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    This document summarizes transformer models for simulating low-frequency transients. It classifies models as matrix representations, saturable transformer components, or topology-based models. Topology-based models accurately represent core design and include saturation, hysteresis, and coupling effects. Parameter determination can be difficult due to nonlinear and frequency-dependent effects. Accurately modeling cores requires representing hysteresis loops and saturation characteristics. Eddy currents in windings and cores are also frequency-dependent. While extensive work has been done on transformer models, variability in designs and limitations in parameter acquisition make developing the most adequate model challenging.

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    Ieee Panel Ferro Model

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    _FlyMan_
    33 views3 pages
    This document summarizes transformer models for simulating low-frequency transients. It classifies models as matrix representations, saturable transformer components, or topology-based models. Topology-based models accurately represent core design and include saturation, hysteresis, and coupling effects. Parameter determination can be difficult due to nonlinear and frequency-dependent effects. Accurately modeling cores requires representing hysteresis loops and saturation characteristics. Eddy currents in windings and cores are also frequency-dependent. While extensive work has been done on transformer models, variability in designs and limitations in parameter acquisition make developing the most adequate model challenging.

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    Ieee Panel Ferro Model

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    This document summarizes transformer models for simulating low-frequency transients. It classifies models as matrix representations, saturable transformer components, or topology-based models. Topology-based models accurately represent core design and include saturation, hysteresis, and coupling effects. Parameter determination can be difficult due to nonlinear and frequency-dependent effects. Accurately modeling cores requires representing hysteresis loops and saturation characteristics. Eddy currents in windings and cores are also frequency-dependent. While extensive work has been done on transformer models, variability in designs and limitations in parameter acquisition make developing the most adequate model challenging.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    33 views3 pages

    Ieee Panel Ferro Model

    Uploaded by

    _FlyMan_
    This document summarizes transformer models for simulating low-frequency transients. It classifies models as matrix representations, saturable transformer components, or topology-based models. Topology-based models accurately represent core design and include saturation, hysteresis, and coupling effects. Parameter determination can be difficult due to nonlinear and frequency-dependent effects. Accurately modeling cores requires representing hysteresis loops and saturation characteristics. Eddy currents in windings and cores are also frequency-dependent. While extensive work has been done on transformer models, variability in designs and limitations in parameter acquisition make developing the most adequate model challenging.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 3

    1

    Transformer Modeling for Simulation of LowFrequency Transients


    J.A. Martinez, Member, IEEE, and B.A. Mork, Member, IEEE

    Abstract-- This presentation gives a review of models proposed


    for representing transformers in low-frequency transients. The
    document presents a classification of the most popular models
    and discusses guidelines for representation of non-linear and
    frequency dependent phenomena associated with transients
    below the first winding resonance.
    Index Terms Transformer Modeling, Ferroresonance,
    Inrush, Simulation.

    I. INTRODUCTION

    he development of an accurate transformer model can be


    very complex due to the large number of core designs and
    to the fact that several transformer parameters are both nonlinear and frequency dependent. Physical attributes whose
    behavior may need to be correctly represented are core and
    coil configurations, self- and mutual inductances between
    coils, leakage fluxes, skin effect and proximity effect in coils,
    magnetic core saturation, hysteresis and eddy current losses in
    core, and capacitive effects [1]. Models of varying complexity
    have been developed and implemented in simulation tools to
    duplicate the transient behavior of transformers. This
    presentation summarizes the state-of-the-art on transformer
    models for simulation of low frequency transients, such as
    ferroresonance, inrush transients, and harmonic interactions.
    II. TRANSFORMER MODELS
    Transformer models for simulation of low-frequency
    transients can be classified into three groups, whose main
    characteristics are summarized below.
    1) Matrix representation: The transformer equation for
    transient calculations can be written in the following form
    (1)
    [ v ] = [ R] [ i ] + [ L] [ di / dt ]
    where [R] and j[L] are respectively the real and the
    imaginary part of the branch impedance matrix. In case of a
    very low excitation current, the transformer should be
    described by the following equation
    (2)
    [di / dt ] = [ L] 1[v ] [ L] 1[ R][i ]

    Juan A. Martinez is with the Dept. dEnginyeria Elctrica, Universitat


    Politcnica de Catalunya, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
    Bruce A. Mork is with the Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Michigan
    Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA.

    Both approaches include phase-to-phase couplings and


    terminal characteristics, but they do not consider
    differences in core or winding topology; besides these
    models are linear and theoretically valid only for the
    frequency at which the nameplate data was obtained,
    although they are reasonably accurate for frequencies
    below 1 kHz [2]. For simulation of saturable cores,
    excitation may be omitted from the matrix description and
    attached externally at the model terminals in the form of
    non-linear elements; such core is not always topologically
    correct, but good enough in many cases.
    2) Saturable Transformer Component: A single-phase Nwinding transformer model can be based on a star-circuit
    representation, whose equation has the following form [2]
    [ L]1[v ] = [ L]1[ R][i ] + [di / dt ]
    (3)
    Saturation and hysteresis effects can be modeled by adding
    an extra non-linear inductor at the star point. This model
    can be extended to three-phase units through the addition
    of a zero-sequence reluctance parameter. This model is of
    limited application, even for single-phase units, since
    magnetizing inductance and the resistance in parallel are
    connected to the star point, which is not always the correct
    topological connecting point.
    3) Topology-based models can very accurately represent any
    type of core design in low-frequency transients if
    parameters are properly determined. These models can be
    derived using at least two different approaches.
    Duality-based models: The application of the principle of
    duality results in models that include the effects of
    saturation in each individual leg of the core, interphase
    magnetic coupling, and leakage effects [3] [6]. In the
    equivalent magnetic circuit, windings appear as MMF
    sources, leakage paths appear as linear reluctances, and
    magnetic cores appear as saturable reluctances. The mesh
    and node equations of the magnetic circuit are duals of the
    electrical equivalent node and mesh equations respectively.
    Winding resistances, core losses, and capacitive coupling
    effects are not obtained directly from the transformation,
    but can be added to the equivalent circuit.
    Geometric models: Topologically correct models can be
    based on the following formulation
    (4)
    [v ] = [ R][i ] + [d / dt ]
    The coupling between magnetic and electrical equations is
    made taking into account the core topology, see [7], [8].
    III. NONLINEAR AND FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT PARAMETERS
    Some transformer parameters are non-linear and/or

    frequency dependent due to three major effects: saturation,


    hysteresis and eddy currents. Saturation and hysteresis are
    included in the representation of the iron core and introduce
    distortion in waveforms. Excitation losses are caused by
    hysteresis and eddy current effects, although in modern
    transformers they are mostly due to eddy current.
    A. Modeling of Iron Cores
    Iron core behavior is usually represented by a relationship
    between the magnetic flux density B and the magnetic field
    intensity H. To characterize the material behavior fully, a
    model has to be able to plot numerous associated curves
    (major and minor loops). Hysteresis loops usually have a
    negligible influence on the magnitude of the magnetizing
    current, although hysteresis losses and the residual flux can
    have a major influence on some transients, e.g., inrush
    currents. Magnetic saturation of an iron core can be
    represented by the anhysteretic curve, the BH relationship
    that would be obtained if there was no hysteresis effect in the
    material. The saturation characteristic can be modeled by a
    piecewise linear inductance with two slopes. Increasing the
    number of slopes does not significantly improve the accuracy.
    The specification of such inductor requires a curve relating the
    flux linkage, , to the current, i. The information usually
    available is the rms voltage as a function of the rms current.
    B. Modeling of Eddy Current Effects
    Several physical phenomena, known as eddy current effects, occur simultaneously in a loaded transformer that result
    in a nonuniform distribution of current in the conductors, and
    manifest themselves as an increase in the effective resistance
    and winding losses with respect to those for direct current.
    Eddy current effects in transformer windings can be modeled
    by Foster equivalent circuits. These circuits must be of infinite
    order to exactly reproduce the impedance at all frequencies.
    However, a computationally efficient circuit can be derived by
    fitting only at certain pre-established frequen-cies [9]. A series
    model of order equal or less than 2 is adequate for lowfrequency transients.
    A change in the magnetic field induces also eddy currents
    in the iron. As a consequence of this, the flux density will be
    lower than that given by the normal magnetization curve. As
    frequency changes, flux distribution in the iron core lamination changes. For high frequencies the flux is confined to a
    thin layer close to the lamination surface, whose thickness decreases as the frequency increases. This indicates that inductances representing iron path magnetization and resistances
    representing eddy current losses are frequency dependent.
    Efficient models intended for simulation of frequency dependent magnetizing inductances have been derived by synthesizing Cauer equivalent circuits to match the equivalent impedance of either a single lamination or a coil wound around a
    laminated iron core limb [10], [11]. Inductive components of
    these models represent the magnetizing reactances and have to
    be made non-linear to account for the hysteresis and saturation effects. Since the high frequency components do not
    contribute appreciably to the flux in the transformer core, it

    can be assumed that only low frequency components are responsible for driving the core into saturation. It may, therefore,
    be justifiable to represent as non-linear only the first section of
    the model, so for lowfrequency transients a equivalent circuit
    with order equal or less than 2 may suffice.
    IV. PARAMETER DETERMINATION
    Data usually available for any power transformer are:
    power rating, voltage rating, excitation current, excitation
    voltage, excitation losses, short-circuit current, short-circuit
    voltage, short-circuit losses, saturation curve, capacitances
    between terminals and between windings. Excitation and
    short-circuit currents, voltages and losses must be provided
    from both direct and homopolar measurements.
    The specification of some parameters can be a bottleneck
    due to the lack of reliable procedures for their determination,
    since their calculation cannot be performed from standard
    measurements, and additional information is usually required.
    See [12] for the calculation of leakage inductances; [5], [6],
    [13] for the calculation of parameters to be specified in
    duality-based models; [14] for a study on the influence of
    eddy current losses and the determination of resistances as a
    function of frequency; and [15], [16] for the determination of
    saturation characteristic and hysteresis parameters.
    V. CONCLUSIONS
    This presentation summarizes the most important issues
    related to transformer modeling for simulation of lowfrequency-transients. Although much effort has been
    dedicated to the development of transformer models, there is
    no consensus on the most adequate models. The most important difficulties are the great variety of core designs, the nonlinear and frequency dependent behavior of many transformer
    parameters, and the inadequacy of procedures for acquisition
    and determination of some transformer parameters.
    VI. REFERENCES
    [1]
    [2]
    [3]
    [4]
    [5]

    [6]
    [7]
    [8]

    IEEE Slow Transients TF, Modeling and analysis guidelines for slow
    transients Part III: The study of ferroresonance, IEEE Trans. on
    Power Delivery, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 255-265, January 2000.
    H.W. Dommel, EMTP Theory Book, Bonneville Power Administration,
    Portland, August 1986.
    C.M. Arturi, Transient simulation and analysis of a five-limb generator
    step-up transformer following an out-of-phase synchronization, IEEE
    Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 196-207, January 1991.
    F. de Len and A. Semlyen, Complete transformer model for
    electromagnetic transients, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 9, no.
    1, pp. 231-239, January 1994.
    A. Narang and R. H. Brierley, Topology based magnetic model for
    steady -state and transient studies for three phase core type
    transformers, IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 13371349, August. 1994.
    B.A. Mork, Five-legged wound-core transformer model: Derivation,
    parameters, implementation, and evaluation, IEEE Trans. on Power
    Delivery, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 1519-1526, October 1999.
    N.D. Hatziargyriou, J.M. Prousalidis and B.C. Papadias, Generalised
    transformer model based on the analysis of its magnetic core circuit,
    IEE Proc.-C, vol. 140, no. 4, pp. 269-278, July 1993.
    X. Chen, A three-phase multi-legged transformer model in ATP using
    the directly-formed inverse inductance matrix, IEEE Trans. on Power
    Delivery, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 1554-1562, July 1996.

    3
    [9]
    [10]
    [11]
    [12]
    [13]
    [14]

    F. de Len and A. Semlyen, A simple representation of dynamic


    hysteresis losses in power transformers, IEEE Trans. on Power
    Delivery, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 315-321, January 1995.
    F. de Len and A. Semlyen, Time domain modeling of eddy current
    effects for transformer transients, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol.
    8, no. 1, pp. 271-280, January 1993.
    E.J. Tarasiewicz, A.S. Morched, A. Narang and E.P. Dick, Frequency
    dependent eddy current models for nonlinear iron cores, IEEE Trans.
    on Power Systems, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 588-597, May 1993.
    F. de Len and A. Semlyen, Efficient calculation of elementary
    parameters of transformers, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 7, no.
    1, pp. 376-383, January 1992.
    D. L. Stuehm, Final report - Three phase transformer core modeling,
    Bonneville Power Administration Award no. DE-BI79-92BP26700, Feb.
    28, 1993.
    E.E. Fuchs, D. Yildirim and W.M. Grady, Measurement of eddycurrent loss coefficient PEC-R, derating of single-phase transformers,
    and comparison with K-factor approach., IEEE Trans. on Power
    Delivery, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 148-154, January 2000. See Correction in
    IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 1357, October 2000.

    [15] W.L.A. Neves and H.W. Dommel, On modeling iron core nonlinearities, IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 417-425, May
    1993.
    [16] D.C. Jiles, J.B. Thoelke and M.K. Devine, Numerical determination of
    hysteresis parameters for the modeling of magnetic properties using the
    theory of ferromagnetic hysteresis, IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, vol. 28,
    no. 1, pp. 27-35, January 1992.

    VII. BIOGRAPHIES
    Juan A. Martinez was born in Barcelona (Spain). He is Profesor Titular at the
    Departament d'Enginyeria Elctrica of the Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya.
    His teaching and research interests include Transmission and Distribution, Power
    System Analysis and EMTP applications.
    Bruce A. Mork was born in Bismarck, ND. He received the B.S. degree in
    Mechanical Engineering and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical
    Engineering from North Dakota State University in 1979, 1981 and 1992
    respectively. In September 1992, he joined the faculty of Michigan
    Technological University, where he is an Assistant Professor of Electrical
    Engineering.

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