Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 58 views

    Electrodynamics 1

    Uploaded by

    ishansb
    This document provides an overview of Maxwell's equations in vacuum and inside matter. It discusses Gauss's law, Gauss's law for magnetism, Maxwell-Faraday equation, and Ampere's law with Maxwell's corrections. It explains how these equations are modified inside dielectric and magnetic media by introducing concepts like polarization, magnetization, displacement field, and magnetic field strength. The macroscopic forms of Maxwell's equations are derived that are equivalent but account for bound charges and surface currents inside materials.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Electrodynamics 1

    Uploaded by

    ishansb
    58 views14 pages
    This document provides an overview of Maxwell's equations in vacuum and inside matter. It discusses Gauss's law, Gauss's law for magnetism, Maxwell-Faraday equation, and Ampere's law with Maxwell's corrections. It explains how these equations are modified inside dielectric and magnetic media by introducing concepts like polarization, magnetization, displacement field, and magnetic field strength. The macroscopic forms of Maxwell's equations are derived that are equivalent but account for bound charges and surface currents inside materials.

    Original Description:

    amol dighe

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document provides an overview of Maxwell's equations in vacuum and inside matter. It discusses Gauss's law, Gauss's law for magnetism, Maxwell-Faraday equation, and Ampere's law with Maxwell's corrections. It explains how these equations are modified inside dielectric and magnetic media by introducing concepts like polarization, magnetization, displacement field, and magnetic field strength. The macroscopic forms of Maxwell's equations are derived that are equivalent but account for bound charges and surface currents inside materials.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    58 views14 pages

    Electrodynamics 1

    Uploaded by

    ishansb
    This document provides an overview of Maxwell's equations in vacuum and inside matter. It discusses Gauss's law, Gauss's law for magnetism, Maxwell-Faraday equation, and Ampere's law with Maxwell's corrections. It explains how these equations are modified inside dielectric and magnetic media by introducing concepts like polarization, magnetization, displacement field, and magnetic field strength. The macroscopic forms of Maxwell's equations are derived that are equivalent but account for bound charges and surface currents inside materials.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 14

    Module I: Electromagnetic waves

    Lecture 1: Maxwells equations: a review

    Amol Dighe
    TIFR, Mumbai

    Outline

    Maxwells equations in vacuum

    Maxwells equations inside matter

    Outline

    Maxwells equations in vacuum

    Maxwells equations inside matter

    In the language of differential vector calculus


    Gausss law
    ~ =
    E
    0

    (1)

    ~ =0
    B

    (2)

    Gausss law for magnetism

    Maxwell-Faraday equation
    ~ =
    E

    ~
    B
    t

    (3)

    Amperes law, with Maxwells correction


    ~ = 0
    B

    ~
    ~J + 0 E
    t

    Intuitive interpretations obtained through integral forms

    (4)

    Gausss law: enclosed charges


    ~ =
    E

    0

    Integrate over a closed volume:


    Z
    Z
    ~
    ( E)dV =
    V

    dV
    0

    Use a mathematical identity (Gausss theorem)


    I
    ~ = Qenclosed
    ~ dS
    E
    0

    (5)

    (6)

    Relationship between electric field on a closed surface and the


    charge enclosed inside it
    The part in red: source of the electric field
    Leads to Coulombs law if Q is a point charge at the centre of a
    sphere of radius r : Er 4r 2 = Q/0

    Gausss law: no magnetic monopoles


    ~ =0
    B
    Integrate over a closed volume:
    Z
    ~
    ( B)dV
    =0

    (7)

    Use a mathematical identity (Gausss theorem)


    I
    ~ =0
    ~ dS
    B

    (8)

    Relationship between magnetic field on a closed surface and the


    magnetic charge enclosed inside it
    The part in red: source of the magnetic field.
    Vanishing of the source no magnetic monopoles

    Maxwell-Faraday equation: flux through a loop


    ~ = B/t
    ~
    E
    Integrate over a surface whose boundary is a loop:
    Z
    ~
    S

    ~ =
    ~ dS
    ( E)

    ~
    S

    ~
    B
    ~
    dS
    t

    (9)

    Use a mathematical identity (Stokes theorem)


    I
    Z
    ~
    ~
    ~ d ~` =
    (B d S)
    E
    t
    ~
    S

    (10)

    (If the loop does not change with time)


    I
    E

    ~ d ~` =
    E
    t

    Z
    ~
    S

    ~ =
    ~ d S)
    (B

    More comments on the next page

    (11)
    R

    ~
    S

    ~
    ~ dS
    B

    More about Maxwell-Faraday equation

    Relationship between electric field along a loop and the rate of


    change of magnetic flux through an open surface whose
    boundary is the loop
    ~ and B
    ~
    No sources needed: it is a relationship between E
    The E = /t equation does not hold for all situations, since
    it does not take into account the Lorentz force on a moving
    charge in a magnetic field. For example, see the discussion
    about Faraday Wheel in Feynman lectures. Well return to this
    point later in the course.

    Amperes law with Maxwells corrections


    ~ = 0 (~J + 0 E/t)
    ~
    B
    Integrate over a surface whose boundary is a loop:
    Z
    ~
    S

    ~ = 0
    ~ dS
    ( B)

    Z
    ~
    S

    ~ + 0 0
    ~J d S

    Z
    ~
    S

    ~
    E
    ~
    dS
    t

    Use a mathematical identity (Stokes theorem)


    I
    Z
    ~ ~
    ~ d ~` = 0 I + 0 0
    B
    (E.d S)
    ~
    S t

    (12)

    (13)

    (if the loop does not change with time)


    ~ along a loop and the rate of change of
    Relationship between B
    electric flux through an open surface whose boundary is the loop
    H
    ~ is the conduction current
    I = ~S ~J d S
    R
    ~ is often called displacement current, this is the
    ~ S)
    0 ~S t
    (E.d
    correction by Maxwell to Amperes law

    Outline

    Maxwells equations in vacuum

    Maxwells equations inside matter

    Inside a dielectric medium (static case)


    ~ = /0
    Gausss law always valid, when is the total charge: E
    Part of the charge is due to polarization induced in the medium,
    which gives rise to the bound charge:
    ~ where P
    ~ is the polarization
    b = P,
    ~ = (b + fr ) = P + fr ,
    Then 0 E
    where fr is the free charge density
    ~ = 0 E
    ~ + P,
    ~ we get Gausss law in terms of the free
    Defining D
    charge density:
    ~ = fr
    D

    (14)

    ~ = E
    ~ defines the dielectric permittivity of the
    The relation D
    medium, . This is in general not a number but a tensor, and
    may not be constant. Wherever it is constant, the dielectric is
    called linear.

    Inside a magnetic medium (static case)


    Maxwell-Faraday equation always valid, when ~J is the total
    ~ = 0~J
    current: B
    Part of the current is due to magnetization induced in the
    medium, which gives rise to the surface current:
    ~Jsurface = M,
    ~ where M
    ~ is the magnetization
    ~ = 0 (~Jsurface + ~Jfr ) = 0 M + 0~Jfr ,
    Then B
    ~
    where Jfr is the free current density
    ~ = B/
    ~ 0 M,
    ~ we get Amperes law in terms of the free
    Defining H
    charge density:
    ~ = ~Jfr
    H

    (15)

    ~ = H
    ~ defines the magnetic permeability of the
    The relation B
    medium, . This is in general not a number but a tensor, and
    may not be constant. Wherever it is constant, the magnetic
    medium is called linear.

    Maxwells equations: macroscopic form


    ~ =
    D
    ~ =
    B
    ~ =
    E

    fr

    (16)

    (17)

    ~
    B

    (18)

    ~
    ~ = ~Jfr + D
    H
    t

    (19)

    These are equivalent to the equations (1)(4), with the substitutions


    = fr + b ,

    ~J = ~Jfr + ~Jsurface

    (20)

    ~ = 0 E
    ~ +P
    ~ ,
    D

    ~ = 0 (H
    ~ + M)
    ~
    B

    (21)

    ~ ,
    b = P

    ~Jsurface

    ~
    ~ + D .
    =M
    t

    (22)

    Recap of topics covered in this lecture

    Maxwells equations: in differential and integral form


    Maxwells equations in the presence of dielectrics and magnetic
    media

    You might also like