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    Cold and Dry Climatic Zone of India

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    Anirudh Babbar
    The document discusses the cold and dry climate of Ladakh, India. It experiences cold, sunny weather with summer highs of 17-24°C and winter lows of -14-0°C. The economy relies on agriculture including barley, wheat, peas and livestock. The population includes Tibetan, Mon, and Dard ethnic groups who are predominantly Buddhist or Muslim. Traditional architecture uses local materials like timber, mud bricks and slate to retain heat through compact design, thick walls and roofs.

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    Cold and Dry Climatic Zone of India

    Uploaded by

    Anirudh Babbar
    979 views16 pages
    The document discusses the cold and dry climate of Ladakh, India. It experiences cold, sunny weather with summer highs of 17-24°C and winter lows of -14-0°C. The economy relies on agriculture including barley, wheat, peas and livestock. The population includes Tibetan, Mon, and Dard ethnic groups who are predominantly Buddhist or Muslim. Traditional architecture uses local materials like timber, mud bricks and slate to retain heat through compact design, thick walls and roofs.

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    Presentation on Cold and Dry Climate in India with case studies.

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    The document discusses the cold and dry climate of Ladakh, India. It experiences cold, sunny weather with summer highs of 17-24°C and winter lows of -14-0°C. The economy relies on agriculture including barley, wheat, peas and livestock. The population includes Tibetan, Mon, and Dard ethnic groups who are predominantly Buddhist or Muslim. Traditional architecture uses local materials like timber, mud bricks and slate to retain heat through compact design, thick walls and roofs.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    979 views16 pages

    Cold and Dry Climatic Zone of India

    Uploaded by

    Anirudh Babbar
    The document discusses the cold and dry climate of Ladakh, India. It experiences cold, sunny weather with summer highs of 17-24°C and winter lows of -14-0°C. The economy relies on agriculture including barley, wheat, peas and livestock. The population includes Tibetan, Mon, and Dard ethnic groups who are predominantly Buddhist or Muslim. Traditional architecture uses local materials like timber, mud bricks and slate to retain heat through compact design, thick walls and roofs.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 16

    Climatic Zones Of India

    Cold & Dry Climate of Ladhak


    INTRODUCTION
    • India is home to variety of climatic
    zones, ranging from tropical in the
    south to temperate and alpine in
    the himalayan north, where
    elevated regions recieve winter
    snowfall. The climate is greately
    influenced by Himalayas and the
    Thar Dessert.
    • Region in Indian state of Jammu and
    Kashmir
    • Extends from the Kunlun mountain
    range to the main Great Himalayas
    to the south, inhabited by people of
    Indo-Aryan and Tibetan descent.
    • A no. of valleys, passes, mountains
    ranges, valleys complete the beauty
    of Ladakh
    • Highest altitude plateau region in
    India (much of it being over 3,000
    m)
    Climatic Zones Of India
    CLIMATE & LIFESTYLE
    • COLD and SUNNY type of • The economy of Ladakh is mainly
    climate is experienced in agricultural. Most of the people earn their
    Ladhak. livelihood by growing barley, wheat and
    • Temperature Variations peas.
    • SUMMER • Keeping livestock, especially yak, cows,
    • During day: 17-24 C dzos, sheep and goats.
    • The people of Ladakh are also engaged in
    • During night: 4-11 C
    business, trading in textiles, carpets,
    • Winter dyestuffs.
    • During day: 7-9 C
    • During night: -14 - 0 C
    • Relative humidity – consistently
    low Winds – occasionally
    intense
    • Sky is fairly clear throughout the
    year
    • Cloud cover is less than 50%
    ECOLOGY & DEMOGRAPHICS
    • Ladakh has an extremely cold climate
    with the rocky and uneven terrain. It is a
    dry desert and harsh climate with low
    temperatures. Due to these factors, there
    is limited vegetation here. However
    certain narrow valleys in the region are
    quite fertile where certain plants and
    agricultural crops are grown.
    • Vegetation is also visible around the river
    banks and along the snow line. There are
    also certain varieties of willow groves,
    wild roses, and herbs.

    • Leh, Ladakh population- 150,371 • The Buddhists and Muslims comprise the
    • State- 13,338,542 majority, concentrated in the north and
    • The major races found here are the east and to the south respectively
    Tibetans, Mons and the Dards. • The Christians form a smaller minority.
    • The predominant religions in the region are
    Buddhism, Christianity and Islam.
    CULTURE
    • Ladakh, one of the highest, driest and coldest
    inhabited places on earth, has a mixture of
    cultures living and working together.
    • Ladakh, on a major part, is inhabited by Buddhists.
    • One can easily find ancient Buddhist rock
    engravings, even in Muslim dominated areas, in
    Ladakh.
    • The culture of the region is clearly revealed by
    the monasteries that can be seen in almost every
    village. These monasteries (gompas) can be huge
    complexes with a number of shrines, prayer halls,
    etc.
    • Traditional music includes the instruments surna
    and daman (shenai and drum).
    • The music of Ladakhi Buddhist monastic festivals,
    like Tibetan music, often involves
    religious chanting in Tibetan as an integral part of
    the religion.
    • One of the biggest and most popular is
    the Hemis festival. It is celebrated in June to
    commemorate the birth of Guru Padmasambhava.
    PLANNING
    • The old town is located on the southern slope of the mountain terrain at the
    settlement to face the Sun.
    • The newer parts are extending in the plans in the south west direction
    • The highest point of the leh town is occupied by the Tsemo Gompa followed down the
    slope by leh palace and then the houses of nobals
    • The lower part of the settlement is occupied by commoners and then trhe main bazar

    ARCHITECTURE SPATIAL LAYOUT


    • Mostly the building are 2 storied
    • Large houses have courtyards while small
    houses do not have o the ground floor is
    usually a dwarf storey for keeping livestock,
    storage purposes and also to collect waste
    • Upper storey is used for living purposes
    usually consists of prayer room, store, toilet
    and a large room combining function of
    drawing, kitchen, bedroom
    • The timber post is characteristic of
    architecture of ladakh
    • The main living room has a large window
    facing sun
    MATERIALS & TECHNIQES
    Ladakhi Roof
    • Flat Wooden – Mud Finish
    • Flat due to less precipitation
    • Provides insulation from cold
    • Used to dry vegetables and fruits for cold season
    Construction of Ladakhi Roof
    • Ladakhi roof starts with a ceiling of wooden
    beams, rafters and willow-stick joists, on which we
    place woven straw mats to prevent dust from
    falling through the joists,
    • Next comes a layer of Ladakhi “yagtses” grass, a
    traditional stop-gap layer.
    • Next comes a layer of rough soil, and then the
    layer of “markalak” clay
    • The final layer of soil on the roof is applied wet,
    and its mix can include straw, and even the dung of
    cows, donkeys or horses to increase its solidness as
    people often walk on the flat roofs.
    BUILDING STUDY
    Construction of Walls
    • Sun dried mud bricks
    • Rammed earth panels
    • Mud mortar used for joining
    • Retains temperature
    • Less affected by earthquake
    Trombe Wall
    Wall Finish
    • Creates germ free atmosphere
    • Retain temperature
    • Mud Plastered – Lime washed
    Flooring
    • For plinth and floor stone masonry with mud mortar is used.
    • Later on timber joists also came in use to make it more stable and earthquake resistant.
    Planning
    • Compact and clustered planning
    • Houses made of stone and mud clay
    BUILDING STUDY
    Sofi House

    • One of the oldest and architecturally important


    houses
    • It was built 100 years ago
    • The building has two stories
    • The roof was badly disintegrated,with extensive
    leakage.

    Ground Floor Plan

    First Floor Plan


    BUILDING STUDY
    Norchung House

    • Norchung House is part of a cluster of buildings


    on the ridge below the palace.
    • It is one of the larger buildings in old Leh,
    four floors, and many remarkable
    architectural details.
    • The roof is leaking and the upper floor is not
    usable any longer because it was on the verge on
    collapsing
    BUILDING STUDY

    Hor Yakandi House


    • This house was built about
    100 years ago by a Muslim
    family from
    • North-western China
    (Yarkand).

    Lonpo House
    • This is the former home of
    the king’s chief minister,
    built around the same time
    as the Leh Palace (AD.
    1600).
    • In the 1990s, it was
    donated to Chemrey
    monastery.
    DESIGN CRITERIA AND FEATURES

    OBJECTIVE PHYSICAL MANIFESTATION


    RESIST HEAT LOSS DECREASE EXPOSED SURFACE AREA.
    INCREASE THERMAL RESISTANCE.
    INCREASE THERMAL CAPACITY .
    INCREASE BUFFER SPACES.
    DECREASE AIR EXCHANGE RATE.
    INCREASE SURFACE AREA ABSORBIVITY.

    PROMOTE HEAT GAIN REDUCE SHADING.


    UTILIZATION OF HEAT FROM APPLIANCES
    HEAT TRAPPING TECHNIQUES.(AIR LOCKS ,
    WEATHER STRIPPING, USE OF DARK
    COLORS AND TROMBE WALL SYSTEMS)
    ORIENTATION AND SHAPE OF BUILDING.
    ROOF INSULATION, WALL INSULATION
    AND DOUBLE GLAZING
    VERNACULAR MATERIALS USED
    FOR
    CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS
    IN
    LADAKH

    THE TRADITIONAL BUILDING MATERIALS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION IN LADAKH REGION ARE
    :
    • TIMBER
    • EARTH SOIL WALLING : EARTH SOIL , WOOD , TIMBER , LIME
    • LIME CEMENT CEMENT ETC.
    • WOOD • SIZE OF MUD BLOCK – 300 X 150 X 150 mm
    • 20 mm OF NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER
    • THICK MUD-PLASTER IS USED TO CREATE ADDITIONAL
    INSUATION LAYERS
    ROOFING : MUD ON WOODEN
    BALLIES, TIMBER , BAMBOO, THATCH
    • WATERPROOF ROOFING PANELS OF
    SIZW 300 X 300 X 100 mm

    FLOORING : EARTH SOIL , WOOD AND TIMBER


    FAMOUS PUBLIC BUILDINGS IN LADAKH

    PAST PRESENT

    LEH PALACE LADAKH RESIDENCY


    STAKNA MONASTERY HOTEL NALANDA LADKH
    CHEMREY MONASTERY HOTEL CARAVAN CENTRE
    SANKAR MONASTERY THE GRAND DRAGON LADAKH
    BASGO MONASTERY RESIDENTIAL BUILIDNGS
    HUNDUR MONASTERY
    BARDEN MONASTERY
    RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
    CONCLUSION
    RESIST HEAT LOSS
    • Decrease exposed surface area
    • Increase thermal resistance
    • Increase thermal capacity (Time lag)
    • Increase buffer spaces
    • Decrease air exchange rate
    • Increase surface absorptivity
    • Promote heat gain
    • Reduce shading
    • Utilize heat from appliances
    • Trapping heat
    • Orientation and shape of building
    • Use of trees as wind barriers
    • Roof and wall insulation, double glazing
    • Thicker walls
    • Air locks/ Lobbies
    • Weather stripping
    • Darker colors
    • Walls and glass surfaces
    • Sun spaces/ green houses/ Trombe walls etc

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