches).
    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    16/48

    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    17/48

    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    18/48

    Adobe Bricks
    Adobe is derived from the
    Arab word, "at-tub," referring
    to the earth bricks Arabs made
    as early as 7000 BC.

    A man making adobe bricks in the


    Draa Valley town of Tamgroute,
    southern Morocco,

    These early builders realised


    was that if straw, which has a
    good
    d tensile
    il strength
    h was
    embedded in a block of mud,
    which has good compressive
    strength
    g and left to dry
    y the
    resulting brick would resist
    both tearing and squeezing.
    These composite bricks made
    excellent building materials.
    materials

    Similar bricks were also manufactured by Incas and


    Aztecs in American continents
    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    19/48

    Applications of reinforced soil in


    R
    Rural
    l Indian
    I di
    constructions
    t
    ti
    In rural India,
    India mud walls are traditionally built
    with bamboo mats another fine example of
    reinforced soil application from early days

    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    20/48

    Early applications in last century


    Corduroy mats for forest access roads in
    South Carolina 1920s
    1920 s
    Filter fabrics used by Terzaghi
    Polyvinyl bags for sea walls in Japan
    instead of straw bags
    Geotextile tubes for dykes in Netherlands
    Polymer meshes/membranes in Europe

    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    21/48

    Henri Vidal (re)invents


    Reinforced Earth in 1963

    The concept of
    reinforced soil was
    accidentally thought
    about by Mr. Vidal while
    playing with his children
    on a beach

    Henri Vidal
    French Engineer &
    Architect

    An early form of Reinforced


    Earth using steel strip
    reinforcement
    i f
    t and
    d steel
    t l
    membrane facing
    1963 : Patent filed for
    Reinforced Earth
    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    22/48

    Basic principle of reinforced earth

    Without reinforcement

    With reinforcement

    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    23/48

    Two identical pyramids made of dry sand with and without


    reinforcement layers
    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    24/48

    Response of Unreinforced Soil Pyramid

    Immediate collapse
    under load from a
    student

    Close-up of foot prints

    Large deformations
    even under small load

    Immediate collapse of unreinforced soil pyramid under


    g due to lateral flow of dry
    y sand
    loading
    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    25/48

    Response of Reinforced soil pyramid

    Careful initial loading on reinforced


    pyramid through deadweights

    Final loading by the same student


    standing
    t di on it no visible
    i ibl d
    deformations
    f
    ti
    !!!

    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    26/48

    Geotextiles or Geosynthetics ?
    Originally, most of the modern applications used
    geotextiles. Hence, all products were erroneously
    referred to as geotextiles.
    Even the international society was originally called
    as International Geotextile Society. Name of
    society changed later to International
    G
    Geosynthetics
    th ti Society.
    S i t
    Useful information can be found at website
    www.geosyntheticssociety.org
    Society Membership is free for students
    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    27/48

    Graphical symbols proposed by IGS


    letter
    Symbol symbol
    product

    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    28/48

    Letter Symbols for


    Different Functions of Geosynthetics
    B
    D
    E
    F
    P
    R
    S

    Barrier (fluid)
    Drainage
    Surficial Erosion Control
    Filtration
    Protection (of geomembranes)
    Reinforcement
    Separation
    Geosynthetics-Introduction

    29/48

    Shallow unreinforced
    slope
    Extra road
    space gained
    Steep reinforced
    slope

    Geosynthetic reinforcement layers


    Geosynthetics Introduction

    30/48

    aggregate layer

    geotextile separator

    subgrade
    soil

    Prevents the intermixing,


    prevents piping, strength of
    aggregate is preserved

    Separation Function in a pavement layer


    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    31/48

    Filtration Function

    Water coming out without


    fine soil particles

    Geotextile layer acting


    as a filter

    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    32/48

    Surface Erosion protection

    Erosion
    E
    i
    protection
    t ti
    layer

    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    33/48

    Drainage function of a geotextile layer

    ingress
    g
    of water into pavement
    p
    layers
    y
    flow of water
    flow of water

    drain

    drain

    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    34/48

    TYPES OF GEOSYNTHETICS

    Geotextiles
    Geogrids
    Geonets
    Geomembranes
    P f b i t d vertical
    Pre-fabricated
    ti l d
    drains
    i
    (PVD)
    Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL)
    Geocells (3-d confinement)
    Geocomposites & Geo
    Geo-others
    others
    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    35/48

    Geotextiles
    Engineered sheet like products made of
    natural or synthetic materials
    Woven and non-woven types
    Used for separation, drainage, filtration,
    erosion control and reinforcement

    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    36/48

    Woven fabric weave


    pattern
    tt
    is
    i visible
    i ibl

    Non-woven
    Non
    woven fabric
    fibres are randomly
    oriented
    Rao (1995)
    Two Types
    yp of Geotextiles
    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    37/48

    Some pictures of geotextiles


    Thin geotextile used
    as separator, filtration

    Thick geotextile used


    for cushion and
    38/48
    drainage

    woven

    non-woven

    Natural geotextiles made of jute

    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    39/48

    A woven g
    geotextile fabric
    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    40/48

    Geotextile layer being applied


    below railway track

    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    41/48

    Geogrids
    Sheet like products with open apertures. Excellent
    interlocking
    g with soil. High
    g strength
    g p
    products,, used for
    reinforcement.
    The geogrids are of several varieties. The extruded
    grids
    id h
    have llow strength
    h ((e.g. Netlon
    N l India
    I di products).
    d
    )
    Stretched grids (e.g. Tensar products) are made by
    stretching process.
    process More recently several types are
    made by knitting, welding process, etc.
    Uniaxial products used as reinforcement layers in
    retaining walls and embankments
    Biaxial products used are used in road bases, below
    rail tracks
    tracks, ground reinforcement
    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    42/48

    Geogrids manufactured by stretching process

    Orientation of p
    polymers
    y
    in p
    preferential directions
    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    43/48

    St t h d uniaxial
    Stretched
    i i l geogrid
    id

    Knitted polyester geogrids


    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    44/48

    Geogrids used at at Hindustan Zink Limited,


    Visakhapatnam

    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    45/48

    Geogrid reinforcement in pavements


    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    46/48

    Innovative use of geogrids for shore protection at Navi Mumbai


    Geosynthetics - Introduction

    47/48

    48/48

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