EB0440

Trees
OF WASHINGTON

Illustrations by
Mrs. Iva Shoup & Edward R. Speck. Jr.

Trees of Washington
By Milton M. Mosher, Professor of Forestry, and
Knut Lunnum, Former Extension Forestry Specialist, Washington State University*

Washington is a forested state, and its welfare is

closely tied to its trees and forest industries.
This bulletin is a simple approach to dendrology,
or tree identification, and covers only the most
important trees. But once you know these, you can
learn others easily.

Trees Are Individuals

Anyone interested in forestry should be able to

identify the trees. To know different types of trees,
keep in mind that trees have definite individual
characteristics, just like different kinds of birds,
cows, and horses. At first some of these differences
seem hard to find, but with a little practice you can
see them easily.
You can recognize trees in a number of ways.
Leaves stand out and are easiest to see. Buds on
the ends of the branches are helpful. And the twigs
themselves often have individual markings. The bark
of each tree differs from that of every other tree. The
fruit on trees is helpful too, and often used to make
final identification.

See Where the Tree Grows

It pays to notice where a tree grows since

some are common in swamps while others never

grow there. The general size and condition of the

tree is important for identification. Trees which
grow in the open develop typical crown shapes. The
figures in this bulletin are only average heights and
diameters, and young trees may not always measure
up to them.
For best results, learn to know trees under their
natural conditions. Trees found growing in yards,
parks, and cemeteries are often ornamentals and not
native to this state. Because of this, you cannot identify
them by the key on pages 4 to 6.

Even the Same Kinds Vary

Remember that the same kind of trees often

vary greatly. Do not be surprised to find that leaf
size, in particular, does not fit the average figures.
Sprout growth almost always has extra large leaves,
and trees on poor, dry soils often have undersized
leaves.
With a little practice, you can soon learn to
recognize these variations in size, shape, and condition.
As you learn more trees, you will naturally classify
them by their similarities and differences.
Nineteen softwoods (evergreens) and thirteen
hardwoods (broadleaves) are covered in this bulletin.
The keys on pages 4 to 6 will help you identify the
species in each group.

*Acknowledgement is made to the many staff members of WSU who made helpful suggestions. The common and scientific names used in this
edition conform to the Check List of Native and Naturalized Trees of the United States, Agricultural Handbook 41, Forest Service, U.S. Department
of Agriculture. The ranges were taken mostly from Atlas of United States Trees, Misc. Publ. No. 1146, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1971.

LEAF
Bud Scales

Leaf Arrangement

AlternateRed Cedar

NoneCascara ManyBlack
Cottonwood

OppositeMaple

Margins

Entire
Madrone

Doubly Serrate
Serrate
Quaking Aspen Bigtooth Aspen

Crenate

Doubly crenate
Alder

Form

SimpleMaple

CompoundAsh

Dentate
Poplar

Lobes

PinnateOak

PalmateMaple

TYPES
Apex

Base

Asymmetrical
Hackberry

HeartVine Maple

RoundCascara

RoundedCascara

PointedWil-

Shape

OvateBlack Cottonwood

HeartshapedCottonwood

LinearHemlock

TriangularAspen

Shape (continued)

LanceolateWillow

EllipticalCascara

Scale-likeRed Cedar

ObovateWillow

Using the Key

To use the key, compare the species with
characteristics in the key. These keys are two-branched,
that is, if the D part does not fit the specimen then the
DD part does. The key only gives the most outstanding
features of a species, and you can identify it only after
you have carefully compared the sample with the full
description in the main section of the bulletin.
Lets say, for example, you have a branch from a
tree. Its foliage is shiny dark green with narrow leaves,
so it belongs to the coniferous or evergreen group. The
leaves are not in clusters on spur shoots as described
in A, so it must be under AA. The leaves are scattered
singly rather than in clusters of two to five, so it goes

under AA, not A.

Now, the leaves are linear, which is long and narrow,
and appear two-ranked, which means a row of needles
on each side of the twig. So from B, we trace it to c
and find peg-like projections left on the stem following
leaf fall. And also under D, the leaves have short stalks,
are flattened, and have two bands of stomata below.
The stomata are the two faint lines of breathing holes.
Apparently the sample is a hemlock. After reading E
and EE, we decide that E fits best. Next turn to No.
10, Western Hemlock, and complete the identification
of the sample.

Key to Native Coniferous Trees

A. Leaves deciduous (dropping in the fall), scattered singly or in clusters on spur shoots, cones
upright on stem...................................................................................................................Larches
a. Leaves triangular (three-sided); buds smooth; cones oblong, 1 to 1 1/2 inches long,
smooth; twigs hairless (5) Western Larch
aa. Leaves quadrangular (four-sided); buds covered with long, white hairs; cones rounded,
1 1/2 to 2 inches long; twigs covered in dense, woolly hairs.....................(6) Subalpine Larch
AA. Leaves persistent (stay on stems the year around)
a. Leaves in clusters of two to five with sheath (a covering) at the base of needles Pines
b. Leaves in clusters of five, sheath deciduous Soft Pines
c. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, rows of stomata (white dots) on inside; cones 5 to 15
inches long cylindrical ......................................................................(1) Western Pine
cc. Leaves 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 inches long; rows of stomata on outside; cones 2 to 3 inches
long, rounded................................................................................ (2) Whitebark Pine
bb. Leaves in clusters of two or three; sheath persistent.......................................Hard Pines
c. Leaves in clusters of three or two and three on the same tree, 5 to 11 inches long;
large resinous (pitchy) buds; cone 3 to 6 inches long.................... (3) Ponderosa Pine
cc. Leaves only in clusters of two, 1 to 3 inches long; rather small slightly resinous buds;
cone 3/4 to 2 inches long, usually asymmetrical (lopsided)............(4) Lodgepole Pine
aa. Leaves scattered singly on stems or in opposite pairs
b. Leaves linear (narrow and slender looking) spirally arranged and often appearing
two-ranked (row of needles on each side of twig)
c. Peg-like projections left on stem after leaves fall
d. Leaves with short stalks, flattened, two broad bands of stomata below, Hemlocks

 e. Leaves appearing two-ranked, stomata on under surface only; light brown

cone, 1/2 to 3/4 inch long............................................. (10) Western Hemlock
ee. Leaves growing out from all sides of stem, stomata on both surfaces; cone
1 to 3 inches long purple to yellow-green . ............(11) Mountain Hemlock
dd. Leaves without stalks, quadrangular (four-sided) or flattened; stomata not in
prominent bands........................................................................................Spruces
e. Leaves flattened, yellow-green, growing at nearly right angles to the stem,
sharp-pointed; cone 2 1/2 to 4 inches long............................(7) Sitka Spruce
ee. Leaves quadrangular, blue-green, tend to point toward end of stem,
pointed tips; cone 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 inches long . ..............(8) Engelmann Spruce
cc. Stem mostly smooth after leaves fall
d. Leaves with stalks, scattered over twig or appearing in two ranks; non-resinous
buds; fruit a pendant (hanging down) cone or aril (berry-like sack open at
lower end)
e. Leaves usually scattered over twig or sometimes appearing in two ranks;
leaf stalks same color as leaf; buds pointed; cones with three-lobed
bracts (growth between cone scales) longer than scales.......(9) Douglas Fir
ee. Leaves always two-ranked; leaf stalks yellow; bud rounded; fruit a scarlet
aril....................................................................................... (19) Pacific Yew
dd. Leaves without stems crowded on upper side of twig; scattered or in two ranks;
resinous, rounded buds; upright cones....................................................True Fire
e. Leaves two-ranked, 3/4 to 2 1/4 inches long; dark green, white bands of
stomata on lower side; purple-green cylindrical cone 2 to 4 1/2 inches long
.......................................................................................................... (14) Grand Fir

ee. Leaves crowded on upper side of twig or scattered

f. Leaves quadrangular, grooved above, stomatiferous (lines of white
spots) on all sides, 1 to 1 1/2 inches long; cone light brown to purple;
bracts extend beyond cone scale, reflexed (turned back), oblong, 4 to 6 .
inches long...................................................................... (15) Noble Fir
ff. Leaves flattened, smooth above
g. Leaves shiny, dark green with bands of stomata below, 3/4 to
1 1/4 inches long, crowded on upper side of twig; cone deep
purple, cylindrical 3 1/2 to 6 inches long ......(12) Pacific Silver Fir
gg. Leaves blue-green, stomatiferous on both sides, 1 to 1 1/2 inches
long, scattered on twig; cone, grayish-purple, oblong-cylindrical,
........................................................................2 1/2 to 4 inches long
(13) Subalpine Fir
bb. Leaves scale-like, mostly closely appressed (closely pressed to the stem)
c. Twigs flattened; foliage in flattened sprays; fruit a leathery to woody cone
d. Branchlets much flattened; foliage in flattened sprays long and drooping;
cone oblong; scales flattened and over-lapping .............(16) Western Redcedar
dd. Branchlets somewhat flattened; tips of leaves sharp and spreading; cone
round; scales shield shape...................................................... (17) Alaska-Cedar
cc. Twigs round; foliage spreading out in all directions; fruit berry-like Junipers
d. Leaves dark green; margins smooth; branchlets slender, fruit blue with white
bloom maturing in 2 years................................... (18) Rocky Mountain Juniper
5

Key to Native Broad-leaved Trees

A. Leaves persistent on the stem for several seasons (evergreen). Leaves dark, shiny green above .
and whitish beneath; fruit an orange-red drupe (cherry-like); bark reddish-brown, thin, and
scaly..............................................................................................................(31) Pacific Madrone
AA. Leaves deciduous (falling in the fall)
B. Leaves opposite on the twig
a. Leaves simple
b. Leaves palmately (hand-like) lobed; fruit a double samara..............................Maples
c. Leaves large and 8 to 12 inches across; stalks 10 to 12 inches long, five-lobed;
margins of leaves entire; wings of fruit 1 to 2 inches long ...........(27) Bigleaf Maple
cc. Leaves smaller 2 to 6 inches; stalks 1 to 2 inches long, seven to nine lobes; margins .
serrate (saw-toothed); wing of fruit 1 1/2 inches long ..................... (28) Vine Maple
bb. Leaves without lobes, 4 to 5 inches long, ovate (egg-like) to obovate (broad end up);
densely hairy below; fruit a red drupe.......................................... (30) Pacific Dogwood
aa. Leaves compound, five to seven ovate to elliptical (oval), slightly serrate leaflets,
densely hairy below; fruit a samara (winged-seed).................................(32) Oregon Ash
BB. Leaves alternate on the stem, simple (nearly opposite in c)
a. Leaves lobed, lobe tips rounded, hairy below; fruit an acorn (25) Oregon White Oak

aa. Leaves entire (never lobed)
b. Buds covered in single cap-like scale; leaves long and narrow (lance-shaped) to
elliptic (oval or oblong); fruit a capsule borne in an ament.........................(20) Willows
bb. Buds covered by several distinct scales or naked (no scales)
c. Buds naked, covered with matter woolly hairs; leaves sometimes nearly opposite on
the stem.................................................................................. (29) Cascara Buckhorn
cc. Buds covered with scales
d. Leaf margins doubly serrate (saw-toothed)
e. Margins serrate-dentate (saw-toothed and deeply indented) with a wrinkled .
appearance; margins slightly turned under, dark green with rusty hairs
below, fruit borne in an oblong-ovoid (oval) cone..................(24) Red Alder
ee. Margins coarsely doubly serrate, dull dark green and with hairs along the
veins below; fruit borne (lies) in a cylindrical cone........ (23) Western Paper Birch
dd. Leaf margins singly serrate or entire
e. Leaves unequally heart-shaped at the often entire base, roughened above;
fruit orange-brown to black drupe............................. (26) Netleaf Hackberry
ee. Leaves with rounded asymmetrical (even) bases; margins crenate-serrate
(scalloped); fruit a capsule borne in an ament
f. Leaf stalks flattened; leaves nearly circular in outline; buds essentially .
non-resinous............................................................. (21) Quaking Aspen
ff. Leaf stalks round; leaves ovate; buds resinous (22) Black Cottonwood

1. Western
White Pine

Pinus monticula Dougl.

Western White pine is a valuable timber

tree. Unfortunately, it is often killed by
a fungus disease, white pine blister rust.
Efforts to control this disease have not been
successful so far, so the species is no longer
the major timber producer it once was in
the state.
The wood is fine grained, soft, easily
worked and used for interior finish and
woodworking as well as lumber.

LEAVES grow in clusters of five needles, 2 to 4 inches long, blue-green, two to six
white bands of stomata on the under surface.
BUDS are cylindrical, with rounded tips, about 1/2 inch long.
TWIGS are rather slender, usually hairy the first year and later without hair and dark
greenish-brown.
BARK is smooth green-gray on young stems, later breaking up into dark gray
rectangular plates.
FRUIT is a pendant cone, 5 to 15 inches long, cylindrical, light brown scales, Five needle clusters.
unarmed.
WOOD is pale brown, light, soft, and fine-grained.
IT IS a very large tree, 120 to 160 feet tall, 2 to 4 feet in
diameter at maturity (maximum 8 feet), forming a
rather open pyramidal head.
IT GROWS best on rich, moist, well-drained soils, and is
found at elevations from sea level to 7,000 feet. It
tolerates some shading.
WE FIND IT on both the Cascade and Olympic Mountains.
Foliage concenIt also rows in northeastern Washington and in
Branches in uniform
trated toward end of
whorls;
one for each
some scattered locations in Western Washington.
branch.
year.
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS are needles in clusters
of five, foliage bunched tufts at the ends of the twigs,
persistent 3 to 4 years; and large, resinous, rather
flexible cones.
7

2. Whitebark
Pine

Pinus albicaulis Engelm.

This tree is not commercially important for

lumber, but protects watersheds. It is often
reduced to a low or even sprawling shrubby
form at the timberline and is often misshapen
by the wind.
It is a common component of the wilderness
scenery of the state.

Grows high on
mountain.

Bark creamy white.

LEAVES grow in clusters of five each, 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 inches long, dark green, stout,
and rigid, with one to three white bands of stomata on all surfaces. Persistent
5 to 6 years.
BUDS are cinnamon-brown, about 1/4 inch long; ovoid (oval) with sharp tips.
TWIGS are rather stout, cinnamon-brown, and slightly hairy for the first 2 years.
BARK is creamy-white to pale brown, and broken into scales.
FRUIT is a rounded cone, 2 to 3 inches long, purple to brown, thickened scales, and
often armed. It usually disintegrates upon opening.
WOOD is pale brown, light, soft, and brittle.
IT IS a small tree, 30 to 40 feet tall and 1 to 2 feet in diameter forming a rather broad,
open head. Branches are usually very flexible.
IT GROWS best on moist, well-drained soils, but is more often found on poor sites
4,500 to 8,200 feet elevation. It needs full sunlight.
WE FIND IT on the Cascade, northeastern, and Blue Mountains.
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS are needles in clusters of five and clustered,
small, purplish cones with thickened cone scales.

3. Ponderosa
Pine

Pinus ponderosa Laws.

This tree is probably known by more

names than any other native tree. Some of
the most common names are western yellow
pine, yellow pine, bull pine, blackjack pine,
and ponderosa pine, which has become
most acceptable.
Although classified as a hard pine, its
wood is quite soft. It is used for millwork,
interior finish and lumber. It is the most
important pine in the United States.

LEAVES grow in clusters of three needles or threes and twos each, 5 to 11 inches
long, stout, dark yellowish-green.
BUDS are up to 1/2 inch long with acute tips and covered with resin droplets.
TWIGS are stout, and roughened where needles have fallen off.
BARK is dark brown or sometimes cinnamon-red, irregularly divided into plates.
Young, fast growing trees have nearly black bark.
FRUIT is a cone 3 to 6 inches long, rounded asymmetrical, yellow-brown, the scales
armed with prickles.
WOOD is reddish-brown, medium hard, and fine-grained.
IT IS a very large tree, 150 to 180 feet tall and 3 to 4 feet in diameter forming a round
topped head, or sometimes pointed head, on better sites.
IT GROWS best on moist well-drained soils, but is extremely drought resistant, and
will persist in otherwise nonforest areas. It needs full sunlight to survive.
WE FIND IT in the mountainous regions east of the Cascade Divide, especially in
central and northeastern Washington, where it grows in open stands, and west

Needles in bunches of
two and three.

of the Cascades in a few scattered locations.

IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS are needles in clusters of three or two and

three, plated cinnamon-red bark on old trees, and rounded cones with prickles
on the scales.

Longest needled pine

in Washington.

4. Lodgepole
Pine

Pinus contorta Dougl.

This tree has two forms-the coast form,

shore pine, and the mountain form, lodgepole.
The mountain form is valuable commercially
for lumber, poles, and pulpwood, while shore
pine is generally too small and misformed
for commercial use although it has been cut
locally.
Both of these forms are being developed
for Christmas trees. The mountain form
is noted for forming dense, pure stands
following logging and fire.

Small cones stay on

tree a long time.

Grows in thick clumps

likes company.

10

LEAVES grow in clusters of two needles each, 1 to 3 inches long, yellow green,
and often twisted.
BUDS are oval, slightly resinous, and about 1/4 inch long at first, elongating to 1
inch.
TWIGS are rather stout, and dark brown to black.
BARK is reddish-brown to nearly black, covered with loosely attached scales.
FRUIT is an asymmetrically (uneven) oval cone, 3/4 to 2 inches long, dark brown,
often remaining closed for several years, with scales having small recurved
prickles, often deciduous.
WOOD is pale brown, light, and fairly soft.
IT IS a medium-sized tree, 70 to 80 feet tall, 1 1/2 to 3 feet in diameter forming a
rather long, narrow, pointed head. It often grows in very dense stands. The
shore pine in western Washington is usually a small, poorly formed tree, 25
to 35 feet tall. It is found on poor sites near the coast.
IT SEEMS TO GROW best on moist, well-drained, sandy or gravelly soils, but
does well on dry sites, at elevations from sea level to 6,000 feet in the state.
It needs full sunlight for growth.
WE FIND IT on the Cascade Mountains and in the northeastern and southeastern
parts of the state.
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS are needles in clusters of two, unopened cones
remaining on branches for years following maturity. And it often grows in
thick, pure stands.

5. Western Larch

Latrix occidentalis Nutt.

Western larch is a common companion

of Douglas-fir in the forested areas east of
the Cascade divide. Its wood is strong, quite
heavy, and suitable for structural uses as well
as for cross ties and poles.
This species has been hard hit in recent
years by an outbreak of the larch casebearer,
which has defied control efforts. Larchs
future status is therefore shadowed at
present.

LEAVES are deciduous, scattered singly or in clusters on short spurs, triangular, 1 to

1 1/2 inches long, light green, fine tipped, and soft.
BUDS are blunt tipped, dark brown, and about 1/8 inch long.
TWIGS are stout, orange-brown, hairy at first, but soon smooth.
BARK is dark to reddish-brown, broken into oblong, scaly plates.
FRUIT is an upright cone, oblong, 1 to 1 1/2 inches long, bracts are much longer than
scales and terminate in a long spike.
WOOD is reddish, heavy, hard, close-grained.
IT IS a very large tree, 140 to 180 feet tall, 3 to 4 feet in diameter, forming a narrow,
pyramidal head. Butts are often much enlarged.
IT GROWS well in moist bottomlands and also on dry, gravelly soils, at elevations

Crackles loudly when

burning.

from 2,300 to 5,500 feet. Full sunlight is a must

for its survival.
WE FIND IT on the eastern sloped of the Cascade range,
the mountains of eastern Washington, and the Blue
Mountains.
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS are needles in
clusters growing on raised cushions, sheds needles
annually at the first autumn frost. The larches are
the only Washington conifers that do. New spring
needles are soft and light green.

Drops needles each

fallLarch trees are
the only western
cone bearing tree
that does.

Needles stick out

from cushion.

11

6. Subalpine
Larch

Larix lyallii Parl.

Subalpine larch is a stunted, often crooked,

timberline tree. It is of no commercial
importance because of its small size and
poor form, but it helps protect the soil on
watersheds.
This is an associate of whitebark pine
in the mountain wilderness areas of north
central Washington.

Likes only high country (above

4,000 feet).

Cones stand upright

on branches.

12

LEAVES are deciduous, scattered singly or in clusters on spur shoots, four-sided,

rigid, blue-green, 1 to 1 1/2 inches long, and short-pointed.
BUDS are about 1/8 inch long, covered in long white hairs.
TWIGS are stout, covered with dense, woolly hairs.
BARK is yellowish-brown, loose and scaly.
FRUIT is an upright cone, 1 1/2 to 2 inches long, rounded, deep purple in color, covered
with woolly hairs, bracts longer than scales, end in long spikes.
WOOD is reddish, hard, heavy, and coarse-grained.
IT IS usually a small tree, 25 to 50 feet tall, 1 to 2 feet in diameter forming a rather
long, broad pyramidal head. Often smaller and malformed.
IT GROWS at elevations of 4,000 to 8,000 feet, on a variety of sites if enough moisture
is present. It requires full sunlight.
WE FIND IT on both slopes of the Cascades and on high mountains in northeastern
Washington.
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS are needles single or in clusters on spur shoots
falling off in the autumn, twigs covered with woolly hair and upright cones.
It is found only at higher elevations.

7. Sitka
Spruce

Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.

Sitka spruce is the most important spruce

in the state and contributes a considerable
volume of wood to the economy. It is
primarily a coastal tree and will grow very
fast under ideal conditions.
It is used for lumber manufacture but is
an excellent pulp species also. Its wood has
a fine resonant quality and is used in some
musical instruments. It is unusually strong
for its weight so is ideal for the runners in
wooden ladder manufacture.

LEAVES are scattered singly, and stand out at nearly right angles to the twigs,
flattened, 3/4 to 1 1/8 inches long, yellow-green above, marked with white
bands of stomata below, with long, sharp points.
BUDS are round with a sharp tip, light brown, about 1/3 inches long.
TWIGS are slender or sometimes stout, usually drooping, orange-brown, and without
hair.
BARK is reddish-brown and broken into large, loose scales.
FRUIT is a pendant cone, oblong-cylindric, 2 1/2 to 4 inches long, yellowish-brown,
and shiny at maturity with cone scales papery and ragged at tips.
WOOD is pale brown, soft, light.
IT IS a large tree, 90 to 140 feet tall, 3 to 5 feet diameter, forming a rather broad
pyramidal head. On best sites it may be much larger. Often the base of the
tree is much enlarged.
IT GROWS best on moist, sandy, or even swampy soils, and thrives in areas of
heavy rainfall at elevations up to 3,000 feet, mostly under 1,200. It will grow
in considerable shade.
WE FIND IT along Puget Sound and the fog-belt of the Coast.
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS are needles scattered singly over the entire
stem, leaving a woody base on the twigs when they fall off, very sharp-pointed,
with bark broken into loose scales.

Bark corn-flakycrackles when pressed or

walked on.

Sharp, prickly needles.

13

8. Engelmann
Spruce

Picea engelmannii Parry

This spruce is a slow-growing, shallowrooted species found mostly in damp to wet

bottoms in mountainous areas. At timberline,
it is usually a prostrate shrub intermixed with
whitebark pine and occasionally subalpine
larch.
Engelmann spruce has not been used
extensively, but is suitable for lumber or
pulpwood. It often occurs in pure stands or
patches.

My crushed needles
smell bad.

I like eastern
Washington.

14

LEAVES are scattered singly, stand out from all sides of the twigs, four-sided, 1 to
1 1/8 inches long, blue-green, with pointed tips, and marked on all sides by
white rows of stomata. They give off a rank odor when crushed.
BUDS are conic, light brown, slightly reflexed scales, about 1/8 inch long.
TWIGS are slender, yellowish-brown, partly hairy for a few years.
BARK is reddish-brown, thin, and broken into large loose scales.
FRUIT is a pendant cone, oblong-cylindric, 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 inches long, light chestnut
brown and shiny at maturity; cone scales are ragged at the tips, and papery.
WOOD is pale reddish-brown, light, and soft.
IT IS a fairly large tree, 90 to 120 feet tall, 1 1/2 to 3 feet in diameter, forming a narrow
pyramidal head.
IT GROWS best on deep, rich, moist soils, from 1,000 to 7,000 feet elevation; at high
altitudes the tree grows from 2 to 4 feet high. It is tolerant of shading.
WE FIND IT on the Cascades, mountains of northern and northeastern Washington,
and a small area in the Olympic Mountains.
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS are single needles scattered over the entire twig,
with pointed tips (not nearly as sharp as the Sitka spruce) which leave a woody
base on the twig when they fall: the bark also breaks into loose scales.

9. Douglas Fir

Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.)
Franco
Douglas-fir, also known as red fir,
yellow fir, and Oregon pine, is the most
important tree in the West. It is also the
most important lumber species in the United
States, and is used for cross-ties, piling,
plywood, fuel, and Christmas trees.
There are two distinct forms of Douglas-fir.
The coast form is larger with trees up to 300
feet tall and 6 feet in diameter. It is one of the
fastest growing species in the United States.
It grows in the Pacific slope forest often in
extensive pure stands. The mountain form
is an inland tree, found at higher elevations
and grows only moderately fast at best. At
maturity trees will be up to 130 feet tall and 3 feet in diameter.

LEAVES are scattered singly over the twigs, often in rows on opposite sides of the
twigs, about 3/4 to 1 1/4 inches long, about 1/16 inch wide, and mostly blunt at
the apex, yellow-green or blue-green.
BUDS are shiny brown, sharp-pointed, about 1/4 inch long.
TWIGS are slender and hairy for the first few years, yellowish at first and later
becoming a dark gray-brown.
BARK is smooth on young stems, dark gray-brown, and often has resin blisters. It
later becomes thick, reddish-brown, and is divided by deep, irregular fissures.
Layers of light colored, corky material are mixed with the reddish-brown.
FRUIT is a cone 3 to 4 inches long, oblong-cylindric, pendant, with three-lobed bracts
longer than the cone scales.
WOOD is light red or yellow, hard, and strong
IT IS a very large tree, often over 200 feet tall, and up to 15 feet in diameter; usually
having a narrow, flat-topped head in forests.
IT GROWS on a variety of sites including some of the driest. But growth is best on
moist, rich soils. Growth is inhibited by much shade.
WE FIND IT in all forested sections of the state.
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS are needles single with a twisted stem, shiny
brown, sharp-pointed buds, cones with three-lobed bracts extending beyond
the cone scales.

I protect my seed with

pitchforkslook at
my cone.

Like all firs in early

life, my bark has pitch
blisters.

15

10. Western
Hemlock
Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.)
Sarg.

This species has become recognized as

a really important tree. In coastal forests
it is often found mixed with Douglas-fir or
the true firs. It also occurs in sizable pure
stands. It competes favorably in growth rate
with the Douglas-fir but can withstand much
more shading. The wood is used for lumber
production and pulpwood mostly.
Western hemlock has been designated as
the State Tree of Washington.

My tip is limber and

bent like a whip.

My needles are flat

and short.

16

LEAVES are scattered singly on twigs and are usually arranged in flat rows on each
side of the twig, about 1/4 to 3/4 inch long and 1/16 inch wide, on short petiole
(leaf stem), rounded at apex, dark green and shiny above, marked below with
white bands of stomata.
BUDS are rounded, light brown, about 1/16 inch long.
TWIGS are first light brown then reddish-brown, and hair for several years.
BARK is dark brown tinged with dark red, divided into broad flat ridges with scales;
thinner than that of Douglas-fir, no corky layers.
FRUIT is a pendent cone, ovoid-oblong, 1/2 to 3/4 inch long, and light brown.
WOOD is yellowish-brown, light, and hard.
IT IS a very large tree, 125 to 175 feet tall, 2 to 4 feet diameter (smaller in eastern
Washington), and forms a short pyramidal crown with a drooping leader.
IT GROWS best on moist, humus soils and an abundance of atmospheric moisture
is helpful; also grows well in the shade.
WE FIND IT west of the Cascades and in northeastern Washington.
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS are single needles on the twig arranged so
the branch has a flattened appearance. Woody leaf bases remain when the
leaves fall.

11. Mountain
Hemlock

Tsunga mertensiana (Bong)
Carr.
Although mountain hemlock grows
large, it often is a low, crooked, sprawling
shrub when found on wind-swept areas
at high elevations. It is not commercially
important, but helps protect the soil on
watersheds.
It is truly an inhabitant of the high
Cascades and Olympics.

LEAVES are scattered singly and project from all sides of the twigs, 1/2 to 1 inch long,
1
/16 wide, blue-green, blunt at the apex, grooved above and with white rows of
stomata on both surfaces. They are semicircular in cross section.
BUDS are sharp pointed, brown, and about 1/8 inch long.
TWIGS are slender, pendulous (hanging) reddish-brown and hairy at first, later scaly
and grayish-brown.
BARK is dark reddish-brown, deeply divided by rounded scaly ridges.
FRUIT is a pendent cone (erect until partly grown), 1 to 3 inches long, oblongelliptical, purple to yellowish-green.
WOOD is light reddish-brown weak, and fine-grained.
IT IS a medium-sized tree, 70 to 90 feet tall, 2 to 4 feet in diameter, forming a narrow
pyramidal crown with pendulous branches and a pendulous leader.
IT GROWS best in moist, well-drained soils. This timberline tree is found at elevations
of 3,100 to 7,000 feet. It will grow in quite deep shade.
WE FIND IT on both slopes of the Cascades, Olympics, and in the Blue
Mountains.
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS are needles single and extending out from all
sides of twigs, woody leaf bases are left when needles fall. This tree is found
only at higher elevations.

My cones are much

longer than Western
Hemlock.

I like higher country

than my brother the
Western Hemlock.

17

12. Pacific
Silver Fir

Abies amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes

This is one of the true firs which make up a

large part of the forests in western Washington.
It is found in pure stands as well as in mixture
with Douglas-fir, western hemlock, western
white pine, and others.
It goes by the common names of silver and
white fir, and loggers may call it larch. Older
trees often have rotten interiors, especially at
the base. It is used for lumber and pulpwood,
primarily.

Silvery sheen underside of branch.

All except upper

branches droop
strongly.

18

LEAVES are scattered singly on twigs, 3/4 to 1 1/4 inches long, flattened, and crowded
towards the upper side of the twig, shiny, dark green above silvery white rows
of stomata on the lower surface.
BUDS are nearly round, purplish, about 1/4 inch long, and resinous.
TWIGS are stout, light brown, slightly hairy.
BARK is dark gray, smooth at first, having resin blisters later, becomes scaly on
old trees.
FRUIT is an upright cylindrical cone, 3 1/2 to 6 inches long, and deep purple. The
cones fall apart on the tree after the seeds fall.
WOOD is pale brown, light, and soft.
IT IS a very large tree, 150 to 170 feet tall, 2 to 4 feet in diameter, forming a narrow
crown which is often spire-like. All of the branches except the upper ones
droop strongly.
IT GROWS most abundantly on rich, moist soils, usually found at elevations from
1,000 to 5,000 feet. It is tolerant of shading.
WE FIND IT on both sides of the Cascade and Olympic Mountains.
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS are single needles crowded to the top of the
twig, erect cones, and silvery gray bark.

13. Subalpine

Fir

Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.

Subalpine Fir exhibits a great variation in
size, from a prostrate shrub at the timberline
to a tree of 100 feet at lower elevations. This
tree is one of our most picturesque trees. Its
sharp, pointed, symmetrical crown identifies
it with mountains and heavy snowfall.
The wood is similar to the other true
firs and is used primarily for lumber and
pulpwood. This species seems especially
susceptible to interior defect from middle
age on. Its prime value at higher elevations
is for esthetics and watershed protection.

LEAVES are scattered singly, 1 to 1 1/2 inches on, blue-green, flattened, marked on
both sides by white rows of stomata.
BUDS are rounded, light brown, about 1/4 inch long, and resinous.
TWIGS are stout, light brown and hairy at first, later becoming creamy white and
without hairs.
BARK is reddish-brown, divided into broad scaly plates by shallow fissures.
FRUIT is an upright, oblong-cylindric cone, 2 1/2 to 4 inches long, and dark-purple
to nearly black. Cone scales fall off at maturity.
WOOD is nearly white, soft, and light in weight.
IT IS a medium to large tree, 70 to 100 feet tall, 1 1/2 to 2 feet in diameter, forming a
dense, spire-like crown. Lowest branches in the crown often droop.
IT GROWS best on moist, porous soils, from 2,000 to 8,000 feet. It is not killed by
shading.
WE FIND IT on the Olympic, Cascade, and Blue Mountains, and the mountains of
the northeastern part of the state.
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS are single needles scattered on twigs; upright
cones, usually forms a dense, spire-like crown.

Youll find me in the

mountains, 2,000 to
8,000 feet.

I grow spearlike to
shed the snow.

19

14. Grand Fir

Abies grandis (Dougl.) Lindl.

Grand fir is also known as white fir or
lowland white fir. It is found throughout the
forested areas of the state and is probably
the most common of Washingtons true firs.
It may occur in pure stands but is mostly
mixed with Douglas-fir, western larch,
ponderosa pine, and other softwoods and
hardwoods.
The wood is used mostly for lumber
and pulpwood and the young trees are
liked for Christmas trees. Butt and heart
rot is common in grand fir from middle
age and on.

You often mistake me

for Hemlock, but my
needles are longer.

I grow with my cousin

Douglas at sea level.

20

LEAVES are scattered singly on twigs, 3/4 to 2 1/4 inches long, usually in two rows
along the sides of the twig; dark green, marked on the lower side only by
white bands of stomata.
BUDS are nearly round, yellow-brown, about 1/4 inch long, usually resinous.
TWIGS are slender, brown, and slightly hairy at first.
BARK is grayish-brown, smooth on young stems, becoming deeply divided into
flat ridges. Resin blisters are present on smooth bark. It is purplish-brown
in cross-section.
FRUIT is an upright, cylindrical cone, 2 to 4 1/2 inches long, greenish-purple. Cone
scales fall off at maturity.
WOOD is pale brown, soft, and light.
IT IS a very large tree, 140 to 170 feet tall, 2 to 4 feet in diameter, and usually grows
on above average sites, forming a rounded head. Inland trees are smaller.
IT GROWS most commonly on deep, moist soil from sea level up to 5,000 feet in
Washington. It is a shade tolerant species.
WE FIND IT in all of the state except for the central eastern part.
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS are single needles, arranged on the twig to
give a flattened appearance, the cone is upright.

15. Noble Fir

Abies procera Rehd.

The name noble fir fits this tree well for

it is the largest of the Washington true firs.
It also produces the highest quality timber
of any of the true firs. Loggers sometimes
call it larch. The wood is used for lumber,
interior finish, and even some structural
members are produced. It is an intermediate
elevation mountain species nearly limited to
the Cascades in distribution. Unfortunately
older trees suffer from wood rotting fungi
attack and fire often kills noble fir because
of its thin bark.

LEAVES are scattered singly on stem, 1 to 1 1/2 inches long, four-sided, grooved on
the upper side, mostly arranged on the top side of the twig, blue-green, with
white rows of stomata on all sides, and pointed tips.
BUDS are oblong, blunt, brown, about 1/8 inch long, and resinous.
TWIGS are slender, dark brown, and slightly hairy.
BARK is dark gray, smooth for many years, with resin blisters. In old trees the bark
divides into rectangular plates by deep fissures.
FRUIT is an upright, oblong cone 4 to 6 inches long, and yellow-brown to purple.
The bracts, which are longer than the cone scales, are reflexed at the tips. The
extended bracts completely enclose the cone. Cone scales fall off at maturity.
WOOD is reddish-brown, light, and rather hard.
IT IS a very large tree, 160 to 200 feet tall, 4 to 6 feet in diameter, forming a rather
hard, rounded head. It needs nearly full sunlight for good growth.
IT GROWS on rich, moist soil best, but does well even on poor, rocky soils, at
elevations of 2,000 to 5,000 feet.
WE FIND IT on both slopes of the Cascade Mountains.
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS are single needles at the top of the twigs, foursided and grooved on top, with upright cones.

My cones are erect

with bracts longer
than the scales.

My needles are four

sided, with a groove
on top.

21

16. Western
Redcedar

Thuja plicata Donn

Western Redcedar is one of the important

species in the state, and reaches its greatest
sizes near the coast.
Practically all of the wooden shingles
and shakes made in the United States are
made of western redcedar. It is also used
extensively for poles, fence posts, boat
building, interior finish, and lumber. Wood
of this tree resists decay very well.
Not only is the wood of western
redcedar valuable, but the tree itself is
a highly prized ornamental. Butt rot is
common, even at fairly young ages.

LEAVES are scale-like, ovate and long pointed, about 1/4 inch long, closely
appressed leaves overlap in pairs at right angles, dark yellow-green, and
usually without conspicuous glands.
BUDS are minute and scaly.
TWIGS are slender, much flattened, and drooping.
BARK is bright reddish-brown, divided into broad rounded ridges, and broken
on the surface by long, narrow, stringy scales.
FRUIT is an erect cone, about 1/2 inch long, oblong, and dark brown.
WOOD is a reddish-brown heartwood, nearly white sapwood, woft, light, and
brittle. Has a distinctive odor and is durable in contact with the ground.
IT IS a very large tree, 150 to 200 feet tall, 3 to 5 feet in diameter, forming a narrow,
open, conical head with long, pendulous branches. Usually somewhat
smaller east of the Cascades.
IT GROWS mostly on low, moist, or wet bottomlands, and occasionally on dry
slopes, at elevations from sea level to 4,000 feet.
WE FIND IT scattered over most of the state except for the central and southeastern
parts. It will continue to grow when heavily shaded.
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS are overlapping, scale-like needles, with a
distinctive resinous odor when crushed. Cones are upright and the trunk
is fluted with stringy bark.

22

My cones cluster like a

swarm of bees on the
branch ends.

My bark is distinctive.

17. Alaska Cedar

Chamarcyparis nootkatensis
(D. Don) Spach
Alaska-cedar is also known as yellow
cypress and yellow cedar. It reaches its
best development north of Washington in
British Columbia. The wood is used for boat
building, interior finish, furniture, and other
lumber purposes.
Although this species is a mountain tree
growing to timberline, it does well when
placed at lower elevations. Its pendulous
branches and tendency to produce several
stems have made it a favorite ornamental.

LEAVES are scale-like, 1/8 inch long, closely appressed (closely pressed on stem),
blue-green, usually without glands on the back, and opposite in pairs. Tips of
leaves are often free and sharp-pointed.
BUDS are minute.
TWIGS are slender, and reddish-brown.
BARK is grayish-brown, narrow, irregular, scaly ridges.
FRUIT is an upright, rounded cone, 1/4 to 1/2 inch in diameter, reddish-brown, four
to six sheild-shaped scales with a pointed projection.
WOOD is yellow, hard, fine-grained, rather brittle, strong resinous odor, and durable
in contact with the ground.
IT IS a medium-sized tree, 70 to 90 feet tall, 3 to 4 feet in diameter, forming a conical
head with many pendulous branches and a fluted trunk.
IT GROWS on moist, rich soil at elevations of 2,000 to 7,500 feet. It is shade
tolerant.
WE FIND IT on both the Cascade and Olympic Mountains. It is most abundant on
the west slopes of the Cascade Mountains.
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS are overlapping scale-like needles with strong
resinous odor when crushed, pendulous (hanging) branches, fluted trunk with
flaky bark, cone small and upright.

Im sometimes called
Stinking Cedar.

Im found mostly in
the mountains of
Washington.

23

18. Rocky
Mountain
Juniper

Juniperous scopulorum Sarg.

This is the most important native

juniper in Washington. Because the wood
is durable, it makes good fence posts and
is usable for the same things as Eastern
redcedar, Juniperious virginiana L., which
is resembles in many ways.
Two other junipers native to Washington
are the Western juniper, Juniperious
occidentalis Hook, and common juniper,
Juniperous communis L. The latter is a low,
shrubby plant which never reaches tree size
in Washington.

Little, round, smooth

cone.

Im found in dry places

and grow scraggly.

24

LEAVES are scale-like, about 1/8 inch long, dark green, closely appressed, mostly
glandular (small swellings) on the back, and covered with a white bloom. There
are usually some awl-like needles also.
BUDS are minute.
TWIGS are slender, reddish-bown, and scaly.
BARK is reddish-brown, broken into flat ridges with shredded scales.
FRUIT is a berry-like, round cone, about 1/3 inch in diameter, blue, and covered with
a white bloom (film). It requires two years to mature.
WOOD is reddish, hard, fine-grained with a distinct odor.
IT IS a small tree, 30 to 40 feet tall, 1 to 2 1/2 feet in diameter, and often reduced to a
prostrate shrub on dry, exposed mountain sides, the branches often droop.
IT GROWS best on moist, sandy, or gravelly locations, but can also live on poor sites
where it is usually shrubby in nature. It grows at elevations from sea level to
9,000 feet. It needs full sunlight for growth.
WE FIND IT scattered throughout the eastern part of the state and in some of the dry
sections of the Olympics and islands of Puget Sound.
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS are scale-like needles usually covered by a
powder-like bloom, and a berry-like type of fruit.

19. Pacific Yew

Taxus brevifolia Nutt.

The crooked nature of Pacific yew and

its scattered occurrence prevent it from
becoming commercially valuable. Its wood,
however, is one of the best for
archery
bows. And because of its great durability
in contact with the soil, it makes excellent
fence posts.
It occurs invariably as an understory
tree in various mixed coniferous forests. It
persists for decades unless the overstory is
removed exposing it to full sunlight. The rate
of growth is slow.

LEAVES are scattered singly on twigs, 3/4 to 1 inch long, dark green above, paler below,
with short yellow stalks, usually arranged in a row along each side of twig.
BUDS are minute.
TWIGS are slender and reddish-brown.
BARK is reddish-brown, and broken by broad fissures into scaly ridges.
FRUIT is a rounded seed partly enclosed by a scarlet, fleshy aril (berry-like with
bottom end open).
WOOD is dark reddish-brown, hard, heavy, and strong.
IT IS a small tree 20 to 50 feet tall, 1 to 1 1/2 feet in diameter, forming an asymmetrical
head often branching to the ground. The trees are commonly limby and poorly
formed. It is a shrub in eastern Washington.
IT GROWS in deep, rich, moist soils near lakes and streams at elevations from sea
level to 8,000 feet, often in dense shade.
WE FIND IT scattered from the coast to the Cascade Divide, on the mountains of
northeastern Washington, on the Blue Mountains and occasionally along
streams in eastern Washington.
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS are single needles arranged to give the twig a
flattened appearance, no white bands on the under side, and a fleshy type of
fruit.

I have a red berryhollow on end.

I usually grow under

other trees and am
never very large.

25

20. Willows

Salix species

There are 12 species and several varieties

of willow native to Washington. Because most
are relatively small trees of shrubby in nature
and mainly noncommercial species, they are
treated as a group here. These characteristics
identify only the genus Salix, rather than any
individual in that genus.

Everyone knows our

flowers (pussy
willows) that come
out in late winter.

We like lots of
moisture.

26

LEAVES are alternate, usually lanceolate (long and narrow) to elliptical (oval or
oblong), commonly with no stalk or only a short one, leaf margins run from
entire to coarsely toothed.
BUDS are not terminal buds, lateral buds appressed to stem with a single cap-like
scale.
TWIGS are all variations of sizes, colors, and hairiness, but mostly rather slender.
BARK is smooth, greenish-gray, when young, usually darker and furrowed in old
trees.
FRUIT is capsule born in an ament (catkin).
THEY GROW as shrubs to small trees.
THEY ARE most commonly found in moist or wet areas close to streams, lakes, or
swampy places.
WE FIND the several species scattered over the entire state.
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS are alternate lanceolate (lance-like) leaves,
single, cap-like bud scales, mostly shrubby in form.

21. Quaking
Aspen
Populous tremuloides Michx.

The name golden aspen, P. tremeuloides

aurea Daniels, is also used because of fall
leaf color. Another variety, P. tremuloides
vancouveriana Sarg., grows on the shores
of Puget Sound. Its leaves are quite hairy at
first, later mostly free of hair and roughened
above, base rounded or heart-shaped,
coarsely crenate-serrate.
This species, including varieties, is not
commercially valuable here. In eastern
Washington, aspen is common in the valleys
and on northern slopes.

LEAVES are alternate, simple, rhombic to nearly circular or broad ovate, often
entire or crenate-serrate, green above, pale on the lower surface, rounded
to wedge-shaped at the base, up to 4 inches long, and turn golden yellow in
autumn. Stalks are flattened.
BUDS are about 1/4 inch long, reddish-brown scales, slightly resinous. TWIGS are
slender, reddish-brown, and lustrous.
BARK is pale greenish-white to yellowish-brown in young trees, and later with
brownish-black fissures and ridges.
FRUIT is a capsule, maturing in late spring, seeds small, and silky-haired.
WOOD is light brown, soft, and weak.
IT IS a medium sized tree, 50 to 60 feet in height, 1 to 2 feet in diameter, fast-growing
and short-lived, forms narrow round-topped crown.
IT GROWS well on mineral soil and exposed sites, often found in dense stands on
areas logged or burned off. It is intolerant of shade.
WE FIND IT scattered over the entire state but more common in the northeast portion.
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS are leaves simple and alternate, quiver in a very
light breeze making the tree appear to be moving, bark pale greenish-white.

My leaves are almost

constantly quivering.

My bark is beautiful,
smooth, greenish
white.

27

22. Black
Cottonwood
Populous trichocarpa Torr.

& Gray
Black cottonwood is the largest of the
hardwoods native to the state. This is also the
principal cottonwood native to Washington.
It is used for paper pulp, fuel, and surface
veneer on plywood.
The tree is a common companion of the
states undeveloped streams where is grows
along the shorelines and forms limited pure
stands on the surrounding bottomlands.

When my buds open

in spring I perfume
the air.

I grow along streams

and all moist places in
western Washington.

28

LEAVES are alternate, simple, usually ovate, finely crenate-serrate, rounded or

heart-shaped at the base, stalk-rounded, dark green above, rusty brown to
silvery below, and 3 to 4 inches long.
BUDS are about 3/4 inch long with 6 or 7 visible scales, resinous, and with fragrant
odor when crushed, terminal buds somewhat larger than lateral ones.
TWIGS are mostly slender, and light orange to yellow-brown.
BARK is yellow-brown on limbs and smooth grading into a grayish-brown and
furrowed on lower trunk of tree.
FRUIT is a three-valved, hairy capsule.
WOOD is light-weight and dull brown in color.
IT IS a very large tree in western Washingtonusually over 120 feetand 2 to 4
feet in diameter. In eastern Washington it is a large tree 80 to 120 feet. The
tree forms a narrow, round-topped crown.
IT GROWS best on moist, sandy, or gravelly soils of river bottoms and requires
full sunlight.
WE FIND IT scattered over the entire state.
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS are leaves alternate, simple; buds resinous
with a fragrant odor; yellow-brown branches.

23. Western
Paper Birch

Betula papyrifera commutata

(Reg.) Fern.
There is not enough paper birch to make
it of much commercial importance. When
available it is in demand for furniture.
Another variety, Betula papyrifera subcordata (Rydb.) Sarg., is found in southeastern
Washington. The leaves are similar in shape
but smaller, 2 to 2 1/2 inches, and slightly
heart-shaped at the base. It is a small tree, 25
to 40 feet tall and 1 to 1 1/2 feet in diameter.

LEAVES are alternate, simple, ovate, short to long, pointed at apex, rounded to heartshaped at the base, and usually coarsely doubly serrate, dark green above and
paler below, 3 to 4 inches long; stalks glandular, hairy.
BUDS are about 1/8 to 1/4 inch long, pointed, and orange-brown.
TWIGS are slender, orange-brown, often glandular, covered with long hairs at first.
BARK is dark orange-brown or white with long horizontal lenticels, separates easily
into papery layers.
FRUIT is cylindrical cone 1 1/4 to 1 1/2 inches long. Cone scales deciduous.
WOOD is light, strong, hard, light brown in color.
IT IS usually a medium size tree but also reaches a height of 100 feet, and a diameter
of 2 to 3 feet. Branches are often pendulous on older trees. It forms a roundtopped crown.
IT GROWS on rich, moist, sandy, and gravelly soils along streams, lakes, and natural
openings in the forest. And prefers mineral soil for seed germination, covering
burned or logged over areas. It is intolerant of shade.
WE FIND IT in northwestern, northeastern, and extreme southeastern Washington.
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS are leaves simple, alternate; bark is orangebrown to white and papery.

My bark appears to
be wound around my
trunk like strips of tape.

My seed grows in a
cylindrical cocoon-like
tube.

29

24. Red Alder

Alnus rubra Bong.

Red Alder is generally considered to be the

most important hardwood in the state. Used for
furniture, pulpwood, and fuel wood primarily, it
is the only alder reaching commercial size.
This tree is perhaps the most visible
species along the roadways of western
Washington. It is a short-lived species but is
so aggressive in seeding on every available
opening that it often forms the prime species
on naturally regenerated sites.
Three other alders native to Washington
are the Sitka alder, thin-leaf alder, and white
alder. These are not considered separately
here as they are shrubby to small trees and
nonimportant commercially.

My seed is borne in a
small cone.

Im one of the first

trees to show up after
logging.

30

LEAVES are alternate, simple, ovate-elliptical, serrate-dentate with small gland-tipped

teeth, rusty hairs on principal veins below, dark green and without hair above,
wrinkled, 3 to 5 inches long, 1 1/2 to 3 inches wide.
BUDS are about 1/3 inch long, dark red covered with scale-like hairs.
TWIGS are usually slender, round or slightly three-angled, bright red to reddishbrown.
BARK is grayish-white to bluish-gray, smooth or with tiny waxy growths; irregularlyplated on older trees; inner bark bright red-brown.
FRUIT is an oblong to rounded, pendent cone, 1/2 to 1 inch long, circular nutlets.
Cone scales persistent.
WOOD is light brown tinged with red, light, soft, dark, and brittle.
IT IS a tree from 80 to 130 feet tall, often only 30 to 50 feet tall, 10 to 36 inches in
diameter. It develops a shallow, spreading root system and a narrow crown
and grows rapidly.
IT GROWS best on moist, rich bottomlands and lower slopes or damp benches. It
often forms dense stands and is one of the first trees to appear after a burn or
logging operation. It is shade intolerant.
WE FIND IT extending from the coast to the Cascade Mountains.
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS are alternate, simple leaves; smooth grayish
bark; fruit in a small cone.

25. Oregon
White Oak

Quercus garryana Dougl.

Oregon white oak is the only oak in the

state. There is very little of it cut even though
its fuel value is greater than that of any other
tree growing in Washington. It is cut locally
for fuel, furniture, and wedges.
This is a slow growing species and is
often poorly formed. It is commonly found in
limited pure stands on dry, rocky sites where
other species will not grow.

LEAVES are alternate, simple, oblong to obovate, five to seven rounded lobes, dark
green and smooth above, paler and with brownish hairs below, 4 to 6 inches
long, stems hairy.
BUDS are about 1/3 to 1/2 inch long, rounded, and covered with rusty, matted hair.
TWIGS are stout, reddish-brown, and densely hairy at first.
BARK is grayish-brown, scaly smooth on younger stems, and broken up into narrow
fissures on older trees.
FRUIT is an acorn (nut), 1 to 1 1/4 inches long, enclosed at base by a shallow cup,
short stalked, or sessile.
WOOD is strong, hard, light brown.

My leaf is many lobed.

IT IS a medium-sized tree, 60 to 70 feet tall, and 2 to

3 feet in diameter. Forms a broad, round head,
and it usually occurs singly or occasionally in
small pure stands.
IT GROWS IN practically any type of soil, but a rich
loam is best. It is shade intolerant.
WE FIND IT in western Washington, and the Columbia,
and Yakima River valleys.
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS are leaves
alternate and pinnately-lobed (see leaf diagrams);
fruit is an acorn.

My fruit is an acorn.

I grow on dry gravelly

soils.

31

26. Netleaf
Hackberry

Celtis reticulata Torr.

Netleaf hackberry is a scrubby, nonvaluable species except perhaps for erosion

control and to a limited extent for browsing
(brush feed for animals).
Another Hackberry species, Celtis
occidentalis L., has been planted widely in
Washington. It has escaped cultivation to a
limited extent and has several varieties which
are used as ornamentals.

My fruit is small and

cherry like, hanging
singly from the base
of the leaf.

My bark is rough and

warty.

32

LEAVES are alternate, simple, broadly ovate to oblong-ovate, long tapering at apex
and unequally heart-shaped at base, coarsely serrate, green on upper surface,
paler below and with a conspicuous network of veinlets; 2 to 3 inches long.
BUDS are minute and dark brown.
TWIGS are slender, angled, reddish-brown, and often hairy.
BARK is grayish-brown, roughened by crisscrossing ridges and fissures.
FRUIT is a nearly round drupe, 1/3 to 1/2 inch in diameter, orange-brown to black.
Flesh of fruit is nearly dry.
WOOD is yellow-brown, heavy, somewhat soft.
IT IS a small tree, 15 to 20 feet high, or often shrubby. Usually found growing
singly.
IT GROWS along streams and on dry, rocky hillsides, usually in full sunlight.
WE FIND IT mostly in southeastern Washington.
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS are alternate, simple leaves, and cherry-like
fruit.

27. Bigleaf
Maple

Acer macrophyllum Pursh

Bigleaf maple is the most important maple

native to Washington. Like red alder, it is
used primarily for furniture and fuel wood.
It is also a good street and shade tree.
This species grows rapidly and is found
in mixture with western Washington trees. It
is used commonly for ornamental purposes
also.

LEAVES are opposite, simple, palmately (hand-like) five-lobed, terminal lobe often
three-lobed, margins entire, heart-shaped at base, green above, paler below,
8 to 12 inches long, with stalk 10 to 12 inches long.
BUDS are blunt, and about 1/4 inch long, with scales reddish to green.
TWIGS are rather stout, dark reddish-brown, with large lenticels.
BARK is brown to grayish-brown, smooth on younger parts, and darker and furrowed
on trunks of older trees.
FRUIT is a double samara, wings 1 to 2 inches long, somewhat divergent (spreading),
with a hairy seed covering. Triple samaras are fairly common.
WOOD is light, soft, close-grained, brown, and weak.
IT IS a medium-sized tree, 60 to 80 feet tall, with a diameter of 2 to 4 feet. A narrow
crown is normal unless grown in the open, when it becomes much broader.
IT GROWS best on rich bottomland soils. Tree usually grows in association with
other species. It is shade tolerant.
WE FIND IT mostly west of the Cascades, but also in Chelan and Klickitat counties
on the east side of the mountains.
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS are opposite, large, deeply palmately-lobed
(hand-like) leaves growing on long stems; and large-winged seed.

Know me by my big
leaf.

My seed is in winged
pairs.

33

28. Vine Maple

Acer circinatum Pursh

Vine maple is a noncommercial species

from the lumber standpoint. But because of its
colorful foliage it is used to a limited extent as
an ornamental, and is one of the most valuable
Coast maples for browsing. It is an excellent
fuel wood. Its tendency to form thickets,
which hinders desirable tree reproduction,
often makes this an objectionable species.
It is usually an understory tree in mixed
coniferous forests.

I have vine-like tendecies.

We grow in clumps.

34

LEAVES are opposite, simple, 2 to 6 inches long, circular, heart-shaped at the base,
and palmately seven to nine-lobed, doubly serrate, reddish when young, turning
green at maturity, and lacking hair except for axillary tufts below. Leaves turn
scarlet in the autumn.
BUDS are about 1/8 inch long, blunt, and bright red.
TWIGS are slender, pale green to reddish-brown, usually covered with a bloom.
BARK is grayish-brown to a reddish-brown, thin, and smooth.
FRUIT is a double samara (winged), wings 1 1/2 inches long, and wide spreading.
WOOD is nearly white to light brown, hard, and heavy.
IT IS a small tree, 15 to 25 feet high, up to 1 foot in diameter. Gets its common name,
vine maple, from its often crooked, vine-like appearance. It is often shrubby,
and sometimes grows in pure clumps.
IT GROWS along streams and in river bottoms on moist, rich soils. It is shade
tolerant.
WE FIND IT scattered in the region west of the Cascades and in some places on the
eastern slopes of the Cascades.
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS are opposite, palmately (hand-like), many-lobed
leaves, often low and shrubby to vine-like.

29. Cascara

Rhammus purshiana De
Candolle

Although the wood of the cascara tree

is not used, the bark is peeled from the
trees and the medicine, cascara sangrada,
is extracted. This makes a fairly important
local industry on the west side of the state.
Cascara occurs as a scattered understory
tree in mixed coniferous forests. The tree
grows rapidly from seed. If the peeled tree
is cut down, subsequent sprouts will replace
it in short order.

LEAVES are alternate to nearly opposite, simple, oblong, ovate to broad elliptical,
rounded or short-pointed to apex, mostly rounded at base finely serrate to nearly
entire, dark green above, covered with long hairs below, 2 to 6 inches long.
BUDS are naked, with matted, woolly hairs, terminal buds much larger than
laterals.
TWIGS are slender, reddish-brown, with or without hair.
BARK is dark to light brown, smooth or often scaly.
FRUIT is drupaceous, black with two to three greenish seeds.
WOOD is light brown with a reddish tinge, soft, fairly heavy.
IT IS a small tree, 30 to 40 feet high, and 6 to 15 inches in diameter, forming a narrow
crown. It grows singly or in groups.
IT GROWS best on moist, rich soil, but trees can grow
on poor sandy or gravelly soils. It is common on
burned over areas and is quite shade tolerant.
WE FIND IT on the Coast and Puget Sound region and
across the northern part of the state.
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS are mostly alternate,
simple leaves; buds without bud scales; cherry-like
My bark is peeled
off and used for
fruit.
medicinal purposes.

My leaf buds are not

covered.

My leaves are
alder-like but more
distinctly veined and
darker green.

35

30. Pacific
Dogwood


Cornus nuttallii Audubon

Pacific dogwood makes an excellent

ornamental species. During its flowering
season in the spring, it adds color and beauty
to many western Washington highways.
The flowers are mostly white and very
conspicuous. Autumn flowers are also quite
common.
It is not a timber species, although its
wood is suitable for ornaments and cabinet
wood.

Know me by my white
flowers of spring.

Cluster of red berries

set on a cushion.

36

LEAVES are opposite, simple ovate (egg-shaped) to obovate (big end up), pointed at
apex, wedge-shaped at base, slightly crenate-serrate (scalloped and toothed),
green above and somewhat hairy, densely hairy below, 4 to 5 inches long.
BUDS are about 1/3 inch long, nearly round, light green, and somewhat hairy.
TWIGS are slender, usually angled, with a greenish-purple bloom.
BARK is thin dark brown and smooth with a reddish cast, trunks of old trees with
scaly plates resemble an alligators skin.
FRUIT is a drupe, bright red or orange-red, 1/2 inch long, rounded and flattened, one
or two seeds.
WOOD is light reddish-brown, hard, heavy, and strong.
IT IS a small tree, 30 to 50 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter. Crown is usually long
and narrow in the open and shorter in forest-grown trees. Grows in mixtures
or small clumps.
IT GROWS in rich, well-drained, loamy, or gravelly soil, valley bottoms, and lower
mountain slopes. This tree is shade tolerant.
WE FIND IT throughout western Washington.
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS are leaves opposite; showy, white flowers; and
smooth, reddish-brown bark on most trees.

31. Pacific
Madrone

Arbutus menziesii Pursh
The reddish-brown, scaly bark of madrone,
or madrona, as it is often called, is the most
unusual feature of this species. You can
recognize it from some distance by this
feature alone, and considerable color is added
to the surrounding area by this tree. It is not
a valuable timber species.

LEAVES are alternate, simple, evergreen, oval to oblong, abruptly short-pointed,

rounded or somewhat heart-shaped at the base, margins are entire and turned
under; thick leaves are dark green and lustrous, often white below, and 2 1/2
to 5 inches long.
BUDS are about 1/3 inch long, blunt, and bright brown.
TWIGS are slender, light reddish-orange to greenish.
BARK is thin, scaly, reddish-brown and shedding.
FRUIT is a bright orange-red drupe, nearly round, and about 1/2 inch long.
WOOD is heavy, brittle, pale, and reddish-brown.
IT IS a medium to large tree, 60 to 90 feet tall, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter. Very often
a small tree of about one half the above dimensions. Usually forms a roundtopped crown. Grows mostly in mixed stands.
IT GROWS on moist, rich, rocky, or loamy soil that is well drained; often found
along streams and near the Coast. It grows well in shade.
WE FIND IT on the Coast, and in the Puget Sound and Hoods Canal regions
especially.
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS are alternate, simple, evergreen leaves; and
reddish-brown scaly bark.

I do not discard my
leaves in the fall.

I only grow near salt

water.

37

32. Oregon Ash

Fraxinua latifolia Benth.

Oregon ash is not a valuable tree, but is

one of the few broad-leaf species reaching
tree-size in this state. It makes satisfactory
fuel wood when seasoned and if it grew
in dense stands, it would undoubtedly be
used more.
It grows quite rapidly and forms limited
pure stands along water courses and in
swamps. It also occurs in mixed forests
where adequate moisture is present.

My seed is in clusters
and single winged.

My leaf is compound.

38

LEAVES are opposite, pinnately (see leaf diagram) compound with five to seven ovate
to elliptical (oval or oblong) or obovate leaflets, remotely serrate, light green
above but usually densely hairy below. Leaves 5 to 14 inches long, leaflets 3
to 7 inches long.
BUDS are acute terminal buds about 1/4 inch long, often covered with rusty hairs.
TWIGS are stout and covered with hairs.
BARK is a dark, grayish-brown, with crisscrossing fissures on trunks.
FRUIT is an oblong, single samara (winged), somewhat compressed seed cavity, 1
to 2 inches long.
WOOD is brown, light, hard, and often brittle.
IT IS a medium-sized tree, 60 to 80 feet tall, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter. Usually has
a narrow crown.
IT GROWS best on rich, moist soil but also quite well on more sandy soils with
enough moisture. Pure stands are not common except occasionally along
stream banks. It requires mostly full sunlight.
WE FIND IT west of the Cascade Mountains, except for the Olympic Mountains.
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS are opposite, pinnately compound leaves; fruit
elongated, dry, and winged.

Glossary of Terms Used

For illustrations see drawings pages 23

ACORN: The seed of the oak tree (nut).

ACUTE: Pointed, sharp.
ALPINE: High mountain areas.
ALTERNATE: To change over, leaves growing out
from stem on opposite sides alternately. For
example, leaf arrangements of alder.
AMENT: The scaly flower spike of trees such as the
willow, birch, or cottonwood.
APEX: Tip or point.
APPRESSED: Close pressed to the stem like the scaly
leaves of the cedar.
ARIL: Fleshy seed coat or covering such as on the
fruit of the yew tree.
ASYMMETRICAL: Without proper proportions;
unbalanced, unequal.
AXIL: The inside angle between the branch and the
leaf.
AXILLARY: In the angle between leaf and main parts
of stem. Buds are often axillary.
BLOOM: The cloudy or chalky substance such as that
on grapes or plums (glaucous).
BRACT: The small, leaf-like growth from the axil of
which a flower or its pedicel proceeds. When
several or many flowers are produced near
each other the accompanying bracts are apt
to be of smaller size, or of different shape or
character. Example: the pitch fork bracts on
Douglas-fir cones.
CAPSULE: The dry seed container such as that of the
poppy, snapdragon, or poplars.
COMPOUND-LEAF: Those in which the blade
consists of two or more separate pieces, upon
a common leaf stalk or support. The ash and
walnut have compound leaves.
CONE: The fruit of the pine, fir, or other cone-bearing
trees.
CONIC: A geometric shape like that of an ice cream
cone upside down.

CONIFEROUS: Cone-bearing trees, like pines and

larches.
CRENATE: The edges of leaves scalloped into
rounded teeth.
CRENATE-SERRATE: Same as crenate except
rounded teeth further saw-toothed.
CYLINDRICAL: Like a cylinder.
DECIDUOUS: Falling off; said of trees whose leaves
are dropped each autumn.
DENDROLOGY: Tree study includes identifying.
DENTATE: Toothed; said of leaves whose edges are
toothed and the teeth point outward; instead
of forward.
DOUBLY-SERRATE: Doubly saw-toothed, large saw
teeth have small saw teeth cut in their edges;
see serrate.
DRUPE: A fleshy fruit with a single bony seed such
as the cherry or plum.
DRUPACEOUS: Like or pertaining to a drupe; like
a stone fruit.
ELLIPTICAL: Oval or oblong, with the ends
regularly-rounded, like an ellipse.
ELONGATED: Stretched out in length; long and
slender.
ENTIRE: The margins smooth, not at all toothed,
notched, or divided.
EVERGREEN: Trees whose leaves remain on over
the first winter, as most coniferous trees.
FISSURE: A split of division, a crack.
FOLIAGE: Leaves.
GLANDULAR: Furnished with glands.
HARDWOOD: Any broad-leaved tree.
LANCEOLATE: Lance-shaped.
LATERAL: Belonging to the side.
LEAFLET: One of the divisions or blades of a
compound leaf.
LENTICELS: Breathing pores in the bark, such as in
the birches.
39

LINEAR: Narrow and flat, the margins parallel; said

of a narrow leaf, several times longer than wide.
For example, pine needle.
LOBE: One section of the leaf that is not divided.
MARGINS: Outer edges of leaves.
OBLONG: Longer than broad with nearly parallel
sides.
OBLONG-CYLINDRIC: Like an oblong cylinder.
OBOVATE: Same as ovate, except broader end
upwards.
OPPOSITE: Directly across from; on the other side;
pertaining to the position of leaves on the stem
or the branching of trees.
OVATE: Shaped like an egg, with the broader end
downwards.
OVOID: Ovate or oval in a solid form.
PALMATE: Palm-shaped, when the leaflets or the
divisions of a leaf all spread from the apex of
the petiole, like the hand with outspread fingers.
Example: the veins on the maple leaf.
PENDENT: Hanging down.
PENDULOUS: Somewhat hanging or drooping.
PERSISTENT: Said of leaves remaining on the
branches over the first winter; hanging on
longer than usual.
PETIOLE: A leaf stalk, the stem of the leaf.
PINNATE: When leaflets are arranged along the sides
of a common petiole. Also referring to the way
the veins are arranged in some leaves, pinnate,
or feather veining.
PROJECT: Stick out.
REFLEXED: Bent outwards or backwards.
RESIN: Pitch.
RHOMBIC: Having the shape of a rhomb; roughly
diamond-shaped with rounded corners.
SAMARA: A winged-fruit. The seed of bigleaf maple
is a double samara.

40

SCALES: Wrappings or covering such as that

protecting most leaf and flower buds during
dormant season; also the flaky part of the
bark.
SCALLOPED: Uneven and jagged.
SERRATE: Margin cut into teeth pointing forward;
beset with teeth, pertaining to the margins of
leaves which are saw-toothed.
SERRATE-DENTATE: Having a combination of
serrations and dentations, such as red alder.
SESSILE: Attached directly at the base without a
stem.
SHEATH: Covering.
SIMPLE LEAF: A leaf with one blade; leaves such as
that on alder, maple, and cottonwood.
SOFTWOOD: Cone-bearing trees; same as coniferous
trees.
SPECIES: A specific kind of tree, for example, bigleaf
maple as against vine maple.
SPIRALLY: Twisting and turning.
SPUR SHOOTS: Little shoots that come out from the
main branch.
STALK: The stem, petiole, or handle.
STOMATA: Breathing pores of leaves appear as white
dots on coniferous leaves.
STOMATIFEROUS: Having breathing pores on ...
stomata.
SYMMETRICAL: Uniform, similar in the number of
parts of each set.
TERMINAL: The top end or main leader. For ..........
example, the top-most bud from which the tree
increases its height each season.
TWO-RANKED: In parallel rows on each side of twig,
pertaining to the arrangement of leaves on the
stem. For example, the leaf arrangement of the
western hemlock.
UNARMED: Unprotected. Without spines or
prickles.

INDEX
Alaska-Cedar
Alder, Red
Ash, Oregon
Apen, Quaking
Bigleaf Maple
Birch, Western Paper
Black Cottonwood
Buckthorn, Cascara
Cascara Buckthorn
Cedar, Alaska
Cottonwood, Black
Dogwood, Pacific
Douglas-Fir
Engelmann Spruce
Fir, Douglas
Fir, Grand
Fir, Noble
Fir, Pacific Silver
Fir, Subalpine
Grand Fir
Hackberry, Netleaf
Hemlock, Mountain
Hemlock, Western
Juniper, Rocky Mountain
Key to Native Broad-leaved Trees

Key to Native Coniferous Trees

Larch, Subalpine
Larch, Western
Lodgepole Pine
Madrone, Pacific
Maple, Bigleaf
Maple, Vine
Mountain Hemlock
Netleaf Hackberry
Noble Fir

23
30
38
27
33
29
28
35
35
23
28
36
15
14
15
20
21
18
19
20
32
17
16
24
6
4
12
11
10
37
33
34
17
32
21

Oak, Oregon White

Oregon Ash
Oregon White Oak
Pacific Dogwood
Pacific Madrone
Pacific Silver Fir
Pacific Yew
Paper Birch, Western
Pine, Lodgepole
Pine, Ponderosa

Pine, Western White

Pine, Whitebark

Ponderosa Pine

Quaking Aspen

Red Alder
Redcedar Western
Rocky Mountain Juniper
Silver Fir, Pacific
Sitka Spruce
Spruce, Engelmann
Spruce, Sitka
Subalpine Fir
Subalpine Larch
Vine Maple
Western Hemlock
Western Larch
Western Paper Birch
Western Redcedar
Western White Pine

Whitebark Pine

White Oak, Oregon
White Pine, Western

Willows
Yew, Pacific

31
38
31
36
37
18
25
29
10
9
7
8
9
27
30
22
24
18
13
14
13
19
12
34
16
11
29
22
7
8
31
7
26
25

Issued by Washington State University Extension and the U.S. Department of Agriculture in furtherance of the Acts of May 8 and
June 30, 1914. WSU Extension programs and policies are consistent with federal and state laws and regulations on nondiscrimination regarding race, sex, religion, age, color, creed, national or ethnic origin; physical, mental or sensory disability; marital status,
sexual orientation, and status as a Vietnam-era or disabled veteran. Evidence of noncompliance may be reported through your local
WSU Extension office. Trade names have been used to simplify information; no endorsement is intended. Reprinted November
2003. Subject code 400. D.
EB0440