Kr as s imir a Luka

COLONIA ULPIA TRAIANA RATIARIA.

THE REDISCOVERY OF THE ANCIENT CITY
KRASSIMIRA LUKA

The ancient city of Colonia Ulpia Traiana

Ratiaria is the most important Roman and Byzantine center in todays North-Western Bulgaria. Its
remains are located in Kaleto on the northern
outskirts of the village of Archar, Vidin district,
near the Danube (fig. 1). Two major thoroughfares
were running through it in antiquity: Via Danubiana (Danube route) and the road to the Adriatic,
which provide the fastest connection from Rome
to the Danube frontier (V. P. Petrovi, V. Filipovi,
K. Luka in the present volume: 99, Fig. 2).
Recent studies show that in the beginning
of the 1st c. AD the place is already used by the
Romans probably as a military camp. During the
2nd c. AD Ratiaria is mentioned by Claudius Ptolemy as Ratiaria Moesian (Ratiaria ton Myson)
(Ptolem., III, 9, 3), in the 3rd c. as Ratiaria - head
of the XIII Double Twin Legion (Gemina), and
in the 4th c. the name Ratiaris was noted in the
famous Tabula Peutingeriana, created after the
pattern in second half of 2nd c. AD ( 1958:
15, 22, 31).
After the second Dacian war in 106 AD
Emperor Trajan (98-117) founded 5 colonies, one
of which was Ratiaria. Colonies were cities with
the highest degree of autonomy; each of them was
built as a copy of Rome. The full name of the city
- Colonia Ulpia Traiana Ratiaria was written on
an inscription dated in 125 AD (CIL, III, 14 499).
In 2nd-3rd century Ratiaria became the center of a large urban area and reached high economic boom and flowering of culture. Undoubtedly, its
port had important communicative significance.

50

The Roman river military fleet base was located

here. The name Ratiaria could be interpreted as
derive from ratis - type of vessels. Observations
on the riverbanks of the Danube and reporting the
changes in its configuration allow the ancient port
to be localized next to the locality of Kaleto, i.e.
north of the city fortress (Brizzi, G. 1984: 81). A
customs house was situated also in Ratiaria (Portorium Illyricum) (Giorgetti, D. 1989: 66). Between the 2nd and the 3rd centuries the town was
defined as the commercial center (emporion) of
the district.
After 272 AD Ratiaria became the maim
town of the Coastal Dacia province (Dacia Ripensis) (, . in the present volume: 38, .
1). The military and administrative governors of
the province stayed at Ratiaria. The remains of a
monumental building are interpreted as residence
of the governor of the province (Kuzmanov, G.
2000; Vleva, J. 2000). In 2010 in the surroundings of the town was found an inscription of Aurelius Priscus - dux Daciae Ripensis (governor
of Coastal Dacia) (, . 2011a: 533, . 2;
, . in the present volume: 244, . 5).
This is the second dux of the province of the three
known to date, recorded in the inscription.
In 4th c. Ratiaria was an episcopal center.
The names of its bishops are known from written sources. One of them was Sylvester, who was
involved in the famous Serdekiyski council in 343
AD, and another one was Palladius who was a famous theorist and defender of Arianism (,
. 2002: 15).

R AT I A R I A S E P M E R F L O R E AT

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Fig. 1. The Roman province Moesia and the localization of Ratiaria.

The first person that rediscovered R
atiaria

(, . 1953). The only study, which follows

was F. Kanitz, after he visited Archar in 1862

the historical development of that important Ro-

(Kanitz, F. 1879: 96-99). Later in 1889 via the vil-

man town, belongs to professor Velizar Velkov

lage passed Vatslav Dobruski. He added his obser-

(, . 1965).

vations about the location of the center of the town

to the Kanitz information. He gathered inscriptions, architectural fragments and for the first time
he tried to extract information about the internal
structure of the town by interpreting separate inscriptions (, . 1890: 22-31).

The first serious research of the town was

implemented in 1952 and 1958-1959 by professor
V. Velkov. The reason was a mass destruction of
the Roman necropolis of Ratiaria in locality Parlozite. In course of these first researches were
cleaned some graves and sarcophagi and were

More specific observations on the topog-

collected many and varied ceramic materials and

raphy of Ratiaria and a detailed description of the

bricks with stamps (, . 1962; 1965: 16-

city were given by Boris Dyakovich, who visited

17). In the period 1958-1962 together with Yor-

Archar in 1900 (, . 1900: 156-167).

danka Atanasova, a director of the Archaeological

The first serious attempt to cover the collected

Museum in Vidin, were carried out studies whose

epigraphic material was made by Boris Gerov

task was to clarify the direction of the western for-

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Kr as s imir a Luka

Fig. 2. The inscription ANASTASIANA RATIARIA SEMPER FLOREAT found at the Western
gate of Ratiaria. Photo by K. Luka.
tification wall.
In 1968 were discovered remains of certain public and private buildings and was outlined
the approximate location of the western and northern wall. In this period were discovered many meters of Ratiarias aqueduct located in the suburban
area. As a result of these first excavations, which
were stopped due to the lack of funds, was clarified the area of the city dated to the 5th and 6th c.
AD.
In 1974 the Department of Ancient Archeology of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences appointed Prof. Yanka Mladenova a leader of the archaeological researches in Ratiaria. In 1978 to the
excavations joined a team of archaeologists from
the University of Bologna - Italy, under the guidance of Prof. Donankarlo Susie. The main role in
the excavation belongs to Prof. Maria Bollini and
Dr. Giorgetti.
The scientific program was related to two
problems - the defense system and the urban development. The Italian archaeologists discovered

52

remains of suburban villa with a multi-coloured

mosaic floor from the first half of 3rd c. AD, situated on the high bank of the river Danube. The Bulgarian team excavated the space along the western wall. They succeed to examine several towers
and to clarify the chronology of the fortification.
The results of these studies are published in the
series Ratiariensia. During the excavation of the
western wall was discovered and inscription, that
stood at the entrance of the city and said ANASTASIANA RATIARIA SEMPER FLOREAT (fig.
2) (Ratsiaria of [Emperor] Anastasius will flourish
forever) (, . 1984).1
In 1991 the excavations were cancelled.
Since then, for over twenty years, instead of being an object of scientific researches and touristic attraction, the place has been a crime scene
of treasure-hunters invasion and illegal traffic
of cultural artefacts (Luka, K. 2009; 2012). The
treasure hunters intervention has affected an area
with a length of 2 km. (East West) and a width
1. The words of this inscription were taken as a main
title of the present series because of their symbolic meaning.

R AT I A R I A S E P M E R F L O R E AT

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Fig. 3. Aerial photograph of Ratiaria taken in 1976.

53

Kr as s imir a Luka

Fig. 4. Supposed plan of Ratiaria according to D. Giorgetti (by Giorgetti, D. 1987: Tav. A).

54

R AT I A R I A S E P M E R F L O R E AT

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Fig. 5. Supposed plan of Ratiaria including excavated areas, newly discovered findings, analysis of the
digital copies of aerial photography and topographical data of the terrain (The numerals correspond to
the catalog numbers in the articles of Rumen Ivanov (p. 143-170) and Kalin Stoev (p. 230-238) in the
present volume)

55

Kr as s imir a Luka

of 1 km. (North - South), which covers entirely

the area of the site. Some of the treasure-hunters
holes reached a depth of 10 meters and revealed
ruins of many buildings and architectural details,
which are observed over the entire area of the site.
In 2009 the Bulgarian Archaeological Association (BAA) started a campaign for saving the
capital of Dacia Ripensis and reopening the scientific researches here. Only for three years at the
site were discovered 14 new Latin inscriptions,
over 700 artifacts, more then 15 new monumental
buildings, and 12 new legionary stamps. In 2011
was found the well-preserved decumanus maximus (main street) of the city.2
Topography and urban planning
In 1976 was taken an aerial photograph of
the site, which preserves the original view of the
terrain before its demolition (fig. 3).3 Analyzing
this photograph, D. Giorgetti assumes that the fortress of Ratiaria was initially square-shaped and
later it was extended to the south, as a result of
which it obtained rectangular shape with dimensions 426 (north-south) x 284 m (west-east) (Giorgetti, D. 1987: 40-42). D. Giorgetti suggests a hypothetical reconstruction of the plan as a system
of identical insulae, symmetrically situated and
arranged around a main street with direction westeast (decumaus maximus) and two main streets
orientated north-south (fig. 4) (Giorgetti, D. 1987:
41-42).
In 2002 in an extensive article on Ratiaria, V. Dinchev pointed out two questions con2. The present book is result mainly of these researches. Im warmly thankful to all authors in this volume
who helped to reopening the studies of Ratiaria and whose
work is presented on the following pages.
3. In 2012 the curator in Vidin Museum Olenka
Milanova found and took digital copies of this photos. Thanks
to her now we have a chance to publish for the first time the
entire area of the city in tis original view.

56

cerning the aforementioned aerial photograph and

Giorgetti observations. First of them concerns the
location of the earlier fortification wall and the
second - the date of the visible on the photograph
planning system of the town (, . 2002:
17-19). According to him, the bed of the east wall
suggested by D. Giorgetti is not indisputable and
the variant of rectangular plan with orientation
west - east cannot be a priori excluded for the
early fortress (fig. 4) (Ibid. note 15). V. Dinchev
suggests that a vastly greater town fortress was
built with the proclamation of Ratiaria as capital
of Dacia Ripensis at the end of the 3rd - the beginning of the 4th c., i.e. he dates Giorgettis plan
earlier (2nd c. AD) and refers the information about
finds of walls along the south-eastern periphery of
the plain to the presumable Late Roman extension
of the city.
New discoveries and evidence
The renewed researches in Ratiaria and
the surveying of the terrain gave new data regarding the town planning and the topography of Ratiaria. At the first place, the discovery of the part
of route of decumanus maxumus 500 m away rom
the Western gate shows that the dimensions of the
town given by D. Giorgetti (284 m west-east) are
not correct (fig. 5). The close examination of the
aforementioned aerial photograph also shows discrepancy with Giorgettis suggested plan of the
city. According to the photograph and having in
mind the position of the newly discovered part of
decumanus maximus, it is clear that originally the
fortress had a larger size. The study of the street
carried out in 2011-2012 showed that the pavement was laid on a layer dated back to the 1st century AD. The street has been used till the beginning of 5th c. according to the coins found at the
upper level.
At his plan Giorgetti mentioned an enor-

R AT I A R I A S E P M E R F L O R E AT

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Fig. 6. Corinthian capitals and Ionic base found in the area of so called Large Thermae in 2010.
Photo by K. Luka.
mous rectangular building with symmetrically in-

massive pilasters. According to their stylistic fea-

scribed various premises and halls - the so called

tures, the architectural elements belong to Late-

Large Thermae (fig. 4). According to him, the

Hadrians time (the second quarter of the 2nd c.)

three apses from south make its plan comparable

and they are identified as a product of the schools

to the plans of the bathing facilities of the so-called

of Asia Minor (, . 2011 b: 271-272).

Imperial type (Giorgetti 1987: 43-44, tav. B). He

This brings us back to the questions point-

situated this building south of the eastern line of

ed out by V. Dinchev according to whom the walls

insulae. On the aerial photograph however this

found along the south-eastern periphery of the

impressive edifice is localized south of the middle

plain belong to the late extension of the city (end

line of insulae with north-south direction (fig. 3

of 3rd 4th c.) and the Large Thermae are situated

and 5). In 2010 at the place of the same building

outside the originally fortified area (, .

three Corinthian capitals and an Ionic base were

2002: 17, 23). The last evidence proves that the

found (fig. 6). The capitals are from wall pillars or

overall planning of the streets and walls is a sign

57

Kr as s imir a Luka

Fig. 7. The fort in Castravia locality (modern Romania) according to Pamfil Polonic (Gherghe, P. /
Ridiche, F. 2006: 150)

of the urban concept of the beginning of the 2nd c.

and this planning includes the entire area of the
city readable on the aerial photograph. Without
doubt this urban structure was still in use during
the 5th century.
Very interesting and definitely important
problem is related again to the so-called Large
Thermae. The Corinthian capitals found here
provide a clear date of the building (the beginning
of the 2nd c.) that can be interpreted as a large temple, or public building - basilica. The three apses
used by Giorgetti to prove the interpretation of the
building as Imperial Thermae, in fact are not visible on the aerial photograph (fig. 3). The plan of
the building (with dimensions 85 x 55 m) is highly
reminiscent of the shape of Roman public basilica
- the central nave and aisles are visibly detectable
(fig. 5). On the north can be supposed a later annex
by which the building reaches dimension northsouth 75 m. A curious fact represents the name of
the area where the building is localized Krasta
(The cross). Usually The cross are named places

58

and ruins of old churches, monasteries and sacred

areas. The orientation of the building (east-west),
its vast dimensions, its inscribed cross plan are
sufficient grounds to assume that the famous Ratiarias episcopal center known from the written
sources should be sought at that place.
The new researches at the area of the city
are on their way to resolve one more important
question - where was situated the central town
square (forum)? Actually, the newly discovered
official inscriptions (containing names of emperors, announcing the construction of temples, etc.)
are concentrated in the eastern area of the city and
around the so-called Large Thermae (or public basilica ?) (fig. 5) (, . 2010: 631, .
3; , . 2011 b: 272, . 3). Probably it is
not surprising that exactly at these areas insulae,
streets etc. no visible. Only the further studies can
give clear answer if the question is about the sacred area of the town (temples, public buildings,
etc., in other words - the square), or it is just an
empty space related to the extension of the city

R AT I A R I A S E P M E R F L O R E AT

during the Late Antiquity as V. Dinchev suggests.

The new researches establish for the first
time the exact spots of the stamped bricks mentioning the name of Legio VII Claudia (,
. in the present volume: 164-167, No 1-11). This
could be the way to give an appropriate answer to
the problem posed by V. Dinchev - where was the
place of the earlier fortress? The stamps of Legio
VII Claudia are concentrated in the northern part
of the fortified area and cover the space between
the newly discovered part of decumanus maxims
and the Residence of the governor of the province
(fig. 5). Furthermore, under the street level, in a
layer dated in the 1st c. AD were found two more
stamps of the same military unit (, . in
the present volume: 166, No 8; 167, No 10). All
these data support V. Dinchevs observation that
the early fortress probably had a rectangular plan
with orientation west east.
Suburbs
Surprisingly, a town with magnitude and
range like Ratiaria, is poorly studied in regard to
its vicinities and suburban structure. According to
the local inhabitants, Ratiaria reaches an area of
20 km wide and 10 km long, i.e. the citys suburbs cover vast territory to the east, west and south
of the town. What was not known by Bulgarian archaeologists was the fact that till 2001 (i.e. eleven
years already) just across the river Danube, the
Romanian specialists carried out archaeological
excavations of the northern most part of Ratiaria
or of the so-called military fort post of the colonia.
Dimitrie Papazoglu localized the site in 1864 near
the village of Desa, Dep. Dolj. Later, the curator
in the National Museum of Antiquity - Bucharest Mr. Pamfil Polonic describes a military camp
with well-preserved fortification walls and dimensions 80 x 20 m (fig. 7) (Gherghe, P. / Ridiche, F.
2006: 150). In the course of archaeological exca-

1 2014

vations carried out between 2001 and 2009, two

detached archaeological localities were studied: a
Roman necropolis in locality La Ruptur and a
vast building with a length of 32 m and a colonnade in locality Castravia (fig. 8) (Gherghe, P. /
Ridiche, F. / Nica, M. 2002; Gherghe, P. / Ridiche,
F. 2005; 2006; 2007; 2008; 2009; Gherghe, P. /
Cristian, M. / Ridiche, F. 2010). According to the
investigators, it comes to a settlement of a military
nature and its necropolis (Gherghe, P. / Ridiche,
F. 2006: 151). However, the pottery (Gherghe, P.
/ Ridiche, F. 2006: Pl. X-XI, XIII; Gherghe, P. /
Ridiche, F. 2009: Pl. V-VI) and the findings discovered in the graves show period of usage between the 2nd and beginning of the 3rd c. AD. On
the other hand, the authors date the settlement in
4th c. AD (Gherghe, P. / Ridiche, F. 2009: 109). No
clear evidence for military usage of both sites exists. In any cases, the position of the localities La
Ruptur and Castravia close to a large river
island and in front of extended to the north land on
the Bulgarian coast supposes that this should be
an appropriate place for situating a bridge or for
emplacement of a river port.
At the other side of the river and about 2
km east from the colonia is situated one more archaeological site considered as the eastern necropolis of Ratiaria (, . 2002: 24). It is situated in locality Babuya and covers an area of 1000
x 500 m (fig. 8). This place was not registered till
2010 (, . 2011 : 532) but its dimensions
and its exposure close to the river bank on a terrain of low altitude shows its great importance as
a part of one settlement complex incl. the colonia
to the west, the settlement and necropolis to the
north and an other archaeological site in locality
Kaleto to the east (, . 2011 : 532). In
2011 here was found a Latin inscription devoted
to All gods (, . in the present volume:
245, . 6). The local inhabitants call this Place

59

Fig. 8. Situational plan of Ratiaria and its vicinities.

Kr as s imir a Luka

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R AT I A R I A S E P M E R F L O R E AT

The Camp of the Legion. All this new data came

to approve that the interpretation as Eastern necropolis of Babuya (, . 2002: 24) is
perfunctory and that the topography of the antique
town was much more complicated than the first
researchers imply. Such a comprehensive structure including situated in a different locations civil
settlements (municipium / colonia), canabae and
legion camp is not new in Moesia Superior and
in the neighbor province of Pannonia (Vindobona,
Carnuntum, Brigetio, Aquincum, Singindunum,
Viminacium) (Mcy, A. 1974: 127, fig. 22). Only
the further researches can specify accurately the
interpretation and the nature of the two sites in
Babuya and Kanala.
During the former studies was localized
and excavated the catchment of Ratiaria aqueduct located 8 km southwest of the town in locality
Zhidovets (Atanasova, J. 1980: Tav. X). In 2009
the survey in the vicinities of Ratiaria discovered
a new archaeological site (villa ?) situated not far
from the catchment, and a secondary road leading
from the colonia to it and perhaps continuing to
locality Zhidovets ( 2010: 630; Petrovi,
V. P., Filipovi, V., Luka, K. in the present volume:
127, Fig. 26). This newly discovered road and the
antique site located along it very likely catered for
the ancient aqueduct and also form a part of the
topography and the layout of ancient Ratiaria.
Finally, in 2011 was located a part of

1 2014

the main road traced in the early 1st century AD

linking Ratiaria at the Danube limes (boundary)
with the Adriatic coast passing through the early
Roman military camp Conbustica (near village
of Kladorub, Bulgaria), Timacum Minus (near
Knyazhevats, Serbia) and Naissus (modern Nish,
Serbia) ( in print; Petrovi, V. P., Filipovi,
V., Luka, K. in the present volume: 128-129, Fig.
27-28).
The ancient Colonia Ratiaria, which was
forgotten by scholars for more than 20 years, still
remains the biggest Roman city (with an administrative territory of over 6000 square kilometers) in
the eastern part of Moesia Superior. The lengthy
silence of the Bulgarian scholars have had fatal
consequences for the archeology of the Balkans.
In 1995 the archeologist Fanoula Papazoglou
wrote in the introduction of the book Inscriptions
of Mosia Superior: This volume does not cover
the northeastern part of the province as we intended initially. The preparation of this last part, which
involved the Bulgarian colleagues Velizar Velkov
and Vasilka Gerasimova, was canceled a few years
ago because of political reasons which made our
contacts impossible. (IMS: Avantpropos). Hopefully the new researches and the efforts of the new
generation of archaeologists in Bulgaria will guarantee that the case Ratiaria will never happen
again.

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Kr as s imir a Luka

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. . . . , 1, 1962: 1 -19.

, . 1965

. . . I.
. , II, 1 (1964/1965), 1965: 1-24.

, . 1984

. . (491-518)
. - , VI, 2-3, 1984: 92-94.

, . 1953

. .
. , 2. , 48, 1953: 307-398.

, . 2002

. . . In: (. , .)
. I, , 2002: 13-28.

, . 1890

. . . , 2, 1890: 1-46.

, . 1900

. . . , 16-17, 1900: 147-178.

, . 2010

. . , . 2009 ., , 2010: 629-631.

, . 2011 a

. .
, . - 2010 .,
2011: 531-533.

, . 2011 b

. . Colonia Ulpia Traiana Ratiaria.

. , , .
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in print

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63

Kr as s imir a Luka

COLONIA ULPIA TRAIANA RATIARIA.

Colonia Ulpia Traiana Ratiaria ( , ) 20 .
50
. 2008
,
,
,
.
,
.
Ratiaria
. 2011
. decumanus maxumus (fig. 5).
, II .
- (500 500 ) , D. Giorgetti 1987 (fig. 4).
, 1979 (fig. 3)
. . , 2010 .
(fig. 6).
II .
, ,
- ,
, .
( .
) decumanus maximus
. . (fig. 5) ,
(Forum).
.
Ratiaria
Legio VII Claudia,
decumanus maximus
(fig. 5).

, ,
(fig. 8).
, .

64