Rock Quality Designation (RQD) After Twenty Years
Rock Quality Designation (RQD) After Twenty Years
Rock Quality Designation (RQD) After Twenty Years
(ROD)
/,,AD/A207
AFTER
Feb 89
______--------__--____-
597
Don U. Deere
Consultant
Gainesville, Florida
32608
and
Don W. Deere
Geotechnical Engineer
February 1989
Final Report
Approved For Public Release; Distribution Unlimited
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)
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17.
FIELD
COSATI CODES
SUB"ROUP
GROUP
RQD
Rock classification
Rock mechanics
Rock alitY
Drill core
Fracture frequency
In-S;itij modulIu
by bock number)
19. ABSTRACT (Continue On reverse if necessary and identify
Twenty years of experience is now available in the use of the Rock Quality Designation (RQD)
in practice. The RQD is an index of rock quality in which a modified core recovery per
centage is obtained by counting only pieces of sound core 4-in. (100 mm) or greater in
length of NX size or larger core diameters. Experience now indicates both smaller (NQ) and
larger core diameters are appropriate; that slightly and moderately weathered core that can
not be hand broken be included; that length measurements be made along the center-line or
axis of the core piece; and that the requisite length of 4-in. (100 mm) be retained.
Problems with core breakage and loss occur in thinly bedded and schistose rocks, and,
particularly, with weak argillaceous rock interbedded with harder sandstone or limestone, a
problem that can be ameliorated by large diameter cores, shorter coring runs, and by use of
the best drilling equipment and techniques. Correlations of RQD with certain engineering
parameters are given, but the more recent classification system of Bieniawski or Barton
et al, which include the RQD as a parameter, are preferred for estimating the design -over)
03
DTIC USERS
Unclassified
~ ~
ECUI~IYLA
Se
IIAIN
URITY rIAC.IPFICAICN
UNCLASSI FIED
11
.'i
OF) IHMPAIQ"/.,;
UNCLASSIFIED
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE
6a.
Address
Don U. Deere
6834 S.W. 35th Way
Gainesville, FL
32608
ROCKY MOUNTAIN CONSULTANTS, INC.
1960 Industrial Circle, Suite A
Longmont, CO
80501
19.
ABSTRACT
UNCLASSIFIED
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE
PREFACE
Deere,
powerplants,
an independent
and underground
Consultants,
of Longmont, Colorado.
The work was done under the sponsorship of the US Army Corps
of Engineers,
(GL),
Laboratory
Vicksburg, Mississippi,
Geotechnical
86 OCT 22.
The project was conducted under the general supervision of
Dr. Don C.
Banks,
Lee,
EN,
Col.
Dwayne
Dr. Robert
C;
1 . 00/.
.,
~-,
~ J....----
,~ -
-. . - - -
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE .
PART I:
INTRODUCTION.
....
Background
Purpose . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
....
.
Approach
The
..
PART III:
....
Core Diameter.
..
. 11
............
11
13
16
19
21
....
Assessment of Soundness.
.
....
....
....
21
26
30
31
3
3
6
8
1
1
2
....
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 32
. 32
35
35
. .
37
. 40
CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS.
Classification).
(Geomechanics
. *.
Institute)
. .
. .
of Determining RQD
Core diameter
(UA).
(1)
interval
,ength
(IlB)
40
40
: :
42
...
. .
ii
44
(2)
....
46
46
47
47
..
. 47
sedimentary rocks. . . . . . . .
Limestone with solution cavities
Volcanics and metamorphics . . .
49
. 50
. 51
General problems .
Shales,
(2D).
Orientation Effects
interbedded
claystones,
.* .
52
. .
52
52
53
(3)
(3A)
Joint conditions
(3B).
....
fracture
weathering,
Local geology,
frequency
....
(4A)-.
48
. .
...
. .
53
blasting
Tunnels
(4D).
(4E).
. .
.
.
. .
..
...
..
. .
56
57
.
.
. 57
. 59
. 61
. .
. .
. ...
.
.
. . .
. . .
..
limitations (5B).
Shortcomings,
. . .
...
(5A)
Favorable experience
REFERENCES.
55
55
....
54
...
roughness
Erosion resistance,
coefficient
Foundations,
64
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1
TABLE 2
TABLE 3
..
. .
INDEX.
. .
TABLE 4
. .
.*.
. .
. .
iii
. 22
.
23
. 28
*.
..
30
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1 - RQD LOGGING. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
FIGURE 2 - LENGTH MEASUREMENT OF CORE FOR RQD . .
FIGURE 3 - ROCK QUALITY AND SUPPORT REQUIREMENTS
FOR TUNNELS OF VARYING
DIMENSIONS.
iv
.
.
12
14
24
27
33
.
.
PART I:
INTRODUCTION
Background
The Rock Quality Designation (RQD) was developed as an index
of rock quality and was first
job in
1964,
Research
1964-1965.
al.,
(1968)
in
the
introduced
there is
Because these
Purpose
The purpose of the study was to evaluate twenty years of
experience by the senior author with the RQD in which many rock
types at a great number of engineering projects in many countries
have made their contribution.
the
use in
as well as questions
engineering design.
and
Approach
The approach to the study was to organize the background
material relating to the early development in
Part II,
to discuss
Part III, to
and to discuss
Index in
1988).
(Deere and
It
The ideas
However,
the
readily available,
and (2)
can yield
and nature of
from which the
of observations
cleavage planes,
(30 cm -
cm -
1 m)].
also 1 ft.
1 ft.
-
- 3
3 ft.
(30
the development of
It
smooth, or rough;
and
...
author that the site had poorer quality granite than an alternate
site.
rock fragments,
granite.
it
was
were counted.
in length or longer
not counting the rock fragments, the pieces of core less than the
requisite length, pieces of altered granite,
core.
The 4 in.
(100 mm)
and unrecovered
presented for each site with the "modified core recovery" plotted
with depth.
respectively,
Quality Designation
(RQD)
However,
with better
and alteration.
shearing,
1964
Deere et al.
(1969b)
1968; Hendron,
1968).
The 1967 reference by Deere and his colleagues at the
time
that the RQD concept had been presented in published form to the
engineering and geology profession'
and that no
The weighting
(100 mm),
While this
(300 mm).
it
complicated
the procedure and the results did not appear appreciably better.
Therefore,
retained.
The Air Force study also included correlation with other
rock quality indices, with some in-situ rock properties,
tunnel supports and advance rates.
correlations are discussed in
and with
A number of these
Part IV.
10
1970).
(Deere et al.,
1967; Deere,
the
1968) are
illustrated in Figure 1.
The RQD is
Thus,
it
sheared,
is
and jointed is
an index of
highly weathered,
Core Diameter
The RQD was originally developed using NX-size core (2.155
in.
or 54.7 mm diameter').
Deere (1968)
L =10"
ROD=
LzO
HIGHLY WEATHERED
DOES NOT MEET
SOUNDNESS REQUIREMENT
LENGTH OF
CORE > 4 INCHES (100mm.)
PIECES
TOTAL CORE RUN LENGTH
Z SOUND
RQD =
10+ 7.5+8
48
wi
x 1000%
C-)
RQD=
530/
(FAIR)
0
I-
~
CENTER LIN
PIECES<4
8HIGHLY WEATHERED
ROD
(ROCK QUALITY
DESIGNATION)
0-25%
25-50 %
50-75%
75-90 %
90-100%
DESCRIPTION OF
ROCK QUALITY
VERY POOR
POOR
FAIR
GOOD
EXCELLENT
7.5"
L: 8"1
diameter) is
47.6 mm
considered acceptable;
so are the larger HQ and PQ of the wire-line series and the 2-3/4
in.,
4-in.,
If
they are used, a note should be made on the boring log indicating
that both core recovery and RQD may be slightly lower than if
taken on the preferred NQ size or larger.
diameter is
Part VI.
1971).
For example,
(100 mm) requisite length should be used for all cases for
4-in.
Moreover,
with
at
2" 0 CORE
2"0 CORE
20 0 CORE
4"0 CORE
LENGTH
MEASUREMENT
4" 0 CORE
FULLY CIRCULAR
TIP TO TIP
CENTERLINE
A. CORRECT METHOD FOR CORE
LENGTH MEASUREMENT
- LENGTH OF-CORE
INDEPENDENT OF CORE DIA.
FIG. 2 -
4"0 CORE
OF CORE
FOR RQD.
1967; Deere,
1969b).
1968; Deere*
This method is
(Fig. 1).
advocated
1981).
equivalent to a
results in
it
a standardized
and 2)
it
avoids
unduly penalizing the quality of the rock mass for cases where
fractures parallel the borehole and are cut by a second set.
Core breaks caused by the drilling process should be fitted
Drilling breaks are usually
it
is
in
often break up
RQD
This phenomenon is
or swelling.
Thus,
it
desiccation,
is
retrieved.
15
stress relief
as
structure.
Assessment of Soundness
Pieces of core which are not "hard and sound" (International
Society for Rock Mechanics,
1978,
1981)
(100 mm)
length.
to downgrade
the rock quality where the rock has been altered and weakened
either by agents of surface weathering or by hydrothermal
activity.
Obviously,
in many instances,
is
not to count
meeting the
This
but it
errs on
to include the
lack of soundness.
follows:
16
There is
Using
(1978,
1981)
Moderately Weathered;
Weathered;
there is
described as "Discoloration
its
fresh
limited to discoloration,
it
appears logical
in the RQD
disintegrated to soil.
Its
decomposed and/or
17
very name
still
1978,
Highly Weathered.
IV-Highly Weathered is
(1974)
corestones."
Stained by limonite."
and
Highly Weathered,
Fresh or discolored
It
is
clear that
in the hands.
The Grade III-Moderately Weathered category is
(International Society for Rock Mechanics,
than half of the rock material is
to a soil.
to the borderline,
description
it
is
Little (1969)
"Considerably weathered.
states for
Possessing
cores) cannot be
Difficult to excavate
"Less
as,
present either as a
broken by hand.
1981)
1978,
described
1970),
"Term-Moderately
close
Weathered,
discolored;.
rock is
fresh rock."
is
It
be identified with an
However,
it
possesses
to resist
In
Grade I
(Fresh) and II
are
(Slightly Weathered)
(Completely Weathered),
the RQD count.
a 11.8 in.
(300 mm)
and 40 percent,
4.9 ft.
(1.5 m),
For
80
(0.5 m).
Thus,
the shorter
the run length, the greater the sensitivity of the RQD and,
this case, the lower its
in.
(300-mm)
in
the field,
poor and good rock should be described in the drilling log and
could be supplemented by calculation of RQD on variable
"artificial
quality zones.
1978,
weakness zones,
etc.,
so as to indicate any
20
early
The difference
development,
Since
classification systems.
discuss
Shafts in Rock."
The RQD support criteria relate RQD and construction methods
to alternate support systems of steel sets,
rockbolts.
shotcrete,
or
Detailed
discussions of the use of the RQD for tunnel support design are
21
Cecil (1970),
(1970),
(1969),
Deere et al.,
(1972),
(1969a,
1969b),
Peck et al.,
1970):
TABLE 1
ROCK QUALITY CLASSIFICATION
Classification
Rock Quality
ROD (t)
General Tunnelers'
Excellent
90-100
Intact
Good
75-90
Fair
50-75
Poor
25-50
0-25
Very Poor
1970)
Reduced support is
presented in Figure 3,
His
TABLE 2
GUIDELINES FOR SELECTION OF PRIMARY SUPPORT FOR 20-FT TO 40-FT TUNNELS IN ROCK
Rock Quality
Rock Bolts(a)
(Conditional use in poor and very
poor rock)
Steel Sets
Construction
Method
Rock Load
(B-Tunnel
Width)
Weight
ofSets
Boring
machine
Drilling and
blasting
(0.0-0.2)B
Light
(0.0-0.3)B
Light
Boring
machine
Drilling and
blasting
Boring
machine
Drilling and
blasting
Boring
machine
(0.0-0.4)B
Light
(0.3-0.6)6
Light
(0.4-1.O)B
Light to 5 to 6 ft
sedium
Light to 4 to 5 ft
medium
Medium
3 to 4 ft
circular
Drilling and
blasting
(1.3-2.0)B
Very Poor
ROD < 25
(excluding
squeezing
and swelling
ground)
Boring
machine
(1.6-2,2)B
Drilling and
blasting
(2.0-2.8)B
Very Poor,
squeezing or
swelling
ground
Both
methods
up to 250 ft Very
2 ft
heavy
circular
Excellent(d)
RQD 90
Good(d)
RQD - 75
to 90
Fair
ROD - 50
to 75
Poor
RQD - 25
to 50
NOTE:
(0.6-1.3)6
(1.0-1.6)8
Spacing(c)
Spacing of
Pattern
Bolts
Additional
Requirements and
Anchorage Limitations(a)
None to
occasional
None to
occasional
Occasional
to 5 to 6 ft
5 to 6 ft
Occasional
Occasional mesh and
to 5 to 6 ft straps
5 to 6 ft
Occasional mesh and
straps
4 to 6 ft
Mesh and straps as
required
3 to 5 ft
Mesh and straps as
required
3 to 5 ft
Anchorage may be hard
to obtain. Considerable
mesh and straps required.
2 to 4 ft
Anchorage may be hard
to obtain. Considerable
mesh and straps required.
2 to 4 ft
Anchorage may be impossible.
100% mesh and straps re
quired.
Heavy
2 ft
circular
3 ft
2 to 3 ft
Total Thickness
-------------------------------Crown
Sides
Additional
Support (b)
S................................................................................................................................................................................
None to
occasional
None to
occasional
Medium
2 to 4 ft
to heavy
circular
Medium
2 ft
to heavy
circular
Shotcrete (b)
(Conditional use in poor and very poor rock)
Rare
Rare
None to occasional
local application
None to occasional
local application
2 to 3 in.
Local application
2 to 3 in.
Local application
2 to 3 in.
2 to 4 in.
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
4 in.
4 in.
or more
None
or more
4 to 6 in.
4 to 6 in.
6 in.
6 in.
or more
or more
Provide for
rock bolts
Provide for
rock bolts
Rock bolts am
required (approx.
4-6 ft cc.)
Rock bolts as
required (approx.
4-6 ft. cc.)
Medium sets as
required
6 in.
6 in.
Medium to heavy
sets as required
6 in.
Heavy sets as
required
a Bolt diameter - 1 in. length - 1/3 to 1/4 tunnel width. It may be difficult or impossible to obtain anchorage with mechanically
anchored rock bolts in poor and very poor rock.
Grouted anchors may also be unsatisfactory in very wet tunnels.
b Because shotcrete experience is limited, only general guidelines are given for support in the poorer quality rock.
c Logging requirements for steel sets will usually be minimal in excellent rock and will range from up to 25 percent in good rock
to 100 percent in very poor rock.
/
d In good and excellent quality rock, the support requirement with in general be minimal but will be dependent on joint geometry,
tunnel diameter, and relative orientations of joints and tunnel.
roughness,
it
still
is
orientation,
The analysis is
quick and
For example,
there
are cases where the RQD was in the good to excellent range yet
considerable tunnel support was required.
are as follows:
o
a massive limestone.
the
25
the
greater the fracturing and alteration the lower the RQD and,
also, the lower the modulus; correlations showed this to be true
(Deere et al.,
Merritt,
1967; Hendron,
1970).
of course, higher
or joints.
correlates in
(1970)
is
shown on Figure 4.
The
is
U)
U)
a
w0
0
I
.-J
0
QUALITY
ROCK
0
0
0
DWORSHAK
DAM,GRANITE
DESIGNATION
GNEISS,
, ROD , %
SURFACE GAGES
BURIED
DAM , LIMESTONE
quite useful in
Drill cores of the rock foundation are tested for lab moduli and
then corrected by the modulus ratio reduction factor.
The Velocity Index can be substituted for RQD where RQD
information is
performed.
The
cross-hole,
Velocity
1970).
TABLE 3
CORRELATIONS OF MODULUS RATIO WITH RQD
AND VELOCITY INDEX
Velocity
Ro
Classification
Very Poor
Poor
Fair
Good
Excellent
0
25
50
75
90
Kulhawy (1978)
Index
25
50
75
90
0-0.20
0.20-0.40
0.40-0.60
0.60-0.80
0.80-1.00
100
Modulus Ratio
Ek-mas-.
< 0.20
< 0.20
0.20-0.50
0.50-0.80
0.80-1.00
parameter.
correlation.
where
Emck ma
and
'
2 X RMR - 100
(1)
deformation in GPa
The senior author over the last decade has not used the RQD
correlation extensively but has employed for preliminary
estimates the unpublished correlation of seismic P-wave velocity
or seismic modulus and the in-situ modulus
=
rock ma"
(Ei,JE,t,tiC of
(1978).
summary,
be used in
(1974)
They stated
(1974).
exceeds the
100
90
75
50
25
0
Peck (1976)
notes,
in
(lb/sa
in)
4170
2780
1660
970
410
140
tempered
However,
crude step..."
only a first
is
Kulhawy (1978)
that "It
noted.
Fracture Freauency
There are instances where it
is
For example,
and if
discussed below.
A word of caution should be noted; there is
not a direct or
a much more
(soundness requirement).
Deere et al.,
Chronologically these
(1976);
Kulhawy (1978); Goodman and Smith (1980); Wallis and King (1980);
Priest and Hudson (1981); Palmstrom (1982); Hudson and Priest
(1983); Sen (1984); Sen and Kazi (1984); Kazi and Sen (1985).
(3)
(0.1N+ 1)
(4)
rock
The relationships
(1976),
Figure 5.
The
as presented above,
(1982)
This is
Palmstrom
100
75
6
0a,
50
25
15
20
25
30
35
FIG. 5
33
8 SMITH
3.3
(5)
RQD).
(1978).
calculated by summation
(100 mm)
for a
expressed as a percentage.
RQD)
available for inspection and when one has case history experience
with these parameters.
34
were
system
In the early 1970's a number of rock classification
Two that have gained international acceptance
introduced.
Bieniawski
and that are increasingly being used are those of
Both systems use the RQD as an
(1973) and Barton et al., (1974).
input parameter.
Bieniawskil's Rock Mass Rating System (Geonechanics
Classification)
Bieniawski (1973)
in
...
7 has a
Deere's very practical and simple approach
be incorporated:
Classification the following parameters should
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
35
...
a drilling
It
core
...
states:
disregards
If
used in
The value of
the total rating then defined the rock mass class; for example,
rating of 70 to 90 indicated Class No.
36
2, good rock.
several
The reader is
1988)
for current
The
appears to be gaining
Barton's 0 System
or
roughness of the weakest joints Jr, the degree of alteration
filling along the weakest joints Ja, the degree of water inflow
Jw,
they note:
...
single
(1974)
indicators of:
value by appropriate factors that were considered
37
1.
2.
3.
Active stress,
(RQD/Jn)
(Jr/Jn)
(Jw/SRF)
given by the product:
Q = (RQD/Jn)
(Jr/Ja)
(Jw/SRF)
(6)
Barton et al.,
unavailable,
(1974)
100-400.
1974):
115 - 3.3 Jv
(7)
with familiarity .
38
[the tables]
. become
Bieniawski
(1976)
Barton's Q rock quality for 111 cases and found a reasonably good
correlation with the following relation:
(8)
RMR = 9 ln Q + 44
Bieniawski
NGI system is
(1976)
states,
".
principles."
Geomechanics Classification
(RMR)
fully
The authors
39
Don C.
December 1986 and January 1987 from the Corps as well as from a
number of geotechnical consultants to the Corps.
The authors of this report have placed each question or
comment into one of five general categories that have been
established as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
replies.
This
Thirteen responses
diameter
HQ,
correlation
(100
mm) coring.
As noted in Part III, the original work on RQD was done
almost exclusively on NX-size core.
Deere (1968)
recommended
(1.875 in.,
47.6 mm)
either size,
is
54.7 mm)
being taken on
or BWM,
36.5 mm)].
shown that in good quality rock these sizes give similar results
to those obtained with the larger sizes.
However,
in weathered
there is
the RQD should be taken on the BWX and BQ cores but that a note
should be added to the boring log pointing out that both core
taken with
(1.185 in.,
respectively)
11/32 in.,
(2.690 in.,
(5.970 in.,
151.6 mm)
100.8 mm);
(3.970 in.,
In
using the
(100 mm)
counted still
would apply.
(2)
the recommendation
(1)
and (3)
the problem
42
needed.
1980).
This
method of measurement is
diameter."
This statement is
The 4-in.
1981) that
lengths greater
approximately
(100 mm)
requisite
core sizes.
is
(1978,
(ii)
(iv)
(v)
This concept is
discussed in
procedure:
44
1.
logs.
(1.5 m)
exceed 5 ft.
recovery is
100 percent,
10-ft.
(3 m) runs are
acceptable.
2.
This is
changes in
lithology,
(6 m)
the
the
depths,
example,
For
each
45
(2A)
is
It
dependent on
operator) and on
(1)
documents (e.g.,
(2)
etc.)
and
during drilling.
In
addition,
46
overzealous
is
Valuable information is
This requirement is
handled.
lost
paramount
stress-relief cracking,
or swelling.
General Problems;
Section 2C.
(3)
(2)
General problems.
Yes,
it
The princi
applicable to
laminated
loss.
the artificial
(100 mm)
discontinuity in
requisite length.
the RQD
Such a break
limestone,
3 in.
it
(76 mm).
In
retrospect,
it
core pieces
to note on the boring log the reason for the low RQD.
larger diameter drill
Employing
and short
runs will reduce core breakage along the incipient bedding plane
joints and will lead to higher,
Shale, claystones,
There is
Five
some
present the most trouble because they are weak and susceptible to
breakage during drilling, handling,
and moisture changes.
disks
However,
This is
There is
tendency for the harder core pieces to spin on the softer shale
and vice versa.
Shorter runs,
2-1/2 ft.
to 5 ft.
improvement.
important variables.
Limestone with solution cavities.
this condition.
geology.
masses may receive lower ratings than they deserve because of the
elimination of short core pieces.
Rock
irregular discontinuous
(4,000 to 4,500-m/sec.),
values
one of many,
values too low for the rock with respect to bearing capacity and
modulus.
But,
a Predominant
or only
borehole may miss the predominant jointing altogether
On the other
cross it once or twice, leading to a higher RQD.
and follow
hand, the borehole may hit a joint from the beginning
and to
it for a considerable distance, leading to core breakage
So as not be penalize the rock
no pieces of cylindrical core.
is
quality too greatly, the center-line or axis measurement
recommended,
as previously discussed.
to drill
Notes can be
(3)
The authors
certainly agree that RQD does not stand alone when attempting to
describe or characterize rock mass behavior (Deere,
1963).
The
(1974)
istics,
in
(1973)
Local geologv,
weathering,
fracture freauency
(3B)
The RQD is
lithology,
stratigraphy,
and
structural features.
asks
(4)
(4A)
One
Two comments or queries were assigned to this category.
for revision and expansion of the RQD - Rock Quality Table
to have,
for
of the rock quality descriptions (very poor - excellent)
rock
qualifying the meaning of the terms as applied to different
types and to the design of various types of structures,
tunneling,
The suggestion is
have
improved on the RQD and have more recent and more comprehensive
case histories relating to various design and construction
experience,
it
a design
The second comment relates to the use of the RQD as
Certainly, the
aid without the consideration of other factors.
be
site geology with all of its pertinent factors must
of
As noted above, the newer classification systems
considered.
They include the RQD
Bieniawski and of Barton are recommended.
factors.
but as only one of several other important
53
The RQD in
itself
in
its
in the authors
simplicity.
The low
shear zone,
thin bedding,
etc.,
itself
or poor drilling
but an indicator of
with excavatability,
in
excavatability prediction.
(1)
and (2)
the RQD,
Smith (1986)
Kirsten (1988)
54
utilizes
dozing,
and
it
is
important to
Foundations,
IV.
Both correlations are useful as starting points and should
be utilized in
Kulhawy's (1978)
Tunnels
In
(4D)
response to a query on the applicability of RQD to
is
still
high in-situ stress may occur which would preclude the use of the
RQD.
would tunnel
for
For practical
Erosion resistance,
rouahness coefficient
(4E)
and rock
zones of weak and heavily fractured rock and shear zones had been
56
perhaps 36 ft.
to 46 ft.
and some erosion has been noted in both the invert and lower side
walls in unprotected weak zones and heavily fractured zones.
Similar velocities and even higher may occur in
spillway
(schistose
it
This discussion
Favorable experience
(SA)
One comment
shortcomings,
felt
that it
had allowed
characteristics
in
further,
And,
and any
simplicity would be a
add
A third
like other
index properties,
engineering applications.
The authors believe that the usefulness of the RQD can be
divided into these basic categories:
o
These
DesiQn guidance.
Stimulation of Profession.
its
to
scan-line
classifications systems.
58
limitations (5B)
Shortcominas.
Certainly,
the core
or done in the
stress-relieved,
or rock mechanics
progression in use.
One- comment noted that the RQD was not very helpful in
selecting foundation depth in weathered rock.
contrary to the authors'
This experience is
1988),
fair, etc.,
that
60
Twenty years'
in
application of the RQD index to engineering has been discussed
the previous parts of this report.
summarized as follows:
Core diameters for RQD logging should normally be of NQ
1.
or NWX (NWM)
rocks,
2.
(100 mm)
3.
the
completely weathered,
and
4.
-
(1.5 m)
for difficult
schistose,
in
Perhaps the
in early
7.
first,
second,
the possible
as the sole
A research Program is
adjacent borings
and
63
REFERENCES
Barton, N., Lien, R., and Lunde, J., (1974), "Engineering Class
ification of Rock Masses for the Design of Tunnel Support,"
Rock Mechanics, Vol. 6, pp. 189-236.
Barton, N., (1988), "Rock Mass Classification and Tunnel
Reinforcement Selection Using the Q-System," Roc
Classification Systems for Enqineering Purposes, ASTM STP
984, ed. Louis Kirkaldie, American Society for Testing and
Materials, Philadelphia, pp. 59-88.
Bieniawski, Z.T., (1973), "Engineering Classification of Jointed
Rock Masses," Transactions. South African Institution of
Civil EnQineers, Vol. 15, pp. 335-344.
(1974),
.,
Sci.,
Vol.
.,
15,
(1988),
pp.
237-247.
(RMR)
System
01P
(1968),
"Geologic Considerations",
Chapt.
1,
Rock
Stagg and 0.
Deere,
Deere, D.U., Peck, R.B., Monsees, J.E. and Schmidt, B., (1969a),
"Design of Tunnel Liners and Support Systems," UIUC Final
Rept. for U.S. Department of Transportation (OHSGT),
Contract 3-0152, 287 pp. (available from the U.S. Department
of Commerce, NTIS, Springfield Virginia, Publ. No. PB 183
799).
John Wiley
Sci.,
Vol. 8,
pp. 297-310.
65
Hoek,
John
Sen,
42.
67
APPENDIX A
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS ON THE RQD
FROM THE US ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
A-i
APPENDIX A
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS ON THE RQD
FROM THE U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
CONTENTS
1.
CORE DIAMETER
lB.
IC.
2.
4.
2B.
2C.
2D.
3.
Problems
ORIENTATION EFFECTS
JOINT CONDITIONS
3B.
LOCAL GEOLOGY,
WEATHERING,
FRACTURE FREQUENCY
GENERAL
4B.
EXCAVATION,
4C.
7OUNDATIONS,
4D.
TUNNELS
4E.
EROSION RESISTANCE,
DREDGING,
UNDERWATER BLASTING
IN-SITU MODULUS
ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT
A-2
5.
FAVORABLE EXPERIENCE
5B.
SHORTCOMINGS,
LIMITATIONS
A-3
CORE DIAMETER
Ouestion
1A 1:
1A 2:
1A 3:
1A 4:
1A 5:
1A 6:
1A 7:
1A 8:
APPENDIX
1A 9:
1A 10:
1A 11:
1A 12:
relationship
One of the major drawbacks of RQD is its
the
diameter,
core
to core size, i.e., the larger the
property
index
true
a
as
To be useful
smaller the RQD.
of a rock mass, RQD should be independent of hole size.
Can compensation be made for this problem?
1A 13:
lB.
ouestion
Position of the Measurement:
lB 1:
A-5
APPENDIX
lB 2:
lB 3:
lB 4:
1B 5:
1B 6:
lB 7:
APPENDIX
lB 8:
lB 9:
lB 10:
lB 11:
lB 12:
APPENDIX
columnar joints.
I took RQD values for only the 3
tunnel diameter zone which was usually at least 100
feet below the rock surface.
The rock quality was good
to excellent though the cores themselves were highly
fractured.
Fortunately because of the rock quality,
after eliminating mechanical breaks, I estimated the
RQD for most cases without measuring the rock core.
One day the consultants who were going to get the rock
data came out to inspect the drilling.
They were
shocked to look at a highly fractured 10 foot core and
hear me give it a 95% RQD value.
Another case of not
being able to detect the mechanical breaks.
To satisfy
myself and reassure the consultants I made some graphs
for the GDM report using my drilling logs and downhole
camera photographs of undisturbed rock.
Bill Tanner's
camera from the Southwestern Division lab was used
mainly to determine structures yet individual natural
fractures were also detected on the film.
Enclosed are copies of my graphs.
I first
totalled the
joints from both data sources and divided them into 100
intervals.
As you can see I missed many natural breaks
S400).
Part of the large discrepancy can be attributed
to my not logging each joint from a highly fractured
(ex. 2 joints per inch) zone on my drilling logs.
The
percentage of missing joints can not be determined.
The enclosed graph comparing the undisturbed rock data
(photography) and the disturbed rock data (core logs)
show that the addition of missing natural breaks does
not reduce the RQD values.
Instead, for the most part,
the undisturbed rock had higher RQD values than I
determined.
The missing natural breaks add an average
A-8
APPENDIX
ouestion
iC 1:
1C 2:
1C 3:
1C 4:
1C 5:
APPENDIX
A-10
It
APPENDIX
2.
2A.
ouestion
2A 1:
2A 2:
2A 3:
2B.
Ouestion
2B 1:
2B 2:
A-11
APPENDIX
2C.
Question
General Problems
2C 1:
2C 2:
2C 3:
2C 4:
2C 5:
2C 6:
b.
Shale- Claystones,
2C 7:
APPENDIX
The Vicksburg District has not used the RQD method and
does not anticipate having to work in an area where it
The
can be utilized anytime in the near future.
information
RQD
with
worked
has
District
Vicksburg
gathered by other districts and was of the opinion that
it was inappropriate due to the soft nature of the
rock.
2C 8:
2C 9:
2C 10:
2C 11:
APPENDIX
2C 13:
2C 14:
2C 15:
A-14
APPENDIX
2D.
ORIENTATION EFFECTS
Ouestion
2D 1:
2D 2:
2D 3:
result in
Drill hole orientation can, and often does, holes
that
considerable bias in the RQD values, i.e.,
a
parallel major fracture sets could indicate
misleading high RQD value. How can this shortcoming be
addressed?
There is a difference in RQD based on the orientationIs
of joints and bedding in relation to the bore hole.the
there some correlation that can be used or should
procedure contain some warning.
How can RQD measurements on core from vertical borings
hope to give an accurate prediction of the effects of
vertical and high angle joints on the engineering
properties of a rock mass?
A-15
APPENDIX
3.
3A.
JOINT CONDITIONS
ouestion
3A 1:
3A 2:
3A 3:
3B.
LOCAL GEOLOGY,
WEATHERING,
FRACTURE FREQUENCY
ouestion
3B 1:
3B 2:
3B 3:
A-16
APPENDIX
has been
... Most of my experience:with the use of RQD
an
years
the
through
favorable but I have noticed
the
of
misinterpretation
and
increase in the misuse
geotechnical
the
in
trained
system by engineers not
As most of us know, the RQD method is one of
field.
to
many tools which must be used with other factors
mass.
rock
total
the
of
determine the suitability
There is a growing number of engineers and architects
to the RQD
(structural and highway) that have locked on went into
table without regard to the many factors that that must
the system or the many geological conditions
or
be considered when designing foundations, tunnels,
excavation slopes.
An increasing number of firms are using inexperienced
inspectors who are not trained in good
core drill
in poor
descriptive logging techniques which results values.
RQD
on
dependence
total
rock descriptions and
to
I suspect the AE regards the RQD method as a panacea
the rising cost of detailed geotechnical investigations
and rock testing.
3B 5:
many of
... We do not require use of the RQD system, but
We
our geologists use it because of certain benefits.
do not mind the use, as long as additional ininformation
their logs
which is not provided by the RQD is given
logging
a
Its benefits are simplicity as
or reports.
charts
tool, universal fame and published correlation
as,
such
containing engineering design parameters,
modulus, shotcrete thickness needed, etc.
A-17
APPENDIX
4.
4A.
GENERAL
Question
4A 1:
4A 2:
4B.
EXCAVATION,
Ouestion
4B 1:
4B 2:
4B 3:
4C.
FOUNDATIONS,
Please add it
to my
IN-SITU MODULUS
Question
4C 1:
4C 2:
Are
A-18
APPENDIX
4C 4:
4C 5:
4C 6:
4C 7:
4D.
Ouestion
4D 1:
4D 2:
4D 3:
4E.
EROSION RESISTANCE,
ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT
Question
4E 1:
A-2 0
APPENDIX
4E 2:
how to
Another problem that seems to come up is on Manning's
in
used
coefficient
estimate the roughness
open
equation for determination of discharge in an bedrock
The problem with an open channel in
channel.
due to
is on how to predict what this value might be
amount
all the variables such as degree of weathering,RQD be
Can
and orientation of discontinuities, etc.
value of the
the
what
estimate
help
to
way
used in some
roughness coefficient may be?
A-21
APPENDIX
FAVORABLE EXPERIENCE
Question
5A 1:
5A 3:
5B.
SHORTCOMINGS,
LIMITATIONS
Question
5B 1:
APPENDIX
5B 3:
5B 4:
5B 5:
5B 6:
A-2 3
APPENDIX
5B 8:
5B 9:
A-24
APPENDIX
A-25
APPENDIX
OMLIBMY. LASVEGAS
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