Physics Investigatory - PROJECT
Physics Investigatory - PROJECT
Physics Investigatory - PROJECT
has
completed
the
Physics
project
titled
Internal Examiner
External Examiner
School Seal
Principal
1
Acknowledgement
I take this opportunity to express my gratitude in
few words and respect to all those who helped me in the
completion of this project. The successful completion of
any task would be incomplete without mentioning the
names of those persons who helped to make it possible.
It is my humble pleasure to acknowledge my deep
senses of gratitude and heartfelt indebtedness to my
teacher Smt.Lekshmi Devi for her valuable support,
constant help and guidance at each and every stage,
without which this project would not have come forth.
I also register my sense of gratitude to our Principal,
my teacher Shri K. B. K Unnithan, for his immense
encouragement that has made this project successful.
I would also like to thank my friends and family for
their endless support without which I could not have
completed this work in time.
2
INDEX
Sl no:
Title
Page
no:
1.
Certificate
02
2.
Acknowledgement
03
3.
Introduction
05
4.
Experiment
13
5.
Bibliography
23
Introduction
This project envisages the use of hollow glass prism to
calculate the refractive indices of various liquids. The
hollow glass prism is filled with the liquid and then the
deviation in the path of the ray of light, as it suffers
refraction, is studied. Readings of the experiment are
noted with the various liquids and refractive index is
calculated for each pair of media.It has been assumed
that the refractive index of the liquids is with respect to
that of air.Important general terms related to refraction
of light are given below:Refraction:
In a homogenous medium, light travels along a straight
line. But whenever it falls on the surface of another
medium, a very small fraction of it is reflected back and
most of the light passes
into the medium, though with a change of direction. This
phenomenon of the bending of light at the surface of
separation of two media is called refraction of light.
4
Cause of Refraction:
The phenomenon of refraction takes place when a beam
of light enters a medium in which light travels with a
different velocity.
Laws Of Reflection:
1. The reflected ray, the incident ray, and the normal at
the point of incidence all lie in the same plane.
2. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
reflection.
Laws Of Refraction:
1.The incident ray, the refracted ray, and the normal at
the point of incidence all lie in the same plane.
2.For any two given media the ratio sin i / sin r is a
constant (where i is the angle of incidence, r is the angle
of refraction). This is also called Snell's Law.
Refractive Index:
Prism:
A portion of transparent medium bounded by two
Refractive Edge:
The line of interaction of the edges of the planes is known
as the refractive edge of the prism.
Angle of Deviation:
The angle through which the incident ray of light is
deviated is called the angle of deviation. It is the angle
8
= l/sin c where
= Refractive Index
9
c= critical angle
Relation between refractive index and critical angle
according to Snell's Law:
b
But
a = 1/ ab
i.e. 1/ ab = sin
c or ab= 1/sin
c
PRISM
FORMULA
10
12
Experiment
AIM:
To find out the refractive indices of different liquids using
a hollow prism and to find the speed of light in given
transparent fluids.
APPARATUS:
THEORY:
Light is an electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the
human eye usually having a wavelength in the range of
400 nm to 700 nm between the infrared, with longer
wavelengths and the ultraviolet with the shorter
wavelength. The speed of light in vacuum is found to be
When a ray of light passes from one medium into the other,
it either bends towards the normal or away from the
normal in the second medium. This phenomenon is known
as the refraction of light.
A prism is a transparent optical element with flat, polished
surfaces that refract light. Prisms can be made from any
material that is transparent including glass, plastic and
fluorite. A prism can be used to break light up into its
constituent spectral colors. Prisms can also be used to
reflect light, or to split light into components with different
polarizations.
PROCEDURE
A) For finding the angle of prism
Take a piece of white paper, fix it on a drawing board
using board pins.
Place the hollow glass prism on the sheet and carefully
draw its outline. Draw a normal and carefully draw its
outline.
Draw a normal and an incident ray at an angle of 35
degrees with the normal on side AB of the prism.
Fix two pins P1 and P2 on the incident ray which are at
least 5 cm apart.
Fill the prism with water and place it over its outline.
Observe the refracted ray that comes after refraction
from the face AB
of the prism.
Fix two more pins P3 and P4 to cover the image of P1 and
P2.
Obtained angles r1 and r2 and add them to obtain the
angle of the prism.
B) For finding the angle of minimum deviation
Fix a white sheet of paper on a drawing board using
board pins
the Y-axis and plot a graph. The graph gives the value of
Dm, which is the minimum most point of the parabola.
S.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Name of Liquid
Water
Vinegar
Vegetable Oil
Glycerine
OBSERVATIONS:
Angle of
Angle of
Incidence Deviation
35
40
45
50
55
60
35
40
45
50
55
60
30
35
40
45
50
55
35
40
45
50
55
60
25
24
23
25
27
28
26
25
23.5
25
27
28
49
40
39
34
36
39
41
38
36
35
36
38
CALCULATIONS:
A) Refractive index of liquids
Angle of prism (A) = 60
Formula used: = {sin ((A + Dm)/2}/{sin (A/2)}
Water:
Dm=23
Therefore =
Vinegar:
Dm=23.5
sin 41.25 0.6593
=
=1.
sin 30
0.5
Therefore =
3186
Vegetable Oil:
Dm=34
Therefore =
Glycerine:
Dm=35
Therefore =
Sl
no
1
2
3
4
Speed of light v=
Liquid
Water
Vinegar
Vegetable oil
Glycerine
c
n
Speed of
light
(m/s)
310 /1.3252
3108/1.3186
3108/1.4626
3108/1.4726
8
(m/s)
2.26108
2.27108
2.05108
2.03108
RESULT
The refractive indexes of the four liquids were found to
be as follows:
Water, = 1.3252
Vinegar, = 1.3186
Vegetable Oil, = 1.4628
Glycerine, = 1.4726
PRECAUTIONS
SOURCES OF ERROR
Pin pricks may be thick
Measurement of angles may be wrong
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Physics Class XII NCERT Textbook
Comprehensive Practical Physics by Lakshmi
Publications
www.hyperphysics.com
Google images